JPRS ID: 8698 USSR REPORT CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY

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JPRS L/8698
4 October 1979
J USSR Re ort
p
CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND
AUTC~MATION TECHNOLOGY
CFOUO 2/79~)
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JPRS L/8698
4 October 1979 -
. ~
USSR REPORT .
CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND
AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 2/79)
This serial publication contains articles, abstracts of articles and news
items from USSR scientific and technical journaLson the specific subjects `
reflected in the table of contents.
Photoduplications of foreign-language sources may be obtained from the
Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. 20540.
Requests should provide adequate identification both as to the source and -
the ~'.ndivi:dual article(s) desired.
CONTENTS PAGE
~
,
I. DEVF.LOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF COMPUTERS AND CONTROL EQUT.PMENT.... 1
A. Probl.em Areas 1
Construction of P.oom Interiors for Computers 1
B . Ilardware ~
Control Computer Complexes Based on Elcktronika-55
Microcomputers S
C. Programming and Software 16
TI. CErlERAL INFORMEITION 19
A. Conferences 19
Third International Summer School on Theory of Probabilities
- and Mathematica]_ Statistics 19
Theory of Rapid Linear Discrete Cransformations: Seminar
School in Kiev 22
Third All-Union Conference on Operations Research............ 28
Engineering Linguistics Introspaction and Perspective..... 31
- a- [III - USSR - 21C S&T FOUO]
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CONTENTS (Continued) Page
, B. Public~tions 38
Scientific and Technological Forecasting 38
Computer Reliability and Checking 51
_
Managing the Efficiency of Scientific Activity 56
Control of the Computing Process in Computers 61
Electronic Keyboard Calculators with Program Control
Described 66
Integration of Production Planning 73
~ Model of Automated Industrial Enterprise Management System.. 77 �
rlore and Better Peripherals Outweigh N~~~ed for More
Computers 81
Developments in Computer Technology Discussed in New Book... 84
- b -
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I. DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF COMPUTERS AND CONTROL EQUIPMENT
, A. Problem Areas
CONSTRUCTION OF ROOM IIv'"~ERIORS FOR COMPUTERS
Moscow IZOBRETATEL' I RATSIONALIZATOR in Russian No 11, 1978 pp 45-47
[Article by A. Valentinov: "Computers on a Pea"]
[Text] The discovery had ripened. It remained only to confirm with dr.y
mathematics the daring takeoff of scientific thought. Standi.ng with the
chest in front of the chief bookkeeper's cash box, they made room and ur-
gently acquired the best computer: 1 million operations per second. They
started the machine, entered the program and, without waiting for results,
they sent the most fleet-footed Menes to the Goskomizobreteniy [State .
Committee for Inventions and Discoveries] to take his pl~ce.in line for
discoveries. Losing patience, the director of the institute darted to the
computer, leaving his deputies behind, and in a run pressed the pink button
so that the machine would issue the results of calculations.
But the computer does not yield them. It is silent like an inanimate ob- =
_ ject. It had either decided to take a holiday from work without a day of
rest or it had simply become exhausted.
Following the director, all the deputies, including the deputy for cost
accounting, pressed the button the machine even ignored him.
"I have a television set just like this at home," said one candidate of
sciences. "Until you tap it with your finger, it won't budge."
They tapped with their finger and then with their fist, all in vain:
"And what if the machine itself decided to make an application for the
discovery in its own name?" the deputy for cost accounting said in horror.
"Ah, so:" The direc~or flew into a rage. "Get three of the very strongest
_ and drag out a collection of our institute's works. We will show it."
The threat had an effect. The machine blinked its lights and printed out
the tape with the results. They grabbed the tape and began to read, de-
coding in a chorus:
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"Line two: First create an interior."
The scientists lonked at each other and no one understood. What kind of
interior was being talked about? Perhaps they had incorrectly deciphered
it? They read from fihe end to the beginning the same result. They tilen
Zooked in the instruction manual. And everything became clear: a modern
computer is a delicate machine like the princess sitting on a pea. You have
- to place a downy featherbed for her, otherwise she will become exhausted: _
Let us say, the floor should be double: a second floor, which is called a
false floor, should be above the ordinary floor. The walls and ceiling
shc~uld also be decorated in a special manner. This is what interior means:
And the scientists read again in the instruction manual that they should =
appeal to TsNIIpromzdaniy [Central Scientific Research, Planning and Exper-
imental Institute of Industrial Buildings and Structuresj on problems of
the interior.
They appealed to the orqanization. And there they received a cold shower.
"No one in the country yet does complete interiors. But we do have false -
floors for any taste. You can select either a steel or aluminum. The
Experimental Machine Plant of the Mosgorispolkom pz~oduces steel floors, but
� the waiting time there is several yea~rs. We recommend a false floor of
aluminum. The Riga Plant Metallist makes it simply~. Naturally, from the
customer's material. There is also a waiting period only 5 years. True,
the plant produces sheets but you can cut and assemble them yourselves you
have many scientists. Educated people will manage to cope. So then, go to it:"
The director did not wish to go to it this was beyond his profile. He came
to the editorial board and begged: Rescue me: Find out what is going on on
the computer front.
They began to make an analysis.
''Nothing special is r,oing on," the chief engineer of planning of TsNIIpromz- -
claniy V. Markelov calmed him down. "You need interiors so we will ha.ve a
t~, .
'
"And have you been trying long?"
"Yes about 10 years."
They made a check: everything is precise the;~ have been trying for 10
years. Since the very moment when they obtained the building to develop a
worthy interior for computers.
ThE saddened scientists took heart: a computer center had been equipped in
one of the Moscvw organizations a real treat. They went to look at it.
The entire interior was of aluminum: both the false floor, the walls and
` ceiling. Whether you were in the cabin of a spacecraft or in a tin can~--
it was quite modern:
2
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"This is what we need:" th~ investigators from TsNIIpromzdaniy exclaiined
and created their own interior, also from winged metal and also corresponding
wholly to progress. When they made calculations (even without using a com-
puter),it turned out that this toy would cost 196 rubles per square meter.
The area of the computgr center is approximately 300 meters. So the scales
are as follows: no less than 10 tons of aluminum for 1 false floor more
than for any aircraft:
, It w~as easy to calculate without the~help of the same computer what this
enterprise would cost if there were more than 500 computer centers in the
_ country.
"The more the better: we will not split hairs," they gestured at TsNlIpromz-
daniy and sent a paper to Gosplan of the USSR: Allocate 20,000 tons of alum-
inum annually for int~;riors.
"And what about Gosplan? Did they like the finding:" they asked V. N,arkelov.
"They looked at us a bit strangely and thought about it some more."
"Well and what happened?"
"Finally, they thought this is our profession," the chief engineer of the
project modestly cast down his eyes. "They developed another false floor -
from steel. For ages:"
Ther.e is only one strange thing: the interiors at the Institute of Atomic
Energy imeni Kurchatov, at VDNKh [Exhibition of Achievements of the National
Economy] of tiie USSR and at the L'vov Association Elektror. are all of hard-
board sheets and the computErs have coped exce].lently with their duties:
"What about aluzninum? What about steel?" I became excited at VDNKh and at
the Institute imeni Kurchatova. "You cannot satisfy with your hardboard
inte.rior. "
"We do make out with them," they told me. "The entire world has already
rejected steel and aluminum for interiors."
~
"And which institute developed the interior for you?" I still could not
make sense of i.t.
"No institute, but an individual inventor, enqineer I. iChmel'nitskiy. He
has author's certificate No. 468983 on his account (IR, No. 9, 1976)."
~ I did riot h~ar my colleagues and rushed to isNIIpromzdaniy: you have to
s~op and warn the scientists so that tney do not rush into anything.
"Yes, we know about Khmel'nitskiy's invention, we have known about it long
ago," V. Markelov pulled my heels. "Only we rejected a wood design: it is
no~ modern."
3
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"And you know more than the entire world?"
- "More than the entire world. I'or sc,me reason everyone re~ected aluminum
and converted to wood. But we will not reject it!"
No, stubborn pecple are not working at TsNIlpromzdaniy. They are goal-ori-
ented. 'rhey d~ not wish to slide off the point of scientific and technical
progress. Let the entire world do what it wants, but they consulted among
themselves and decided to provide the country with a complete aluminum in-
terior. Or steel.
~And what do you think--they promise it! They set to work. The~institute is
already working out the technical ~ssignment for construction of an experi- -
mental plant for complex equipping of computer centers. And there is the
optimistic idea of constructing the plant by 1985. Not 20,000 tons of alumi-
num will then be required annually, but more: the plant has been expanded!
And as it turned out, I also have my own optimistic idea: let us begin to
produce our aircraft from hardboard sheets. So that we can increase the
stocks of al.uminum for TsNIIpromzdaniy. Let the institute comrades go at it.
COPI'RICHT: Izobretatel' i ratsionalizator, 1978 ~
652].
CSU: 1863
4
FOk OrFICI~~L L'SE UVLY
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Hardware
~
UDC 681.324:681.323-181.4.00].4 I
CONTROL COMPUTER COMPLEXES BASED ON ELEKTRONIKA-S5 MICROCOMPUTERS
Moscow ELEKTROTEKHNIKA in Russian No 4, 1979 pp 16-20 manuscript received
27 Oct 78
[Article by M. B. Stel!mashenko, engineer, and M. Ya. Tanayev, candidate in
technical sciences] ,
[Text] A fundamentally new class of computers--microcomputers--has emerged
owing to the vigorous growth of computer engineering and semiconductor elec-
tronics. Microcomputers are based on a small, but relatively universal en-
semble of large-scale integrated (LSI) microcircuits, while at the same time
preserving programming control. Programming control of the computation pro-
cess in the equipment is exactly what makes possible converting to broad use
of computers in industrial control installations. One hallmark of micro-
computers and microprocessors is their high impression run and low costs:
this breaks new ground for application in mass-level control systems with
characteristics not inferior to minicomputer characteristics.
i~(icrocomputers of the Elektronika-S5 series are the first microcomputers [1]
in the USSR that have been brought up to full mass production. These are
~ machines with p-ctiannel technology, operating at 10,000 operations per second.
, Naturally, the low speed of these microcomputers is a deficiency of grave
concern, narrowing the scope of applicat.ion; but examining the list of tasks
in industrial process control discloses that a large number of tasks can be
handled with low-speed computers. Classed with this, quite "slow," industri-
al electrotechnical equipment is, in particular, electrothermal equipment:
two computer complexes are being built to operate as part of their automatic
control system. ~
The UVK-0 control computer complex is built on the base of a single-board
Elektronika 55-11 (S5-12) microcomputer. This control computer complex has
limited features and a small set of peripherals, since essentially it is a
programmable controller. The second complex (UVK-1) has an expanded set of
peripherals and is based on the mutiboard universal Elektronika S5-O1 (SS-02) ~
microcomputer and can be used for controlling quite complex processes. Cor-
iasponding to this first application of the UVK-0 is service in control sys-
tems for series electric furnaces (for example, ior.ic nitriding and induction
S
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[Key to Figure 1 on preceding page]
1.. External permanent storage
2. Address bus
3. Joining with processor interface
4. Processor inter.face
5. Address bus and command bus
6. Discrete signal shaper
- 7. Data bus
8. Console of control computer complex
9. Initial-data semipermanent storage
~ 10. Analog-to-digital converter
11. Master oscillator and clock
- 12. External pulse scalers
13. Digital-input channel
14. Digital-output channel
15. Address bus (4 bits)
1.6. Address bus and command bu s
17. Address.and command decoder
18: Digital-storage-signal
19. Display
20. Digital-to-analog converter
21. Discrete-signal shapers
22. Digital storage
23. Mode timer
24. Timers
25. Data bus (8 bits)
26. Data bus bits)
Z7. Interrupt bus
28. Controlled object
furnaces), but the UVK-1 will. be used for controlling these complex ~~nd unique
electrothermal intallations, such as electroslag re~nelting furnaces, vacuum-
arc furnaces and so on. Naturally, the scope of application of the above-
described computer complexes cannot be limited to electrothermy. These acl-
vantages of the UVK based on microcomputers and microprocessors--Izigh reli-
ability and small dimensions, low cost, high information content and simplici-
_ ty of operation-�-provide the prerequisites for using the UVIC in different
sectors of the national economy. So this WY.-0 complex will be installed in
control systems of automatic operators of coating galvanization lines and
printed assembly board production lines; systems of automated climatic control
in greenhouses and grain driers of agricultural projects will also be con-
structed based on the complex. A task has been posed of applying tba UVK-0
as a local commutator as part ot automated technical process management sys-
tems (ASUTP) of l~ot rolling stands. The scope of application of the WK has
reached also the mill: a data acquisition, observation and control system is
being built for clinical operations; the WK-0 will also be used as the main
control, computing and recording unit. This list.ing is a graphic illustra-
tion of the range of uses for the UVK constructed on the basis of microcompu-
ters.
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~
rui: c?t~t~t.c?ni, u~~. u?vt.Y
For broader scope of apnlication, in developing both complexes the aim was
to make them standardized,~suitable for service as part of automatic control
systems of any purpose. To do this, in the complexes the parameters of j.n-
put and output signals were standardized, as were structural memhers, cir-
cuits of a series of assemblies and so on. Electronic assemblies of com-
plexes were constructed of series K155 microcircuits of a small or medium .
degree of integration, also using semiconductor nL~nerical displays and light-
emitting diodes, operational amplifiers and so on.
Software for complexes, in addition to the standard software supplied with
the microcomputers (checking and microcommand system, test system, dispatcher
system and autonomous input/output program), includes programs for inter-
~ changing information in the complex units, as well as the necessary test
and debugging programs. Applied process control programs for specific pro-
jects are under development and are being debugged by computer complex users.
Debugging of these programs is possible with modeling programs on general-
purpose B~SM-6 and Minsk-32 computers.
Functional capabilities of computer complexes UVK-0 and WK-l. The control
computer complexes UVK-0 and UVK-1 are intended for automatic control of
parameters, represented by voltage, and for automatic management of techni-
i cal processes. They perform the following:
~
successive interrogation and measurement of the voltage of an47.og-signal
transducers
parallel interrogation of discrete-(binary)-signal transducers
program processing of interrogation results and the shaping o~ analog and
discr.ete control actions on the actuating parts of the control. system
1 automatic print-out with coupling to elapsed time for data on the readiness
~f the process installation for operation, unacceptable deviations of the
( monitored parameters, the presence of emergency situations, nanual interven-
tion by the operator and so on
~
automatic print-out and automatic presentation on a visual display, with
' coupling to elapsed time of data characterizing the performance of the pro-
cess installation
reading of time integrals with given period
readi.ng of number of pulses arriving from the process installation and com-
parison of the result with the set point.
~ The UVK-1 complex, in addition, can perform the following:
manual initiation of any of 15 process control routines during the carrying
out of the main program
8
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[Key to Table is on tne �ollowing page]
9
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[Key to Table presented on precedi.ng p~,ge]
l. Technic~7. characteristics
2. UVK-0
3. UVK-1
4. Monitored ana.lo~; transducers
5� number
6. Interro~ation frequency, channels per second
7. range of ineasurement, volts
8, error of ineasurement, percent
9. Less than 0.4
10. Monitored discrete transducers
11. kind of transducer
12� "dry contact" or 10 mA current source
13. Galvanically decoupled output analog control signals
14, number of signals
15. voltage range, volts -
16. Galvanically decoupled output discrete control signals
(of the "d.ry contac~t" type)
17. number of channels
18, signal strength
19� 0.1 A at 220 V
20. Digital display panel of process parameters
21. number of lines
22. bit len~th
23� Capacit,y of elapsed-time clock, hours, number of bits represented
24. Number of timer channels, reading range
25. up ~to 12 hours
26. u.p to 59 minutes ,
2?. Number of channels of external pulse scalers
28. scz.l.er capacity, pulses .
~9� Capacity of storage units
30. permanent computer storage, bytes
31. in~ernal computer stora~e, bytes
3~. external immediate-access storage, b,ytes
33� Nwnber of ext~rnal interrupts
3~+. Inclusion of peripherals ~
35� photoreader
36. key punch
37. telegraph set
38. rJo
39� Power supply of complex
40. line voltage, volts
41. poWer consumption, kVA
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\
r~~i c~rr~:c i nl. usz oNi,Y
printout on punched tape of any file of the program in the storage
updating of the caurse of the industrial process by inputting a directive
manually by telegraph.
Comparative technical characteristics of the UVK-0 and UVK-1 are given in
the table.
.
UVK~O architecture and description. The WK-0 complex is built on a model
55-11A microcomputer. Multichannel analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog
converters (ATsP and TsAP), a sem ipermanent storage PPZU for input of initial
data and other peripherals--shown in the block diagram (Fig, 1)--(except f.or
Che external permanent storage ZU) are connected to the microcomputer through
digital input/output channels (Tsvkh and Tsv kh~' The limited number of chan-
y
nels required building auxiliary address and command systems of peripherals
with address buses ShA, data buses ShI and command buses ShK. Data are ex-
changed with the controlled object over the data buses ShI and the interrupt
buses ShPR. _
The possibility of connecting the external storage was realized directly
through the processor interface with control buses ShU, data buses ShI and
address buses ShA, using a special interfacer; the necessity of connecting
the external storage (immediate-accessor semipermanent) inevitably occurs
in the debugging of industrial process programs. Co~~nection of the RTA-6
telegraph set is provided as a recording instrument. ~~11 the parts of the
complex (except for the external storage and the RTA-6) ~~re housed in a
single 480x475x240 mm block, which can be built into standard control cabinets.
iNK-1 architecture and description. Basic to the compl.ex is an S5-O1 mi,cro- _
computer, modif ication A4, with a teletype version of the dispatcher system
and with the addition of a photoinput and key punch control board (Fig. 2).
A 15-channel analog-to-digital converter ATsP-1.5K, an 8-channel digital-to-
- analog converter TsAP-8K, a master oscillator and an e.lapsed-time clock,
an external pulse scaler SVI and other peripherals (in add ition to discrete
output drivers FDV) are connected to the microcomputzr through an input/
output interfacer USIV. With the USIV the potential levels and the time ~
ratios of the components of the peripherals and the inicrocomputer are matched;
ins~erfacing is also carried out with a two-way data bus of the microcomputer
" with two one-way buses for the peripherals ShIA and ShIK. ,
At the base of organizing interchange with the microcomputer, just as w~.th
the SS-O1 itself, is the bus principle with parallel connection of the peri- ;
pherals. Included in the input/output interface is a one-byte data bus ~
ShIW , address buses ShAW, control buses ShUW, as well as one-bit reply
bus KP. The external immediate~-access storage VOZU, with a capacity of lOK
16-bit words, using a processor interfacer U~IP is connected directly thro~~.gh
the microcomputer processor interface with the buses ShU, ShA and ShI.
- 11
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY -
_ [Key to ~igure pres,ente~ on the preceding page]
1. Input/output interfacer
2. Control bus
3. Address bus
4. Data Bus
5. (18 bits)
6. External immediate-access storage
7. RTA-6 teletype
8. R-40V photo-input
_ 9� YeR-35 key punch
10. Pqwer supply
11. Approximately 220 vo'lts
12. Automatic power supply
13. Approximately 220 volts
. 14. Data bus (18 bits) -
15. Address bus (15 bits)
16. Command device 46. Analog-to-digital converter,
17. Tnput�/output interface i5K
18. S5-0.1 A2 microcomputer 1~7, External pulse scaler
19. Input interrupt t+8, Sha ers
20. To RPPR [ex.pansion unknown] l~9, Timers
21. Digital input/output 50. 0.1 second
22. Processor interface 51. Master oscillator and clock,
23. One-b,yte control bus output transformer
24. One-byte address bus 52, Output transformer
25. One-byte data, bus 53. Display
26. Address data bus
27. Cross-field 5~+. Working control console
28. Input interrupt 55. Control address bus (Slt)
29. To devices 56. Interlockin~
30. Input interrupt drivers 57. Control motor bus (16k)
31. Stepping-motor bus 58. Common address bus
32. Input interrupt bus 59� Input data bus
60. ~bject
33. Command data bus
61. Stepping-motor bus
3~+. ~~nc-byt~ address bus
. 35� Input/output interface
36. On~-bit reply bus
37. Input interrupt bus
38. Address data bus
39� Command data bus
40. One-byte addr~ess bus
41. Onc-byte contr~ol bus
42. Control address bus
43. Block
44. LTVK-1 console
~+5�'Discrete output driver
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Tnterrupt d-rivers PRV, like k'DV, ,a,re connected to the microcompute.r th.roiz~;}1
digital inpi.it/outputs TsW. The inte.rrupt system provides for the multi-
p.ro~ramminq mode of problem-solvin~. The number of priority levels is 5,
with the o~tion of construr.ting a queue of up to eight tasks at each level.
Taskycalling is done either by an external call signal over PRV buses, or
by programming means.
The real-time moc'.e is executed with an elapsed-time clock with a capacity
of up to 100 h and also with four autonomous channels of timers with a
maximum reading time of up to 59 min each. Supply of the complex with
DC and AC voltages is organized frum a secondary power source IP.
When the UVK-1 is used in conditions of power troughs and large (up to
+30 percent) instability of the industrial line current, it is possible for
the complex to operate from an uninterrupted power supply (ABP) unit speci-
fically constructed for this purpose, based on an SGV-2/1500 synchronous
~enerator. In this case the ABP is powered from one of two independent
fe~ds with power consumption up to 3 kVA.
The UVK-1 complex was built by design in the form of five standard blocks;
they can be housed in a support, a special pedestal with the telegraph set
and a Prepama~ (YeS-9021) ~table, where the photoreader and the key punch
are placed.
Complexes of th.e UVK-1 equipment developed and ma,nufactured in 1g77 under-
went debugging and testing in 1978 E2]; a.t the sa.me time the applied and test
sof'tware pro~ram~ were debugged in order to use the complex as part of the
automatic control system (SAU) for electroslag remeltin~ furnaces. At the
close of 1978 one UVK-1 complex was installed and i~Ztroduced into pilot-
p1~,nt service in the SAU of a 40-ton electroslag remelting furnace at one
of the machine building plants.
Alreac~ ~the first melts of steel conducted using the UVK~l in the data mode
strikin~ly demonstrated the advantages of the complex: operato.r labor was
ma.de easier through automation of computations; accuracy of ineasurements
and calculati.ons of process parameters was somewhat upgraded; major convE:-
niences came to li~ht for the operators, associated with the high inform~s-
ti.on content and the vividness of representation of the operational infcr-
mation and wi~h. the accuracy and objectivit,y of recording the course of
the industrial process. ;
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.. Gal'perin, M. P.; Zhulov, Ye. I.; Kuznetsov, V. Ya.. et al "Famil,y of
Domestic Broad-Spectrum Microcomputers," UPRAVLYAYUSHCHIYE SISTEMY I
MASxINY, No 6, 1976.
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2, Vinogradov, L. S.; Medvedev, V. S.; and Stel'mashenko, M. B. "UVK-1
Control Gomputer Complex based on Elektronika S5-01 Microcomputers,"
filektronnaya Promyshlennost', No 10 (70%, 1978.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," "Elektrotekhnika," 1979
10123
CSO: 1863
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C. Programming and Software ~
unc 687..3.068
i
UNIFIED COMPUTER SYSTEM MICROpROCESSOR SOFTWARE DEBUGGING SYSTEM
Kiev KIBERNFTIKA in Russian No 6, Nov/Dec 78 p 141
[Article by G. I. Korniyenko, Ya. I. Barsuk, 7.. A. Pikh, A. N. Kolesnikov .
and A. L. Reyzin, submitted 4 May 78]
[Text] An effective means of reducing the cost and development ti.me of
microprocessor computing systems is the use of cross programming devices
which use large and medium capacity all-purpose computers as an instrumental
computer.
Cross devices are intended for design, simulation and debugging of systems
and applied software programs, as well as for simulation and eva].uation of.
algorithms during the development and operation microprocessor systems.
The broad equipment and programming possibilities of large all-purpose com-
puters make it possible to design cross software using high level languages
and utilize the powerful debugging means of these computers. This reduces
the cost and raises the reliability of cross devices themselves as comparecl
with resident devices designed using microprocessor systems.
T~tis article deals with questions of designing cross packages and in particu-
lar, a description of debugging packages of the cross system for microproces-
sor complexes which use Unified Computer System computers as an instrumental
machine.
The program debugging system assures the possibility of effective control of
*_he debugging process and makes it possible for the developer to initiate
,~rogram operation of a si.mulated system, The debugging process may be done
in the interactive mode or in package mode where the entire debugging process
. is pre-planned by the developer. The following type instructions are in-
cluded for effective use of..tk~ system.
].6
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!
STOP type instructions indicate those conditions of the simulation
. process where model operation ceases and a user-communication mode is
established. In other words, these instructions sort of set "traps"
permittinq cut-off of the process under certain conditions.
TRACE type instructions describe conditions where in the simulation
process operative information is put out on the state of certain system
objects (registers, memory segments, I/0 devices, etc.) without stopping
model operation. The instructions thus make it possible to establish the
state of elements of the microprocessor system during simulated operati.on
of its programs.
LOOK type instructions make it possible to inspect various objects of the
system model in a static state, i.e., after stopping model operation for
one reason or another.
ESTABLISH type instructions permit the developer to alter certain objects
of the model in a static state.
EXECUTE type instructions initialize simulation of execution of certain
sections of the system program. Program simulation media are summoned at
that time.
The types of instructions, depending on the features of the specific system
and requirements of developers, including instructions which implement the
following functions:
. load programming modules into interpretative memory;
. replace certain simulation and debugging modes;
. work with initial program's symbol array;
. put out debugged programs in form required for loading into a real
system;
. media permitting recall of the state of the simulated system at an
_ arbitrary moment with possiblity of subsequent recovery of this state
(realization of control point apparatus).
For operational intervention in the simulation process using debugging
systems, the external interruption device of the instrumental computer is
utilized. This device makes it possible, if necessary, to stop the
process of model operation at any instant and insert instructions required
for further operation.
The simulation block includes programming devices for operation of mi-
croprocessors and peripheral devices and the debugging system is called
forth when the appropriate user instructions are received.
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The I/0 si.mulation system, by using the model of the micropro~essor
interruption device, simulates information exchange between the micro-
processor and peripheral devices. A subroutine which simulates its
operation corresponds to each device.
The simulation programs of peripheral device operation may be written by
the user and can describe the operation of devices having the most
arbitrary characteristics.
The chief function of the statistics collection unit is to take into
account the real time of execution of the debugged simulated program and
its separate fragments.
Furthermore, variables are specified for storage of a quant,ity of
encounters of specific instructions, access to various devices, etc.
During operation of the debugged model of the system, the necessary
statistics are collected; on that basis a conclusion is drawn on the
quality of the instruction system, on device loading, on operating ~
efEiciency of software in a given configuration of the microprocessor
system.
Fragments of a software debugging protocol for a microprocessor computer
are cited which illustrate the possibilities of a cross media debugging
system.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova Dumka", "Kibernetika"
8617
CS0:1863
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~ FOR OFP',ICIAL USE ONI,Y
II. GFNERAL INFORMATION
A. Conferences -
THIRD INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL ON THEORY OF PROBABILITIES AND MA-
THEMATICAL STATISTICS
Ki~v KIBERNETIKA in Russian No 6, Nov/Dec 78 p 144
, (Article by A. M. Zakharin]
(Text] The Third International Summer School on Theory of Probabilities
and Mathematical Statistics was held from the lOth through the 20th of May,
'1978 at the Creative House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Varna,
Bulgaria): participants included mathematicians specializing in th~o-
retical and applied probabilities from socialist countries.
The international schools in probability theory and mathematical sta-
tistics held by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences are aimed at informing
specialists from socialist countries in the fields of probability theory,
- mathematical statistics and their applied uses of the latest research
fidings of their colleagues, and at developing scientific contacts between
probability theoreticians and applied mathematicians. The Third School of
1978 consisted of 129 mathematician from nine socialist countries and
three capitalist countries. The USSR Academy _o,f ,Sciences delegation
consisted of six persons.
Nine lecture cycles were given by noted mathematicians.from Hungary, East
Germany, Poland, Rumania, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union.
Professor M. Arato (Budapest) presented a series of problems and results
concerning questions of optimum planning, design and operation of com-
puting systems in a cycle of lectures entitled "Probability models in
computing syste,~s".
Lectures of profe.~sor R. Bartoszinski (Warsaw), "Stochastic models in
biology" mainly dea.lt with an examination of dynamic probability models of
the interaction o1: two populations, assuming a random change in their
makeup.
The lecture topic of professor M. Iosifescu (Bucharest) was the latest
achievements in the theory of addition of intermixed random quantities.
In the lectures of professor K. Mathes (Berlin), "Generalized Gibbs'
distribution and similar problems of the theory of point processes", some
questions were examined on the theory of Gibbsian distribution and theory
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L Va\ vLl' iVlAL UUI:I l/lYL1
oE point processes as well as their application, primarily in the field of
theoretical physics.
The investigation of robust (i.e., stable with small alterations of the
model) statistical procedures was covered in a cycle of lectures of
, professor J. Jureckova (Prague) "Robust statisti~al derivations in linear
regression mode].s. Asymptotic behavior of linear rank statistics".
E'oux cycles of lectures were given by Soviet mathematicians. .
In lectures of professor I. A. Ibragimov (Leningrad), "Some nonparametric
problems of the theory of estimation", the main focus was on questions of
asymptotic behavior of statistical estimates of an infinite number of
parameters.
A.cademician V. S. Korolyuk of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences (Kiev) in
lzctures entitled "Resolvent of a uniform process with independent
increments with inter.cept on the semiaxis" examined several interesting
findings obtained by himself and his students for both theoretical and
applied uses.
The cycle of lectures of professor V. V. Sazonov (Moscow), "Estima~es of
the rate of convergence in a central limiting theorem" dealt with the study
of complex questions of classical theory of estimation of the rate of
convergence in a central limiting theorem for the case of finite-
dimensional spaces.
The head of the USSR Academy of Sciences' delegation, Academician V. A.
Statulyavichyus (Vil'nyus) gave a cycle of lectures "On methods of
inv~stigating distributions of sums of dependent random quantities,
multiple stochastic integrals and polylinear forms from random processes"
in which were presented several results obtained by V. A. Statulyavichyus
and his subordinates in this field of the Lithuanian school of pro-
babilities.
An extremely successful and utile measur.e of the Third School was a poster
session run by the organizational committee in which 37 mathematicians
participated. The poste~ session was organized as follows: in a specially
set aside area were hung the reports of all participants desiring so, with
the time when the results coulci be discussed with the author. The poster
session greatly activated the activities of most of the attendees of the
Third School, making them active participants. This considerably expanded
the framework of the school and established closer scientific contacts
among its participants,
In addition to pre-planned measures, the organizati_onal committee of the
third School made it possible for the Program Committee of the llth
European Conference of Statisticians to set up several fruitful meetings
from the 16th through the 18th of May. The conference is planned for
September, 1979 in Varna.
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The organizational committee of the Third School felt it was possible to
permit members of the Program Committee of the 12th European Conference of
Statisticians to give hour-long reports. Professor A. Smith (England),
chairtnan of the Program Committee, gave a report entitled "Sequential
classification in the event of uncontrolled instruction". Reports were
also tead by professor P. Hensler (West Germany), "Selected questions of
the theory of empirical processes" and Z. Sidak (Czechoslovakia), "Stable
procedures of ordering and selection".
The lecturs and numerous scientific conversations permitted participants
of the Third School in the theory of probabilities and mathematical
statistics to obtain a grat deal of useful information on the state of the
art.
The Third International Summer School on the theory of probabilities and
mathematical statistics was wonderfully organized; consequently, the .
atmosphere was business-lihe and exceptionally friendly. This fact makes
it possible to give the highest evaluation to the activities of the
organizational committee of the Third School, headed by professor A.
Obretenov, the famous scholar.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova Dumka", "Kibernetika", 1978
8617
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THEORY OF RAPID LINEAR DISCRETE TRANSFORMATIONS: SEMINAR SC??OOL ID? KIEV
Kiev KIBERNETIKA in Russian No 6, Nov/Dec 78 pp 14_~-147
[Article by V. k. Zadiraka] .
[Text] Since 1965 many studies dealing with the theory of rapid linear
discrete transformations have appeared both here and abroad. These
studies are aimed at reducing (by an order) the number of computational
losses and rounding error estimations in the computation of discrete
transformations, to permit factorization of transformation matrices. The
number of operations is reduced from N2 to N1og2N (by N/log2N times) , where
N is the dimension of input information. This fact generated much interest
among specialists in the theory of rapid lienar discrete transformations
and the incorporation of the corresponding algorithms and programs in
solving a wide range of problems: spectral and correlational analysis of
random processes; digital simulation of filters, analysis of seismograms,
analysis and synthesis of speech signals, processing of two-dimensional
images, simulation of optical systems and synthetic holograms, solution of
boundary problems for partial derivative equations, numerical integration,
etc.
In view of the urgency of these th~mes for familization of a wide range of
specialists with the Iatest achievements in the field of research and
accelerated incorporation of research findings in the national economy, as
well as to coordinate research, the UkSSR Academy of Sciences in
collaboration with the Republican House of Economic and Scientific and
Technical Propaganda conducted a seminar school in Kiev from the 16th
through the 19th of May, 1978 entitled "Theory of rapid linear discrete
trans~ormations", the first such school on these topics in the USSR.
The seminar was oriented toward scientific coworkers of computing centers,
scientific research institutions and instructors ot educational in-
stitutions.
Representatives of 35 scientific research and educational institutions of
our country took part in its work. Among these were the following:
Institute of Cybernetics of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences, Lvov branch of
the Institute of Mathematics of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of
Problems of Materials Technology of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences,
Institute of Electrodynamics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow
. Institute of Electronic and Computer Technology, bioscow Institute of
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Engineers of Civil Aviation, Institute of Electronics and Computer
Technology of the Latvian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology of
the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Kiev, Belorussian, Lvov State
Universities and others.
_ A total of 100 persons participated in the seminar. These included the
following: one aorresponding member, three doctors o~ sciences, 28
candidates of sciences; others: scientific coworkers, instructors of
educational ~nstitutions and engineers.
Leading specialists of the country in the field of theory of linear ,
W discrete transformations and their applications were invited ta give ,
courses. The basic work of the seminar consisted in giving lectures with
subsequent discussion and talks by participants on the pertinent topics.
By the start of the seminar, a collection "Theory of rapid linear discrete
transformations" (Izd. Znaniye, Kiev, 1978) had been prepared; it covered
questions in general theory, algorithms and programs, use of rapid linear
discrete transformations, and specialized computer devices. The col-
lection contains lecture summaries.
Attention was focused on questions of effectiveness of proposed algorithms
and programs, and construction of optimum speed algorithms for computing
discrete transformations.
The welcoming speech to participants of the seminar was given by V. K.
Zadiraka, senior scientific coworker. He emphasized the urgency of the
seminar, the import of its themes; he defined its basic tendency and the
direct relationship to enhancing the quality and effectiveness of solving
' national economic prcblems.
The working portion of the program of the seminar was begun with a series
of lectures by professor V. V. Ivanov, in which he touched upon elements of -
general theocy of optimum computer algorithms and gave a detailed
examination of optimum speed computing algorithms.
- Lectures of V. M. Amerbayev, corresponding member of the Kazakh SSR Academy
of Sciences, were entitled "Some questions of Fourier calculus"; they
covered the structure of rapid Fourier transformation in a chain of
residues in terms of a constituent modulus, organization of high-speed
computations based on methods of Fourier calculus and the use of rapid
Fourier transformation for numerical transformation of the Laplace trans-
form via a Laguerre series and Neumann series in terms of Bessel functions.
The possible acceleration of matrix and vector operations was covered in
talks by professor Z. L. Rabinovich and senior research coworker V. A.
Vyshinskiy. The proposed method is based on the representation of matrix
and vector operands as actual numbers. This employs the device of
associative and commutative hypercomplex numbers.
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The lecture series ot V. K. Zadiraka~ senior scientific coworker, was
devoted to the construction of optimum accuracy quadrature formula of
calculating integrals From rapidly fluctuating functions of varying
degrees of smoo~hness, optimum c~~mparative ana~.ysis and optimizat'ion of
rapid Fourier transformation programs, and economic algorithms of cal-
- culating an estimate of the autocorrelation function of an ergodic
stationary random process by the s~ctionalizing mett~od. Attention was
focused on questions of constructing optimum (accuracy and/or speed)
algor.ithms and comparison o� the corresponding programs with domestic and
foreign analogues known to the author on such characteristics as accuracy,
memory and time.
A. A. Skripiy gave a talk about optimum speed algorithms for calculating
complex derivatives and estimates beneath the volume of computational
losses.
Grid systems, which are discrete cluster-type dynamic systems assigned in
a finite number were covered in the report of T. E. Krenkel' . This spectral
approach to the detection of states of the grid system is based on the
theory of linear algebras of finite rank and permits a linkage of the
concept of shift, cluster, system of basic functions and their cor-
responding rapid linear discrete transformation.
In the speech of L. L. Boyko, "Rapid orthogonal transformations from the
viewpoint of theory of gr~ups", algorithms of "fast" orthogonal trans-
formations of the rapid r~urier transformation type and Khaar type were
considered from a theoretical and group point of view. It was shown that -
the basis Eor the existence of "rapid" algorithms is the presence of a
"long" ccrnpositional series in some finite commutative group.
ProEessor A. V. Xefimov spoke of the multiplicative Fourier integral and
- its quantization, on computation and application of discrete multipli-
cative transformations. In particular, he noted the use of discrete
multiplicative transformations for problems of information compression and
their economy.
New requirements for algorithms and programs to solve problems of com-
putational mathematics were covered in a speech by M. D. Babich, senior
scientific coworker. He particularly noted that programs contained in
libraries should be reliable and stable in operations, computer-in-
dependent, portable and should have evaluative modules and underlying
- description.
Docent V. A. Morozov spoke on the subroutine package--"Analysis and
synthesis of series. Rapid transformations"--and about several appli-
cations of rapid Fourier transformations in computational mathematics.
Information was given on algorithms and programs developed at the
Laboratory of Numerical Analysis of the Computer Center Science Institute
of Moscow University dealing with rapid Fourier transformation and BPU
contained in the Library of Numerical Analysis o� the Computer Center
Science Institute; comparative characteristics of speed and memory of _
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algarithms were cited. The following applications of rapid Fourier transforma-
tion were presented: for analytic presentation of discrete data, solution of
some antenna problems, integral Fredholm equations of the first type with nu-
cleus from the diffe.rent of arguments and problems of wave physics. The re-
sults of numerical exper3ments were cited.
S. S. Vasilenko's lecture concerned a library of computational and evaluative
modules for rapid rourier transformation which has been developed in the Di-
vision of Theory of Computations of the Institute of Cybernetics o� the UkSSR
~,cademy of Sciences which is based on the use of modification of. the rapid
Fourier transform algorithm: it employs a special preliminary preparation
of required transform matrix elements. The distinctive feature of this li-
brary is the optimization of algorithms in terms of the number of operations
and the presence of evaluative modules which estimate error of the proposed
algorithms, memory and computer realization time.
Three program libraries--computation of discrete Fourier transforms, estimates
of correlation functions and spectral densities of stationary random processes
and solution of the problem of detecting covert cycles--developed ar the In-
stitute of Cybernetics of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences were discussed by N.
P. Novitskaya.
L. M, Soroko, candidate in physico mattiematical sci.ences, gave an overview
of work on modern algorithms of pseudo-conversion of linear transforms and
also presented the rapid algorithms of Viner and Carnoonen and Loewy.
The use of rapid transforms in problems of computation of bilinear f.arms was
discussed in the report of 0. M. Makarov, candidate in technical sciences.
The author exam ined varieus algorithms of accelerated computation of cycli-
cal and acyclical clusters, multiplication of polyvalent numbers, pol.ynomi-
- al.s, matrices using algorithms of rapid Fourier transformation and Adamar
transformation. Estimates under the complexity of computation of bil.inear
forms are cited.
I.. P. Yaroslavskiy, candidate in technical sciences, talked about displaced
discrete Fourier transforms and their application.
The logic construction of sensing a two-dimensional data bank using a two-
dimeasional system of Khaar functions grouped in pairs was discussed in a
lecture by G. D. Tolstykh, candidate of technical sciences.
A. I. Derevyanko, candidate in physico mathematical sciences, devoted his
talk to the use of a definition of a dyad derivative for simulation ef sys-
tems possessing invariance to dyad' displacement. In proposed algorithms,
the speed of the realization program is increased by eliminating procedures
of binary inversion and Grey's code.
In talks given by Yu. F. Koval', P. M. Siverskiy, S. 0. Derum and V. I.
Sumkin, candidates in technical sciences, "On one special processor of
rapid Fourier transforms," the subject concerned one version of a rapid
Fourier transform processor in which the following computation procedurt~s
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. forward and reverse discrete Fourier transformation (DrT);
. m~i;lt.ip].icati.on of time r.ealization by "data window;"
~ dtvi~ton of DI~'I' r.oefftcienCS wiCh simultaneous proce~sing two actua.l
slgttrtl s;
. squaring of DFT coefficients.
In this processor, speed in the computat3onal mode is defined by the access
time in main storage with input and output of results of intermec~iate compu-
tations. Computations are performed in parallel on four multipliers and
add~r/subtracters. Computation time of 1024 complex DFT coefficients is
undPr 50 m/sec.
Specialized processor of the rapid Walsh transform were discussed in the
speech ~iven by V, V. Losev, candidate in technical sciences, A. A. Bud'ko
and V. D. Dvornikov. The authors gave an overview of the basic methods of
constructing specialized BPU (rapid Walsh transform) processors and spoke
of the classes of BPU special processors and the structure of processors of
Cllese classes.
The lecture of V. V. Losev, candidate in technical sciences, was devoted to
the use of rapid transformations for decoding correction codes, which are
intetided for detection and correction of errors occurring in the transmis-
sion between various objects. The most effective (from Che viewpoint of
minimized probability of error) method of decoding a code is the method of
the maximum likelihood. The process of computation is acceler3ted by fac-
toring the transform matrix. Various possibilities of factoring were dis-
cussed.
The use of rapid algorithms for detecting polynomial representation of
functions over finite f ields was discussed by A. K. Frolov, Yu, A. Galis
and V. A. Pashchenko. The authors investigated a polynomial approximation
of function of. n variables, defined and using values in some finite Galois
t ield. Coefficients of the polynomial are defined by t?~^ corresrc:.~ing
f.orward transformation; it is computed with the aid of rapid algorithms
similar to th~se of Kuli-Taki and Good for DFT. This method is applicable
in synthesis of combinatory schemes of bivalent and polyvalent logic.
The program of the seminar envisaged speeches by participants and discus-
sions on these talks. Reports were given by T. E. Krenkel', S. P. Ushakov,
V. Zelenkov. Taking part in the discussions were V. A. Morozov, S, B.
Vaysman, V. V. Losev, V. K. Zadiraka, etc.
Original studies and results were widely discussed during the seminar and
personal contacts were formed. Young scientists were able to become famili-
ar with the laeest achievements in the theory of rapid linear discrete trans-
formations, to find out some new theoretical problems and possible trends in
their research.
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In summing up the work of the seminar, it can be noted that it was conducted
on a high scientific level, and was useful and interesting.
A resolution was adopted at the f inal session of the seminar:
1. An ex~ansion of the front of studies in theory of rapid linear discrete
transformations and their application to the solution of various classes of
problems, the creation of program packages and specialized processors is
now being observed,
2. .The series of lectures given at the seminar were meaningful and scien-
tifically profound. They wi11 surely promote the expansion of studies in
the country to develop and improve methods and algorithms for solving many
classes of problems on computer and enhancement of quality and effectiveness
of the corresponding computations.
3. The chief goal of the seminar was to study questions of accuracy and ef-
fectiveness of proposed algorithms, construction of optimum speed algorithms
for computation of discrete transformations--we may consider that this was
achieved.
4. In considering the urgency of topics of the seminar, it should be con-
sidered advisable to have other seminars on the theory of rapid linear dis-
crete transformations: the second seminar on these topics will be held in
1980.
5. The organizing committee of the Second Seminar and School should re-
ceive the recommendation to attract specialists from large scientific centers
of the country as lecturers.
6. If it is possible during the seminar schools, a concourse of programs
of rapid conversions should be organized after the algorithm language and
computer are established.
7. It is advisable to organize a division on rapid linear discrete trans-
format'ions in the Republic Bank of Algorithms and Programs (Special Design
Bureau of the Institute of Cybernetics, UkSSR Academy of Sciences).
8. The program of seminar schools should have more time for speeches by
participants and discussions.
9.~ Gratitude should be expressed to the Order of Lenin Institute of Cyber-
netics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and the organizing committee of
the seminar school for its organization and conduct.
COPYP.IGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova Dumka,'' "Kibernetika," 1978
8617
CSO: 1863
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THIRD ALL-UNION CONFERENCE ON OPERATIONS RESEARCH
Kiev KIBERNETIKA in Russian No 6, Nov/Dec 78 p 147
[Article by the Organizing Committee]
[Text] From the 24th through the 28th of May, 1978 in Gor'kiy was.held the
Third All-Union Conference of Operations Research; it was combined with
the Fourth Conference on the Theory of Games. The conference was organized
by the USSR Ministry of Higher and Middle Education, USSR Academy of
Sci.ences, Gor'kiy State University imeni Lobachevskiy and the USSR Academy
of Sciences' Computer Center. The organizing committee, headed by N. N.
Moiseyev, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, included
noted Soviet scientists. Leading specialists from Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev,
Novosibirsk, Gor'kiy and other science centers of the country participated
in the conference (a total of about 250 participants). N. N. Moiseyev,
corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, gave a welcoming
_ speech on the state of the art and developmental trends of operations
research in his function as chairman of the organizing committee.
The work of the conference was divided into five sections.
1. Models and methods of operations research�in planning problems.
2. Models and methods of operations research in problems of control
of industrial and economic systems.
3. Models of decision making. .
' 4. Methods of optimization.
5. Theory of games. ~
At joint sessions of sections on basic trends of operations research, the ~
following lectures were given.
A. B. Kurzhanskiy (Sverdlovsk): "Control and evaluation of parameters of
dynamic systems under conditions of indefinability".
A. V. Sergiyevskiy (Gor'kiy) "On studies of t~~e Scientific Research
Institute of PMK [expansion unknown] on models and methods of decision
making
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D. I. Batishchev (Gor'kiy): "Dialogue optimization".
0. N. Bondareva (Leningrad): "Development of theoretical and game methods
of optimization in cooperative games and their application to multi- ~
criterial problems".
V. A. Gorelik, F. I. Yereshko, A. F. Kononenko and N. N. Moiseyev (Moscow):
"Information theory oF hierarchical systems".
Yu. M. Yermol'yev, V. S. Mikhalevich, B. N. Pshenichnyy and N. Z. Shor
(Kiev): "Problems of minimization of nondifferentiated functions".
R. G. Strongin (Gor'kiy): "Construction of algorithms for numerical
solution of multiextremum problems".
V. F. Dem'yanov and V. K. Shomesova (Leningrad): "Conditional sub-
differentials of convex functions and their application". `
A. A. Korbut, I. Kh. Sigal and Yu. Yu. Finkel'shteyn (Leningrad, Moscow):
"On the effectiveness of combinatorial methods in discrete programming".
The Kiev school of optimization, in addition to the plenary report,
presented the following reports: "Decomposition in problems of structural
planning of complex systems in terms of reliability" (Volkovich, V.L.,
Voloshin, A.F. and Pozdnyakov, Yu. M., Institute of Cybernetics, Ukrainian
Academy of Sciences, Kiev State University; "Some optimization problems of
organization of container shipments in maritime transportation" (Krivets,
T.A., Institute of Cybernetics, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences); "Automated
models of research and optimization of complex systems" (Kostina, N.I.,
, Institute of Cybernetics, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences); "Some modi-
fications of sequential algorithms of opfcimization" (Zak, Yu. A., Ukra-
inian Scientific Research Institute TsBP)'~ "On direct methods of sto-
chastic programming with constant spacing" (Yermol'yev, Yu. M. and
Kaniovskiy, Yu. M., Institute of Cybernetics, Ukrainian Academy of
Sciences); "Conditions of optimacy in stochastic programming and their
applications" (Yastremskiy, A. I. and Golovko, V.I., Kiev State Uni-
versity); "On asymptotic behavior of some methods of stochastic pro-
gramming" (Knopov, P.S. and Kaniovskiy, Yu. M., Institute of Cybernetics,
Ukrainian Academy of Sciences); Dialogue means for solving some classes of
extremal problems" (Raspopov, V. B., Institute of Cybernetics, Ukrainian
Academy of Sciences); "Global similarity of the method of linearization
for one problem o` convex programming" (Panin, V.M., Institute of
Cybernetics, Ukrain:ian,Academy of Sciences); "Retrieval of extremal
strategies in one" general conflict situation with non-contradictory
interests" (Beyko, I.V. and Yasinskiy, V.V., Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
Institute of Mathematics); "On runaway conditions in a nonlinear dif-
ferential game: (Chikriy, A.A., Institute of Cybernetics, Ukrainian
Academy of Sciences) and others.
*Fxpansion unknown. Possibly "Central Gieather ~ureau"1
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In conclusion a general discussion was conducted, during which a series of
questions on theory and practice of operations research was discussed.
During the conference an exchange of work experience, ideas and views on
key problems of oper~tions research, theory of optimum control in
dif�erential games took place; this surely facilitates further intensive
development ot these important trends of modern applied mathematics.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova Dumka", "Kibernetika", 1978
8617
CSO: 1863
~
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rOR UFF]:CIAL US~ ONI,Y
UDC /061.3:/801:62//(478.9)
,
F.NGINEERINC LINGUISTICS INTROSPECTION AND PERSPECTIVE
Moscow NAUCHNO-TEKHNICHESKAYA INFORMATSIYA, SERIYA 2, INFORMATSIONNYYE
PROTSESSY I SISTEMY in Russian No 5, 1979 pp 9, 29-30
[Article by Kh. A. Arzikulov and R. Yu. Kobrin] ~
[TextJ The Second Al1-Union Conference "Automation Precessing of Text by
Applied Linguistic Methods," organized by the Ministry of Higher and Second-
ary Specialized Education of the USSR, the Ministry of National Education of
the Mo].davian SSR and the Kishinev Polytechnical Institute imeni S. Lazo,
was held in Kishinev in the fall of 1977. Methodol.ogical problems of engi-
neering linguistics, the linguistic aspects of artificial intelligence and
robot technology were discussed at the conference. A great deal of atten-
tion was devoted to development and realization of machine translation algo-
rithms, linguistic support of ASU [automated management system] and IPS [In-
formation retrieval system], problems of man-machine dialogue, thesaurus
referencing of scientific-technical texts on computers and problems of en-
gineering-statistical linguodidactics.
More than 200 linguists, mathematicians and specialists in the field of com-
puter technology from 86 VUZ's, scientific research institutes and design
institutions of Moscow, Kishinev, Leningrad, Kiev, A1ma-Ata, Minsk, Gor'kiy,
Samarkand and other cities of our country participated in the work of the
conference. .
R. G. Piotrovskiy's report (Leningrad) "Automatic Processing of Text: Theory,
Experiment and Introduction," was heard at the first plenary session, in
which it was emphasized that the fundamental. theoretical problems of engineer-
ing linguistics at its modern stage consists in working out the theory of
reproducing engineering-linguistic models capable of reproducing linguistic
objects or simplified analogs of them on the computer.
D. A. Pospelov's plenary session report (Moscow) "Semiotic Mode].s and Dialogue
Systems," in which the main creative problems solved in man-machine systems
were considered, evoked great interest.
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tmportant questions of the relationship of information languuge~ (IYa) and
natural language (YeYa) were analyzed in C. G. Belonogov's report (Moscow)
"Mett~ods of Providing Compatibility of Information Languages."
V. I. Perebeynos (Kiev) emphasized that solving the paradox of the openness
_ of natural language and the closed nature of information languages should
rest on construction of a baseline language which includes a minimum of
those language devices which are necessary and sufficient to describe the
given sub~ect area with a given degree of accuracy. This language can be
developed only on the basis of terminological analysis of texts and a system
of concepts of the given subject area.
Theoretical and practical problems of developing machine translation systems.
were actively discussed at the conference. The direct relationship of ma-
chine translation problecns and problems of terminological analysis were point- ~
ed out in V. N. Gerasimov and Yu. N. Marchuk's report (Moscow, All-Union
Translations Center) "The Terminological Service of Transl.ations and Auto-
matic Information Processing." Reports devoted to machine translation may
conditionally be divided into two groups: 1) reports in which general theo-
retical and problem areas of machine translation were considered--the report
of. V. V. Goncharenko et al "The Systems Approach to Solving Machine Transla-
tion Problems;" A. I. Chapli and G. S. Osipov's report (Makhachkala) "On the
Problem of Formal Recognition of the Meaning of a Text;" the report of N. M.
Ivanova (Leningrad) et al "The General Structure of Syntactic Analysi.s and
Synthesis in the rtachine Translation Algorithm;" and 2) reports containing
a description of specif ic machine translation algorithms--the report of K.
B. Bektayev (Chimkent), L. N. Belyayeva (Leningrad), V. S. Krisevich (Minsk)
et al "The F.xperience of Realizing Industrial Machine Translation of Et~glish
Texts to the Russian Language," the report of S. M. Shevchenko (Moscow) et
al "Word by Word Machine Translation of Japanese Chemical Texts into Russian,"
the report of E. D. Tikhomirov (Moscow) et al "Program Realization of Inter-
editing in Machine Translation Systems," and also the reports and communica-
r~ons of L. I. Belotserkovskaya (Alma-Ata), A. V. 7.ubov (Minsk), Ye. M.
Luk'yanova (Leningrad), I. V. Mikhaylova (Irkutsk) and others.
P. M. Alekseyev and V. Bychkov (Leningrad), R. Yu. Kobrin (Gor'kiy) and
others reported about statistical-distributive methods of text analysis.
Reports devoted to thesaurus referencing of scientific-technical texts and to -
che theoretical prospects for development of man-machine dialogue systems (Z.
I'. Marashlets and A. N. Popeskul--Kishinev; Ye. V. Vertel'--Minsk; Ye. M.
I.eonova,D. L. Spivak and Ye. A. Shingarev--Leningrad; E. V. Zinov'yev and
E1. A. Maslak--Riga; and Kh. A. Arzikulov--Samarkand) evoked great interest.
M. L'. Tolstopyatova's report (Moscow) "Semantic Means of Translation from
Natural Language to Explication Language," in which the structure of ineta-
languages based on algorithms for semantic text analysis not realizable
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on a computer (such metalanguages are being developed at MGU [Moscow State
University] under the supervision of B. Yu. GorodetRkiy) was related,
evoked discussion.
The reports of A. S. Chistovich (IQZabarovsk), B. A. Avdeyev and V. V. Borodin
(Gor'kiy) and others were devoted to linguistic support of ASU and IPS.
A discussion on probl.ems of linguodidactics showed that it does not
adequately utilize mathematical and engineering-statistical methods in
optimization of language teaching.
This exchange of opinions between linguists, mathematicians, logicians and
cybernetioists, according to general opinion, contributed to an increase of
the effectiveness in developing industrial machine translation systems,
automatic annotation and referencing systems, linguistic support ot ASU and
IPS and also stimulated investigations of the linguistic aspects of artiFicial
intelligence.
The range of new problems requiring analysis and discussion was determined .
at the Kishinev conference. These are primarily the bank method of present-
ing linguistic data, making linguistic support of dialogue systems more
specific, making the "frame" coz~cept more specific and attempts to utilize
this concept to interpret the meaning of text and also the principal capa-
bilities of natural languag~ understandinq systems." These problems require
detailed discussion since it is difficult to count on development of indus-
trial machine translation algorithms, man-machine dialague systems ana also
specific advances in the field of robot technology and construction of
artificial intelligence systems without solving them.
These problems were supposed to be discussed at the school-seminar on applied
and engineering linguistics held from 3 through 14 July 1978 at the Dagestan
State University imeni V. I. Lenin. 2'he school-seminar was organized by
Minvuz [Ministry of Higher Educational Institutions) of the RSFSR, DGU imeni
V. I. Lenin jointly with the All-Union Translations Center of GIQVT [State
Committee for Science and Technology] of the USSR and the All-Union'Speech
Statistics" Group; more than 80 linguists, mathematicians, engineering-
programmers and psychologists from higher educational institutions, insti-
tutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences and republic academies and other organ-
izations of the country participated in the school.
The work of the school-seminar was carried out at two plenary sessions and
at 20 sectional meetings within the framework af 8 topical sections;
general problems of applied and engineering linguistics, programming of
linguistic problems, automatic dictionaries and grammatical analysis of
text, linguostatistics and optimization of foreign lanquage teaching,
industrial machine translation, thesaurus representation of semantic in-
formation, dialogue systems and the frame method of interpreting the meaning
of text and linguistic support of ASU and IPS.
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Four working seminars functioned within the �ramework of the school:
"The Bank Method of Presenting Linguistic Data,"
"The Algebra of Ratios,"
"The Statistical-Probability Structure of Text,"
"Machine Translation of French Patent Texts."
The report of R. G. Piotrovskiy (Leningrad) and A. I. Chapli (Makhachkala)
"Linguistic Automatons and Engineering Linguistics01 was heard at the first
plenary session. It was noted in the report that engineering linguistics
is concerned with the construction of those models which, being realized on
the computer, are capable of generating real linguistic objects. The funda-
mental task of modern engineering linguistics is to develop linguistic
automatons.
The plenary report of D. A. Pospelov and L. F. Pospelova (Moscow) "Time and
Space in Artificial Intelligence Systems and in Language," in which the
main ideas of organizing the space-time concept in linguistic automatons
were outlined, evoked special interest of the school-seminar participants.
Development of machine translation systems, including workinq out its theory,
experimental check of the theoYy and introduction of results into practice,
is one of the most timely problems of engineering and applied linguistics.
The lively discussion of engineering-linguistic and sociological problems of
mass machine translation indicates the elevated interest in this important
cybernetics, engineering-linguistics and general linguistics problem, which
has been under development in our country for more than 20 years. The
history of the development of machine translation in our country, the current
state oE the art and prospects were briefly outlined in the plenary report
of Yu. N. Marchuk (Moscow) "Machine Translation Based on Translation Conformity."
Specifically, the reporter noted that during the initial period of work on
machine translation within the framework of studying the similarity and dif-
ferences of intellectual and machine translation, the hypothesis was made
that translation can be divided into purely translation and interpretation.
It is paradoxical, but interpretation emerged to the forefront during devel-
opment of investigations on machine translation, while transl~tion accordinq
to translation conformities was of little interest to specialists. Moreover,
it is probable that the solution to the problem of constructing oper~ting
machine translation systems can be found in the very method of translation
modelling in the natural sense of the word. An example of the practical
approach to the problem of machine translation was the first USSR industrial
machine translation system of English and Japanese texts, prepared by the
"Speech Statistics" Group, which is operating at the Chimkent Pedagogical
Institute of the LGPI [Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute] imeni A. I.
Gertsen. The technology of industrial machine translation was illuminated,
its results were demonstrated and problems of improving the algorithms were
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posed in the reports of representatives of the Chimkent group, headed by
K. B. Bektayev and P. V. Sadchikova. The section reports of T. A.
Apollonskaya, L. N. Bely~ysva, Z. G. Manukov et al were devoted to compilation
of automatic dictionaries and grammatical analysis algorithms for machine
translation in matarial of different languages.
The reports of S. M. Shevchenko (Moscow) "The Use of Context in Interpreta-
tion of Japanese Written Characters" and of T. N. Koroleva (Leningrad)
"Representation of Japanese Texts on Carriers and Experimental-Industrial
Machine Translation," in which the different approaches to representation
of the idiographic writing on machine carriers were related, evoked a lively
discussion.
High quality of translation cannot be achieved without actualizing the values
of lexical units and without removing morphological-syntactic and syntactic-
semantic ambiguity. These pr~blems were considered in the reports of
V. N. Bilan (Minsk), V. V. Kolesnikova and Yu. I. Gorbunov (Makhachkala),
M. I. Vasi1'yeva and M. Yu. Popova (Leningrad) and others.
Some capabilities of theoretical developments in these fields and some com-
pletel}* unexpected relationships of engineering linguistics were shown during
discussion of the general problems of engineering and applied linguistics.
Thus, the need to develop automated retrieval systems for Buddhist texts,
specifically, the engineering problem of "cleaning up" the texts written in
ideographs and syllabic writing, was justified in the report of A. N.
Kondratov (Leningrad) "Engineering Linguistics and Buddhology."
Problems of mathematical support of different linguistic problems solved on
' computers of the unified series were subjected to especially detailed dis-
cussion. The reports of A. V. Zubov (Minsk), Ye. M. Luk'yanova (Leningrad),
Ye. V. Vertel' and G. L. Gorlin (Minsk), D. M. Skitnevskiy, L. G. Obukhova
and A. G. ~bukhov (Irkutsk), O. G. Abakarov and G. S. Osipov (Makhachkala)
and others were devoted to this problem.
Linguistic support of ASU and IPS of different types was the topic of the
reports of A. A. Piotrovskaya (Leningrad) "The Indexer of Russian Titles in
the AIPS [Automated infarmation retrieval systemJ 'Petrochemistry',"
N. Yu. Rusova et al (Gor'kiy) "Linguistic Suppart of ASNTI [Automated systems
for scientific and technical information] of the Construction Materials
Industry"," L. P. Kolusheva and F. I. Rybakov (Moscow) "Organization of the
Main Means of Communication in ASU" and others.
The mathematical model of the thesaurus semantic system designed in the
"Speech Statistics" Group on material of different languages was considered �
in the report of Ye. K. Kozlova (I~eningrad) et al "Combining Thesauri." One
of the varieties of reproducing engineering-linguistics models (VILM)
thesaurus annotation of a scientific-techni.cal document, which utilizes the
thesaurus semantic system, was described in the report of Kh. A. Arzikulov
and Zh. Kh. Arzikulova (Samarkand) "W'hat is a VILM?" Ir.formation language
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based on the thesaurus semantic system was the topic of Ye. A. Shingareva's
report "Arti�icial Languages of Object-Subject Type and a Quasi-Referencing
Dialogue System."
V. M. Bryabrin (Moscow) in a report "Processing Natural LanguAge in the
- DILOS System" considered the DILO5 system,which consists of linguistic,
information-retrieval, computer and logic processors and is based on the
frame idea.
The reports of I. V. Mikhailova (Irkutsk), F. I. Rybakov, Ye. A. Rudnev
and V. A. Grigor'yev (Moscow) and Ye. M. Leonova and R. D. Kozhamberdina
(Leningrad) were devoted to the theoretical prospects for development of
"man-machine" dialogue systems operating on the basis of natural language.
Problems of constructing reproducing engineering-linguistic models (VILM),
~ related to solution of a number of complex problems of a general methodo-
loqical nature, were subjected to detailed discussion. Thus, the question
arises on the basis of what principles should a VILM be constructed?
Should one rely on the linguist's introspection and then derive from it
by deduction one or another formalized linguistic scheme or should one pro-
ceed from~the intormation which can be extracted fram real texts? P. M.
Alekseyev, Yu. K. Orlov, R. Ya. Chitashvili, T. G. Gagechiladze, K. T.
Mi;caladze, T. P. Tsilosani (Tbilisi), Yu. G. Novikova (Krasnoyarsk),
B. Ya. Slepak (Kirovograd) and others came out in favor of the second ap-
proach, related to the statistical-distributive method of extracting the
required information from text. The plenary report of R. Yu. Kobrin
(Gor'kiy) "The Statistical Distribution of Term Models," in which the
hypothesis significant to construction of the VILM was advanced, according
tn khich term models, unlike the terms themselves, have normal distribution,
was devoted to this approach. D. A. Pospelov, who gave a talk in discussing
the reports, noted that mathematicians and engineering-programmers are begin-
ning to understand the entire complexity of natural language, and, therefore,
the participation of linguistic~specialists in development of infarmation
9ys~ems in absolutely necessary.
Tnteraction between engineering lingustics and linguodidactics, during which
objective methods of selecting language material for~optimization of natural
language teaching are being worked out, has recently been manifested more
appreciably. Problems of engineering-statistical linguodidactics.were con-
sidered in the reports of Associate Professor Kh. G. Azayev, S. G. Chapli,
V. A. Yegorova, A. A. Zamanskiy, N. P. Abramova (Makhachkala) and otners.
A number of fundamental featuxes which occur during mathematical modelling
of a system and normal natural langu3ge and also during construction of
machine algorithms and text-forming programs was determined as a result of
discussion at the school-seminar. A method of algorithmization of linguistic
problems, relying on network models, methods of information-statistical model-
ling of text and the thesaurus method of interpreting the meaning of text,
was formulated. Attention was turned in some reports to facts of
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terminological ambiguity arising upon introduction of the "frame" concept.
It was noted that the method w~?ich utilizes the frame concept largely repeat~
the facet analysis methods and also different methods oP constructing so-
. called "positional" grammars. It was emphasized that the first domestic
experimental. automated systems having linguistic support for working in the �
dialogue mode (the DIIAS system realized at the VTs [Computer Center] of the
USSR Academy of Sciences, the TAND and "Otvet" systems constructed at the
Tishinev, Minsk, Leningrad and Samarkand collectives of the'Speech Statistics"
Group) have now been developed. Special attention was devoted in the.decision
of the school-seminar to the need to expand investigations in the field of
engineering linguistics, linguistics for robots and development ~f programs
which realize grammatical processes. In summarizing the results, the school-
seminar in applied and engineering linguistics noted that the main task of
the seminar, consisting in exchange of scientific ideas and methodical ex--
perience and also in coordination of efforts in the field o~ engineerinq
linguistics, was fulfilled. The model organization of the school-seminar
was also noted.
COPYRIGHT: VSESOYUZNYY INSTITUT NAUCHNOY I TEKHNICHESKOY INFORMATSII, 1979
6521
CSO: 1863
, ;
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B. Publications
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING
Kiev NAUCHNO-TEKF.iNICHESKOYE PROGNOZIROVANIYE I YEGO INFORI'~[ATSTOPINOYE
OBESPECHENI~YE (OPYT ORGANIZATSII) [Scientific and Technol~~gical Forecasting
and Its Provision for Information (Experience in Organiza~ion)] in Russian
1978 signed to press 6 Apr 78 pp 2, 110-118, 121, and 127 '
[Annotation, table of contents, Section 3 of Chapter 3 and Appendix 2 from
book by Larisa Georgiyevna Khromchenko and Ernst L!vovich Lortikyan, "Vishcha
shkola," 3,000 copies, 127 pages]
[Text] The monograph is devoted to the question of scientif ic-technological
and socio-economic forecasting in the system of socialist planning and ad-
ministration and represents an attempt at a concentrated account of the main
achievements in the area of forecasting in general and scientific and techno-
logical forecasting in particular. In it, experience in the organizing of
forecasting in the USSR and abroad is generalized, the first experience in
the preparation of forecasts in our country is investigated, and particularly
in the Ukraine in the years in which the Soviet planned ec:onomy was being
estaUlished, and var.ious views on forecasting advanced in contemporary pub-
lished works are evaluated.
special place is given to examination of the information means of scien-
tific: and technological forecasting, the sources used in the preparation of
r.orecasts by various methods are characterized, a procedure is given for ana-
lyzing the structure of information flows and the role of the information
and patent services in the forecasting of technological progress by informa-
tion means is shown.
The monograph is intended for students and graduate students of UU7's who�are
studyi.ng problems of scientific and technological information and forecasting,
and also for specialists of the national economy,
Contents Page
Chapter 1. Forecasting--an Important Link in the System of
Soca.alist Planning and Administration g
1. Experience in forecasting in the years when the Soviet
planned economy was being established 3
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Page
2. The placP and function of forecasting in the system
of planning and administration 26
Chapter 2. The Essence, Functions and Methods of Scientific and
Technological Forecasting 36
1. C~ntent and functions of scientif ic and technological fore-
casting and its importance for determination of the direc-
- tions of scientifi^ and technological policy 36
2. Methods of preparing scientific and technalogical forecasts 50 -
3. Organization of the preparation of forecasts in the USSR
and abroad 65
Chapter 3. Providing Sc3.entif ic and Technological Forecasting
With Information 69
1. Characterization of sources used in the preparation of
forecasts of scientific and technological development 69
Primary documents of scientif ic and technological inforrnation 72
Patents, author's certif icates and application mater.ials 72
Normative and technological documentation 76
Documentation on completed scientific research work and
deposited manuscripts 79
Books and periodicals 82
Expert estimates 85
Secondary sources of scientific and technological information 90
, Bibliography indices Q1
Abstract journals 92
Indices of scientific references 93
Factographic data from records of absooute and relative growth
of the number of new articles and study of market competition 97
2. Structure of flows of scientific and technologica"1 information
as an indicator of change of the character of scientific in-
vestigations. Procedure for analysis of the structure of in-
formation flows 101
3. '~'he role of information and patent services in forecasti_ng
scientif ic and technological progress by information means 110
~ Appendix 1. 119
Appendix 2 121
Bibliography 122
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Chapter III, Section 3
The role and importance of informaCion in the system "f.orecasting-planning-
administration" are indisputable. The use of the latesC scienCific and
technological achievements in the natlonal economy is regarded not only as
one of the main economic taslcs but al~o as a very important political task.
An important condition of Che solution of that task is improvement of the
scientific and technological information system in the country. The atten-
tion of the party and government to these questions is constant.
In the CPSU Program adopted by the 22nd Party Congress it was noted that the
party will cantribute in every way possible to an exemplary organization of
scientific and technological information and the study and distribution of
sov.iet and foreign advanced experience [5, p 127].
In the last 10-15 years in our country a unif ied state scientific arid tech-
nological information system [obshchegosudarstvennaya sistema nauchno-tekh-
nicheskoy informatsii--GSNTI] has been created for the first time in the
world. Today a staff of over 150,000 is working in that system. Its makeup
. is determined by all-union, sector and intersector information organs and
the information services of enterprises and organizations. Scientific and
technical libraries and technical offices at individual enterprises and houses
of. technology should also be classed as information organs.
The division of functions among organs of scientif ic and technological in-
formation in our country is based on distinctive features of the processing
of data flows. All scientif ic information sources published periodically or
once (books, journals, patents, standards, reports on scientific research
and experimentzl design work) and technological and technical information
on practical experience in industry, construction and transport and other ~
_ branches of the national economy are divided into two independent informa-
tion flows. One of them, obtained by centralized processing of the world
~cientific and technological literature and the results of Soviet scientific
research work, has been called descending. Al1-union and sector centers and
~ntersector organs of scientif ic and technological information participate
in the creation of that flow and the dissemination of its results.
The second flow is formed by unpublished documents in which are reflected
the results of scientif ic research and experimental design worlc, technologi-
cal experience, rationalizers' suggestions, created and arriving, as a rule,
from lower scientific and technological information organs. This flow has
been called ascending. The documents of this flow, as a rule, have a service
character, When they arrive at the central sector organs from the lower cells
they are synthesized and published in the information organ of the given
branch.
Starting from the principal.division of flows of information sources the
activity between separate GSNTI links has been coordinated.
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Directly connected with the VNTITsentr is the activity of the Al1-Union
Scientif ic-Research Institute of Intersector Information [Vsesoyuznyy nauch-
noissledovatel'skiy institut mezhotraslevoy informatsii--VIMI], created some-
what�later, which, like the VNTITsentr, is engaged in the collection and pro-
~ cessing of information on advanced scientific, technological and production
experience of an intersector character.
The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Information, Classification
and Coding does much work on information in the areas of standardization,
metrology and measuring equipment. The institute publishes ind:ices of state
standards and specifica~ions and thematic bibliographic surveys of the for-
. eign literature on questions of standardization, metrolog~y, cla:asification
and coding. _
The all-union center of information about soviet and foreign inventions is
the Centra]. Scientif.ic Research Institute of Patent Information [Tsentral'-
nyy nauchno-issledovatel'skiy institut patentnoy informatsii--TsNIIPI). It
investigates the technological and economic effectiveness of Soviet and for-
eign discoveries and inventions, completely processes patent co.llecti.ons and
spreads iniormation about production and technological achievements reflected
in authors' certificates and patents.
The TsNIIPI publishes and distributes specif'ications for authors' certifi-
cates for Soviet inventions, translations into Russian of a number of foreign
periodicals on foreign patients and information about foreign patents current-
_ ly arriving and summaries of patent specifications. The All-Union Patent and
Technical Library, on the base of which the TsNIIPI works, provides biblio-
graphic information on patent publications and makes photocopies of patent
specifications and distributes them at the request of use.rs*.
One of the olde~t organizations engaged in providing scientific and technical
information is the All-Union Book House [Vsesoyuznaya knizhnaya palata--VKP].
The VKP issues publications of current bibliographic info.rmation and summary
bibliographic re~erence works. Its most important publications are: "Knizh-
~ naya letopis" [Book Chronicle], "Letopis' periodicheskikh izdaniy [Ghronicl.e
of Periodical Publications], "Letopis' zhurnalnykh statey" [Chronicle of
Journal Articles], etc.
The Institute of Scientific Information on the Social Sciences [Institut
nauchnoy informatsii po obshchestvennym naukam--INIONJ collects, generalizes
and analyzes scientific information on the social sciences. The main ascend-
ing information flows are provided by the publication of abstract journals,
express-information, scientific and analytical surveys of indivi.dual problems
*The "Patent" Polygraphic Production Fnterprise also makes copies of patent
documents upon request.
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f
and the results of development of the social sciences, bibliographic bulle-
tins and retrospective bibliographic indices.
The State Public Scientific and Technical Library [Gosudarstvennaya publich-
naya nauchno-tekhnicheskaya biblioteka--GPNTB] is the leading multibranch
library in industry. It has the country's largest collection of scientific
and technical literature and documentation, including foreign and domestic
industrial catalogs, a unique collection of literature published by minis- '
tries and departments in small printings, and algorithms and programs for
electronic computers.
The GPNTB publishes the bibliographic index "1~'ovosti tekhnicheskoy litera- -
tury" [News of the Technical Literature], indices of translations of techni-
cal literature, a catalog of bibliographic indices for technology, compiled
by tTSSR Libraries, indices of foreign pe~iodicals issued ~by organizations
of the country, etc.
In ~.ccordance with the program for the further intensification and improve-
ment of collaboration and the development of the socialist economic integra-
tion. of CEMA-member countries, an International Center of Scientific and
Technical Information [Mezhdunarodnyy tsentr nauchnoy i tekhnicheskoy in-
form.atsii--MTsNTI] has been created~in Moscow and publishps abstract collec-
tions for al1 branches of science and technology .that are published in sepa-
rate branch series in Russian. In those collections information is given
about completed discoveries of scientific research work and dissertations
defended in the~socialist CIIKA-member countries*.
An importar~t place is accupied in the organization of the descending flow of
informational documents by sector and interbranch centers.
The main task of sector. infor~nation centers is.the processing and prepara-
tion of information about actiievements of enterprises, sclentific research
at.d planning organizations. For that purpose they make a direct connection
with all organizations of the sector and provide centraliz'ed publication of
ir~formational materials and the collection and systematization of unified
reference information collections.
The sector information centers publish bibliographic, ab:stract ~nd survey
, information on the most important questions of the bra~ch.
number of circumstances brought about the creation ~f the intersector cen-
ers. A considerable number of industrial enterprises that are subordinate ~
to ministries of republics and kray and oblast councils are in practice not ~
serviced by the sector centers. In addition, the efficient obtaining of in-
formational materials by those organizations is made difficult by distance.
In a number of cases information must be prepared in national languages.
*Except work done in the USSR, as information about that work is published
in publications of the VNTITsentr and VIMI.
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FUR OF~'1'CIAL USli ON1,Y
Intersector or~ans of scientific and technological information are institutes
of scient:ific and technological information of the republics and the terri-
torial NTI centers of the autonomous republics, krays and oblasts.
Institutes of the republics organize reference information collections with
consideration of distinctive features of the economic development of the
republic, conduct technical and economic investigations of problems of great
importance to the development of the national economy of the republic and
issue informational publications. Translations of materials published by
the branch centers are issued in the national languages. Materials of sci~
entif ic councils, republic scientific and technological conferences, meet-
ings and seminars and separate surveys on problems of the leading organs
of the republic are published in Russian.
The intersector territorial centers perform functions similar to those of
the republic institutes of information, but the scales of their work and
their publishing activity are more limited.
Each year the all-union, central, sector and intersector ?~TI organs publish
over 14p,000 publisher's sheets of informational publications reflecting in
various forms data on all the information sources which can and must be used
in scientific and technological forecasting.
An vnportant role in the organization of the use of those materials by re-
searchers is played by lower organs of scientific and technological informa-
tion--divisions of scientif ic research institutes or p'lanning organizations
and technological information bureaus of enterprises. ThE~y participate in
the planning and organization of investigations and develapments, providing
them with the documental.information needed for scientif ic and technological
progress. That work can be done by:
analysis and generalization on the basis of study of information flows
(periodicals, patents and company publications) in order to determine trends
in the development of science and technology and the inclusion of the most
prom:;.sing and urgent themes in the plans of organizations;
the accumulation of scientific information about the main directa.ons of
the activity of 2n organization in the process of creating reference informa-
tion collections*;
the discovery of ways new_in principle to solve problems arising on the
borders of adjacent disciplines, and sometimes between disciplinPS very far
from one annther;
*The aggregate of primary and all secondary documents on a selected problem.
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1
the coordination of scientific investigations and developments;
the establishment of business and creative relations between organizations
and enterprises related in prof ile and themes;
retrieval, processing and transmission of required scientific and techno-
logical information.
In connection with the brbad expansion of work on forecas2:ing ar~d the improve-
ment of pla.nning and acministration of the national econorny the State Commit-
tee for Scj.ence 3nd Tec,hnology under the USSR Council of 1~iinistNrs and the USSR
Gosplan in February 1972 adopted a special resolution determinir~g the proce-
dure in the. presentat3.on by organs o.E scientific and technological informa-
tion to planning organs, ministries, departments and managers of enterprises
and organizations of informational materials on the most important Soviet
achievements in the areas of science, technology and production and their con-
sideration and use. In accordance with that resolution, information organs
of a11 units are obliged, on the basis of the processing, analysis and gener-
aliz.ation of arriving information, to compile reports reflecting the data on
the most important achievements in the areas of science and technology whieh
must be taken into account in the preparation and examinat:ion of plans.
Of all-union centers those obligations were entrusted to t:he VNTITsensor,
VINITI, VNIIKI and TsNIIPI, and also to all sector, territorial and lower
NTI organs.
In that connection the information organs of the main sector scientific re-
search institutes have greater responsibility for the organization of work
connected with the establishment of forecast information.
As is known, work on forecasting, embracing different areas of creative and
production activity, is done on different leve~.s. Thus, the managing and
planning organs of ministries require forecasts of the development of their
sector as a whole and its principal areas. If forecasting on the whole for
the sector can be accomplished by the technical administration jointly with
the ;;ector institute of information, tt~en the preparation of forecasts on
individual directions as a whole is entrusted to the sector scientific re-
search institutes. Hence the task of each institute is to determine the
prospectiveness of created technology, designate on the basis of formed trends
the main directions of development and consider and analyze thoroughly the
most important competing areas of technology. ~
The management of an institute needs forecasts on each thematic direction in -
preparing thematic plans of scientific research work, The leaders of them-
atic directions require forecasts characterizing the prospectiveness of the
articles being developed and knowledge of the trends in investigations of the
thematic direction.
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The solution of these tasks will depend to a considerab].e degree on the or--
ganizational of scienti�ic information work as a whole, and especially sur-
vey analytical work.
The partic:ipation of information organs in the preparation of forecast informa-
tion requires the introduction into survey analytical work of statistical meth-
ods of information analysis, which assures it great purposefulness. An analy-
sis of the scientific and technical achievements according to literature ~
sources is acquiring great importance. In those sources one can often f i*~d
a direct indication of the development of new promising directions or changes
in scientific and productive orientation.
- A large place is also occupied by analysis and generalizarion of materials of
scientific and technological conferences, meetings and symposiums where spe-
cialists in the course of exchange of experience often exI~ress judgments
about the prospectiveness of a given problem. Of special value are confer-
ences conducted on the international level, and also in countries where a
given problem has received very great development.
Until recently information organs were limited only to the extraction from
those materials of the most interesting solutions from the point of view of
their own institutes. Today those materials must be thoroughly studied, es-
pecially for the purpose of discovering new ideas and trends in the develop-
ment of the given area of science or technology. The accumulation, systema-
tization of that material and its comparison with the data of statistical
analysis serve as the basis for the preparation of documents for management
by the information division.
The preparation and publication of survey analytical materials created by
information organs jointly with eminent scientists and sp~:cialists is becom-
ing one of the most important forms of scientific information activity.
Thanks to it, especially when the principle of continuity is observed in the
preparation of such materials, information divisions must prepare with suffi-
cient objectlvity materials on trends and paths of development of the corres-
ponding area of science, technology and production.
Observation of that principle, and also the continuous character of the work
of an information division on the discovery o~' trends in the development of
science and technology permit recording and evaluating any changes in the
scientific and productive orientation of a given area. It is important to
objectively shed light on the actual situation; to a considerable degree
this results from the fact that in the information analysis conducted by an
NTI c,rgan, side by side with published material factual data also are used
that reflect the dynamics of investigations and production in the area
under investigation,
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The work of NTI organs on scientific and technological forecastin.g does not
propose final decisions on trends in the development of science, technology
or production. Its task is to discover in time the systems of varying or
formed trends and extract and systematize the statements of specialists.
The final estimate of the results of analysis and conclusions are made by
scientif ic forecasters, investigators and management. ,
The reference information collections form the basis of qualitative discovery
of forecasting information by NTI organs. A unif ied systzm of r.eference in-
formation collections has been created in the country one which permits ob- ~
taining complete information on any question of interest.
In scientific research and planning institutes various subdivisions can be
a part of the reference information collections: technical files, standardi-
zation divisions, patent subdivision collections, etc.
In that case not only the completeness of the collections of primary and
secondary documents but also the system of organization oL- retrieval of nec-
essary information 3s very important. In accordance with the latter, at the
present time the development of inechanized and automated information retrie-
val systems of a documental, and especially of a factog~aphic character, is
acqu iring great urgency [56].
In addition, the organization of work on f inding forecasting information by
NTI organs requires no special reorganization. A need arises only to rein-
force with qualified personnel the subdivisions engaged in the analysis and
generalization of information, and the style of activity and approach to work
with information sources changes.
At the present time an engineer curator in examining the literature is limited,
as a rule, only to making clear the correspondence of the information source
to the subject under investigation. A general concept of the content of Che
~naterial is suff icient for that.
Intensif ied working of the material, assuming the extracti_on from the source
of factual data, the stated points of view of specialists, etc, is necessary
in the selecti~n of forecasting information. It becomes necessary to study
the ~conomic information. It was no accident that in 1967 the NTI divisions
of the leading scientific research institutes began to be called NTI divi-
sions also of technical and economic investigations*.
Many information services and patent organs in our country and abroad, along
with the performance of traditional functions in providing current informa-
tion about scientific research work and special design work, to some degree
participate in work on forecasting.
*In the same year the supplement "technical and economic investigations" was
introduced into the names of branch and republic institutes of information.
47
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The entrustment to the information and patent services of functions connected
with. the forecasting of the development of science, technology and production
stin~ulates a creative attitude of their specialists toward work with informa-
tion sources, increases purposefulness and specificity in the organization
of retrieval of necessary materials and assures the participation of those
subdivisions in one of the most important processes in the organization of
science and production.
The degree of participation of information organs is increasing still more
in connection with the creation of automated forecasting systems. In accord-
ance with the plans of such systems that are being prepared [69, pp 165-166]
it is proposed that prepared sector forecasts, after being approved in the
glavk, be sent to the corresponding sector information institutes. There the
forecasts are unitized, supplemerited with new information and directed to the
sector computer centers, where the forecast models are stored. Those models
are corrected on the basis of new information and in unitized form arrive at
the ministry for f inal approval.
- After approval by the ministry they are directed to the appropriate glavks,
institutes and enterprises. At the same time those models will be sent to
the VNTITsentr, where they will be combined with the forecast models of other
branches. Then they can be directed to directive and planning organs through
the State Committee for Science and Technology under the USSR Council of
Ministers.
The successful implementation�of these plans even now requires from informa-
tion organs high-quality functioning of the system of ref~rence information
collections and the development ~f effective means of information retrieval.
48 j~
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6~J1\ v~.~+.Vi/4J VuL V1\IJL
AppE:ndix 2 Str~uctural mul�tilevel diagram of the construction uf tables
of expert estima,tion of the prospects af developme:nt of
computer technulogy
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b
i{ey: 1 General goal
2 Subgoal
3-- Ways to solve a problem
~H Facilitation of man-computer communica,tion
5-- Increase of the electronic computer's "intellect"
6-- Increase of the capacity of an individual electronic computer
7-- Increase of the capacity of the country's electronic computer pool
49
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8-- Directions of investigations (means of attaining the goa.l)
9-- Improvement of the element-technologica,l ba,se
10 Improvement of peripherals and communication technology
11 Development of d~,ta processing methods
12 Improvement of programming means
13 Improvement of the electronic computer structure
14~ Development of inethods of planning electronic computers
15 Creation of formal languages for separate scientific directions
16 Development of engineering psychological investigations of the system
"ma.n-ma,chine"
17 Improvement of thP organization of use of electronic computers
18 Estimate of ~the relative importance of'the development of different
directions of investigations in t~e�area of peripherals
19 Estimate of the relative importance of the development of different
directions of investigations in the area of software
20 Distribution of statements regarding the most advisable system of organi-
za�~ion of the control of single-program electronic computers in solving
problems in a "dialog"
21 Estimate of the optimum proportion of multi-program electronic computers
22 Distribution of expert opinions on the problem of improving the use of
electronic computers
23 Estimate of the correlation (in total r~achine time) of problems~in
"dialog" and bath processing regimes
24~ Estima,te of the time required for completion of an ~vent--production of
an electronic computer with a cycle length of the main storage of 10
nanoseconds (ma,in storage ca.pacity--4~,000 words)
25 Estima,te of the time required for completion of an ~vent--multifunc-
tiona,l element circuits adjusted to a program were introd.uced
26 Estimate of the time required for completion of an event--autom~.tic
formation of a logical elemental circuit was introd.uced into integrated
circuit ma.nufacturing technolooy
27 Estimate of the time required for completion of an e,vent--~rod.uction of
an electronic computer having a speed of 20 million operations per
second, 200 million opera�tions per second and 1 billion operations per
second
2$ Estima,te of the time required for completion of an event--cost of inte=
grated circuit electronic computers below the cost of discrete-element
electr.onic computers with a similar capacity
29 Estima,te of the time required for completion of an event--production of
electr.onic computers with a main storage capacity of 200 million bits
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'skoye ob"yedineniye "Vishcha. shkola"t 19'~8
2174
cso: 1870
50
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COMPUTER RELIABILITX AND CHECKING
Moscow NADEZHNOST' I KONTROL' EVM (Computer Reliability and Checking) in
Russian 1978 signed to press 25 Apr 78 pp 2-4, 415-416
[Annotation, foreward and table of contents from book by Yuliy Pavlovich
7.huravlev, Leonid Arkad'yevich Kotelyuk and Nikolay Ivanovich Tsiklinskiy,
Izdatel'stvo Sovetskoye Radio, 9,000 copies, 416 pages]
[Text] Methods of calculating the indices of computer reliability based on
probability theory and the theory of semimarkov processes are outlined. The
general principles of organizing apparatus and program checking of computer .
functioning are considered. Analyses of the effect of various methods of
checking on indicators of reliability, productivity and complexity of com-
- puter equipment are presented. Some aspects of the problem of ;;ystems plan-
ning of single- and multiprocessor computer reliability ace outlined and
problems of information security in the memory of technic~~l systems and dur-
ing transmission over communications lines are discussed.
The book is intended for engineering-technical and scientific personnel znd
also for instructors and students of technical VUZ's.
:'oreword
r:lectronic computers (EVM) are finding ever greater application with each
year in all spheres of activity. They are used in computer centers, auto-
mated management systems (ASU), information retrieval systems (IPS) and so
on: therefore, increased requirements on ensuring reliab.le functioning and
high dependability of the results of problems solved by computers are
placed on them.
Various types of mathematical apparatus, each of which is adapted for analyz-
ing computer dependability with specif ic assumptions and limitations, are
now utilized to calculate the reliability of complex systems to w::ich com-
puters are re].ated. Correct selection of the method and the initial. assump-
tions permits one to increase the dependability of the results.
51
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The method;; of. checkin~ calculations and the correctness af functioning used `
have a significant effc~ct on the indicators of computer rc~liability and es-
pecially on the dependability of the results issued by the.m. Each of the
methods affects in its owrx way the indices of computer ef�iciency. Combined
use of various methods of checking in many cases makes it possible to achieve
a compromise between expenditures for the monitoring system on the one hand
and expenditures for computer productivity and the dependability o� results
on the other hand.
Knowing how to correctly analyze the effect of one or another monitoring sys-
tem on the dependability of the results of solving problems by a computer,
to select the corresponding method and to calculate its indices of reliabili-
ty is especially required of computer systems developers. At the stage of
systems planning when only a concept about a future computer is being formed,
~ problems related to distribution of the norms of reliability between its con-
stituent parts, selection of the relations of the efficiency of various com-
ponents of the monitoring system, optimization of the frequency of including
various types of monitoring into the work and so on are solved. The specif ics
of the computer and its sphere of future application must be taken into ac-
count in this case.
The book offered to the attention of readers has the purpose o� illuminating
a number of problems, knowledge of which the specialist requires in develop-
ment and operation of modern highly reliable computers Eqtiipped with various
means for enhancing their efficiency.
The inaterial of the book reflects current scientif ic and t:echnical views in
the Eield of computer reliability and control. Sections 4-8 are based on
original results of the authors' work. Section 3.1.was wr.itten by N. I.
Tsiklinskiy and the remaining material was written by all the authors jointly.
The authors express gratitude to A. I. Dolgov and to I. I. 3urnvikov for a
number of comments which contributed to improving the contents o� the book..
Table of Contents Page
Eoreword 3
_ The Reliability of Computer Functioning
~ :1. General Propositions
l.l. Main concepts and definitions 5
1.2. Main indices of r.eliability 9
1.3. The dependability of computer f.unctioning...,.........., 13
~ 2. Methods of Calculating the Indices of Computer Re]_iabil.ity
2.1. Elements of probability theory. Main concepts and ~
definitions 19
r
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2.2. Calculating the indices of reliability.by methods of
probability theory 25
2.2.1. Unrestored ob~ec~s 25
2.2.2. Restored ob~ects 34
2.3. Laws of distribut ion of random values used in
reliability theory 42
- 2.4. Elements of the theory of markov and semimarkov
processes 50
2.5. Method of calculating the reliability of computers
and of their devices 81
2.5.1. Approximate analysis of computer reliability
using the exponential model 82
2.5.2. Analyzing rel.iability by minor information..... 84
2.5.3. Method of calculating reliability using the
theory of semimarkov processes 85
2.5.4. The dependability of computer functioning...~~.. 99
Computer Chec king
3. General Propositions
3.1. Apparatus checking 103
3.1.1. General characteristics of apparatus checking.. I03
3.1.2. Numerical apparatus checking by module......... 109
- 3.1.3. Monitoring the function of devices operating
with words represented in a residual class
system.. 126
~ 3.1.4. Code apparatus.checkirg by.module 139
3.1.5. Monitoring by using correcting codes........... 152
3.1.6. Majority checking 167
3.1.7. Apparatus-microprogram c~ecking................. 172 ~
3.2. Computer p~ogram checking 178 '
3.2.1. Characteristics of program checlzing............ 178
3.2.2. Algorithm checking 178 .
� 3.2.3. Logic checking 185
3.2.4. Repeated accounting checking 192
3.2.5. Checking tests 196
3.2.6. Diagnostic tests 203
3.2.7. Failure analysis and correction pro~rams....... 207
4, Effective of Monitoring on Computer Quality Indices
4.1. Effect of the monitoring system on the frequency of
computer errors.. 210
4.2. Effect of monitoring �on.the val.ue.of .the�avE:rage ~
time for restor~ng a computer,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 213
4.3. Effect of the monitoriag system on the computer
readiness coeff icient 218
4.4. ~ffect of monitoring on the problem-solving time .
and productivity of computers 222
4.5. Analyzing the effect of monitoring on the increase.
in the quantity of computer equipment..........~-..... 231
53 '
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1
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Systems Planning of Computer Reliability
5. General Propositions
5.1. The concept of systems planning of computer reliability.... 237
5.2. Distribution of reliability norms between computer
devices 243
5.3. Selecting the ratio of the efficiencies of various
types of monitoring 250
5.4. Opti.mizing the frequency for test diagnosis of computer
devices 259
5.5. Selecting the computer monitoring system 264
6. Single-Processor Computers
6.1. Problems for systems planning of the reliability of
single-processor computers ......................o........ 273
6.2. Absolute and parametric equipment redundancy of operating
devices and storage devices 275
6.3. The internal language of computers and the redundancy
of storage equipment.. 288
6.4. Selecting the monitoring�module 297
6.5. The operating stability of storage devices and methods
of improving their dependability 299
6.6. An example of comparative analysis of the reliability
of two computers with different internal languages....... 308
7. Multiprocessor Computers
7.1. Problems of systems planning of the reliability of
multiprocessor computers 315
7.2. Analyzing the effectiveness of utilizing the natural
- apparatus redundancy of mul.tiprocessor computers~......... 317
7.2.1. Criteria of the effectiveness of utilizing
natural apparatus redundancy 317 "
7.2.2. Analyzing the potential effectiveness of
natural apparatus redundancy.........~........... 321
7.3. Optimizing the distribution of processors among
- programs 335
8. Information Security
8.1. Problems of information security 347
8.2. Program methods of information security,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 351
_ 8.2.1. Protected subsystems. The nucleus af security..... 351
8.2.2. Users of ASU 358
8.2.3. Protected objects of ASU 359
8.3. Passwords . 367
8.4. Information security programs 37g
8.5. Cryptographic methods of information security in.ASU....... 391
8.6. The effectiveness of information security 400
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Bibliography 403
Subject Index 411
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye Radio," 1978
- 6521 '
CSO: 1870
1
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~
MANAGING THE EFFICIENCY OF SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY
Kiev UPRAVLENIYE EFFEKTIVNOST'YU NAUCHNOY DEYATEL'NOSTI (Managing the
Efficiency of Scientific Activity) in Russian 1978 signed to press l.l May 78
pp 2-5, 239-240
/Annotation, foreword, list of abbreviations and table of contents from
book by Gennadiy Mikhaylovich Dobrov, Eduard Mikhaylovich Zadorozhnyy and
Taisiya Ivanovna Shchedrina, Naukova Dumka, 3,200 copies, 240 pages/
/Tsxt/ The monograph is devoted to problems of increasing the efficiency
of the activity of scientific r2search institutions and of improving plan-
ning practice. The results of investigations are contained in it and a
number of problems for improving future and current planning is formulated.
Progressive methods and procedures are suggested for justifying the topics
of scientific research and experimental-design elements and of analyzing the
efficiency of the results of scientific activity. Methods for improving the
quality and efficiency of scientific activity by well-founded forecasting
support of the strategy of science, improvement of the technical-economic
justification of research and development and reasoned analysis of the
efficiency of scientific investigations and analysis of the activity of
scientific institutions are considered.
The book is intended for specialists of planning-economic bodies of scien-
tific research organizations and also for scientific anci engineering-technical
personnel interested in the problems of planning the work of scientific re-
search institutions.
Foreword
Improving the efficiency of research and development and fulfillment of its
social mission by $oviet science at the current stage of de~elopment of
socialist society require transition from extensive methods of conducting
scientific affairs to intensive methods and of intensifying the effective-
ness of the unified state scientific and technical policy at all levels of
its formation and implementation. A methodical and information systems
revolution of the practice of managing the "research-development-adoption of
innovations" cycle becomes necessary. in this regard.
56
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Dtiring the past decade, Soviet scientific inanagers have formulated a
sF~ecific theoretical and methodical base which makes postulation of the
ot~tlined problem real. The richest experience of planned development of
Soviet acience and the worldwide experience of improving the organizational
forms of research may contribute to solution of it. An important prerequisite
for successfull development of the systems and systems eningeering trend in
scientific management are the acientific methods of investigating specific
operations during the past few years, combined under the name "Organization
and Management of Scientific Research and Experimental-Design Aevelopments"
(NIOKR). The analytical and calculating methods, the models and algorithms
for justifying solutions and methods of utilizing modern electronic data
processing equipment contained in them are passing an experimental check in
different fields of the practice of forecasting, planning and analysis of
the efficiency of scientific activity.
The theory and practice of socialist planning regard forecasting as a p're-
planning stage and auxiliary tool called upon to continuously orient the
planning process. This is the essence of an integrated approach to future
planning. With this approach, the results of forecasts create specific
boundaries for planning with the necessary quantitative analyses. The
function of planning is to select those problems from the list of fore-
casted problems which may and can be solved during the considered planned
period, based on its tasks and available resources.
~ Forecasting, future and current planning and also analysis of the efficiency
of scientific activity are the links of a unified chain. Problems of man-
aging the development of science and new technology cannot be solved by
relying only on one of these links a system of managing scientific and
technical progress must be created in which forecasting, future and current
planning and analysis of the efficiency of scientific activity are combined
into a unified whole.
The authors of the monograph have not set themselves the goal of considering
all the existing problems of managing the efficiency of scientific activity
and a11 the possible methods of enhancing it. Attention was concentrated -
only on those problems which, from their viewpoint, are especially impor-
tant and correspond most of all to their professional interests.
Results obtained during the past several years were used in the paper. They
reflect to a specific degree the need to manage the efficiency of scientific
activity. In this regard the contents of a number of sections are outlined
in the form of inethodical recommendations which may be employed in the prac-
tice of managing scientific activity.
An attempt was made in the book to institute a systems approach to consid-
eration of the problems of analyzing the efficiency of scientific activity.
The systems approach was provided in the very structure of the problems
touche~' upon and it is also typical for the proposed aggregate of steps-
probJ.ems of processes for creation and use of inethods of analyzing the
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efficiency of scientific activity. The systems approach is one toward
solution of some problems, for example, problems of formulation and order-
ing of evaluating features. A manifeatation of the systems approach may be
regarded as coordination of inethodical recommendations related to differenC
objects of analysis (investigations proposed for incluszon into the plan,
completed investigations and the resulta of the acti~ity of scientific col-
lectives during a specific time period).
We hope that the monograph will be useful to scientific and engineering-
technical personnel, to specialists of planning bodies and scientific-
organizing services of scientific institutions and will contribute to in-
creasing the quality and efficiency of future and current planning of NIOKR
- and also in managing the activity of scientific collectives. We express -
gratitude to V. N. Arkhangel'skiy and to A. I. Omel'chenko for useful advice
on improving the contents of this book.
List of Abbreviations
ASPR automated system for planning calculati~ns
ASAS automated situations analysis system
ASUNT automated science and technology management system
VINITI All-Union Institute of Scientific and Technical Information
VNITITsentr All-Union Scientific and Technical Information Center
GKNT State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers on
Science and Technology
INPROGS information-forecasting system
ISTOK information system for thematic orientation and complexing
KO coordinacing body
KTB complex creative brigade
NII scientific research institute
NIO scientific research organization
NIOKR scienti�ic research and experimental-design development
NIR scientific research development
NIU scientific research institution.
NPO scientific production association
NTP --�scientif.ic and technical forecasting .
OGAS ~tate-G~?i;le Autou}ated System
~P experimental production
OKR experimental-design work � � ~ ~
ONTI department of scientific and technical information
PKTO planning-design and production organizations
RFAP republic bank of algorithms and programs
SPU programmed evaluation and review
SEV Council for Mutual Economic A~sistance
TEO technical-economic justification
TsNIIPI Central Scientific Research Institute of Patent Information
TsOTI Center for Exchange of Current Information
TsSU Central Statistical Administration
' TsEMI ANSSSR Central Economic-Mathematical Institute of the
USSR Academy of Sciences
5~
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Table of Contents p8ge
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. The Complexity of Managing the Efficiency of
Scientific Activity.. ~
The strategy of scientific efficiency 7
The macromodel of scientific policy 26
Models of managing the activity of scientific research~institutes,
planning offices and experimental production 35
Chapter 2. The Forecasting Basis of the Topics of Scientific
Institutions .44
The mechanism of the generation of scientific and technical
problems . 44
'
Analyzing the state of inethodical and organizational support
of forecasting developments.. 55
Determining the need for scientific support........... 71
Analyzing the capabilities of research and developments........... 83
The systems concept of the goals and tasks of research and .
development 95
Chapter 3. Plannin~ Purposeful Scientific and Technical Complexes
of Work..... 105 ~
The content of program-goal planning�and.management.of
scientific activity 105
Compilation of scientific and technical programs..........� 118 ~
Improving the coordination of research and development........... 129
The technical-economic basis of planned investigations........... 146
Chapter 4. Analyzing the E�ficiency of Scientific Activity......... 156
The general principles and methods of analysis
156
Measurement, analysis and evaluation of the efficiency of
completed scientific investigations 168
The economic effects from the results of scientific activity..... 184
Analysis and evaluation of the efficiency of the scientific
and technical activity of scientific institutions 194
Conclusions 208
Appendix 1. Structure of the Indices and Characteristics
Reflected in Technical-Economic Justification in
the Questionnaire Form 210
Appendix 2. Questions Which Must be Recorded When Keeping a -
Record of the Intermediate Result of NIOKR 220
59
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. _ . ,
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Appendix 3. Measuring Qualitative Indices 221
Appendix 4. Specific Analysis Indicatora ..............................225
Appendix 5. Forms for Evaluating the Data and Activity of
Scientific Institutiona 230
Bibliography ...........................................................232
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova Dumka", 1978
6521
CSO: 1870
l-
60 ~
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CONTROL OF THE COMPUTING PROCESS IN COMPUTERS
Moscow UPRAVLENIYE VYCHISLITELtI~TYM PROTSESSOM V EVM (Control of the Comput-
ing Process in Computers) in Russian 1978 signed to press 24 Aug 78 pp 4~ 5,
6-8, 240
[Annotation, foreward, introduction, and table of contents from book by Oleg
Ivanovich Aven and Yakov Afroimovich Kogan, Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," 12,000
copies, ?.40 pp)
[Text) [Annotation] This work examines the theoretical and technical problems
that have arisen in the development of control mechanisms in modern electronic
computers. Control models and algorithms for allocating three basic computer
resources--central processing unit (CPU) time, internal (core) storage time,
and seconaary (external) storage time--are studied. The book is intended for
spec:Lzl.ists in computer,technol~ogy, applied probability theory, developers of
computer ;~oftware, and computer programmers. It is also useful to undergradu-
ate and gradu~te students in these specialties.
Foreword .
The problems of controlling the computing process, examined in th~is work, have
appeared in the implementation of multiprogramming and time-sharing.
The problem of eff icient use of computer capacities, built into the design of
a computer through control of the computing process, arose in the early stages
of their use. With the creation of the third generation of computers the prob-
lem became particularly critical. Problems in simultaneously allocating com-
puter resources among many programs were encountered in the designing of these
r_omputers and stimulated many studies, associated with various aspects of the
cheory of control of the computing process. The completeness of data, ob-
tained recently, makes an attempt to explain the ba$ic divisions of this theo-
ry from a common perspective worthwhile.
This work systematically organizes the findings on key problems in controlling
the allocation of basic computer resources. The complexity of even a simpli-
fied, analytical description of how a computer operates in general will not
enable one to investigate the algorithms for allocating various resources with-
in the �ramework of one general model. Queing models are applied in the analy-
sis of resource time utilization, while problems in storage allocation are
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formulated on the basis of various program behavior models, Specif ic features
_ of the control a'lgorithms being examined and the need to compute nontradition-
al criteria for them resulted in the creation of new branches in queuing theo-
ry, the theory ot stochastic automatic machines and digital optimization.
The book's material reflects the nonuniform state of research on these prob-
lems. Research connected with the coordinated allocation of several computer
resources is furthest from completion. However, it is here that one can ex-
pect the most interesting theoretical results in the years ahead,
Introduction
I'rom the point of view of control of the computing process, the electronic
computer is a combination of resources ~ahich are subject to allocation be-
tween programs, users, and processes. The control system for allocating com-
puter resources must regulate their use by programs when the time for program
entry and the number of resources using them are not known in advance and
fluctuate within a broad range. Such operating conditions and the presence
of a significant.number of controllable parameters make it possj.ble t~~ assign
the control systems under examination here to a special class of large sys-
tems--a task comparable in compleXity to investigating economic or organiza-
tional systems.
The principal difficulties, which one of necessity encounters in the develop-
ment of inechanisms for allocating computer resources, arise from two contra-
dictory requirements, to which the organization of the computing process must
respond, Eff icient use of a computer assumes that downtime of its resources
is minimized, requiring the creation of a non vanishing queue for each of
them. At the same time providing an assigned time to solve problems of a
definite category of users requires accelerated processing of their programs,
which superfluous queues prevent. Thus, the control system, first, must sup-
port non-vanishing queues to the computer resources; secondly, service queues
with as much carrying capacity as possible, and, finally, take into account
the time limits for completing a program. Let us look at the kinds of prob-
lems these demands create in the development of algorithms for allocating
basic computer resources--CPU time, internal (core) and external (secondary)
storage.
The CPU is the fastest part of the computer. For constant loading of the CPU,
the internal storage must carry a queue of programs, on-line for processing.
A new program from the secondary storage area must take the place of the pro-
gram, whose processing has finished. This is how the computing process in a
multiprogrammed computer is organized. However, the simpl.est algorithm for
allocating CPU time, in which programs are processed in the order of their
entry, is extremely unsatisfactory from the point of view of the majority of
users. With such a programming algorithm, a pragram, requiring a lot of time,
delays the completion of subsequent programs. It would be much fairer to al-
locate CPU time in such a way that its rapid operation would be evenly
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clividad betwcen ~11. progrnm4, on-line �or processing tn the :Internnl. nnd
secndary atorage areae. As long as at the moment of program entry into the
computer execution time is unknown, the realization of a fair allocation of
CPU time will result in quantum processing of the programs. The simplest
algorithm of the type, in which a program, having obtained a quantum of CPU
. time, is moved to the end of the existing queue, results in an excessive num=
ber of exchanges between internal and secondary storage, which lowers the
carrying capacity of the camputer. To reduce the frequency of these exchanges
it is advisable to lower the priority of programs after reception of.the next
quantum of time, and, if possible, augment each new quantum a program can re-
ceive. An investigation of the basic characteristics of this type of algo-
rithm for allocating CPU time makes up the contents of Chapter 1.
Basic p~oblems in allocatin,g internal storage space are connected with meet-
ing the following two requirements. In order to avoid CPU downtime, internal
. storage must hold a sufficient reserve of programs, awaiting processing. From
this flows the second requirement: for efficient storage use ir~ternal storage
must preserve only that part of each program which will be processed next.
The rule determining the part of a program to be kept in internal storage is
called a replacement algorithm. The theory of replacement algorithms is pre-
sented in Chapter 2. It turns out that even for sufficiently simple models
of program behavior an evaluation and ~omparison of the performance of various
replacement algorithms will lead to problems of enormous dimensions. A way
out has been found by creating nonparametric methods of analysis, which make
it possible to determine the limits of applicability of the algorithms under
- study.
Intensive use of secondary storage is one of the basic characteristics of
the organization of the computing process in modern computers. Under such
conditions the carrying capacity of the computer is, to a large degree, de-
termined by actual speed of sPCOndary storage, i.e., by the mean time to
process a single inquiry. Chapter 3 analyzes the rules of accommodating in-
yuiries to secondary storage, which increase the real high speed response of
the secondary storage because of a review of the entire queue and the rules
ror establishing the order of inquiry, which reduces the total passage time
of the read-write heads.
Optimization in the placement of data files in secondary storage also pur-
sues the goal of minimizing the total transit time and distance of the read-
write head in the case of magnetic disks, and in the case of magnetic tapes--
minimization of the frequency of changes. Effective methods of solving the
problems of combined programming that arise here are examined in Chapter 4.
To solve the problem of allocating computer resources, examined in the first
four chapters, mathematical models have been developed which distribute each
resource individually. The interrelation between other resources is included
in these models by the assignment of corresponding quality criteria or by
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the introduction of additional parameters. However, not all problems in
allocating computer resources can be formulated in this way. One of the
most important among them is the problem, already mentioned, of allocating
internal storage between several programs. The number cf programs, simul-
taneously kept in internal storage, is called the multiple programming level.
The models, examined in Chapter 5, reflect the compatability of allocating
three basic computer resources--CPU time, internal and secondary storage
capacities--and make it possible to establish the dependence of the CPU load
factor and time for executing a program on the multiple programming level.
~ In general, it should be stressed that this book deals with the methods of
investigating algorithms for allocating computer resources. The area of
application of these methods is hardly restricted to the scope~~f the models
examined here; many of them can be applied in solving problems of controlling
the computing process in multicomputer and multiprocessing computer complexes
and networ ks.
Contents ~age
~
Foreword 5
Intruduction 6
Chapter 1. CPU Time Allocation Control 9
1,1, Structure of time allocation algorithms.......... . g
1.2. One-level algorithms . 16
1.3. A cyclic algorithm in a transient service mode..�~��..~.~~~ 31
1.4. Multilevel algorithms,..................,.,.,,,.,~~~~~~~~~~ gg
1.5. Synthesis of the simplest multilevel algorithm 54
1.6. Algorithms, defined by a resource summation function....... 63
Chapter 2. Page Replacement Control in Two-Level Storage gg
2.1. Concept of the replacement algorithm 68
2.2. Class of multilevel replacement functions....... 71
2.3. Program behavior models and quality criteria 76
2.4. Examples of the adequacy of program behavior models........ 81
2.5. Optimum replacement algorithms 93
2.6. Clear terms for quality criteria 103
2.7. Asymptotic quality criteria for the replacement.algorithm.�
of the page, used longest ago 112
2.8. Nonparametric analysis of replacement algorithms.........�� 117
2.9. Optimization of program paging structure 131
Chapter 3. Control of Queuing for Magnetic Disk Storage 138
3.1. Rules of queuing for magnetic disk storage 138
3.2. Assessment of the effect of SGF,N rules in comparison with
the P'IFS (first in first served) rule 142
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3.3. A case where FIFS is:better than FSSF (fastest scan
served f.irst) 159
Chapter 4. Optimization of Data Arrangement in Secondary Storage 162
4.1. Problem of optimum arrangement of mass data in storage
units.. 162 ~
4.2. Priority�algorithms for optimizing the arrangement�of�mass
data 168
4.3. Optimization of the arrangement of single magnetic�disk...
recordings . 178
4.4. Optimum magnetic tape storage organization 190
Chapter S. Analysis of Multiprogramming 195
5.1. Simplest multiprogramming computer model 195
5.2. Model of a computer system with virtual memory, operating
in a time sharing mode 213
5.3. Control of the multiprogramming level 233
Bibliographic Commentary 231
Bibliography 234
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," 1978
8506
cso: is~o
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ELECTRONIC KEYBOARD CALCULATORS WITH PROGRAM CONTROL DESCRIBED
Moscow KLAVISHNYY~ VYCHISLITEL'NYYE MASHINY (KONSTfiUKTSIYA I TECHNICHESKOYE
OBSLUZHIVANIYE) [Keyboard Calculators (Design and Technical Servi.cing)] in
Russian 1978 signed to press 19 Sep 78 pp 2, 5-7, 454-456
[Annotation, Section 1 of Chapter 1, and t~ble of contents from book by
Aleksandr Gavrilovich Borbov, Vladimir Nikolayevich Dumov and Valeriy Ivan- _
ovich Kasterin, released by Main Administration of Educational Instruction
, of 44inistry of Railways, Izdatel'stvo Statistika, 20,000 copies,456 pages]
[Text] The textbook examines the bases of the construction, the principles
of operation and the technical and operational potential and questions
about technical servicing of inechanical and electronic calculators based
upor? discrete elements (Part I) and also of electronic billing machines
with and without digital information output on punehed tape (.Part II).
The textbook was written in accordance with the program af course, "Key-
boar�d Calculators," and is intended for students in tekhnikums for the No
~ 0643 specialty and also for practical VU [computer device] workers.
Part I. Calculators.
Chapter 1. General Information.
- Section 1.1. Classification of KVM's [keyboard calculat:,rs] and EKVM's
[electronic keyboard calculators].
GOST [State All-Union Standard] 16346-70, "Machines, KE,yboard, Calculating,
Mechanical," was disseminated for machines with manual and electrical
drive.
They are divided into five groups, according to operating purpose:
first group--adding machines;
second group--calculating machines without recording of numbers;
third group--calculating machines with recording of numbers;
' fourth group--bookkeeping machines; and
- fifth group --billing machines.
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The groups of machines are subdivided into the following types:
a) According to the design of the devices for numer:ical inpu~;:
machines with full keyboard (or multiple ke,yboards);
machines with ten-key numerical keyboard; and
lever machines;
b) According to the nature of the information introduced:
digi~al machines; and
textual (and alphanumer~c) machines; and
v) According to the degree of automation of control of the actuating mech-
anisms' operation:
automatic machines;
semiautomatic machines; and
nonautomatic machines.
i
In accordance with GOST 15816-70, "Machines, Calculating, Electronic Key-
board," these machines are divided into types, groups and classes. All
EKVrii's are made in two types. ~
The first type includes machines with~ut program control that are intended
for carrying out the four arithmetical actions and frequently encountered
operations: accumulation, operations with constants, computation of per-
cent;s and of percentage ratios and of elementary functions, and others.
The second type includes machines with program control that are intended
~or automatic execution of computations in accordance with instructions
and a prescribed program (figure 1.1).
~ Professional Nonprofessional
With program control Without program contro
With program With conditional
control commands transfer commands
With external ZU
[memory device] Simplest
Figure 1.1. EKVM [electronic calculating machine].
This textbook examines EKVM's only of the first type.
Each type of machine is divided into three groups. The groups are dis-
tinguished from one another by the number of registers that are used in
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the machines, by different digit capacity~ and by operational indices. As
the number of the group rises, the basic parameters of the machines rise.
I?KVM's oi' the first group of the first type have no more than three work-
i.ng registers and one memory register. 'The digit capacity oP such ma-
chines is 8-12. The machine executes at least four operations automati-
cally: the arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplicat;ion ~
and division. The average time for carrying out arithmetic operatior?s
does not exceed 0.5 second, and the rated input is 40 watts.
EKVM's of the second group have 1-4 memory registers and a digit capacity
of 12-16, and the number of operations carried out automatically is 6.
EKVM's of the third group have at least 5 memory registers, the digit ca-
pacity is 12-20, and the number of operations carried out automatically
reaches 8. These machines of the first type of the third group are called
the simplest and are the subject of study of this textbook. They include
the Iskra-11, Iskra-12, Elektronika-68 DD [coded decimalJ, Elka-22 and
Zoyemtron-220.
The simplest EKVM's are designed basically for carrying aut the four ~
arithmetic operations, as well as the accumulation of al~,ebraic sums of
the results of arithmetic operations, the extraction of square roots, and
work with constants. The digit capacity of the machines does not exceed
- 12. The simplest models are used for bookkeeping, ecunomic and other
noncomplex computations.
EKVP~I's without program control belong to the class of nonprofessional ma-
chiiies. These machines are intended for widespread use.
_ Electronic keyboard calculators with program eontrol belong to the class
of professional machines. They are intended for business and scientific
' calc;ulations. Professional machines are intended primarily for carrying
out complicated engineering and economic calculations.
Professional ~KVM's have up to 128 commands for program control and no
more than 16 memory registers, and, moreover, are additionally supplied
with commands for conditional transfer and can be unitized with external
memc~ry devices . In thi.s case the program control commands of such machines can
number 512,the memory registers 64. Professional machines with program
coni;rol can have up to 3 working registers and a digit capability not
exceeding 16. .
EKVA?'s for business calculations are included in the professional machine
category. In addition to the operations carried out by the simplest mod-
els, business EKVM's can operate with percents of numbers, and they have
accumulator and working memory registers. The information output of these
machines is produced on a digital display or a numerical printout.
For scientific purposes, EKVM's that have a greatly expanded potential for
carrying out operations are used. They are intended for solving scient~.fic,
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technical, info:rmation, research and control tasks. The digit capacity of
these mode~ls can exceed 20-22 places. EKVM's for scientific calculations
operate with powers and trigonometric functions, convert operands and
have program control and, sometimes, program language. 7.'hey are used in
scientific and technical sections, NII's [scientific-resc:arch institutes],
ICB's [design bureaus], institutes and VTs's [computation,; centers]. They
are unitized with external devices. They can operate aui:omatically or
according to a prescribed program and introduce programs and baseline data
with magnetic cards, and they have an output on a cathode-ray tube.
Despite all the diversity of the enumerated machines, all EKVM's have much
in common in the nature of their construction.
Contents page
Introduction 3
Part I. Calculators.
Chapter 1. General Information 5
1.1. Classification of KVM's [keyboard calculators]�arid EKVM's.�.
[electronic keyboard calculatorsJ 5
Chapter 2. Mechanical Keyboard Calculators 8
2.1. General information and computing elements on the SDB-107
and SDK-133 machines..... g
2.2. Schematic diagram of the operation�of�adding.machines....... 13
- 2.3. General information and computing elements on VMP-2 and
VMM-2 machines.. 18 .
2.4. Schematic diagram for.computer operatiori 22
Chapter 3. Computing Components and General Principles of the -
Construction of EKVM's 28
3,.1. Computing components for EKVM's 28
_ 3.2. Standard structural scheme for EKVM's 35
3.3. The component base of EKVM's 38
~hapter 4. Arithmetic and Logic Fundamentals of the Construction '
~ of EKVM's and EFM's [electronic billing machines]..... 51
4.1. Arithmetic fundamentals 51
4.2. Logic fundamentals 62
Chapter 5. Coniponents of the Arithmetic Unit of EKVM's and EFM's... 71
5.1. The "AN1)'~ circuit (conjunction) 72
5.2. The "OR" circuit (disjunction) 73
5.3. The inverter . 74
5.4. Di.fferentiating RC [resistance-capacitance] circuits........ ?6
5.5. Coupling circuits 79
5.6. Static triggers 81
5.7. Multivibrators 86
5.8. Monostable multivibrators 90
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5.9. Memory circuits 93
5.10. Schmitt triggers 94
5.11. Power amplifiers 98
5.12. Printout electromagnet amplifiers 103
5.13. Nll1,l,-signal amplifier 105
5.1~. Minus-sign indicator-tube amplifier 106
5.15. Amplifier of the digital cathodes of the indicator tube... 106
5.16. Amplifiers of the digital anodes of the indicator tubes
and of the comma sign 108
5.17. U~ified complex of Mir~10 modular performance components... 110
5.18. Realization of the logic-algebra functions in EKVM and EVM
circuits 110
Chapter 6. Power Sources 117
6.1. Principles of power,source operation 117
6.2. Power source of the Zoyemtron-382 and -383 EFM's............ 121
6.3. Power sources of the Zoyemtron-220, Iskra-12, Elka-22 and
Rasa EKVM's 130
Chapter 7. The Arithmetic Unit and the Control Unit 134
7.1. Basic principles and composition of. the unit 134
7.2. Registers 135
7.3. Counters 142
7.4. Summato.rs 150
7.5. The control uni~ 163
Chapter 8. The Information Input and Output Unit 168
8.1. The function and construction of the keyboard unit.......... 168
8.2.. Components of input devices 169
8.3. Encoders 169
8.4. Block;,diagram of ~:he input unit 172
8.5. Specifications of the keyboard unit 173
8.6. Components of information output units 173
8.7. Decoders 175
8.8. Operation of the indicator unit 177
Chapter 9. Memory Devices 181
9.1. ZU's [memory devices] based on magnetostrictive delay lines. 182
9.2. ZU's based on ferrite cores 188
Chapter 10. Logic Fundamentals for Executing Arithmetic Operations. 209
10.1. Execution of operations on Zoyemtron-220 EKVM's............ 209
10.2. Execution of operations on Iskra-12 EKVM's 215
10.3. Principles of microprogram control in the Elektronika-DD
[coded decimal] EKVM 226
10.4. Elka-22 EKVM programs 227
Part II. Billing Machines.
Chapter 1. General Information 228
1.1. Characteristics of technical operation 228
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1.2. Application and function 230
1.3. Bloclt diagram of the machine 232
1.4. Principle of synchronizing operation of the computation unit 235
1.5. Monitoring of the posi~:ions and the registers 239 '
Chapter 2. Uni.t for Input and Manual Control 246
2.1. Keys for switching on the machine and the indicators........ 247
2.2. Keyboard for input and deletion of digital information...... 248
2.3. Keyboard for automatic search of a�graph 250
2.4. Keysfor tabulation and earriage return 251
2.5. Functional keys for engaging a program 252
2.6. Engagement and disengagement of the machine 254
2.7. Digital information input 257
2.8. Minus sign input 265
2.9. Deletion of UE register information 268
Chapter 3. Unit for Information Output on a Printout 269
3.1. Drive meehanism 269
3.2. Carriage 271
3.3. Printing mechanism 278
3.4. Color-ribbon shifting mechanism 282
3.5. Mechanism for raising and switching the color ribbon........ 284
3.6. Spacing mechanism 286
3.7. Single-space carriage-return mechanism 289
3.8. Register sw:itching mechanism 289
3.9. Printout iine-switching meehanism 293
3.10. Carriage-return mechanism 294 .
3.11. Carriage return with printout-line switching 297
3.12. Tabulating mechanism 299
Chapter 4. Program Control Unit 304
4.1. Operating principle of program-control unit 304
4.2. Engagement of program control 308
4.3. Engagement of automatic start-stop carriage -shift regime.... 315
4.4. Transcription of information from the input register........ 318
4.5. llisengagement of program control 323
4.6. Preliminary engagement of program control 324
Chapter 5. Information Printout 326
5.1. Forming of the information output command 327
5.2. Preparation for output of the highest order of a number..... 328
5.3. Printing the digit of the highest order of a number......... 333
5.4. Printing speed monitoring 334
5.5. Arithmetic operations and transcription of register
information 337
5.6. Preparation for output of the next digit of a number........ 338
5.7. Printout of the minus sign and the symbols �/oo,
and 339
5.8. Printout of the comma and the period 341
5.9. Printout speed for digital information, signs and symbols... 348
5.10. Printout stop 351
~i
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.
5.11. Deletion of MR [memory register] information during
printout 351
5.12. Overflow of programed output capacity 352
Chapter 6. Arithmetic Operations and Transcription of Register
Information 355
~ 6.1. Transcription of register information 355
6.2. Algebraic addition 369
6.3. Multiplication 381
Chapter 7. Punched-Tape Information Output Unit 399
7.1. Perforator drive mechanism and main shaft 401
- 7.2. Tape-handling mechanism 404
7.3. Punching mechanism 407
?.4. Punched-tape return mechanism 408
7.5. Tape rewinding mechanism 409
Chapter 8. Output of Digital Information, Signs and Symbols on
Punched Tape 411
8.1. Engagement of the perforator's electric motor 412
8.2. Control of processing of the heading and the calculating
part of a document 414
8.3. Engagement of the punching readiness 416
8.4. Punching of digital information, signs and symbols.......... 418
8.5. Disengagement of punching readiness 421
8.6. Punching of the carriage-tabulation code TAB 423
8.7. Punching of the carriage return code WR 425
8.8. Punching of IR [i.nformation retrieval] error codes, start of'
RA computations and final result at step PK20 427
8.9. Punching of punched-tape feed holes and correction code C... 429
8.10. Disengagement of punching in the program and in the graph
of comma, period and minus signs and of symbols �/oo ,
< > and * 430
8.11. Disengagement of punching of the WR carriage-return code... 432
8.12. Engagement and disengagement of single-line punching....... 434
8.13. Monitoring of a break and end of the punched tape.......... 435
8.14. Interlocking of the machine in case of disengagement of the
puncher's electric motor 436
Chapter 9. Fundamentals of Programing and Technical Servicing of
the Machine 438
9.1. Fundamentals of programing 438
9.2. Technical servicing of EKVM's and EFD4's 445
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Statistika", 1978
11409
CSO: 1870
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INTEGRATTON OF PRODUCTION PLANNTNG
Moscow INTEGRATSIYA PROIZVODSTVENNOGO PLANTROVANTYA in Russian signed to
- press 10 May 78 pp 3-4,~229-230, 231
[Excerpts from the book "Tntegratsiya proizvodstvennogo planirovaniya" by
R. S. Sedegov, N. M. Orlova and Yu. T. Sidorov, Moscow, Statistika, 1978,
12,000 copies, 231 pp]
[Excerpts] Introduction
The improvement of the system for the management of the national economy
involves an extremely large complex of problems: the scientific substant- .
iation of planning, improvement of the structure and organization of
management systems, improvement of the system of material incentives,
improvement of data collection and transfer systems, improvement of
electronic data processing systems, etc. Nor are these problems of
equal importance with regard to the realization of the main goal: the
improvement of the entire system of management of the national economy.
The main problem is to increase the scientific substantiation of the planning
of economic development (the reference is to planning in the broad sense
c~ the term which embraces the entire system of production and distribution
of material goods and which defines the activity of each national economic
llnk and ranges all the way from the workplace to branches and interbranch
relations). The resolution of these problems is a matter of no little
importance to enterprises and enterprise subdivisions that are the actual
p�roducers of material goods.
"he development of integrated data processing systems [integrirovannyye
~istemy obrabotki dannykh - ISOD] as a part of automated management systems
(ASU) is one of the principal ways to using the systems approach to the
improvement of management and especially to planning. ~
In the process of integrating production planning, it is essential to
consider and use the economic laws that operate under a developed socialist
society. TSOD must be based on patterns inherent in the science of manage-
ment in general.
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The development of integrated production planning systems is not an erid
in itself. The expedienc.y of their development is determined by the
general tasks of improvement of the planning of the national economy at �
all levels of management and especially by the task of increasing the
~ de~ree o.f scientific substantiation of plans and the tasks of enh~ncin~
the lev~l of organization and efficiency of planning.
We can enumerate specific aspects of the overall problem of increasing
the degree of scientific substantiation of planning in the present stage
of economic development. Chief among them are: the enhancement of the
program-goal character of planning, an integrated approach to planning,
the optimization of planning, the establishment of long-range norms,
and securing the proportionality of plan indicators.
The 25th CPSU Congress observed that the improvement of the system of
, economic management is one of the key issues in the party's economic policy.
The implementation of our plans depends on the efficiency and effectiveness
of management and the degree of promptness and completeness with which
the available reserves are drawn into economic circulation.
The integrated system of production planning determines the results of
economic activity that must be attained by the enterprise and also
the permissible volume of resources and expenditures that may be used in
the attainment of these results. In this way we determine the objective
function and constraints that must apply to the production of basic products -
over a certain period of time. Operational management here ensures the
fulfillment of given targets with regard to available resources and the
task of rationalizing their use. In other words, the effectiveness of
operational management is evaluated on the basis ;~f the economic result
attained for each period.
The concretization of targets in the national economic plan, the refinement
of the composition and volume of production, and the substantiation of
the requirement for labor and material resources are based on established
indicators.
The mission of integrated production planning is to encompass the development
of long-range, five-year and operational plans of enterprises and all its
subdivisions, to optimize these plans, to determine indicators for the
production and sale of products, to ensure the normative and planned levels
of production costs. .
The Program of the CPSU notes that the growing scale of the national economy
and the rapid development of science and technology require a higher
scientific level of planning, project-planning, acco~:nting, and statistics.
The increased scientific-technical and economic substantiation of plans
gives them greater stability which at the same time presupposes the timely
correction and updating plans in the process of their fulfillment. The
Program emphasizes that planning must be continuous and must be closely
combined with all types of plans long-range or current.
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In the present work, the authors attempt to show the basic parts of the
integrated system of production planning, the experience of creating and
using these systems and their influence on the improvement of the enterprise
management system.
[Annotation]
The book examines questions relating to the development of an integrated
production planning system at industrial enterprises. The authors propose
ways of creating the informational base of ISOD and principles underlying
the construction of models of the enterprise economic information system.
The book devotes considerable space to analyzing the experience of foreign
countries in the utilization of integrated production planning systems.
The book is intended for developers of automated control systems, for
information and computer center personnel, for personnel of economic planning
and production services of industrial enterprises, and may also be useful to
students attending economic VUZ's.
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Chapter I. Rationalization of Production Planning Under Conditions of
ISOD 5
Chapter II. Optimization of Long-Range and Current Production Planning.. 11
1. Principles in the Optimization of the Pro~iuction Program....... 11
2. Construction of a Mathematical Economic Model of the
Optimization Problem 20
3. Calculation of an Optimal Production Program and Its
Effectiveness 33
Chapter ITI. Operational-Calendar Planning 45
1. Models of Operational Planning and Monitoring 45
2. Tntegration of Calculations on Planning and Monitoring
Production... 70
Chapter IV. Forming the Planned Level of Construction Costs 77
1.~ Normative Calculations 79
2. Calculative of Normative Prime Cost.... 91
3. Calculation of Planned Prime Cost 96
Chapter V. Integration of the Enterprise's Economic znformation System.. 113
Chapter VI. ISOD Information Base 128
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1. Computeri,zed O~gani zat~on af ~~ormat~.on ~.n Znteg~ated pata
Proces.si.ng Systems... 128
2. Basic Principles in the Construct3on of the ~SflD ~~o~+mation
Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , . . 143
Chapter VII. Directions and Pex+spectives ~n the Development of ~nteg~+ated
Data Processing Sy~tem~ Based on Third Genex~ati,on Computers, 159.
1. Features. in the Development of TSOD. . . . . . , . . . . . 158
2. Economic Organizational Suppoxt and Functional Structure of
ISOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
3 . ISOD Hardware and So~ttaare. . , . ~ . . , . , . ~ ti . . . . < < 177
Chapter VIII. The Experience o~ Fox~ei,gn Countries in Developing and
Using Integrated Producti.on ~'lanning Sy~tems. . . , . . , , ~ . 18 3
l. An Integrated Production Planning System 184
2. An Integrated Data Processing System in the Realm of Electric
Power Supply 195
3. The Electronic Data Processing System at Renault Plants........ 203
4. Systems Design and Troubleshooting 210
5. Training Specialists in Integrated Data Processing Systems..... 222
Bibliography 228
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Statistika", 1978
5013
CSO: 1870 ~
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MODEL OF AUTOMATED INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Moscow MODEL' ASU PROMYSHLENNYM PREDPRIYATIYEM (Model of Automated Industrial
Enterprise Management System) in Russian 1978 pp 3-5, 102-104
[Editorial comments by V. Yu. Bunakov, director of the Soviet-Bulgarian Sci-
entif ic Research and Planning Institute Interprpgramm, introduction and ex-
cerpts from the book by V. A. Kureyev, L. N. Kuranova, Ye. A. Perfil'yeva,
- G. D. Rakhmanin and V. F. Stafeyeva, Moscow "Statistika," 1978, 126 pages]
[Text] Modeling as one of the steps of investigation and design has found
application in the most diverse f ields of science and technology. Modeling-
mathematical, simulation, laboratory, half-scale and so on--has become espe-
cially widely distributed in the f ield of systems design, specifically in
design of technical systems.
The model described in the given book is related to the si.mplest type of
modeling--laboratory, but it is the first complete model of digital type.in
the field of automated management systems (ASU) for industrial enterprises.
The idea of the need to use modeling occurred to the authors of this paper with
regard to the fact that modern high-capacity software--applied program packets
(PPP) which include complex and efficient methods of solving various manage-
ment problems of industrial enterprises--have been made available to develop-
ers of ASU. The ASU developer, utilizing this software, should have a good
knowledge of the specific economics of the enterprise, know how to conduct
economic analysis of the production system, to correctly apply mathematical
methods contained in the PPP and also methods and means of constructing data
processing systems and to have the skills to design ASU based on third-genera-
tion computers. It is natural that the aggregate of the qualities indicated
above is far from inherent to everyone. Moreover, the ideology of management
of an enterprise contained in the PPP system is not described in explicit ~
form in the documentation to the packets themselves. The presence of al-
, ternative solutions in the packets makes the process of ASU design even more
difficult. Therefore, the initial problem postulated by the authors was to
create an ASU prototype on the basis of PPP. This determined the approach to
development of the model itself--selection of some arbitrary enterprise and
development for it of an automated management system using PPP. The limited
quantitative indicators of the enterprise should provide good visibility of
the produced model and the quite real nature of production, technology and
organization of production should provide adequate representation of the
result . -
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It became clear to the authors even at the beginning of the book that the
application of the model is not limited by use of it for demonstration pur-
poses. The model is a convenient tool for organization of training both
developers of ASU and o� enterprise personnel. Moreover, business games can
be developed on its basis for activation of the teaching process. The
process itself of developing the model is a part of ASU design (the unique
feature by which the development of the model is distinguished from design
of a real ASU is the fact that conversion from a real system of management
at the enterprise to the system being designed is not taken into account in it).
Consequently, the technology of ASU development is worked out to a significant
degree in development o� the model. With regard to the fact that the model
is the final programming system, it may serve to join additional programs or
new packets with the program system of the ASU constructed on the basis of
standard PPP.
However, the most important application of the model was determined after
completion of development described in the given book. Since the arbitrary
enterprise that was the basis for the model has features inherent to a rather
wide range of real enterprises, direct introduction of the system realized in
the model at real enterprises of this type was possible. 3'he volume of re-
visions of model programs was extremely insignificant in the given case and
reduces essentially to regeneration of the basic programs by using standard
means of adjustment contained in PPP and also to reprogramming of some blocks
which process input documents and which issue tabulogram~. With the presence
of a collective of "producers" at the enterprise who know their own enterprise
well and of specialists having programming experience on YeS EVM [Unified
computer system] (with total number of nat more than 6-10 persons), the
enterprise itself can successfully introduce the ASU based on the model by
using its developers (purely consultative). If some significant character-
istic not taken into account in the ASU modeZ is found at the real enterprise,
it is included into the information base of the arbitrary enterprise and the
model is adjusted. This process is called "loss of complex situations" by
the authors of the given book.
Z'hus, the ASU model is an effective multipurpose means which also determines
the significance of the proposed book. The book should undoubtedly be of
interest to enterprise managers who come into contact in one way or another
with automation of enterprise management. It may also be useful to a wide
range of professionals working in the field of data processing.
Introduction
The ASU model described in this book can most simply be defined as the ASU
for a hypothetical enterprise having the most important characteristics of
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some class o~ enterprises. Let us turn our attention to the following to
~ imagine how ~he ASU may operate at the hypothetical entezprise. The program--
ming complex in any ASU is related to its information model, represented in
the form of an information base on machine carriers, rather than to material
production itself. The ASU contains service programs of the information base,
the task of which consists in maintaining agreement between it and the plant.
Consequently, it is sufficient to develop an information model which reflects
the characteristics of a specific plant or class ot plants for operation of
the programming of the complex of the ASU. Operation of the ASU model is
also based on this. Instead of real production information, user data are
fed to the input of the information base service programs and the programming
complex then operates with them and with data of the real plant: it gener- ~
ates solutions, fo~-mulates reports, controls data and so on. During the
course of operation, the user may introduce new data which reflect the results
of completion of solution and the course of production. In this case the
model will continue to operate on the basis of the previous and new information.
The main components of the model are the information base, functionaZ structure
- (process of system operation and methods of problem-solving) and the program-
ming complex. These components wi11 be considered in detail in the correspond-
ing chapters of the book (from Chapter 3 through Chapter 6). The hardware
complex of the system is illuminated here only in the part of requirements
on computer configuration.
The main prerequisite for development of the ASU model was the new problem-
oriented sof.~~ware of YeS EVM applied program packets "Information system
for enterpr~se management" (ISUP). The applied program packets are generally
adjusted program complexes capable of realizing a set of algorithms on the
computer for solving a specific class of problems (mathematical, economic,
information and so on), while the ISUP is a system of applied program packets
capable of realizing the main production control algorithms and of providing
_ the management of the enterprise with information for management. The PPP
ISUP are considered in detail in [1-5), but since the principles and algo-
ri.thms of the ISUP are the foundation of the ASU and since they are still
not sufficiently known to a wide range of readers, they will be briefly out-
lined in Chapters 1 and 2 of the given book.
Hardware of the ASU model. Minimum configuration of the YeS EVM is required
for startup and operation of the model:
internal storage device with capaci ty of 64 K;
three YeS-5056 (5052) direct-access devices;
YeS-6012 punchcard input device;
. YeS-7030 (7032, 7033) printout device;
two YeS-5010 (YeS-5012 and IZOT) magnetic tape storage devices.
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Of the three direct access devices, one is designed for the model resident
which includes the DOS YeS [Disk operating system of unified system) and the
generated program complex of the model; one is designed for seven files of
the information base and tasks of the demonstration versions of the model
and one is designed for the working files of the PPP and for the systems
_ working files of the DOS YeS.
- ~vo magnetic tape storage devices are required only for the demonstration
mode of operation of the model these are the working magnetic tapes.
~ operation of peripherals is not provided here in the standard ASU model.
Preliminary information can be prepared on any punchcard data preparation _
devices.
Information is derived in the ASU model in real time in the form of tabulo-
grams. ~
Conversion of the model to the DOS YeS 2.1 version and also use of the SIOD2
packet for the ISUP and the use of peripherals comprise the subject of further
e~perimental investigations and methodical developments based on the ASU model.
[337-6521]
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Statistika", 1978
6521
CSO: 1863
~
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MORE AND BET'Z'ER PERIPHERALS OiJTWEIGH NEED FOR MORE COMPUTERS
Novosibirsk EKONOMIKA I ORGANIZATSIYA PROMYSHT,ENNOGO PROIZVODSTVA in Russia.n
No 5, 1g79 '
[Review by Yegor Belyayev of the book "Super-EVM" by A. P. Kochur, Moscow,
1978, 64 pages]
[Text] The classification of today's computers and their characteristics,
main problems and trends in improving computers (based on foreign experi~nce)
can be profitably read about in the booklet under review, even by specialists.
A. P. Kochur--the author of inventions in superconductive cryo-computers--
knows what he is writing about: his information is not second-hand.
Superlarge computers with operatingspeeds of tens and hundreds of millions
of operations a second "today stagger the imagination even of people who
work with computers" (page 36). But without beccming amazed by the many
still-future technical miracles described in the booklet, you begin to re-
flect on how the supercomputer will perform, how much and in comparison with
what they wi.ll~ be effective.
Operatin~ speed is not the main indicator of computer effectiveness and by
~tself is not an indicator of effectiveness. Without a doubt, increasing
computer operating speed is extremely useful for numbers of tasks and some-
times simply just a necessit,y. But this indicator can never be viewed as
, suitable for a11 cases in li~'e. Nor can we move on to far-ranging general- r
izations. For example, a generalization such as the following: "Total com-
puter productivity, or the computer capability of the country, is a most
importa.nt indicator of the technical-economic'level of a country's growth,
and indicator of its "intellectual might" (page 4).
~,~hy does this appear invalid? The point is not even that for some number
of operations within the computer obligatory input/output operations have
to be completed, and that we must think about what to input and what to have
outputted. Increasing the oper�a~ing speed will stimulate intellectual acti-
vity, but more likely the ability to compare costs and results, to take
� account of public tax money, will be a real~indicator of "intellectual might."
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' The vast ma~ority of control computers in industry were until recently
~ equ:ipped with 1932 model German teletype units. The output speed is six
cha:racters a second. For one symbol to be typed with this teletype requires
an average of fmur commarids. The maximum operating speed that is required -
from the computer when outputting information with a single teletype is 24
operations a second. Le~ us assume the,t we actually have a computer with a
capability of 2~+0,000 operations a second. Then in the time it takes for
the letter bar to travel to the paper and back (1/6 second), the computer
is able to execute 40,000 operations. Now to the solution of the problem:
how to use the remaining (40,000 less operations--there are two ways of
looking at this. TYie first is equipment-oriented--build an intermediate,
buffer storage ~or the teletype. Entries can be made in this storage and
outputting can be done slowly. 'I'he second way--program-oriented--is deve-
loping a special complex of programs, called the operating system, that
would ensure not only a symbol-by-symbo' output at the r~.te of 6 charac- -
ters per second, but also the carrying out of other independent operations
at the same time. The operating system has~a lot of things to keep track
of. It must, in particular, regularly check wfiether the letter bar sent
to the paper many thousands of operations ago has returnE~d to i.ts normal
position. _
And converting "ma.ny thousands" to "mar~y million~" requires that we think
about parallel increase in the technical level of the peripherals: m~.ke
them operate faster and make human and computer access to the peripherals
easier. The unpromising situation with respect to peripherals indicates
that a sharp rise in their number and quality is a challenge that, in any
- case, is no less urgent than increasin~ the operating speed.
Page 60 of the booklet we are reading makes reference to a book by A. Apokin
and L. Maystrov, "Razvitiye vychislitel'r~ykh ma,shin" [Advances in Computers),
in which we find a table that shows that in 1970 the cost of central pro- ,
cessinE units in U.S. computers amount to 70 percent, and peripher~,ls--
30 percent. In 10 years the figures switched places. In 1960 40 percent
of computer costs were represented by programs and 60 percent--by the com-
puters proper; in 1972 these figures also changed places.
So improving the operation of the processing unit, in particular, increas-
ing the operating speed, permits raising the effec~tiveness of only 12 per-
cent of all outlays (30 percent--the cost of central processing ~:nits--is
multiplied by 40 percent--the cost of computers apart from programs). Can
this 12 percent really by the most important part of the outlays? On becom-
ing familiar with the literature on computers, it is hard to fi.nd any econ-
omic considerations for this position.
Perhaps, A. P. Kochur, is not familiar with the figures from the book we have
cited? No. He knows of even more recen~t statistics. On page 36 he writes:
- "`I'he use, for example, of 50 percent of computer capabilities, permits low-
ering the costs in programming by a factor of four." What then is viewed as
primary, and what as secondary? The author would hardly admit t~-at in~reasing
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operating speed is an auxiliary trend in lowering costs for programming.
Then we would have to compare this t~end with others that today can
� turn out to be more effective. For example, boosting programmer qualifi-
cations.
Advances in computers ~re.now determined by fulfilling the~ planning indica-
tor "computer production by units." Practically deprived of peripherals
and software, orphaned central processing units move o.ut of the gates of
computer manufacturing plants. Originating under the beautiful name of
first or base sets, in their hordes they bring joy to some and sadden
others. We can take one more step and establish a new control figure--
the total operating speed of all installed computers. Al1 the more so, in
that not only A. P. Kochur is certain that a total productivity of the
entire stock of the country's computers is essential to handling "mass
tasks" (page 18).
What is sweeter: thousand s of units of computer.s or billions of their oper-
ations a second?--this is the question. As a start it w~ould be good to
analyze in the future the effect of boosting the operating speed. It is
never simple to dash from one beautiful indicator to another. Computer
users, on experimenting ~o see what "increasing the available computer
stock" means in practice, are awaiting with a form of impatience quite
their own the planning calculations about "increasing the total computer
capability." This sa.me emotion is what motivated this response.
[Portions of the book : reviewed in this article have been translated
and appear in TUST~PST, DTo 22, 10 May 78, JPRS L/7761+, which is FOUO).
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Ekonomika i organizatsiya prom~yshlennogo
proizvodstva", 1979
10123
c5o: 1863
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DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY DISCUSSED IN NEW BOOK
Kiev AVTOMATIKA in Russian No 3, 1979 pp 90-92
[Review by B. B. Timofeyev of the book "Spravochnik Po EVM i Analogovym
Ustroystvam" by V. I. Grubov and V. S. Kirdan, 2nd edition, revised and
supplemented, edited by G. Ye. Pukhov, Kiev, Naukova dumka, 1977, 464 pages]
[Text] The reviewed reference manual is the second revised and supplemented
edition of the boo~c by the same authors "Computers and Modeling Devices,''
published by Plaukova dumka in 1969.
Taking into account that the development of computer technology has undergone
great changes since publication of the first edition (appearance of third-
generation digital and analog computers, minicomputers, development of fourth-
generation computers and so on), the authors attempted to make the appropri- ~
ate corrections in the second edition, supplementing it with descriptions of
new computer equipment and classes of machines. At the same time descrip-
tions of many tube, electromechanical and other computers and analog machines,
which are of historical interest, were excluded:
It should be noted that the greatest changes in the references manual were
the chapters related to digital computer technology and to a lesser extent
to analog computers, which corresponds totally to the developed real situa-
tion.
The problem of describing no,t only series produced computers (which it is -
- very difficult to do in total volume, since their nomenclature is renewed
almost every year), but also those computers~and devices which were produced
previously and have been operated until now at computer centers, at enter-
prises, at scientific research institutes and VU7.'s, was postulated in the
reference manual. The latter is of interest especially for instructors and
' students of VUZ's and technical schools, since it permits one to follow the
development of the circuitry and design solutions of computers and transcend
the development, permi!cs one to compare different computers according to
specif icat'ions and so on during study of the corresponding courses.
The approach to development of c~mputers has undergone significant changes
recently: instead of independent development of apparatus and some types
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of software, a system consisting of an aggregate of apparatus and programming
devices has begun to be developed. The modern software system with which
produced d~igital computers are usually equipped and on which the capabilities
of their practical use depend to a signif icant degree, was established for
today. Taking this into account, the authors were quite justified in adding
to the characteristics of the described digital computers such an i.mportant
characteristic for.modern machines as software.
The inclusion of two new chapters--"Electronic Keyboard Computers" and "Cen-
tralized Control Machines"--sHould also be regarded as wholly justif ied.
Keyboard computers based on integrated microcircuits have recently attained
very widespread distribution in different spheres of human activity due to
the simplicity of use, small overall dimensions, high dependability and so
on.
�
Different centralized control machines acquire no less important signif i-
cance in development of ASUTP [Automated management system for technological
processes] and ASUP [Automated production management systemJ. This group of
machines has recently been supplemented by a large number of machines and
devices used to record digital information in development of ASUTP.
The reference manual consists of two parts and the seven chapters contained
in them. Each part and chapter is preceded by brief general propositions
which characterize the main features of the computers and devices described
in them. In this case the authors quite correctly do not go into the details
of the construction of one or another classes of computers and devices, men-
tally referring the reader to the special literature of academic and theoreti-
cal nature.
The first part of the reference manual is devoted to digital computers and
the second is devoted to analog and analog-digital computers and devices.
General-purpose digital computers are described in Chapter 1. Thus, Ryad-1
models are described in detai]. among YeS EVM [Unified computer system] and
the brief characteristics of Ryad-2 models are also presented. Detailed
description of Ryad-1 models is preceded by a block diagram of YeS EVM hard-
ware, the minimum composition of YeS EVM inodels and the composition af YeS
EVM hardware.
The specifications of individual models are well supplemented by layouts of
*_he arrangement of the machines in the machine room and also in some cases
by photographs of the overall views of the machines. The approximate costs
of the machines are presented.
General-purpose universal digital machines such as the BESM-6, Vesna, MIR-3,
NAIRI-4 and also some other machines of earlier manufacture are described
~ in this same chapter.
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Digital control computers are described in Chapter 2. The modular system of
computer technology (ASVT) is separated into an independent section and M-40,
M-60, M-400, M-1000, M-2000, M-3000, M-4000, M-4030, M-5000, M-5010, M-6000,
M-6010 and M-7000 complexes are described. The description of the M-6000
model contains data on 24 standard complexes.
Data on digital control machines and general-purpose systems (for example,
the Dnepr, KTS LIUS [Hardware complex for local information and management
systems], Raduga, K-50, Elektronika--K-2000, Elektronika TZ-16 and a number
of others) are also presented in the chapter.
Specialized digital computers used in ditc?rent sectors of the national
economy, in transport, in the academic pr~cess and so on (for example, AISI-3, _
Baykal, Kashtank, Kyyiv-70, Kolkhida-2, Sever-2 and so on) are described in
Chapter 3.
Chapter 4 is devoted to a description of keyboard compute.rs (EK~1M): numerous
EKVI~I models of types Iskra and Elektronika and also a number of well-recom-
mended machines of types Kontakt,'Ros', EDVM and so on.
Data on such well-recommended centralized control machines (MTsK) in industry
as AMUR, Zenit, IV-500, KREM-3M, MARS and ELRU are presented in Cha.pter 5. ~
Data are presented on digital data recording machines, used extensively in
development of ASUP at enterprises with digital production (Donets-l, Signal,
URI and so on).
The descriptions of the machines are illustrated by the appropriate block-
diagrams. Data are presented on multichannel pulsed regulators of type MIR.
Chapter 6 contains data both on well-known general-purpose analog computers
of type Analog, MN, MPT, EI, ELI and EMiJ and on_such analog and analog-digi-
ta1 computer complexes that have appeared comparatively recently as AVK,
ATsEMS, GVS, MGVS and so on.
These complexes are used extensively for modeling complex problems with in- -
creased accuracy and are constructed by the combination principle in a uni-
_ fied system of analog and digital forms of display of machine variables to
combine the best properties of analog and digital computers.
A number of unique general-purpose analog computers (network electric inte-
grators KGU and USM, the Elektron analog computer and so on), wtiich played
an important role in their time in solving important national-economic prob-
lems.
I'inally, data are presented in Chapter 7 on different specialized analog com~
puters and devices (apparatus for automatic optimization of analog computer
solution of boundary-value and variation problems, specialized control
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machines, analog computers for solving network planning and management prob-
lems, machines for calculating statistical characteristics, energy, thrust
and technological calculations and a number of others.
The bibliography very completely encompasses the reference sources pub-
lished in our country in the field of computers and analog devices.
Thus, practically 311 classes of computers and analog devices are described
in the reference manual and a large number of computer types produced by
domestic industry and operated at computer centers and in organizations of
the country is presented. In this sense the reference manual may be regarded ~
as unique in domestic publishing practice.
~ However, the reference manual is not devoid of a number of deficiencies:
there is lack of coordination in the figure captions (."~strukturnaya sl~hema"
in some cases and "blok-skhema in other similar cases); technical descrip-
tioiis of the computers are nonuniform in volume in some cases (for example,
the descriptions of YeS-1060, NAIRI-4 and MGVS computers contain very sparse
data); not all the latest computers and devices are supplied with illustrated
material (for example, the YeS-1033, YeS-1060, NAIRI-4, Signal, GVS-100,
MGVS, Saturn, KMM-12 and others); the prices are not indicated for all the
computers and devices; some recent developments in the field of computer
technology are absent (SM EVM [International System of Small Computers])
SM 1-4) and others); and there is no subject in3ex, which makes the use of
the reference manual somewhat difficult.
However, taking into account that the authors have for the f irst time in
domestic practice taken on themselves the job of creating a reference manual
in essentially all trends of computer technology and have placed a very sig- ~
nificant number of types of computers and devices in it in.a comparatively -
limited space, the indicated def iciencies cannot interfere with extensive
use of the reference manual in the practical activity of scientific workers
dnd engineers in the field of computer technology.
Republication'of the indicated reference manual is a timely and useful matter
and wi11 be of significant assistance to all persons who utilize computer
technology in their activity.
Taking into account the fact that computer technology is developing at tempos
which exceed several times the otlier branches of techn~logy and also the
ever broader introduction of computers into various s~heres of human activity,
the reviewed reference manual must be systematically improved and republished
every 4-5 years.
[240-6521] `
COPYRIGHT: "Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka," "Avtomati~.a," 1979
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