JPRS ID: 8636 USSR REPORT MILITARY AFFAIRS

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27 AUt3UST i979 C FOUO 22179 ~ i OF i
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JPRS L/8636
27 Au~ust 1979
USSR R~ ort
~
MIIITARY AFFAIRS
~FOUO 22/79)
FB~~ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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I~'OI2 C1F'F~C1AL USF nNLY JPRS T,/8636
~ 27 Augus~ 1979
USSR REPORT
MILITARY ~F~AI~S
(FOUO 22/79)
CONT~NTS PAGE
Developm~nt of the 5oviet Armed rorces
(VOpROSY I5'TORiY, Mny 79) .................e.................. 1
Wartime Sovier Air ~'orce Comm~nd and 5enff
(G. P. Lavrik, I. V. Timokhovich; VOPROSY ISTOKII, M~y 79)... 5
Mgnual for Civil befense Tra3ning ~xercises on ~rarms
(KOMI'LEK5NYYE OB"YF:KTOVYYE UCH~NIYA GItAZHDANSKOY OBORONY
V KOLICHOZE, 1977) 8
Book Describes Military Training of. Youth
(PEDAGOGICHESKIY~ O5NOVY PODGOTOVKI MOLODOZHI K VOYENNOI'
SLUZHBE, 1979) 11
- a - [IIT - USSR - 4 FOUO]
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I~'U[t c1l~t~l:CI:AL USI: dNLY
,
b~,VLLOPrIFNT AF 'rEi~ SOVIisT AIt~fI:ll r~l2CCS
htoqcow VOPttOSY ~5TOIt~CI itt itu:~s:t~~n N~ 5, Mny 79 signed Co pre;~5 7 May 79
pp 14~-146
[Y~. I~'. NikiCin review uf the book "5oveCSkiye VooruLhenniye 5i1y: Istoriya
5troieel's~va", Vnyenirdat, rtoscow, 1978, 50,000 copies, 516 pages]
(TextJ 7'he quesCions pertr,ining to tiie counCry~s defense und tiie development
of the army and navy have been widely inCer.prc~tcd in Soviet hiatorical
literaCure.l This new collect~d work, prepar~d by ehc Inst:ttuCe o~ Militnry
HisCOry nf Clie US5R Ministry of Defense,2 refle~t~ ~he gre~t work Chnt is
conducCed in ehis country i.n this area. IC investigACes tn depCh the the~ry
and practice of militAry development rhrough all Che years of Soviet power.
It examines technicnl equipmenC, change5 i.n organizntion.ll srrucCure, the
preparaCion and placement of military cadres, the training and educar.ion of
personnel. It gives the Cheoretical basis Eor the peculiarities of develop-
mene of L�he army and navy, border and in~ern~l troops ar every stage of
their development. The sub~ect matter of the book is closely relaeed to
existing literature, draws support from it and, to a certain extent,
supplements it. This book differs from those wor.ks already named and others
in that it addresses a single probtem---the development of the Soviet Union's
army and navy, Cf~ose c~uestions which in afigregate shed light on this
~~roblem in an historic~l aspect, and the illustration (whenever necessary)
oi the combat record of the 5oviet Armed Forces. The book is compiled on
a solid base of references, including a large quantiry of new archival
materi~l anclrecent achievements in the science af history. -
'Che authors trace the gloricus parh of the Soviet Anny--trom the creation
of its first Red Guard deCacHments to our day--and st~ow how the Leninist
principles of development oE tt~e Soviet Armed Forces were realized and
filled with new meaning: the class approach to peraonnel recruitment and
training, tE~e leading role of the Communisr Party, centralization of
command and control, unity of command on a party basis, the combination of
material and spiritual aspects in the li�e and activities o� soldiers,
strengthening o� conscientious and Eirm discipline, etc. The rtuthors base
their examin~tion of Soviet Armed Forces development on its division inCo
periods, singling out tF~ose stages having their own peculiarities or
characteristics: the Civil War and the imperialist intervention, the period
between the wars, the Great Fatherland War and the postwar decades.
1
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~~o}i orrrc:rn~. ust: ocvt,Y
'1'lic~ m1.1 lLi~ry c~r~,,~~~tr~1t lc,n uC the wdrtcl'H Cirer prolcenrtan dtnCe wnd born
i?1 n clifficulc tiu~e of hitter clasy struggles and counCerxevol.ut3onary
nfl~nsivcg, botl~ ~rum wi~hin and wirhouC~ The authnrs ~h~~o how under rhese
dif~ic:u:lt c:trcumsC~tnces eh~ nrganizationnL yhapes of Che voluntecr, and
then ~h~~ re~ulnr. unitg axicl combined unirs werc f3rse devElop~d, and how
r.~pidly the Ited Army grew 3n size. 'They show how, bein~ ill-eyuipped
rechnically, ~ti11 insufP.ictently trained, sufferin~ frnm a ahort~ge of
ernined cdmmAnd per~onnel, rising to ehe atruggle with the ~nemy with
enthusiasm for the ~xploiCs nf Che LeniniytPArty, "Ciiis Crnnsitiunel nrmy,
fo rnied under l�he maHt unfavorable of cnndi.tinns, found the ab:liey Co dePeat
its enemieq~i3 1'his fe~t, as the book points out, way made posstbL~ to a
lnrge exeent by ehc facC ~hat th~ tmits and combined units were formed
' around unified st~Prs wfie tntroduced the principles of planning into the
organiza~ion of traops ~~nd tt~eir :logisCical support~
The c~uCliors devote mtich attention to ~nalysis of the srep~ tAken during ehe
192G-25 period of military regorm, to illuytration of Che essencc and
signi�icar~ce oE th~ equipment reconstrucCion und reorganizariun of the Armed
Forces during the prewar years aimed at strengthening Che comb~r cnpability
~E the Soviet U?~ion. In tfieir treatment of Cheye questions the authors
stress that Chis constant process of stren~tfiening and perfecCion oP the
army and navy wa:~ closely eied to ehe growing tAreae of aCtiack on our
country, the chara~Cer, level and tempo of m3liCary equipment development
and supply of this eqiiipment to the troops. Duildup and renovation of the
logieticAl base for the nrmy and n~vy, C6e Book states, led to radical
chanses in their strucCure and organization of troops, and to ttie appearance
of new (in terms of capability and mission) units, combined units, branct-~es
of services and even serviees of the armed �orces~ Moreover, the authors
st~ow that as equipmen~ supply grew and the social 6ase for army and nc~vy
recruitment expanded, the training and educaCion system for command peraonnel
was also being perfected.
Argumentutively and on the lzasis of the mtiltifArious applicaCion of ~he
latest achievements in military tiistorical Chought, the book deals wiCh
the development of ehe USSR Armed Forces in the years of the Great Patriotic `
War. The authors introduce refined in�ormation, situations and conclusions
characterizing the development and strengthening of the army and navy during
the war acld show the advanCages of Soviet military organization over military
organization of the Fascist Block states. They disclose the mechanism for
changing an army's organizational structure dnring wartime and its dependence
on the condition of the economy, situations at the fronts and the character
of the problems to be solved. TF~ey analyae srsch problems as the development
of a logistical base for the army and navy, strengthening of troop combat
morale qualities, training of command-political personnel, perfection of
Che command and control system, training and educaCion of the troops. The
book deals in detail with the fact that the Socialist system has better
forms of economic organization, not only to solve problems of Che national
economy in peacetime but also for. mobilization of all technical and economic
ca~abilities of the country in time of war. In scale and speed of growth
in military production and capabilities to supply the troops with modern
equipment, the economy of the USSR proved far more effective than Che economy
of Fascist Cermany. Z
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l~Ult UI~ 1~ l(; i r11. Il~;h: (1NI.~1'
5tc~rin~ ~hr~e tl~c~ w~nr l~.nsicnll.y r.onf:trmed tltc cUrr.~ct:ne~~~3 nC r_hc pr~coctr
syyCem t~r Ct~i.nin}; r�icl ~duc~:ztion oE nr[ltrnry cnclre~~, tf~c riurTt~~r~~ d:Lrr.cf:
- ~7LtCnCian lo tli~ i~~r.k th1l. tiie tani~ braughC OCl 1:lLllc~ ~ic~w .Lri Glic:~ l'C~:Lti.irt~;
nnd educ~tYUn nf ~~rnry ~lncl r~~~vy ot'ficer~~. 'I'l~e u~i1.i.Cney acndr~ml:e~, sr.hooly
nnd cuurse:~ r~diiected ~lietr. e.fEor~s r.o cc~i~~nrm wir.l~ ~I~e n~~cv c~ttdi~inn~
~nd succe~s~ull.y cc~ped wtt;ii tfic~.ir m:ts3ion. Durin~; thc~ w,1r yen~i-s ~he
cnndi~ionv F~ncl ch~~r~~c~rer o.t pnrty po].i.L�.Ccr~:1 acLLvir~~ li~ Ghe nr.�iny c?ud ciavy
unclerwent qu~statttial c~Hrtn~es, bro,~d~~r~tn~; itt :3eope iitltl ~:liaii~;~.c~~; ~in r.ontent,
. form ~nd n~eehod. 't'lie ral~c~:~lv~~ ~'urc~~ oL ~he troop suhun:tt:; aiid wiit~ w~ls
~!i~ p~rCy orsanir.~atio~~:;. TII~: cnmG7t depuCy ~o tl~~: .~rmy ~:ommuntst ~v~s the
komsnmol. ~
rar tl~e Cirst tin~e i.?i h:[sror:Lc~l Ltter,it~u~e the monograp(i CX~1Dl~t1C:3 in
del�ai1 the mai.n q~tcst:ic~ns nt devE~lupmc~nL of thc USSR l~rmed rarces under the
conditions of developud Soci.al:i;~m, charncrerir.es tlu, es~,ei~cc~, coi~tent ~hnd -
ro.le of. the modern mili~lry ec~ui~~mc~nt rev~lut:ton ,-~nd revo.l.uti.i~n in milir.nry
aff.~t.tr:3, stresses el~e l.ncrea~;cd imporea?ice oi' nr.my ,ind navy combal: rendiness
and dtsclo;;es the };OVCT.'il'Itt~; pTiilc:Lpl~y c~C develnpment of thc R^~rmed forces
~nd ~lie 1~r~~t~cF~es ~~f s:~rvlce~.,
This hiseory oE Che devc~lop~nc~rit c~f~ tlie c~rme~ forceg provtdr~; canvineinf;
evi.dcnce th~7t ar evet~y st:uge uf clevelopmenL ri~e j~t.~~otc~l T,rab"I.em has remained
the reciitiical. equipmrnt of ttie troops--one of the princi~al indicator.s of _
strengtF~ and comh.zt mi~;liC ~~f tt~e army and navy ancl their ca~~abilily ro
fulfi.ll ttiei.r missj.on:~, C~ncretr_ i~istorical matc~rtr~1 prc:sent~~d .i.tl the book
confirms thlt perfc~cti.o~~ ot: ~~eapons and comiiat cquipinen~ and result:ant
changes in tfie char~~cter anci me~hod ~ of conducting mi.litary operations have
constantly influenced ti~c or;~anizltiont~l strueture of. troops anci led to
fundamentai changes in tlie relati.onships betiaeer the ar~ned serv~ces and
branches of. services and in the def.inition of their role, place and relative
weight in the military organiration of the state,
The aut}~ors nnte that with t:he ~.icqt~isltion by the enemy of wc~apons of. mass
destruc~ion, the problems nt seE~kin~ out more improved for~ns, methoda and
means to prorect thc popul.iti~i~ and c:coz~omy af the US5R nnd Co insure the -
vita.l activity of r.f~e country under c~nditi.ons of w~?r became very acute,
l.eadfng to establi:~timent of ~ civil defense ~~hi~fi hA5 her_~nie an in~egrnl
part of L-he system of natior~wide sCC.p:, taken in this dir~ction.
T;ie study convinctngly Shuws the imPortance in contc~nporar.y circi~mstances
training highly educated and rttalified mi.lit:.~ry cadre~. 1'ulfillment
of this task, as fact, used in the bouk testiEy, enCails Collowin~; ~ l:ine
oE constantly upgradin~; tne tevel of ~eneral and special educntion af army
and navy con~mand and supervisory personnel, traininp, and educ~ting 5oviet
troops in tiie spi ri t of Itii~;h comoat rendiness, and tucreasing their
capablltty ta deliver a swi.ft, crusCiin~; rer_~li.~tory strik~ ro ~zn ap,~ressor
and to defend the 5oviet Union and ~~11 of the Socialist a'Lliancc.
The monogrt~ph examines in detail ti~~ Lireless concern af the Party's
Central Commit[ee and tf~e Soviet goveriiment that t~ie development of the USSR
3
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Armcd t'c~rr.~.a, man~g~imecir of the Croops c~nd ~fleir trnining and educaCi~n
are ~~11 grounded on a genuitte scienttfic base, Addressing the practical
att~:tnmcnr of these goals, e~ie authors write tf~aC on ehe ~a~is of achieve-
menrs Ln milirary ~cience in recEnt years etieoreCicgl situ~tions end
prn~tin~~l recommend~riong on tlie most imporCant queations of mil.iCary art
liave been develnped, 'Che influence of tRe militr?xy equipm~nC factor and
rhe role oi~ ~o~io-poliCtcal and morale-psyciiologi~al facCors in military
oper~tiony lilve 5ee~t ytudied, Path~ for tlie future develnpment of all
nrined services and branclies of services I~ave beett defined~ In it~ ent~rery -
Che book stibgtantintea~the conclusion of the authors that rhe progreseive
ch~racter oP Sovier mi.litary science f~rthe~rs the strenghtening of rTie
country's defensive cApabiliCies and rxising of the combar readin~ss nP
ei~~ ar.my and navy; that the Communist Yarty and Che 5oviet people c~re doing
everything Co inyure CfiuC the USSIt Armed rorces have at Cheir disposal Che
essential mer~ns to carry out their responsible mission--the mission of
standing guard aver tt~e peaceful labors of the Soviet people and servin~
~ts a strongliold of univer.sal peace.
The wise leadership of t{~e Communisr Party hns been anct remains a powerful
s~urce of strengtf~ for ttie SovieC Armed Forc:es. The strengtf~ ~f this
le~idership, as tFie monograph convincingly argnes, lies in its srrict
scienCific approacf~ to resolvtion of the difficult quesCions of military
development and in ies indissoluble nnity o.f theory and prnctice and its
politicul flexibility ancl class prSnciples.
This importanr and interesting gener~l work of history of rhe developmenr
of the Soviet Armed I'orces is not, however, without certaii? s~iortcomings.
These include elements of. overdescription and superfluous detail in its
treatment of questions of technical enuipment of the armed Forces. Moreover,
it should E'iave dealt in more detail wLtli the influence of technical rearma-
ment on ct~anges in the organization r~tructure of the army and navy and
�hould i~~~ve gone deeper into the development of Soviet military science.
F~OTNOTES
1. "Fifty Years of the USSR Armed Forces," Moscow, 1968; "V. I. Lenin and -
the 5oviet Armed I~orces," r:oscow, 1969; "History o� G?orld k1ar l:I
1939-1.945," vol 1-10, Ptoscow, 1973-1979, and others.
2. Collective authors: S. A. Tyushkevich (dir~ctor), A. A. Babakov
(deputy director), A. N. Bazhenov, A. S. Begishev, I. S. Zheltikov,
R. I. Zvereu, Yu. I. Korablev, V. I. Os'kin, A. A. Pastnkhov,
V . S . Siiumikhin . '
3. "CPSU in Resolutions and Decrees of Congresses, Conferences and Plenums
of the Cei~tral Committee," Izdatel'stvo No 8, vol 2, p 63.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'sCvo "Pravda", "Voprosy isCorii", 1979
12184
CSO: 1801
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I~Ut~ c:?t~~~~:t;1:~L Uyt. ONt,Y "
WAit'I':Ih(I. SOVIJ,C ~\1kt I'U1ZCl; C:a~~~tANU l~NI) 5'I'AI~T'
riowcow VOPItOSY T.S'I'OI~TI: I.n ltu:;:~ian Ho ri~y 79 si~ncd to pi~c~ns 7 TI~y 79
pp 1~?6-11+8
(1Zeview hy (~.'.i'. I~ttvt~t.~c and 1., V, 'Ti.mokl~avicli ol' L'hn bc~olt "Kc~mtttidovnnl.e :
Shlub VVS Srvetsltoy Arinii v Vel tkoy Uleche:3tvc~ctno,y Voync 1.9G1.~1945" by
rt. N. 1Cdzhevniknv, l:zd~iCel. ~ sL'vo "tJ,luka" rto~cow, 1918, 70,000 capies,
288 p~~ge~ ~
('1'ext] 5ri:11 ~lnotl~er sciencific coork {ias been added t~~ tf~r.. cheon:icl.e oF
the Crea~ I'ntri.otic tJac�----a ~aork c(evoted Co extraordinarily i.m~~orr~nt
quest-l.ons of: leadershi~,, devel.ol~menr and srrate~ic opetat.ion~tl appli.c~tion
of Che Soviet tlir Porcc atiri.nt; r.his ~icri.od, Ttte book's Autl~ox', rl. N.
Kozl~evnikov, a~i ~zcL.[ve par.ttr.tpai~~ itt tT~c~ wr ehu pr.u~G~s c~f bt~~:Lc ?n:l,l.3t~ty inat:ruGG:lnn
1.5 ~h~~ 1.,~~i1 til:tr~L� l:h~ory r. E~ic tc:nt tl'1.c~ ltr?ow.l ~r1g~ .'1'rn tt~ lit~; luintal ~c1~;~ ic~
pr~cc~H ~f la~ow.led~;c~ uf ob~ec~i.v~ rucl:~;tCy ,~nd :LG ~r.oceecis, in thr~ wards
c~f V, T. Lenin, "krom 1.�LvF~].y con~emPln~lon lu ,1bhCrt~cr thc~u~ht /cind ~r.~m
l�h,it ro pr;.~cC.ice/. Si.~clt is ~he clialc~et~icat ~oay ~o Che lcnn~v~.ed~e oE /truCh/
und lcnnw:ledg~ n(' oU;ject:Lv~ reFiliCy."* Tn uccordanc~ wiCh Chia ~heoxy,
the process oC m~stertng kno~vlEdge consir~~~ nf u number of ineeLdependen~
~inks: tih~ seudenCs' 183~jz~'1C1011 of c:ogniCive tasks, the perception of
Cratn3ng material and reasoning tt oue aiYd s~r~ngt:h~ning i~ ~nd ~h~
applicat:Lnn oF lcnocvled~c, ~biliti4s ~nd s1ciJ.:Ls in so.lving pructical
prob].ems.'ti'~` The app:licar3on of lcnowled~c for trainin~ and pracricn~. go~ls
consCiCuLes ~he basis L'or Lhis process.
Bas~.c mil3Cary insGruction ls ~ purpos~:ful process, in Che cour;~c ot which
a11 problems oC tr.linl.ng pre-conscription and conscripCed youth Eor mili~~ry
service are actively posed ~ncl comprehensivc:ly solved. T'uture fight:Lng
men are equipped with a system of special.:ir.ed kno~v~.edge, abilitic~s ~nd
ski].ls In accordance w:I~h ttie NVP and ~pecial3st Lraining probr~ims, m:Llitary
and patrioeic feelings ~ind behavior are rosCered in th. youths, th~
qualities of a defender. of the moL�herl.lnd are developed ~7nd ynurhs are
psycholagicully pr.epared foi miliLar.y ~arvl.ce. As ~i sCeciCic, g~itded at~d
cognitive process and as a movemeilt of sCude~its f.rom ignor~nce to Icnnw-
ledge and from inability eo ability, basic miliCary instrucL�ian l~as iCs own
methodology or, as i~ is often said, iCs particullr miliL�ary did~lctica.
The process of instructing pte-conscripC~.on and cunscripCed youCh is the
sub~ecr of the methodology. The subjec~ and raslcs of' NVP methodolo~y do
nor coincide with L-he academic sub~ect and i.ts Casks. 'Che academic
subject primarily answers the question of what to teach. The answer to
this is disclosed in appropriate prcgrams. The WP methodo].ogy anstaers
t11e question of how to teach.
The task of ineChodology also consists of investigatin~ the logical 11nks in
instruction and discl.osing the renuiremeni:s of its content znd substantiaC-
ing methods and organizat-Lonal forms on Che basis of these connections,
showing tt~e educational poCentiali.ties oE the academic sub~ect, and working
out the task of psyctiological Craining and requirements for evaluaCing
knocoledge, abilities and skills. Development of academic programs
and textboolcs, plans, sucmnaries, ete., enters inCo the task of
methodological. work. At present, for example, the development oE
methods for activizae-ion of cogni~ive activity, intensification
of t}~e insGrucrion process and ~mprovement of the methodology
of independent work have special signiEicance. At the same time,
the methodology of basic military instruction is concerned with the
disclosure oE ehe essence of the subject, the working out of concepts and
terminology and also the elucidation of Che nature of links w3th other
* V. I, Lenin "Complete ~ollected Works," Vol 29, pp 152-153.
"Military Pedagogy," edited by A. V. Barabanshchikov.
23
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i~Ok tll~~~.GfAL U~ ~ ONLY
t~r.ad~mi~ di~t3plinn~. As ~ multiplann~d ~cad~mic ~ub~~cC in r~~p~ct ~o
~truceur~, b~Hi.~ milit~ry tr~inir~ can be d~,vided intin inr]c~p~nd~nt parr~
~nd ~~c:eion~. ~t~r thi~ r~~son, togetiher wi~h rhe g~n~r~1 meehodology of
NVP ie i~ rdrr~~~ C~ gpi~gk nf m~thndelogies oE tiactii~al, f~ring, dr~.11
nnd t~ahniea~. millt~ry tr~3ning, civil dQf~n~e, ntc. .
In tl~e de~ad~ precQJing th~ introduction of the basic militnry ing~ruCCidn
~~ur~~ impore~nt wnrk en imprnvin~~m~thodalo~y wa~ p~rfermed. Th~ leval
of ac~d~m~c t~nd mathodoin$ic~l ~uidanca of Che work of mili~~tiy i.n~~rucCor~
wag r~i~~d. Ag an ~id rn NVP lesson in~trucC~r~, there hava b~~n d~vc~lop~d
~N ~h~ pre~ene tim~ a numb~r. of mpehodolog~cal tgxtbook~ which cnineid~
wieh a~~d~mic pro~rnm~ ~nd nr~ go~d guidag for eonducting th~ ~ppropri~eQ
1~ggdng.'~ Succ~~~ ia rai~ing tihe ef�ectiv~n~eg and quglity of instiruc~ion
wi11 depend upnn how ski11fu11y ~nd craatively the military inetructiore
u~i11~~ ch~ mQehodolo~ical ~xperience extenaively presented in Chee~
C~xrbdnkg.
Principleg nf MiliCary c~nd p~triotiic ~ducaeion of PrQ-conscriprion and
Con~r.rip ted Ynuth; The ~ss~nce, principlQg nnd Coatent of Mil~tery and
Purriotic ~ducaticn
Training youth for gervic~ in the armed forces nnd for defenae of eh~
~oci8li~t fathsti]and amounts eo more than ~ugt ba~ic military insCruction. -
IC invariably includes rhe process of military and patriotic education.
Pr~cCiC~ ghowg that wherever NVP is conducted in a close link ta milirary
nnd patr.iotic work, the procese o� tr~ining future fighting mQn for s~rvice
in the army and navy ie itgelf, as a rule, better conducted. NVt' at rhe ;
same time axerts a favorable inf luence on the military and patriotic
*"Colkection of ri~terials on Baeic Military Training," Moscow,
prosveshcheniye, 1976; "The Soviet Armed Forces, Their Nature and
Peculiarities. A Textbook for Military InsCructors of Basic Military
Training," Moscow, DOSAAF, 1974; "Methodological D~velopmenCs in the
Program for nnsic Military Training of Youth at Training Centers,"
Moscow, bO5AA~, 1974; K. Ye. Shvidchenko and A. r. Lakhin, "Academic
and Methodningical Textbook on Basic Military Training," Mo~cuw,
Prosveshcheniye, 1972; A. A. Lovi and R. A. Minin, "Organization of .
Lessons on Firing Training," Moscow, DOSAA~, 19~3; P. A. Gusnk and
A. M. Ftogachev, "Bngic Military Training. A Reference Textbook for
Military Inatructors," Minsk, Narodnaya Asveta, 1972; M. ri. Baka,
"Military and PhysicAl Trainirg of Pre-conacrlpts and Conscripta," _
Kiyev, Zdorov'ya, 197G; A. V. Sarabanshchikov, I. L. Ladanov, and
A. M. Stolyarenko, "On the Improvement of Inatruction of Soviet
~igiiCing Men Under Modern Conditions," Moecow, UPA imeni V. I. Lenin,
1967.
Z4
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~`t)li 1.1~Y~It~[~1t, tJ~l~ f)N1,Y
cdu~aCi~n uE yauEh, ~~i,n~il~7ti~ig it ~nd solvin~ ~ num~ei~ nt` ~du~~tic~~i~].
prob~.~m~ by m~~n~ vf did~ctic me~hc~d~ ~ne1 me~n~, mi~ey it~ve fi ~i~~l~
m~tlldd~ic~~ic~1, psyatiologi~al, t~hygidlagiC~1 ~nc1 miiie~~r~ E?n~i ~r.ien~ii'i~
bdgi~, 'I'he~e i~ ~lsv ane single objt~etive df etie ie?fliiectc>e--~che
p~r~~nality dC th~ futurF~ fighting m~n~ Yduehs ttee equipped ~rith th~
kn~wlcadg~ uttd ide~ys ot rl~~rxi:~miLenini~m by ingeruc~idn a et~uc~ti~n
nl.ik~~ 'Chc~r~fore, t+ ~init~~ nf ~:ons~~i~t~ Enr milie~ey ~~rvir,~ i~ vi~wed
~1~ ~t ~dmprehc~sive taak.
In th~ Uro~d ~~Ens~ o� th~ w~~rd, mil.it~ry ~nd pnliel~al edu~aeia~? nE ~ueure
Eightin~ m~n Ig cc~nreived of ~g ~ C~mt~inatidn e~ pada~agit~~1 influen~~~
whic:h ~re implem~nred n~t c~n1y in ehe prec~n~ d~ ~pecially org~t~i~~d
~~u~~ridnc~l tmrk but ~~l~o by chQ wh~1~ ~ey1e d~ ~~ci~1 li~e, A. 5~ M~r~t~ko
nnc:~ nneed thyt ~cdu~~~inn is ~x ~C~r,ia1 prOC~l~g in itg bto~dest megnin~~
~v~ryChing i~ cultivntcd: peop.le~ ehing~, phQn~~nen~~-~t~u~ prirn~?rily dnd
mo:ar af n11 people.
Th~ Snv~~t ~dci~l and stilCe sy~t~m, thu guiding rnle of the CPSU, Ch~
uni~y df nrmy attd people, the teies,d~hip c~mdng ehe p~t~ples of our cuuntry,
ehe equituble and n~b1e ch~ra~ter of. ~h~ ghalg our art~ed fdr~cs gerv~,
nnd our daity life icqelf, ill.uminated by eh~ ~rnaL ide~s ~t Cc~mmunigm
~nd f-111ed with th~ heroic l~~bvr or the p~dp1Q nb,JectivQly promnCe thu
formaeion of communise vicwpoines ~nd convi~tion~ and t1~4 moral ~nd
p~trin~in qunlitieg or the individu~l~ Nowever, speci~tlly organiz~d
topicul miltCnry ~nd patrioci~ toork wiCh youth rem.~ins even in th~~~
cfrrumgC~nces.
'The communfst party vic:ws military and patriotic: education of ~~re-
cnnscription and conscriptcd y~t,ths ns an impnrtant pare of its dail_y
uctiviCy and ~ns ~~ub~jecL for ~pecial concern. 'To thi~ c~n~ it use~ an
enCite 5ysti~m nf ideolti~ical warl~: tha press, radio, television, motion
picrure~, literature, s~rc ,~nd ~ whol~ ser nf po~itiCal ~?nd edudntionnl
measures. And as long ns imperialism and tlie d~tingQr of aggressiv~ wnre
rem~~ins, the party's concern for thc military and p~Criotic education
of our youth will remain an important component of the rrocess oE
developing the personalit~ oE t~.u Saviet citizc:n and af our way of liCe
ns a whole.*
gy miliChry and patriotic education is meanr a~pecially orpanized and
al.l-encompassing ped~7gc~~lc:illy y;uided pr.ocesa whoge m:~in rnle consi.gts
nf developing in pre-conscr.tptian and conseripted youth the need, the
thorou~h readiness and thc ability to f.ulfill Co thn end their sacred
duties oE deEending the motherland ~nd the interests oE the socinl.ist
community.
* L. A. Bublik, "'The ~tiLi.tary and PatrioCic FducnCior? af Soviet Youth--
1t the Level Required by the CP5U," Moscow, bO5AAF, 1977; "MilitUry
and Patriotic ~ducation of Conscripted Youth, A Collection ~f
Essuy~," Moscow, ti~5AAF, 19~5; A. L. Mamayev, "The Atili[ary and
P~triotic ~ducation of Youth in DOSAA~ Organizations," Moscow,
DO5AAF, 1973. 25
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,
I~'Ott dFF~CfAL U3~ ONLY
Mi1iC~ry ~nd patrinei~: ~du~~eion i~ ~ tw~-~~ay~ p~c~6eg~ end it Cind~ 3~~
t'ulfilln~ent tu ~1i~ d~eiv~ i~e~r~celon of ~duc~edr ~nd 6~ud~nC~ Con~e~
qu~nely, it is ~~~~n~iai co view tha pre-con~cript and th~ cdn~~ript ae
nc~e anly eh~ ob3~ce ae wh~.ch th~ pedag~giea~ infi~~ne~ i~ dir~et~d bue
ai~~ eh~ ~ubjeee of ~du~~ei~n. If ~ youth, guid~d by l.nner m~rivaei~n~
~nd nim~, ~triv~~ ~~ward ~~i~-2ducnt~ion, ~hen th~ r~sule ~duration
will pr~v~ t~ b~ pd~itive. But ~f th~ futur~ fighCing man h~~ ~ ne~ativ~
ratticud~ tnwu~d ~du~aeio~ hi~ r~~u1r~ a~ay no~ b~ very r~g~~uring. Tha
e~~~h~r ranndt ~uge t~aa~h; h~ ~h~u~d ~].gd ii,n~~n, whil~ at eh~ ~am~ eime
ob~ai.ning ~h~ ~etive vitni pa~ieian oE Cha otud~nt.
A pp~ul.i~rity c~E milie~ry and p~trinei~ wdrk wieti pr~-~~n~cripCidn ~nd
~an~~rfpe~d ynuth congi~es nf the fact ehat ie conduet~d under NVP
Conditi~ng, dep~nd,~ upnn r~~ultg dL pr~vidu~ educ~ti~n ~nd i~ accompliehed
on ch~ thr~~hoid ~f military sarvica, wh~n a11 p~dego~ical infl.~en~~~ Are
p~rc~ivcd em~ti~n~lly tinged fr~m? Ch~ pnint of view of tmp~nding ~rmy 1ife~
~'h~ r~guldr p~dagd$ic~1 linkg and r~l~ti~ns of milit~ry ~r~d patriatic
~ducaeinn find fi r@E1eGt~~fl in th~ principl~g nf educ~tinn.~ The~r require-
ments h~ve ~n ob~~ceiv~ chgracCer and nre tt~u~ obligat~ry fnr ~11 milirar3�
in~tructor~. Wh~C ~x~cely ~re the proper principlas to follow in the
proc~gs nf milieary and p~trioCic work?
~duGgrion in nur country is rarried out on th~ ba~is of rtnrxist-Leniniet
meehodol~~y, Che gngls and eagks set Eorth by the eommunigt pArty aad
the deciginn~ of the 25th CPSU Congress. t~'rom these cnm~s /th~ principle
of communist purpog~fulnegs and pnrty-mind~dn~s~./
(~unlities of the futur~ fighting maa nre daveloped in the pracess nf
sncially ugeful nctiviry in connection with the practiaal work of building
communism ~nd strengthening ehe defense capability of the sCate. The
25th C~'5U Cnngress especially pointed nut the neceseity of develaping
gn .lctive vital ~ttitude in the Soviet people. Consequently, it is
especially important to acquire /the principle af the linkage of military
and patriotic educatian with the prgctict~l work of buildin~ .^.dmmunism
and with military ~ctivity/.
Soviet pedago~ical ~cience proceeds from the premiea that a person is
nat ~ducut~d in bitg and pieCes. Military and paCriotic work cnnnot be
reduced ta a gimple arittunetic sum of individual uncoordinated measures,
and it is obligntory thnC there bC in it a purposeful system of inEluence
wl~ich has r~lied upon an all-encomp~aging interact~on with all of the
' eompnnent parts of education, planned development and continuity in itg
execuCinn. This ful�ills the requiremants of the 25th CPSU Cangress.
Hence the necessity of /the principlQ of the integriry and all-encompassing
nacure of the military and political ed~ication process/.
*"Military pedagoby," edited by A. M. Danchenko and I. F. Vydrin,
pp 219-235.
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~'~t3 U~'~ICtAL t1~1~ ONtaX
'Th~ niilieary ~nct r~ttrir~ti~ qu~1 i~1eH df ~he futu~~ ~igl~tit~~ m~tin ~aYc~ t'nrme~l
i~ eh~ ~diia~t~iv~, Yc~ i.~ h~ rer~fv~~ ~v~ry~hing f~r h~.~ d~veiepment~
't'hE~ ~oii~cti.v~e m~kea an ~v~~l.u~eiun d~ ~he wdrk qu~iitie~ at t1~e ittdivi.dual.
z~ncl d~~~rmin~~ hi~ pr~,~eig~. ~1~~ GijStt h~~ r~~~~tt~di.y p~in~~d ~ue rh~
grow~h u~ ehp ~du~~eidn~i cun~~inc~ o~ iubor Cd~.~.~GC~.V@~. 'Th~rp~c~r~, in
~h~ c~r~~niz~ei.an ar milit~ry ~t~d polit~e~1 WdYIt W~.t~h ~UtUYc~ tigh~ing m~t~
i~ ir~ r~~e~~~~~y Ca be gui~~~d by /tih~ prin~ipia af ~duc~eion in eh~
~d11~~eivr~ ~nd ~hrdugh th~ Cd1~ECC~V~~~
i;du~~ei~n l~~~ame~ tiigl~ly ~~f.e~rive if ie ig G~r~i~d au~ at~ th~ ba~i~ d~
th~rdu~l~ knowl~dg~ ~nd wii:h r~pard fn~ Ch~ ~nd it~ctividu~l ~r~d
p~ye11a1d~iG~1 peCUliarieie~ nE pt�ey~~ns~ripeion ~nd canscript~~! yuueh~
'Cht~ d~t~rmin~d th~ ~b3~ctive ner~~si~y ~f /eh~ principl~ nf rE~ard ~dr
ehe ~g~e and individu~t per.uli~ritie~ of yc~uth in milit~ry and p~Criotic ~
work~ ~
~~rm~eien d~' ehe iedividu~rl's p~rri~t~e qunlieieg mu~t pr~supp~~~ ~
judi~idug nnd hf~h degree of ~x~eein~n~g~, ~ v~1id ~eeieud~ and car?eern
- far th~ tuture Ei~hein~ men~ `~h~r~for~, mtlit~ry~ ~nd politiG~i eduGae3on
nE y~urhg nf pre-~nngcriptinn ~nd ~nr~~erip~ion ag~g naeds eo be Conduat~d
wiCh r~lian~~ upon /the ~rinciplQ of n combin~einn uE ~i high dhgr�c nf
c~xaceingn~ss eow~rd~ srudents Coupl~d wieh u re~pecc far rhetr individual
worth and tt CpttC@rn for them/.
Iti ~eteir~ about educ~ring pre-ec~nscription ~nd ~dngeriptec~ youth, the
milirary inseruCtdr shnuld eurn to the m~ritg nf tihe individunl. 'I'hi~
m~8ns thaC in miliC~~ry nn~ patri~tic wdrk ie is proper ~o be ste~dfa~Cly
guided by /the nrinciple of rellanc~ upon the pngirive in rhe pr~cesg nf
~ducutioa/.
~h~ ~ff~ctiv~ness mi~i~ary ~n~i pntriotic educa~ion ~f pre-c~nscripts
and cnnscript~ depend~ t~pon the cacicert~d and ronrdinnted aeti~n nE
the te~cher~. Th~refc~rc, it is necessary to be guided by /rhe principle
oC the unity of coordination ~nd continuity oE educaCionnl influences
of milit�~ry inseru~tors and +roluntar~
'Thp principles cited nbove .~re re.~lized in a dinlectical combination and
interr~latinnghip. The sur.cessful solution of prdblems of the educntion
of youChg depends to a significant degree on how skillfully ~hc militory
instructors are guided by ~he giv~n prinCipl~s bnd tn whar extent thcy
put into pr~ictice the rehuirement o~ Che rrfnciplag tor content,
mcthndology nnd formy of military ~h~ r~cr~oci~ work.
Militnry and patriotic education is an inte~;ral. pgrt of the content of
communist educ~eion oE rhe Soviee peoplQ. ~his is the link in the chain
of educatic~n in which th~re formed: '
Military and patriotic attitudes, convfctions, thoughts and concepts
connected with the s~cred duCy oE the defendQr of the socialist father-
land;
Z7
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~`~R ~FF~CiN. U3~ ntrLY
Praf~unfl p~triaei~ Ee~13n~~--1av~ ~er ehn n1~~ha~i~nd, p~id~ in i~~ r~volu-
ei.~nary d~hi~v~m~nt~ r~nd ~ueer~~s~~ .tn bui.lding ~acinli.~m ~nd communism,
~1as~ hner~d ~ow~rd eti~ ~nemi~~ c~f ~nci~li~m, co~.l~ctivi~m and ~omrad~ly
mueur~l ~~~~lg~dn~~ in b~tti~, a r~g~rd for ~h~ ~oci~i ~i~ni�icanc~ of
mtii~ary ~erv~ir.~ nnd eh~ hc~raic er~dition~ of tha 9ovia~ p~opi~, ~Cc.;
VoliEidttal fe~tut~a~ of th~ person~liry of th~ fueu~~ d~f~nd~r of ehe
m~t~t�rignd, hi~ ~biii~y te overcom~ peychol~gie~l ancl phyeicai hard~hips,
hi~ miiit~ry ~nd patrioeie d~ed~ ~nd th~ c~pgbility (r~ad~n~e~) to devo~~
hi~ ~tr~ngeh~, knaw~.~d~a and ~biiitia~--~nd gven hie life if n~~d be--eo
~h~ ~au~~ af d~f~nding our s~ci~l~~t faeh~rland~
'~h~ ~~ntpnt of r.nmmunigt ~ducaeion i~ re~lix~d in th~ following ba~ic
dir~ctio?tg in militsry ~nd pulikical w~rk among pre-eonscription nnd
can~cri.pt~d yduth;
~1u~idaeian df L~ninigt id~~~ and r~nat~ of thg CPSU prngram and th~ USSR
Cdn~tieueidn dn rhe de[~ns~ of th@ ~ociali~ti fath~r.lnnd;
propagation of the id~a~ of M~rxigm-L~nini~m and the dnmestic nnd foreign
policy oE the C~SU, the adv~ntag~s nf th~ socialist sygr~m ov~r Che
capitnli~e ~nd th~ achi~vementg of our people in building gocialiam nnd
~bmmunigm;
plucidntion of th~ US5Et L~w "On universal miliCnry obligntion," the
deci~ion~ of the 25th CPSU Congrese on strengehening the country'g
def~nse e~pability and meagures by the party and Roverr~ment toward th~
buildup of the Sovict armed forces;
rul~ivntinn of a high degree of political vigil~nce and congtant readiness
to defend Che motherlund, the usunasking of the aggre~sive nature of
imperialism and bourgeois ideology and the elucidation of the peculiarities
of mod~rn warfare and the taska involved in training for the defense of
the motherland ~nd th~ countries of the socialist community;
familiarization with the heroic pa~t of our motherland and with the
revolutiongry, combat and lebar traditions of the Soviee people ~nd Che
~rmed forces and a cultivation of the aspirgtion to augm~nr th~~e
traditions;
digclnaure of the esaence and content af Soviet patriotism and proletarian
internationalism; -
culeiv~tion of respect for the armed forces and the aspiration to perEorm
' military service meritoriously;
Eormation of higf~ moral, political and military qualities and also the
psychological readiness to carry out the sacred military duty;
28
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roti at~~~~c~nt~ u~~ orr~,Y
~u1Civ~~ion c~f ~tt ine~r~~t in mili~~ry dffratra ~nd the ~~pirc~~tnn t~
~~rCiv~ly ~nd cr~rieiv~l.y m~~~nr bnpi~ nn~l racl~ni~al milirt~ry ki~~wl~dge,
tl~t1. ~ C1~1N ~t[It~ 8~i~.L1.[3 ~
r.ulCiv~Cidn ~C Ch~ i~ubit ~f acCin~ in ~GCOrd~nae wleh e:dmmunlsti ~onvie-
rien~, eh~ renuirem~ne~ n~ eh~ d~~h ~n~i mi.l.iCer.y r~gul~~~an~;
physi~~1 improvem~nt ~nd eh~ ~l~v~ld~men~ of ~~renp,th~, dexteriCy and
~ndu~~n~~, ~rG,
~t i~ ~~~~ntiai ta e~peci~till.y ~mphdsiz~ th~e ~e th~ h~ere o~ Ch~ ~onean~ c~~
mili.e~ry nnd politi~nl eduC~eion nf ynurh~ 1.Le lov~ for our cou~tery ~nci
devntinn to rh~ moCh~rl~nd, eh~ Cp5U and ehe gr~aC CHUS~ bf build3ng
$~ci~li~m and Che re~~lin~g5 and ~biliCy ed d~EQnd th~ U5SFt und ehe
cdunCries nf the ~ocinlise community~ mhe culCiv~tinn of heroi~m and
paer.ioei~m i~ S.nc~nc~iv~b1~ withdut Ctia Corm~einn ~f. F~~1ing~ [nr
prnl~tdrian int~rn~ridn~alism c~t~d eh~ friand~hip ~nd br~eh~rhond ~E th~
5aviet peopl~s. Ae the pre~enr timd, when ehe m~in f~~eur.~ df. th~ ag~
ig the pra~~nc~ n~ a pow~rLu1 wnrld ~ygt~m df socialism, ir is imporCanC
ed di~clos~ ed future figheing m~n the in~~rnneionnl n~eure of thc def~nse
of Che ~nci~li~t f~rherl~nd, A~ ~ rQgule of p~hCrioric educ~linn c~v~ry
youCh ghould re~ili2e eh~C ehe s~curity of ehe mn~hnrl~nd ig impogsible
wirhouC tir~inin$ fdr Che defengg nf tiha soci~liet fgtherl~nd.
i'dr ehe yuccessful fu1fi11mcnC nf ehe mulCiplan and highly c~kent teek~
of military ttncl palitir.dl educatidn oE youth oI pre-congcriprion ~nd
cdngcription A~@J it i.s cgg~ntial ro k~ep in mind the continucu~negg and
cnntinuity of educaeidnal inEluences, ~he compliCation of problems with
due regnrd for peculiarities of a~e nnd with the obligatory cnmbinaCian -
nf th~ory wirh mili~~ry and politicxl pructical work i~ gr~dual but gt~ady.
MiliCary nnd politic~l ~ducnrion should b~ carried out also tn the training
process (in echools, ~nt vocatinnal-technical schonls, at tr~ining centers
and .~t technical colleges) and in the ~amily during nonschool time.
Moreover, the leading ~~ru directing role in such A proc~ss i~ allotted to
educuCion~1 institutinns. They should coordinate tt11 eEEorte and
implem~nt ped~gogic~l le~dership.
The miliCury and patrioCic education of future figheing men requires pur-
pnbcfulnegs and persistence in the work af party, tr~de union and Komsomol
org7ns and b05Aa?~ organiz