JPRS ID: 8670 USSR REPORT GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY AND SPACE

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~~Q~~ ~ ~S~ R~~PRQ~~DMY :~~0 S~ACE

i~ SEFTE~i~~~ 49~79 ~ FOU~ ~~~9 ~ ~ ~
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,JPRS L/8670 ~
19 September 1979
U SS R Re ~ art
~
GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY AND SPACE
~ (FOUO 4/~79)~
~ FBIS FORFIGN BROADCAST INFOF~MATION SERVICE
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~ ~
JPRS L/8670
19 5eptember 1979 ,
USSR REPORT ~
GEOPHYSICS, ASTftONOMY AND SPACE
(FOUO 4/79) ~
Th is serial publication contains articles, abstracts of arti.cles and news
items from USSR scientific and technical journaLs on the specific subj~cts
-eflected in the table of contents.
Photoc~uplications of foreign-language sources may be obtained from the
Pho*_oduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. 20540.
Requests should provide adequate identification both as to the sour~e and
the individual article(s) desired.
CONTENTS PAGE
~ I. OCEANOGRAPHY 1
Translations 1
Noncontact I,aser Sounding of Sea Water 1
Transformation of Spectrum of Surface Waves Under the
Influence of an Internal Wave 12
II. UPPER ATMOSPHERE AND SPACE RESEARCH 22
Translations 22 .
Monograph on the Command-Measurement Complex 22
~
Selecting a Family of Sa*_?llite-Launching Rockets for a
Space Research Prograai-Ii;~olving Repeated Launchings.... 24
~ - a- jIII USSR ^ 21J S&T FOUO]
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II
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I. OCEANOGt~APHY
. . ,
Translat~ons -
UDC 528.716.2:621.375.826
NONCONTACT LASER SOUNDING OF SEA WATER
Moscow IWZ, GEODEZIYA I AEROFOTOS"YEMKA in Russian No l, 1979 pp 99-107
[Article by Candidate of Technical Sciences V. V. Polovinko, Moscow Institute
of Geodetic, Aerial Mapping and Cartographic Engineers, subu~itted for public-
ation 24 April 1978] .
[Text] In order to exploit marine resources it is necessary to carry out com-
prehensive investigations over major water areas wlth the use of routine
measurement methods. These include optical noncontact methods which are in-
tensively developing at the present time [1-5], among which the measurement '
methods based on noncontact laser sounding of sea water constitute an indi-
vidual group. In these methods sea waters are sounded by pulses of laser ra-
diation with a small angular divergence, the brightness of backscattering
of sea water (BSSW) is measured and on the basis of the spectral and tempor-
al characteristics of BSSW it is possible to determine the characteristics of
sea water.
This article is devoted to the creation of a mathematical modQl of noncontact ~
laser sounding of sea wat'ar. The investigations were made with allowance for
elastic scattering and nonlinear phenomena arising during the interaction of
laser radia~tion wirh sea water.
Radiation Brightness of Sea Water During Laser Sounding '
~ Now we will investigate the dependence of the brightness of BSSW during laser
sounding on the characteristics of the sounding radiation and the character-
. istics of sea waters taking into account the changes in hydrooptical charac-
teristics in the case of nonlinear phenomena in sea water.
Assume that a laser sounds sea waters with a light pulse in the direction of
the normal to the surface of the water-air discontinuity at a point with the
coordinates x', y' (Fig. 1). The angular diver~ence of laser radiation in sea
water is 2W'1, the wavelength of the radiation is 'l; the cross-sectional _
area of the light beam of rays with z= 0 is equal to Sp, and the intensity
of the radiation is Fp; z is the distance traversed by the laser radiation
in water. .
1 ~
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1. We will find the dependence of attenuation of diverging laser radiation
in the case of nonlinear phenomena in sea water. We wiZl assume that the
sea water scattering index O' does not change its value from the value of
the sounding radiation and the absorption index changes in conformity to
the law ~(1 - a'EN), where ~ is the absorptior. index of sea water in the
case of a low density of the sounding radiation; a' is a nonlinearity para-
meter which is related to the nonlinearity parameter a(in the notations
of,study [6]) by the equation a' = k'aN (k' is a coefficient); E is illumin-
ation at the depth z(E = F�S); N is a coefficient dependent on the iritial
density of the sounding radiation (0 ~ N~'1) + d= E is the index of sea ~
water attenuation.
.1
, 6
' g d
. x,,y, ~
,
6 d V6 �
_ ~ ,
~
~
P ~
Z (
d'
fl .
~ -
_ a~~ .
_
~
Fig. 1. .
At the depth z we will define the elementary volume dV' and we will write
tre differential equation (1) for the attenuation of laser radiation by
this volume: ~
. ,v ~
dF - F v-}-x 1- a F ,
dz SD (1 + ~ z)2N / ~ 1)
G-here S= Sp(1 z)2 is the cross-sectional area of the light beam at the ~
ciistance z,.. _
i jz
~=~5~~. ~
\ o
`~'1 is a solid angle within whose limits the laser radiation is propagated
in sea water. -
Assuming u= F"N, we find
2
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~ .
dz - N e U-}- So z)z^~ - 0. ~
(2) .
Solving the differen+tial equation (2), we obtain ~
U= (-=N x a') e-N.r dZ + C, eN. z
So ~ Z~zrv ' ( 3)
We will transform equation (3) to the following expressiun:
~ ,
Z N ~4~
F_ Fo 1+~.0 r(- N x a~ e- .v~x dx � ,
e-``
J c~ + ~ X~2^'
- We will solve the integral equation (4) with N= 1/2. For this we will find .
the value of the integral: ~
_ , X
~i~_- e ~ dx.
+~X) (S)
J Using the notation r=-1/2 s= 1+~ z, we will represent the integral
(5) in the following form: -
.
G~= e~ e~ f ds. ~6~
~ s
We will find the solution of this integral in the form of a series
~ ~ r
e B ( r Sl
~ G;= 1n S ~ S ` ~ S~ l ~ la . . .
~ 11 2�21 + 3�3l +
- We will transform equation (7) to the form
~ ,
i e ~
G,= e~e -c-ln `--~-c-}-Inr `-sl - `2~ S~ \ 2~ S~ _
, ~ 2~ 12~ I 1 I 2� 21 ~ g~
- ~ 2~ S" a . . .
3�31 '
where c= 0.5772 is the.~Euler-Masceroni constant.
Using the formulation of the tabulated integral exponential functions ED and ~
~ E1 in (8), we have
G~ 3 E� ~~2~ I[- c-]n I 2~ I-E, I 2~ S/J~ ' (9)
. 1 / \
From equation (4), taking (9) into account, we obtain an expression for the '
intensity of radiation at the depth z, taking into account nonlinear pheno- '
mena when sounding sea water by divergent laser radiation:
3
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_z
~ � ~ ~
F= Fo 1-" a~Eo~s E` l 2~ 1- E' \ 2~ + 2`zl e-.Z.
~ ~ E
t ~ ~ ~ � \ 2~ /
(10)
When z -r ~ ,
~ E ` ; .
~
F= Fo 1~-_ .".a~ Eo?z 2~ ) e_.~ (11) .
! Eo\2~/ ' �
In this equation the ratio ,
E~ ( 2~ ~ 1
\ 1 ~
_ E0 r 2~ 1
~ 1
_ and with E/2~-+~ tends to 1. . " ,
~ We will solve equation (4) with N= 1/4. For this we introduce the formul-
ation
e = ~ 2~ -f- 2 Ez�,
then
E ~~2 ,
e-t~4s x dX l
Q~ f = 4 2~ / 1 -e2~2 .
J(1-I-~z)1~? e 1 -t~a.~~ ' _ e de. 1
e. Y2a ~ 2~ '
Y2~ ~
Using the tabulated functions of the probability integral ~ and the densit-
ies of the normal distribution 2 3 4 l~~ , ~ 2 3 In/z ~1~/~
� 2W~
zW~ ~ 2Wz ~ ~ �
B 2W2. ~i
~ ,
. a ~ . , ~ 6 .
Fig. 2.
We obtain aa equation relating the intensity of the radiation flux incident
_ on the photodetector to the radiation brightness of the sea during the sound-
ing of sea wa~ers using the scheme 'in Fig. 2,b. Fi~ure 3 is a diagram of
the path of rays from an elementary volume dV to the entrance pupil of the
receiving optical system. In accordance with Fig. 3 we will write the fol-
~ lowing equation:
w . ~ z~-cu~ z~~ � ,
~ .
from which
. . O z='? , ~ , ~ (28)
- n
Us ing ( 28) , � � . _ � . ~
Sex.~p . . .
~ _
' (z'" -F~ zln)' ~ (29)
_ where z* is the distance between the receiving-transmitting system;~and sea
level in the direction of sounding. '
Then ~ . -
' dF _T `SDX.JP ' S` . dB (a) e IIZ~C F ~z~
dz ' � (z* z(n)= dz � � A�� dz ~ � (30)
[~`l= lasEr; a= atmo(sphere); 0. C. = op sys = ogtical system] where
m-~a ~O.S.]f'k; -Ga is the coefficient of atmospheric transmission; ~O.S.l
is the transmission coefficient for the transmitting optical system; Flaser
- is the intensity of laser radiation; P is the coefficient of sea surface
reflection;
1, z-0
~~z~= , . (31)
~.0, z 0'
. _~l,k"~l
k- (32)
0, k* ~ 1.
7
� e~
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L''UK Ur~r'1l;lAL U~~ UNLY ,
nsx.3p. . .
_ . . - '
I � Z f
. RR .
~
~ ~ ~ 'n'
~ ~1 j ,
~ ~ nZ
l~'
Z
I .
y .
. ,
dv
Fig. 3. . � '
The k~ coefficient is determined from the expression
, k,~_ Sax.3P. . (33) ,
?
Soaz.ap 2a1~2 z# sin Wl)2
[BX. 3'P. = entrance pupil; B~X. ~P = exit pupil]
where Sexit pupil is the area of the exit pupil of the transmii:ting optical - 1
= system; 2W1 3s the fiel.d of the transmitting system.
In equations (27), (30) we convert from the independent variable z to the ~
independent variable t, where t is the time of radiation of sea waters. For
this purpose we write the following system of equations:
z-}-1=c'E-}-b; .
from which { z'-~-b'=1',
8
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- z= ~~~~+b)'-b' , .
_ 2(~t+b~ ' (34)
. , 2 (c~t + b, ~
l = ~~~t + b~~ + b~
(35) r
where c' is the speed of light in water. ~i
The intensity of the laser radiation entering the water is determined as
I Fo=Ta ' To.c.~ T~Fn; (36) _
[ n= laser; 0. C. = 0. S. ]
_ `
- Fa=W ,f(E)~ ~37> -
~ where W is the radiation energy of the laser; f(t) is a function describing .
the form of the radiation impulse
, ',l f .f ~E) dt =1 ~ �
\ N
TI is the.coefficient of refraction of laser radiation at the air-water dis-
c~ntinuity.
The refraction coefficient T1 is deterniined using the Fresnel formulas '
with
n'=~-f-v [1-a'Eo ~ , � (38) .
. - ,
where ~ and are parzmeters dependent on the properties of sea water and
the wavelength of the sounding radiation [6].
- 1. On the basis of expression (27), with (25), (34), (35) taken into ac-
count, we obtain an equation for nancontact laser sounding of sea water
- in accordance with the scheme (Fig. 2,a):
d dZt~ = s~p, c: W~ f(t - t') A~f i~e~ b n e-~ ~c~l~.+b~ dE'.
),_f-b, (39)
In this e uation x ~ ~
Q ( Yl) in the range of angles }~1 = ~r"/2 -T' is assumed to be .
constant, and the terms in it are equal to:
Q 4
- 8n' c'os 9~a~o.c.tTO.c.~ T, T~ S~n' ~'~~Rex.sp ~ ( 0)
~
~(t-t~~=~i="d~Ho fN~~-t~)~N~e~, ~~,-11N, ~413
~
~
x(6', t~)=x 0'-E-arccos (ct -{;b)'-b' ~ ~42~
. ( (c'E' b)' b' )
9
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i
~ where H~ is the quantity of illumination at the distance z= 0.
With a duration of the rad iation pulse '~pulse ~he equation ~39) can be
reduced to the form . .
aF (r~ _ W' A X ~e~ ~ t~ e (e'r+a~ ~
dz ~ bp 'f' b' . . ( 43 ) , .
where - ~
, ~ A - [ 1 - x d~Eo ~ (t, ] �
~ (max) N
2. Taking (22) and (30) into account, we will write an ir.tegral equation
- for a noncontact Iaser sounding of sea waters using the scheme (Fig. 2,b):
~ . .
,
F~f~- S~' ~~W A(2nz~'`,,}.c~,~~r -f-~,8 ~l') f~l-t')df', (44)
} .
in which ~(t') is the Dirac delta-function; ~ . ~
~P~= 2 x~Y~~~Za2o.~.~'~o.~.~ T,T~Rns,3p' ~45~
- ~~=T:'~o.~.~TO.~.~P~� . (q6)
With ~Pulse"'0 we have ~
. .c t
F(~~ ~ cp~ C' W-~2nz)* c't)7.-~- ~F~~ ~t~ f m~: W ( 47
Taking into account the strong anisotropy of the scattering indicatrix
x(Y~) of sea and ocean waters it is possible to use a transport approxima- -
tion in the expressions derived above. For this ~ is replaced by
~
_ (1 - ~+~2~(K- 1), E' a x~1')= K+ 1~8~' � I
L
where /t is the probability of survival of a photon; K is the asymmetry coef-
ficient for the scattering indicatrix. '
_ i;
- 'the derived equations (39), '
(44) of noncontact sounding of sea waters, tak-
ing into account elastic scattering and nonlinear phenomena arising during
the interaction of powerful laser radiation with sea water, can be used for ~
synthesizing noncontact laser measurement methods and for engineering com-
putations in the devPlopment and designing of optical-electronic instru-
ments for investigating sea resources.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ~
Bol'shakov, V. D., Lavrova, N. P., "photographic Experiments With Mann-
ed Spaceships and Orbital Stations in the Interests of Study of Natural
_ Resources," IZVESTIY6 WZOV. GEODEZIYA I AEROFOTOS"YEMKA (News of Inst- ~
itutes of Higher Education. Geodesg and Aerial Surveying), No 6, 1975.
10
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,
~
2. Popovich, P. R., Artyukhin, Yu. P., Bol~shakov, V. D., Lavrova, N. P., ,
"Scientific Photographic Experiments from Aboard the 'Salyut-3' Orbital
Station," IZVESTIYA WZOV, GEODEZIYA I AEROFOTOS"YEMKA, No 3, 1977.
3. Avduyevskiy, V. S., Kondrat'yev, K. Ya., Bol'shakov, V. D., "'Salyut-5.'
ResulCs of Work in Orbit," PRAVDA (Truth), No 292(21627), 19 Oct~�:~er ~
1977.
4. Polovinko, V. V., Romanov, D. A., "Investigation of Near-Vertical Images
of Sea Surfaces," VODNYYE RESURSY (Water ResourcES), Ido 6, 1977.
5. Abramov, 0. I., Yeremin, V. I., Lobov, L. I., Polovinko, V. V., "Use of '
Laser Sounding for Determining the Contamination of the Sea Surface by ~
Petroleum Product~, IZVESTIYA AN SSSR, FIZIKA ATMOSFERY I OKEANA (News
of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Physics of the Atmosphere and Ocean),
No 3, Vyp 13, 1977.
6. Ivanov, A. P., OPTIKA RASSEIVAYUSHCHIKH SRED (Optics of Scattering Media),
Mir~sk, "Nauka i Tekhnika," 1969.
7. Begunov, B. N., Zalcaznov, N. P., TLORIYA OPTICHESKIKH SISTEM (Theory of ~
Optical Systems), Moscow, "Mashinostroyeniye," 1973.
8. Ivanov, A. P., FIZICHESKIYE OSNOVY GIDROOPTIKI (Physical Principles of .
Hydrooptics), Minsk, "Nauka i Tekhnika," 1975.
[476-5303]
11
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- :
- UDC 551.466.31:551.466.8
~ TRANSFORMATION OF SPECTRUM OF SURFACE WAVES IJrIDER THE IIdFLUENCE OF
AN INTERNAL WAVE � ~
Moscow IZVESTIYA AICADEMII NAUK SSSR, FIZIKA ATMOSFERY I OKEANA in Russian
Vol 15, No 6, 1979 pp 655-661
[Article by A. Ya. Basovich, Institute of Applied Geophysics, submitted for .
publication 22 May 1978, resubmitted 11 July 1978]
Abstract: A study is made of the evolution of ~
surface gravitational waves under the influence ~ 1
.of a current created at the surface by an inter- ,
na1 wave. 7.'he spectrum of surface waves is de- .
scribed by a kinetic equation. By analogy with
the problem of the motion of charged particles
in a variable electric field it is possible to
determine the Crajectories of wave packets in
coordinate space and wave vectors in the spectrum ~
of waves. It is shown that as a result of the re-
flection of surface waves in the variable current
and their capture by an internal wave considerable
changes arise in the wave spectrum. Cases of per-
- iodic and solitary internal waves are considered.
s.
~Text] The influence of an internal wave on surface waves has been repeated-
ly observed under natural conditions jl, 2] and has been investigated theor-
etically [3-7] and exp~rimentally [8]. It was demonstrated in [3] that as a
result of the blocking effect surface waves with a group velocity close to
the phase velocity of the internal wave chan~e r~ost stron~ly. Source [9]has a
nonuniform parameter, the wave spectrum, stationary in the reference sys-
tem, related to the wave. However, in [3, 4] no allowance was made for the
reflection of surface waves during blocking, noted in [5] and investigated
-n detail in [6]. In this study, in a WKB approximation, a study was made
of the temporal evoluti~n of the wave spectrum and it is shawn. that its most
significant changes are associated with reflection during block~ng and the
capture of surface waves by an internal wave. [After sending this study to
press the author learned of article [14] devoted to an investigation of
similar prcblems. However, in contrast to [14], here the emphasis is on a �
detailed analysis of evolution of the spectrum of surface waves with time, �
carried out differently than in [14]]. , -
12 '
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1. ~quaCion for the Spectrum of Surface Waves
We will investigate the evolution of the spectrum of aurface waves in the
fleld of an in~ernal wave arising at some moment in time and creating a var- '
iable current at the surface. Such an idealization is acceptable if the
time for setting in of the internal wave is small in comparison with the
_ characteristic time of transformation of the wave spectrum. The internal
wave can be considered fixed as a result of the smallness of the influence -
of surface waves on it [7].
For describing waves in a slowly changing current, created by a long inter-
nal wave, we will use the concept of a dynamic amplitude spectrum with the
density: 1 1
w~Y, k~ Pg (2rc) Z~ B~r' X~ r~ e'~r~dr~
u ~1.1~ .
_ B(r'a't)-l r~(x ? 'tl r~(s+ 2 't/~ '
~ ~ i ~
where B(r, x, t) is the correlation function for displacement of the water
surface; ~ is fluid density; g is the acceleration of gravity. The wave-
lengths. of a11 the spectral components and the correlation radius are as-
sumed to be much less than the characteristic scale of the current nonuni-
formity (for example, the lengths of the internal wave). In a moving medium
the change in spectral density is determined by the kinetic equa.tion for the
~ density of the wave effect (number of quasiparticles) [7, 9].
aN aN aN ~i.2)
ac L" aX + k a~
N(x~ k~ t) - W~X' k' t~ , (1. 3) .
_ c~~ (X, k, t)
where ~~(x, k, t) is the frequency corresponding to the particular spectral
component k at the point x at the time t in the reference system moving with
the velocity of the current U(x,t), created at the surface of an internal
wave; S is a term corresponding to the nonlinear interaction of individual
spectral components and the effect of wind and viscosity on waves. Hence-
forth, assuming the effect of the wind and viscosity, and also the inten-
sity of waves and accordingly the nonlinear interaction of the spectral
components to be weak, the S value will be neglected. With S= 0, from
equation (1.2) it is necessary to retain the values N(x, k, t) along the
~ trajectory of movement of wave groups (wave packets) in space (x, k), cor-
responding.to solutions of the WKB equations [The kinetic equation is also
applicable in the presence of caustiCS for waves (blocking points), despite
a deviation of the approximation of geometrical optics in near-caustic re-
- gions [10]:
a~ (x, k, t) ~__ac~ (x, k, t)
x= ak ~ 8x ' (1.4)
].3 ~
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where ~(x, k, t) is the frequency in a laboratory reference system. In or-
der to determine N(x, k, t) it is sufficient to integrate e.quations (1.4) -
and to determine the initial position (when t= 0) of the wave packet x~
and k~ arriving at the poi,nt x at thQ moment in time t with the wave vector
- k. Assume that the initial spectrum N(x, k, 0) is stipulated, and its small
disturbance at the time of appearance of a current can be neglected. Then
N(x, k, t) is determir.ed by the expression
_ N~a, t~ =~~Xo~a, k; t), ~a(X, t), o), (i. s)
and the amplitude spectrum of the waves, with (1.3) and the dispersion ex- ~
pression ~ ~2 = g~k ~ taken into account, has the form
( Ikl 1v=
W~K,k,t)=Nc~~= ' W(xo(x,k,t),ko~x,k,t),4)� (1.6)
1 I ko (x, k, t) I 1
- Thus, the problem of finding the spectrum of waves at the surface is reduced "
- to an investigation of the equations of motion of the wave packets.
2. Equations of Motion of a Wave Packet
Now we will examine a wave pack.et moving in the field of an internal wave,
which at the fluid surface creaces a variable current U= U(x - Ct); C is
the phase of the wave. With transfbrmation to a reference system moving with
the velocity C the form of the equations (1.4) does not change, and in place
of ~ we substitute SZ frequency of the wave in the system C, determined
from the dispersion equation j6]:
SZ=-kC(1-~~x))+~gk)'r~~ (2.1)
where 3= U(x)/C; x=~- Ct.
As a simplification we will assume that kf~ C~~ U. In (2.1) we selected a ~
branch corresponding to surface waves which can be captured as an internal
w~-~e (k> 0).
Eqsations (1.4) are similar to the I~amiltonian equations for a particle with
the Hamiltonian G1, determined by (2.1), where x is the coordinate of the
particle and k is its momentum. The integration of these equations is an un-
wieldy problem which can be simplified by taking advantage of the smallness
of f3 . ; -
A~i iuternal wave exerts a substantial influence only on surface waves having .
~,roup velocities close to C and accordingly wave numbers close to k~ = g/4C~.
lhe corresponding fre uency in the C system is equal to SL~(k*, p)
In the case of small ~ the width of the interval of wave numbers in which
the spectrum is highly transformed is sma11 in comparison with k*. Repre- .
senting k in the form k= k* + k(~ k~ 0, as in the case of a periodic internal wave, there are tr~ped -
2> 1) and untrapped (b 21~ ~o(x, ~C, t)=t 2k.1jS~--1~ov, X . ,
6
cos [aresin,~ sh(g) ~ _ t ~ (2.17)
x-~ , ~~.ys~-1 ~os ~
� {.1-~-(ba-1)sinZ ~aresin ( sh(~) \ _ t ~ 'l~ ' ,
. ~ yb=-11 tiob ~
_ . . - - 2k.v
~o ~ ` '
~ sa~~` ~x' t~ i s I X
sh(~) t .
ch~Arsh ~y~ S ) iolSl ~ ~ (2~ 18)
, X . Sh~~~ t v, '
{4+(1-SZ)shz [Arsh (y1-b~ iolSl .
where ~ 2 is determined hy expression (2.16), with the difference in the
sign on ~ ~ taken into account.
3. Change in Spectrum of Surface Waves
~
Assume that in the absence of an internal wave there is stipulation of a
uniform stationary wave spectrum W(k). Evolution of the spectrum after the ~
appearance of a wave at the time t= 0 is described by~xpression (1.6)
wirh the substitution of the expressions for lcp(x, k, t) found above. In .
order to obtain some idea concerning the magnitude of the transformation
arising in the spectrum under the influence of an internal wave, as the
unperturbed spectrum of weak turbulence we select W(k) = Ak-9~2 [13]. Fig-
ures 2 and 3 show a series of curves showing the change in this spectrum
with time for solitary waves when U~ ~ 0 and when Up < 0. (The cited curves
have an illustrati:ve character since the spectrum of wea.k turbulence is
evidently not observed in nature. Similar curves are obtained for other
initial spectra decreasing relative to k.) The case of solitary internal
waves reflects the principal processes characteristic for a periodic wave
(capture of surface waves when Up > 0), but also has peculiarities (reflec-
tion of sur:Eace waves when Up ~ 0). The curves were constructed for the val-
~e ~Bp = U~/C = 0.0083, and the spectral density and the wave number are .
.iormalized: W= W/Wp(k,~), C~ = c~/k~. In particular, the selected value
~~ith C= 60 cm/sec corresponds to a velocity at the surface Up = 0.5 cm. ~
Assuming that' for such a wave LS = 100 m, we have 'G~�~i20 min. (Estimates
using the formulas in [7], where a study was made of the interaction of
waves without allowance for the capture of surface waves by an internal ,
wave, give a c~Iiaracteristtc time for change in the parameters of the inter-
nal wave 'Gi of the order of several hours in the case of strong surface
is
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Wirh r_he considered amplitude3 of the interrial wave 'Cp ~'~i; therefore,
~ for solution of the self-consistent problem there must be an approach dif-
ferent from [7], taking the blocking effect into account. In the firsC ap-
- proximation it is possible to consider the evolution of the wave spectrum
in a stipulated field to lie a"strong" internal wave.) In this case there
is capture of surface waves with a leng~h of about a meter (k,~ = 6.82 m 1).
For such waves it is possible to neglect the effect of viscosity (Z,.N 2�102
minutes) and a weak wind during the time of change 'Ln the wave spectrum un-
_ der the influence of the internal wave. .
k' W .
Z 1 2
`1 1
1`
7, 5 1~~ 1, 5 1~~
~ ~
I Z
- I ~ ~ ~ ,1S
I ~S ~ ~ ,i
a ~ ~
2 ~ ~='d
~ ~ 75
~ 1 ~ ~
. 3 \
~
~
0,3 QS ~
~
~
~ ~ ~
O,C 0,9 > 1,1 1,2 a 03 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1�~ m
Fig. 2. (left) Form of wave spectra at times t/ti p= 1, 1.5, 2, 3 in field
of solitary internal wave (U~ > 0) when x= 0. Fig. 3(right). Form of wave
spectra at times t/'L~ = 1, 1.5, 2, 3 in field of solitary internal wave (UD <
0) when x=-,~ and when x= d.
Figure 2 shows curves of the wave spectrum at the times t/~~ = 1, 1.5, 2,
3 at the peak (x = 0) of a solitary wave when Up > 0. The dashed curve cor-
responds to an undisturbed spectrum. F`rom the moment of appearance of the
internal wave the spectral density begins to increase in the region k> k*
(a > 1) in connection with the arrival of wave packets from the long-wave
region. The spectral density with k< k* (oc ~ 1) accordingly decreases. With
t> ~p the change 3:n the spectrum is already significant. The relative change
in the spectral density by this time in the short-wave region is about
15-20%. As time passes the spectral changes increase and when t>-GD the
greatest increase is associated with trapped waves and occurs in the inter-
val 1~~ 0.15. The greatest changes are attained when t=~'t~GO when
the wave packets have made half the "revolutions" in trajectories close to
19
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the center. Thereafter with an increase in t a complex dissected ~pectrum ~
arises; this is associated with the differeace in the periods of movement
of the wave packets'!.n closed tra~ectories corresponding to different
C~ 2 ' ' f~
values. ~ ,
f
Figu-re 3 shows the form of the spectra in the field of a solitary wave when ~
Up < 0 at the same moments in time as in the preceding case. The curves below
the dashed line correspond to the point x= L1 on the front slope, and above
. to the point x=~ ~ on the rear slope of the caave. The suppression of
the spectrum on the front slope of the wave is attributable to the fact ~
that the internal wave "overtakes" the short surface waves and transforms
them to longer waves. The reverse process transpires on the rear slope and
_ the spectral density increases. The changes in the spectrum with identical
- ~p when U~ < 0 are more significant than when Up> 0. For example, when ~
ti0 the relative change in Che spectral density in the short-wave part is
atiout 15-25%. With times t~~C~ the main change in the spectrum occurs ~ir~ the
range of wave numbers correspanding to the reflected waves. With an increase
in t rhe spectrum asymptotically approaches stationary and the spectral
density at a11 points in space is determined by wave packets arriving from
the region U = 0. .
The influence of the wind, viscosity and nonlinearity can lead to a signif-
icant change in the determined wave spectra. In particular, nonlinear ~
ef.fects can lead to thecollapsing of the surface waves as a result of a '
considerable increase in spectral density in the short-wave region. The
turbulent viscosity arising in this case can cause an attenuation of waves
and the formation of slicks [1]. A satisfactory description of this pheno- '
menon is evidently possible only by taking into account all the factors
enumerated above. ~ ~
The author expresses appreciation to V. I. Talanov for constant interest in
the work and Ye. N. Pe.~inovskiy for discussion of the results.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. La Fond, E. C., La Fond, K. G., "Sea Surface Features," MARINE BIOLOG-
TCAL ASSOCIATION OF INDIA, 14, No 1, 1972.
2. Apel, J. R. , Byrne, N. I~. , Proni, J. R.l, Charnell R. C. ,"Observations
of O c e a n i c In terna l an d Sur face Waves from the Earth Resources Technol- �
ogy Satellite, JGR, 80, No 6, 1975.
Gargett, A.~E., Hughes, B. A., "On the Interaction of Surface and Inter-
nal Waves," J. FLUID. MECH., 52, No 1, 1972.
~
4. Phillips, 0. M., "On the Interaction of Internal and Surface Waves,"
IZV. AN SSSR, FAO (News of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Physics of
the Atmosphere and Ocean), 9, No 2, 1973.
.y
20
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5. Voronovich, A. G., "Propagation of Internal and Surface Gravitational
Waves in the Approximatiun of Geometrical Optics~" IZV. AN SSSR, Fl~O,
12, No 8, 1976.
6. Basovich, A. Ya., Talanov, V. I., "Transformation of the Spectrum of
Short Surface Waves in Nonuniform Currents," IZV. AN SSSR, FAO, 13, No
19~~.
7. Pe~rov, V. V., "Interaction of Internal Waves and Small-Sca1e Sur�ace
Turbulence in the Ocean," IZV. AN SSSR, FAO, 14, No 3, 1978.
8. Lewis, J. E., Lake, B. M., Ko, D. R. S., "On the Interaction of Inter-
na1 Waves and Surface Gravity Waves," J. FLUID MECH., 63, No 4, 1974.
_ 9. Vvedenov, A. A., Rudakov, L. I., "Interaction of Waves in Continuous
Media," DOKL. AN SSSR (Reports of the USSR Academy of Sciences), 159,
No 4, 1964.
10. Krasitskiy, V. P., "On the Theory of Transformation of a Spectrum in
the Refraction of Wind Waves," IZV. AN SSSR, FAO, 10, No 1, 1974.
11. 0'Neil, T., "Collisionless Damping of Nonlinear Plasma Oscillations,"
PHYS. FLUIDS, 8, No 12, 1965.
12. Krivoruchko, S. M., Faynberg, Ya. B., Shapiro, V. D., Shevchenko; V. I.,
"Solitary Waves and Charge Density in Magnetically Active Plasma,"
ZhETF (Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics), 67, No 6,
1976.
13. Zakharov, V. Ye, Filonenko, N. N., "Energy Spectrum for Stochastic Os-
cillations of a Fluid Surface," DOKL. AN SSSR, 170, No 5, 1966.
14. Hughes, B. A., "The Effect of Internal Waves on Surface Wind Waves,"
JGR, 83, No 6, 1978.
CUI'YRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," "Izvestiya AN SSSR, Fizika atmosfery i
okeana," 1979
[481-5303]
21
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~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY .
~ .
_
:
~ ~
yA`~.',
rS{�
l %A.
~ i
, i.
II. UPPER ATMOSPHERE AND SPACE RESEARG'H
,
. Translations
.:ti
MONOGRAPH ON THE COMMAND-MEASUREMENT COMPLEX �
~t.
Moscow KOMAhTDNO-IZMERITEL'NYY KOMPLEKS (The Command and Measurement Complex)
in Russian 1979 p 2
.
. [Annotation and table of contents from book by P. A. Agadzhanov, Professar,
Doctor of Technical Sciences and Winner of the Lenin Prize, Izdatel'stvo
"Znaniye," 32,250 copies, 64 pages] �
~[Text] Annotation. This brochure describes the command an1 measurement com- ~
plex, the group of technical means ~~nd ground services that aid in th"e
control of space flights. Informatic~l on the basie components of this com-
plex is given and the operation of its ground and on-board equipment is de- ~
scribed. ~
The brochure is written for engirieers, teachers and students of the higher ~
schools as well as for a wider circle of readers interested in problems of
modern cosmonautics.
.t:,
Contents
Introduction ~ 3 ,y_,,
.
General Information on Command and Measurement Complex Operations 6 ~~1
' . :.y.'.
~ The basic functions and organizatiori of the complex 9
The command and measurement complex a large system 15
Radio Communications and Radio Wave Propagation lg
Radio wave propagation in the ionosphere lg
Radio wave propagation in the troposphere 23
Radio communications in interplanetary space ~ 24
Inhomogeneity of che medium 25 .
- The Doppler effect 25
Radio Interference and Noise 2~
Ex~ernal sources 28
Internal sources I~, j~ 38 r;~:
~ 22
~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
.
~ F
_ ~ . . . Ky.,.
. . . . Y. ,l
~ .r< . . . , - .
. . . ~ , . . .
. , . . . r
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;
. t:.
r
Radio Communications and Plasma 43
- The Basic Functions of the Command and Measurement Complex 50
~ao-way communications 50 ~ t
Trajectory measurements 51
- Telemetry measurements 55
~ Mission control 56
' Coordination center 57
The Present and the Future 59
Capacity of the microwave links 59 ~
Floa~ting radio communications posts and satellite retrans- ;
mitters 61 -
' COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Znaniye," 1979 k
j475-5303] f
;
. ;
~
.
r
. ,
4
l
r
r
t:
. i
23 ~
s:
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- _ . _......r. r
~
~
, _
� UDC 629.783/.785
.
SELECTING A FAMILX OF SATELLITE-LAUNCHING ROCKETS FOR A SPACE RESEARCH PROGRAM
' INVOLVING REPEATED LAUNCHINGS '
f
Moscow KOSZ4ICHESKIYE ISSLEDOVANIYA in Russian Vol 16, No 4, 1978 pp 514-521
. ~ '
[Article by A. V. Sollugub and V. N. Ofitserov]
Abstract: The article examines methods for '
solving the problems arising in validating
the choice of a family of carriers for im- a:`
plementing a space research program and a
program for the construction of spacecraft -
taking into account the possibility of re-
peated use of the carriers and vehicles.
The authors give formulations of these
problems in terms of whole-number programm-
ing and give algorithms for their solution
by the dynamic programming method. An ap- ~
proach described in [1] is used. The algo- ' ~
rithms can be used in automated planning ' ,
sys tems . ~
[Text] We will assume that the space research program is determined by the
thiee-element cortege < G, m, k>, wher~ G=(Gl, G2,...,Gk) is the vector ~
of weights of the spacecraf t which must be ut c'~ ~
p (at different times) into .
computed orbits, m=(ml, m2,...,mk) is the vector of the planned number
of launchings of spacecraft, k is the nomenclature (number of types) of
spacecraft. The elements of the G vector are arranged in increasing order.
The problem involves determina.tion of the number of times of use of each
sp3cecraft and the programs for their construction, that is, the vectors:
p-~P1~ P2~���~Pk~ is the vector of "number of times of use of a space- '
craft" and q=(ql, q2~,,~~qk) is the vector of the "program for construc-
t on of a spacecraft." Here pi is the maximum number of launchings for which
one specific spacec.raft of the i-th type is rated, qi is the program for the
construction of a spacecraft of the i-th type.
In determining the program for a spacecraft of the i-th type we will use as
a point of departure the condition of a minimum of expenditures on its real-
i za ti on. �
24 � .
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. , c�
�I ~
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We will assume thaC the following representations are known,
~~1~ 1~nt l'~ ~~/t ~f'=' ~`~'uf !'f ~j) (~9: \Gn~ ~))'"*:1///' t
where is the cost of a unit weight of the spacecraf t, obtained taking ~
into account the expenditures on scientific research, experimental-der',. m f
developments and the mastery of production of a particular type of space- '
craft; 1~" is the cost of a unit weight of the ~pacecraft, determined by ~
the expenditures on construction of a specific spacecraft; ':~s the cost
of a unit weight of a spacecraft, determined by expenditures in carrying out ;
. a specific spacecraft launching. ~
All three types of expenditures are determined by the weight Ga and the num-
ber p of spacecraft launchings. ~
Two extreme cases can be discriminated:
a~ Pi = 1~ 9i = mi ~i = 1,...,k),
b) Pi = mi~ qi = 1(i = 1,...,k).
4
The first case corresponds to the single use of a spacecraf t, the second
to repeated use. It is entirely obvious that these solutions in a general
case are not optimum. '
~de note that the possible solutions for the i-th type of spacecraft are de-
scribed by the following pairs of numbers.:
~ I~,~P;, g,=1s(r~z,il~~) . ~1~ x
where pi runs through all the values from the set Pi;
_
~ P;~ P;= ~J {Is(m;ij)}; ~'~u)= E(a)+~, E(a) ,
r
ts the whole part of the number OC, ~
~ ~u~ -U' ;
~ 1, E (u) #a.
;
The set Pi is completely determined by the number mi; therefore, henceforth, f
we will designate it P(mi), '
In expression (1) the qi program is determined by the multiplicity pi. If we ~
vary the program qi, then we ob tain
- q~EQ~ p~=L (inrlq~), Qi = U {L (nt,/j) } (2) '
It follows from a determination of P~ and Qi that P(mi) = Q(mi). Such a
selection of pi and qi values. excludes what is known to be nonoptimum solu-
tions. In actuality, for all E(mi/2)< qi ~ mi with the multiplicity pi = 2 ~
the program of launching of spacecraft of the i-th type can be carried out ~
with a minimum number of vehicles qi = E(mi/2). Accordingly, it is infeasible
25
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,
i;~,~
to examine programs for the c.onstruction of a great number of spacecraft
E~~i/2)~qi~fmi when pi = 2.
Solutions with E m 3< < E
~ i~ ) Q~. (mL/2) and pi = 3, etc. are considered nonop- Y"
timum.
7 ' C.
Example. Assume that mi = 25. We wi11 confirm that expression (2) excludes
knowingly nonoptimum solutions. . '`i~
:
For possible qi values and the pi values corresponding to them see below:
. _ _
4t i 'L 3 ~i 5 G 7 . 8 'J . . . 13 f 3 . . . 'L~i 'l5
p; 25 13 9 7 5 5 /F 4 3...3 '3...3 1
By virtue of the requirement of a minimum of expenditures on the reseurch I'r
p ro gram �
25 .
Q;={~~ 2, 3, 4, 5, 9,13,25}= (,J (F'(25/j) } and V~I;EQr pr=L'(25/qr).
s~,
The optimum solution < p~Pt~ qopt~ can be found from tHe condition I
' ?
L~P~~p,q~v~~=min {[A'(Gi,pr)+:~"~Gc,P~,9~)~lr+
v;E4;
i
where Pi. - E (mi/qi) . -{-A,,, ~G;, Pr) m; ~G;}, ~i=1, . . . , lc)
For any resea.rc.h programs which are practic~l to im lement the
In this case the number of examined. v~riants does not exceedi ~i = 1,~..,k), .
. h
~Q`~'
;~t .
2. The space research program is stipulated here as in the first sectian.
The problem involves finding the family of carriers G ~
- Gcar the construction ro ram r car -~Gcarl~ Gcar2~���, '
of. use of the carriers n-P g ~rl~ r2~���,r and the multiplicity '
isfaction of the entire researchnprogramQwithnminimumtetaendi ensuring sat-
xp tur es . Here Y` ~
G~ar , ri, ni are the maximum payload of a carrier of the i-th type, the num-
;
'~v+ a~n~ ~ Sov~
providing the optimum solutions for the corresponding hypothetical programs.
i
- As a result of computations of the components of some auxi.liary vectors on
the basis of the recurrent expressions;
'~v._. (9,
G~"~ = G c~~ ~ Sa~~> a~.�~
n N~' r jJ n~i ~ opt , n =�~u~,l
~ i=n~
(v=1, 2, . . . ~ l),
where
�v
!~i = ~I~ = �v - a9~t 1, _ ~,~-t -1, l = v i,~v
it is possible easily to obtain the components. of the vectors
, opt opt - . . o~,t-
Ga = ~Gu� . . . , Ga ) ~ r - (r~, . . . , r~) - (ra,, . . . , n~ )
~
constituting the optimum solution: .
G Gu-~+i) _ cr-~+,) ~ u-;+s~ �
B;= n , n;-n , r;-r (j=1, 2, l) and i�~'=l.
It must be emphasized that not every optimum solution for intermediate hypo-
thetical programs mandatorily enters into the optimum solution for the pro-
gram as a whole.
3. We will assume that by the time of development of the space research pro-
gram there are a number of carriers which can be used in a future program.
Henceforth we will be interested in carriers satisfying the condition Gcar'~
G1, that is, those carriers by means of which it is possible to launch some
spacecraft from the program G. ~
It is assumed that the follawing vectors are known:
Gcar~ Gcarl~~ Gcar2r~���~ Gcar Y'~ is the vector of payloads of existing
carriers;
r ' r ' r ' '
= 1, 2,�.�, r~, ~ is the vector of the number of constructed .
carriers;
n' nl', n2',..., n},'~is the vector of multiplicity of use of existing
carriers. .
31
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We will assume that the already constructed carriers are used in launching
- a number of spacecraft with the maximum possible total weight. Either all
the constructed carriers will be used or all the spacecraft launched by
these carriers will be exhausted.
As before, we will denote the remaining part of the program < G, m, k~,
and for this part we will solve the problem of selecting a family of ,
carriers, taking into account existing (but still not prepared) carriers. .
The computation scheme presented in the second section can with some changes
be used for the particular case.
In a general case G'cari (i = 1,..., y) may not coincide with the components
of the G vector. Further reasonings will be related to the vector G", oh-
tained by combining and arranging in increasing order the components of the �
vectors G and Gcar`� The G" vector includes the weights of the payloads
of hypothetical and existing carriers.
A case is poss.ible when there is not one, but several components of the vec-
tor Gcar' between the pairs of adjacent components of the vector G in the
vector G". This is reflected in the notation of the correspondin~ Boolean ~
variab.les .
Zde use the following notation of the Boolean variables y~~~~s: i is the type ~
of the closest (to the left) h.ypothetical carrier in the vector G"; y is
the sequence number of an existing carrier among carriers situated between
a pair of adjacent hypothetical carriers; the variables j, s have the same
sense as before.
The Boolean variables corresponding to variants for hypothetical carriers
will be denoted y~~~
i~J~s~ '
Example: G={G,, G~, G,}, m={na,, nz" na,}
,
- G�~-'{G,,,', C�=', G,~~'}, r'={r,', r.', r,'}~ .
~ ,i'={n,', ia~', ~a,'}
and assume G~cGn'G,, car] "
Then G� _{G,, G_, C~~', G,~,', G,, GR,'} .
'~he fragments of the matrix of correspondence of variants for the cases
�~car � Gcarl~~ Gcar - Gcar2~ and Gcar = Gcar3~ have the form ~
C"_~'If . _ Gu_~u:
.
_ .
'~~~~i.,~,.
mi U i tl ~
1
m;; 1 1 1 1
rrr f p ~ ~ ~ r,;.
_ ` 32
N
.r~~.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ;i`:
,
a .
t
~ ~ ~ . . . ~ . '
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~'u,,'Gu, ~
~~i`I)~ u,,, y~~l)~ u,, !/i,~;t, I
ut i 1 U U f I
n~.~ ~1 l � t I
nt;~ l i I
[ 7r = car ]
Now we will examine one of the fragments of the G" vector:
. . . , C;, C~~~', G~~,', . . . , G~~�', Gr-~~, . . . ,
including the pair of adjacent components Gi~ Gi+l of the vector G and
y components of the vector Gcar~ satisfying the condition
, ,r- ~
C,~G~~~ ~G~~~ ~ . . . ~ .;.r,.
Carriers with the maximum payloads Gcar = Gi~ Gcar1 Gcar2~,..., Gca
can be used for launching one and the same group of spacecraft G1, G2,...,
Gi; therefore, among the hypothetical programs ensured by each carrier from
the mentioned group it is necessary to find the program with the minimum
expenditures and use it as the optimum program in further computations.
Thus, the optimum program is determined from the expression
o ,t(
f i ~ `J~'aopt ~"opt ~ - I111II ~~(i)
j = n,l~...~v
Here fi~~~ are the expenditures on an optimum variant of a hypothetical pro-
gram with the participation of a hypothetical carrier Gcar = Gi~
J i o) ~y' o'.a~jit'8o~~it~ ~ rillll t i o 1Ji`a'a~~ t
2=1,. .,i
where ~
~i~u ~f~~la~sac~ c Ililll ~.i1;a,s ~i~a ~J1_a~u(~-u) Sii-a)~�
i 1 o~~L ~ u~~6
s~n' ~ Z vti~ I
I = i-a-}-t ~
f~~~, j> 0 are the expenditures on an optimum variant of a hypothetical pro-
g~-am with the participation of an existing carrier Gcar and a maximum pay-
load Gi: ' ~ .
~ ii> ~,~(i) ~i~' , ~ _ mii.i i71a ,
. . t,ap~~~~ 7t~ a=1~ i l+u' ~~l .
where {ci~ ci~ ci) , ~,i~~
!i'a~Ji,u,71'~'' ~'1 ~ 11 i /'+'f.c~~/i_u~aultl ~~SUii~)~+
J J 1 I
i
C';~ - ~G�' n: rci> ~ ~.(1) ~~n ~C~ ~ ~a ~ ~c ]