JPRS ID: 8912 USSR REPORT BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES EFFECTS OF NONIONIZING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020014-2
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 70
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 14
• Content Type: REPORTS

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;I 1 ?

~i 8 NOVEMBER i979 NO. Z04~ i OF i
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JPRS 74543 =
8 November 1979 -
/ (~lorth Africa Re ort -
~ ~a r E ast p _
- No. 2042
~g~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE -
.
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NOTE
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Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
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so~~z-,o,
REPORT D~CUMENTATION REPORT NO. 2, 3. RecipiunCs Accessio~ No
PAGE _ ~ _ JPRS 74543
l. Tdle and Subtrtle
5. Report Dale
NrAlt EAST/NORTH AFRICA REPO1tT, No. 2042 8 November 1979
6.
7. Authot(s) 8. Perlormmg Org.~n~rat~nn Itr~~L Nu~--~ _
9. PeAorming Orqanization Name end Ad:lress 10. Prolect/Tnsk/Work Unrt N~+. ~
Joint Yublications Research Service -
~ I.OOO ~IOi"ttl GIP.~P ~~08C~ 11. Contratl(C)or Grant(G) No.
~1rlingtnil, Virginia 22201
(G)
12. Sponsoring O~ganization Name and Address 13. Type ol ReDOrt G Per~od Cnvered ~
As above
- 14. 4 '
15. Supplementary Notes
1G. Abstract (Limit: 200 words) _
This sel-ial report contains information on socioecoilomic, government, polieical,
and technical developments in the countries of the Near East and Nortl~ Afrir_a.
- 17. Document Aaalysia a. Descri~~to.s ~
~ Pol.itical. Science x Inter-Arab Afiairs Libya Sultanate
_ ~ Socio]o~y Nortti African x Mauritania of Oman
Ec~n~mics Affai.rs x Morocco _Syria
Culture (Social x Afghanistan People`s Demo- Tunisi.a
Sciences) x_Algeria cratic Republic United Arab
Ethnc~logy Bahr.ain of Yeznen ~mi.rates
Geography _Egypt P.ersian Gulf Wester.n S~~l~ara -
Tech~logical x Iran Area Yemen Ar.a,~
Mi.litary Sciences Iraq Qatar Republic
- Israel Saudi Arabia
Jordan Spanish North
X Kuwait Africa
__Lebanon X Sudan
b. ~dentificrs/OVen�Enc~ed Terms
~ � ,
c. COSA71 Fic~d/Group 5D, SC, 5K, 15
_ _ . .
~ 1A, n~,~i,,n~n~y g~�ICment 19. SeCUrity Cla�.5 (This Report) 21. No. 01 PaEes
~ 11n:1iuu ~,~~i Avai.i.abiliLy UNCLASSIPIED 66
~olct hy N'I'I5 - - _ _
20. Security Class (This 1'age) IL Pnce
Spr:i nFl~:; cl.d, Vir~;:inia 22161 . UNCLnSSIFIED
(See ANSt-%39,1y~ See Instructions on Revcrse OP7 ~UNAI. lOHM 27Y (A-71)
(Fo~mrrly N11,`.-35)
Gef~artmenl uf Cnrnn~rrGo
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~
- JPRS 74543
8 November 1579
- NEA R EAST/NORTH AFRICA REPORT
= No. 2042
- CO~tTENTS PAGE
INTER-AR,AB AFFAIRS
Arab FundsT Lending Up 22 Percent in First Half of the Yeax
(AN-NAHAR ARAB REPORT & MEMO, 15 Oct 79) 1
~
Car~ary Islands Reintroduced as Factor in Maghreb Host~litis~
(WEST AFRICA, 15 Oct 79) 8
AFGHANISTAN
'KABUL TIMES' Greets 1`~rnin Assumption to Paxty, State Chief
(Editorial; KABUL TIMES, 17 Sep 79) 11
Development Plan Aimed at Bridging Economic Gap
(Kabul Radio, 15 Oct 79) 13
Brief s
Information Exchange With CSSR 15
- East Europear~ Ambassadors Received 15
- Bulgarian Env Received 15
- Telegram to Spanish King 16
' Child Center Opens 16
ALGERIA
, Ben Bella's House Arrest Could Be Lifted
(Daniel Junqua; LE MONDE, 3 Oct 79) 17 -
Bouteflika Returns to Algeria
(Daniel Junqua; LE MONDE, 5 Oct 79) 19
Clean-Up Campaign Reportedly Tainted by Brutality
(Daniel Junqua; LE MONLE, 5 Oct 79) 20 -
- a - [III - NE & A - 121]
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CONTENTS (Continued) Page
IRAN -
Theologians Seen Consolidating Position
(THE IRANIAN, 19 Sep 79) 23
Veteran Dissident Baraheni Slams PGOI's Policies
(THE IR.ANIAN, 19 Sep 79) 26
- KUWAIT
Plaxining Minister Explains Construction Situation
(AL-QABAS, 29 Aug 79) 31
Lloyds Accused of Attempts To Exploit Hormuz Controversy
(Editorial, Jasim Ahmad A1-Nisf; AI~-Q~BAS,
28 Aug 79) 31~
Pla~'~nin~ Minister Reports F`indings on Female Population
(AL-QABAS, 3o Aug 79) 36
Number of Work Permit Cancellations Rises =
(Husayn Salamah; AI~-QABA5, 28 Aug 79) 1~2
MAURITANIA
Minister I}iscusses Sahara Policy, Israel, Economic Plans _
(Ahmed Ould Abdallah Interview; LE 50LEIZ, 26 Sep 79) 41~
Leaders Facing Urgent Financial Problems
(Mireille Duteil; DEMAZN L'AFRIQUE, 8 Oct 79) L~8
P4GROCCO
National Student Union Meets, Denounces Political Opr~ressicn
- (LIBERATION, vaxious dates) 51
SUDAN
Communist Zeader Foresees Decisive Developments in Near
F~zture
(Ibrahim Zakariya Interview; AL-NIDA~ AI~-USBU',
16 Sep 79) 58
Bri ef s
Saudi Aid to Khartoum 61~
- b -
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INTER-ARAB AFFAIRS
ARAB .FUNDS' L~iIDING UP 22 PERCENT IN FIRST HALF OF TkiE YEAR
Paris AN-NAYIAR ARAB P.EPO~tT & MEMO in English 15 Oct 79 pp 12-16
[Text]
SPECIAL SURVEY .
ARAB FUNDS' LENAING UP 22 PER CENT
IN FIRST HALF OF THE Y~AR
The eight principal Arab development funds increased
- the value of their lending to Third World countries by
22 per cent in the first half of this yea~, to a total of
about ~818 million. This was chiefly due tu substantial
increases in loans by the Kuwait Fund for Arab
Economic Development and the OPEC Special Fund.
According to figures released by the Cuurdination
Secretariat of tfie Arab Fund for Economic an~l Social
Development, ttie funds concluded 74 agreements with
43 developing countries, compared to 83 agreements
with 73 countries in 1978 as a whole.
As in previous years, the biggest lender was the
Saudi Fund for Development, which paid 5261.35
million in nine loans to eight countries; this was
however 39 per cent lower than in the first half of last
year (thro~ghout this survey, dollar equivalents are
expressed in terms of the exchange rates prevailing at
the time).
The biggest increases in absolute terms were in
loans disbursed by the Kuwait Fund, ~253.4 million,
and the OPEC Special Fund, 3137.2 million. In the
case of the Kuwait Fund, this represents an increase ot
170 per cent over the first half of last year; the OPEC
Special Fund made no loans in the first I~a1F of 1978
and paid a total uf ~93.9 million in the second halF.
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Uther tunds which raise~ tfteir lendinv, cotals were
the Abu Dhabi Fund for Arab Ecunom~:: Develupment,
up 15? per cent to 565.~? million. ~tte Arab Fund, up
from ~745,000 to S?1.96 milliun, and the Iraqi Fund,
which lent $6.5 million compared with nothing in the
first half of last year.
Lending by the Arab Bank for Economic
De~�elopment in Africa (BAUEA) was down 67 per
cent on the first half of last year, to 57.2 million, and
_ by the Islamic Development Bank down 32 per cent to
$64.05 million.
Only the Kuwait Fund, the OPEC Special Fund
� and the Arab Fund increased lencling over the
- half-yearly average for 1978, however. "the tutals for
the last three six-munth periu~is are tabulated below:
Loans extended by Saudi Fund for Development, first half 1979
(in millions Saudi Rials)
Borrower Amount Terms* Project . Total cost
of project
_ Mauritania 166.50 Kiffa-Nema road (see Kuwait Fund) 445.00
Sudan 120.16 Kenana Sugar 1.739.00
Comoro Islands 48.00 Road building 48.00
Pakistan ~ 306.70 'Pipri thermal generation 1.056.00
~ Bangla~esh 106.00 Limestone mining 344.00
Malaysia 73.70 Oil palm and cocu~ pl~ntations and se~tlements ?99.70
Malaysia 21.20 Five junior scienre culleges 86.59
T~B~ 16.60 [rrigation, education ancl heali~~
Cameroon 1?.30 Road building 47,~~
~Total 871.16 -
' Tcrms not publishcd
Lending by Arab development funds
(in $ US millions) .
Ist half (1978) 2nd half lst half 1979
Saudi Fund 429.6 200.7 ?61.3
Kuwait Fund 93,7 104.3 253.4
OPEC Special - 93.9 137.2
Abu Dhabi 26.0 189.3 65.5
~~B 94.8 66.9 64.0
_ Arab Fund - 0.75 21.9
BADEA 21.7 31.7 7.2
Iraqi Fund - 39.5 6.5
- Total 665.8 727.0 8I8.0
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The Kuwait Fund, Islamic Development Bank an~
OPEC Special Fund alsu disbursed a tutal of ~5.38
million in eight technical assistance loans, tabulated
on page 15.
More than one-third uf all loans were granted by
the OPEC Special Eund, ?8 luans to 27 countries. The
~Cuwait Fund came next with 17 loans to 13 countries,
followed by the IDB, 10 loans to eight cuuntries, the
Saudi Fund, 9 loans to 8 countries; the Abu Uhabi
Fund made three loans to three countries, the Arab
Fund and BADEA two each and the Iraqi Fund one
loan.
Of the total 43 borrowers, 12 were in the Arab
world, 18 in Africa (they included one regional bank),
9 in Asia (this includes Turkey) and five in Latin
America and the Caribbean (all from the OPEC fund).
The figures contrast sharply however with tiie
total value of loans extended to countries in these
areas. The 1 Z Arab nations (which, for the purpose of
this survey, include the Comoro Islands) received 58
per cent of the total; this compares with only 16 per
- cent in the first half of 1978 but witti 64 per cer~t for
1978 as a whole. The nine Asian countries received
28 per cent, compared with 17 per cent for 1978,
while the 19 African countries and one bank received
only 12 per cent, compared with 18 per cent last year.
The Latin American and Caribbean borrowers received
2 per cent.
- Lending by sector followed the pattern
established in 1978, except tliat loans fur agriculture
jumped from 583.56 million for 1978 as a whole to
~116.9 for the last six-month period and accounted for
_ 14.5 per cent of the total instead of 6 per cent. The
biggest sector by far ~vas still infrastructural
development such as road, railway and airport building,
education and power, which totalled 54~6.3 million, or
55.5 per cent of the total. Comparative figures for
1978 as a whole were 5877.17 million and 68 per
cent; industrial projects received 5184.~ million, 22.5
per cent of the total; comparative figures for 1978:
$238.9 million and ] 9 per cent. Trade financing, which
includes balance of payments support loans, totalled
$6Q.6 milliort and represented 7.5 per cent of all loans;
in 1978 the figures were 590.5 million and 7 per cent.
Taking a sir-month average from the figures for
1978 as a wl~ole, this means that in absolute terms
(and assuming constant values For the US dullar), loans
for agriculture jumped by 180 per cent, for industry
by 54 per cent and for trade financing by 35 per cent;
in t}~e same periud, loans for infrastructure
development increased by only 3 per cent.
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Loans ex~ended by Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development, first half 1979
(in millions Kuwaiti Dinars)
B~?rrower Amount Terms Project Tot~l cost -
of prajcct
Jordan 10.00 i: 4~o Dead Sea putash project witi~ ann~al capacity of (~?.q4
R: 20 yrs 1.? million tons. Project sl~ould create 700 jobs '
G: 6 yrs and bring in KD 314 million in foreign exchange
Jordan 2.90 i: 4% Project to produce 740,000 tons of ammonium 85.58
R: 16 yrs phosphate and 105,000 tons of phosphoric acid
G: 4 yrs per year
Syria 7.60 i: 4% Construction of highway between Aleppo and Qaza I5.?0
R: 20 yrs Kozak in north-east Syria
G: -
Syria 2.70 i: 4~o Construction of road between Homs and Tartous 9.67
R: 20 yrs near the northem border of Lebanon
G: 4 yrs
Morocco 7.00 i: 39'o Construction of Tamazaourt dam to develop 49.20
R: 25 yrs 1,200 hectares of agricultural land in
_ G: 5 yrs Wadi Sous
Mauritania 6.00 i: free ConstructionoF485 kms of bitumenous road 37.86 .
R: 25 yrs between Kiffa and Nema, part of project to link
G: 5 yrs capital with five districts
Tunisia 6.00 i: 4% Cpnstruction of open cast phosphate rnine at ~ 21.31 .
R: l5 yrs Kaf Echfaier
G: 3 yrs
Sudan 6.00 i: 4% Preparadon of 81,000 feddans of land and ]73.50 _
R: 20 yrs associated works for Kenana Sugar project
G: 4 yrs
North Yemen 3.60 i: 2.5% Development of water resources in Wadi Mawr 25.00
R~ 36 yrs and associated works
G: 6 yrs
North Yemen 3.50 i: 2% Technical assistance for Wadi Rima development 1 I.12
R: 36 yrs _
G: 6 yrs
North Yemen 0.50 i: 1.5% Financing 9 professional advisers and 0.80 ~
R: ?5 yrs associated equipment for General Planning
G: 3 yrs Organis~tion
- Comoro Islands 1.50 i: 1% Construction of 5.7 km road between 1.50
R: 40 yrs Por~~oni and Moya plus two bridges, causeways,
G: 10 yrs dEainage and tunnel
Pakistan 5.00 i: 3.5% Extension of Tarbela power station to raise 105.50 _
R: 25 yrs generating capacity to 1,050 ~iW
G: na
Turkey 4.00 i: 4.SIo Construction of 3 km overhead transmission line 15.40
R: 20 yrs across the Bosphorus linking 224 km network
G: 4 yrs . -
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Nepal 2.00 i: 3i'o Supplementary loan for Kulekhani hydro�electric 31.31 -
_ R: na project
G: na
= Sencgal 1.60 i: 3~/o Develop?nent of irrigatiun and agriculture 9.84 _
R: 25 yrs in Debi-L.ampsat
G: 5 yrs
Central Africa 1.00 i: 3~Io [mproving road system frum Bangui 7.40
R: 25 yrs
G: 5 yrs
- Total 70.4
Luans extended by OPEC Special FunJ, first half 1979 -
(in ~US milliuns)
Burruwer A m~u nt Terms* Pru
ject
Nurth Yemen 8.70 Third highway
Egypt 6.00 Kural electrific�rtiun
� Moroccu 5.00 i: 4^Io Dam project
Inclia 20.00 Thermal puwer
13anglaelesh 8.50 Creater Kulna electrificatiun
I'akistan 5.50 Pipri thermal generati~~n
Nepal 5.00 G: 4 yrs New internatiun~l airpurt
_ I'f~ ilippines 3.50 i: 4.75~% Irrigaticm
Burma ?.00 I ly~rupc,wer
Mali 7.U0 Sevare-Gau roa~ -
'l.aire 7.00 G: 4 yrs Itailway
13uruncli G.GO l3alance uf payments support
Mutambiyue 5.00 na I~~inancing fuud impc~rts
C'amer~un 4.50 Develupment l3ank creclit
' Rwanda 4.50 na l3alance uf payments suppurt
'Lambia 4.50 i: 4.75~/~ Itailway
Ghana 3.70 G: 4 yrs Hydruelectric
Lesuthu 3.00 Internatiunal airpurt
Guinea 2.00 Bal~nce of payments suppurt
Sierra Leune I.GO I'uwer
Seychelles 0.20 i: 4.5~% t3alance uf payments suppurt
!t: I S yrs
Mad;~gascar G.50 Hydruelectric ~
- l3ulivia S.UO C: 4 yrs Urban weter and sewagc
Ilaiti 4.00 Storm drainage
I IunJuras 3.50 I lydruelectric
f3arbados 1.5U t3alance oF payments support
I'araguay 1.45 i: 4.75Io Urinking water
G: 4 yrs
Naraguay 1.45 i: 4~Io Storm water sew~ge -
Total 137.20
� Unlcss utl~crwisc spccit'icJ, lu:inx arc intcrest-I'rcc, rcpayablc uvcr 2O ycarx witl~ S yCBfX ~I~l'C.
5
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I
Luans extended by Islamic Development Bank, first half 1979) ,
(in SUS millions)
Borrower Amuuut Terms* ~Project Total cost
of project
Sudan 14.UU Financing refine~l petrulewn proclucts imp�rts
Algeria 10.00 � L.easing uperatiun to cstablish bruiler parent -
stock centrc _
Mauritania lO.UO - Equity participation in ircm ure production 450.00
Jordan ~ 6.45 Equity participatiun in industrial bank -
Oman ~ G.2U Vocatiunal trainin~ ccntres _
~ T'unisia 5.0~ ~ Equity participatiun in Naticmal Bank -
Niger 4.35 - Financing cement impurts _
Mali ?.73 Financinb urea fcrtilisrr impurts _
Mali ?.G2 Financing ccmcnt in~purts _
Mali ?'.G2 - Financing currugatccl irun iinpurts -
Total G4.05
' Tcrms nut publishcd
Loaps extended by other Arab funds, first hatf 1979
(in S U5 millions or SUS millions equivalent) ~
Borrower Amount Terms Project Total cost
of project
BADEA
Development I3ank 5.00 i: 4.5% Help finance bank's participation in development of -
R: 12 Yrs small and medium industries in Cameroon, f;had, Central
G: 3 yrs Africa, Congo and Gabon
Botswana 2.20 i: 2% Two-phase treatment of foot an~ mouth disease 5.25
R: 10 yrs .
G: 3 yrs .
ABU DHABI FUND
Tunisia Sti.68 i: 6% Building two factories to produce 3,000 tons of 208.00
R: 12 yrs sulphuric acid a day and two to produce 1,000 tons
G: 4 yrs phosphoric acid a day -
Morocco 10.40 i: 4.5% Comprehensive irrigation system for agriculture 301.86
R: 20 yrs in Gharb region
C: 5 yrs
Comoros 1.04 - Comoro Islands airport development - ~
ARAB FUND
South Yemen ~ 4.40 i: 4% Building 4 X 4 MW power station to electrify 30.67
R: 20 yrs pumping operations in Wadi Hadramaut, plus
G: 5 yrs associated transmission and other services
Jordan 7.56 i: 6% Excavation and preparation of seven wells 40.03
- R: 20 yrs plus two experimental wells and main pipe to serve ~
G: 4 yrs Aqaba and surrounding area "
6 ~
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IRAQI FUND
~ Guinea 6.50 i: 3% Extension of Conakry plastics factory 14.00
R: 12 yrs ~
~ G: 3 yrs
Total 103.78
lechn~cal Assistance l;rants, tirst half 1979
(in SUS millions or SUS millions eyuivalent)
Borrower Amount Project
KURIAIT FUND -
Maldive [slands 0.36 ~ Financing economic, planning and law experts
Guinea 0.36 Consultancy services fo: Kunkuri dam
Rwanda 0.36 Consultancy services for road building
ISLA1~f[C DEVELOPMENT BANK
PLO O.1Q3 Design of AI�Najah university, Nablus
PLO 0.103 Design of lslamic university, Gaza
Upper Voita 0.097 Feasibility study for petroleum tank farn~
OPEC SPECIAL FUND ~
River blindness Control Programme 2.00
Consultative Group fur (nternational 2.00
= Agricultural Researcl~
Total 5.38
A finai remark about terms. Some of the funds '
- decline to publish details of terms, wliile ttle OPEC -
- Special Fund almost always lends at the same tcrms.
Given the slight degree of lending by all but une of the
other funds, no fruitful comparison can be made with -
1978 except in the case oF the Kuwait Fund. This
single example suggests a relaxation of terms.
[n 1978, the fund extended 13 loans worth
$194.8 million. Of these, more than half, seven to be
- precise, carried 4 per cent interest or more and the� _
minim~m rate was ? per cent; less than fialf, s:x loans,
were repayable over Z~ years, while others matured
over perio~s as short as 15 years.
Of the 17 loans tutalling S253.4 million extended
- in the first half of this year, only seven carried interest
as high as 4 per cent, one was interest-free and twu
` carried less than 2 per cent interest. Nine loans were
repayable over periods ranging from ?5 to 40 years
~ and only two over less than 20 years.
CSO: 4820
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1~TORTH AFRICAN A~~'FAIRS
CANARY ISLANDS REINTRODUCED AS FACTOR IN MAGHREB HOSTLLITyES
- Loridon WEST AFRICA in English 15 Oct 79 pp 18~32, 1883
LTeXtT The merits of the case of the decolonisation of the Canary Islands have
seldom been clearly reviewed. Part of the problem has been the involvement _
of the Islands in the much more immediate issue of the Western Sahara and
the conflict between ~:4orocco and Algeria. A correspondent examines the -
problem after some new developments in the region. _
THE ANNOUNCEMENT, the week chairman, which was read aut in part to the
before last, by Antonio Cubillo that his UN General Assembly in New York, is to
_ Movement for the Liberation of the Canary discuss the possibility of access to the sea _
Islands, MPAIAC, would renew its along a much more economical route than
campaign of violence in the islands would most countries enjoy at present.
have come as something of a surprise to In other words. King Hassan is putting up
mc~st. f=urthermore, it was made in Algiers, EI Aiun, the Westem Saharan Capital, w�ith
the city where he was almost killed last year its already developed port facilities, as an
under circumstances thae have never been outlet to the Atlantic. The offer is also
made clear, and where he was effectively extended to Algeria, as King Hassan
silenced following an agreement reached suggested in a news conference after the
- between the Algerian authorities and the OAU conference in.Monrovia. ln exchange
Spanish government. there would be a tacit recognition of -
- The announcement has therefore not Nioroccan sovereignty - renegotiated, and
- only renewed interest in the claims of one presumes after a referendum of sorts-
MPAIACto represent the Canary Islanders in the Western Sahara. -
- jolting to life once again the' dispute As things stand in the Western Sahara at
about whether Canary Islanders are present. Morocco is finding that the
SPanish or African, and which they would Polisario Front has stepped up its incursions
prefer to be - but it has also reintroduced all along the Moroccan frontier, destroying
the Canary Islands as another factor in the with alarming regularity most of the
hostilities that pervade north-west Africa resistance it meets from the Royal troops,
with their attendant international implica- signifying something even more dangerous
tions.and alignments. for King Hassan; a certain demoralisation
- Mr Cubillo's re-emergence coincides among his troops.
with the latest Moroccan diplomatic The Polisario ~ront has just announced
initiative aimed at drawing away fire from that its guerrilla5 have killed 120 Moroccan
its precariously held position in Western troops in an artack on che Ntoroccan
Sahara. It involves z proposed conference (rontier garrisc~n c~f Zak. They~ also daim to
of all the states that border on the Sahara, have taken the town of Smara. the second
particularly those that are landlocked, Niali,
Chad and Niger. The object, as King
Hassan !1 explained in a letter to President
Tolhert of Liberia, the current OAU
8 -
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largetit in the norlhern part of thc Western Madrid agreemcnt. ti�w� the Spanish
Sahara. Smara has heen the target of relationship is un~l~uhte~fl~� being ~trained
Polisario Front raids for a long nme. but this by allowing MPAIAC' tu rcncw activities
i~ the first hme the~ claim tc> h~ve captured from Algenan terntor}.
the town. From the strategir ~crtipective, Cubillo is
Kin~ f~a~tian ha~ ha~ tn acknuwleclge that anuther irntan~ Iur ~tunxcu: h:ti re-
Morc~ccc~ can nu longer fi~;ht it, o~n hactle. emergrrnr a~J~ ~r~~,~ure ~~n S~:uii tu come
Since the King announced th.it ~viorocco ~ut mure fbrthri~h~~y :~~ain~t ~turuc:co.
would occup~� the southcrn half of the The eventual t:~rKet is the Sp:~nish-
Western Sahara From which the Moroccan fishing agreement. This I,.,s
Mauritanians withdre�~ six ~�eeks ago, the a~teady been bruueht into the limelight i~~r
Polisario Front has intensified its attacks on the Polisario attacks on Spanish fish~nb '
Moroccan positions and titorocco has vessels in Sah~ran waters and the ahduction
- responded b}~ steppin~ up its uw~n military of a crew based in the Canary Islands. The
- activiry. President Sadat has now confirmed Problem wil( continue a~ a thorn until
that Egypt is sending militan� supplies to terrirorial waters of the Canary islands,
- Morocco (he had pre~iously su~gested that Morocco and the Sahara are clearly
he would he prepared ro gi~�e assistance) demarcated.
while the US has now agreed ro raise its The 1977 Fishing agreement provides
military credits to titorocco becau~e the finance for Morocco to set up a processing
kingdom is the object of attack, into its own indust to buy vessels and to establish a
territor}�. Previously, the lJS aeiministration ttaining schoul. Thc Spanish, in particular
had been reluctant to e~tend aid to
_ Morocco on the grounds that the weapons the major boat building and fishing
sought were for offen~ive purposes be}�and companies, will provide the vessels, the
expertise and the industrial plants. It has
Moroccan frontiers. been estimated that up to 15,000 islanders
have been put out of work, and the Spanish .
~ company owners have wamed islanders
P ress u re that if they cause any disruption by striking
o n H assan ~e firms will move to hiorocco. _
It has been noted that Ntorocco has
Not only is the King likely to become ~naeased investment considerably over the
- dependent on the US for military supplies, ~ast few years and that it has now reached an
- but the present conjuncture of interests ~mportant proportion in the islands'
between the US and Eg}�pt o~�er Presiden.t economy. There has been a corresponding
SadaCs eace a reement with Israel nse in Moroccan immigration into the
p ~ Canary Islands.
suggests - and President Sadat has said as Under such circumstances MPAIAC
much - that pressure is being put on serves a very useful disruptive purpose. lt
Mococco ro re~~erse its condemnation of the ~n partially mobilise a thoroughly
Egypt-lsrael agreement. discontented working population, threaten
Essentially. the war over the Western the i~lenJs' ma~sive touritit industry and
Sahara is no longer localised. as the King ~'~nally focus on the fact that the Cananes -
would have wished. And as the variables in are considered an important base for US
the conflict grow Moroccci s posit~on activities. NASA has a relecommunications
becomes less independant and weaker. ~ntre there and a nuclears~bmarine base is
It is in this context, as well as that of the now under construction.
OAU's unclear position on decolonisacion Whatever the eventual fate of iviPAIAC,
of the Canary Islands. that Mr. Cubillo's its existence has alrcady~ beer the driving
- recent announcement has to be seen. force behind OAU consiJeration of the -
MPAIAC. which seek independence for ~ islands as part oF Africa and tlierefore to be
_ the Canarv Islands, represents the extreme decolonised. In the 197H OAU summit in
end of the Islands' auronomists. When Khartoum it was decidccl that material
international circumstances hace been assistance showa be grven to MYAIA(:.
favourable, they have heen able tt~ rause g~nce then the subject has lain dormant, a
disruptinn, especially since 1976 when fact which reflec�s ignorance as mueh as
MPAIAC cook to violent methods. Political manoeuvenng. At the heart of the
Antonio Cuhillo'~ wclcome in Algiers is, issue i~ the debate over whether the islands
however. dependent upon cithcr more and the islanders are Spanish or not.
import,~nt consideratione in the 1~laghre- Anronio Cubillo has maintained that there
hian and Medirerranean pcilihc~ of the ~s an indigenous culture. and m his
- Algerian c~o~�ernment. He wati cffectivel~� broadcasts from Algiers he spoke very often
silence~ aft:r assuranceti frc~m S~,ain that ~n Guanche. the original language of the
the latter w�ould alter its positiun on the islands but which has now been dilute.d to a
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- certain extent hy buth Spanish and Arabic Spain and the islands is a colonial one;
- word;. One recent artidc' by an authority autonomy or representation in the Spanish `
on the Canarieti suggests that there is a Gnk Cortes or representation by a palitical
that is cultural, between the inhabitants group that is based abroad an~ which does
~ before thc conquest 500 years ago and the not seem to have wide popularsupport is no
- present population. Many of the artifacts substitute for self determination. (t is with
are local in inspiration and origin. The these factors in mind that the OAU and its _
economic conditions are such ihat there has members state~ should consider the lot of
beea a considerable identification by the the Canary lslanders. -
canurios with their past as distinguished
from the Spaniards. There has been a
degree of activity over the decades for home
rule - a measure of autonomy is being
granted by Spain under its present policy of
decentralisation. There has, however, never
- been a sustained and popular support for
- MPAIAC, which is the only party to
suppor~ independence.
The Canaries have therefore been .
introduced of late into Afncan politics as an _
instrument of the Maghrebian power
struggle. Economically - one has the
fishing facilities in mind - they operate,
and are used as a base of operations, as part
of the African continent. Strategically they
are in danger of becoming a foreign base.
The local population has been exploited
economically in a manner that iti colonialist �
in the extreme. The relationship between
~ CSO: 4420
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AFGHANISTAN
'KABUL TIMES' GREETS AMIN ASSUMPTION TO PARTY, STATE CHIEF
BK170629 KABUL TIMES in English 17 Sep 79 p 2 BK
[Editorial: "New Leadership Will Bring New Victories"]
[Text] Change is the principle of life. It draws life toward completion. -
It is on the basis of this principle that the economic, political and social
affairs are in a process of change. -
~ The statements of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the PDPA and RC of
the DRA are based on this principle. On the basis of these statements Haf-
izollah Amin, first minister, has been appointed as the general secretary of
the PDPA CC and president of the RC of the DRA.
Hafizollah Amin as the heroic personality of our party gave the command of -
our chain-breaking revolution, that is the Great Sawr Revolution. It has -
been as a result of his courageous and valorous determination that the vic-
torious Sawr Revolution was successful and the tyranny of the treacherous
Nader-Daud family ended forever.
The courage and bravery of Hafizollah Amin is best manifested in his command
for the start of the Great Sawr Revolution, and also in his work within the
army, to equip the young armymen with the epoch-making ideology of the work-
ing class. It has been as a result of this endeavor that our people accom-
plished their goal, that is establishment of a progressive and Khalqi regime.
The role of Amin as secretary and member of the PDPA CC politburo, vice pre-
mier, first minister and in charge of the Ministry of Defense of the DRA
has beeiz decisive and significant in the party and government affairs after
the victory of the Great Sawr Revolution. It was Amin who organised party
affairs taking care of the administrative organisations. It was Amin who has
been working untiringly toward popularisation of the working class ideology
in the country. His scholarly speeches and statements have been the best
guide to the followers of the PDPA and the epoch-making ideology of the work-
ing class. His personality had a deep impact in the international conferences
, and meetings and he has played important roles in the domestic and foreign
- affairs.
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His firmness against the enemies of the people of Afghanistan is of great
importance. While talking to tribal elders recently, he said: "The main
objective of our revolution is building of our country and this has fright-
ened your enemies. They have been worried and surprised how workers, pea- -
sants, labourers, and toilers have seized power in Afghanistan and how they
live in these palaces where Sardars used to live." -
Raised in a lower-middle class, Hafizollah Amin has been closely associated
with the people. He says: "We learn from our people and use this knowledge
_ in their service." It has been as a result of this belief and link with the
people that he, once in the years before the Great Sawr Revolution, was
elected as deputy to Wolesi Jirga and represented his prideful party there.
His appointment as the general secretary of the PDPA CC and president of the
RC of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan is good news to our. people. It
is certain that, at this moment while we are taking paramount steps in the
process of development of our revolution, his appointment to this task will
further enhance the progress and development of our society to the objectives -
_ of our party and people. His energy, valour and wisdom give us this hope and
assurance that the classless society is the prime goal of our party and people,
which will be met soon.
As Hafizollah Amin enjoys the full support of the party leadership and the
revolutionary people of this country he will surely succeed in his objectives
to fulfill the desires of our people.
_ Long live our prideful party and long live our comrade the commander of the
victory of the Great Sawr Revolution.
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AFCHANISTAN
DEVELOPMENT PLAN AIMED AT BRIDGING ECONOMIC GAP
LD152300 Kabul Radio in English to Europe 1900 GMT 15 Oct 79 LD
[Unattributed Commentary: "The Regional Development Program of the First
5-Year Development Plan of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan"]
[Text] With the victory of the Great Sawr Revolution, which toppled the class
oppression of the Yahya Dynasty, the political power was transferred to the
People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and a great deal of social and
economic inequality inherited from the past regimes was wiped out with the
decisive support and the struggle of the toiling and patriotic classes and
strata ef the country, and our oppressed peasants were especially released
from the exploitation of the feudal exploiters.
Undertaking the implementation of the First 5-Year Economic and Social Devel-
opment Plan will surely do away with economic and social backwardness after _
- implementation of two 5-year development plans and lay the foundation of a
new and blossoming economic order and will bridge the economic gap existing _
between different parts and areas of the country.
As it is observed, the geographical structure and physical conditions of dif-
ferent provinces of the country are approximately similar. The main charac-
teristics of different provinces of the country are unfavorable topographical
features, mountainous areas, economic backwardness and scatteredness of pop-
ulation structure. These problems are felt in all provinces in the ~ar.te forms.
As a result of these geographical and population characteristics there has
_ been imbalance between the social-economic standard of living of the people
- of different regions and areas throughout the country. The result of this _
imbalance, along with class and social oppression, is the fact ~hat the econo-
mic development in different regions of the country has been in a primary
stage and the standard of living of the people is low. -
_ With the removal of all these problems and shortcomings, there should come a
change in the ways of living of the people within the framework of the speci-
fic and long-term strategy: Within the framework of this strategy, the exis-
tence of a short cut and medium method is also possible and it is necessary
that on the basis of a study of basic conditions in social development, new
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~
formulas and new initiatives should be worked out for strengthening the infra-
structure, deve].opment and the work of social-economic [?spheresJ, betterment
of administrative affairs, coordination of development activities of various
organizations and development and democratization of planning for effectuating
this strategy in the long, medium and short terms at provincial and district
levels.
In our country, social-economic development did not receive necessary attention
in the far-f lung areas of the country until the victory of the Great Sawr
Revolution due to the domination of antinational and antidemocratic regimes.
However, after the consolidation of political view of the toilers in the Demo-
cratic Republic of Afghanistan [words indistinct] and regional development
throughout the country in general and in the far-flung areas in particular
is envisaged in the First 5-Year Social and Economic Development Plan of the _
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. In this plan, for the purpose of removing
the problems of the people and raising their standard of living, the main
target is to raise the level of [?gross] productivity in agricultural and
cattle-raising activities with due consideration for the natural resources, _
workpower and existing possibilities, and growth of all production processes
meeting the primary needs of the man.
All this planning and activity is aimed at doing away with imbalance and the
great gap existing between the economic and social levels of urban and rural
areas in a short period of time and providing ground for greater development
of the backward regions of the country. It is for this reason that the
5-year social and economic development plan has included a number of devel-
opment programs for the central provinces of the county. Of course, with the
realization of these development programs, all-out importance will be given to
the standard of living of the people of all provinces of the country.
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~
- AFGHANISTAN
BRIEFS
INFORIYIATION EXCHANGE WITH CSSR--The agreement for the exchange of information
- between the BAKHTAR NEWS AGENCY and ORBIS of Czechoslovakia was signed in
Kabul yesterday. According to this agreement, the BAKHTAR agency and ORBIS
will exchange commentaries, articles and information material concerning the
internal life of their countries, as well as material pertainin~ to interna-
tional political trends. [Text] [LD142240 Kabul Radio in English to Europe
1900 GMT 14 Oct 79 LD]
EAST EUROPEAN AMBASSADORS RECEIVED--Prof Dr Abdorrashid Jalili, the minister
of agriculture and land reform, met in his office today His Excellency Stoyan
Radoslavov, the Bulgarian ambassador in Kabul, and discussed with him matters
related to agriculture and multilateral cooperation between the Democratic
Republic of Afghanistan and the Bulgarian Republic. Similarly, the minister
- of agriculture and land reform received for an introductory meeting today
(Abu Hakim), the world Food and Agriculture Organizations's adviser in Kabul.
During the meeting discussions were held about the world food and agricultural
' organization (?in) Afghanistan. The representative of the organization expres-
- sed his readiness to render the assistance of the organization. Similarly,
Prof Dr Abdorrashid Jalili, the minister of agriculture and land refarm,
received for an introductory meeting today His Excellency Dezsoe Kiss, ambas-
sador of the Hungariar People's Republic in Kabul. During the meeting, matters
related to the amount of wheat (?seeds) assisted by that country for the agri-
- cultural (?research) were discussed. [Text] [LD142238 Kabul Radio in English
to Europe 1900 GMT 14 Oct 79 LD]
BULGARIAN ENVOY RECEIVED--Abdolkarim Misaq, the minister of finance, today met
for a courtesy call in his office His Excellency Stoyan Radoslavov, the Bul-
garian ambassador in Kabul. During the meeting matters related to the improve-
ment of the accounting system and the training of personnel in the financial .
affairs with the cooperation of the Bulgarian Government and other matters of
mutual interest were discussed in a friendly atmosphere. [Text] [LD142239
Kabul Radio in English to Europe 1900 GMT 14 Oct 79 LD]
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TELEGRAM TO SPANISH KING--The Information Office uf the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs reporrs that Hafizollah Amin has sent a congratulatory telebram to
Madrid addressed to King Juan Carlos on Spain's national day anniversary.
[Text] [GF130905 Kabul Domestic Service in Dari 1600 GMT 11 Oct 79 GF]
CHILD CENTER OPENS--In compliance with instructions on revolutionary functions
of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan regarding the fostering, development,
and guidance of ctiildren of our country, the revolution child center at Gozargah
section was officially opened this afternoon. Cutting the ribbon was Prof
Gholam Mohammad Sahebi, first deputy minister of education. There are pre-
sently 12 teachers and 65 children at the center, which has the capacity for -
- 250 children. [Text] [GF150530 Kabul Domestic Service in Dari 1600 GMT
14 Oct 79 GF]
CSO: 4906
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ALGERIA
BEN BELLA'S HOUSE ARREST COULD BE LIFTED
Paris LE MONDE in French 3 Oct 79 p 6
[Article by Daniel Junqua: "Ben Bella's House Arrest Could Be Lifted"]
[Text] Algiers--The measures abridging the liberty of the former president,
Ben Bella, might soon be mitigated, if not completed lifted.
The chief of state, Mr Chadli Bendjedid, passed the word to the publishers
and editors-in chief of the organs of the national press with whom he talked
on Thursday, 27 September for more than 3 hours, in the presence of the prime
minister, Mr Abdelghani, and the minister of information, Mr Mehri. Colonel
Belhouched, inspecto r general of the army and member of the Politburo, made
a similar communicati on to the man himself in the course of a visit he paid
him at M'Sila, where he has been in assigned residence since 4 July.
' Do these conciliatory statements reflect a genuine political intention, or
are they simply meant to be ~ust one more ploy to inspire patience in the
prisoner and in those who are interested in fiis fate? The situation of the
former chief of state grows all the more embarrassing as the anniversary
date approaches with celebrations on 1 November, marking 25 years since the
start of the national liberation struggle. Having Mr Ben Bella under
detention of sorts, one of the nine men who played a pivotal role at the
beginning of the fighting, is the sort of thing that would cast a troublesome
shadow over the festivities.
"Mr Ben Bella is a free man from now on. He can move about at w;[11 within
the limits of the M'Sila governorate. He may meet anyone he chooses," as
the authorities specified when they made their laconic announcement of the
"lifting of ineasures taken with regard to Mr Ben Bella." Very swiftly the
truth of the matter revealed itself to be quite different.
His former lady lawyer describes as follows the condition of his life in a
letter addressed to P resident Cfiadli requesting permission to call on her
"client." "Military security personnel guard the entrance to the villa,"
she writes. "Additional ones are posted in the cellars. Still more walk
_ their posts around the house and through the town....It still takes a lot
of courage to pay a call on the president. Inhabitants of M'Sila who took
- the chance were round ed up by the police, his familiars were questioned and
threatened."
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This information is confirmed by members of ~ir Ben Bella's entourage. The
identity of,visitors is noted, according to those close to him, his mail is
opened, telegrams intercepted, telephone messages filtered, the villa is
equipped with microphones, as is the car placed at his disposal. Government
officials who called on him were penalized. This is why the president of
the M'Sila Court of Appeals was removed after having taken this step.
Mr Ben Bella continues to do a lot of work, reading, writing, and he goes
out very little. His first excursion to the outside was a visit to the
mosque, where he went to pray. He has mentioned to friends two wishes he
cares about particularly: to visit his mother's grave at Maghnia and to
make the pilgrimage to Mecca.
Sometimes he comments on current political affairs to his visitors. On one
such occasion he passed qualified ~udgment on the "clean-up" operation
currently in progress throughout the country (LE MONDE, 12 September), "
approving the principle but criticizing certain aspects of intervention on
the part of the police and the ~udiciary. For this he was attacked in the
daily newspaper EL r10UDJAHID. The paper deplored that "the Holy Man of
~ M'Sila" should be ~oining up with "the mob of exploiters and revanchists the
_ world over" who are gunning for the Algerian revolution and use every f alse -
move it makes to make the point that Algeria "has made a poor choice of the
- path it follows."
2750
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ALGERIA
BOUTEFLIKA RETURNS TO ALGERIA
Paris LE MONDE in French 5 Oct p 42
[Article by Daniel Junqua: "Mr Bouteflika Has Made His Political Reappearance
- After Over 6 Months' Absence"]
[Text] Algiers--After more than 6 months' absence, Mr Bouteflika, former
foreign minist~r and minister counselor to the president of the republic,
has made his political reappearance in Algeria. On Wednesday, 3 October,
he attended a meeting of the Politburo concerned with preparation of the '
_ Central. Committee for next December. His friends, Messrs Draia and Tayebi
Larbi, were also present. Mr Bouteflika's picture is incidentally included
in a photograph published on the front page of the daily newspaper EL
~10UDJAHID. He appears on the right of President Chadli Bend~edid.
rIr Bouteflika, who figured among the possible candidates to succeed
Prasident Boumediene, had looked like the great loser in the turn of events
at Lhe beginning of the year. In the goverrnnent formed fn March he had
even been compelled to relinquish the office of foreign minister which he
had occupied for 14 years. Since that time he had been living abroad,
dividing his time between France and Switzerland, where he received medical
treatment.
He had attended no meeting of the Politburo nor of the government since '
the formation of those two bodies. During these past weeks there were even
rumors that he had been definitively du.e to be eliminated from the Politburo,
which could have happened at the next meeting of the Central Co~nnnittee. It
appears that here too, the chief of state has chosen the route of "cooling
it" and that his efforts to settle the differences that have manifested
themselves recently have borne fruit.
2750
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. ALGERIA
CLEAN-UP CAMPAIGN REPORTEDLY TAINTED BY BRUTALITY
Paris LE MONDE in French 5 Oct 79 p 5
[Article by Daniel Junqua: "Cleanup Campaign in the Capital--The good ~
results achiaved have bean tarnished by acts of brutality and misconduct."]
[Text] A_lgiers--The canpaign of "cleanup" and struggle against "the evils
and plagues of society" begun on 4 September is now under way throughout
the entire country. Far-reaching activities have been undertaken in all
the big cities, particul.arly at Oran and Constantine. Even in the small
villages, retired police and members of the gendarmerie have been mobilized
to teach a sense of civic duty to their fellow-citizens. _
In Algiers the results of efforts mounted without interruption for 3 weeks
are beginning to show. In the last few days paint-brushes taken over from
the brooms. The streets having by now resumed for the most part an aspect
long forgotten, the authorities have decided to address the problem of the
facades of buildings and shop-windows. All through the day professionals
and amateurs vie with one another in coating, plas;ering and sanding,
- whitewashing and lacquering. The shops are thus getting a brand-new look'.
This all seems to be going on in an atmosphere of good fiumor. The famous
waterfront arcades, blackened and filthy, have not escaped this renovation
operation, neither have some particularly run-down buildings.
This action is due to continue, even to increase. The governorate of
Algiers has that decided to commit several hundred million dinars* in
renovating certain quarters in the capital. Maintenance crews can be seen
just about everywhere fixing street lamps that have long been dark, repainting
- gates and railings, curbstones and pedestrian walks. Boxes of flowers have
been placed at the main intersections.
The improvement is plain to see in the transportation sector too. The arrival
of 200 small buses supplied by the Belgian company, Van Hool, and the
reconditioning of 100 others that have lain idle for weeks for want of
spare parts and tires, have all had their good effect. Traffic moves with
*One dinar equals 1.20 franc at the official rate of exchange.
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~
greater fluidity, with the police conducting a pitiless hunt for road-hogs
and parking violations, daily lifting dozens of driver's licenses and
gray cards.
All the governiaent agencies are invited to join in the fight to improve
the quality of life. The Post Telegraph & Telephone Ser~~ice have announced
thst some 20 public phone booths will soon be in service. Previous expe-
riences with these were disastrous, as the booths were vandalized as soon
as they went into service. -
A "Program of General Organization "
It would seem, then, that all the conditions were on hand for the capital
to present a wortfiy appearance for the festivities of 1 November to celebrate
the 25ti1 anniversary of the outbreak of the insurrection so that none of
- the thousands of personages invited for the occasion shall be disappointed.
Over and above this deadline date, the authorities plan on undertaking vast
reorganizations. The Council of Ministers, meeting on 30 September, gave
much time to studying a"General Organization Program for the Capital."
The good results accompli~hed in the last few days in hygiene, restoration _
of the quality of life, security and municipal services have won favorable -
comment as a whule from the population. There are those, however, who
- wonder about the limits of the notion of "cleanup" and fear that the clean-
ing up of the streets and building-fronts might meve on to a cleanup of
minds. They wonder particularly about the meaning of an appeal published
on Tuesday, 2 October by the National Party Council of the governorate of
Algiers, which reads: "The cleanup operation is for a limited time and will
touch all areas of social life." WEtat matters is knowing where "social -
life" begins and ends.
The extraordinary powers that have obviously devolved upon the police and
custodians of public order are not of a character to calm these anxieties.
The brutality with which certain interventions have been carried out has
caused shock. This was especially the case at Ain Beninan, near Algiers,
where panels used to transform terraces into additional rooms were torn off
without notice and burnecl, exposing the family privacy of the dwellers to
the public eye, and where families were ordered to slaughter their chickens
immediately. The forces of public order had obviously received word to
enforce respect, by fear if need be. This undoubtedly gave rise to excesses,
intrusions on privacy, needless confiscations of ID cards, which have been
ill-received by the population.
Justice Caught in the Machinery �
- Justice, too, has been caught up in the machinery. Estimated in the
thousands are the individuals brought before the magistrates on charges of
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"in flagrante dclicto."* The accused, mostly youths, have their heads
systematically ~:haved and are put in irons. They are allowed to be ~
represented by a lawyer, but as one of them told us, in almost every case
- the magistrate follows the ruling of the Attorney General. The habitual
offenders [once arrested] are automatically sentenced, even if theytiave -
commiLted no new crimes. Most of the sentences include
to enter the governorate of Algiers. Several work areas for picking alfa
grass or reforestation have been opened on the high plateaus to receive the
prisoners for terms of mo re than 6 months. Believing that rights of defense
~ cannot be normally assured under tfiese conditions, a certain number of -
lawyers refuse to accept the cases they are offered.
The authorities may claim that in a exceptional situat i on, exceptional
solutions are required, The lack of security in the big cities had indeed
- reached a disturbing level. The National Party Council for the governorate -
- of Algiers says as much in its declaration: "However much it may annoy
certain detractors vainly trying to pinpoint the few inadequacies or
_ excesses noted here and there, the positive aspects of this operation far
exceed the rare negative aspects which have been carefully recorded and
~ studied and which shall b e corrected without fail in the future."
Will these correctives pu t an end to the affronts being inflicted--systematic
_ searches, being taken bef ore the police commissariat--on "unmarried couples"
caught in police round-ups, especially at night? The management of a movie
tt~eater in the center of town has even taken the step o f separating the
couples who come to a show, girls on one side and boys on ther other. Some
detect here the stale sme 11 of fundamentalism, and fear lest the cleanup
operation might begin to move in that direction.
2750
- CSO: 4400
*In a press conference th e Attorney General and the Pre sident of the ~lgiers
Court stated that 941 individuals had been prosecuted b etween 6 and ~
30 September in Algiers alone. Four hundred and fifty-two were sentenced
to penalt~.es equal to or greater than 6 months, 53 of them to 2 years
imprisonment; only 9 were acquitted. -
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Il~AN
TiIEOLOGIANS SEEN CONSOLIDATING POSITION
Tehran THE IRANIAN in English 19 Sep 79 pp 3, 15
~ext7 n September 12, 1979, clerical rule was institutional-
ized for the first time in Iranian history. Should Ar-
ticle 5 of the Constitution which calls for the vela-
yate faghih (governmeiit by theologians) remain unaltered
and the document be approved by referendum, we will have
- one or a group of clergymen as the highest authority of the
land, probably as head of state, and this, in spite of Ayatol-
lah Montazeri's soothing assurances.
The existing situation, on the other hand, attests to the _
fact that the c(ergy lack the expertise to efficiently adminis-
ter a 20th century society and tackle its intricate system. The
government's merger with the Revolutionary Council, the -
gradual withdrawal of the Committee powers and functions,
the rising public discontent, etc., reflect the wide recognition
of this.
Nevertheless, the clergy today have the strings of power
tightly in their hands and are moving fast towards institution-
alizing their position. But while they hold the strings, it is the -
secular technocrats who actually operate the system. This is
precisely the patter?i that is most likely to persist even after
the elections.
Whether the velayate jaghih will be the same as the presi-
dency will be clear only when the deputies start debating the
presidency. But since historically, under the 1906 Constitu-
tion, an overseeing clergymen's committee failed to survive
and protect the clergy's interests, it may safely be concluded
the velayate jaghii? will be in full control of ali executive
- authority, including the military.
Yet a clerical presidency would require severai condi-
tions to maintain supremacy over the system. First, it would
_ require very wide powers ranging from appointment and dis-
missal of a prime minister and his cabinet, to calls for a refer-
endum and perhaps even the cancellation of elections and/or _
dissolution of the Parliarnent.
_ Second, the president wo~td need to institutionalize
his power-base among the masses, who will remain for the
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foresecable future strictly pro~lergy. Direct elections would
guarantee this, since any derical presiclential candidate can
cumfortably outvote a secular opponent.
- Thir~l, the strcngthening uF clerical rul~ alsc~ necessit;ites
anc~thcr changc in the draft Constituti~~n. Artirlc 142 p�
vides Fur a Council tu Protect ttte Constitution, which under
the draft, has a non~lerical majority. A change to establish a
clerical majority in the body would strengthen the political
position of t~ie clergy and this change will probably be made
when article 142 comes up for review in the Assembly.
- In general, the drive towards institutionalizi~g an~i
strengthening the political pusition of the clergy will be
quicker and from now on fllOfC markecl. The reason is clear.
Ayatollah Taleghani's death was a blow to all the clerbyincn.
Ayatoll:ih Khomeini himself wh~~ is n~~w morc concemr~i
abuut their future, has begun to call once ~bain for a speeJy
pass:ig~ ~f the Constitution. An~ cvcn thuubh Kh~~inrini in~y �
appcar tu be abuve derical partis;in,liip, he wc~ulcl like t~~ see
his c~wn folluwcrs in officc ~s suun ~s E>ua,ible. With T;ilr~;li;i-
ni's ~le~th, and the consequcnt turn of attenti~~n tuw~nl; thc
non