JPRS ID: 8711 USSR REPORT MILITARY AFFAIRS

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000100100020-7
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• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 20
• Content Type: REPORTS

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is OCT08ER igT9 ~FO~UO 291~9~ i OF i
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JPRS L/8711 ~
15 October 1979
,
USSR Re ort
p
MILITARY AFFAIRS
~ CFOUO 29/79)
;
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JPRS L/8711
15 October 1979
lf SS R REPO RT
MILITARY AFFAIRS
(FOUO 29/79)
CONTENTS PAGE
Military Engineering Schools Described for Young Readers
(B. V. Zatylkin; PROFESSIYA--SAPER, 1978) 1
Veteran Addresses Young Readers on Military Service
(V. Tolubko; ZHIT'--RODINE SLUZHIT', 1978) 20
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a- IIII - USSR - 4 FOUO)
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' MILITARY ENGINEERING SCHOOLS DESCRIBED FOR YOUNG READERS
Moscow PROFESSIYA--SAPER (Profession--Combat Engineer) in Russian 1978 signed
to press 29 Sep 77 pp 1, 2, 81-104
[Annotation, Table of Contents, Author Siographical Information, selected
~ chapters, and Conclusion from book by Lt Gen Engr Trps B. V. Zatylkin,
Izdatel'stvo DOSAAF SSSR, 40,000 copies, 222 pages]
[Text] Annotation
The author describes, for the lay reader, the history'of the origin, develop-
ment, and application of engineer t:roops in combat and their role in
the Soviet Armed Forces. ~
The book is intended for the mass reader, and especially for young people.
Contents . Page
in Lieu of an Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
A Little History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
"The War Never Ends for Combat Engineers" . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Equipment of the Engineering Troops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
What Should a Combat Engineer Be? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
The Forges of Engineering Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
To Those Entering School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Biographical Information on Author
Lieutenant General of Engineer Troops Boris Vasil'yevich Zatylkin is one
of those regular commanders of our armed �orce~ who had the luck to begin
military service back in the 1930's, to take an active part in the Great
Patriotic War, and to pass through all of the stages of a military
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career--from cadet to a high-ranking troop commander. His biography is
typical of a Soviet commander and a son of the laboring people.
. First there was secondary school, the Leningrad (presently Kaliningrad)
Military Engineering School imeni A. A. Zhdanov.
The fronts in which he served included the Southwestern, 3d Ukrainian,
and 3d Belorussian. Ae participated in crossings of the Northern Donets,
the Dniepr, the Ingol, the Southern Bug, the Dniestr, and the Neman. He
experienced the joy of victory and the bitterness of losi:ig comrades in arms,
The war had not been easy for him.
Then came the Military Engineering Academy imeni V. V. Kuybyshev, and once
again the troops, as commander of the Tyumen' Military Engineering School.
Presently Lieutenant General of Engineer Troops B. V. Zatylkin is deputy
chief of the engineer troops of the USST Kinistry of Defense.
No matter where he has served, he invariably combines his principal activity
with active participation in public life: He has served many times as
city soviet deputy, party gorkom member, delegate to the 22nd and 23d CPSU
congresses, and permanent member of the editori.al board of the Ministr_y
of Defense journal TEKHNIKA I VOORUZENIYE.
B. V. Zatylkin's considera.ble, diverse experience and 'nis good knowledge of
modern special equipment, the life of the troops, and military training
institutions have allowed this book's author to penetrate deeply into the
essence of the matter, to explain the multifaceted activity of the engineer
troops, their history and organization, and the unique features of the work
of combat engineers, and to describe modern engineering equipment and the
specialties a combat engineer may acquirEa.
The book is intended primarily for young people of preconscript and conscript
ages.
The Forges of Enqineering Personnel
Our country has many military training institutions that are more than a
quarter of a millenium old. One of them is the Kaliningrad Higher Engineering
Order of Lenin Red Banner School imeni A. A. Zhdanov. The same one, as we
kn~w, that began its history in the early 18th century and in which Mikhail -
Iilarionovich Kutuzov studied.
Tr~e great Russian troop commander was not the only prominent official of
prerevolutionary Russia who received his education in this school. Its
graduates in different years inclucled the greatest military engineer of his
time, fortification scholar A. Z. Telyakovskiy, E. I. Totleben and R. I.
Kondratenko whom we have already mentioned, electric lamp inventor M. I.
Xablochkov, founder of the Russian school of physiology N. M. Sechenov,
writers F. M. Dostoyevskiy, and D. V. Grigorovich, and composers Ts. A.
Kyui and N. Ya. Myaskovskiy.
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Following the victory of Great October the school was used as the base for
organizing an engineering school training co~nanders for the Red Army; in
July 1918 it was renamed the Petrograd Military Engineering Tekhnikum, and
- in June 1920 it was reorganized as the Petrograd Military Engineering School
No 1.
- During the civil war the students often had to interrupt their training and
go to the front to defend their young country. The personnel participated
in the defeat of Yudenich's White Guards bands, the White Finns, and
Wrangel's troops, and in suppression of the Kronshtadt mutiny. More than 20
cadets and commanders were awarded orders of the Red Banner for their
acts of heroism in battles against the White Guards and interventionists,
and the Petrograd Military Engineering School earned the Honorary Revolutionary
Red Banner of the RSFSR All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
A new brilliant page was added to the school's battle chronicle in the
Great Patriotic War. More than 10,000 of its graduates participated in
battles against fascist Germany, and 39 of them were awarded the hon~,rary ~
Hero of the Soviet Union title. The memory of Lieutenant General of Engineer
Troops Dmitriy Mikhaylovich Karbyshev, a graduate of the school and a faithful
, son of the Soviet people who was devoted to the Communist Party and his great
motherland to the end and who died a hero in the fascist camp at Ma.uthausen,
is especially precious to the school's cadets and officers. ~
In the very heat of the Great Patriotic War, on 31 March 1943, the Presidium of
the USSn Supreme Soviet awarded the school the Order of Lenin for its efforts
in training officers for the engineer troops.
The school collective holds its glorlous canbat traditions sacred, and it is '
multiplying them. Intense work having the goal of educating highly skilled
military engineers and engineer tr~op subunit commanders goes on every day
at the training fields and driving ranges, and in the laboratories and
c.lassrooms. All of the conditions necessary for t-his have been created.
The school possesses excellently equipped auditoriums, motor pools, laboratories,
training fietds, and driving ranges. Its tzaining material base is being _
constantly improved with the active participation of the school's inventors
and efficiency exper.ts--teachers, scientists, and cadets.
In just the last few years the school has created a computer center, teacher
training classrooms, and programned learning classrooms, and its laboratories
are outfitted with new, up-to-date equipment permitting the students not only
to study today's engineer armament but also conduct serious scientific
research.
Let us visit, for example, the auditorium designated for study of the
electric equipment of engineering vehicles. It contains unique stands that
can be used to visually demonstrate the work of electric units and machine
units in the vehicles to the cadets; they help the students to learn how to
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t~ot: c~i~ ~ c i n~, irsr. ~~vt,~~ -
detec:t and correct faults quickly and perform adjustments. The school's
innovators hav~ also outfitted an engineer armament laboratory. In it,
the students are afforded a possibility for measuring the characteristics
of the working parts of operating models of engineering equipment, and then
analyzing them with the help of analog and digital computers.
Now let us look into ariother classroom--programmed learna.ng. It is used to
test cadets as required by the lesson plan, and for self-training. In this
classroom, an instructor could question 30 persons and score their knowledge'
in 15 minutes. During independent work the apparatus is set in "self-training"
mode,-and the cadets check their own level of assimilatiori of the theoretic~l
material. The school also possesses laboratories specializing in hydraulic
drives, engineering vehicle operation and repair, fuel and lubricants, and
electrical engineering resources. The vehicle demonstration halls contain
cut-away and operating models of engineering equipment, and its units and
machine units.
_ The cadets develop the practical habits of vehicle driving during lessons at
two driving ranges and in special classrooms outfitted with trainers. The
future officers develop their ability to train and indoctrinate subordinates, ,
control subunits in battle, and competently organize the operation and repair
of engineering vehicles while serving as apprentices in the troops and ,
participating in exercises.
The cadets also participate actively in scientific work: There are 45
military-scientific society circles meeting at the school. Evidence of the
high level of the student projects can be found in the fact that they have
' earned many top prizes at republic and interrepublic scientific-technical
conferences of institutions of higher education.
The school traditionally maintains close contact with many enterprises and
WZ's of the city, oblast, and country. With many of the plants it has
siqned contracts for creative cooperation in joint scientific research and
ir_ political and popular cultural functions.
T;.e command and the political division devote a great deal of attention to
the life of the cadets. All of the well-outfitted facilities--Lenin rooms,
reading rooms, a rich library, a club, the school museum, the cadet coffee
house--offer interesting diversions for future officers in their leisure
c i zne .
P~~~pular sports are or~anized well also. Almost every cadet is a ranked
:_?ortsman. Military district and armed forces champions also work out in the
school's athletic sections. They include many USSR masters and candidates
of sports. For its successes in popular sports, the school has earned many
prizes of the USSR Minister of Defense, and it has been awarded the Minister
of Defense Cu,p.
The course of instruction in the school is 5 years long. Its graduates are
awarded the rank of engineer-lieutenant and issued an all-union diploma
of an engineer-mechanic or another specialist.
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Engirieer troop ofticers--commanc3ers with a higher education--are trained
_ by the Tyumen' and Kamenets-Podol'skiy command schools. ~
The history of the Tyumen' Higher Military Engineering Command School imeni `
Marshal of Engineer Troops A. I. Proshlyakov begins in August 1940. Formed
in the Baltic republics (it was initially an infantry school), it took a
direct part in defense of the city of Taliin when the Great Patriotic War
broke out. The school's officers and cadets displayed high courage,
_ heroism, and valor in the very first battles. It was then that military-
engineering affairs instructor Captain A. Yakushin and Cadet V. Khokhlov
committed their immortal act of heroism. At a critical moment, when fascist
~anks were about to penetrate our d~fenses, they blew up a bridge at the
sacrifice of their lives. The enemy was held back.
No matter how difficult the situation was for us in the first months of the
war, the military training institutions still had to perform their principal
mission of training command personnel. In July 1941 the school was evacu-
ated first to Altay and then to Tyumen'. It �ra~iied many officers during
the war. The front was the testing ground of the training quality. School
graduates held the honor and merit of a Soviet Army commander high in
savage battles, dispiaying outstanding organizational capabilities, valor,
and bravery. Hundreds of young commanc~ers ?arned hiqh government awards, -
and four of them became heroes of the S~~v=et Union.
F'ollowing the war, the school was reorganize~~3 as a military engineering
school, and since 1968 it has been a higher m?litary engineering command
school. Its course of instruction was lengthened ~:0 4 y~ars. Today the
Tyumen' school is a model training complex possessing everything necessary
' with which to successfully prepare highly skilled speciaJ.ists far~ the engineer
troops. Tts fabulously ouLfitted training field~ and camps, classrooms,
laboratories, driving ranges, and firing range~ make it possible to conduct
lessons that satisfy today's scientific, tech:iical, and educational
requirements. The school is staffed by experienced instructors and commanders.
_ Practical experience confirms the high quali.ty of the training: The school's
graduates are serving successfully in the tr~~ops, and many of them have
earned government awards in peacetime for outstanding grades in combat and
political training, successful assimilation of new, complex combat equipment,
and exemplary fulfillment of command assignments.
All of the necessary personal conditions havE: been created as well. The
cadets live in bright, spacious, and comfort~ible communal residences. The
school dining hall has held first place in t'ne district for many years. An
excellently furnished club and a library con�:aining a rich collection are at
- the service of the cadets.
Sports are very popular among the Tyumen' school cadets. It has now become a
tradition for the school's athletic team, to earn prizewinning places not
only in oblast and district competitions but also in all-army competitions
in skiing, weight-lifting, wrestling, and other forms of sports. It is no .
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accident that this school has nurtured many USSR masters and candidates of
sports. This is in many ways the product of the school's good athletic
base. There is an excellent gymnasium, a stadium, a, tennis court, basket-
ball and volleyball courts, a handball court, gymnastic and game complexes,
and a shooting gallery.
The cadets participate actively in the city's and oblast's public life.
The school has assumed sponsorship of 20 grade schools, four vocational-
technical schools, and two boarding schools. In the sponsored schools,
the cadets lead technical, shooting, and other circles, manage the work
af clubs of courage and Friends of the Soviet Army clubs, and they help
to organize preconscript training. Annual agitprop ski tours by cadet
teams to all the rayons of Tyumenskaya Oblast have b~come a tradition.
Cadet-agitators and amateur art collectives make appearances before :he
laborers of Siberian villages and tY~e young people of enterprises and
schools. -
The life of the collective is complete, and every day is filled with
interesting lessons and persistent training. The cadets assimilate the
- progr~m of a higher institution of education, they master complex engineering
equipment, and they acquire numerous useful skills that may be acquired in
far from all civilian VUZ's.
Their free time is filled with lessons in various circles and sections,
evening youth discussions on particular topics, meetings with peers from
civilian training institutions and enterprises, amateur concerts, movies,
and tours to historic places. To sum up, each person can find a way to
spend his leisure time that is most interesting to him. During his school
career the cadet not only obtains the knowledge and skills needed by a
future commander but also acquires experience in public political activity,
broadens his general education, and raises his cultural level.
~
School graduates are awarded the rank of lieutenant and issued a diploma
(:.11-union) of an engineering armament vehicle operating engineer. .
Tne same diploma is also issued to graduates of the Kamenets-Podol'skiy Higher -
Military Engineering Command School imeni Marshal of Engineering Troops
V. K. Kharchenko. This is the "youngest" military training institution of
the engineer troops, established in the postwar years.
L Fa we know, youth does have its advantages: Young people have the possibility
~r~r learning from older people. Unfortunately young people rarely take
dvantage of this. When it comes to organizing new institutions, including
training institutions, however, we always try to consider the existing -
experience, to absorb everything positive, and to avoid errors. This pertains
to tne Kamenets-Podol'skiy school as well: Its training material base was
created on the basis of the latest scientific achievements, with a consider-
ation for today's requirements. As is happening in other WZ's, this base is
undergoing continuous development and i.mprovemento The school is staffed
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by highly skilled instructors and commanders, and it has everything it
needs to successfully organize training and indoctrination. Outstanding
conditions have also been created for the personal life of the cadets,
and to satisfy their cultural demands. It would not make any sense to
explain this in any greater detail--I would simply be repeating myself. .
Now let us turn to one more school or, to put it more acaurately, not so
much a school as a very important aspect of an officer's work, which needs
to be discussed specially.
In addition to commanders, engineers, and technicians, all branches of
troops of the Soviet Armed Forces including the engineer troops have yet
another category of officers--political workers.
The political worker is, first of all, an active warrior cf the Communist
Party, a disciple of its ideas in the armed forces, and a dependable support
to the commander in personnel training and indoctrination. By nature of
his position he is called upon to be a fervent propagandist and a competent
educator and organizer, capable of attracting and leading the personnel by
his word and deed.
In the most difficult days of our socialist fatherland's history, in the
most serious and savage engagemencs, commissars and political workers were
invariably in the forefront, serving as models of devotion to the motherland,
party, and people. With pistol or automatic rifle in hand, inr.iting the
soldiers with burning patriotic words, they were the first to _~se to the
attack. In those days when the fascist hoards were standiny ai: the
approaches to our capital, news of the immortal act of heroism committed
by 28 Fanfilov heroes commanded by Political Commi~sar P. Klochkov was
spread around the world. Their words were an inspiration to all of our
people, to each soldier: "Great is Russia , but there is nowhere to
retreat: Moscow is behind us!"
Today's army and navy political workers embody the best traits ~f the
legendary commissars, whose traditions they carefully preserve and multiply.
Having a deep knowledge of Marxist-Leninist theory, political workers do
a great deal of fruitful work aimed at nurturing the soldiers in the spirit
of unshakable faithfulness to the ideals of our party, Soviet patriotism
and internationalism, and the readiness to protect the Soviet fatherland.
They can always be found where things are tough, wher.e combat proficiency
is being forged, where maximum effort is required to complete the command's
assignments.
To be a political worker in the Soviet Armed Forces is a very high honor. But
it also carries many responsibilities. In order to gain a position of
authority and respect in the military collective, and in order to organize
political indoctrination objectively, with expertise, the political worker
must know and know how to do a very great deal.
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It stands to reason that the political worker must first have a thorough =
theoretical knowledge of Marxist-Leninist philosophy, pedagogics, and
psychology, and that he must have a clear understanding of the way party-
political work is organized in the army. But this is not enough.
The political worker is a deputy conanander. He must be ready to assume
command whenever the time requires. And this means that as with all
officers, he must have a deep knowledge of the theory and practice of
military affairs, and of the fundamentals of organizing a modern battle.
And, naturally, he must be well familiar with the organic equipment of his _
subunit or unit, and with the rules of its operation and combat use. This
has become especially important in modern conditions. ~
To be eloquent, to know how to set fire to peoples' hearts, how to inspire
them and, e:,1ually so, to know how to approach the individual and encourage
frank discussion are all very good and much-needed qualities. Needed, to ,
put it precisely, not only by the political worker (though he needs them
the most) but also all officers. However, no agitation would be truly
effective unless the agitator is able to not only encourage people to
act but also demonstrate how it is best to act. Personal example has
especially great meaning in military affairs. "Do as I do!"--this oldest
principle of military training has not lost its significance today. This
is wny every officer whose principal specialty is party-political work
must not only display competency in technical training and a knowledge of
the materiel but also be able to hanclle his subunit's combat equipment and
armament and possess a classed specialist's qualifications.
Considering these requirements, political workers are trained for the armed
forces today predominantly in specialized military training institutions
operating with programs accountir..q for the specific features of the work
of an officer in a particular branch of troops. The Donetsk Higher Military-
Political School of Engineering Troops and Signal Troops is one such WZ
ir. particular. Its course of instruction is also 4 years long. 2 should
note that only members (candidates) of the CPSU and Komsomol members are
a~cepted as applicants to this school (as is true with other military-
political WZ's)�.
During their training, the cadets deeply study Marxist-Leninist philosophy,
pedagogics, psychology, the fundamentals of party-political work in the
~.rmy, and other disciplines, which the regular propagandist and party-
~olitical worker must know to perfection.
And at the same time they assimilate, no less seriously and comprehensi.vely,
the nuts and bolts of military affairs and of the branch of troops in which
they are to serve, concretely in relation to the specialization they select. ~
The future political workers study the equipment, acquaint themselves with
the rules of its operation, and assi.milate the techniques and methods of
driving the vehicles and working with them. To put it more briefly, they
acquire the sum total of the knowledge and skills needed by an officer-
specialist. ~
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The school provides a higher military-political education. Its graduates
are awarded the rank of lieutenant and issued an all-union diploma. Nor
should we neglect to say something about a certain top military training
institution which every person who has d"ecided to become an officer and
serve in the engineering troops dreams of attending. True, the path to
this training institution is not easy and short. But after all, in both life
and work it is very important to always look ahead., to know how to envisiori
tne future.
_ Moscow, Pokrovskiy Boulevard, 11. A stern multistory building with a gray
granite foundation: This is the main building of the Order of Lenin Red
Banner Military Engineering Academy imeni V. V. Kuybyshev, which will
celebrate its 160th anniversary in 1979.
Its applicants are not youngsters: They are officers who have graduated
from mili.tary sc:iools, who have sufficient experience in troop service, and
who have successfully passed competitive entrance examinations. It trains
military engineers and commanders with top qualifications for the engineer
troops.
. The academy is the pride of the engineer troops. Many outstanding troop
commanders I mentioned in my discussion of the Kaliningrad school later
graduated from the academy. Among them is Her.o of the Soviet Union, Doctor
of Military Sciences, Professor, Lieutenant General D. M. Karbyshev, in
memory of whom a memorial plaque was mounted on the academy building.
Dmitriy Mikhaylovich Karbyshev is famous throughout the world. The entire
life and the most heroic death of this fearless and courageous person, this
outstanding military scholar and engineer,this unbending communist are a
. model of service to the fatherland and the people. Young people starting
out in the big world would do well to learn about Karbyshev's school career.
He entered the Military Engineering Academy in 1908 with the experience of the
Russo-Japanese War behind his back and five battle orders on his chest.
Knowledge was graded in those days by a 12-point system. Having taken 23
- entrance examinations in 25 days, 28 year old Lieutenant D. M. Karbyshev
. earned 251.1 points-an average score of 10.92--and was one of the first
applicants to be enrolled as a student in the acadex:~y.
His academic record was even more brilli~~t by the time of his graduation from
the academy. His average score for his major courses, 26 of them, was 11.54,
while his average for nine minor c~urses was 11.63. Al1 pr~jects Karbyshev
completed during his training earned a score no less than 11.5 points, and
for his plan for fortifying Vladivostok , which he drew up just prior to
his graduation from the academy, he was awarded the "Prize imeni Lieutenant
General R. I. Kondratenko and His Fellow Heroes, Officers of the Engineer
Corps, Defenders of Port Arthur."
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The academy, Russia's ~irst higher military engineering training
institution, beca.*ne the center of progressive Russian military engineering
' thought in the course of its development. Valuable, nontransient,
progressive military and military-technical experience accumulated by many
generations of military engineers was fully utilized in the creation of the
army of the world's first workers and peasants state.
~ Following the Great October Socialist Revolution the overwhelming majority
of the academy's instructors and students joined the victorious proletariat
without reservations. And by as early as 1918 two graduating classes of
engineers with combat experience under their belts who graduated from the
short course in the academy were sent to the Red Army. Many of the academy's
,~rofessors and instructors also fought at the fronts of the civil war.
_ In addition to performing their immediate functions of deveioping military
engineering science and training highly skilled personnel for the army,
in the years preceding the Great Patriotic War the academy's instructors,
students, and graduates took an active part in many of the country's
shock construction projects. And when war broke out the academy's graduates
graced themselves with unfading glory, having multiplied the combat traditions
of Russian military engineers many times over. Many of them became major
troop commanders.
`'i'oday the Order of Lenin Red Banner Academy imeni V. V. Kuybyshev is the
recognized center of scientific thought in the areas of military engineering
and the military topographic service. It performs profound scientific research,
trains young scientists for the regular army, and extensively encourages
students 'to participate in scientific activity. All of the necessary
conditions nave been created for this.
The academy possesses a fabulous training material base, scientific research
and testing laboratories, a computer cen�er, training ranges and driving
ranges, and the most up-to-date technical training resources. The
de~artments and laboratories are headed by prominent scientists, by know-
ledgeable specialists in their areas. During their course of study at the
ac�demy, students not only widen and and deepen their military and
engineering knowledge but also acquire the skills of scientific research.
To Those Entering School
I:: my long year~ of service, as with any regular soldier I have managed to
h-,ld many posts; in particular, for 9 years I was chief of one of the
r.~+litary engineering schools. By virtue of my work I also spend ti.me in
military training institutions today. 5peaking honestly, every meeting with
student collectives causes me agitation. I recall my own youth, and I
recall my years of work in the school as commander and educator. I cannot
help but thinking: How will life and service be for these young men in their
spanking new uniforms, who still cannot enter the lecture hall with some
, degree of timidness?
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