JPRS ID: 8615 USSR REPORT METEORLOGY AND HYDROLOGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 190
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 16
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 20U7/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100U80016-5
AI~D _ '~I ~
N0. S, MAY i979 '

i3 AUQUST i979 CFOUO~ ~ i OF 2\
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
, FbR q~~'IC(AL US~ ONLY
JPRS L/8615
,
13 August 1979 ~
USSR Re ort
p
METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY
No. 5, May~ 1979 ~
FB~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
FOR OFFICiAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
NOTE
JPRS publications contain i.n�drmation primarily from foreign
newapapRrs, periodicals and books, but ~lso from news agency
transmissiona and broadcases. Maeerials from foreign-language -
sources are translated; those from Engliah-language sourcea
are transcribed or reprinCed, wiCh the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
?ieadlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
are aupplied by JPRS. Proceasing indic~torg such as (Text)
or (Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
preceased~ Where no proceasing indicaCor is given, Gt~e ~nf~r-
m~~fon was sumcnarized or extr~cted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or tranaliCeraeed are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a quea-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in conrext. -
Othar unattributed parenthetical notea within the body of an ~
item originaCe wiCh Che source. Times within ~.Cems are as
gi�~en by source.
The contenrs of this publication in n~ way represent the roli-
ciea, views or attitudes of ~the U.S. Government.
_ For f~~rther information on report content
call (703) 351-293fi (economic); 3468
(political, socioingical, military); 2726
(life sciences); 2725 (physical sciences).
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OW'NERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFF~CIAL USE ONLY
JPRS L/86~5
- 13 Augus~ ~979
USSR REPORT
METEOROLOGY AND HYD~OLOGY
No. 5, ~Aay 1979 ~
5elected ar~icles �rom the Ruasian-languaqe ~ournal. METEOROLOGxYA
- ~ GI~ROLOGZYA, Moscow.
CONTENTS PAGE
Results of Uaing Initial Wind Data in Preasure Field Forecasting
Mode ls
(G. P. Kurbatkin~ et al.) 1
Predic~abil3.ty in Long-Range Weather Forecasting
(a. V. Alekseyev, Yu. V. Nikolayev) 15 ~
Features of the Meteorological P~ttern of a Lerge City
(L. T. Nlatveyev) 22
Structiure of the Baroclinic Elflnan Planetary Boundary Iayer
(S. P~nchev, D. ~'~tanasov) 30
Problem of Numerical Forecasting oP the Altitude a.nd Temperature
of the Tropopause
(B. T. Kurbanov) 39
Effect of Surface-Active Subatancea of DroplQt Growth and Evaporation
(V. A. Borzilov, et al.) 46
Spectral Analysis of Cloud Cover Over Tndian Ocean Basin
- (A. V. Kislov, Ye. K. Semenov) 5?
Problem of Determining Atmospheric Visibility as Applied to AircraPt
Take-Off a.nd'Landing
(S. L. Belogorodskiy) 67
Consideration of Atmospheric Sphericity in C~?.aulations of the
Brigh~ness of the D~ytime Sky
V. Ye. Pavlov) 73
-a- (III --USSR-33S&TFOUO] `
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OF~'ICIAL USE ONLY
CONTIIVTS (Con~inued) ~g~
Inf~.u~nc~ of th,e Bottom Re~ief on ~he q~~ostrophic Mo~ion of a
~~rat:Lfied Zonal F].ow
(v. F. xozl.ov, e~ a1.) 79
Coe~'~3cien~ of Turbulen~ Diffuaion dfl Sedim~en~s and Ca1cuJ.ati.on
of Their Concentration Ms~rinut~.on in a F'1.ow 86
(S. M. An~syferov~ R. L?~ Kos~yan)
Analys3s of Turbulence Spectral Characteriatics Wi.th R~,dged
Roughness o� the Bottom
(N. A. Nlelekhova) 96
Influence of Weather on Si.zes and Depth of the T11.lering Node _
of Winter Wheat
(A. I. Mi.tropolenko) io5
Agrocl.ima~te Resources and Potential Yields ox' Winter Wheat
~ Grain in Foothills of Northern Caucasue
- (E. D. Ad:n'YaYev) 1.14
Uae of Image Technique To Study Cloud and Fog MicroWtructure
(V. V. Smirnov, G. F. Yaskevich) 123
Fo~ Disaipation With the $elp of Surface-Active Substancea
(M. V. Buykov, V. I. I4ivorost~yanov) 135
?n Memory of the 90th Birthday of Semen ivanovich T~oitskiy
(V. M. Mi.khel', A. S. Korovchenko) l48 ~
In Commemoration of V3ktor Nikolayevich Kedrolivanskiy's
90th Birthday
(A. S. K,orovchenko, et a1..) 152
Revie~ oP NlGnograph by I. N. Davidan, L. I. I,ope~tukhin and
V. A. Rozhkov Ehtitled "Vetrovoye Volr~eniye I~ Veroyatnostnyy
Gidrodina.micheskiy Pr~tsess" (Wind-Induced Waves ae a l~andom
Hydre~ynamic Procesa), Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1978~ ~
287 Pages
(A. B. Menzin, M. M. Zubova.) 15?
Review of Nlpnograph Edited by Yu. P. Doronin Eatiled "Fizika
pkeana" (Pbysics of the Ocean), Leningrad~ Gidrometeoizdat,
1.978, 294 Pages 160
Comm~moration of 70th Birthday of Geor~iy Mikhaylovich Tauber 164
Co~aemoration oP 90th Birthciay oY Ivan Nikolayevich Yaroslavtsev.. 166
- b -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFIC:AL US~ ONLY
CON'~ENZ'S (Con~inued) Page
; Pr~.zes of Exhibi~~.on of ~he Achiev~ement~ of ~he Na~~.onal Econou~y
of ~he USSR
(M. M. Kuzne~sova) 168
Coopera~~.on Con~~.nuee To Expand
(Yu. V. 0].yw~~.n) 1'j2
Conference~, Mee~~ngs and Semtnars
(R. C~. Reytenba.kh, e~ al.) 176
' Notes From Abroad
(B. Sil.kin) 180
-c-
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
PUBLICATION DATA
Englieh title : MErEOROLOGY AND HYDROIAGY
No 5, May 79
Rusaian title : METEOROIAGIYA 2 GIDROLOGIYA
Author (s) : G. P. Kurbatkin, A. U. Karimov ~ ,
et al~
Editor (s) : Ye. I. T olstikov
Publiahing House : GIDROMErEOIZDAT
Place of Publication : Moscow
Date of Publication : 1579
Signed to press : 20 Apr 79
Copies : 3920
COPYRIGHT ; "M~teorologiya i gidrologiya~"
1979
- d
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL US~ ONLY
unc 55i.(so9.3i3:589)
RESU?~TS OF US]NG INTTIAZ WIND DATA IN PRESSURE F?EI,D FORECASTTNG MODEIS
Moscow MEI'EOROT.,OGIYA I GTDROIAGIYA in Russian. No ,5~ May '79 pp 5-15
CArticle by Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences G. P. Kur- ~
batkin~ and Candidates of Physical and Mathema.tical Sciences A. U. Karimov
and V. N. Sinjrayev~ Qomputer aenter of the Siberian Department of the USSR
Acade~}r of Sciences~ Institute of Cybernetics, submitte~d for publication
18 Aug 78]
Abstract. Based on numerical experiments on two spectsal
hemispheric forecasting models a study is made of the possible
use of initial wind data (GAI~' data) in pressure field fore- -
cast~.ng problems. Comparative characteristics of the two
models axe'presented. In addition~ certain properties of tho
spectral solution to the linear bala,nce equation are dis-
cussed, and methods are suggeeted for "imQroving" the solution
- to the given equation, �
CText] The main goal of this work is to verify the possible use of initial
wind data in problems of forecasting the geopotential. The study ~ra,s carried
out according to the resulta of integrating two spectral hemispheric fore-
casting models.
One moc~.sl (model II) uses untransformed equa,tions in d-coordinates [1]s
ar =-~pu-s aQ -}~rf- a ctgFi~v-- acosu {~'~'RT~I, (1)
~ ~
i a ~ az ,
~=-vpv-~ ~I -(f+ a ctg6)u- a ~oe +RT da~ (2)
' RT a
~=-z~~T-o dQ -F ~P Q -~v--A-~-A), (3)
.
- az _ ' "
oe - - p v - A, (4)
1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY .
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL U5E ONLY
-
- ~a-Q�-=-D(ro--ro)--IA-A)~ (6)
a~ Rr ' (6)
a ~
where A` y
v z~ the symbol ) design~,tes integrat3on with resgect to the
entire mass of the a~tmosphere ~ Z=1np --value of the pressure logarithm on
the easth's surface~ The remaining c~esignations ase the generally accepted
ones,
The boundary conditions w3th respect to C were used in writing (1)-(6) s
0~0 with ~al~
d�0 with ci~0 . ~ 7~ ~
The solution to the aystem (1)-(6) with respect to the horizontal variables
is sought for the hemisphere~ assuming periodicity with respect to 1~ and
the absenca of streams through the equator: v~0 with Aa90~. The distribu-
tion of the geopoten~ial on the earth's surface is presoribeds .
_ gzs' zs _ zs -
The other model ~model ) is a qua,sisolenoidal model in the isobaric coordi-
nate system [2,3 ;
~
d d~ ~ t ? fa=) -1- ~ ( f v X) = FQ , . ~8~
' adrp + ~ Q ~P)'~ = Fr? (9)
wn � _ ~'X+ i10)
o'~=o~fC~')~ � (Il) -
T = - R ~p� � ~ (12) ~
T'.e boundary conditions with respect to the ver.tical: .
C~=O with p=0,
~,r ( l .
u, RT l B ldv + J~`~' ~~l - J�', ~~J, p=Po = 1U00 mbas. _
2 .
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFTCIAL USE ONLY
Here the follow~.ng de~i0nations have beeri adop~teds
- J(A,B)--Jacobian,
x--hori~onta]. velocity potent3al~
d
W~~
~ --orography,
F~ and ~~--!'nonadiabatic so~trces~" Each of the functions F~ and ~ is
presented in the form of a sum of two componentss
~
- F~ P, t) = Fw, P, t) + FL~ t),
Fr p, t) = Fr (~i, p, t) F"r (U, P? t),
where F~ and Fr--mean climato values of the sources computed for each calen-
- dax day as multiple-year averages using system (8)-(12) as the diagnostic
according to the technique stated in ~2]~ F'~ and FT--values of deviations
in sources from their mean c7.imate values. He;re the3a functions are found
from the solution to the inverse problem by stati.stical means [4]. The
Adams-Be~hfort method was used to integrate the c~uasisolenoidal model with
respect to time,
_ Thus~ in its ma~.n .variant the qua,sisolenoidal model provides for conslderation
of the nonadiabatic factors in the form of inean climate sources and para-
metrized values for the deviations in sources f~om their mean climate values.
Because of objective reasons (the absence of multiple-yeax data in the time
interval from 4 to 9 November in which tes-t forecasts were made) we were able
to use only "December sources" computed as five-year averages for each day
of December for 1964/1968, with additiona.l averaging in the first 10 days of
December .
It i~s natural that the competence of such an "approximation" requires empirical
confirmation. At least by using the ma,-terials of the multiple-yeax synoptic
ana,lysis of the climate characteristics o.f these two months it was possible
to draw a conclusion about the presence of significant differences. Thus,
bearing the aforeme ntioned in mind~ it is necessaxy to appxoa.ch an evalu-
ation of the forecasting potentialities of the nonadiaba.tic model on the
basis of the fulfilled calculations with a certain degree of caution. With-
in the f~amework of the qua,sisolenoidal model experiments were also casried
out that permi~ted an evalua.tion of the effect of different methods for pre-
scribing the initial data on the f.orecast qua,lity,
Two-day forecasts by the untransformed model (model R~ variant and the
qua.sisolenoidal model (model Z~' , varia.nts ~1'-~-~' were compu ed for
4 initial dates 4,5,6 and 7 November 1969, ~(e ~i113briefly explain the
_ content of the model vasiants. Vaxiants Ttl and ~i are adir~ba,tic variants of
modelsTland respectively with the assignment at the initial moment, besides
the geopotential the current functions from wind observations (GARP data).
3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
�
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
Her~ the ba].ance equa,tion (11) ~in vasiant c~i is used "in the lesa rigid"
foracasting forms ~
av t fv~~1 _ av'~ ~ ~
- ~c �
In vasiant the curran~ function ia determined in all seasons includ3ng -
the initial ~rom (11) (oalance wind). Variant ~s the nonadiabatic
vas iant of model in which the initial data ase3prescribed analogously
to variant ~i2, The calculation resul~s for the two models ase presented in
table 1. In addition~ table 1 presents the abaolu~te errors of the inertia
forecast (model T. P)~ In our opinion the mos-t important is the comparison
of the results from integrating vaxiants TTl and ~i in whi~ch the in~,tial
data ase identical (at the s~ta.rting moment in both variants only the aotual
_ values of the current function and the geopotential are prescribed). The
roo~t-mean-square errors in both cases ase approximately the same= in the un- ~
transformed model they are somewhat smaller, especially on the second day ~
of 3ntegration. The correlation coeff'icjents 3n variant are regularly
greater for all four forecasting examples (the difference ~s most signifi-
cant on the first day of integration for levels 700~ 900 and 1000 mbas)~
~ T his caYi be explained by the methodological difference in the temporal
realization of the two models~ and in particnlas~ the methods of initialing
(congruence) .
In the quasisolenoidal model at all the temporal stages (including the staxting
moment in time~ wind data obtained from the solution to the diagnostic
equation (l~J-equation) are used to approximate the divergent port.ion of the
wind.
In vari,antfTi the first temporal step in integrating the eddy equation doe~
not consider the main divergent -term NW ; for those levels where this compo-
nent is significant, the approximation ~s very poor (which explains the low ;
, correlation coefficien-t on the ].ower levels on the firs-t day of integration) .
It is natural tha.t methods are needed for the unfiltered model to attain a
be ttc~r initial congruence of ~the f:Lelds or acceleration of the a,dapt,ation
processes. The proximity of the root-mean-square errors in variants TT and
C~i' for all fotm examples can be explained by the presence in the syst~m of
equ~ations for model 1~ of an additional "divergen~" degrea of freedom . ,
~overned by the forecasting equa.tions for divergence, and in the case of ~
the zero values of starting divergence this degree of freedom up ~to a cer~tain ~ _
moment plays the role of outlet of kinetic energy of the solenoidal move-
�.ent (unique dissipative factor). A comparison of the forecasts from vax iants
~1~ ' and of model shows -tha.t the use of ~the actual solenoidal wind
_ (va~'iant ~i~ as the initial data significantly improves ~he qua.lity of the
forecasts~ Introduction of nonadiabatic factors into the quasisolenoidal
model (vaxiant ~ 3) results in a noticeable improvement in the forecasts on _
4 '
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFTCIAL USE ONLY
Table 1. Root-Mean-Square E'~rora, m(nutaerator) and Correlation Coeffi- ~
cienta (denominator)~ November i969
a b Close xnocr~, .~G d `
llcxoaiiu~ _ ~ Cpo~; npornoaa, cyr ~ Mo�
nnta 3pp 500 700 gpp ~~p ACJIM
I I l_....' l I 1 ~ 1 I 2 I ~ 2
4 90 140 64 ~J4 49 i3 46 67 43 67 1, P,
76 ll~ ;i~ 83 47 71 50 63 61 7b
- U,i3 0,71 U,G~J U,tiH U,6~ U;SS 0,42 U,tiU 0,37 U,53
f,6 107 +~ti ~JO 53 ~i7 Fi1 86 47 86 ,
U,iB 0,7S U,71 U,72 U,53 U,r~B U,52 U,4~J U,61 U,49 ~t
64 141 50 ~JO 46 84 . 45 82 ~;1 84 ,
U,7~ U,61 U,i2 U,ti2 U~56 U,:iU 0,50 U,42 U,4'l 0,~6'I ~x
71 118 52 81 46 67 d2 63 3.~i 59 ,
0,72 U,69 U,67 U,67 0,54 U,~~8 U,54 U,58 O,G'J U-`,6~1 ~3
~ J3 !33 6G 97 50 80 48 78 48 I 80 I. P.
i d 11 ~J 33 37 46 74 43 6l 5S ? l
' U,70 U,60 U,6ti 0,39 U,5J U,+"~i 0,51 0,68 0,6~J 0,61
70 122 53 93 47 87 48 87 48 97 ,
U,79 U,(i7 U,77 O,titi U,71 U,~9 U,GS 0,53 U,fi7 U,44 ~t
i2 116 50 34 42 70 42 71 4-~ 83 ,
U,i~ 0,66 U,71 U,69 U,6~ 0,70 0~ U,65 U,ti;i U,5;~
72 11G 46 32 3S 67 38 64 39 66 ,
U,73 U,63 U,74 u;b'l U,72 U,62 U,69 0,63 U.7u U,-'3b' ~3
6 101; 166 73 113 38 87 56 83 :~3 S9 1, P_
% 9 1 i 8 ~7 32 49 73 ~i2 69 Gt~ 83
U,72 U,7:~ U,71 U,74 u,6;i U,ti~ U,4i 0,60 0.4G 0,58 '~1
� 6~J 104 43 S4 40 i0 41 70 ~7 81 ,
U,i~ 0,$1 V,~U U,iB U,iJ U,7ti O,i6 U,71 U,7U U,ti3
1~~, 1i1 101 1'2~ 7~J lU:~ 73 98 7~ ]04
U,41 U,62 U,4~) O,G4 U,52 U,63 U,52 O,GO U,ril U,Sa `~'2
!14 lOS 62 i4 :~2 ri7 48 52 43 :?4 .
U,:~9 U,7i U,fi3 .U,?7, U,G2 .0,,"�7 U,ti4 U.70� ~U,7U �Q;BI ~3
[Continuation of ta.b1A and key on~ .next page]
5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
_ ~OR OF'FICIAI, USE C~NLY
~ ~
floi~e~ixito~�ri~, .~r6 ~d~
tlcxb,~itiuH ~~c~ C,po~; n~~nruuao, cvm - ` M~� ,
- ,~era 30J ,~O(1 i00 900 _ W_ 10tl0 1trn~~
. 1
2 I~I ~ 2 I ly - 1_I ~ ~~l 1 7
7 1114) l61 b1 104 b0 i4 46 G8 b~ 7J I, N.
i li 1 U9 +~3 'J 1 4H lili b2 6~J f 6t 72 ~
U,i3 0,78 U,iO U,iO 0,52 t1,51i Q,2~J U,~2 U,2b U,5~3 ~
i U 1l)3 L~1 82 47 i 2 4G 74 49 83
0,1U U~ ~,il O,i2 ~,5'J U,IiU U,~~1 ll,u3 U~ U,GI ~
t _
82 134 GO ~ 106 ~52 ? y0 ~ di) ~iy ' ';~0 ' ?44 ' .
U,7'l U,ii U,ti'~ U;liti ~ u,~?~i U,~i U,44 U,li(l U,43 ~
~U I21 .i0 ~ T6 ~iti ,~6 ~33 51 3.'.i ':~'i'~
0, i4 U.71 U,7 ' U,7U U,71 U,~6 U,74 U,li3 11~ 1),(iy 3
~~~r,ltt~ie no 101 1:i0 ti3 104 31 i9 :~0 y4 ;i0 78 I, P.
~icrwpeM ,
npariioaa~ i6 IIR 5;>~ 84 d8 i2 50 64 h2 76 ~
una Ka~cqoi~ u,74 O,i2 O.iU U,G~J U,GI U,:,9 U,43 O,tii U,4U 0,5~J ~
,
MoQemi 69 lOS :r3 SS 4i � 50 46 30 ~{S H8 ~
U,7y 0,74 0,7:i O,i2 U,ti7 U,bi U,ti3 U,:~7 0
b8 0,52
~Jl id0 6+i 104 i~.~ 87 ri2 98 :i2 91
0,66 U,G7 U,6:1 U,I)J U,GU U,bU U,S:) U,t);i U,,)'J U,~9 ~
79 ll6 60 78 ~43 fi2 40 fi5 ~i~J S9
~ 0,69 U;iU U,6~J U,69 O,b4 U,6ti U,GS U,tiG U,7U U,titl 3
Note~ I,P,--inertia forecast,ill--untransformed model (solenoidal "actual"
wind),(~i--qua,sisolenoidal model (solenoidal "actual" wind)~ ~ 2'--quasi-
solenoidal model (solenoidal "balance" wind), ~3--qua,sisolenoiTal model
(solenoidal "balance" wind~ sources). _
Key: '
_ a, Initial date d, Model
b. Surface, mbar e, Mean for four forecas~s ~
c, Period of forecast, day for each model
the low6r levels, although~ as we have already indica~ed previously~ foi
o'~jective reasons the nonadiabatic sources in.this model are introduced by
a no+ qui~e correct method.
will dwell in somewhat more detail on an ana.lysis of the forecasts with
respect to variants Q~1 and ~ 2 with initial data for 6 November 1969, In
this example the difference in the estima.tes of the variants is especially
significan~t. Thus~ if vaxiant produces a relatively good forecast, the
6
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR O~FICIAL US~ ONT.Y
A~timate~ for .varlant a~e oon~id~rably wor~e ~ In ordex ~to ~eveal the
raasons for suoh a dras~~c difference we oonduoted the ~ollowin~ ~wo
ex~erimenta~ In ~the ~irst experiment th~ initl.al values o~ the zonal
sec~Eion of the aurran~t �uncti~on were taken from the CAFt~ data (analogously
to variar~t ) an8 remrain~d in the c~?lculation prooess unohanged, while
the initial v~].ue$ of the nonzonal eeotion were de~Eermined ~om the linear
balance equa~tion (variant ~ and further were for~c~sted~ The obtained
estimates were close ~o the tK~timatea for variant that is ~he differ~nces
in the zonal aectSons of the initial. data for the ou~ren~t function in these
~ }~wo var~+ants in the given ca~~ are not the reason for such a large d1s-
crepancy (~udgin~ from the ,~a^oximity of ~the est3.mates~ the d~.fferenGes in
the zonal sections cannot b~ significant),
Con~sequently~ anot!~~er reason rematns~ the difference in the nonzo;ial aections
of the current function fields in bo~th variants~ "Lo all appearances~ this
is linked to the known fact ~that for oertain syno~tic situations the aolution
to th~ apectral b~lance equation for nonzonal c~rent function harmonics
(the current function is pr9sented in a seri~s xith respect to the odd
- spherical harm~nScs, while the goopotential--the even) can prove to be
incorrect in the se nae of the convergence of the correaponding series. From
the viexpoSnt of the correctnesa of using the series for the current function
in solving the system of hydrodynamic equations the convergence must at
least be on the order of 0(1~)~
n
We previously made a special e~mination of this problem~ In particular~
ue studied two approaches to the possibility of improving the solution for
nonzonal sections~ We will briefly explain the essence of these approaches~
In the case of a symmetric geopotential field and antisymmetric current
function field ( in precisely this case the problem cf correctness arisea) the
precise satisfying of the balance for the prescribed zonal wave number
requires
N
~ fn ~m~ pa ~ ~n Pn ~ .
n=m n~m
xhere f~ f~, ,,.~r f~, knoxn functions of Nave numbers satisfying the
folloxing "boundary" conditionss
m ~ =Q, (13aj
fm. m-1 " fm. N-Ff
= lY~;, ~'~m ��~'{N_~) vector of expansion factors of current function
f~,+a
for given zonal number m according to the associated I~egendre polynomials.
Q~m--ex~ansion factor of geopotential field. We noted that the number of
n
coefficients for the current function is a unit smaller than for the geo-
potential.
7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~OEt OFFICIAfi. U3E ONLY
, ~qu~l,~,ty (13 mu~t ba fu~~'~.lled for any A, Z~' wd a~~A~ep~ ~o s~ti~~'y cor-
~~~.~tion (],3~ by s~uatin~ ~the ooef~'ic~ents ~o~ the ~a e
then we w~,ii ~r~�~ at the ~'ollowin~ gygtem of equations o~rola~i Aly~~~8
unknown c~l m=
~ _
~n m _ ~pm
f.f~ ) n = m~ m �4- 2, , , . ~ N,
~ Thig sys~em is rede~termSned in virtue o~ conditSons (13a,)~ It can be
_ simul~Eaneous only Sn that case where the geopotential coefficSents satiafy
the coupling cond~.~tion of the type ~ where am--known ooaffi-
cients~ ~ amq,~~~ n
. ~ n n ~
e=m
T his, of course, does not have a place in ~the general case of the indepen-
dent analysis of the observed geopotential field. But this correlation
can be viewed as the coupling condition Sn an "additional" ob~eotive analyais~
i.e~, th~ prescr3bed values of the coefficients of the geopoten~ial field
we can "correot" such tha~t the cou ling oonditSons are fulfilled~ The
corrected geopotential field *m~ is found from the condition fo~ the
functional minimum of the type n
N
f= J~ ~L (~D -~A"~~~ ds v'}~ ctm q~�~ (14)
~ n m~
~ n=~
where 'L--scalar or vector linear operator~ the integral is taken with respe~t
to the surface of the hemisphere, v--I,agrange multiplier~ the variations in
the functional are carrie~3 out with respect to Q~*m and V. This method and
the results of its practical application are sta~ed in publication .
also gives an interpret~tion of the coupling condition for the finalCr'sultt
of adaptation to the nondivergent movement of a certain dynamic linear system.
The second method is based on the search for generalized solutions for y~m
~f equation (13) that satisfy the functlonal minimum
N - - N
f = j ~ L ( rrt ~~m~ P~ ~r,~ lr~ ~f ~n pn ~~ne x �[~S (~5~
A /rt ~ ~
A a qf
where L, as in the first method, scalar or vector linear operator in a
particular case I,~1), variations are carried out with respect to c~m.
T hrAe tyges of operators were testeds
~
~~1~ L==~.
The three-point equations to determine y~~" that can be obtained by variation
in the corresponding functionals,can be xritten as
8
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICZAL U~E ONLY
. (pp-+ l~~~+~n =~p~_~~)~~
~~C'' = (D~t?)~,
_ (U~+'
where D~A) ffi C( f ~ A), and ~ opera~or~s inv~rae ~to 02 and y 4
r~~pectively~ In solving any o~ ~the sys~tems (id) 3~ ~g ne~essar,y ~to always
bear in mind ~that the nwnbar of harmon3ca for ~m(m~0) is by one order
lower ~than for ~i m ~
: Table 2~ R~oot-Mean-Squase ~ror~ m(numerator) and Correlation Coeffloient
(denom3nator) ~ November i969 ("corre~~ted"geopotsn~laJ.)
IloOepx~~octb, xG
a 3~4 500 ~ 700 ~ 900 ~ ,1000
Ncxo(aH, e aara
~ C oK nporHOaa,c r
I 2 1 2 t 2 1 2 1( 2
4 58 119 49 90 47 82 46 A2 ~2 84
u,~~l u;~o u~ u',~ u','~ u~'f u?~o o~ o,-b~ o,-ai
b 65 118 49 g6 41 71 41 71 4~ $I
u;33 o,Cr? u~ u,-~ b;G~ o
w u;~ u,-ss 8;s~ u,~~?~s
8 8G 112 :,6 S~ ~t4 74 42 74 4~ l~~~
u~ u~ ~s u`,
~G u,-r, u~ u~ o','~ u.
? 74 114 ~ri ~t 47 7~ 4G 76 49 !t4 .
~d~ o~'f ~ u~ u';~ u,-~,~ u,~i u,;a o~ u,-uu u~?i
~PrAUNr no 4crb� 71 I1ti .~2 88 y I d_? iG 44 7G a;i t~l
pcw nporuo~aW u~'Yb u~ u~ u,7u I u,~4 ~,;ti~1 U,-U~ � U,:, U,at 1?;~~!
Key:a~ Tnitial date c. Period of foreoast, day
b. Surface, mbar d. Mean for four forecasts
The mean at,atistical eatimate (from 100 forecasts) of the effect on the
quality of barotropic forecasts (500 mbar) of the described methods for ~
determining the ctarent function shofred that the best result in both methods
is produced by IP p~. Here the first method (method of "correction") yields
~ better estimates than the aecond~ Bearing tt~se results in mind xe computed
the forecasts xith correction of ~"~(mfp) for the given four examples. The
estimates shox ~table 2) that the forecast is significantly improved for the
initial date f~om 6 November 1969, for the remaining three examples it re-
mained approximately on the same level as in model ~'~(i.e,~ when the -
current function correlations for c~,m are found fYom ~he bal.ance equation by
the "class3c" method of direct recur~ion) .
9
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
?v~~ v?? rv~~w uuu v~~W~ ~
T~bl~ 8peot:cum of Kine~io Ener~y o~ Geostrophi~ W~.nd~ Solenoida~
"Salanae" Unoorreated (numera~or) and ~orreo~ted (denom~,~a~o~)
Wind r~n Leve]. S00 mbas for 6 November 1969
m
n 1 I 2 3 ~ b 6 7 8
~ I
m 0, I 0,0 0,8 0,2 O,b 0,1 0,2 0,2
m*2 I,N 0,1 I,0 I,b 2,9 1,9 1,2 2,3
nt*4 1,8 I,0 2,1 1,0 2,7 3,2 0,8 3,b
m*6 3,3 0.7 3,1 0,8 Z,5 0,9 1,4 0,6'
m*8 4,0 3,3 1,3 0,2 0,2 0~9 0,8 0,4
n~*10 0,1 t,3 0,0 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,0
+ 12 0,8 0,6 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,1
n~ *~~1 0,3 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,2
m* ~ G 0, I 0,0 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0
n~.~, ~ 0,2 0,0 3,b 0 ' 3,4 O,b l,b 1,9
0,41 0,0 2,b 0,7 3,1 0,1 2,I 1,9
rri +3 0,1 0,2 1~6 9,0 8,9 0 4,T
1~,6 0,7 l,b 2,4 4,0 7~0 0,7 2,9
- n~+5 3,4 1,7 0,1 ~,1 2,9 8,8 3,1 15 '
1,9 0,9 0,9 3~3 2,~ 4,7 0,8 8,3
m~. ~ 1,0 5,4 8,9 0,2 8,6 2,0 0,8 7,2
4,4 4,8 0,7 Z,0 0,2 1,4 b
m+9 3,4 i,b 5,8 0,2 6,b b.0 Z,Z g,~
1,3 2,5 0,8 1,7 0,5 2,0 0,3 O,b
n++ l I 5.0 1,6 , 5,0 0,6 12 9,b 1,9 6,0
2
0 0,3 0,8 ~,2 ~ 0,8 ~ 0,1 ~,2
~n+ 13 3,8 4~6 b,8 0,3 9,7 22 3,6 4,4
09 0,3 0,6 0,0 0,6 0,0 0,2 0~1
m* 15 1.5 3,4 6,0 0,2 10 1,6 3,0 7,9
0,2 0,0 0,2 0,1 0,3 0,! 0,0 0,1
m.~ 17 i,l 4,0 8.9 0.~ 8.4 3.1 3,3 7.b
0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 ~ 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
A certain idea about the nature of the differences in the solutions for the
non~onal current function fields found by the "ciassic" method and xith the
use of "correction" for the initial date for 6 November ~969 can be obtain~d
from a comparison for level 500 mbar of th spectral distribution of kinetic
energy of geostrophic xind (f~constal0"4s"~) and the corresponding apectrum
of solenoidal wind energy. It is~appasent f~om table 3 that in tha spectsum
of kinetic energy of the solenoidal wind for 6 November 1969 found by the
"c.assic" method there are small scale components present that are considerable
in size (in contrast to the spectrum of "geostrophic" energy for the given
date). Here the"defect" in the solution is pzesent. For the spectrum of
energy computed uaing the "correction~" such a sharp difference is not
observed, and the convergence of.the spectrum uith respect to xave numbers
is more uniform.
10
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~oR oF~icinL us~ orn.Y
r ~ `
Q~ ~~I~~r `~e~~` f'~ ~~+Jp y+p b%
~
6 J~
~ . ~ ~ s
~ ~ r .
~ ' ~ ?O i s 'tt ~ ~
, +
` ~ ~ i ts ~ ~ 49
~ ~ 1 ~ . ~
B � ~ ~ 0 ~y1~ y
~ 0 ~ .
~
J
0 `
i � B ; 6.99 6
t6
.
it~6 ~6 C
~ ~
. ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~~`..i
0
1 % ~ ~ 6`~ ~ t `-B~
'i ~ ` i~:
~ r I ;12;i
1 ~ I ~
~ ~ VI'
~
`1 `~6,r 'J6 . IS
~ ~ ` ~ ~ e
~ . , .
Figure 1. Initial Current Function Fields for 6 November 1969
Key: ~
a. from GARP data
_ b~c. computed from linear balance equation without "correction" and with
"correction" of geopotential respectively.
The maps (fig 1) for 500 mbar level have been constsucted for a gra hic
idea of the difference in the ctxrrent function fields in three cases ~actual
field, ~ield computed from the balance equation xithout correction, and field
with correction). It is apparent from these maps that xith respect to the
indicated level the "defect" in the solution is the presence of small-scale
components that is expressed in the very lasge gradients in the near-equa,-
torial region in the current ~unction field determinad ~om the solution to
the balance equation xithout preliminary correction of the geopotential. In
the case of "correction" this defect is considerably smaller. In conclusion
Ke note that the given problem c~n hardly be avoided in the spectral methods
of solving the more common nonlinear balanrq equation since the "defect" in
the solution can occur in determining the com onents of the zero order of
approximation according to the Rossby number ~(corresponding to the linear
equation).
11
FOR OFFICIAL U$E ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFIC~AL USE ONLY ~
Tabl~ 4~ Roo~~Mean-Squase ~rrors ~.n Fo~ecasts of Geopotential.~ m(numera~or)
and Gorrelation Coef~ioiente (dennminator) aaoording to Full
Mode~. (Znitial. W~.nd ~'u11.) , November 1969
= b tlonrpxuoct~,, .~P
O,, iuo aon ~ 5no I----- ~no ~ soo I io~u
K M C C nK n nriin~a, cr r
wn i 7 i~ 1~ i~ 2~ ~ ~ a) ~ i z
,`~H 147 74 ~ 123 I+,7 ~7 I;~~ ~ I 77 ~ 4~J I li3 A8 7;~
0,~l1 U,
b U,Uti ~ U,G2 , U,o~J U,till 0,':;~ U,IiU ~ U,~11 U,+iJ 0,4U U,~2
i t2 I i2;~ ~2 a~ ( ~s a~ ! r?o ~i
(~~~jh U�~S U~V%~% i(I~
~il% U~~)f b~lM~) V,b~ ~~~1~ U,~)3 V~ V~4i; U~
ti 124 s3 I~2 G3 53 87 G3 I 7:~ 61 93
U~ 0~b U~ U,li~) U,7U U,87 ~1 U,o:; (1,48 i U,+~2 U,~ U,at~
~ 91 105 g0 + 1l0 ;,9 84 4~J 67 b3 &3 69 A6
U,iY U,liri U;7
i ~ U,7tf U~ U,7u U,;il ~ 1),;~~ 0,30 U,48 U,29 U,46
- Keys
a~ Initial date
b~ 5urface~ mbar
c~ ~eriod of forecast, day
Tablo 4 presents the results of forecasts for four initial dates according
to tho untxansformed model, where the full wind is taken as ~the initial wind
data (GARP data). B y compasing the obtained estimates with the estimates
according to variant 't~i' one can conclude that the full wind produces a
poorer result than the ~solenoidal."
It is natural that with respect to -the four.aforementioned examples it is
impossible to speak of the objectivity of the analysis. But nevertheless
analysis cf' the actua.l wind requires serious attention for it~ use in the
hydrodynamic forecasting models.
' ~ur a graphic idea about the nature of the forecast ~om variants i~ and
~1' the isolines of the actual and forecasting geopotential fields a~ level
50o mbar for forecasts with initial period of 6 November 1969 have been
derived on the graph plotter (fig 2).
Conclusion
f.asad on the conducted experiments the following conclusions can be drawns
the technique of temporal integration of untransformed equa.tions (in-
cluding the problem of initial cc,ngruence) requires further methodological
modification in order to improve the quality of the forecastsi
b) use of the actual so~enoidal xind significantly improves the quality of
tr,e forecasts both with respect to the untaransformed model, and the quasi-
solenoidal=
12
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
' FOR OFFICZAL US~ OrTt~Y
a) ~p 6~ 1~ ` U) BJ c
~ ti ~2 ~ '~a R~ � , t
~ p ` 1 ' ~
, � , ~ iv � ~
,I � ~ p~ r �
~ ~ , rr0 ,
r , ~ ~ ~
' 4 ~
` ~ pi~ ~i
~ ' 0 ~
p ~ ~
Z, .~~2`r~.` 8~ '"1~ L. 9
t'a
t �
?B
~
~ J6 J
,
y ~ , ; .
~
~ J~ py ei�~ ~ h ~
~ ~ ~
~
~1~: .p~~
e~ tt . 1y f 1 ~
~p .~yzO ~ ~
o ' ' ~
, ~ ~o , , ~
b ; J ,
~ ~ ~
i
t ~
~ ?
1 . i
'B '8`
Figure 2. Actual and Forecasting Values AT (in Deviations from the
Standasd) for Forecasts with Init~~~,l Period for 6 November 1969
Key;
a~b,c~ Actual values for 6,7~8 November 1969 respectively
d,e. Forecasts according to variant T~1 on 7, 8 November 1969 respec-
tively
f,g. Forecasts accoxding to variant ~i for 7~8 November 1969 respec-
tively
c) use as the initial data for wind of trie solenoidal section obtained f~ om
the solution to the spectral balance equa.tion in certain cases can result in
considerable errors (casas of incorrectness of the solution). The proposed
method of "correction�" of the geopotential of the initial data, in these
cases can be an effective means of improving the forecast qua.lity.
It is evidently necessary to conduct more objective sttYiies in the statistical
sense; for this it is extremely useful to have a more extensive archive of
data ana.logous to the given.
- 13
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR O~FICIAL tJS~ ONLY
B~ZIOG~'HY
1, Ku~ba~kin ~ G.~' ~ ~ and Kax imov, A. U~"So~ution to ~quation~ of Baro-
alin~.c Atmosphexe DynamSc~ with the Halp of Spherical Funations by.the
Semi-impl~.cit Method df Zntegration w~.~h Respeot ~o T~.ma," "U3.' ~ra-
dlinnyye volny i dolgosroahnyy progno7, pogody" CUltr,along Wavea and
Long Term Wea~ther Forecast~~ Novos3birak~ 1976,
2~ Ku~batkin, G~ P~"Certain problems of Simulating Ul~tralong Atm~sphersc
Waves DOKI,A.DY AN SSSR ~ Vol ].92~ No 4, i97o ~
3, K urbatkin~ G. p.i Sinyayev, V. N~= and Yantaen, A. G. "Spectral Model
of Long Term Forecast with Mean-CJ.imate Limi~t,a~tions~" IZVESTrYA AN SSSR,
FIZIKA ATMOSFERY I OKEANA~ Vol 9~ No 11~ i973~
Kurbatkin, G. P.i and S3nyayev~ V. N. "D3agnostic Estimates of T urbulent
F'riction and Macroscale 'External' Heat Effect on General Atmospherle
Circulation," IZVESrTYA AN SSSR. FI~]ItA ATMOSFERY I OKEANA~ Vol 8~ No
iz~ i97z.
5. Kurbatkin, G~ P.= Sinyayev, V~ N.= and Eykher~ M~ Sh~ "Accuracy of
Diagnos~tic Descxiption of Atmospheric Processes of Synoptic Scale with
Respect to T ime," "U1'tradlinnyye volny i dolgosrochnyy prognoz pogody;
Novosibirsk~ 19?6,
14
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFF'~CIAL USE ONLY
~C 55i.5o9.33
PREDIGTABIZT~Y IN 7ANC-RANGE WEATHER FORECAS.~SNG
Moscow METEOROZOGIYA I GIDROIAGIYA in Rusaian No 5, r~ay ~79 pp i6-21
[Artiole by Candidate of Physical and Mathema,tical Sciences G. V~ Alekseyev~
and Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Yu~ V. Nikolayev~ Arctic
and Antar.atio Scientific Research Institute, submitted for publica~tion
10 Ju1y i978]
Abstract~ It is shown that synoptic-acale oscillations that
ase not completely excluded in averaging are one of the main
sources of noise in averaged values of ineteorological elements.
Such noises are unpredictable~ which places limitations on
the possible 3ustifiability of long-range meteorological fore-
casts. From data of 42 Northern Hemisphere stations it is
calculated that the limit of 3ustifiability of the air
pressure mean month~y anomalies averages 70-759b~ while that
of the air temperature mean monthly anomalies averagea
75-8~.
[Text] According to the definition given by A. 5. Mon3n [3] the limit of
predictability is a segment of time during which the forecasting error does
not exceed the mean climate variations of predicta.ble amounts. As Monin
notes~ the problem of determining the limits of predictability ~an be called
~he problem of predict.ability. The definition given above was presented in
relation to an evaluation of the possibls term of the forecast for individual
synoptic processes with thA help of general atmospheric circulation models.
Currently the problem of gredictabi:lity ar ises more and more in the discussion
of questions related to the long-range forecasts of weather and climate.
Although there is not Frecise definition of long-ranga predictability, how-
ever~ juriging from a number of publications~ for example [2]~ in the given
case this problem is also linked to the possible term of the forecast. At
the same time there are grounds to think that in forecasting long-period
trends in weather and climate the problem of ~rredicta,bility has basic
differences from the short-range predic~,a.bility,
15
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR 0~"~"ICIAL USE ONLY
S~) a)
Q f?
- ~
0, Od ~
P ~
~0 G4 1~ 1
I
` .
tl v ` ` ,
w quwrlcym 3) '
G,QB 6) b~
f ,
~ ~
0,~4 ' i i ~ ~ ~ / ^
v ~
~ 0, 0,29 0~16 w yuK,o/M~C~)
l
Figure 1. Spectra of Daily Average (a) and Monthly Average (b) Values of
Air Pressure at Stations I,eningrad (1) and Zc,ndon (2) ~
Ke y:
3~ cycle/day 4. cycle~month
Numerical experiments on general atmospheric circulation models show that
the predictability limit of individua.l synoptic processes is 2-3 weeks, In �
_ order to forecast weather for longer periods it is necessary to operate with
averaged values of ineteorological elements which is usually done in long-
range weather forecasts of great term. In this respect it is necessary to
note one important circumstance.
~pectral analysi,s of the averaged values of ineteorological ~lements shows
tr~,t a considerable part of their dispersion occurs in the high-~equency
fluctuations that form the so-called meteorological noise. In particular~
a relatively high level of noises is observed in a number of monthly average
and seasonal average values of ineteorological elements. Figure 1 as an
example depicts the spectra of daily average and seasona.l average air pressure
values at the Leningrad and Zandon stations~ As is apparent from the figure~
:.n the daily average values the main portion of the dispersion is concen~
~.rated in a relativel.y na.rrow band of frequencies. With monthly averaging
.:ispersion "scatters" over the entire range of f~equencies~ as a result of
which the spectra of monthly average air pressure values approach the
spectra of a random process of the "whi~e noise" type~
16
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~n r~lation to ~the ~act ~hat sampl.ings o~ averaged amounts a~e mixture
of procenses of different ~ime sca~.es the question ar~.~ea whether a1.1 ~the
sections of ~the apectrum of averaged values are po~tentia].1 predic~t,able,
T his question~ posed in the publScation of S, Ye~ Zey~ts [2~ is of basic
importance ~ Tn fact, if cer~a3.n components 3.nc].uded in the spectrum of -
averaged vaJ.ues canno~t be prediated, then this means ~that there exiats a
certain p~edict~bil.ity lin?3.t that can be presented in th6. form of the ratio
of dispersion of the. ~edic,~t,a,ble por~ion of the process (cfap) to its
summary disperaion (c!
Evidently~ ea~h model or method of forecasting can have its predictability
limit determined by their 3ndividual peculiaritiea~ In our case of greatest
importanc~ is the evaluabion of the predictability limit linked not to the
peculi.arities.of a certain model, but the propertiea of the at,moapheric
processes. 'Tn examining the predictabilSty problem from this viewpoint~ it
is first of all necessary to focus attention on the reason for the davelop-
ment of noises in a number of averaged values~ since it is precisely the ir
forecas~ing that produces the greatest difficuLties,
One can hypothesize that one of the main sources of noise 3n a number of
monthly average values is synopticrtscale~oscillationa that are not com-
pletely eliminated during averaging~ T he latter is equivalent to smoothing
of the initial data by an equilibrium filter with sampling a of smoothed
values through the period of averaging~ T he effect of the filter's action
on the temporal series can be expressed through the spectral chaxacteristics
, S~~ ~W) = Sx ~~~,i A'
where S-(W~ and S(W)--spectra of initial and smoothed series, while Aa(w)--
amplitu~e-frequency characteristic of filter tha.t is the coefficient of
attenuation of the component amplitude with frequency w as a result of the
smoothing of the initial series. For the equilibrium filter with weights
1~ whexe T--period of averaging~ the amplitude-frequency cha.racteristic looks
T
like
ein r. T
~ r _
r.wT
The squa.re of this function, besides the crtatn ma,ximum in the beginning of
the coordina.tes has a number of diminishing maximums that are called the
later~.l bands of filter txansmission.
It follows f`rom an analysis of function A(w) and correlation (1) that the
spectrum of the smoothed series will contain residual energy on the periods
sma.ller than the averaging interval T. Samplings of smoothed values
through the averagin~ interval, according to the theorem of readings [3]
make it possible to present in a number of averaged values only the oscil-
lations with periods greater tha.n 2C. The residual energy of oscillations
with smaller periods will be connected in the spectrum of this series to
periods greater than 2T.
17
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
,
~OR OF~'ICSAL USE ONLY '
Du~ing aver~ging for a month the oscillat~.ons w~.th scales ~`rom 40 ~to 60
days ma~.ntain from 25 ;to 65~ of the initial amp~i~tu~s, whils ~the synoptic
oscillations with perioda from 3 to 7 days--from ,5 to 8~~ All of thASe
residual oscillations transfer to s~ries of average monthly values~ but
with other frequencies, which ase determined by the known aliasing'ersor
fk = k f,~~ f ~ a = 1, 2, . . . , (n~
where fN=1 --boundary frequency of a number of averaged values,
7.~
' fk--frequencies grea�ter than f whose residual energy ~t,ransfera
. to a number of averaged va~ues,
f--f`requency of averaged series that receives the residual
energy of oscillations with frequencies fk,
According to formula (2) the most significant part of the residual oscil-
lations with scalas from ~0 to 60 days, as we11 as the residual synoptic
oscillations with periods ~,5 and 7 days are manifest in the series of
monthly ~verage values in the interval of scales frflm 2 to 5 months, Sn
the spectral analysis af a number of monthly avera.ge data the effect of
such type of noises is found in the form of a noticeable increase in the
spectral density level at the high-frequency ends of the spectsa.
S(c~) .
~
o,oe
qo4
~ , w quKn/cy~ ~
c
q0e 6~ b)
qoa
~ 0,12 Q24 qJ6 ~r uu~:~lxcc
Figure 2. Spectrum of Simulated Series Imitating the Daily Average Values
(a)~and Spectr um of Series Imita.ting the Monthly Average Values
(b).
Key;
c, cycle~day d~ cycle~month ,
18
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
. ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFF'ICIAL USE ONLY
mhe proces~ of nois~ formation in the aver~~in~ of initial data can be
reprodced by numerical modeling o~ the temporal ser~.es by the Mon~e Car lo
method~ Figure 2,a presen~ts the spectrum of a sexies obtained with the
help of band filtering of a sequonce of uni~ormly distr ibuted randam va].uea~
By comparing figu~rea ].,a and 2,a it is easy to reveal that the sgectrum of
the simulated series in ita main features coincides w~.th the spectra of
daily avexage values of a9.r pre9sure at the Leningrad and London stations~
Figure 2,b presonts the spectrum of a aeriea ~ormed by averaging the va].uea
imitating the daily average data, As is apparent from the figure~ the
effact of the emergence of noises during averraging due to the imposaibil.i~ty
of comple~ely excluding the short-period oscillationa is manifest very
strongly~
It nas already been noted above tha-t the predictability limit of individual
synoptic processes averages 2 wseks~ From here it follows that in the long-
range weather forecasts of great ~term the noises created by such processes
are practically~ unp~redictable, Here the predic;~ability lim].t determined
by the ratio c1 ~6 is linked not to the possible term of the long-range
forecast, but ~g its justifiabillty~ In fact, if in the forecast of avera~ed
values only a certain past of their dispersion is potentially predictable~
then regardless o� the texm of the forecast its 3ustifiability cannnt exceed
a certain limit. It follows from this that the differe nce in the short-
range predictability from the long-range consists of the fact that the first
determines the term of the forecasts, while the second--their 3ustifiability~
One can switch f~om the predicta.bility limit c~a ~da to 3ustifiability of
the forecast based on the following considerat~igns. We will present the
averaged values of the predictable element x in the form
X= ~7+E,
where ~--predictable pas t of the value x, and ~--unpredictable noise.
If it is asswned that tha amount ~j is predicted without errors~ then the
justifiability of forecast P can be presented as
p~BeP IIX_"ri~-~~.
T he amount Q is the permissible e~ror of forecast x~ e qual to ~
~ = ao,~~
\ where a-- a certain number that can be selected f~ om the guide for verifi-
cation of the justifiability of forecasts~
The expression given above for P can be rewxitten as
P- BeP 1 A~�~l ~
where
7.9
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
T'rom here
a ~a
F = ~ e` ~ dt,
2 rt
Dy knowing the predic:~ability limi~t c~~ G'~ it is easy ~to ob~ain ~the value .
and determine the justifiability of fo eaast p~ Below ase the values of
3ustifiability P depending on the ratio t1~p~~ with ~~0,68s
~
_ onpJo~ 0,80 0,75 0,70 0,65 0,60 0,55 0,50 ,
P 0,88 0,82 0,78 0,75 0,71 m,'88 0,66
The predictabiJ.ity limit of avexaged values can 'be evaluated with reapect
to their apectrum~ and precisel.yt
wn
~~P = f S(e') d w'
0
where S(c~) --normed spectral density of averaged values=
c~--threshold f~equency tha,t determines the borde~r of noise spread~
As shoWn by the s3mulat3.on results~ for the monthly a~verage data the boundary
frequency corresponds to the period 3,5 months. On the basis of this~
according to the spectra of the monthly average air pressure at the 1~enin-
grad and London sta.tions the ratio and limit justifiability of the forecast
were computed~ which proved to be equa,l to 0,7? for Leningraa and 0.71 for
London,
The relatively high lev~l of noises at the aforementioned stations is not
an exception. Analysis of the anomalies of the monthly average air ressure
at 42 stations of the Northern Hemisphere shows that the ratio c;~ ~~average~
0.30-0.4~0~ Figure 3 depic~ts the map of limit justifiability of f grecasting
the mon~hly average air pressure anomalies with pertnissible error of the
fc:ecast equa.l to 0.68 G~ Tt is appasent on the figure that in individual
regions this justifiabili~y is very low and is 65-70qd, The limit justi-
fiability of the monthly average anomalies of air temperature is somewhat
higher and equa.ls on the average ?5-8(Y~.
Piaturally, the 'limit justifiability of the forecast can be increased by
increasing the permissible forecasting error~ In this respect the question
a rises of ~the optimal corre.lation be~tween the limit justifiability of the
foxecast and its permissible error that requires special examination~
i ne cited da~ta provide the foundation for` the belief tha.t the 3ustifiability
of ~he metrods for forecasting -the monthly average air pressure and tempera-
ture anomalies approaches its theoretical limit. However, this circwn-
stance doss not provide the grounds for pessimistic conclusions. Although
the actua.l noise is unpredictable, some of its parame~ters can be predicted
20
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY .
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
%
FOR OFFICiAL US8 ONLY
, 6S ~ :
.
,
8 ~ `~89
I ~
f0
~ ~S ~
~
~ , JS
.
Figure 3. Ma~p of Zimit Justifiability of Fore~asting Monthly Average
Anomalies of Ais Pressu~re w3th Permisaible Fore~aeting Error
Equal ~o 0,68 G,
apparently with suceASS. Tn particu ~ one of these parameters is the noiae :
amplitude~ Changea in amplitude in tLae have a significantly g~~at~r time
acale as compaxed to the perial of oscillationa of high-frequency flu~tuations~
T his makes it posaible to 1Snk the time changes of noise amplitude to the
long-periods of the atmospheric circulation processea.
On the other hand~ the noise amplitude characteri~es the atability of the
atmospheric processes, and its forecasting can be of definite importance for
the users. In this way one of the possibls meana of f~ther c.eveloping long- '
range weather forecasts of great term consiats of solving the problem of
parametrization of noises.
BIBZIOGRAPHY
1. C oldman, S. "Teoriya informatsii" [Theory of Information]~ Moacox, II,~
195?~ 4~+6 p, '
2. I,eyts, S. Ye. "Formulation of a Sta.tistical-Dynamic Model of Climate and
the Statistical I,imitations of its Predictsbility," "Fizicheskiye osnovy
teorii klimata i ego modelirovaniye" ~Phyaical Foundation~ of the Climate
Theory and its Modeling], I~ening~cad, Gidrometeoizdat~ 19?'j, 270 p.
3. Monin~ A. S. "Prognoz pogody kak 2adacha fiziki" [Keather Forecasting as
a Problem of Physics], Moscox, Nauka, 1969~ 184 p.
_ 21
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICtAL USE ONLY "
tmo 551,(582,2~584,5)
FEATURE3 OF THE M~,TEOROIACICAZ PATTERN OF A I~AAGE C1TY* i
Moscox ME'rEOROLOGSYA I GIDR~~OGIYA in Ruasian No 5~ May 79 PP 22-27
CArticlA by P~ofessor L~ T. MatvAyev~ LenSngrad Hydrometeorological Ineti- ,
~tut~~ submitta8 for publication 26 Oot 78J
Abatra~t~ Obaervational da~ta have been used to obtain
th~ sta~tistieal cl~arac#sris~ios of the air temperature
differences (Q7) betxeAn a large oi~Ey and i~ts environa.
For the firat time the differential and integral diatri-
bution functions for the L1T difference are ~onstxuctedt
1.~t folloxs ~om thelr analysis that the greateat con~tri-
'bution to the forma~ion of a"heat island" ie made by
urban ~i.r pollution that significantly reducea heat losaea
by meana of effective radiation~ The role of the addi-
tional amount of heat released by induatrial enterprisea,
txansportation and dxellings is insignificant. In la~rge
ci~ies the riae in temperat~e is already so considerable
that it affeats the conditions of fog formation. Con-
~Erary to exiating opinion, the probability of fog forma- '
tion in a larg~ city is 2-3 times loxer than in its
e nvtrons. This importar?t conclusion is confirmed also
on the basis of an analysis of the statistical charac-
teristics of the meteorological viaibility rang+e.
,
[Text] The problem of the change in the atmospheric pattern under the inf~?u-
ence of human production activtty in the last decades has attraated more and
more intensive attention of the scientists, engineArg and economista. This
groblem has been covered extensively in the literature. From the st~rveys ~te
~?111 name here [k~2~4~. The most important changes are noted in the sir
taain pattern of large cities. These chaages are spread several tena (or
i.he first hundreds) of kiloa~eters along the horizontal, ar~d several hundreds
.r meters along the vertical~ and thua muat be grouped xith the class of
mesometeorological ct~anges. Despit,e the large number of studies there atill
remain many unansxered questions.
* The main content of the reports at the I,eningrad Hydrometeorological Insti-
tute conference (1976) and the International Symposium on Met,eorological
Aspects of Atmospheric Pollution (19?7).
zz
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
r
FOR OFFiCIAL US~ ONLY
_ The go~1 of thi~ ~r~9,o1~ i~ to rev~al by angly~is o~ obsa~vg~ional tn~~e~ials
oer~ain lawa gove~nin~ the ~o~mation of th~ meteorolo~~eal p~~~Arn o~ a
~a~ga ~~~ty~
Air ~temperatu~.~ ~ M~ny ~~eaa~ohArs h~ve ~etablieh~d ~Eha~ the urban Air
tempera~ure (T~o ) ie above ~he Qir ~Eemp~ra~ure in i~ta envSrona (T )
Tha mAan va~.ues ~f the dS~fe~c~nae okp '
~ T~ep ~ ro~p
mos~ often for la~~e oi~EiAS are 1-2o~t ~ xoy~revar, until now ~Ehere ha8 no~ bAen
a detailed s~ta~Eis~ieal analysis of the !~T d~�ferenae ~
Ne analyzed ~the observa~ions for e h~ ~n fSlling ~EhSs gap
LenSngrad ~Hydrometeorologl,cal Obaerva~tory) sande, in~se eralm~ra~t~A Sn
Volkhov, 9osnovo~ Belogorka) 80-100 km f~om ~the oen~Eer of Zenin~8adv Voykovo~
kovo Ss an exaeption sinee i~E is lo~ated roughly 20 km f~om the~center ofy
?,eningrad)~ The mean (multiple-yeas) values of ~T differenoe fluo~ua~e (for
different pointa) betw~en p,g and 1,2oC in Nin~er~ and be~EueAn 1.0 and 1.3~C
in ~ummer, The GT difference rSses xsth ;SmA ~
~he five-yeax pAriod 19?0-1974 theomean DT valuAShxere be~txeAn 1,~,gy~and82f0�C
in winter~ and betwAen 1.1 and 1,6 C in summer,
The changes in ~T differen~e dur~.ng the day are Smportan~E. The mean /JT values
for 5 years a~t diffe~ent ~Eimes of the day are ~iven in table 1. Here the
point is ind3cated for xhieh the mean (for xin~Eer and sun~mer) aT difference
is determined betxeen the air tempe~aturA ~n Leningrad and in the given
point. In the ~ast tKO columns of table 1 the dT differences are given
betxeen the air temperature in I~eningrad and the temperature averaged for
all four points in the environs,
According to the data of table 1 the greatest aT difference values axe attained
at night and in the morning houra, Nhile the amallest--dur
the induatrial enterprises, heating systsm$~ gnd eapecially~transportatioh ce
emit hea~t~ of course~ considerably more during the day than at night, then it
follosrs from the findin~s tha,t the decisive role in the formation of a"heat
island" in the city is played not b y that a
d d i t i o n
a, l hea t re leased by the
in dus t
xial enterprises and transportation, but by other factors (amcng tha
latter the reduction in effective radiat3on in the city under the influence
of pollutants is especially important)~
The analyzed data mass (the samplings include 1
~d 7~~+~ 720 in summer xere used to construct the ~~p~ical~functionsiforinter
OT dis~ribution (t,ables 2 and 3) .
The probability density (differential distribution function) reaches the
maximum (modal value) equal to 33�99~ in xinter and 25.d~6 in summer in the
interval 0-1�C and 1-2~C respectively, The QT extremes are contained in
Ninter betxeen 16 and -9~C~at the intervals 15-16�C and
3 and 6 cases respectively), in summer betsreen 11 and -11~C (at~theeintervals
10-11~C and -11- -10~C there are 2 cases each). The distribution function
~ 23
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL US~ ONLY `
Tabl~ 1~ Dai1y Oou~~~ of Mean ~ T�a Diff~r~no~ Yalu~~~ i97o-1974
oeAKa~o e CoeNa~o ~e.~o,~.~.e,~ Ka A~onxo~ gee n Nk~w ( f~
Br~M~i~ ~Ma ~~~ta s ~ l~l ~ 6
a I.1Cf0 1NN0 I~1Etti 9NNS dCiO 511~t1 Al 0
00 1,~ 1~4 I,~ `~,7 ~~0 '2,i? ~,0 4,~ I~ri 1~Z
~ I,11 1, I ~1,0 '1,U 3,1 1~y ~,7 I,t? '1,7
(1f3 1,d I,li 0,~ 7,d l,g '2,9 7~1 2,0 t,li 7?2
bU l,d ~~,g 1,2 U,7 1,9 1~2 7,~ O,g 1,(l (l,b
17 1,4 0,7 I,0 U,7 I,i O,L 1,7 0,1 1,3 tl,~i
ib 1,1 d,~ n,~ U,a 1,0 0,3 t,4 0,1 I,0 ( U,d
1J 1,~ O,i~ 1,1 (~,7 I,i 0,2 1,K 0,3 1,4 ~~,~i
41 l,ti 1, i I.'2 1,3 2,0 U,8 7,0 1,0 l,d 1,1
Keys~~ ?~ime~ h e~ Yolkhov
b. VoyAykovo f~ All pointa
c~ Sosnovo g. Wintar
d, Selogorka h~ 9ummer
Tabl~ 2~ Probability ~ensity (P96) of ~T Dif�erence
fgj-
~ NC 3u~a Jlcro ~ 1'~C `~NWBI ~iero I ~ T�C I 3NMA I Jlero I) ~ T'C I 3N~18 l~~ro
I
~
-7~-6 O,U O,t ~3+~~4 1,4I 1,7 1~2 2~,4 Zi,B g~T I,'1 1,'2
--8~ u3 0,2 0,1 -'1-1--I '1, i ~i,~ '1~,-:{ 10,fi 15.7 7+~ 1.U 0,~
-~~-d 0~�'~ 0~:� ~1+0 17,0 11 ~11 3-t-~ ~~U 8~~ g+n U~S 0,"
-4+-a O.b o.~ 0+1 ~.fl r2.u 4+t, s,6 4,2 9-r10 u,;1 ( n,l
ti�~-6 Z.7 1,7 ' 10+11 U,1 (1.0
Keysa~ Xintex b. 3ucnmmer
Table 3, Integral Function ~(OT> X) of Distribution (96) ofpT Difference
~:ti�~; ~~Mwa i: tern I~ ~'X'C I 3Na~a I Jtero ~ X�C i dNMO (.leto li ~ X~(: I~NU~ I lleto ~
12 0,1 0,0 (I 7 2,1 0,8 i 2 2~i,~i ~71,d ~-3 9fi,li ~!?~'4,V
11 U~'2 1?~0 ~ G 3,3 2,0 1 48,9 ufi~U '-4 951,~1 S?1,t~
to ' 0.3 O,o ; 5,t, 4,2 0 82~9 80.0 99.; y~.n
U.B 0.1 ~ ~J.1 8~d f--I 94~~J 91 ~9 ,-6 519.'~ 4Nl.'.1
y 1.1 0.3 ~ 3 15.11 16,7 -2 97.4 97,1 '
i;ey:a, ~inter b. Summer
,
has also been constructed for the data refbrring to different observational
geriods. The analysis shoxed that in summer at 03.00 the probability density
reaches the ioaximuun (equal to 22.99b) in the interval 2-3.aC ~ in the day~Lime
hours (09.00~ 12~00 and 15.00)--in the interval 0-1�C, and in the evening
24
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
i
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL U9E Ot~LY
(1~,A0~ ~1~00 and 00~00) and morning (06~~0)--~.n ~th~ ~htax~ay i-2�C~ i~e~~ ~
th~ ~T d~a~~ibution also ~.n~~,aa~es tha~t at night ].~~~e~ dS~�a~enoA~ ara
otaa~~ved ~han during the day, '
Th~ mea~~'T v~lu~s fo~ th~ gamplin~s use~ ~to comp3le ~ab1A~ 2 an~ 3 a ual
1~~3�C in w~nter and 1~40�C ~.n summ~r~ ~the d~.spersion equal ~~8? (�0)~in
Ni.nter and 3, 68 (~Q) $ in ~umm~r,
Aonording ~to the da~a of ~abl~ 3~ th~ aity i~ t~m~~ ~than its env~ons (e T
> O~C) in ~2~9~ a~ the aa~~~ i~ a3~t~~ ~n~ in ~O~O~b cf the casea in summ~r~
~ge pos3tive 4~ valuea ( e T~~C and especially QT>7~C) axe ~ obaerved oon-
side~~bly more often in win~er ~han in summer~
Analysis of the funot3ons F'~tJT> X) eona~truoted ~om th~ ob~erva~tional dat,a
for 3ndividual perioda indieate~ ~hat at nigh~t poaitS.vs ~T are found more
of~en ~than during the day~ Thus, in swnmer a~t 00~00 and 0~~00 the F(0 T~O~C)
valuea equal 92,7 and 91~~~b~ xhile at 13~00~ 1,5,00 ana 18~00 these values
equal 6?~~~ 64,1 and 6?.0~& respectiv~ly~
A ~omparison of ~T for individual po3nts shows ~that #'or Vo ykovo~ 8osnovo
and SAlogorka tha F(~ T> O~C) values are roughly the same ~in swnmer 79-
8~9&), xhile ~enSngrad is xarmer than Yolkhov (the point is larger~ and
apparently~ more polluted) in a smaller number of ~ases (in awnmer in 73~~)~
Information about pT with a varying cloud cover is important~ According to
obsexva~fonal data in summex (June-August) for 19?0-19?4 the mean values af
air temperature differences ( QT=T~ T~) in I~eningrad and 3osnovo ares
~.r.iount of lower cloud cover~ points 0-2 3-8 9-10
Night (21.00-06.00) . ?.8 2,0 1.4
Day (09,00-18~00) 0~8 0.6 1.2
Days 2~0 1.1 1.3
Number o~ cases (for days) 1492 399 381
According to these data~ at night xith an increase in the cloud cover the ~ T
difference is reduced, and at night the transition flrom 'slightly cloudy
keather to overcast is accompanied by a rise in ~ T.
Visibility and fog. The most important value is the range of visibility
(everyfrhere ue have in mind the meteorological visib3lity range S linked to
the linear index of radiation attenuation a by the correlation S~3~5/a).
According to the observational data for srinter of a five-year pe~iod (1gTp_
1974, December xas taken for 1969-19?3) the folloxing robabilities xere
obtained (P) for visibility range not exceeding 10 km ~S~ 10 kta)=
~ 7~e24ngrad Vi ~~kovo V~~ ov So12o&,v;o Beligorka
P9~ 68.2 45. 9 20. ? 35.6 383
38. 2
25
_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL U9E ONLY ~
AaQO~din'g to ~h~se d~~a~ ~he seduo~d vieibil~.ty in a la~ge oity is obaerved
_ Qonniderab].y morn often ( in ~tha g~,v~n exampl~, in 68;b o~ ~he oases) than in
th~ ~nv~.ror?s ~~f the ai~y (~.n 9o~novo--in 3l~, ~.n Be~.ogoxka--~.n 38,~~ and in
Volkh~v--~1,~ o� ~h~ casea), whioh i~ ~ov~xned by ~he effeat of poJ.].utanta~
'~his can~lusion agreA~ w~.~h ~he da~ta df ~eviousay ~ulfilled studies [3]~
T~b1e 4~ D~n~ity of ~r~babili.ti~s ($o) ef Vigibility Rang~ (Samplin~ Voltune
~'or Each Point--~508) , W~nter 197~-~97~
Ih~trpna,n S~,, K
N,~~~
~ _
,n~~t~~y~~pA~ 2~ , 1,4 2,1 22,JId1,81~i,018,~i _
HOC1~K000 , 2,~ ~,0 14~,a~2t,2211,8J3,,'t
~onxoa(!y , , I,~i 0,;~ 4,114,632,7dri,i
Coctto~o , 4,7 J~d 9~~II~J,022,U41,~~
~~:,~;u Ka 6~ . 2,~ ~o,ar2~,;;i~,e~.~~
Keys
1, Interval 9~ km 4, Yolkhov
2~ Leningrad m 5~ Sosnovo
3~ Voyeykovo 6~ Belogorka
Analysis of table 4 shows tha.~t in J~enSngrad the exacerbated visibility con-
ditions are mainly created as a consequence of the weak and moderate ha~a
(S ~6-10 km and 3~2-6 km)s in the~e intervals the recurrence of S in the
ci~y is rou hly 2mtimes groater than in its environs, T he probabil~ty of
thick haze ~3 sl-2 km) is roughly the ~ame in Leningrad and its environs. T he
resulta on th~ probability of the visibility range not exceeding 1 km (3 < 1 Icn)
proved to be unexpected. In many articles, the educational and monograp~
~.iterature it is indicated that in the city the visibility range is signi-
ficantly lower than in the suburbs. The data of table 4 refu~e this assertion
in relation to the poor visibility~ In fact the probabi3~ity of S< 1 km in
Zer:ngrad is 1.~Yjb, and in its environs this probability is 2-3 ti~es greater
(in Sosnovo--4.7gb~ in Belogorka--3.~b~ in Yoyeykovo--2.~). Since the visibility
rar.de S< 1 km is mainly governed by the appearance of fog (snoxstorms and
snowfal~'s also make a certain contribution) then we turned to the data on
the xecurrence of fogs (table 4) not only in the winter period (:.9?0-1974), but .
also during all the seasona of the txo five-ye ar periods (1965-1969 and 1970-
19?4) ,
Tf~.~ data of table $ contradict the extant opinion according to Khich in the
l~rge cities the conditions for fog formation supposedly are more favorable
1,~an in tha rural locality.
In actuality, in Isnin~rad the fogs are fortced 2-3 timas less often than in
the suburbs (in small populated areas). This is also indicate8 by the data
n th~ total duration of fog t* fa~ xinter 19?0-1974 and the probability
~P) of its observations
26
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFZCIAL U3E ONLY
Zeningrad VoyAykovo Vhlkhov Sosnovo BA~,ogorka
t~ ~ n ia.5 3~.9 i~.7 443 265
P~ i,i 3,o i,i 4,i 2,4
Table 5, Number o~ Days with Fog
(2)~ o (5( ,a (6~
Rep~~o~t , ~
tta6nwAetuiil ~ ~ o
~ aa m ~ ~a
96b-1969 rr, 80 IS14 ~Oti 144 IOl
~ 7~ (9C@ Cl301161)
, 1970--1974 rr, 74 '213;, 12l1 ?08 238
,7 rBCe ceaouw)
970-�197 74 ~1 2ti 84 4t,
a~~�a
Keys ~
1~ Period of observations 5, Soano~vo
2~ 1~eningrAd 6, Belogorks,
3~ Yoyeykovo 7~ all seasons
4, Volkhov 8, winter
A~mospheric pollut3on of the city~ o~ course, promotes exacerbation of
visibility and fog forma.tion. However the difference in temperat~ea AT
between the city and environs has a atronger effec~ on fog formation~ In
fact, xhen the state of saturation ia at~t,ained (f ~10096) in the envisons
the relative humidity f~op in the city with diffe~~t Tokp and~T' adopts the
:Pollowing values:
To~a -20 -�10 0 10
with e r~�~~c, 96 s2 s2 y~ ~
with a T�~� 96 84 85 87 88
F~ om tho data given in tables 4 and 5 another conclusion followss the
visibility range is decisively affected by the particles of pollutants on
which moisture has settled (otherwise in the ci~Ey the probability of visibllity
S< 1 km would be greater than in the environs). Since the urban conditions
f~r the beginning of condensation due to QT are less fa~torable than in tt~e
environs, then the recurrence of visibility Sm< 1 km and fog in the city is
lower than in the suburbs.
Since the conclusion on the significantly loxer Frobability of fog in a
large city has been formulated (as far as xe knox) for the first time, then
xe also turn to the clim,ate data. The mean (for the~ year) nwnber of days ~
xith fog~ according to multiple-year data, in Tsningrad and its environs ares
Isningra.d Hydrometsorological Observatory) -29 Toksovo -(7
Isningrad Nevskaya~ -39 7~odeynoye pole -52
27
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
r
FOR OFFZCIAt, USE ONLY
Voyeykovo -64 Volosovo -68
Petrrk~epos~' -~6 I,isiy Nos -2~
Yybor~ ~ -4? Zomonosov -25
Acoording to these data~ the reaurrence of fog in Zeningrad is rough~y
2 times lower than in ~he envis ons~ The except~one are Zisiy Nos and
Lomonosov~ located on the northerti and southern shores of ~he Gulf of Fin-
land wh~re ~he fog recurrenco ia somewhat even 1.ower than Sn Isningrad~ _
But these data do not on1.y not aontradict~ but even suppor~ ~the advanoed
viewpo3nt on ~the role of AT in the formation o~ fog. Sn ~act~ ~he tempera-
~ur~ dlfference between Iren3ngrad and T~omonosov average8 for the yeas only
0~2�C,.while in OLtober-January~ when fog ~.s mainly foxmed this difference
is even negative ~appasently~ the warming effec~t of ~he Cul~ of Finland has
an influence), Tt is quite natural that suoh differences OT cannot have
a s3gnif3cant effect on the recurrenoe of fog~ therefore the differenae in
the number of fogs in Zeningrad and its environs updex theae conditions is
governed only by a~tronger air pollution of a large oity (for this reason
the number of days with fog in T,,eningrad was somewhat greater than in
Zomonosov and Zisiy Nos)~
'~he conc].usion about the dominant effect of the QT difference on the forma-
tion of fog also fol].owa f~om the data on the mean (for ~the year) number of
days with fog 3.n Moscow and its environs:
Moscow (Hydrometeorological Moscow(Exhibition of Achievements of the
Observatory) ~ National Economy of the USSR)
20 . ~ 26
Klin Dimitrov Za~orsk Kashira
36 3? ~ 49
In Moscow and Tsningrad the mean differencesl~T exceed 1�C and here, thus~
the effect of this difference on the reduction in relative humidi~Ly and
fog recurrence is perceptible~ Moreover~ these cities are less polluted
than a number of other cities. Analysis nf fihe da~ta given in the "Klimati-
cneskiye spravochniki SSSR"[Climate References of the USSR] has shown that
for the ma3ority of the large cities in our country (except Moscow and
Isningrad), the mean values of the aT difference do not exceed several tens
of degrees (in Minsk the mean flT value for the year is 0.2�C~ in Kuybyshev
0~3�C~ in Kiev and Tashkent 0.4�C, in Sverdlovak 0.5�C, and so forth).
Since such/ST differences reduce only insignificantljr the relative humidity
(in the city~as compared to the environs)~ then no perceptible c~ifference
is observed in the recurrence of fog in the city and its env3sons for the
ma3ority of regions of the Sov iet Union~ Moreover~ under the influence of
pollution (xhich~ of course~ makes its contribution to ~mpaired visibility)
~he fog recurrence in a number of cities is ~eater than in the environs
(for the year the number of days xith fog in Min'sk is 67~ in Negoreloye--
55~ and in Radishkovichi--46).
28
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
,
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The experiment~,~. data that were given above and bxie~~y analyzed make it
pos~~.bJ.A ~o pinpoint a number of ideas abou~ ~he peaul.~.aritiea and 1.aws
govern~.ng the formation of ~he meteorologioa7. pat~ern o~ a laxge ai~y~
BIBZIOGRA~'HY
1. Adamenko, V. N. "Klimat bo~.'ahSkh gorodov (obzor)" ~C1.imate of ?~arge
Cities~ (9urvey)~~ Obninsk~~ VNIIGMI-r~sn~ i975~ '7~ P~
2, Berlyand M~ Ye and Kandrat' yev ~ K. Ya ~"G oroda 3. k13.mat planety" ~~[,C itiea
'and, Clitna~e of the planet]~ Gidarometeoi~dat~ 1972~ 39 P~
3, Dovgyallo, Ye. N~ "Horizontal Transpasency in Cities and Industrial
Centera" TRUDY GGO~ No 279~ ~972~ PP Z~-~7~~
4. "Klimat Moskvy (osobennosti klimata bo1.'shogo goroda)" [;ci~~e of Moacow
(Pecu].iarities of the C11ma~te of a L~rge Oity]~ edited by A. A. Dmitri-
yev and N. N. Bessonov. Gidrometeoizdat~ 197~~ 3~ P~ .
29
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
,
FOR OFFICZAL USE ONLY
vnc 55i.5io,522
S~RUGTURE OF THE BAROCZINIC EKMAN P?~ANETARY BOUNDARY ?~AYER ~
Moscow M~TEOROZOGIYA I G7DR07~OGIYA in Rusaian No ,5~ May 79 pp 28-34
CArticle by Professor S. Panchev and D~ Atanasov~ Sofia University~ Bulgaria,
submitted fcr publication Ju1 78]
Arstract. A model of the planetaxy boundaxy layer over a
thermally he�terogeneous underlying surface is examin~d~
T he ob~tained foxmulas are asymptotically transformed into ~
the classic Ekamn solution on the condition that the
underlying surface temp~rature is constant~ The pr oblem
can be viewed as the first approximation in solving the
pxoblem of the ~oint effects of turbulence~ baroclinicity,
and the underlying surface relie~.
[T~~xt] Introduction
The planetary boundary layer [PBTa over the ~;hermally heterogeneous under-
lying surface (p T~~O) also is het~rogeneous (p Ty~O) . Here T~(x~ y) is
thH temperature of the ear th's surface that is considered fla~~ T~(x,y~z) is
the atmospheric tem~erature at altitucte z~q~(o~~~x~a~~y~ 0~ is the nabla
(grctid)--operator. It ;s said that in this case the PB L is baroclinic~ If
there is no other reason for heterogeneity~ then with altitude pT-a 0 and the '
;~2iL asymrtotically a proaches the barotropic free atmosphere (p To,aO~ where
TC,~(x, ~~oa)~const~~ The barotropicity i~ essentially reached at the .
upper bounaary of the so-called thermal boundary layer~ on the order of
dynamic altitude. (1-2 km)~ The general case~ when To,~(x,y) is of undoubted
impurtance.
Thermal heterogeneity of the eaxth's surface can be created by the presence
~~f large cities, reservoirs~ islands in the ocean, stappe or desert regions~
~nd so forth. The barocl.inicity ~till be manifest especially strongly at
'he boundaries of these regions where VT~ has large values.
It i.s very necessary to consider baxoclinicity in the PBI, dynamics problems.
Baroclinicity ha.s a significant effect on wind distribution 3.r~�this layer~
which ts apparen~, for example~ from the velocity hodographs construct,ed by
Wiin-Nielsen [4~,
30
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
' ~ ~'OR O~FYCIAL U9E ONLY
Tho~e are ~eany publ~.Qat~.ons covor~.ng ~this quea~'3on~ They are mainly based
on ~the s3miZasi~y theo~y C,~]~ ~t~ w~ii aolve ~his problem 3n ~ha clase~.o
fo~mulation as was dane ~.n ~2-4J, w~.th eer~.~.n re~inemen~ts, They w~.~.l
permi~ a mox~ oomplete interpr~tation of the fSn~ings~
Approxlm~~Lic~n of Dr~roclinicl.ty and Turbu~.rnoa
Our goal was to study ~th~ ~oint o~�ect o~ baxool.in3aity and turbulen~e on
~ wina in ~th~ pBZ~ Hero we wi11 oonaider ~thats
A. The temperature field has beon presor3bedt
B~ The ~turbulenca coefficien~t has been aseigned~
C~ The qua,sistat3c equa~tion is fulfil.led=
D, The underZying surface is flat~
Condition C~permits us to write
: ,
P~x~ Y~ T)~ Po ( x~ Y) pxp - g~-- ds-- . ~
R T ~x, s' ~ ~ ~
From hr~re we finc~ the link between the gradients:
G P= p-o v Po -f- K,~ T, v T dz'. (2)
0
Fr~~m this gradl.ent we compute the geostrc~phic wind:
:
ti~= Rp h~:vP= ~tia+ R~ T: kXpTdz'~ t3)
~
where ~ according to ( 2) ~(~p)~ = CPu+
va ~ Rp� k X GPo (4)
--surface geostrophir, wind,
~
k~ (0, 0, l),
1--Coriolis parameter.
Wo assume~ as usual~ that
T(x, Y~ t) = To (x~ Y) - f z~ Y= const. -
By substituting (5) into (3), and by using (4) we obtain without any
3i.nolifica,tions
'~a '~T z~ v* p k X D Po t lTo k
X o To~
(6)
31
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~OR OF~ICIAL US~ ONLY
;t,~~, ~th~ �ormula ~ha~t i~ usually ~tigaigned a~i~~s C3,4~~ but ~oi~th ~bhe
"~xpandec~" �thnrmr~l wind UT ~ The ].ineax ~rd~r~~tion~hig ~ z) is ~he s~.mpZe~~t
and moet aonvonien~t fc~r so~ving tha motioti tiquations in~thd PBL C3, 4~,
however, ~;lie unxe~trSr..~ed r~.se in v~ with a~titude is lts shortootning~
Zt, does not Kgree with �LhH idea on ~t~e asymp~ot3o txanai~L~on o~ tl~n baxo-
, olinir. PBL tn ~he 1~c~,ro~~opic ~ree a~tmo~phere (`pTa, d0) ~
Tn order to sat3~fy ~t.he 1~tter requisement we ~saume
T(x~ y, z) = T~, 9(x, y) e-
4(x~ y) ~ T~ - To (x~ y), m- const. (7)
Analogou;~ly to the previous~ by sub~tit~~ting (7) into (3) we ob~tain
' M M Y
. y~ _ ~ ?Jr 8" "~s~
~ '~T = l~ k X'GPo �i- ,nl
To k X` T~, ~9~
RT
v
p=: ua -I- tit =/Po k X ~ Po ~ m To k X 0 To, (10)
a~here v.~, avidently has tha meaning of a full thermal wind~ xhile the
pasam~ter m determines the speed of attenuation inC/T with altitudei to a
certain measure it characterizes basoclinijity. The fnrmula of th~ expo-
nantial type (8) f.or ya was proposed in `h .
More com7lex approximations than (7) can be teated~ however this hardly makes
sense~ Of' main importance axe the t.emperature drop 6~ T and altitude
~=l~m at which T~I'~, is realized, and no~t the specific pro~`ile T(z) . In
a~di.~.ion as we will see below (8) guaxanteea a simple solution to the PBZ
motion equations~ Therefore we will pass to the question of approximation
of t~~rbulence ~
- In the Ekman modei its unique charact~ristic is the coefficient of vertical
turbulent exchange K. Generally speaking, K�~{(x~y,z). We will examine txo
examples:
K~X; y, = K = const, (11)
. Kj~ v~ t) = K(x, y~~ �12~.
where the characteristic at the top designa.tes averaging with respect to
the noted variables.
32
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICZAL USE ONLY
On~ can ind~.oate, a~t leas~ ~wo examples on which ~hg Qoe~fioSent K(x~y) muet
depende i drop 3n ve~.ocity _ ~ yp' I on ~the boundaries nf the PBI, and 1., _
From ~he consider~tions of ~din?ensione
K (x, Y) = ocR (13)
where ~ U`'~ is defined by formula (~.0) ~ The expres~ion of ~ype (13) wa~
. previous~y proposed by Gandin C1,~ for the ba~cotrop3o PBZ wi~h em
pirioal.
cons tan t 6� 6. 2 5~ 1 0" 6~ He s howed ~ha�b in the oomputa~ion of ~Ehe vertical
veloaity w from ~the aona9~va~t~,on equ~,tion based on ~the Ekman solution wi~h
var~.able K(x~y) an addi~tionaJ. ~term appears on the order of the main, One
can assume that in ~the baroclinia PBZ this effeot wi11 be even more aigni-
ficant ~ the more ao since ~the subs~titution of (10) into ( 3) i~n~~ x to a~Zi ~
the previous characteristics o~' bhe problem~ inaluding baroolinioity, By
- averaging (13~ with respect to region (x~y) in acoordance with (11) we
obtain K~const~ Analo ous oonsiderations of dimensions in application to
the true coefficient K~x~y,z) result in
~�.s st
K( r~ Y~ z) -'L f\ ~a l~
where f(~) is the dimensionless function,
Wind Field in Baroclinic PBI,
T he motion equations of a horizontally heterogeneous PBI, look like
' y y
s K d= -!kx(v-zK)= d1 ~-(y~c)y-~K'c~ti. (14>
where K'--coefficient of horizontal macroturbulent excha,nge. l~e note that
in this respect we s~1ve�the prbblem of the PBL atructure for synoptic-
scale movements.
As the 2ero approximation we assume with regard for (11) and (12) that
~
K di -!k v ~-!k X v~ ~
xith the elassic boundary conditions
~ -
I?ll=~~ Z~~i y"??!~� Z-?oG. ~is~ ,
T he horizonta,l heterogeneity enters the p~oblem through v(x,y~z~ and
K( x, y) . Then by the method of successive approxitnations ~ne can ~tfi,ke into
consideration advection (~i ~ y)v7 and lateral f~iction K'pa�v .
33
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~OR OFFICIAL US~ ONLY
By omittit~ ti~e ~.n~term~diate nomputation~ we ob~ain ~the solu~tion to ~the
probl~m i6) ~or the case of 1.ineas app~coximat~.on (6) in ~he foxm C4]
v-?1K 41? Z- ro~ e-"~ cos ax -I- k
X v~ e-�' sin ax (17) , '
and for ~h~ exponen~tial approxima~tion (8) in ~the form
_ . v~~u~ ti~ + rtiT - qa x vtl e-h~ cos uz -4- .
(k x yQ - qvT rk X vt) e-�~ sin az -r
rr~t 9k X vt) e' ~ 18~
where
I 4 2 s7 m t9
a~ 2K, r.~ 4~.s,~ q= 4~.5~~ S-
V~1th K~const a,s~r and q also will be constants. 31nce the value a deter-
mines the altitude of the Ekman PBZ (z arr/a)~ according to the terms of
the m parameter in 8) one can asswne ~hat m N a. In [2] it was directly
considored that maa~s~1)~ T hen rm4/5~ q~2~5. In extreme cases it is
permissibls (although only theoretically) for m 0--oya~on~ or
p p0< 0--an~icy~lone) ef~~ctg af baro~linici~Ey oan be ~iar~ifes~ (aomponent~
xi~h Qo~~'~icientg e~ and h3)~ an~ so forth~
As an example we w~l]. wr3te out explSc3~tly the ~ormula for w(x~ y~m ~
(praotieally eoincidin~ with w(x~y~~g)~ Nhere za~/a--pBL altitude~ Bearing
in mSnd ~tha~ ~ - xe obtaSn
F~~ 1/2 F~ ; 3J5 a, Fg 1;5 n,
.Y~ ~ 1'n C R C I-~-~-, C~ ( ~ n P~~) �h
8~~' (In Tol c S~~Ip ~ p~~ I(3 sin a~-.~, cn~ a), . (36)
Noxever ~ A 12,5'~at~. (c~ e~
v f7,S ,�?,S o 7,S f7,5
012,5 ~
� a._ _ .
Figure 2~ Dependence of Difference in pha,ses (y?) of Cloud Cover Fluctuations
with Period 14-21 Days on the Distance along the Iatitudinal
Circles
Keys
a, rad
b, northern latitude
c, southern latitude
d. eastern longitude
e, ~thousand kilometers
In the distribution of the amoun~t D(fig l,d) the maximwn va,lues~ as in the
period of the swnmer Indican monsoo~i are observed in the near-equa+torial
regions of the swnmer hemisphere, that is xher~ the tropical depressions are
encountered most often in the northern winter ~3]. T he region of increased
. 63
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~ ~OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
D~ vo.lu~s ov~r Indoohina ~an be 13nk~d ~to ~thd deve].opment of dis~turb~noaa o~
a synoptio scale nn ~th~ polar ~ront~ In ~he extreme aou~thwest of ~ho
~xamine~ ~egion l~rge D values can be 7.inked to ~the penetration of indS-
vidua,l depreag~ons from�the ITC2 regione fas ~o the ~ou~th~ and ~thoir re-
generation on the polas front~
Now we will ~xamine ~he apatial-tempo~al s~ucture of ~the global atmospheric
disturbanaes (T~14-21 days) ~tha~t are reflected in ~the cloud ~ove~ variabil~.ty.
Tha~ task was ae~t suah that with the help of a cross apec~ra]. anal.ys~.s a g~tudy
was ma.c~e separate].y of waves Sn the field o� ~the cloud eover in ~the mer3dional
and zonal direc~t~.ons~ In the f3s~t case the sact3.on bounded by the equa,~tor
and 5~ n~1, was taken as the start of the readin~ ~om which the phase
differenc~ was computed. In ~the second case the compufi,ations were made from
the m~ridS.onal range ?0-75� e~l, The function of the phase differenee was
computed for aach five-de ee squares the analysis used only the valuea with
coherence exceeding 0~58 ~here the evaluation of the phase speetrum possesses
80~ r~liabili~ty~ ,
Figu~e 2 shows the ~esult~ of the calculation for the function of pha,ae
difference (t~) depending on ~the distance (for aummer in the Northern Hemi-
sphere), T he values 1~ are plotted with regard for the caictographic pro- ~
3ection. Fluatuations 3n the aloud cover with period of 2-3 weeka have high
coherence at the points located at different distances from the start of the
reading. T his is correct almost for the entire Ind3an Ocean basin--roughly
from 20� s.l. to 25~ n.l. As is apparent on fig 2~ the difference in the
phases does not depend on the distance~ remaining close to zero. Thla
indicates tha,t at all points the fluctuations in.cloud cover are synchronous,
that is simultaneous increase or decrease occurs in the amount of cloud cover
ovar the entire territory~ T he calculations of the ph~se difference showed
that to the south of 20� s.l, movements are observed in the cloud systems from
th~ west to the east. They axe possibly linked to the formation of cold~
- high-altitude large-scale troughs from the equatorial side of the western
migration of temperate Southerr. Hemisphere latitudes.
With ~he help of phase analysis a study was made of the waves of cloud cover
(i~ ~th Tn14-21 days) in tho meridional direction~ It was found tha,t on the
background of practically simultaneous pulsations examined above, the fluc-
t~:a.tions in the cloud cover at the equator and above Hindustan and 7ndochina
are in the antiiihase (tt~is phonomenon is more clearly manifest to the east
of ?5� e.l. '~his indicates th~a alternate activity of ~~.he processes on ttio
northorn and southorn ITCZ branches~
T;~ given conclusion is of great imoortance for gredicting the intermittent
3ltua,tions in tho Indian monsoon and confirms the hypothesis of ono of the
~uthors [5,6] tha,t the maximum development of the monsoon cloud accumulations
. ~_n northern India is observed at tha.t period when near the equator on tho
southern ITCZ branch tha cloud cover is almost completely eroded~ and con-
versely~ interruptions in the monsoon are linked to the maximum activity of
cloud fornation processes in the southern ITCZ branch.
64
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOtt OF~'ICIAL USE ONLY
'~h~ oaiouia~~~na macl~ for the ~w~.nter conditions of the No~thern Hemi~pha~e
ahow ~h~,t ~t~ th~ w~st of 70~ Sr~ ~,he Southern Kamisphere a high cohe~enoe is
obs~~ved b~tween the ~luo~uations ~.n oloud cover ~.n ~he 3unct~.ons of th~
~r~.d, wh~,].e tha phas~ d~.~'~exence is olose to ~ero~ '~his indioatea that over
the entire aou~thwest gection of ~the Indian Ooean and ~he ad3acent regions of
A~ ica a~imu~tane~u~ inore~se or decrease in the aloud cover is obse~ved~
Thtas~ the resul~s o~ s~ oross-apectral analygis indicate ~that large-soale
pulsat3.ons in the cloud oover occur ~imu].taneousJ.y over the en~ire territory
encompasaed by thb monsoon c~.rcula~ion~
In conclus~.on we note that, despite the fact'~hat ~he results ase presented
only for 2 years there ase grounds to consider that the noted periodioity
in ~the atmospheric processes tna,nifest in the cloud cover is not a feature
exclusively o~ i9~i-i97z, but, is characteristic also for other yeass~ This
is p~imar3ly indicatod by the observed confinement of the~e atmoapherSc
processea to the macrociraulation ob~ects such as ~the ITCZ~ palax front~
and others~ The geographical localiza~tion and intenaity of certain oacil-
latidns can be altored from year to year in accordance with the in~ter-annual
~�ariabillty 3n the general atmospheric circulation~
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1~ Kislov, A~ V. "Variability in the Tropical Cloud Cover as an l,~dicator
of the Dynamic Processes in the Atmosphere~" VESTNIl{ MOSKOVSKOGO UNI-
VERSTP'~TA, SERIYA CEOGRAFIYA~ No 3~ 19?8~ pp 100-105.
2~ Kryzhanovskaya~ A~ P~ "Movement of Cyclonic Dis~u~bances in the Tropical
7one," T RUDY GIDROMETTSENTRA SSSR~ No 107, 1972, pp 85-98~
3~ K ur'yanov~ B. F.; and Medvedeva~ L~ Ye. "Harmonic Analysis of Stationary
Random Processes~" "Statistika i s~okhasticheskiye sistemy" [Sta.tistics
and Stochastic Systems]~ No S, Moscow, Izd-vo MGiJ~ 19?0, 56 p.
4. Monin~ A. S. "Prognoz pagody kak zadacha fiziki" CWeather Forecasting as
a Problem of P hysics]~ Moscow, Nauka, 1969, 184 p.
5~ Semenov, Ye. K~ "Certain P~culiarities of the Intratropical Zone of
Convergence f"rom Observations f~ om Meteorological Satellites~" M~'I'EORO-
I~ZXA I CIDROI,OGIYA, No 2, 1975~ isp 22-29~
6. Somenov, Ye~ K. "~eculiarities of the Cloud Accumulations of the~ Intra-
tropical Zone of Convergence of the Indian Ocean Basin~" I~IE'PEpROIAGIYA
I'GIDROIAGIYA, No 6, 1977? pp 99-109.
7~ "Catalog of rleteorological Satellite Data.--ESSA-9 Television Cloud Photo-
graphy," No 5, 323~ 5? 32~+~ 1971, Washington, D. C.
8~ "Catalog of Meteorological Satellite Dafi,a--ESSA-9 Television Cloud Photo-
graphy," No 5, 326~ 1972, Washington, D.C,
65
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
9~ F'~.ndla~er, J~ "Mean Mon~hly ~a~~inW ~~aia over ~the Weatern Indian ~Ooean~"
GEOPHYB M~I~I, Nn 11,5, i9~i, Zondon, 53 p~
10~ Krishmamurti, T. N.i and Bhalme~ H~ 2;~ "Osci11at3ons of a Monaoon
Syatom," J AT~tUS SCT, voi 33, xo io, 1976, pp i937-i95~.
11~ Murakam~.~ T, ~ and Ho; F. P~ "Spec~trum Analysis of C~.oud3.ness over the
Pacif3,c~" J MErEOR~Z SOC JA~'AN, Vol 50, No i972~ pp 3p~,_3i~,,
12~ Si3cdax, D. N~~ Young, J. A..= and Suomi~ V. E. "~ime-Spectral Chasac-
teristics of ?~rge-Sca1e Cloud Syatems in the Trnpical pacific," J ATMOS
scz, voi z9, rro z, i97z~ pp 229-z39. ~
66
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL U8E ONLY '
~n~ 55i�591t629~735~073
pROBI,EM OF DETERMIlIING ATM03P~RIC VIS7BILTrY AS APPI,IED TO AIRCRAFT TAKE-OFF
AND ?~ANDIl~iG
Moseow MET~OROLOGTYA I G~ROIAGSYA in Russian No 5~ May 79 pp, 57-61
CArticle by Candidate of Technical Sciences S. L. Belogorodskiy, State
Scientific Reseasch Institute of Civil Aviation, submitted for publication
13 Ju1 78] '
Abstract, T he extant visibillty terminology as applied
to aircraft take-off and, landing operations is analyzed~ ,
A classification of terms is suggested according to four
signs~ as well as the terminology based on iti the classi-
fication is convenient for individualizing tlie requirements
for~~visibility range information during aircraft take-off
and landing. Suggestions are made for the most important
trends in work to measure the actual visibility range of
specific reference points used by the crew during take-Aff ~
and landing~
[Text] One of the main conditions for guaranteeing the safe take-off and
landing operations of aircraft is the correct determination of the3.r
position in space in relation to the take-off and landing strip (TIS)~ The
fulfillment of this condition is attained by the crew's visual observation
of the ~7~.S, ~nd in a number of cases~ also by approaches to it~ Here the
maximum dis~ance (range) a~t xhich the crew is guaranteed observation of the
TIS and the approaches ~to it~ ar the ref6rence points marking them is the
most importa~t characteristic of thc~ meteorological conditions of take-off
and landing.
In the documents regulating the meteorological analysis nf civi.l. aviation '
aircraft flights.and the extant literatuxa on these questions diverse terms
are used t~ characterize these conditions; visibility~ visibility range on
the TIJ5, meteorological visibili~ty range~ flight visibility range~ etc~
In a number of cases differen~t t.erms are used to designate the same conceots~
and converesely, the sam~ terms are used for difference concepts. T his
concerns, in paxticulax ~ the ma,in -term "visibili-ty." Thus, in L3] and a
numbex of docwnents�regulating the meteorological analysis of civil
67 .
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~OR 0~'FICIAL USE ONLY
aviation airar~~t flights by viaibil:ity is mean~ ~he max~,mum dis~ance a~t
whi
h~the day and nigh~t refer~noe o,~ ~.n~t~ ~se v3s3.b~e (ob~ec~s~ i,l
gT'~"p'o~`nts) ~
In ~the IKAD ~terminology vis~.bil.ity is the possibilStv, de~ermine$ by -
atmc~spheria cnudstsons and expreseed in units of distanae~ of ~A~ng,and
id~ntifvin~ not3c~ab1~ unilluminated ob3ec~s during ~the day and not~Qeable
illuminated referenee polm~s at ni~ht, In [,1] i~ 3s indioa~ed in rela~tion
~ro ~the t7rm "v~.sib~.lity" tha~ visibll.ity rang~ is meant by i~~ and so for~th~
In a number of documents visibil3ty and v3.~ibi].ity range on ~the T?~S are
viewed as s~.mSlar conceptg~ Here visSbil3ty range la essen~tially ~the meanSng
for visibili~y
There is no~ clea~r?dss in the structure of ~terms~ definitions and use of the
terms~ and the der~.va~ives from the main term "vSsibil~.~ty~" T hus~ for
example, the~ terms "vertical visibility" and "Snclined viaibility range
vaxy Sn structure, Rlthough in the given case the dis~tinctive ~ea~ture is ~he
d3rection of obaervation.
W ithout dwelling further on a diseuasion and criticism of the extant termin-
ology we will move to an examinat3on of the terminology we have auggested
that is based on a classif3cation of terms concerning atmospheric visibillty
as ~pplied to the guarantse of take-off and landing operationa.
The main term is y3sibi1lty (visibility in the atmosahere)--the possibility~
determined by atmospheric conditions~ of seeing and identifying distant
reference points (ob3ects). T he characteristic of visibility is the ran e
of visibilitv--the maximum distance at which reference points (ob~ects axe
found and identified.
In accordance with the civil aviation docume nts currentl,y in force under
conditions of limited visibility the crew has the right to land if by the
moment the decision making altitude ha.s been reached reliable visual con~tact
has been established with the ground reference pointa to determine the
position of the aircraf-t in space in rela,tion to the TI,S.
Therefore, in speaking of visibility range as applied to the take-off and
l~.nding operations one should have in mind the visibility range at which
detection and reliable identification of the ground reference points (ob3ects)
~;,cur ~
Visibili~y can be classified according to different signs. As applied to our
tasks of greatest importance is the classification according to the following
signs (fig 1):
--nature of observed reference points (objects);
--site of observation;
�-diroction of observation;
--time of day during which observation is ma.de.
In the cla.ssification according to nature of observed reference poin~s
the latter can be subdivided in~o nonself-lwninous and self-luminous
(light~, T he nonself-luminous reference points (objects) include artificial
68
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICZAL USE ONLY _
and na~ural el.eva~tion~, cZouds~ TLS (pavement~ ~sai i~ne)~ apecial
markers (soreens, postg, ~].aga~ eto,) and ao for~th. The se~-luminous
ref~ret~ce poin~te 3nolude single and groug li~hta of oonetant and disarete
(~'lashing) emission aerv~,ng to i1lumSna~e and mark ~he TIS~ ~axiing roads~
approaohes and o~thers~ as well as ligh~ts (~ampe) on ~he meteorologioaZ
ecreens serving to determin~ the visibilii;y range,
~ . Bu uMOC?ne ~ aaouMOC?ne , , ,
~ H:scMaoemautuxca coMOCEam,?utuxcR ~
oa~eexmoe osbexmoe (10)
~ aNmepy yQ,h'
~ 2~ DU~uM~~,T?e 1,~0~~
~ItMi ~"~vt
. eNe~ ~ Z ( a3) ~ 9~ e~a~HOem?
~ z~ ~R ( lZ) ~
~ E RDAQl~t '
84dL'MCCG11 ~ ~ g ~
NOVdM o s 8u8uNOCme ~ ~
o ~ ~ q
~dy c ~b ~ 8~ e ueurtocm?
C4,~ BffBcSM.)C1~6 'o ~~p NQ 3~MA!
, ~ Cj'M!d'.'U Np~pQOA~~
~ L~ yOQjJlOOtM~~ I
~0~'GJ)~lRQAbHQA BtpRIfIXQAIHOR ~'j~HQKl10HNQA
arr~MOCme DuBuMOCme EuBunoem~
Figure 1~ Classification of Visibility Terma
Key:l~ yisibility of nonself-luminous 9� Visibility in flight
ob3ects 10. Yisibility of self-luminous ob3ects
2. V9.sibility during day 11. V.isibility
3. Visibility at night 12. According to nature of observed
4~ Visibility at dusk reference points (ob3ects)
5~ Horizontal visibility 13. According to observation site
6. Vertical visibility 14. According to observation direction
7� Inclined visibility 15~ According to observation time
8. Visibili~y on ground
We recall that the division of objects into nonself-luminous and self-luminous
reflects the basic diffarences in the physi~:al and biological processes of
their perception by the human visua.l analyzer.
Depending on the observation site we note visibility on the ground and
visibility in flight. As applie d to the specific observation site on the
ground one can dSstinguish visibility at tho beginning of the TI~,S, visibility
at the end of the TIS~ visibility at the nearest homing ra.dio s~t,a,tion, etc.
69
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~OR OFFIC2AL US~ ONLY
Wi~th ,re~pea~t ~to obaervational diseotion v~.s~.biJ.3~y oan be subdivided into
hor3zon~tal vextical and inoJ.ined~ In swi~ohing ~o visibil.ity range we
will speak of ~he range of horizontaJ. visib3.J.ity~ range of vertical
visibility~ and range of inc].ined vis3.bility (and not about the inel3ned
r~ng~ of v~.sibility) ,
Finally, with respec~t to the time of day during which the ob~ervation is
made one can distinguish visibillty during the day~ at night and at duak~ ~
xt should be noted that the clasaifioation of visibil.ity a~cording to the
time of day ie conditional to a certain de~ree since the change in vis3bi11ty
xange aecor.ding to time of day is 1.inked to the change in brightness of the
background. At the same time, depend3ng on the cha,racteristica of the surface
on which th~ observed ob~ects are located, the meteorological conditions at
the moment of observation (cloud cover, fog), time of day and season (posi-
bion of the sun on the celestial sphere)~ and other factors the brightness
_ of the background can be significantly altered.
T he classifica-tion g3ven above is convenient for 3ndividualizing the require-
ments for visib~lity range information ~or ta,ke-off and landing~
In order to implement take-off and landing the crew needs to have information
about the range~of horizontal visibility on the TIS that determines the
possibility of controlling the pos3tion and motion parameters of the aircraft
during its take-off run, touchdawn, and post-landing run. Since the take-
off run and post-landing run can be carried out on the entire length of the
TIS~ then the information about visibillty should also cover the entire
length of the TI,5, However~ taking into consideration the difficulties in
obtaining informa.tion along the entire length of the TI,S and assuming that
t.he spatial variability in visibility on this section is not great one can
usua.lly be limited to measurement of the visibility range at two-three T LS
points.
During the landing a~proach in order -to determine the position of the air-
craft in space and the parameters of its motion in relation to the assigned
� landing -trajectory the most important is the inclined visibility from the
- a:rcraft cockpit~ i~e~, the visibility in flight.
I,i order to make a decision on tho possibility of landing the crew nseds to
observe a number of reference points sufficient for this purpose.
It should be indicated at once tha.t the concept "sufficient" number of
reference points is not unambiguous. In each specific situation the number
~f reference points tha.t the crex nee~}s to observe depends on the landing
~~.pproach conditions. Thus, f`rom the research results it is known tha.t in
~rder to determine the p~sition of the aircraft and its deviations in re-
lation to the prescribed rectilinear tra~ectory it is sufficient to see
three-four lights on this trajectory. The extent of this section is less
tha,n 100 m. However such a number of reference points can be acknowledged
70
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFxCIAT~ USE ONLY
as ~uffic3.ent on~.y wi~th compasa~tively amall deviations of the ~ixoraft
and law flight altitudes (30 m and lea~e)~ In o~her oasee.a aonsiderably
greater number of xeferenee points may be needed to evaluate ~he position
of ~the aireraft and the parameters of its motion.
T he section of the earth's surface observed (or t.he referenoe points on it)
in the approach zone to the TLS'depends no~ only on the visibility xange~ but
also on the characteristics of the field of view of the aircraft pilots from
the cockpi~~ We also note that in o~der to make a deaision about landing
the aixexaft commander ia not required to see the beginning of the TT,S~ In
the existing minimums for landing the visibility range is computed such th~t
the pilot during the approach to the decision making;altitude can ses a cer-
- tain number of lights or ~ther reference pointa on the co~mse of ~the TLS
axis in the approach zone,
T hus, for the condition$ of landing min3muma of the first Il{AO category _
it is assumed ~that the pi,lot must aes by the moment of reaching the decision
ma,king altitude (60 m) the sec~tion of lights on the couxse of the TT.~S axia
extending 300 m~
In all take-off�and landing cases under conditions of lim3ted visibility
the crew needs information about the visibility range of specific re~arence
points that can be used to evaluate the position and motion parameters of
the aircra.ft. T hus~ for example~ during the take-off of an aircraft during
the day it is important to have information about the visibility range of
the TIS and marking of its axial line (with regasd for the condition of the
TIS surface and marking) in the given specific illumination conditions.
Under night conditions it is necessar y ta have information about the visibility
range of the TIS lights and the axial line with the characteristics of the
lights that axe specific for the given take-off conditions (degree of
brightness at which the lights are turned on)~ To make a decision about
landing it is necesaary~ first to ha.ve information about the visibility
range in flight of specific reference ~points in the zone of la,nding
approach (for example~ at night--a.pproach lights), and second, the
visibility range on the TI,S~
As is known, currently the domestic AM9G ~Air Weather Station of ~he Civil
Air Fleet] is meas~ing the visibility only on the ground in a horizontal
~ direction (range of horizontal visibility), Here the meteorological
visibility range* during the day and the visibili~y range of a single light
(about ~5 cd) at night axe ta.ken as the visibility range~ This visibility
range is used as the visibility range on the TIS if the TIS is not equipped
with lights of high intensity (?~HI). If the TT,S is equipped with lights
of high in~ensity (TIS landing lights with light strength no less tha.n
10,000 cd) then the visibility range of the TIS la.nding is taken as the
visibility range on the TI,S.
~T he terms "met~orological visibility" and "range of ineteorological visibility*
ase more correc .
~1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOIt 0~'F'YC~AL USE ONLY .
Thus, only in the la~ter case the crewa of aircra~ts are given information
a,bout the visibi].ity range of s~eci�ic re~erence points~ Sn all the other
oases, as prac,tical experience has shown, the crews recoive, information
about the visibility range that does not correspond to a certain degree to
the actual visibility range of speci~ic reference points~ which has a nega-
tive effect on the regularity and safety of flights~ As a con~equence of
this the search for the methods and means of determining the actual
visibility range o~ reference points used by the 4'rew during take-off and
landing of aircraft is an important task for improving the safety and
re~ulasity of flights of civil. aviation aircraft,
Sn oxder to sol.ve the aforementioned problems it is necessary to exp~nd
the front of scientific research and experimental deaign work. Currently
of greatest importance are the works to determine the range ~f inclined
visibillty of group 1lghts and markers, as we11 as certain others~ Taking
into consideration ~that the it~'ormation about the range of.meterological
v3.sibility appasently in the near ftrture will remain the initial to
determine the visibility range of specific reference points~ it should be
acknowledged that i-t is important to perfECt tho techniques for observing
it with regard for -the specific problems of the meteArological analysis of
aviation,~as well as to develop algorithms for computing the visibillty of
real ob jects along the T ZS according to obsexvational results~
B IBI,IOGRAPHY
1. Gavrilov~ V. A. "Vidimost' v atmosfere" CVisibility in the Atmosphere]~
Leningrad, G idrometeoizdat~ 1966~ pp 6-7~ 38-40~ 119-Y25~
2, "Nast.avleniye gidrometeorologicheskim sta,ntsiy~,m i postam" ~Manual for ~
Hydrometeorological S-tations and Posts], No 3, Pt 1~ Moscow~ Gidro- -
meteoizdat, 1969, 201 g,
3, "Nastavleniye po meteorologicheskomy obespecheniyu grazhdanskoy aviatsii
(NMU-GA-73~"[Mantaal for Meteorological Analysis of Civil Aviation (NMD-
GA-73)~~ Moscow, Gidrometeoizdat, 1973, pg 6-S~
4, "Praktika nablyudeni a za dal'nost'yu vidimosti na VPP i peredachi
soobshcheniy o ney" ~practical Observations of Visibility Range on.the
1T~5 and Transmission of Informa.tion about I~t], IRAO circular 113-AN~85~
Montreal, 1973? PP 1-3~~
5. "Sbornik terminov IKAO" LCollection of IltAO Terms], Doc 9110~ Vol 11,
Montreal, 197W, pp 92, 110.
72
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
~C 551�593
CONSIDERATION OF ATMOSPHERIC SPHER7CITY IN CALCUZATIONS UF THE BRIGHx'NESS
OF THE DAYT7ME SKY
Moscow METEOROTAGIYA S GTDROIAGIYA in Russian No 5~ May ?9 pp 62-65
[Artiele by V~ Ye~ Pavlov~ Astrophysical Institute of the Kazakh SSR ~
Academy of Soiences, submitted for publication 2 Aug 78]
Abstract~ Results are analyzed from measurments of the
br3ghtness of the daytime sky in the 340-360 mm ~ear-
ultxaviolet spectral range with large solar zenith angles.
Observations were made under steppe conditions with good
atmospheric transparency. It is shown tha,t the replace-
ment of secants of solar zenith anglss and the observed
point of the sky by appropriate atmospheric mass values
makes the theoretical brightness values computed for
the plane-parallel model closer to the real. Such agree-
ment exists all the way to the onset of ultraviolet dusk,
when the solar disk disappears on the veil background
created by multiple-diffused light. ~
[Text] In solving a number of practical problems it often proves necessary
to know the brigh-tness distribution over the daytime sky in the ul~traviolet
spectral range when the solax zenith angle exceeds 80~. Making such obser-
vations is a fairly labor-intensive process and is linked to the designing
of special appara~us [1]~ Therefore the natural question arises as to the
possible use of some agproxima,te formula.s or ta.bles to evaluate the back-
ground of the, descending diffuse radiation. The majority of them have been
derived and computed as applied to the case of the plane-paxallel atmospheric
mode~~ If its op~ic thickness 'L is not great and the bri~htness of the sky
is ma.inly governed by primary light diffusion then the simplest method for
considering atmospheric sphericity is repla,cement in the formulas of single
diffnsion of the secants of solar zenith angles Z~ and the observed point of
the sky Z by the appropriate values of atmospheric D13S5A5 m~ and m ~7,10].
In a number of cases such an apgroach is comple~ely jus~ified [5~9]. How-
ever the plane-parallel model of the a-tmosphere is often used also in compu-
tations of the intensi-ty of multiple-diffused radia-tiun [8.'r12], This work ~
covers an exam3na~ion of the question of how permissible such approximations
are wi~h laxge Z0.
73
~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY '
An~lyses were m~de of observa~iona]. data of the b~igh~tness of the sky ~ in
the 340-360 nm spectra]. rang~ obta3.ned on a quartz speatrameter C1] ~.n
~he s~teppe neas the gettlement o~ Kirba].tabay in the A~tr~a-Atinskaya oblast
in ~he eummer o~ i973 ~a ~976, The uniform underJ.ying sur~'ac~ with low
albedo va~ue C6] and open hnri~on ma,de it pnsaibl.8 to meaaure the amounts
I in units of S(~rS--spectra], solas constant) a1.~ the way to Z, Z< 890 [3~,
At ~he same time the spectral atmospheric txansparenc was det~rm~.ned and
the stab3li~y of ~.ts optic properties was controlled ~2~'~].
In~.tially ~'or the zenith angles Z~ Z~C 75o when the manifestations of atmo-
spheric aphericity are ins3gnific~,nt,ra compax ison was made of the experi-
mental. values T and the theoreticaJ. I computed on the asaumption o~ a plane-
para11e1 horiiogeneous model with spher~cal indicatrix scattering [11]. In
order to a+void the effect of the 3.ndicatxix factor the acatter3ng angle ~p
was taken as equal to 60~ [6]~ It was ~ound that T and It on the average
agree fairly well among themselves if the alb~do of single diffusion of the
medium w is ~aken as fluctua,tin~ from 1~ 00 to 0~ 98, The latter value ~hainly
cha,racterizes the atmospheric conditions in Kirbaltabay 3n 19?6 where as
compared to 1973 the dust content rose no-ticeably as a consequence of .soil
erosion. Therefore in the further calculations of I with large Z and Z
we used that spec3fic valus of w that satisfied a who~e series of o$serva-
tions of I with sma11 Z~ and Z, The differences in I for G~=1,00 and l~m
0.98, generally speaking, as3 small. For exa.mple~ intthe solar almucantar
Z~=Z=88 .3� with Z=1,00 the I,~ res.pectively equa,l 0.0039 and O,oo36,
T he rols of the multiple eff6ets in the formation of the field of descending
diffuse radiation tha,tincreases with a rise in ZD and Z alters to a consider-
able de~rree the pattern of brightness dis~,ribu~tion over the sky [3]. It is
possible that the sha.pe of the distribution curves is affected also by the
atmospheric spher~.city~ Therefore it is necessaxy to preliminarily analyze
the observed angulax rela,tionship of I in different almucantaxs so that the
comparison of I with the calculated values It is justified. Examination of
25 distribution~ of I(W) with respect to the azimuth angles l~read off f~ om
the sun demonstrated tha.t with Z>85~ for each specific day the type of
function I(~~~I(90�~ changes li~t~le with variations in Z from 10 to $90~
A~ an example figure 1 gives such curves for Z~80, 20 and 10� in two spectral
sections. It is not very likely ~that their asymmetry is a consequence~only
ot ~the indicatrix effect. If Z~=87�.4~ and Z= 10� then the scattering anglesaP
corresponding to the azimu~ths 0 and 180� axe 7?.4~ and 87.4~~ Than with
values of the molecular t and aerosol tD of the optic thicknesses 0.527 and
0.185 that occur in the 3~0 nm spectral region (fig 1~ the summary indicatrix
of scattering f(~)=f (q~)+F (~Q) even in the case of single dtffusion of light
in ~the range ?7.4~~ 87.4~~~ canno~t be altered 1.5-fold for any type of
dis~tr ibution of paxticles wi-Eh respect to sizes. Most likely the type of
relationstiip I=I(tj,) is governed ~o a considerable degree by the atmospheric
sphericity.
Based on the aforementioned~ with Z>$5~ it is best of all to determine the
weighted mean of I for each almucan~ar Z>10� not from the scattHring angles
but from the azimuths as
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
R
~ 2 ,s sin y+dy+ ~
~ ~'~o) = ~ 4 n ~
Tt follows ~om the observations that lp~d60�~ A comparison of the observed
brightness ~ with the ~heoretical 7 compu~ted from tables [11] on the
assumption of the spherical ind3cat~ix of diffua3on was made precisely for
the azimuth angles 60~. ,
t) ~
1 '
4 ' x 2 '
~
x e e~ .
~ o ~ a~o .
,
0 80 ~
~
Figure 1. Amplitude Relationship of Relative Brightness of Sky in Spectral
Region 360 nm(1, 2) and 3t1~0 nm (3,4~)
Key:l. z =88 z=80�
� 4. z =87,4~; z=lo �
2~ z0=85.9�= z=10� 5. d~g
3. Zo=a5.6�: Z=zo~
Previously we had already compiled experimenta,l values of I with theoretical
I computed in the plane-parallel approximation [3]. It was shown that~in
tl~e solax aLnucantas with Z~89~ -the discrepancies betwesn them ~n the average
reach a two-fold amount, wh~reby I>I . Now, following [7,8,10~ 12]~ by
using the theoretical values I we w~ll undersiand by sec Z and sec Z the '
atmospheric ma,sses m~ and m. ~uch an approach significantl~r improves the
convergence of I and T.~ which is indicated by the data of fig 2~ The points
1ie fair ly well on the st,raight line whose angle of slope to the x-axis is
45�. Finally, the amounts It coincide well with the results of solving the
equa.tion of transfer of radi~nt energy in a he~erogeneous spheric atmosphere
with real indicatrix with considexation for its polasiza~ion proiserties.
Such calculations using the Monte Caxlo method were ma,de by M. A. Nazaraliyev '
[3]. The values of intensi~y I in the solar almucantar with~N~?=60~~
Z=0.9 and W~1.00 axe given inttable 1.
There is hardly any physical sense in such a repla,cement of secants of
zenith angles by the atmospheric masses since -the brightness of the sky wi~h
large Z, Z is ma3nly governed by multiple-diffusion of light. It should
be view~d simply as a convenien~ empirical approach -that improves the con-
vergence of I and It.
75
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OF'FICIAL USE ONLY
~1 .
-f 0 '
� ~ � p ,tc ~
, � X
~1B " ~
, : ~
04 ~
~ . ~ .
~ 8 0
. ~z'~~s ~ -~,6 -~o !g IT
r
Figure 2. Compasison of Observed Values of Brightness of the Sky� I(60�) in
Solar (1, 3) and Other ( 2, Almucantaxs with Theoretical It with
Small (1,2) and I,axge (3,4 of Zenith Solas Angles
xey'1,2. zo< 85� 3,4, z~ 85~ ~
M'~ '
, ~y
: ~,2 ~ `i , �
~
~
90 0 .
' ~ b~
~~~~~1
~g ~ 4n ~ BO ?20 ~i zpa8
~~ae~
Figure 3. Func~tion H(t~~ f~om Observa-tions in Steppe
Tn order to compute the in~hensity of the scattered light in any point of the
..t:y with Z>80~ the amount It should be multiplied by ~the function H(W)= ~
I(~)~I(60�~ tha.t takes into consideration the azimuth relationship of bright-
ness. Its appeaxance with the mean values tR=0.60~ ti D=0.25 and Z> 10~ with ~
76
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICZAL USE ONLY
- Table 1~
,i f*
Z~ ap~8 md mo�sec Zo MoNre~ 2~
_ Kepao
8b 10,4 0,019 0,021
88 19,8 0,00~8 0,0073
- 89 27,U 0,0054 0,0053
- Keys
1~ degreps 2~ Monte Casso
the corresponding zoot=mean-s~uare deviationa is depicted in fig 3. With
the subsequent reduction in the zen3th angle of the obaerved point Z~the
asymmetry of curve H('~) dropa~ and for calculation of the brightness of ~the
sky at the zenith one can aasume that H('~)dl~
Such s3mples~ semi-emplrica]. me~thods of computatian~ in addition w3.th tho~e
. previously propo~ed C4,6] can prove convenient in practice if the ~ quired
accuracy of evaluating the intensity is not greater than 2~b.
BI$T,IOGRAPHY
1~ Boyko, P. N.= Pavlov, V. Ye.i and Teyfel'~ Ya. A. "Spectropolarimeter of
Daytime Sky for Ultraviolet Spectral Region~" "Rasseyaniye i pogloshcheniye
sveta v atmosfere" [Scattering and Absorption of Light in the Atmoephere]
Alma-Ata~ Nauka, 19?1, pp 67-69,
2. Golovachev, Y. P.; Zarubaylo, V. T.f Pavlov, V. Ye,i and Teyfel', Ya. A.
"Determination of Aerosol Optic Atmospheric Mass According to Brightnoss
- of Sky in,Ul~raviolet Spectral Region," "Rasseyaniye sveta v zemnoy
atmosfer;~" ~,Scattering of I,ight in the Eari;h's Atmosphere]~ ALna-Ata~
Nauka~ 19?2, PP 23~+-240~
3. Yegoiova, L. A. i Nazaraliyev~ M. A. = Pavlov~ V. Ye~ = and Rabi~iina~ N. G.
Intensity of Direct and Scattered Ultraviolet Radiation in 7,arge Atmo-
spheric Mass~s~" IZVESTIYA AN SSSR. FIZ~CA ATMOSFERY I OKEE.NA, Vol 13~
No 4, 1977~ pp 420-424, .
4. Yegorova, I,. A.i Pavlov~ V. Ye~i Ryabinina, N. G. "Approximate Method for
Calculating Distribution of Intensity of Short-Wave Diffuse Radiation
over Daytime Sky," METEOROIAGIYA I G7DROIAGIYA, No 2, 1976~ pp 106-108.
5. Livshits, G. Sh~ "Rasseyaniye sveta v atmosfere" ~Scattering of Zight in
- th~ Atmosphere], Pt l~ A].ma�=Ata, Nauka~ 1965~ 1?7 p~
6, Pavlov~ V~ Ye.i Ryabinina~ N. G.i Teyfel', Ya. A.i Smirnov, V. V. 'Trans-
parency of the Atmosphere, Brightness of the Diurnal Sky and Reflecting
77
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFZCZAL USE ONLY
,
Ab~.l~.~y of ~he Unflerl.y~.ng Sur~a~a in the N~ax Ul~raviole~ 8 ea~ra~.
Reg~.on~" "po1.e ragseyannogo ~.s~uoheni.ya v zemnoy, a~mosfere'~~Fie1d o~
~ Sca t tere d Ra d 3a t ion 3.n Ea~ t h'a Atmoaph.ere ~ Alma-Ata~ rrau~a~ i97
4, pp
3~,
. 7~ ~ yaskovskaya-Fesenkova~ Ye~ V~ "Zssledovaniye rasseyaniya sve~ta v zomnoy
atma~~a~~"`Study af Light Soatt~rSng in the ~a~rth's Atmosphere]~ Mosaow~
Tzd-vo arr sssR ~ ig,57 ~ zi7 p~
8~ Rozenberg~ G~ V~ "8umerki" [Dusk~~Moacow, Fizmatgiz~ 1963? 3~ P~
9~ Sushkevich~ T~ A.= Rayevskaya, I. S."Pervyy poryadok rasaeyniya aveta v
be~oblachnoy sferiche~koy atmoafere" CFirst Order of Ligh~ Scattering in
Cloudleas Spherical Atmosphore]~ Preprint of Institute of the Problem
of Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciene~ea, No 118~ 19?6~
10 ~ F'esenkov~ V. G~'"Theory of Brightness of Daytime Sky wSth Spherical.
~arth," A~RONnMICHESKIY ZHURNAI,~ No 32, xssue 3~ i955, pp z65-281~ .
11~ Carlstedt~ J. Z.i and Mu111kin~ T. W. "Chandrasekhtar's X- and Y-
~'unctions," T}IE A3rROPHYSICAT, J. BUPPI~MENr SERTES~ Vol 7.2, No 113~ 1966~
pP 449-586, '
12. Dave, J. V. "Multiple Scattering in a Nonhomogeneous Rayleigh Atmosphere~"
J~ ATMOS. 5CY~~ Vol 22~ No 3~ 1965~ PP 273-279�
7$
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
,
FOR OFFZCIAL USE ONLY
vnc 55]..465, ii
IN~'I,UENCE OF THE BUrTOM REI,TEF ON THE GEOSTROPH7C MO'1'ION OF A STRA.TIFIED
ZONA~, FIAW
Moscow METEOROIAGIYA S GmROLOGIYA in Russian No 5~ May 79 pP dd-71
CArticle by Candidats of Physical and IKathema,tical. Sciences V. F. Kozlov,
N. A~ Kropinova~ and M~ A. Sokolovsk3y, Fax East State University, Pacific
Ocean Oceanological Institute DVNrs of the USSR Academy of Sciences~ sub-
mitted for publication 9 Oct 78]
Abstract. T he problem of the interaction of the geostrophic
zonal flow with disturbances of the bottom relief in the form
of an axisymmetric underwater hill and an infinite meridional
range is sa.lved numer3cally, The role of strat3fication and
velocity sheas in the approach stream on the structure of the
topographical eddies formed in it is clasified.
[Text] Analysis of the c~rent measurement resul~ta in the ocean lead to the
conclusion t~hat the irregularities in the bottom relief affect the s atial-
temporal variability of circula-tion (see, for example~ publication [p5] and
its bibliography). In this respect it is important~ in par ticular, to
examine the problem of the interaction of a large-scale ct~rent with isolated
bottom distsirbances.
This article is a natural con~inua,tion of publications [1~ 4] that were
carxied out in this direction in the ~amework of a model set-up ba,sed on
the ~theory stated in C3]. Thus~ in (4) the example is exa,mined of a
zonal kinematically uniform linearly stratified flow running a,ga~,nst an
obstacle in the form of an axisymmetric underwater hill. [1] studies the
dependence of ~he vertical structure of topographical current disti,trbances
on stratification and shear (constant) of the agproach:stream velocity~
Below an exa:mina.,tion is made of the most general case of velocity distri-
bution according to the pasabolic law, and the rASUlts are discussed from
nuineric~.l calculations of the flow chaxacteristics over an underwater hill
and over a meriodiDnal range in cases of shearless flow and a linear velocity
shear with hyperbolic density distribution C2]~
79
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
w
FOR OFFZCIAL USE ONLY
Following publica~ions [i,3,4~ we wxite ~the main equa~ion
5~.. ; S�. ~
~ Q+, Qr, Q:: S ~ ( ~ ~ ~
which must be integrated with ~he additional oonditions
S~:~u 5~:~~ ~ ---Q,~, . l2>
Q ~ ~i? ~~i, C)~ (3)~
where the functions Q( ~y ,'Y~ and S( Y~ ) ase linked to the hydro-
dynamic preasure by the correlations
p=�o gz gHM Q?, S= f(QE C Q; ) d:, (4}
b
while E~ In H H~ y~ , r~ - In 4-~ H~X~ y~ --dimensionleas vasiables ~ ~
Hexe H(x,y) and~2(y) designatA the assigned depth of th6 ocean and the
Cor3olis parameter, while the asterisks mark the correaponding characteristic
amounts~ The components of velocity and density ase expressed by the
functions Q and S according to the formulas
u - ( THy S; + PQ~ = TNx Sc , ~ =1'Hx 5, P = Fo R Q: ~ {5)
where T-%'~ gH" (oo ~ y)--~, P.ro+~gy� ~y (~~o ~')-i ~ R=~~" H* H-~, while po and g.
designate the mean density and chaxacteristic disturbance of density. From
the first two correlations (5) it is apparent tha.t T and P are the coef`fi-
cients wi~th topographical and planetary horizon~,a.l velocity components.
We adopt condition (3~ in the form
~ (r,~ t) � - ~~x~ i 1 '?~.Y, - T: - Ts)'~) ~ . ,
- ~ ~Y ln(1-I-7,)+ 7 + Z~ , ~F)
where x=d�gH*S2Y(paUS~*~)-~. ~his corresponds to the following distribution
of chasacteristics of an undisturbed stream (wi~h H~H*)~s ~
u=-PQ~ = U(1 + ~i IC-Y:(t- Ta)'l l+ ro='~=0~ (7~
P=Po-~s"{jt1C ~'7i ex~ [Yz~~-Ya)- 2]~�
The problem (1) 3~ was solved numerically according to the difference
scheme briefly stated in [3].
80
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
a_.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OF~ZCIAL USE ONLY ~
Correl.~tions (7) and (8) make ~.t poss~.ble to ~xace th~ in~terrelation$hip o~'
~he ~3elds o~ vel.oc~.ty and density (fo~lowing ~rom the initia~. equat~.on
~ys~em nf the ~theory of the "ideal" thermocline ~3]) in the region with
1eve1 bottom~ By assigning the ddnsity distribut3.on we wil~ predetermine
at the same time the zonal ~low structure, However~ for greater clarity
wm wi11 here, by assigning with the help of coefficients ~y differen~t
vertical profiles u, determine f`rom (8) the corresponding ~hangea At
the same time we W~ii ~~s~ugs the results of several. vasiants of nwnerical
computations o~ the topographical com onent of velocity S~ and vertica~.
velocity S presented in f3gure J. for -0~1~ 1~m0 (wYi3.ch corresponds to He
o, 90~5 H* ~ c~ e~*) and u> o,
If the veloc3.ty has a constant sheas, 3,e,, y~=0 (this case is examined
in [4]~ then the vertical structure pdoes not2de~end on the kinematics of
the flow, and the density field can be zonal, while prec3sely P= p ~ T~ _ o~- P*~
where P= Y, U~~~cnnst, Density P I~1~~ can be an arb3.trary function of the~
vertical ooordinate= here we have~ adopted i;he hyperbolic distribution [2].
The parameter ~y>0 chasacterizes the degree of deviation of the density pro-
filr from the lineax i with ~-~0 wd will have a linear distribution, while wi.th
~-bw we obtain a basotro~+ic liquid with P~p~,~ In the numerical experiments we
assigned to~ythe values 103~10'3 and 10; by analogy with [1] we will,condi-
tionally ca1J. these three cases "bas otropic," "lineas~" and "hyperbolia"
respectively,
. 0,2 Q6 D,0 0,4 Q2 a6 0,2 q6
D,0
a~ I p 8~ I ~ L -
~ ~ 7
0,5 3 f\1\ 3 1 3 1-~~~ 3
~ ~',=0,3 2 ~;=O,J 2 r,=O,d 2~ r~ri'q3
3 ,1'a~ ~ ~ytaQ ~ Ot~~ ~ Y2~2
v~ o
3 1,
40
' ~ ! ~
61 ? I. ~t! 1 p 2 p~ 2 8
gs ~2~ ~ ~3 ~ ' 3/~
~a~i`~ ~ a 4/~M6
11~=~Q~ Y~c~.s 3 .2
a 2 ~,t ~ r:
~II � 1 I I I ~
S s~
Figure 1. Profiles of Vertical Velocity S and Topographic Companent of
Horizontal Velocity S~ in "Barotropic" (a), "Zinear'~ (b) and
"Hyperbolic" Cases.
Velocity of the undist~bed flow has paxabolic distribution ( 7) ~
Numbers 1,2 and 3 refer to values y3~ -0.1; 0; 0.1 respectively.
*
T his is true only with y2 0.
81
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~OR OFFICZAL US~ ONLY ,
xf ~y~g~0 and ~y y~0 then the veloaity p~ofi~e HaH~ beoomea parabolic~ whereby
the ai~e of i~s dev~.a~tion from the ].inear is chasaoter~.zed by ~he produc~
~y~^~2~ A lineax term appeass here in the denait~? di.s~ribution, and now
~ ~
p= p p-~-7~ P*~~ Gonaideration for the paxameter ~y results ~n a nhange in
the depth of occurrence of the,.ve].ocity maximum of ~he approach atream
(this dopth also depends on ~y2s ~mex = Ya i~ ) and ,in the denaity field of
Y9 ~
(8) here we make yet another addition nf the zonal atxucture and ob~tain
~
P = P 7a P"~
y ~r'`
~ ~
~ ' ~ [
a) - '
��s~---� .
fT` I~' ~ ~ ' ~
~ i ~ i ~
~ ;,rc. I I
6? - - - -1 ~ - ' -
, b ~ ' .
. ~ . - , ~
: . ,r-~~ r-T--. .
, ~
c) , j ~y j ~
~ ' " x
d' - ' - _
~ ~f-~ ~ F=~""'
~ ~ ' ' V ~ ~ ~ ~
zlH"�0 Z/H%Q6 z/H=1�h i/N=0 zlN ~Q6 IlH%1-h
F~gure 2~ Isobars--C~rent I,ines of Ho~izontal Motion over Underwa~ter
Hill of Type (9) in "Barotropic" (a), "I,inear" (b) and "Hyper-
bolic" (c) Cases for, Kinematically Uniform ~'low. On the left ~
side of the iigure U>0, on the right UN .
.~t is appaxen~t on figure 1 how t~he topogr2phica,l velocity reacts to all these
,ha.nge~; with an increase (decrease) in the deviation of the planetary
velocity profile f~om the lineas, as well as with the eleva~tion (deepening)
of ~ the intensity of the topographical movement is attenua.ted (inten-
sifi~~ at all levels. Such situa.tions are al~o possible where the topo-
graphical velocity alters its slgn (b, II; c, N); this corresponds to -the
different directions of vorticity in the upper and deep layers, Attenuation
in tho topographical motion is always linked to a reduction in vertical
velocity.
82
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~Ott OFFICIAL USE ONLY
xn contxast tn ~h~ case ~xamined ~.n [1.~ o~ a aona~ant veloo~.ty ~hear ~'or
the curren~b model in the ma3ori~ty of tha e7cam~.ned casea it is chasacte~~.stic
~'or ~he topogxaph~.cal veloci~y model to be present on a certain ~.ntermediate
- ~.evel ~
w~ w~.ii examine the example of a kinematically un3form flow (y n0) running
agains~t an underwater ax~.symme~ric hi].1 for whtoh the bottom r~lief looks
1.ike
H~x~ Y) = H" 1- h rl x--~
ay-' l~~ xs ,I- y~ 5 L�~
~ ~ ~9~
x'-f-y'~L"''.
We assume H~4 km ~ L~100 km, h=0 , 025 ~ ~ x I_ r l 1', Figure 2 111ustrates the
l 1
effect of the stratification pasameter ~ on the dynamics of this flow~ Here
and on figure 3 due to the symmetry only the right ha~lf of the pressure field
is presentedi the dotted line marks ~;he externa,l boundary of bottom relief
disturbance,
y~ ~ 4~ ~ ~ ~
, _ ~ ~
a, ~ , ~
, , ~ , ,
~ , ~ ~ ~ ~
b~~ i--~ ~ ~ ! ' ? '
~ , ; I
6)~ - ~---i- ~j~-
' ---1--x
,
i I~ ~ ~ /1~ ' I
,z/N %0 zlh =0,6 Z/N =1-h z/N =0 tIN =Q6 z/H =1-h
Figure 3. Isobars of Horizontal Motion over Underwater Meridional Ridga of
Type (10) in "Hyperbolic" Case for Sheaxless Flow (a~ and Flow
with Constant Velocity Sheax (b) . F`rom the left U> 0, f`rom the
- righ�c U< 0.
The calculations show that in the "barotropic" case (~103~ the mo~tion is
- practically two-dimensional, ther.efore isob;~.rs are presented on the fi~ure
~ only of one level z=0 for the easterly and westerly flow directions. They
differ very insigr~ificantly both t'rom each other ~ and f~om the curves S2H-L
- const (not given here) coinciding with the isobars for a uniform 1~quid, since
� P-Fp f~om (4) and (2) Q-Q(~-S~=Q~In[~H~'(S~*H)=~]j eviden-tly follows.
$3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
lw~ vi~a tvLtw u~u VNL?
Fi~u~o 2b pres-~n~s ~the isobars ~or the surface, intermediate and benthic
a~veis in the "lineas" case yd1.0'3, They actuall.y are identiaal to the
corresponding lines on figuxea 2 and ~ of publication [4] whe~e ~0 is
assumed~ Over ~he northern alope of the hill a cycl~nic (anticycl.onic) eddy
is formed whose intensity attenuates (intensifies) with depth for ~the
easterly (westerly) flow~~ By comparing this figure with figure 2c we note -
tha.t in the more real.istj.c "hyperbolic" case the ver~tical structure of the
addy formation forming over the hi11. has the same~ but not as pronounced
' nature~ A comparison of all th~ee series of thia f].gure results in the con-
clusion that stratification hae a conaide~.~ab1e effect on the dynamics of
the eddy topographical motion, This influence 3s manifest as follo'ws= with
an increase in the deviation of the density profile from the lineas the
intensity of the eddy motion attenuates in the upper and intensifies in the
lower (intensif~.es in the upper and attenua.tes in the lower) layers for the
aasterly (westerly) f1ow, ~so that in the limit basotropic case it becomes
constant with respect to the vertical.
In the following example a study is made of the ~~fect of the velocity sheas
of the approach stream on its eddy disturbances with motion over a meridional
ridge in the form
H(x~ Y) = tf" 1- h rl - ( x ~ s L"? 10
~ ( )
I, ~x~>L".
Here the amounts H*~ h and L~- axe the same as above~ Figure 3 presents thA
isobars for the levels zH*-~0; 0.6 and 1-h in the "hyperbolic"case~ b'igure
3a illustrates the behavior of the isobaxs (lines of current~ of a shearless
flow, and figure 3b--the flow for which the coefficient of lineas shear
equals -0.6. Tn both cases the current meeting the underwa-ter range is
deviated in the sou~heasterly (south~r~sterly~ direction with U>0 (U~~~ while
passing over the ridge it alters direc~ion -to the northeast (northwest)~ and
again becomes zonal immediately after -the ridge~ A somewhat different be-
ha,vior of the isobax s is observed in the benthic layer in the presence of a
velocity shear when in the peripheral section of the region over the ridge
a shif~ occurs in the sign of ineridional velocity; this is explained by the
fact that with a rise in the velocity sheas in the approach s~ream and with
a reduction in the relative depth HH~-'1 the topographical velocity S~ is
attanuated with depih, and even can alter its sign in ~the benthic layer (fig
2 in [1]), and consequently, alter the sign of ti as well (see expression (5)).
For the kinema~ically uniform easterly flow, as in the previous example~ ~he
vorticity is a~~enuated with dep~h; in },,he case of a westerly flow the ver-~
~ tical cha.nge in ~ho eddy movemer~t occur5 nonm~notonically; its in~ensity
~ises with depth from the surface to a certain level, and then insigntficantly
a.ttenua.tes. In ~he presence of ~hear veloci~ty bo~h for easterly and f~~r
westerlV flows -the amount of vor~icity rises with dep~h, while the intet:sity
o~ mo~tion a~tenuates. The rise in vorticity wi~h dep~th is explained by the
fact ~hat the topograph~cal eddy component of the r~rizontal motion S~
diminishes slower tha,n the planetfixy component Q.
~ -
84
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFF'CCIAL USE ONLY ,
The given examp~.es convinoe one of the importance o~ considering the
vert3.ca1 diatributions of density and v6locity of a geostrophic zonal. flow
in stud,ying the eddy motion occurring in it over the disturbed bottom relie~,
and also make it possible to note the laws illustrated above governing the
corresponding transformations of a distu~bed flow, Further stud3.es in the
case of bottom topogr~,phy of the examined acale must, in our opinion, be
based on a more general qua,ai~eoatrophic model,
BZBZIOGRAPHY
1~ Kashirikhina, N. A,i Sokolovskiy, M, A. "Effect of Stratification and
Veloci~';y Shear on Topographical Motion in the Ocean," "Volnovyye pro-
tsessy v T~ ayevykh oblastyakh okeana" [Wave Processes in the Masginal
Ocean Regions], Yuzhno-Sakhallnsk~ 1978,
2. Kozlov, V, F, "Application of One-Paxametrical Models of Denaity to a
Study of Thermocline Circulation in an Ocean of Finite Dc~pth~" IZVESTIYA.
AN SSSR, FIZIKA ATMOSFERY I OKEANA~ Vol No 6, i968~ pp 622-633~
3. Kozlov, V. F."Geostrophic Motion of Stratified Ziquid over Uneven Bottom,"
IZVEST IYA.AN SSSR. FIZ]ICA ATMOSFERY I OKEANA, Vol 13~ No 9~ i977, pp 961-
970 .
4. Kozlov, V. F.; and Sokolovskiy, M. A. "Stationary Motion of Stratified
Ziquid over Uneven Bottom (Geostxophic A.pproximation on ~-plane)~"
OKEANOIAGIYA, Vol 18, No 4~ 1978, pp 581-586,
5~ Huppert~ H. E.; and Bryan, K. "Topographically Generated Ewdies," DEEP-
SEA RES., vo1. z3, No 8, 1.976, pP 655-b79.
$5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY `
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~ ~ Y.
xo~ o~~rcrtw us~ ornY
~ 532 � 5+~556. 535.6
COEFFICIENT OF TURBUZE1Vr DIFFUSTON OF SED~S AND CA~17T~ATION OF THEIR
CONCENTRATION DIaTRIBUTION IN. A FIAW
Moscow METEORQT.AGIYA I GIDROTAGIYA in Russian No May 79 PP 72-~
[Article by Candidates of Physical and Mathematical Sciences S. M. Antsyferov
and R. D. Kos'yan~ Institute ofj ceanology~ USSR Academy of Sciences~ sub-
mitted for publication 4 Sep 78
A.bstract. T he goal of the work is to perfect the method of
- analytically describing the distx ibution of suspanded sedi-
ment concPntration proposed by the traditional diffusion
model ~for a stationary forward flow. Reasons ase examined
for the discrenancy sizes of coefficients of turbulent
pasticle diffusion and turbulent liquid mixing. Based on i
~ the introduced ideas and a generalization of the experimental
material an expression is compiled fox the sediment diffusion
coefficient that -takes into account peculiaxities of pasticle
behavior in the benthic flow region~ The ob~ained exprression
that comprises the foundation for ~he desired solution is
also experimentally confirmed.
[;i'oxt] Movement of suspended sediment is an import,ant component of the ~
dynamics of the river bed evolution. A considerable portion of the aolid
r~in-off of rivers in the suspended state is carried out to ~the shore zone of
the sea in whose dynamics ~this form of movement also plays a very imporfi,ant
role, The suspended sediments ma.de a considerable contribution to the ' ~
formation of reservoir patterns and -to the transfer of detrital material
on the entire cont~inental ocean shelf ~
One of the ma.in problAms of suspended sediment dynamics is the problem of
the ver~tical distribution of particle concentration in a uniform stea,dy-
_ ~tate forwasd . iow. The solution to this problem is not only the first step
on the path to determining the flow of sediments transported.by the current~
but also the foundation for compiling ana.logous solutions for the corulitions
of wave and mixed (waves on current) flows.
86
FOR OFFICIAI~. liSE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The lack of a detailed desaription of the turbulent structure of "clean"
water flows~(without foreign inclusiona) and the shortage of information
about the interaction of solid particles with 1.iquid and among themaelves
do not yet inake it poasible to invo~ve compasatively accurate mathematical
models for the corresponding constxuctions [,3, 7]~ Usually less strict
solutions of the diffusion theory ase used ~or this p~pose, Here a number .
of stipulations are introduced that significan~tly 11mit the appl3cation of
the obtained solutions~ However, the information that has been accumulated
by now, as it ssems to us, alz~eady permits certain limitations to be re-
moved by putting in their place an evaluation of the effect of the corren-
ponding factors, T his work has set the task of revealing, based on ~
exnerimenta.lly obtained information the main factora that affect the diffusion
of particl6s, and of introducing certain physical ideas about this process,
On this basis, by generalizing the experimental material it is pr~oposed to
3.mprove the solution of the diffEision model for a stationasy fJ.ow having '
thus expanded the boundaries of its applicabil.ity.
For the case of a uniform planar flow wi-thout cross currents and with a
steady-sta~e distribution of turbidity the equation of turbulent diffusion
looks like
's d asZ) + S ~Z~ - d~
where z--vertical coordinate directed upwards from the bottom;
S(z)--value of concentration of suspended sediments on level z a,veraged
with respect to time;
ES--coefficient of turbulent diffusion of sediments;
W--'sinking velocity of particles.
T he solution to equation (1) is the expression
S (r) _ .S~ exp - ~ d~ I, (2)
ES
,U /
where S~--value of concentration S(z) on fixed level z=c.
In order to determine ~h~ absolute values of the concentration~ evidently,
one should have the valu~ of this amoun~t on some known level (for example,
the value of benthic turbidity), For this purpose usually the path of its
direct measurement is su~gested since the ava.ilable empirical rela~ionships
are reliable only in a vejry naxrow range of conditions.
The distribution of relative concentration of suspended pasticles with
respect to the vertical flow is determined by ~he coefficient of -type ~S,
$7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
r
- r
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OF~'ICIAL USE ONLY
Fu~thox, the amrunt ~ is usually identified with the coefficient nf~ turbu-
lent mixing of
a liqu~d (E )~that is detexmined by the la~w of distributl.on
- with respect to the verti.c~l nf th~ averaged horizontal flow v6locity~ The
�traditional assumption ~:s� evidently, denoteg the introduction o~ a
number of limitations on ~the corresponding solutions~
T he solutions formulated in the f~amework of this assumption have been
analyzed by us in publication [~4], where it has also besn shown that the
most precise is the vas iant baged on the law of distribu~tion of velocities
suggea~ted by I~ K. Nikitin [6]~ Fox this case the amount E~ is defined as
~oiiows:
u2 z= (1-- z; H1 . ~3)
$?~r 1,~u*z~-15,7 ti,
whero v*--dynamic velocity=
H--depth of flow; ,
_ v--kinematic coefficient of liquid viscosity~
In the case of low liquid viscosity, when the contribution of the amount
15~~: can be ignored~ (3) switches to an expression that differs from the
widespread formula of H, Rouse [12] for E,~ only by the value of the Kas man
constant equa.l to 0~36 in this case~ Expression (3) differs most signifi-
cantly f'rom Rouses formula on the flow surface where it yields finite values
of cancentration while Rouses formula yields a hypothetical zero value~
Such a traditional approach does not consider a number of factors and it is
not always justified to ignore them~ We will examine the m�in~ ~`rom our
viewpoint, reasons for the discrepancy in the amount bs and ~ W,
1, It is known (see~ for example, [5 that the coefficient of diffusion
of a"trace" passive admix-ture ( E ~ can already differ f~om EW as a
consequence of ~:he fact that t he f~
i~ C~ t is de term ine d d i rec t ly by t he m ix i n g
of the liquid mass, while the second, characterizing the continuous medium,
.:an be determined also by pressure pulsa~ions. Thus, However,
the discrepancy of these amounts is not great and furth~~ for~ulations here
wi11 be made wi~hou~ considering it.
2. A pax~t of the pulsation energy of the flow is spent an suspending and
maintaining the particles in suspension. On the other ha.~d, the paxticles
_ that ase suspended but break away from the liquid are a certain lattice placed
in the liquid ~tha,t apparently is also capable of making dis~tvrtions in the
fine structure of the flow. Due to these reasons the frequency spectrum of
turbulence can be deformed. T hus~ the coefficien~ of mixing a liquid with
suspension ~W~S~ can differ ~om tha~ for clean wa.-ter~ i.e. ~ EW~S~~ ~"W'
A.nd since the effect of these factors rises with an increase in concen-
tration, the greatest dis~ortions will evidently occur in the benthic region.
88
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
T he energy of the turbulent pulsation vertical components responsible
for movement of ar ticles riaes fr om th6 bottom to a certain leveZ zk
(accoxding to [6~] z~(0,7.8-0,20)H) above which it is altered 1lttls~
Generally in the be~thic region only pa,rt of the turbul~nt pul.sationn
possess the energy necessaxy toinvolve the particles in such motion when
the latter practically completely repeat the movements of the surrounding
volumes of 1lquid, Correspond ingly, precisely here -the greatest time lag
of the par ticles will be manifest and the discrepancy between the amounts
t Sand b~~s~ wi].1 be the moat noticeable,
The energy of pulsation movement rises the farther from the bottom, as a
consequence of which there is a reduction in the discrepancy between the
values anc~ r Generally above a certain level z~ zk the pasticles
will str~ve to~d~~.ow practically all -the components of~turbulent move
of the 1iqu3d~ Judging from the results of the experiments of V~ Vanoninand
G, Nomicos [1~] the value zr depends not only on the hydrodynamic pattern
of the flow and the particle chasacteristics, but also on their concentration,
For the zone~;,~ the traditional solutions to the d iffusion model can
already be usad ~with limitations following from points 1 and 2). W ith
respect to this boundary the suspe nsion-carrying flow was conditionally
divided in~to zones called the benthic region�and the main mass of the flow
~1+2~~~~
_ 4. Finally, the irregular bottom is also a factor of turbulization~
energy of turbulent pulsations developing as a consequence of the bottomhe
irregulaxity has the maximum values on the upper boundary of the ttzrbulent
boundary la er, and rapidly is reduced to zero in its limits (see, for
example [11~~~ It is also reduced fairly rapidly above this boundar ,
Instr ument measurements of the concentration in the limits of the boundaxy
_ layer have not yet been successfully made. In the subsequent presentation
we will make a reading along the z axis, strictly speaki~g, ~om the upper
boundary of this la;er, since we exclude from examination the processes
occurring in direct proximity -to the bot~om. As compased -to the depth of
the flow the thickness of the boundary layer is negligible, therefore it will
not figure in the fur~ther formulations,
An~,lysis of the works on ~he covered questions shows ~see, for exampls, ~1~~~
tha.t due to the difficulties in setting up physical studies of such type the
available resul~s are incomplete, not always xeliable, and in cert,ain cases
are defiata.ble, '~hus, the ques~ion of the correlation of amounts 6 and ~ W
that is basically important in order to expand the applicab ility o~ the
diffusion model is solved by in~rod ucing r_^.e [8,9] or ~wo ~10] coefficients
of proportionality, Here the possibility ~f changing -this correlation with
a reduction in absolute values ~GT(f`ox example, as one a
or with a change in concentratioil is ia no way considered~ Therefore fortam)
' further analysis we will involve the results of an empirical generalization
of the experimental material with re spect to the distribution of suspended
~ particle dis~ribution.
$9
~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ~NLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~ ~'OR OF'FYCIAL U5E ONLY
PubllcatLon CZ], based on ideas about the two-layer model of the suspension-
~ carryin~ flow hr~a suggested an expression to describe the vertical concen-
�trat:lon distr:Lbution over the entir~~ flow mass in which the isolated
variant of th~ diffuaion theory--S (z~ is supplemented by the empirical
relationship for the bonthic region--S (z)
W a t
S~z, ~ S~ ~z, + S� ~z, exn 0,083 ~pT P p~c ~ cu~_ > X
~C z--C, r2's`~ ~r''~z~'~ ( ~ H`~~1~..
~ )}-t- S e x p{- l U,M + Hv ~ n~ H-s c~ l
. ~
15,7 vm 1 1
+ Us (
i
. ' ~ ~4)
, ~
where S and S--values of function S(z) on fixed levels z=c1 and z=c ;
�1 ~ �2 here c is selected without fail in the ben~hic region
of thelflow~ while c2--in the ma.in mass (abov6 O,~EI f~om
�the bottom) ;
P and PT --density of liquid and solid particles respectively;
g--acceleration of f`ree fa11;
u~--benthic velocity (velocity on level of upper boundary
of turbulent boundary layer)~
T he obtained expression made it pos,ible to compute the distribution of
particles over the entire mass of a uniform steady-state forwasd flow and
withstood verification well with respect to a11 the admissible ma,terials of
laboratory studies.
A.t the same time the two-layer model is not f~ee of a number of significant
shortcomings. First of a11 this is the presence of two norming multipliers
and a certain indefiniteness in the instr uctions in relation to selecting
the points for measuring ~he values of the norming concenfi,rations.
t:e will attempt to construct a solu-tion to the dif�usion theory with the same
range of applicability as the two-layer model, but w~-thout its shortcomings.
Taking into considera~ion the considerations stated above, we will look for
a solution, assuming that in the zone of operation of the ~raditional
diffusion model in the main mass of the flow the discrepancy in the amounts ~
E and E W can be =gnored. 4I~e will at~tempt to consider the benthic region
wi~h the help of a certain multiplier a tha.t equals a unit above z~.nd
approaches zero as it approaches -the bottom. In acldition, the values a
must depend on the sinking velocity of par ~icles and the hydrodynamic pattern
of -the flow, sinca ~he level above which the classic diffusion scheme is
applicable is located .fax-ther f~om -the bo~-~om the grea~er the sinking velocity
and the lower the dynamic veloci~y. G ener ally one can write ~ha.t
90
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5
AND _ . _
N0. S, MAY i979 ~

i3 AUt3~lST i979 C FOUO ) , ~ 2 OF 2
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
r:
FOtt OFFICIAL US~ ONLY ~
a~ a(u~, v,,, r, H), C5~
-
In the benthlc regSon ~s a~ongequenoe of the bot,~tom ~.rregulaxity additional
turbuli~at~on develupa th~.t a1,so makes a de~~.ni~Ee ~ontribu~lon to the aus-
pension and movement o� part3cles in the su$peneion~ C~nerally the eoeffi-
~ cient of additiona.l mix3ng dopands on the properties the partiolea and
the liquid, distance from th~ bottom~ parametAr of bottom 3rregula~3~ty, and
benthic ve~.ocity of flow~ There~"oxe we will ~arite it thus:
c~, ~,t, W, u,, x, a~, te)
where 8--mean linear size of pro3ectiona of bottom irregulasity.
r'ith za0 the amount CS is completely flatermined by the bottom irregularity
snd becomes equal to L~ At ~the same time in expression (4) at the bottom
thQ contribution to th~ valus S(z) cf the second component as compared to the
f~rst can be ignored. Then it is easy to obtai:? the value f.8~~ wS~Eh ~s0.
- Assuning
S ` E'X~ ~ f ~
t' = $r~ ~X~ ~ rPt~ x
~ c~ ~ ~
x~~ 1 u~ Ww ~~~~l3 t- C~~1 ~ ~7~
1 ~
we obtain ? tu, - ~.~lz 1~J~
j~, o= ~,083 (?r P) [ B ~ ' ~8~
, The energy of turbulent formations generated by f~iction of the xater flow
on the irregular bottom rapidly disappdars with sproa~l into its mass. The
corresponding reduction 3n ~a the farther f~om the bottom is considerod by
introducing the function f(~~8). Then
~ E~, o f (Z? o)� ~9)
Now we will express ~c with regard :or the introduced concepta a and fi6;
`S _ 2 ~w' yrt~ z~ ~ fto~ � `
1 _
By assumin~ expressions for FW according to (3) and ;~aving used thA considera-
tions of dimensionality, xe rexrite (10) as fol?~;tss
91
FOR OFFICIAL U5E ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR dF~ICZAL US~ ONLY
~ , - - .
U~ t0 w t _ _
3S i 1,8 v~ s+ 15, v a(~~ ' H)~ u,U~s
(p~-p) x .
v ~ ~ ~ud ~ W' ~7 ~f ~ / t~ 1 ~ ? ,
~ lJ
The seleotion of clasaes of func~ions approximating the relationships a r~~ `
~
and f(z/8) was made by us acoording to the data on the vertical distxibution~
of sedimen~t concen~ration obtained 3n exper3ments Ca.,z3~, For~~this in daoh
case with fSxed U.~ and d the experimental valuea of ~S(z) are determined
aa ~ollows.
After differentiating expression (2) with respect to z we obt,aini ~
S~ _ d S~ _ _ _
~ (:l ~rs ~ s ~ ' ~ 121
From here
`s ` " ds ~rl, � (13~)�
dt
T he approximate values are found from the smoothed experimental curves S(z)
eS~ (s) " 1 f S< lo �C point
p 1000 C
where K--coefficient of biological output;
Et>10~C--sum of temperatures above 10�C;
1000�C--sum~ of temperatures on northern boundaxy of field cultivation.
115
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Table 1~ Scale of Biologic~,l Productivity (~'rom D~ Y, Shashko~ i967)
Bio~ogica~ pxoductivity ~ Et>10�C BG'!?
Very low 800 0~8
zoW eoo-izoo o, a-x, z
Reduced lzoo-i6oo i,z-i,6
Average, 1600-2200 1.6-2.2
Increased 2200-2800 2~2..2~8
High ~ 2800-340~ 2~8-3~4
Ver hi h 31.~pp 3~~,
The biohlimat3c productivity of the 1a,nd syn~heaizes in itself the effect on
pl.ant product3vity of the main factors of the3s vital activi~ty= heab and
moisture supply~ In order to evaluate the biological productivity of ~the
land D. I. Shashko (1967) developed a scale constructed on the basis of the
amounts of biocllma~tic potential (t,a,ble 1) ~
The relative amounts of potential productivity ase translated into the crop
yield according to the equa,tion
~ �
m= Kp B~ .
where m--grain yield~ centner~ha.;
K'~p--coeffic3ent of crop productivity (yield corresponding to 100�C swas
of -temperatures) according to empirical data (determined according
to index of moiatening M)_
KP--r.~efficient of biologica~} productivity tha,t depends on the moisture
, ~ supply of plants and that is the ratio of maximum productivity under
conditions of sufficient moistening to productivity with inauffi-
cient moisture.
The coefficient of biological productivity was defined by us from the formula
WTq
KP~ ~R,
where W--productive moisture in meter layer of soil during spring maturation
of .wheat, ,~un;
Tv--period of spring-summer vegetation~ ten-day periodsi
36--number of ten-day periods in the year;
R--radiation balance during thfs period~ kcal~cm2. '
rhe indices of biological productivi~y of a p~owed field that we computed
by zones of the Northern Caucasus republics proved to be considerably lower
than the data of D. I. Shast~ko ( table 2) ,
116
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~ FOR 0~'FICIAY. USE ONLY ~
Table 2. B~.o1.o~;ica1. productivity of 1~nd for Main Zones of Northern
Caucasus Foothi7.ls -
2
Pqrny6neKa 30H8 ~ t> 10'C SKfI , o].o ica1. roduotivit
by Et>10~C by BCP
~~~(adep,qNNO�6antcapcea~ 1 3377 2,30 high 91eva'~ed
/ ACCP lia 3377 2,27 " "
!IG 32b3 2,44 " "
~5~eaepo�OCOTHtiCKAA ACCP ~I 3t90 2g~ vexy high BVerage
tII 2800 2,g4 high eleva~ed
~6~ie4eeo� i~rywcKaR ACCP Ia 3668 e1eV8'~ed
~ I~ 3615 1;52 ver~ high red}~ced
!I 3335 2,27 hlgh 91eva~ed
Key:
1. Republic 4. Kabardi,no-Balkarskaya AS5R
2~ Zone 5.~ Severo-Osetinskaya ASSR
3. BCP 6. Checheno-Sngushska.ya ASSR
~ Table 3. Biulogical Potential of Productivity and Grain Yield (m) of Winter
Wheat in Main Zones o~ Northern Caucasus Foothills
Pecny6~~xxa ~ Q~oHa I N,d I I ~ I '
P P I n ~ka
~ 5~ K8G8pJ(NHO~B8dK8PCK8R I 0,25 0,86 0,68 3,30 28,9 , ~
~ACCP IIa 0,25 Q,86 0,68 ~2,27 28,6
I I6 0,28 0,92 0,75 ',44 30,0
Ceaepo�Ocerx??cKaA ACCP I 0,19 0,67 O,b3 1,90 23,9
II 0,34 1,04 0,84 2,61 31,1
III 0,43 1,16 0,94 2,64 32,5
~7~ ?~eyeHO-HxryuccKaR ACCP Ia 0,16 0,52 0,42 1,~4 18,9
I6 0,16 0,52 0,42 1,02 18,q
II 0,25 0,86 1 0,68 3,?7 28,6
Ksy:
1~ Republic 5. Kabasdino-Balka.rskaya ASSR
2. Zone: 6. Severo-Osetinskaya ASSR
' 3. B~P 7. Checheno-Ingushskaya ASSR
4, m cen~ner~ha.
Analysis of the da-ta of tables l.and 2 shows that the biological p~roductivity
of the plowed fields on the -territory of the Kabardino-Balkarekaya ASSR
according to the swn of t.emperatures is classified as high, while according
to Shashko's formular=only as elevated. A more contrasted relationship is
revealed for the territory of the Severo-Osetinskaya ASSR whose biological ~
productivi-ty.according to the sum of temperatures is very high~ and according
to BSP--reduced. In our oginion~ such a difference is governed by ~he fact
. 117
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR O~FICIAL USE ONLY
tha,t in S~ia'shko's c~,J.culatiox~s K ie taken for a11 the climate zonee a~
equal to a un3~ (K n1,0). At th~ same time~ K in ~he~Kabasd~.no-Balkar$kaya
ASSR fluctuate~ frgm 0.68 to 0,75: in ,t,he Seve~o-O~etinskaya ASSR--from O~S3-.
0~9~~ and in the Cheoheno-Ingushskaya ASSR--from 0~42 ~to 0,68,
Hav3ng de~termined from the index of mo9,s~tening (M e~ ~'~ation ~~he
d f evapora~tion
zone of location of the farm it is easy to compute the poagible gxain yleld
of winter wheat (table 3). ~
T he B QP is an integral index since it ma,kes 3t possible to evalu~te the
yield obtained in different soil-cl3mate conditions and d3.fferent natural-
botan3cal zones~ 3n the same compasable units~
. y~~:~~) _
.Q~ � 6~ b~ a, ~j
~z ~ ~
o �
0
24 ~
o ( ~
16 ( ~
. " ~ ~ I
e i I - I . ~ I
j j ~ ~ ~ ~ j
~ 0,9 1,6 2,4 0 0,8 1,6 ?,4 3,2 4,0 0 QB 1,6 6KIlCe,
Figure 1. Relationship of Winter Wheat Yi.eld (a~ c) and Grains as a Whols
(b) to Climate Potential
Keys
a. according to data of SSS of Northern Caucasus foothills
b. according to da~t,a of D. I. Shashko
c. according to data of experimental s~udies of author in Northern
Caucasus foothills
d. centner~ha
e, BCP
In order to substantiate this conclusion we revealed the relationship of
t~,e bioclimatic po~tential of land productivity as compared to the yields
ortained at -the s-ta-te s~train-~testing stations (SSS) located on ~he texritory
the examined region. In Kabaxdino-Balkarskayra ASSR the winter wheat
grain yield Bezostaya-1 for 1967-1975 according to strain-testing stations
was from 26,4 to 44.2 centner/ha., in Severo-Osetinskaya ASSR--f~om 24.5 to
41.2 centner~ha.~ and in Checheno-Ingushskaya ASSR--from 26.1 ~0 31.4
centner~ha.
118
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL U9E ONLY
- Figurd 1 depio~~ ~he dependenoe of ~Ehe ave~aged grain ySeld o~ ~Ehie ~tsain
- on the HQP ~.n ~he examinAd ~eg~,on~
For aomparability of the da~a, talcen #~om 8haehko's graph ~that he oompi~ed
for all ~he ~ra~.n~ as a who~e (fig 1b) and ~ha~t ~te oompiled for ~the w~n~Eer -
wheat (~Sg 1~) ~he .si~es o~ x~.n~Eer whea~t grain y~,elda were de~Eermined ~or
one unS~ of SQP~ Aocording ~o Shaehko'~ 8a~a for one uni~E of 8QP ~th~re 18
~ 1~09 cen~ne~~ of grain, and aaaording ~to our oalaula~tions for 8e~ostaya-1
K3ntox Nhea~t 3n ~he exa,mined xeg3,c~n--1~,y4 centnerst ~hus ~the ~3ff~r~n~e~ i~
~~45 aen~ners or 4~9b~ 9hashko's ~nethod~ in our opinion~ ia oorreot~ but i~tg
use in d3f�eren~t regSons currently requires the in~troduction of approprSatA
corrections for the Snor~~,sed level'o~ agricul~ural teahnology of the oul-
tivated crop~s and genetic po~tentias of ~he s~Era3ns of xinter xheat of ~Ehe
in~ensive type introduced 3nto production~
Table 4. Biological Produe~tiv3~ty of Win~ter Whea~ Ki~h Natural Moisture 5~pp1y
(1) '~2~ ~3~, p ( . ~(d ~ (7) ~8) ~9~_
~ ~s
PlCtfy6JIMK8 ~ ~ $ , ~ � ~ ~ ~ m a
~ ~ ~
~ ~
~ ~~w ~ ~
~ 10~~~~~ ACCPK8QCK8R IIQ 1620 204 8i 224 12G0 18,7 1,10 .
1680 19b 94 231 I100 23,4 1~0~
116 1555 217 120 272 IOOU ~4~7 1~16
(11~ Ceaepo�OClTNHCltBR ACCP t 157Z 185 85 216 12.iU 17,7 0,83
1( 1555 264 114 307 11U0 ?7,U 1,31
111 ibZ6 33U 87 318 ~00 35~3 1,~13
~12~ 4eyeeo�NkrywcKan ACCP la 17~6 170 9U ~Og 1450 16,7 0,73
16 1~38 192 ~8 24Q I100 22,0 0,73
Il Ib80 23,5 9S 460 1085 23,~J 1,07 :
Keys
1~ Republic 6. Total productive moisture xith
2. 2one . regard for coefficient of
3� Et>10~C for spring-summer vege- utili ation~ tnm
tation period K6~ m~~centner
4. Swn of precipitation for period 8. Pos~ible yield, centner~ha
xith Et,>10~C~ mm 9~ B~p
5. w mm in spring period 10. Kabardino-Balkarskaya AggR
11. Severo-Osetinskaya pgSR�
12. Checheno-Ingushbkaya ASSR
In relation to the fact that under production conditiona the yields are
usually loxer than on the state atrain-testing atations~ xe attempted to
reveal the dependence on the BCP of the yield of the strain Be~ostayra_1
obtained in our experiments on the sails xith a varying degree of cultivation.
In the Kabardino-Balkarskaya A33R in experiments xithout the uee of fertilizera
119
FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL U3E ONLY
und~~ natura~ o~nditiona o� mois~ening ~ox ~ne yea~cs o~ atuay (a.965-i97b)
~n fliff~~~n~t cZimate. ~one~ 25~1-1.8~1 aentr~er/ha were ob~a~n~d~ ~.n ~he
S~ve~o-asetin~kaya A89R--~2,].-1~~~ aen~ner~ha~ and 3.n ~the Checheno-Ingush-
skaya A95R--~~~4-14~~ cen~ner/ha (table 5)~ Aoaording ~o ~hese data a graph
wa~ plot~ed (~i~ lc) ~om whic h it follow~ that for on~ unit " HCP 1.38
eentne~s of grain are obtain~d or 0~16 can~ners ].ess than aeoc~dSng to the
993 ~ata~ dne should draw ~he eonalusiun that the potential product~.v~.~ty of
th~ ~~~n~ ~t~air~ ~ulti~~t~d und~~ producti~n condi~tions~ as a conaequence of
the noncorreapond~nc~ of the level of eaop eultivation with the 8SS is
14~ lowe~ ~ Th~ae data can ba suecesa:�ally used to 8ubata~?tia~te ~the "s3ze of ~
the yield in a spec3fic farm looa~t~d near the SS3~
Our calQUlat3.ons (table 3) ~nd ~the experitesn~Ea1 da~ta (fig lo) shox ~that ui~h
the effiQier?t use o� elimats reaources of thA atudied region xithout addi-
tional outlay8 for irrigation and far~ESlization the following ,~rain yields o:f
wint~~ Kheat can be obtainedt for the KabardSno-Ba].kasakaya AS3R--18-25
~~ntner/t~i~ for the Severo-Oaetinakaya ASSR--i9-32 centner/ha~ and for the,
Checheno-Ingushskaya AS9R--15-24 cen~ner/ha.
In ~ddition to the sum of temperatures ~the mo3ature supply of ~the soxinga is
the most pre~ise expression of ~Ehe plowed field proauctivi~Ey~ and can be
pla~ad as the b~sis fox a d~termination of the size of potential yielda of
dry b3ological mass (Y~N~) s
_productive moisture
YsHon coefficient of xater consumption'
This relationship according to the definition of grain yiald (Y centner/ha)
can be detarmined ass
Y centner~ha ~ ~n
7.3 1 � (tw--~1'
xhere f16--moisture output~, centner/ha~
Kb--coefficient of xater consumption;
_ C--standard moisture content of crop~ 96=
2.5--ratio of main product to secondary (for xinter xheat 1.5 or 2.5).
T he productive moisture is formed fYom its amount in the meter layer of the
soil before the renexal of ve~eta,tion of the xinter crops, precipitation
falling in the spring-summer period of vegetation xith regard for the coef-
ficient of its utilization.
The ~eatest quantity of productive moisture (300 mm) in the meter layer of
3oi1 is observed in the III zone of tfie Severo-Osetinskaya A3SRe average
(264 mm) in the II zone~ and the least (18~ mcc)--in the I zone. The
coefficients of xater consumption obtained on the basis of the experimental
data shoxed their 3nverse relatianship to the sucn of effectiye temperaturea:
in the I zone it xas 1200 m3~centner= in the II 2one--1100 mj~centner and
in the III zone--900 m3/centner of grain. Therefore the fluctuations in the
120
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FAR OFFICIAL U9E ONLY
r
~rabia 5~ ~a~oula~ion o~ Po~a3.b1A Grain Y~.eZds o~ W~.n~a~ Whea~ wi~h
Na~u~al Mo~.s~ur~ Supply ~.n Northern Cauaasug Foo~hil~e~ 196~-i976
,
, 2 Y o~caA (q/ea) no ~aNNdw; _
( ~~cny6~Nka 3oNa epNMeNranbNbx ~aaaroodeaneaeH� Cy
~~~ICCd@AOBBNNA I C 5, NOCTM `6
ha6apai+~+o~B911K9pCNflA i 18,1 18,T 48,~ .
ACCP ita 23,6 ~3,4 41,8
116 28,1 24~9 ~4,~
(8)Crdepa~0eetuHCKan ACC~ 1 18,8 17,2 21,b
1 t 2b,3 27,9 38,u
I11 ~ ~2,1 3b,3 41,2
Wr4c~~o~{iFirywcK~n ACCP tn 14,3 18~7 Z8,1
~ 9~ 16 19,8 4Z,0 29,2
ll 23,4 29,9 31,4
Keyt
l, Republic 6, sss
2~ ~one Kabardino-Balkasskaya ASSR
3. Yie1d (centner~ha) according 8~ 3evero-Oaetinskaya ASSR
to data 9~ Checheno-Ingushskaya ASSR
4. of experimental studies
5. of mois~Eure supply
yields reach considerable amc~untst the greatest posaible yield of winter
wheat gr~in with respect to moisture supply (35~5 centner~ha)--in the III
zone of the Severo-Oaetinskaya ASSR, the medium (27.9 centner/ha)--in the
II zone~ and the least (17~2 centner~ha)--in the I zone~
Similar calculations xere made also for the zones of other republica of
this region (table 4).
T he results of calculations of the possible xinter xheat grain yielda made
on the basis of the experimental data we obtained and f~ om moiature supply
differed insignificantly (table 5), For dry conditions these method~ of
calculation are completely applicable and serve as the foundation for a
determi.nation of the need for water for the planned level of productivity. "
It 3hould be considered that the yield sizes are governed by the moistare
supplies formed from productive xater in the soil and precipitation of the
v~~getation period, and they are close to the mean multiple-year data. The
size of the yield obtained on the SSS is affected not only by the thermal,
water and air patterns, but also by the higher level of agricultural tech-
nology~ as xell as the potentialities of the genotype placed in the first
generation of the initial material. These data can also be used in selecting
'a'highl'y productive strain for productive soxings xith correction for the
moisture supply of the plants in each specific case. ~
121
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
:
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
ConsequentJ.y~ wi~th tha na~ura~ moisture aupply the potent~.al win~ter whea~t
gra~n yielda in di~fe~ent agroolimatic ~oneg o~ the Nor~hern Oaucasus foot-
hil~s ~luo~ua~te ~rom 16 ~0 35 eentner/ha~ ThA fu~ther r~ae ~.n the y~.Ald o~
~his arop ~equ~Aa an ~.mgrovamen~ in ~he moi.stuxe suppiy ,o~ ~he aowings by
means o~ irriga~ion~
T he da~a tha~ we obtainsa according~to the 801' aan be used ~to compute a
more ef�iaient pgttern of i.rr3gation in ~h~ Northern Cauaa~ue ~oo~hi~ls and
the op~imal use of the soil ~ertil,ity~
122
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~
FOR OFFICIAL U9E ONLY
,
tmc 551.576,iis535.3i7.~.
US~, OF IMAGE TECHNIQUE TO SrUDY CI,OUD AND FOG MICROSTRUCrURE
Moscow METEORpIAGIYA I GIDROIAGTYA in Russian No 5, May 79 pp 99-Z~5
~Article by Candidate of Physieal and Mathematioal 8cienoes Y. V, 3mirnov~
and G~ F~ Yas~evich~ Insti~tute of ~xperlmental Meteorology, submi~E~ted for
publ3eation 4 Ju1 78]
Abstract. Poasibilitiea are disouased and ways are shown
for improving holographic~ ahadow~ and television methods
o~ s~tudying cloua and precipitation microstru~ture based
on the use of part3ally coherent illwnination, as we11 as
spat~al 3mage filtering.
CText] T he diveraity of shapea and broad range of concentration~ sizea and
velocities of cloud and preoipitation particlea poae aerious requirements
for the corresponding measuring apparatus. In theae terma the optic-electronic
methods [i~ axe the most accepted= they are based on comparatively xell
revealed links betxeen the parameters of ~the microatruature of aerodisperse
media and the; degree of deformation of the optic emissions ~t,ranami~tted
through the m~dium.
Below is a brief examination of the possibilities of improving the so-called
"image" methods~ i.e., methods based on the formation and automatic analyais
of optic imagea of microob3ects in a suspended state and in floxs.
Features of Image Methods
Holographic m~thods. There are several published desoriptiona of cloud
holographic camera modifications (see~ for example, ~2, 5~ 6]) to obtain
"f~ozen" ~Ehres~dimensiona~: images (holograms) of individual cloud sections~ -
Here the assembly of moving microob3ects is illuminated.by an intenaive
impulse of laser radiation xith a htgh degree of tempoxal at~d spatial co-
herence. The hologram is recorded on high-resolution photo-sensitive
materials. W3th the subsequent restoration of the images f~om the hologram.
usually the st,andard microscope technique and sources of continuous coherent
radiation are u~ed. 2 he automatic analysis of holograias is made xith
scanning xith respect to the plane and depth of the reatored Lnage by a
iz3 ;
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFZCIAL USE ONLY '
telav~,s~.on m~.orogoope aper~ure oonneoted to a aompu~~r d~vioe~ The dis-
Q~A~er~ess of ~tha measureman~ process and ~the labor in~tenai~ty o~ p~doeesing ~
~he holo~ama~ ~omplexi~~.as ~.n ae].ea~ing the defooussing l.nma~~s in ~he
presen~e o~ coh~rent noSeAS~ ae well as a cex~ain awkwa~dness and hSgh oos~ ~
of the hoJ.og~aphia ~amAras restrain the broad uae of holo~aphy, .
9haflow spea~xome~xy~ The ao-oa].1ed ahadow spec~trome~try of Knollenberg ~18]
has beeome eonaiderably wideapraad Sn praeticA~ ~t is based on the formatian
of optic image elements o~ sin~le moviqg microob3eets 3n ~the plane of ~he
fliscrete photoreceivAr guida bar (ma~trsx) ~ In ~the Sni~tial s�t.a~e the photo-
receive~s are S.11umSna~ed by an in~tenaive con~tSnuous laser bAam Nith a high
degree of apatial coherenc~ ~ During ~he flS~ht of a par~ticle through the ~
workir~ volume of the ina~trumenb ita' image, and more preaiaely~ the dif-
fraction shadow from ~Ehe partiole screena a cer~tain number of pho~Eoreoeivera
from diree~t exposure ~ ,
Knollenberg shadow spectrometers are used for ~Ehe aontinuous meaaurement of
oonc6ntra~tSon and dimenaions of ol.oud an~ rain dxops Sn the interval of
diam~iers 10-4500 �m, Theae ins~trumAnts are compar~~Eively aimple and are
sub3s~t to automa~tion~ bu~E 3n contras~ to ~he holographic ~ameras~ they do
not permit visualizat3on of the state of the assembly of par'tiolea ae a Hhole.
Television mAthoda~ It ia not aifflcult to sAe that the shadow epectrometera
are a particular solution of the television (TY) methods in Khiah the role
of the TV horizontal scan is played by the pho~toreceiver guide bar~. xhile the
roln of the frame scan--by the movement of the monitor in the clou~ or
particles in relation to the mon~tor.
In certain designs of TV analyzers [1~ 1?] the clasei~ achemes of auto-
mated TY micropro~ection systems are realized xith impulae source of illumi-
nation.
T he operating principle of tha tslevision analyzer descri'bed in C7a is briefly
reduced to the folloxing. The impulse light source'is atarted at the moment
of the reverse course of the TV beam uith respect to the vertical. Through
tl:.~ microscope optics the light i~?pulses illuminate the '~hotolayer of the TV
tranamitting tube. If at the moment of exposure an ob~ect is located in the
nlane of sighting of the microscope the corresponding segment of the TY screen
is unilluminated. D~a ing the direct courae of the TK scan there is auccegaive
reading of iriformation "for atorage" and the videosignal at the c&mera outlet
records the corresponding 3wnps in the level of the "black," their nwnber~
and duration are proportional to the dinensions of the ob~ect. Certain algo-
rithms of the automatic analysis of TV i.mages designed for obtaining d~ta
~n the diaperse composition of aerosols and the corresponding achematic
olutians are described in C4, 7~ 10~ 11]~
On tho Khole one can include among the advantages of the television methods~
--~he possibility of recording on a magnetic carrier and viaualization of
the studied process on the TV monitor screen=
124
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
r
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL U9h ONLY
--oomple~e automat~.on o� maa~u~smAnta and mak~.ng of ineasuxemen~s in a real
~time aoalA ~
--fa~rly broad Snterval of noun~table ooncen~trat3on (~o Z05-106 cm~~) and
c~~mensions (from 2 �m ~o sAVer~l mm) o~ micxoob~eo~Es of ~aisly arb~,trary
ehape an8 aompoaition moving wSth v~looities ~om uni~a of mm/s ~Eo ~Eens of
mm/s ( us~.ng laser impulae eou~aee of ~~~~ht the upper limi~E of velooi~Ey aan
be ic~~~~~~d by an order [1?]t
--s~mpl3o~~ty of ~he met~colog~,oaJ. baee of TV moni~ora sinoe they aan b~
oaJ.ibrQ~ted directly during the measuremente aocordSng ~Eo e~Ear?dard immobile
~es~E ob~AOts~ .
The main and important 13,mita~Eion of suah ~type o~ TV devioe ~ as by ~the xay~
also of all m~lcropho~o~raph~.c sys~tema aesSgned to s~udy particlee in flo~ra~
ia the deforma~Eion o~ images of microob~eats removed f~om the plane of
sighting~
T he micropro~AOt~on op~ic systema with eou~ces of nonooharent radiation are
charactsrized by ~th~ shallox depth of sharpnessa Qa10-100 �in, iFSth large z
the sdges of :the image are g~adually eroded~ whS1e the signal amplitude drops~
The use for selaetion of defocusaing iroages of ampli~tude ~Elzreshold saheme$
[7] is ineffe~tive in a broad interval of microob~eot dimenaions~ ainae ~Ehe
amplitude of the videoaignal from small particles diminiahes during their
defo~u~sing ~onsiderably faster than from large par~Eicles. The limitation
in the depth of the visual F1a1d reaults~ Sn turn, in an exacerbation of the
inforinative charaoteriatic;a of the inatrument, i.e. ~ to small volu~ s of
sampling. Thus~ Nith ~he use of~the television oounter described in [~7~ the
effectixe size of the countabla volume for partioles of radius 2=20 �m equals
0.25 mn?3, xhich requires exposures lasting about 10 s for a repreeent~tive
seriea of ineasurments to be obtained.
As ehoxn in [13~ 14~ the indicated limi~tatians oan be over~ome if one oon-
aiders that generally the nattae of the microob~eot image that is diaplaced
in relation to the sighting plane depends not only on ita si~e~ degree of
defocussing and geometry of ~the optic system, but also on the coherent pro-
perties of the radiation source. We N111 examine these questions in more
detail,
Role of Radiation Coherence
We Will assume that the microob~ect of spherical shape is located in the viaual
field of the ~1i microscope at a~i.stance z from the aighting plane. The dis-
tribution of light intensity in this plane is determined by the euperposition
of waves--incident, diffractea, reflected f~om the ob~ect~ artd paeaing th~rough
it-~-and depends on the progerties of the light beam~ poaition of the ob~ect
in relation to the sighting plane, as xell as its optic properties,
1. With noncoherent illumination the summation of the listed xav~es reaults
in the erosion of the edges of the defocussed image and exception complexity
of its analysis. :
125
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~OR OF~iCiAt, U3~ ONLY
- 2~ ~f aohex~nt l~.~h~t b~ams are uged ~or i11um~,nation ~hen ~the inte~aot~.on
of tha a~oxamer?t~.on~d waves y3elds an ~,nte~c~erence pa~~ern ~hat ~.a eaaentiall,y
a G~b~or holo~~n ~6~~ A quantitative analy~i~ o~ auch a pat~ern when aeveral
particles fall in ~he countir~ volume is faS~rly compl3cated duA ~Eo the
mutual~impo~ition an~ p~eaence o~ cohAren~t ao~ses,
Figur~ 1 pre~~nt~ d~n~3~a~~n?~ obt~in~d dujring ~a,aingle e~annSng o~ the ~ea,~e
a� polym~~thyl methaerylate part3ales of radius r~i5o �n?~ The par~ESele ia
di~pla~ea in rela~ion to the sigh~t~,n~ plane a dis~an~e of ~e2~ ~0~ 7U mm uS~h
comple~tAly eohoren~t illumina~ESon (a~ b~ Q) ar~d a dis~anee 10 mm with partially
coherent illumination (f3g l~ d)~ W3~h ahort flistances to the sigh~ing plane
pulsations 'Sn ~the s3gnal on ~he eflges of the impulse axe a consequenoe o�
Fresnel'a d3f~ac~tion (fSg l~a). In the far field (z>~c2/~N50 mm) F~caun-
hofer diff~action Sa manife~t (fig l~ , It is apparant from ~the fig~ce
tha~E kith the use of ~oherent illumination the diffraot3on pattern can ocoupy
a ~onsiderable par~t of the visual field of ~the optio aystem~ impairing the
automatic analysis duA to ~he mu~Eual imposi~Einn and appearance of addStion~l
interference maximwes and m3nimums~
3. 5erious outlooks for the image me~Ehals are yielded by the uae of partially
coherent illumination that can be obtained by reducing the tAmporal or spatial
coherence~ F1rst~ with such 311amination the diffraetSon pa~Etern oeaupies
a considerably smaller part of tha visual field~ second~ one can obtain
more accurate information about the partiole xith comparatively large ehifts
in it in relation ~o the sighting plane~ As ~ompared to the source of non-
coherent radiation the aourcea of partially coherent radiation produce an
increase in the effective depth of�the counting volume by more than an order,
while as compared to the coherent sour~ea they make it posaible to guarantee
tho conditions for the etnargence and reca~ding onlyr of one (first) dit`~a~tion
ring (see ~th~ densitogram in fig 1~ d), xhereby it is found [16] that its
width has little dependence on the particle si2es, and i~ only linked to the
position of the particle in re~ation to the sight9.ng plane xith displacements
in the microob~ects all the xay to units cm. �
T~levision images of spherical particles xith radiua 26 and 20 �m displaced in
relation to the sighting plane by 3 mm a.re obtaine8 in fig 2~b xith the help
o: a bright-field TY microscope based on a vidicon and source of impulse
illumination with length of coherence (6-?) xhere ~1~'0~45 �m. The photo- ~
graphy illustrates the possibilitjr of~confid~nt recording only of the first ~
diffraction ring. The intensity of the other rings is found on the level of
TV tube noises. To the left on the photograph an image of spheres of the same
~ize as those in the sighting plane is visible.
"he v3doosignal f~om the intersection of the defocussed image has the appearance
uf a bipolar impulse, xhich raakes it possible to automatically determine the
location of ths ob~ect in relation to the sighting plane (xith respect to
the xidth of the ring)~ precisely determine the size and concentxation of
the ob3ects falling outside the sighting plane~ as xell as "electrically"
regulate the size of the counting volume along tha microscope axia [14]. It
is neces~ary to note that the va,lue of the peculiarities indicated above in
126
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
ti
" ~ FOR OFFIC~AL U9E ONLY
Q~ =r 74 MM
b~O~ ' !�3~ONM
. ,
Q~~ =�3 ~D MM
d
! i !0 MM
.
WupuMQ
Ko~~qa ,
Figure 1. Deneitograma of Image of Microaphere for Fregnel'a Region (a)~
7ntermediate (b) and Fraunhofer (o) with Co}~rent Illumination and
for Fresnel's Region uith Par~ially Coherent Illumination (d).
Key:
1. Width of ring
a) b) c)
,I ` I
Figure 2. Television Images of Microsphar.es with~Partially Coherent Bright-
Field Illumination (a, b) and After 3patial Filtering (cJ.
the structure of the diffYaction pattern of the microob3ect illuminated by
pastiaily coherent light has a more general nature since it provides the
prerequisites for the creation of holographic syatems operating in a real
time scale ~15], and for an improvement in the accuracy of th~e K3nollenberg
shadox spectrometers due to the electrical selection of signals t~om the
defocussed particle images. ,
Thus~ tha examined method of obfi,aining and analyzing a TY diff~action picture-
microhologram obtained xith partially coherent illumination makea it possible
to solve the problem of the automatic processing of defocussed iaiage~ of ~
127 -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFIC~AL USE ONLY
the microob3AOts~ A shortooming o~ ~he me~thod ~emains ~the rela~tiveJ.y low
informa~ion conten~ (~equenoy of ahanging the sub~eo~ts oannot exoAed ~ha
~equenoy o~ ~ames~ whSle ~the s~.ae of ~he frame ia limited by ~he requised
resolu~i.on), a8 wAii a~ ~the g~ii upper limib ~or measuring ~he motion
velooi~y of mioroob~eo~t~ ( on the order of units of .am/s w~.th magnifioation
of the m~,crosoope of tens of ~times) ~hat is governed by the peou].laxitSea o.~~
~he oxpoat~e of th~ phatola~y~rs ~.n thebr3.ght field pat~ern~
The method o~ re~ordSng ~the ~tracka of rapid].y mov~.ng partioles that is usual].y
~ealized w3~th illuminat~on by ~he me~thod of a daxk field through recording
on a photol.ayer of a sequena~ of epota of radia~t3on aca~ttered by the miaro-
ob3eet does no~t solve ~he problem eince the ~t,a,sk o~ measuring ~the ob3ect
dimensions requires preservation of 3.nforma~ion 3f only abou~ its aontour~
We w311 examine one of ~the ways ~to overoome the indicated limi~tations,
, Spatial F31~tering of Images
As not~d~ the pa~tern of bright field is inappllcable since eaoh suooessive
impulse (from the bundle of light impulses during the reverse aourse of the
~amo scan) wi11 "erase~~ ~the previously reoorded potential relief on ~the
photolayer, W i~Eh the help of track methoda an undiatorted image of the
microob~ects is not sudcesafully obtained~ and in addition~ separation of
tha boundaries of the countin~ volume is very complicated.
Nevertheless~ the use of the modern methods of optic processing of images
makes it possible ~to obtain in a pattorn of a dark field clear itnages of the
contoura of ob~ecta~ and at the same time~ additional information about their
spatial position C13]. Those imaages poase'ss.auch properties that are obtained
after double differentiation of the initial image. As is apparent f~om
fig 2~c with the reallzation of'the second derivative the contaur. of the ob3ect
is formed as a dark line stirrounded f~om both sides by bright bandai the .
dark line stresses the smallest det,ails of the surface structure of the micro-
ob3ect.
The experiments not discussed here show that although xith defoc~sssing of the
similarily formed images there is a certain xidening of the contour line and
the bright bordering bands~ the center of the line corresponds to the contaur
of the focussed image, while the xidth of the bright bands can serve as the
criterion for a ahift in the ob3ect in relation to'the sighting plane. Thus,
the transition to a dark field pattern by spatial filtering of images makes
it possible to obtain more complete information about the moving microob3ects
(size~ concer.tration, sHape, velocity, direction and tra3ectory of movement).
"V Devices
T he application.of the new approaches examined above to the use of image
methods made it possible to create a nwnber of autoa~atic TY analyzers of
moving microob3ects that are distinguished by fa~ly high accuracy of ineas~ae-
ments, as well as comparative si~nplicity and universality.
128
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFF~CIAL USE ONLY
,
~y
< <
,
E S3 p..a. ,
a~ : ~ $t~r~k , ~
~ ~
4 , : > a
t iNt ' i ~ ~ s 1 < ~.t th SX3~ ~
~ � ` ~e~ a� r~~'~`�#i~i~'t~,';i~x ~o~, : ,
~ ~ + .i
E , ~
: :
,~~E: j:''';: ~ aa;
4 i ~ y
2 e. d
4 >a~z~�~4 ~'~~~rssk~.
. 4-~ ~ ~,`tk~~ \ ~ ~ r ~Fi
3~ ~ . f ~ ~ ..,"s1 { x,~.~.; 'a~ ~�~.a3 ~~,5'~ a'~~'3~'~{:a~a,R ~F
< t t~~^~ s~i i< ~ ` ,y4 y ~~{~fi~ ~
F ' .4.'3 ~,~,k . ~ p C
' x a:~~ ~ ~ ~
' F, n_ v.~:~* a M1~
b) ; '
~h } i ~
~ ' 1
� , ~s"
.
~ij s: ~~`'x a ~ F ~~i
\ ~4 ;
~'r
y \ ~ i
t ,
'~e i
: . . ~i LY ?
~ 4< .
~fi;~~'~ a. :r~ ~,s~~Y'' ~ r :
:o.�3tr f ~ ~ ~ ~:i
- a 2 c ~ . i t 3
~ c
r ~Y~.,t;
~~'a ~ ti 3
t:< x r~ +2 ~ ~ ~
,::..C~.v.. h -I. . . , tt...i a .w
Figure 3. Overall View of TV Analyzers of Moving Microob~ects Based on
Superorthicon (a) and Vidicon (b)
Figure 3,a shows a photograph of the TY monitor "Mars" for measuring the
disperse composition of aerosol particles assembled on the base of an LI-225
suoerorthicon, a PTU-101 industrial TV unit, and bright-field microscope
a~tics. 2he monitor ia equipped with a set of standard microlenses ~rith mag-
nification 1-lOx~selected remotely from the control panel, and heaters of
mlcroacope optics to prevent their "aweating" during operation in cold
chambers and media containing aqueous aerosol. The automa~ted operating cycle
of the instrument is preset by a timer that synchronizes the operation of the
impulse condenser, the television-computer device, and a 10-channel storage
block xith output of data onto digital reading and a punch-card machine~ The
noasurement range ~f the microob3ect di,mensions is 4-1000 �m xith concentra-
, tion of them to 10 cm"3.
The TV r~onitors on mod9rn superorthicons p~ovide "signal-noise" about the
size of 10 and the xetnaining' signal with f'requency of exposure 50 Hz in the
second half-frame less than 109b of the tnain, but do not alxays meet the
requirements of high homogeneity of the background and compactness of the
129
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL US~ UNLY
appar~~tus, and axe a1.so complioated ~to ~tune and opexa,te ~~n this sen~e the
impuls~ TV ~nalyzera on vidicone guarantee ~the beat indices ~i3]~ However,
their inoreaaed drift reduaes ~he frequenoy of information output from 50
to 10-20 Hz, wh11A the reduoed sensitiviby requirea higher energy of flash
of 5-10-fo1.d ~
mhe universaJ. TV ana].yzer based on ~ h~,lf-inoh vidiaon ~hown in f1g 3~b oan
operate in a pattern of bxight and dask ~ield (with filtering of ~the lowes~t
apatial ~'requencies in the image speotxum)t it has a built-in generator o�
bundJ.es of powerful light impulses which makea it poasible~ in addi~~.on to
visualize and measure ~the d~.mensions and concentration of paxticles~ to
control their velocity and d3reot3.on of movement in the velocity interval of
4-,~00 cm~s ~
Examples of Using TV Technology
We will examine a number of examples of the specific application of TV devices
in the practical research of the Tnstitute of Exper3mentaJ. Meteorology.
a) b) c) d~ e)
,r
, , .
, r k;.. . . . . . . . ~ . ~ . , - . , . .
~
~ ai ' ej ~ ~
h ~ \i:3 y V J ~1
~ I ~ ~ t` . /
~ viL1W:l ! ~ ' ~ . . .
. . f . . ~ . . ~ , i�....
b
+ ~ Qy 3
EI~ . a x q ~ Xup~ ~ , R~'~ ~
~ ~ Kx{ ~ by~~ v~ra fl~
, . ~ y ~
>s'~ r~tx ~ ~ t a z ~ ?y
. 4
' ' . ~ ~ s ~ ix~ ` ~~*,yr s~ '~~k~^
} ti e
~ r~,+~> ,~,~MR1',~ ~T. ~i ~~~~;e~ ~~~~k= 'y 4
~~,"a~~R``L ~~~�'~''x'>~~: ~'as " x~ ~,~~'qx~~ f! ~~~i~~@~ ~~~~y ~ ,~~~~~y~
.a~. . t: . . . , . . . . . : .~a. ~d, a~ t .TTcL4
f) g) h) i)
Figure 4. TV Images of Crystalline Fog Particles
1. Microstructure of crysfi,alline fog. One of the promising trends in the
use of TV impulse devices ia the study of the dimensions~ shape, orient.ation
and velocity of movement of cryst,alline cloud and fog particles. Fig~e 4
~ presents individual TV images of crystals formed in several seconds after
the ef`fect of artificia.l nuclei of crystallization (silver iodide) on super-
cooled ag,ueous fog in a 100 m3 thermobarochamber.
130
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The acale o~ ~he ~.mages shown in fig ~ b and g refera reapeo~ively to ~the
upper and 1.ower sexies o~ photog~aphs~ The use of partiaJ.ly coherent ~.J.~u-
mina~ion of the wo~king vo~ume of TV moni~ors made it possiblA to obtain
fairly shar~~images of ~he pasticles ~ven when they were compaxa~tively fas
from ~Ehe si~hting plane~ For example~ the pa~tiole in ~ig 4, d ie at a
distance on the order o~ 1~5 mm~ The field o~ gravity forces on a11 photo-
grapha ie direct~y downwards along the p~.ane of the photograph~ ~n ~~.gure ~
4 b and h th~ arrows indicate the direction of flow mowement~
Analysis of ~these and other TV ~ub3ects indicates a number of pecu~laritS~s
of the microstruct~e of crystalline fog that were previously not discusaed
in the literatuxe~ Thus~ under cer~t,ain conditions of ~.nf].uence xoughly 50-609b
of the total quantity of the observed crysta11.3ne partic~es are aggregatea
made of two-four crys~t,a111ne particles of s3.mple ahatipes~ Tt is irt?portant
that the aggrega~tes are formed primarily by the oontaot of i.nooming pieces
of cryata].s~ and a~pasently can be broken down durin~ their settling on
the backing,
a) b) c)
` ~,TtA\ ,
a ~ ~ ~ "~g+w~ x,
~ ~ ~ : r~.
y2...~' ~i ~~E:.
y~~ ~ f~ .
. ~ ~~V,`~
*
A R~.
~i~~ ' 2
;r c~: ~C
t 4` ~ ~ ' ~tA: ~
e~.� ~:zA�.:;
~ i.'. .
~ ~
c.. .
x~e
~V
i
Figure 5~ Individual Examples of Use of TV Monltors
It 3s impor~t,an~ to also no~e ~hat judging from the readings of the TV moni-
tors a crystallized cloud alxays ha.s a noticeable number of particles of
spherical s~ape (see the subjects of fig 4~ e~ g~ i).
2~ Spatial distr ibution of drops in fog~ In various ~ypes of theoretical
models of triicrophysical processes in clouds it is usua.lly assumed that the
distribution of droplets in space is subordinate to Poisson's statistics.
It is eviden~ tha~t the most suitable for the purposes of verifying this
hypothesis-is the use of TV analyzers that have a sma11 optically formed
working volume. Corresponding tests [8] in a cloud chamber 3200 m3 in
volume with a TV counter [7] that has counting volume of 0.05 mm3 con-
firmed that during the formation and dissipation of "a.diabatic" fog the
spatial distribution of drops 3-22 �m in diame~er can be described by
Poisson's statistics.
13~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
Ftl~t 0~'~ICIAL U5E ONLY
3, precipi~a~tion of orystalline pasti.eJ.~s on oharged bodies~ ~he '~V sub-
~eot 3.n �~ure 5? a~.].J.ustrates ~he rosul~ o~ preaip~.~a~tion of partiales
of a crystaJ.~.~.ne cloud on a a3.ng].e nega~~.vely ohasged sphere (intensity of ~
the slec~xioal ~ie].d on the g~rrface about 6 kv~cm) ~ Tt is appaxent ~hat
the pxeaipi~ating par~iclee form uniqus branah~a xi~h ~rano h ing a hoo ts~ I~
is impo~tant ~hat the intensi.ty of precip~.tation and ~he configuration of
~he branches depend not only on the amount, but also the sign of the oha~ge
of ~he sphe~A~ In ~19] the analogous technique was uaed to inveatiga~e the
electroata~ic pxeoipi'tation on a aphere of 13.quid drops~
4~ Formation of drops in a g~narator with vibr~ting needl.e, FSgure 5~ b
depicts the possibls opera~ion of a TV moni~tor as a TV stroboscope~ and
simultaneously the possibili~y of obtainSng information on ~the partiole di-
mens3ons with dark field illumination~ The first Ss attained by synchro-
nization o� frequenci6s and phases of the needZe oscillations~ periodically
immorsed Snto a' capillaxy xith water Ciz~~ the frequency of the f1a'shes of
the impulse condenser and ~`r~quency of the frame scan. T he second effeot
is attained by illumination of the drople~ta at angles from 0 to 2~r with the
help of wide-aper~u~e optics. T he ~requency of generation of the dropa
30 �m in diameter equals 250 Hz~
5. Recondensation for evaporat3on of crystals~ W ith the help of a TV monitor
operating in a pattern of impulse dask field exposure for the first time
observations were made of the phenomenon of formation of a tail of secon-
dary drops behind a crystal moving in a beam of radiation of a carbon
dioxide laser with density of power about 1 kw~cma [3]. T he working volume
of the TV monitor (1.2x0~8x0.25 cm3) was formed in a laser beam xith exposure
by three flashes of I5Sh-100-3 impulse lamps lasting 2 �s and f~equency 1 kHz~
As is apparent from the TV sub3ect on figure 5, c~ during evaporation of the
ice crystal 40 �m in size in less than 1~s (with air temperature -20�C) a
tail is formed of recondensed small particles, while the crystal during
evaporation begins to move in the direction of the radiation spread.
In conclusion we wi11 note tha.t the TV methods are efficient also with
c.utomated measurement of the structure of various types of microheterogene-
ities on backings or slides~ in pasticular~ in an analysis of aerosol samples
c.ci a slide and tracks of f~agments of nuclear fission on solid track
de~ectors [4~~
BIBZIOGRAPHY
1. Belya.yev, S. P.; Nikiforova~ N. K.; Smirnov~ V. V.; and Shchelchkov~
G. I. "Optiko-elektronnyye metody izucheniya aerozoley" [Optic-Electronic
Methods of Studying Aerosols], Moscow~ Energiya, 1978 (at press~.
2. Birger, Ye. M. ; Zakhaxov, V. M. ; Karlov, S. P. ; and Razumov~ I,. N. "Use
of Impulse Holography to Study Atmospheric Aerosol," MET EROI,OGI~A I
GIDROTAGIYA, No 1, 1977, PP ~'-52~
~32
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL U3E ONLY '
' ,
3~ Volkovi~sk~y, 0, A.~ DenS~ova, V. V.= Ivanov, Y~, V~; and :{olcmeyev,
M. p. "Exper~.mental Study o~ the ~ffeot of Condenea~~on du~3ng ~the
Effeot of CO -Zase~ Rad~.a~ion on C~oud MAdSa~" TBUDY ZEM, xo i3(58)~
i9?6~ PP 95-~07, -
4~ 7 huk, I. V~ ~ Malakhov ~ V. A. ~ Malykhin ~ A~ P~ ~ and ~mirnov ~ V, V~
"Television Coun~er o~ Fiesion Fragment Traoks~" PR7~OAY I"~EI4INa{A
EK9P~R~A, xo 3~ i975~ ~ 179-181,
5~ Kolomeyev~ M~ P~ "Possibil3~ty of Obtaining Holographia lmages o~ Ice
Cryst,als," MErEOROJAGIYA I GIDROTAGIYA~ No 7~ 19?7, pp iii-ii3~
6~ "IaZery" ~Laser,s]~ ~ollectSon of articlea ed3ted by V. P. Pavlov~ Moscow,
xautca ~ i97? ~ PP 86-zi3,
7~ Malakhov, V, A.s and 3m~rnov~ V. V. "TelevSsion Counter of Cloud pax-
ticles~" TRUDY I~M~ No 4(38)~ Z9?3~ PP 7~-93~
8. Savchenko, A~ V.s and Smirnov~ V. V. "Cerfi,ain Laws Coverning the Spatial
Distribu~ion of Cloud particles," TRUDY ~ENI~ No 4(38) ~ 1973~ pp88-100~
9. Smirnov~ V. V. "Use of Television Unit to Examine ~nd Photograph Aerosol
Particle Samples," "Materialy 8-y mezhvuz. konf~ po aerazolyam" [Materi-
als of E3ghth Conference of Schoola of Higher Education on Aerosols],
oaessa, i968, pp 34-35.
10. Smirnov~ V. V. "Isolation and Analysis of Characteristic Dimensions of
Ob~ects by Methods of Television Autotoatica~" TE~iIKA KINO I T~,'I.EVI- ~
DENIYA~ No iz~ i97o~ PP 17-2~�
11. Smirr.ov~ V. Y. "Generatory na tunnel'nykh diodakh" rTunnel-Diode Genera-
tors], Moscow~ Energiya~ 19?1, 46 p.
12~ 5m3rnov~ Y. Y. "Generator monodispersnykh kapel"' [Generator of Mono-
Dispersed Drops]~ patent No 486806, BYITLI~TEN' IZOBRLTENIY~ No 37~ 19?5~
13. 3mirnov~ Y. Y~~ Goncharov~ N. V.= and Yaskevich~ G. F. "Television
Analyzer of Aerosol Microstructure 'Taran'~""Materialy 3-y. Vsesoyuzn.
konf. po aerozolyam" CMaterials of Third A11-Union Conference on Aero-
sols~, Yerevan, Vol 1, 1977~ Moscox, Nauka, 19?7, pp 148-149.
14. Smirnov~ V. V.i and Yaskevich~ G. F. "Ustroystvo dlya formirovaniya i
schityvaniya izobrazheniy dvizhushchikhsya mi3~ oob"yektov" CDevice for
Formation and Metering of Images of Movir~g Microob3ects]~ Patent
No 5?8647, BYULIETEN' I20BRETENIY, No 40~ 1977. ,
15. Smir~:ov, V. V~= and Yaskevich~ G. F. "Formation and Analysis of Holo-
grams in Paxtially Coherent I,ight,""Optika i spektroskopiya" tOptics
and 3pectroscopy], 19?8 (at press).
133
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
, -
FOR OFFiCZAL USE ONLY
16~ Yask~vioh~ G~ F~ "S~~uotu~e o~ Defocuased Imagas w3~h Paxtially
Ooherent Zllwnina~ion~" ~RU~~r ~~c~ xo i4~59)~ i97d~ pp 94-io3,
i7~ Lilie~ Z, Cr.uv~~ T~ C~~ ~nd Carvsy~ D. M~ "7n si~u Iee Cryata~,
Counbing by M~ans of a LaeAr-T~levS,sion Oamera ~ystem~""Abatr~ of
Tnternat, Cloud Physios Oonf~'~ (Boulder~ Colorado, 26 J~aly-6 Augus~t~
L9?6)~ i976~ Pp 29-3~~
18~ Kno].lenberg~ R~ G. ~'Thres New Zr~s~rumen~ta for Oloud Physios M~asure-
mentss the Second Spee~rometer ~ the Forward Sca~tterir,~ Speo~txometer ~ ,
and the Active 8cattering Speatrome~ter~" "Proceed~ Ir?~,ern. Oloud
phy~ias Conf~ (8oulder~ Colorado~ 26 July-6 Auguat~ 1976), 19?6,
19~ Smisnov~ Y. Y. "ElA~~troata~io Co1lee~ion of Ae~osol Par~icle on a Sphere
a~t Tntermedia~te Reynolds Number J~ Aerosol Soi. ~ Vo1 i976 ~ pp 473-
4?7.
134
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL'Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICiAL US~ ONLY ~
~ 551, 509. 6i5: ( iaz. z+~ie3, ozz)
FOG DS39IPATION W1TH THE ~Ip OF SURFACE-AGTNE 3UBS~ANC~S
Mosoow MEr~QR01AGIYA I GZDROIAGTYA in Ru$sian No 5~ May ?g pp 106-112
CArtielA by Dootor of Phyraieal and Mathematical 8oleneea M. V. Buykov~ and
Candida~e of ~hy8~,ca1 and Mathematical Sciences V. I. Khvorost'yanov~
Ukra3nian 8eientific Research Hydrometeorologieal InstStute~ submitted for
publica~tion 11 Ju1 78]
Abatract~ A survey is made of th~ theoretical and experi-
men~Eal works on fog disaipation with the help of aurface-
ac~Sve substances, and the outlook for further research ia
dis~ussed~
[Text] Dissi~ation or prevention of formation of fog is of great value for
guaranteeing the operation of aviation and other types of htgh-apeAd txana-
portation. Currently~ methods have been developed and are bei used 3n
practice for disaipation of supercooled (temperature belox -3�C~ fcg. Super-
cooled fog is in the metastable state, and introduction of iae crysta,ls into
the fog in the necessary concentration results in the disappearance of drops
and improvement in visibility, Operatinnal systems of supercooled fog dissl-
pation are irorking in a number of airports in E~ope and North America.
Noxever the ma3ority of fogs are xarm (over thEi European territory of the
Soviet Union--70y6, on the territory of the 1rnited States--9~ [13, 3p]) .
Although fairly many methods have been pronosed for improving visibility in
xarm fog [20,30], only the methods based ~~n forced evaporation of dropa
(thermal~ hygroscopic~ use of helicopters~ i~ave reached the s
experiments~ while the thermal method has been p~actically emptloyedfinield
certain countries.
The method based on introduction irito the fog of vapors of surface-active
substances (SA3) is the most attractive in many respects. Modi.~ication of
the surface of cloud particles by 3AS can influence the processes of fuefon
and ~ragmentation of drops~ or the processes of condensation or evaporation
by r~d ucing the coefficient of water condensatfon. Only the latter effect is
important for fog.
135 :
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
, '
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAt, US~ ONLY '
T he introduc~ion of SAS vapoxg in~o the volume o~ ais be~ore fog ~ormc~tion
and ~he3r adaorpt3.on on the sur~aoe of cloud nuols~. of oondensation must
lower ~he coofficien~ o~ aondansation, strongly ratard their aondensation
growth under conditions o.f ahanging humidity~ and delay their tranaformation
into cl.oud drop~ [,12]~ Since und~r na~ural con~i~ion~ air cooling and
increase in ~the rela~ive humidity can be continued~ then a reduatSon Sn ~the
aativity of ~the nucleS by SAS vapors oan p~event th~ ~ormation of fog only
duxing a cer~tain ~ime in~terval.~ The introduction a~ this stage o~ a g~ii
number of unmodified condensation nuclei can result in fog formation with
]argex drops and greater visibility range~ -
It 3s suggested in C27] that the SAS vapors have the a~trongest effect on
aativation of the smallest nucJ.ei, while activa~ion of a small number of
large nuclei results in the �ormation of fog made of larger drops~
Over 20 years have passed since the formulation of the idea of passiva~ion
of condensation nuclei for the purpose of fog dissipation~ and in thia time '
a large volume of theoretical, labora~ory and field work has been carried
out whose analysis will also be covered in thia survey~
T heory of condensation growth of passivated drops~ T he fundamentals cf the
theory of passivation of ~the condensation growth of an individual drop in an
atmosphere containin SAS vapors have been developed by B. V. Deryagin and
Yu~ S~ Kurgin ~9, 25~� With the help of the method of ~the boundary sphere
to describe the transfer of molecules of water and SAS equations were
obtained for the change in radius r and the degree of filling of the mono-
layQr S. In the equation for the velocity of drop ~owth the experimentally
esta~~lished fact C23] is taken into account that with the attainmeni; of S
of a certain value Sk a very rapid reduction in Oc occurs~ Theref'ore one
can approximately assum~ that xith 54S (i.e.~ in the presence of the
adsorption layer) a�Ot~. For cetyl alco~iol Skps0,976 [23]~ a~�3.5�10`5 r8, 18],
' An important role in the problem of passivation is played by the critical
oversaturation of water vapor d [9~ 25] that is defined as ~supersaturation
d~ 3ng xhich breakdown of the SA~pcondensation monolayer occura on the '
growing drop. In [9, 25~ the critical snpersaturation was determined with
the help of a study on'.thE asymptotics of the solution to the Deryagin-
Kurgin equations with great times, and in [10~ b a qualitative analysis
of the equations the lower and upper limits for ~ xere established~ In
publications [10, 17] it was assumed that during s~rsaturation equal to the
critical~ the degree of filling of the monolayer is not altered with time~
and by this method an explicit expression was obtained for d on the con-
iition that absorption occurs in a diffusion pattern~ while ~ie grottth of
tho drop in a kinetic pattern. Calculations according to this formula yield
for the main f~action of nuc3ei of condensation (0.08-0.27 �m) values of �
n =4-12~. T hese calculations did not take into consideration the presence
ofk~alt in the drops. However, the calculations made in [29? 31] xith
regard fer salinity~ with somexhat different hypotheses yielddd approximately
the same values.
136
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL t?SE Oi~fLY
In ~the ma~ori~y of pub~.3~ation~ ~ho Deryagin-Ku~gin ~quations were aolv~d
aith the sta~tin~ ao~~~,t~on 9 gl~ whioh oorresponds ~o the oompla~tA filling
of the mono].ayer~ is ~.mpo~~Qnt ~o also examSne ~ha~ casa where ~the non-
p~~siv~t~d ardp i~ aar~~.ed in~to .an a~tmosphe~~ supexsa~ura~Eec~ xi~h wa~er vapcr
and Qontaining SA~ vapo~cs (~(0)~~~ The OoJ:ution ~to ~hese equa~tiona xith
suQh a dondit3on was obtain~~ in by ~pproxS.ma~Ee an~lytioal and num~rieal
methods~ Z~ was shown ~that du~ing supersa~turatione ~tha~ eonei~erhbly excAA~ -
the ~typic~]. va].u~s for ~eal fog~ ~he pasa3va~tion ~Eime is aho~ti ~or ~the
atart3n~ radius r s20 ~,l,m w~.~th ~~0 ~?9b S reachea ~he value S in 200 s~ xhere-
by ~the drop radSu~ is 3.n~xeased lesa ~than 2-fold~ With au~raa~uratlons
typioal �or rad3ation fog~ ~he pasgiva~E3on ti.me doea not ex~eefl aeveral ~na
of seconds, and the radius o� the drop ia increased by several peraents~ I~E
ls shown in [5] that the passivation ~ime ia proportional ~Eo tha Snitial drop
rad iua ~
Iaboratory stud~es of growth in passivateA drops~ T he first ~xperStnental
data that cqnfirm the exiatence of the passivation effect xere obtained in
j;iz~ 23~~ Detailed ~xperimental s~Eudies of adsorption of ~e~Ey1 alcohol vapora
during the growth and evaporation of individ ual dropa of xater and saline
solu~ions 2~ 150 and 300 �m in si~e are described in [8~ 18]~ Besidea the
condensation coefficient for a passivated drop a the amounts of the diffu-
sion coefficien~ts and pressure of the saturated ~tapors of cetyl alcohol~
the equilibrium adsorption cons~tant, and so forth aere determined~
T he experimental values of the critical supersaturation determined by the
different methods (?9b C18~, 5-~ C16J~ 5-?9~ [19]) agree xell among themsolves
and with the theoretical values given aLove.
T he pass3vation effect of condensation groxth of drops groxing on condensation
nuclei xas confirmed xith the help of the method of flox ultramicroscopy 21]
different-temperature diffusion flow chamber C19]~ ~et method [1~2]. In ~1~2~
it Kas shoxn that in the interval of moisture 80-1009b passivation of~nuclei
made of aluminum chloride results in a reduction in the modal radius and
dispersion of drops grown on modified nuclei.
If the initially passivated nuclei grox in the atmosphere that doea not con-
tain cetyl alcohol vapors~ then~ accordin~ to [2] breakdoxn of the mono-
layer occurs in 3-4 s.
Experimental studies of the passivation process in fog chambers. All the
studies xith individual drops aere conducted either xith fixed supersatura-
tion or with fixed humidity and diminishing supersaturation (groxth in drops
on hygroscopic nuclei)~ Nhile the formation of natural fog occurs under
conditions of grosring relative humidity~ xhich is governed by air cooling.
In addition, in the formation of drop distribution Kith respect to sizes
a broad spectrum of cloud nuclei of condensation participate, xhereby the ~
adsorption of SAS vapors can have a varying effect on the nuclei of diffexent
sizes. T his makes it necessary to conduct theoretical and experimental
stuclies on the SAS action under conditions close to the real, Research in
fog cha.mbers that to a certain degree simulate the real conditions serve this
purpose.
~3?
' FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
-
FOEt O~~~C~AL U~~ dNLY
'~he ~isa~ ~xp~x3men~~ to s~ud ~h~ ~ou~h in gase~va~ed nuolei o~ oonden~~~t3on
- in ~o~ chamb~r~ uere mar1~ in ~15]~ ~t wa~ ~emonstra�ted ~tha~E ~he mod~iaa~ion
by 9A9 v~p~re a~' th~ ~n~A~uble eondeneation nuA~ei. doea not affA~t ~Eh~ p~o=
p~~ti~~ of the form3ng fog in th~ adiaba~ie chamber~ Fog forma~Eion on
passivated solubl~ eondeneation nuale~, in ~1g~ was ~nvestiga~tea under iso~
thermi~ oondi~tions ~rith a rise 3n hum3dity not reaohing 100qb~ wh~le ~n ~16]--
. in and adiabatic ohamber~ The delay ~ime in ~o~ forma~Eion under the influence
of isothermic oondi~3ons waa 45. s~ and under adiaba~t3c oondi~E3ons--3-4 s,
This differen~~ in ~he delay ~Eimas can be explained by ~he fact ~Eha~E uridAr
isothermia con~itions tho nuclei grow xith humidity not greater ~Ehan 1009b~
approach ~the equ3librium si~e~ and the monolayer is not punctured~ Durin~
adiabat3c eooling the ~ats of groxth of aupersa~tura~Eion is 1~4gb/s and wi~hin
~-4 s reaches the cri~ical supersaturation~ after xhioh ~the mono~ayer 3s
broken doxn and grouth oQeurs in ~Ehe ab~~nce of passSvation~
A reduc~ion in optic density of fog durin~ ~Ehe aot3on of Ssothermie oond3tions
is explained by the fact that ~the ~time for reaohing ~the equi.libriwn size of
~the drop groxing on a par~iole o~ salt is inversely p~ oportional to ~the
water condensation coefficient that for passiva~efl nualei is by aeveral orders
smaller th~n for the controls [8~ 18]. T herefore for short observa~Eion times
3n C16] the dimenaions of the drops that g~rex on pasaivated nun~ei xill be
smaller than on ~Ehe controls.
A detailefl study of the effect of cetyl alcohol vapors on fog formation in an
adiabatic chambor xas ma~dA in C28]. In one seriea of experiments SA8 xas
added ~o a chambar containing a formed fog. T hen compression xas carried out
in the ehamber during xhich a monolayer of cetyl alcohol xas formed on the
fog drops. After compression expansion xas started that lasted about 25 min~
then the fog be~an to dissipate as a consequence of the xarming of the chamber.
T he difference between the development of pelssivated and nonpassivated fog in
visibility range and in drop distribution xith respect to aizes tiras observed ~
both during compression~ and during expansions visibility in the passivatsd
fog was srorse than in the control= the drop spectrwn xas narroxer, xhile the
numb~r of drops xas greater in the passivated fog. By the end of the stage
o: e~ansion the properties of the passivated and control fog xere identical.
A natural breakdotrn in the passivated fog occurred sloxer than the control.
In the other series of experiments the vapors of cetyl alcohol xere intro-
duced Snto the chamber before the beginning of expansion, i.e,, passivation
of the condensation nuclei occurred. After a 30 minute delay expangion
occurred.
'~he visibility range in the passivated fog xas greater than in the control~
iuring the first 10 minutes of expansion (fig 1). In 2.5 min the visibility
range in the passivated fog 2.5 km~ in the control--0.6 km. After 10 minutes
the properties of both fogs begin to coincide. The natural breakdoxn of the'
pa.ssivated fog occurs more sloxly than that of the control.
Based on these experiments C28] draxs a conclusion about the unsuifi,ability
of passivation to prevent fog formation.
138
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
f0~
~
! ~
!
. ~~TD �t0 �f0 0 !0 ml~u~
, .
Figure 1. Yisibility Range (feA~) in Passiva~ed (1) and Control (2) Fogs
MAasured 3.n Fog Chaiaber. Expansion in Chamber Begins with ~t~0
~Figure ~taken f~om publication [28]) ~
Nume~ica]~ Modeling of Evolution of Passivated Fog in Chambers. In publication
[31] the resul~Es are given of a numeri~al solution to the Deryagin-Kurgin
equations~ equations for temperature and supersatura~ion. Correotions xere
made in the equations for velocity of condensation groxth of dropa for the
curvature and salinity of drops. '
At the starting moment in time all the nu~lei xere located in equilibrium
xith the medium uith 9896 relative hwnidity~ and frere covered xith a monolayer
of cetyl alcdhol. It xas assumea that the chamber xas ftlled xith cetyl
alcohol vapors xhose swomary amount in the vaporaus phase and adsorbed state
was not further altered. In certain calculations the cetyl alcohol density
vapor ex~eeded the satura~ion and the condensation of cetyl aloohol on the
su~face of drops_iras taken into consideration. The ma,~ority of calculations
xere made xith velocity of cooling 2oC/h until fog formation and 0.75�C/h
after its formation. The problem xas solved for one sea (total concentration
433 Cm-3) and txo continental apectra of nuclei (1000 and ~1000 cni 3).
Th~ ~alculations demonstrate that xith the atart of coaling supersaturation
_ begins to riee, reaching for the sea spectrum of nuclei the maxLaum value
0.1196 in the control fog and 2-qy~ in the passivated fog depending on the
initial concentration of SAS vapors. A sharp drop in supersaturation in the
passivated fog further xas governed by a puncture in the monolayer on small
drops (according to [10]~ Qk Nr ~?ith small r)~ xhich results in an increase
in the sate of corxlensation ~rox~h a hundred t~mes. ps a result of this the
drops xith destroyed monolayer begin to overtake the passivated drops in
~ their groxth.
139
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY -
~ ' ~
, .
f0~
4
~ .
~
9 ' `
s ~
~O o rooo ~oooo ce,~ ~ -
' ,
Figure 2~ Viaibility Rang~a ~m) in Control and Passivated Fog~ Computed for
, Condi~ions of Fog~~Formation in Expanaion Chamber xith Sta~rting
Rate of Cooling 2�C~h~ Sea Type of Spectrum of Condensa~Son
Nuclei. Different Starting Concentration of Oe~y1 Alcohol Vapora
in Chamber Correspond to Different C~ves. (Figure taken f~om
publica~ion [31]).
Keys
1. 0 4. 10-10 /cm3 ~
z. 6'10-11 ~~~m3 5, 2�l0-1~ 8~,~m3
3. 8~1o-li g~~~3 .
Figure 2 shows the dependence of visibility range on the time for different
starting values of density of cetyl alcohol vapors. 2he visibility range
in the passivated fog is higher than in the control until the monolayer begins
to break down on small drops~ then it is aharply reduced and becomes 2-3 ~Eimes
narrosrer than in the control fog. The duration of existence of the improved
�~isibility in the passivated fog depends on the starting concentration of
cetyl alcohol vapors and for nuclbi of the sea type com~risea t~om 20 to `
70 cnin. For nuclei of the continental type the general nature of procesaes
is preserved~ however an exacerbation of visibility occurs somewhat earlier.
On the xhole the results of these calculations are in qualit,a~ive agreement
xith the experimenta des~ribed. in [28].
Analogous calculations for drops formed on sea nuclei of condensation and .
passivated by na.tural means are given in [29]� ' �
Calculation of the groxth of a group of passivated and nonpassivated drops of
pure Kater in a c,hamber (st,a~ti~g radiua 1 �m concentxation--500 cm-3 r$te `
of cooling 1.7~C/h) made in ~17j on the condi~ion of the existence of.~ .
. ;
140
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
" . ~
.
. .
, _ - . ~ , r, . , . .:;R , . . ~ . . , . .
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFZCIAL US~ ONLY '
monolay~~c a~ all momen~s of ~ime~ ehowed ~ha~ wi~hin 20 min ~he s~.ze of
the passiva~ed drop is ~wo ~imes s,~iiAr ~tha,n ~he nonpasaiva~ed~ and wi~thin
1, h the~.r d~mensions coin~ida~
Rssults o~ ~ie1d exper~.men~ts, Experiments under ~ull-soaZe condi~ions ~o
prevent fog wi~h the help of SA8 were made in Aus~tral~a and ~he Soviet Union~
In Austral3a C24~ ~he experimen~ts were made over reservo3rs loea~ted in
' connec~ing mountain vaZleys up ~to 600 m dsep,and up to 20 ktn long~ The mod~,-
fication was oarried out during the entire nigh~ from 21,00 to 6,00-7~00
w3th ~Ehe help of an aerosol generator with output of 25 kg/h th~t discharged
into the a~mosphere submicron par~tieles of higher alcohols~ A~total of four
exper3ments were made~ In two of them in the reg~.on of operation of the
- genera~or no ~og was formed~ in one an Aleva~tion was obaerv~d in ~he lower
boundary o~ ~og at al~t3tude 100 m and ra3n in ~he zone of operat3on of the
generator, and in ~the las~ test ~he entSre arm of ~he mountain valley in
wh3ch the genera~tor was located was entirely olear of fog~ During ~he ~arrying
out of ~the work in eight cases fog was observed tha~ was not modified~ In
viewing these observa~tions as the control experiments the authors C24] came
to ~the conol~usion ~tha,t the experiments were su~cessful' .in ha,ving an effect
since only in one of the control cases was a continuous fog formed in ~Ehat
p1ac~ where no influence was made on the fog~ However~ the authora note 'that
in two cases the movement of a1s was not 3n that direction where the disai-
pation occurred~ arbd 3n three cases out of four the volwne proved to be
f~ee of fog that could not be pasaivated with 25 kg~.h output of the reagent.
Fog that wag modified as described Sn [24] is not radiation fog~ but is
formed as a consequence of the esta,blishment of breeze c3r cula~ion in the
mountain vallsys filled with waters during the night the valley slopes are
colder than the mirror of the reservo3r and runnf`F of air flrom the slopes
must result in the emergence of ascending currents. In fact~ according to
[24~ the fag is alxa,ys formed at a certain altitude and is lowered to the
water surface, i~e., is a cloud with descending lower boundary~ while the
radiation fog is generated near the earth. In this case, pasaivation of the'
nuclei by SA~ vapors must result in the elevation of the ioxer boundary~
Accnrding to [1?~ 31] delay in fog formation can be about an hour~ with
ascending movements about 3 cm/s this results in an elevation of the 2ower
boundary by 100 m~
Txo series of experiments were conducted in the USSR.
In 19?1 a group of Odessa University set up tests in the region of Baryshevka
settlement in the Kievskaya oblast. The reagent (shebekinskiy alcohol C17
C) wa.s introduced xith the help of an aerosol
2~ g~h. The fog that xas . modified was generatedeinttheWValleyofithe
Trubezh R iver and its thicknaes did not exceed 4 m. The modification was `
started before the fog formation = to evaluate the affect the method of
control and experimental area xas used. Sixteen tests xere tnade on the
modified area and 6 observations xere i~a,d~ of' natural fog development.
During inodification the delay in fog formation on the test section as compared
to the control was 20- min. Under natural conditions fog developed the
same on both sections ~22, 2(~~
141
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFZCIAL USE ONLY
In 8eptemb~r 19?2 experim~ntg on ~og dissipa~tion wSth the ~he help of 8AS
were se~t up by ~the gr~up o~ th~ In~ti~ut~ of Phy~ical ChemSetry of ~he USS~
Academy .of 9c~.ences in ~he floodplain of ~the Seym R~,vex ~.n the ~eg~.on of
Ryl'sk `11, 26~~ Pho~ography aarried out from a.balloon demonstrates ~ha~t
asound the aBrosol generator ~,n the fog the~e is a, dark spot indiaa~~.~g,
apparently~ ~he fog d3ssipa~ion~ Tha area of ~tha apot S,s 3500-5000 m(aecor-
ding ~to s~oial report o~ the executors) and ~he visibility range in ~Ehia
zone was Smproved 3-4-fo1d~
The f3eld exper~,ments made in the USSR strongly differ in ~the meteorological ~
cond3~ions from th~ Australian experimenta therefore it Ss imposaibla to
compare them~
n~lays in ~og formation (20-70 min) attainea by the introduotion of SAS in
the tests made by the group of Odessa State Univeraity are com arable in
amount to the resulta of calculat3ons for ~the ~hambera [17~ 1~~ although
the also considerably exceed the exper3mental va1u8 (l0 min~ obtained 3n
c28~~ It is possibla that th3s difference is governed by the too great
coaling rate in [28]. ~
i~'rom the description of the t.ests made by the groups f~om Odeasa State Uni-
versity and the Institute of Physical Chemistry it follows that evidently
in tho zone of SAS generator action the fog is not formed at all,and the
delay time was determined according to the flox of fog f~om the control area.
Apparently~ passivation of condensation nuclei resulting in the growth of
suporsaturation of the water vapor in the zone of generator action can
intensify the precipita.tion of dew on the soil (condensation on the soil) and
at the same time create a certain dehydration o~ the near-surface air layer~
W ith the coefficient of turbulent excha,nge 5 cm /s in an hour a layer can be
dehydrated of about 2 m~ which is commensurate with the thickness of the fog
described in [22],
Numerical modeling of evolution under natural conditions of passivated
radiation fog~ T he model ~hat takes into consideration the main meteorologi-
c11 factors tha,t affect fog development, and tha,t permit a description of the
kinetics of the processes occurring during the effect on fog by SAS vapors
h~s been developed in [3~ 4~ 6]. The system of equations of the model in-
cludes equa,tions of dynamics of the planetasy boundary layer and equations
of transfer of heat~ moisture,and long-wa,ve ra.diation: it takes into account
the heat and m~isture exchange with the soil.
tn order to describe the aicrophysical processes in fog the kinetic equation
is used for the function of drop distribution according to dimensioas. The
model makes it possible to~compute .as the functions o:f altitude and time
the temperature~ humidity, xind velocity~ coefficfent ot' turbulent mixing~
rate of radiation cooling, as vre 11 as the microphysical characteristics-- ~
supersa.turation and drop spectra. T he use of this approach to simulate the
na,t~al development of fog made it possib~e to describe many observed features
of its development, as xell as to predict a number of new effects [3~4,6].
Due to the insufficient power of the computer the model does not compute in
142 '
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL U3~ ONLY
ZM
60
- l
---d
40 ~ t
~ I
~ J ~ s
~ ~ �o "'~s "
4~,/~ 6 . s~/~ ~ ~ -
\ 4 ~6 ~ ~ i~
~ ~ ~
~ ~9T/ ~a - -t ~ .
d; de 3 1 0~ S r .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ g~ q3 9~
Figure 3, Qancentration N~105 g'1 (1) and Mean Ra.dius r �m (2) of Drops=
Water Con~Eent qL g/Itg ( 3) = Rate of Radiation Cooling ( T) x
10"3pC~s (4) = Visil~ility Range 1~10a m(5) ~ Supersatura~i~~
~10" g~kg~ 10'b g/kg (6)= tsl h 40 min. I--xith modification~
II--Kithout mo~ification,
detail the process of activati~n of condensation nuclei and their transfor-
mations into drops~ in particu2ar~ it does not conaider the effect of curva-
ture~ salinity and reverse transition of the drops into nuclei. Hoxever~ the
delays computed in [17] for passivated drops of pure water are close to the
d~lays found:xith precise computation of passivated condena~tion nuclei [31]~
Calculations of the evolution of modified fog we~e made xith the folloxing
values of parameterss velocity of geostrophic xind--3 m~s, initial humidity--
9096, temperature on surface 10~C, the calculations xere made for night con-
ditions. The atmosphere contains SAS vapors xhose concentration is sufficient
for formation of a saturated monolayer on fog drops. As ahoxn in C5] the
formation of a monolayer occurs in the time that is much shorter than the
characteristio time for fog formation~ therefore from the moment of SAS intro-
duction the drops were considered passivated.
In the calculations at first a reduction xas obaerved in the temperature of
the soil and ad3acent air layer governed by the radiation cooling, and xith-
in 1 h 10 min--fog formation. Figure 3 presents the condition of the fog
in 30 min of~its development (1 h 40 min from the start of inetering) xhen
the greatest difference is observed in the developtnent of the modified and
contxol fogs~ T he greatest increase in visibility range (1.5=fold) is '
reached at altitude 10 m~ In the loxer 20-meter layer the mean drop radius
143
FOR OPFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOIt OFFYGIAL US~ ONLY
and rrater oontant ase lower~ while ~he drop oonoentra~tion ia greater in ~the
modif~.ed fog than in ~he ~ontroZ~ Th~a ig explained by ~he deoslera~ion in
drop ~~owth~ howe~~r not by ~hree oxders as it shouJ.d be in oorres~ondence
with the change in oondensa~tion coeffiois~nt~ A~ ~~iiow~ ~om ~~.gure 3~
supersatur~tion in ~he m~dified fog is 100 times ~ea~er ~thesefoxe the ra~e
of grow~th during modi�i~ation is only ~~5-~oia iaag, A.n analogous inorease
in supersaturation in the passivated fog has beAn establishea in ~3i~. T hus,
th~ fog as a thermodynamic syatem is subbrdinat~ to the Le Chatelier prSn-
cip1A~ accordSng to wh3~h in the ayatem sub3eet ~to external modification pro-
cesses emerge that stxive ta compensate for s~9 a~~~~t Ci~]~ T he somewhat
lower increase in the visibility ra e in this model as aompared to the
calculations ~or the chamber ,[17~ 31~ ia governed bY ~at~atSon~asepeva~orated
vated drops carr3ed into the reg3on of negative supera P
slower ana the numbe~ of completely evaporated drops is reduced on the upper
boundary of the fog~ i~A,~ their concentration increases~ T his same effect
explains ~the great thickness of the passivated fog~.and the existence o~ its
upper layers in negative supersaturation~ ,
With the further development the visibility in the passivated fog is worse~
while its thickness is greater. In those cases where the natural fog is
separated from the earth and is converted into 1ow~ cloudiness~ during modi-
fication near the earth the fog is preserved with visibility range 300 m.
Numerical exper iments were also conducted where the introduction of a reagent
into an already formed fo~g was simulated~ Here it was established that the
increase in the visibility range was smaller than in the case examined above.
T hus~ the results of the numerical exper Lnent on fog simulation agree with
the resuli,s of the calculations for chambers and chamber experiments [17~
28, 3i]~ and pxedict a number of new effects governed by the intensification
of colloidal stability of a passivated fog.
Conclusion. T he research carried out in the last 20 years on the use of SAS
t~or fog dissipation shoxs that this method can result only in the delaying
of fog formation. Modification of the formed fog intensifies its colloidal
stability.
Experimental stwdies in chambers and numerical modeling of .fog formation for
conditions close to the natural demonstrated that,an improvement in visib311ty
in the passivated fog lasts longer than an hour. Although in field exper i-
ments made in Ausicralia the improvement in visibili~y lasted for several
hours~ however the authors exgress doubt as to the reliability of the findings.
In 1.his respect the thorough verification of ~the hypothesis advanced in the
article about the more abundant dex precipitation resulting in dehydration of
the lower air layer in the zone of passivation of condensation nuclei~ in
particular for thick fogs is of great importance. Unfortunately~ as of yet
the idoa about the i~itroduction of additional c~ndensation nuclei into the
zon6 of passivation to reduce the excess supersaturation of xater vapor has
not been realized. For this purpose one can use~ for example, the insoluble
condensation nuclei, which according to C15]~ are not sub~ect to passivation.
14~4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y
FOR O~FICIAL USE ONLY
Zn oxder to obtain ~the ~~.na]. aoncluaion about the effeotiveness of using
SA8 for fog disaipation it is, necessary continue ~he fuJ.l-sca~.e studiea
providing tests wi~h a fu~.~. se~ of ineasuremen~s o~ fog chasac~er~,atics and
me~eorologioa~. parameters~ Zn the are~ of theo~y the primary task 3a
numeriaa~ modeling of the effeot on fog wi~h a deta3.led desoription of ~he
process of ac~tivation o~ oondenaation nuoaei and ~ul~i~lmen~ of caloula~3.ona
for ~he aondi~tions cloae to the condi~tions of carrying out the experimen~~
B~BLIOGRAPHY
1. Bakh~nova� R, A. = and S~.layev~ A. V. "Evaluation of Ro~tardation of Drop
Grow~th on Pasaivated Nuolei of Aluminum Chloride~" TRUDY UKRNIGMI~ No 95~
pp 71-S1,
2~ Bakhanova� R~ A.= and Silayev~ A. V~ "Study of Drop Growth on Passivat~d
Condensat3.on Nucle3 with Relative Humid3ty ?,ess than 100~~" TRUDY UKR-
NIGMS~ No 103~ i97i~ pp iz6-136.
3. Buykov~ M. V.s and Khvorost'yanov~ V. T. "Numerical Modeling of ~'og
Formation and Str.atus in the Boundaxy Atmospheric T~ayer on Dry Under-
lying Surface with Regard for Microphysical Propertiea~" TRUDY UKRNZGI4S~
No 146~ f976~ Pp 24-46, ~
4. B uykov~ M. V~i and Khvorost'yanov~ V. I. "Nwn~rical Modeling of Radiation
Fog and $tratus with Regard for Microsctr ucture over Moist Underlying
Surface~'~ TRUDY UKRNIGMI~ xo i52~ 19?7, Pp 36-56.
5. Buykov~ M. V.s and Khvorost'yanov, V. I. 'T heory of Passivation of Fog
Drops by Vapors of Surface-Active Substances," TRUDY UKRNIGMI~ No 152~
197?~ P~ 57-63.
6. Buykov, M. V.i and Khvorost'yanov~ V. I. "Formation and Evolution of
Rt~diation Fog and Stsatus in Boundary Atmosphe~ic Zayer," IZVESTIYA AN
SSSR. FI2IKA ATMOSFERY I OKEANA~ Vol 13~ No 4~ 1977, pp 356-37~�
7. Buykov~ M. V.= and Khvorost'yanov, V. I. "Microphysical Model of Evolution
of Fog with Introduction of Vapors of Surface-Active Substances,"
EKS~RESSLINFORMATSIYA. M~fiE0R0IAGIYA~ No 1(48~, 1977~ PP 1-9� _
8. Deryagin, B. V.; Fedoseyev, V. A.; and Rozentsvayg~ I,. A. "Study of
Adsorption of Cetyl Alcohol Vapors and Its Effect on Evaporation of ,
Wafi.er Drops," DOKZADY AN SSSR~ Vol 167, No 3, 1966, pp 617-620.
9. Deryagin~ B. V.; and Kurgin~ Yu. S. "Thenry of Passivation of Conden-
sation Growth of Fog Drops by Vapors of Cetyl Alcohol~" KOISOIDNYY
ZHURNAL~~Vol 34, No 1~ 19?2~ pp 36-42.
10. Der yagin, B. V.; and Kurgin, Yu. S. "Question of Passivation of Conden-
sation Groxth of Fog Drops by Cetyl Alcohol Vapors," DOKI~ADY AN SSSR~
Vol 216, No 5, 1974, pp 1087-1090.
' 145
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFTC~AL USE ONLY
~.1, Deryagin, B,~ V~ i Tsonov~ I,. F. i Prokhorov, P. S. = Malikov~ B~ A. i and
, 2elo~arev, I~ A. "Zabora~tory Studies and Fie1d Experiments to Prevent
Radiation Fog Formation," aiFORMATSIONNYY BYULT~ETEN', GUGMS, No 8,
z97z,
12, Izmaylova~ G, 2,i Prokhorov~ P, S.i and Deryag3.n, B. V~ "Possibility ~
of Surface Activation and Passivation of Condensation Nuc~lei of Water
Vapors~" KOZ?AIDNYY ZHURNAL~ Vol 19, No 5~ ~957�
, 13, Koshelenko~ Z~ V. "Fogs," TRUDY UKRNIGMI, No 155, 1977? 15~ P� ~
~ 14~ Landau~ Z. D. and I,ifshi-ts~ V. M. "S~tatisticheskaya fizika" CStat3s-
tical P hys3.ca~, Moscow, Nauka, 196~, 567 p~
15, Zeonov~ Z. F.; Prokhorov, P. S.; Yefanova~ T. A.; and 2olot,asev, I,A.
"Possibility of Passivation of Condensation Nuc3ai by~~Cetyl Alcohol
Va~pors," k'I2Il{A AERODISPERSNYKH SISTEM~ No 2, 1970, p~ i3-20.
16, 7~eonov, Z. F.i Prokhorov~ P. S.; and Zolotarev, I. A. "Passivation of
Condensatinn Nuclei of Sodium Chloride by Cetyl Alcohol Vapors," FI22KA
AERODISPERSNYKH SISrEM~ No 5~ 197z, pP 7-11~ , ,
17, I,eonov~ Z. F.; Prokhorov~ P. S.; and Malikov~ B. A. "Conditions for
Preserving the Screening Effect of SAS Monolay~rs on Water Drops Growing
in a Supersa~turated Medium,".KOLIAIDNYY ZHURNAZ~ Vol 39~ No 3~ 1977�
18. Rozentsvayg, T,. A.; Deryagin, B. V.; and Fedoseyev~ V. A. "Effect of -
Cnty1 Alcohol Monolayer on Condensation Growth of Drops of Aqueous
Solutions~" DOK~A.DY AN SSSR, Vol 176, 1967, pp 635-638~ ' ~
19. Silayav, A. V.; Royev~ Z. M. "Study of Fog Formation on Natural and
Artificial Condensation Nuclei in Different-Temperature F1oW Cha,mber~"
"'I'rudy N i V vsesoyuznykh mezhvuzovskikh konferentsiy po ispareniyu
goreniyu i gazovoy dinamike dispersnykh sistem" [Proceedings of Fourth
and Fifth A11-Union Conference of Schools of Higher Eduction on Evapora-
tion, Combustion and Gas Dynamics of Disperse Sys~ems], Kiev~ Naukova
Dumka, 1967~ PP 200-205.
20. Solov'yev, A. D. "Pi~ysical Bases for Methods of Modifying Warm Fog~;"
"Issledovaniya po fizike oblakov i aktivnym vozdeystviyam na, ogodu"
[Studies on Physics of Clouds and Active W~ea~ther Modifi~ation~~ Moscow~
Gidrometeoizdat, 1967~ pp 209-217.
?1. Storozhilova~ A. I. "passivation of Hygroscopic Condensation Nuclei by
- SAS Adsorption from Gas Pha,se~" F'IZIKA AERODISPERSNYKH SISTEM, No 1~
1969~ PP 4~0-~.
22. Fedoseyev~ V. A., et a1. "Study of E'ff'ect of SAS on Generation of Radi-
ation Fog," FI2IKA AERODISPERSNYKH SISTEM, No 7~ 1972, pp 3-6.
146
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY .
' :
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICZAL USE ONLY
2~~ ~arnea~ G~~ and Za Mer~ Y, "Re~a~rda~~.on o~ Evapora~ion by Monolayers~
T~ansport P~ooesa~" ~962,
24~ Si.~g~ E. R~~ Brownacombe, J. L~~ and Thompson~ W, J~ "Fox Modi~ioa~tion
wi~th Long-Ohain Aleohols~" J~ ApPZ~ ME~TEOROL~ ~ Vol 8~ No 1~ ig69~
np 75-ez, ,
2~~ Der3ag~t3n~~ 8~ V~ s and Ki~g~.n~ Yu~ S~ "~heoxy of PassSvation of ~h~
Growth of Wa~er Condensation Nuelei by Cetyl Aloohol Vapo~~" "Proo.
9eventh 7ntarn~ Conf, on Oond, and Ice Nucl~ ~ 1969~ Pragwe-Yienna~
p ~Z,
26~ Der3aguin~ 8, V~~ e~;al~ "P~ablems o~ RAdiation Fog Prevention~""Proo~
WMO/IAMA~ 9~eS~ Conf. on Weather Modif3cat3on~ i973~ Tashkent~ pp 29-33~
27~ Juisto~ J. E. "Pro~eat Fog Drops~ Inve~tigationa of Warm Fog Proper~ties
_ and Fog Modification Cencep~s~~~ Cornell Aercnautical I~abs~ Ina~ Re~t.~
CR-72~ 1964,
.
28, Kocmond~ W~ C.= Garrett~ W. D.i and Maor~ E. J. "Modification of Labora-
tory Fog with 4rganic Surface Filma~" J, G~OPHYS. RES~ voi 77~ i97z,
pp 3221-323a..
29~ Podzimek~ J~; and Saad~ A~ N. "Re~ta,rdation of Condensation Nuclei Growth
by Surfactant,� J. GEOPHYS. R~;S,~ Vol 80, No 24~ 19?5, pp 3386-339z~
30~ S1lverman~ B. A~i and Weinstein~ A. I. "F'og," "Weather and Climate
Mod~fication~" 1974, New York (edited by W. N. Hess)~ W iley~ pp 355-382.
31, W~rner~ J.~ and Warne~ W. G. "T he Effect of Surface Films in Retarding
Growth by Condensation of Cloud Nuclei and Their Usa in Fog Suppression~"
_ J. APPL. METEOROI,~, voi 9, No 4, 1970~ Pp 639-650.
147
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~oR o~FiczAr, us~ orn~Y =
;
t~ 55i,5~o9z)
SN MEMORY OF TH~ 9dPH BIATHDAY OF SEMEN ,7YANOVICH ~ROZTSKIY
Moacow MErEOROZOGIYA I GIDROIAGIYA in Russian No 5~ Mxy ?9 pp 113-115
~Ar~3.c1A by V. M. M3.khel' and A~ 9~ Korovchenko]
Abstra~t~ 8rief 3.nforma~t3.on ia given abou~ the
scientific-gedagogical activity of 8. I. Troi~tskiy and
b3ographical data about ~he saientist~
~Text] One of ~the leading Soviet meteorologiats af a broad profile~ S. I.
Trol.takiy was born on 9 Februasy 1889 (accnrd3ng to the New Style) in St, '
Petersburg in a professor's family~ After graduating from the mathematical
department of the physical and mathematical department of Petersburg Univer-
sity in 1912 he remained in the department of phys~c~ for training to be a
professor, but in 1913 he xas drafted into the army and was aent to the ~
battalion of aeronautical officers school in St. Peteraburg,
T he scientific research activity of Semen ivanovich in the field of ineteoro- ~
logy began in the years of World Was I xhere~ being the senior officer of
the aeronautical unit he conducted aerological observations during air
xeconnaissance. Troitskiy was at the front until the end of 1917~ Khile
fY~om the first days of the forma~ion of the revolutionaxy aeronautical details
i.r, 1918 he entered the Red Army in whose ranks as a militasy aeronaut he
then took active part in the defense of Petrograd against the attack of ~
Yudenich~ After finishing aeronautical achool he remained in it as a teacher
and head of the physics' laboratory~ then xorked as the head of the training `
section, and fina.lly~ in 1918-1919 xas the head of this achool~ The aero-
na.utical school became the forefather.of�domestic aeronautics and aviation,
and within its ~alls the air force glory of our Motherland xas born. Here
M. M. P omortsev and N. N. Kalitin xorked in various yeara as teachei~s and ~
used the training flights of the aerostats for atmospheric research= they
han became ma3or scientists of our country. Here Semen ivanovich also ;
continued to be involved in scientific xork.
In 1920 at the invitation of the head of the aerological observatory .
he began to work as a physiciat of the observatory in Pavlovsk, then--in
the department of the netxork of aerological stations of the geophysical
14$
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~
FOR OFFICIAL U3T ONLY
obaerva~~tory~ A~ ~he aam~ ~~.m~ ho aJ,~o wo~kAd in ~he ~~.~ia o~ m~i~.~y
meteo~o].ogy whe~e he w+aaa~~o a ma~or epeoiali~~~ while up 1927~ bo~.ng
con~inuously in ao~3v~ m~.lStary gerv~.ae 3n ~h~~ Red Army~ he oonfluo~ed re-
searah in ~he field of mili~ary aeronau~ios~
Hav~.ng an ex~ensive knowledge of the needs o~ aeronau~tSog 8~ I. T~oitsk3y
on ~he basis o~ even more combat experienoe of military aeronautics wro~te
~nd publi~hed th~ folldwirig w~k~ ~n using the resources of aeronau~tios
~lubokoy ra~vedke s aerosta~a" ~,Deep ReconnaS~eanae ~om an Aeros~at~
~i9i~~ and "Boyevaya sluzhb~ privyaznogo aerostata" [Qombat serv~.oe of the
Capt3.ve Aeros~a~] (1.919) , In ~the lattar he pa~.d a lot of a~t~tenbion ~to s~tudying
the mateorol~g3ea1 aonaS~tions of the aerostat operation~ His works on
s~udy3ng ~he atmosphare are assoc3.ated w3th aotivity in ~he field of aero-
nautios? Sn one of ~he worka on atmoapheric physios ~tha~ Semen ivanovi~h
aoneidered "hia fisst ser3.ous ind9pendent work~" in the article "Queation
of ~the Struc~ure of an Air Wavs" (1920),based on ~theoretiaal s~Eudies ~then
confl~med experimen~ally wi~th ~the help of spec3al apparatus he~oame to an
im~or tant eonelusion about ~the asymmetry of an air wave that aonaisted of the
fact ~that " in an air wave ~there is a general atriving observed towarda a
aharp rise in ~ho w3nd with s~trong gusta in the anteriox seation of ~he wave
(frontal impact) and compa~atively slow drop with small guats to the rear
section~" 8. M~ Tro3~tskiy returned many timea to this trend of resear~h
that he developed, but already in ~terms of atudying the change in guatineas
af Kind with altitude under different meteorological ~onditions, using the
captivo aerostat for this~
Semon ivanovich viewed the air xaves not as a purely local phenomanon, but
considered that they ".,.encompass a fairly considerable maes of the atmo-
sphere .
8. I, Troitskiy paid a lot nf attention also to questions of cloud phys3cs
and he made many flights to study them. One of these flights was his five-
hour flight 3ointly with the pilot Ye. D. Karamyshev and ~txo auditors of
the aeronautical school that xas made from Zuga on 21 July 1q23,the day xhen
the cloud cover bore a thunderstorm nature. The aerostat entered a thick
cumulus~ and then was betxesn three thunderstorm c2ouds f~om xhich thunder
xas heard~ During the descent of the aerostat under thunderstorm cond3tions~
as a result of the severe training, as 3emen ivanovich noted in this article,
some of the aeronauts sufferad. In this flight the experimental studies were
accompanied by sketches, a description of the clouds~ and observations of
the movement of the storm foci.
The xorks of Semen ivanovich on aeroclimatology linked to the ~ervices of
air transport are very valuable. He developed a method for aerocli.~natolo-
gical processing of the xind that la.ter became widespread as the 'Troitskiy
method." He provided the aeroclimatic chaacacter istics not only for a
number of individual points~ but also for entire routes.
Jointly with 3. K. Ivitskiy in 1g24-1929 S. I. Troitskiy organized tC~e
network of pilot-balloon stations xhose xind souriding data then served as
th~ foundation for a study of tha xind pattern in the ~ee atmoaphere in
149
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
?v?~ va a avbtiU ~J~11S V11L~1
, . . . .
~r . . .,.i f
~ ~r..
~ ~4~:, ~t $:.ti t'.
, :fi~..
Y r~''
d'
~ ~ 4
~ `
' L.
. ~ y
_ ra
~
' W
Figure 1, Teachers and Auditors of State Courses of Observers of
Me~eordlogical Stations of the A~ I. Voyeykov Main
Geophysical Observatory~ Graduating Class of 1930~
Second row from left to rights Shillegodskiy, N. K., Ivitskiy,
S. K.~ Parskiy, N. D~, Kedrolivanskiy~ V. N., Nachinkin, V. T.~
Nezdyurov~ D. F,, Troitskiy, S. I.~ $erezkin~ Y. A. and Sapozh-
nikov~ A. A.
~eroclim3tic and aerosynoptic respects. Seman ivanovich at this time also
xr~te the first instructions for observations of pilot-balloons. For the
theory of tho method of pilot-balloons whose application especially in
aerosynop+~_cs and aeroclimatology was the focus of a lot of attention on
the part of S. I. Troitskiy~the laboratory studies on the peculiarities of
tha distribution of resistance experienced by the balloon in calm and
tarbulent flows (1922) that he conducted jointly with P. A. Molchanov are
ti~ry valua.ble. T hese experimental data made it possi~ble to explain more
rtrictly the nature of the vertical movement of the pilbt-balloons in the
~mosphere .
"Ph~ services of S. I. Troitskiy are especially great in the area of using
aerologi~al d~t~ f r weather fore tin .~i~ develo d the theo o~f xind
change w th a t tuc~e depending on~~ie d~rec on and ~he size of ~~ie orizontal
150
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFIGIAI. U9~ ONLY
4v^
~empe~atu~~ ~adi~nt ~tha~t oonsequ~ntZy ~~o~3.v~d th~ ~~~lA of ~he T~ni~skiy
~heory, ~n th~ op~~a~ional praatiea of aynop~t~.o~ ~triA "rul~ o� ~the cL~yv~
f].ow" is widely used ~ha~ was emp~.rica].ly formula~ed for ~hs f3se~t ~t~,me ~om
the d~~~ o~ ~~,lot-balloon oba~rva~tiona of Troi~akiy and V. M~ MSkhel'
( i93z) .
88men Zvanovi~h ~hen davalop~fl a wh~l~ ~ys~m for foracas~in~ ~Ehe ~ynop~ic
positi,on bas~d m~ihly ot~ ~h~ da~ta on win8 ahang~ w~~h a1~S~tuae ~ A:1~eady
~ i.n ~he ve~y first yeara o~ the developm~n~ of aerology ~the resul~ts ~f
aerolog3cal obaArvat3.ons w~re useful for foreaas~Ein~ evsn in ~he presence
of those 7.3m~ted da~Ea~
3~ I. Troi~Eskiy~ an ac~tual mambAr of the scien~3f3o counoil of ~the Ma3n
Gaophyaioal Observatory sinQe 1926 workAd in ~the obeervatory un~il~the en~
of his life (he died 28 April 19~F)~
3emen Tvano~r3.ch was also known as an Axp~rienced and talented pedagogue~ Ha
taugh~ in ~the Higher Military Aeronau~3.aa1 9chool meteorology~ physi~s and
~he theory o~ aeronau~tios~ an8 Sn the Ins~itute of ~ngineers o~ Means of
Communi~ation--applied ~erodynamios. Ne kas a lec~urer of Leningrad S~ate
University and the head o~ ~the dapartment of aerology at Moacow Hydro-
meteorologScal Insti~tute= he worked as a teacher in the Air Force and Naval
Academies~ in ~he AgronomScal Institute and ~the Agronomi~al Technical School,
and for a long tima taught aerology at state courses for observer-meteorolo-
gists in ~he Main GeOphysical Observa~ory~
,
S. I. Troitskiy as a scient3at,.had a surprising combination of the fine
researcher-theoretician and experimenter. He xas not bent by any xork in
the field, at the test site~ or in flight~ and often participated in the
manufacture of apparatus as a mechanic. T hia xas a man of exceptional
modesty, responsiveneas and great personal charm~
Undoubtedly he uould have done more than xhat xe know~ but his life xas cut
short too soon. Much of xhat he succeeded in doing has firmly entered Soviet
moteorological science and continues to be successfully developed~
151
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
I
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ .
}
Y
*
~
FOR OFFICIAL U8E ONLY z
~
,
UDQ 551,~o8(a9z)
IN CO1~fiENIORAT:~ON OF V~iTOR NZKO?~AYEYICH K~DROLNANSKIY'S 90?TH BIATHDAY
MosaoN N~TEOR07AGIYA I GIDRO?AGIYA in Russian No 5~ May 79~ pp ii5-117 -
[Articla by A~ 8~ Korovchenko~ N. P~Ruain~ and M~ S~ Sternzat] .
Abstraat~ A brief bSography is given aru~ certain Snformation ~
is preaen~Eed on the scientific~ pedagogical and administrative
ao~tivity of the 1eadSng 8oviet soientist and meteorologiat,
V. N. K~drolivanakiy. ,
CText] Tho modern generation of ineteorologist~ rem~idbera Yiktor Nlkolayevich
Kedrolivan'skiy mainly as a padagogue and the author of cour~ea on meteorolo-
gical courses and me~thods of ineteorological n?easurementa. Many of us heard
in different educational institutions the lecturea of Profesaor Kedroli-
vanskiy~ and atudied the meteorological inatruments in the textbooks x~itten
by him.
Yiktor Nikolayevich Has born on 31 March (12 Apri1) 1889 in St~ Petersburg in
tho family of a minor employee. After finishing the ~ymnasium he entered
Petersburg University in the physical-mathematical department. A yrear before
raduating ~om the university~ 1915 he Kas accepfisd in the Mairi~Physical
~later Ceophysical) Observatory (GFOj in the department of observations and
iratruments as an ad3unct. At this time Academician B. 8. Colitsyn xas the
director of the obaervatory and he attracted young pl~yaiciats in order to
g~ve the GFO reseaxch a greater pl~ysical direction~ From this moment to
the end of his life (4 April 1952) the scientific act3vity of Yiktor ,Niko- '
layevich Was linked to the observatory.
In the first yeara he ~ras entruated xith xork to verify inatruments and
cievelop methods of observations. These xere important xorks and in their -
time such famous scientiats as A. M. 3henrok~ G. F. Abel's, 8. I. Savinov
~nd D. S. Smirnov xere involved in them~ The following testimonial about
~che xork of the3r youn~ colleague has been preaerveds "Relating to his xork
very thoughtfully and quite conscientiously~ interesting himself in it
Yiktor Nikolayevich took direct participation in all types of aurrent xork ~
of the department. The indicated circumstances permitted him to acquire ~
rich experience and knoxledge both on questions of the actual meteorological
instruments~ and on technique and verification"= and f~theri "work xas done
to perfect the technique of verifying the anemometers in an aerodyrsamic
15z
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICZAL USE ONLY
~unna~ whos~ ~esul~s made ~,~t poes3ble ~o pu~ ~.n~o prao~S,~A more effiaien~t
v~rSfioation me~hods~" Th~ aerodynam3o ~unnel ~hen had ~us~ s~h,ax~ed to
be used ~.n verif~.aa~~.on, ~
In ~.91.8 Vik~or N~.kolayevioh w~s se],ected a phys~.o~.st (so~en~3flo aollAague
of ths ~ixs~ olasa) o~ ~he ve~~.f3oation depa~~tmen~,
V~ N~ Kedrol.ivanskSy was an aa~iva pax~ioSpan~t of ~he reae~rch o~ ~the Nor~h,
In 1921 ~he ob8erva~tory ~en~t him to ~the Kara , axpedi~ion in ~the ooeanographio
~eam 1ed by V, '~~u, Vize ~to oonduo~t hydrologioal~ me~AOrologioal and magne~io
measuremen~s, T heae measuremen~ts were made by him st Novaya Zemlya and on
the ship "T aymyr,~~ T hus, 3n the ship's 1og o~ ~he meteorologioal observa~ions
i~ is noted ~tha~ ~he "me~teorologScal observa~tiona on the ship 'Taymix' were
mada a1~Eernately by three individua].at V~ Yu. Vize~ V, N. Kedrolivanskiy and
N~ 0. YakobS." In ~Ehe ~oint work of V~ Yu, Vize and V. N~ Kedrolivansk~.y
tha~t was publlshad from the resu].ts of this expedStion "Novyye dannyye o
gidro1o~11 Karskogo morya" (,New Da~ta on the Hydrology of the Kasa 8ea] ~ZAPISKI
PO GIDROGRAFII~ voi 47~ i9z3~ pp 81-130) it ia indica~ted that "the relatively
high tempera~ure and salinity of this water leaves no doubt as to its Atlantic
origin~" Re~ommendatione are also given there for ~the measuremen~ ~eahnique
on ships~ and it is indicated that the"technique of observations of the
air temper ati~re on shSpa still axaits further s~udy. It is poasible that the
observa~ions Hith the help of the Aasman psychrometer are better made f~om the
nose of the ship than f`rom the captain's bridge as is usually done," It is
appropriats to note that the technique of ineasuring air temperature even in
our time~ when reseasch is conducted with the help of masine acientific research
shipa with modern mea^,uring reaources atill requires improvement~
Viktor Nikolayevich participated in many other saientific expeditions associ-
ated to a considerable measure with the development of a meteorological net-
work= they were made in the regions of difficult access of Siberia~ Trans-
baykal region~ Yakutsk, Altay, the Arctic, on the islands of the north and
in the mountsains of the Caucasus. On the expeditiona V. N: Kedrolivanskiy '
~;axried out scientific Nork and at the same time fulfilled the commitments
of the senior inapector of the Main Geophyiscal Observatory meteorological
station netxork~ a poaition he xas appointed to in 1923~ The inspections of
V iktor Nikolayevich bore a broad nature, His detailed repor~Es~ besides the
materials on the results of the inspec~ion~ contained notes of an ethno-
graphic and historical nature, and other important information. He always
noted neN and useful seedlings that appeared in ~the deep regions of the
country during the years of Soviet power~
In 1929 v. N. Kedrolivanskiy participated in organizing the Yakutsk Geophysical
Observatory~ selected the eite~for its conatruction~ and inspected ~he '
meteorological stations of Tommot, Nezametnyy, Chul'taan~ Nagornyy~ and B.
Never. T he modern works tha,t cover the climate peculiarities of the BAM
(flaykal-Amu~ Trunk I,ine) rcute according to the data of these sta,tions con-
tain also a percentage of the xork of V iktor Nikolayevich.
153
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ,
V~ N~ Kedrolivan~kiy w~cote ~as a ooau~hor) ~he ~~.rs~ "Rukovodstvo po
in~pek~s~.i s~n~s~.y" `lian~bdok on Inapeo~ion of 8~a~ions] tha~ was publSshed
~.n 1932~ Sn ~.~8 i~ bacame the ~oundati.on ~or ~he instrua~ions on ~.nspea~ion
of ~ta~~.ong ar?~ was used ~o a oonsiderable meagu~e in prepaxing the subse-
~ quent edi~tions~
~n 1925 V~kto~ N~.lcolayevich was a~n~ ~o persia (~ran) to help in or~a~ni~in~
~he~e a ma~A~~o].og~.ca]. network~ He organizea six sta~tions ~hat s~tax~ed the
~anian ne~work~ For ~this succesafu].ly implemen~ed work the UBBR GeographS-
cal Socie~ty awarded Viktor N~.kolayeviah a medal~
T h~ as~ticlas o~ V~ N~ Kedrolivanakiy on the reaults of expeditions and
Snspections~ and ~he travel notes~ for examp].e~ "Altayskaya ekspedi~siya~"
CAltay Expedi~ion]~ "Tri mesyatsa v Persii~" [T hrse Mon~hs it~ Persia]~ "Po
I,ena S Aldanu~" [A.long ~he Zena and Aldan]~ "Po reke Yeniseyu do ostrova
Dikson~" ~A1.ong the Yenisey R iver to Dikson Island]~ "Na lednilcakh Sogosskogo
khrebta" On ~the C]aciers of tho BogosakSy Crest] that were published in
MErE0R0I~OGICHESKIY VESTNIK~ ISV~STIYA GFO~ the 3ournal KLIMAT I POGODA and ~
TRUDY SOVETA PO IZUCHENIYIT PROIZVODITEL'NY1~ SIL are sti].l re~d now with
grea.t interest~
In 1931 in the period of preparation of the second Snternational Polar Yeas
(I~Y) Viktor N3kolayevich was appointed the head of the sector of polar and
high-mountain stations. With his participation a plan was uorked out for
conducting geophysical and meteorological works whose fulfillment for the
organization of new polar stations~ inspections of the extant~ and training
of ineteorologist-pol.ar reseasch workera to a considerable measure was the
responsibility of Viktor Nikolayevich. T he meteorological obaervations of
the second IPY wero processed under the supe~vision of V iktor Nikolayevich
and were published wi~th hia editorsh3p. He was mentioned by the Central
Adm3nistration of the YeGMS [United Hydrometeorolagic,a,l Service] an~d the
Presidium of the Committee of the Second ~Y for the successful fulfillment
of a broad f~ont of work on the ~Y.
Viktor Nikolayevich continued to focus a lot o� attention to the organization
of instrument verification~ In 1937-1938 he headed the section of instx u-
Ment verification of the Main Geophysical Observatory, and in 1940 he wrote
(as a coauthor) "Instruktsiya po poverke meteorologicheskikh i aerologi-
cheskikh priborov" [Instructions on Verification of Me~teorological and Aero-
logical Instruments].
Viktor Nikolayevich began his pedagogical activity in 1917 in the courses
of ProEessor P. I. Brounov.* Sta.rting in 1924 he conducted studies on
instruments and methods of ineteorological observations in courses of observers
of ineteorological sta.tions under the Main Geophysical Observatory that in
1929 were converted into state. S~t,aacting in 1930 for a number of years he
lectured on meteorology at Leningrad State University, and in 1938 occupied
*"Higher Courses on'.^raining of Scientists in Agricultural Meteorology~"
that xere conducted by Professor P. I. Brounov.
154
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR O~FICIAL US~ ~NLY
the poei~~:on of pro~easor at Zeningrad S~ta~t~ Un~.vers~.ty in ~he d~par~m~n~t
of a~tmospherin physio~ where he leQ~ured on ~.n~~xument~ a~nd me~thods o~
met~o~oio~~oai obs~rvations, T he heads of ~he depar~tmen~ of olima~ology
P~o~essor A.. A~ Kaminsk~,y and ~the depar~men~t of a~mospherio physica Professon
N~ p~ Tvsr~koy highly evalua~ted h~~ 1ec~ture~ ~nd n~~~d ~h~~t ~they ~~en~oy
great succ~as with ~the audienoe~. ~ ~
In i93? tne book of V~ N~ Kedxoliv~nakiy was published "Me~teorologicheskiye
pribory" `Me~teo~ologioa~ Ins~ruments]~ This was ~the ~~st~ arul for a long
time the only m~nual on instrument me~teorology in Russian, For ~Ehe ~irst
time it a~t~ted ~the physical ba~es of ineteorologieal ins~rumen~ts and ~the
t~chnique of ~the~.r verifioation, Viktor Nikolayevich worked a11 his life
on the crea~ion and perfection of such a oour~e correaponding tothe needs of
the tim~,
Zn 1938 the Main Administration of the Nor~thern 3ea Route invSted Viktor
Nikolayevich to the Hydrographic Institute (today the Admiral S. 0. Makarov
Leningrad Higher Engin~ering Nautical School), He organized there a depart-
ment of ineteorology whioh he supervised for 10 yearsi many meteorologists
associated with the nor th were trained in this department.
At the same time Viktor Nikolayevich continued his activity in the Main
GeoFhysical Observatary. He was one of the leaders of the Method Commission
of the Main Ceophysical Abserv~,tory and participated in the pre~aratiori of
handbooks, thb improvement in measurements and in solving other questions of
the scientific and method supervision of the network.
During the Great Patriotic War Viktor Nikolayevich worked in the observatory
(in Ieningrad and Sverdlovsk)~ then in the Centra]. Design Office of the Main
Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service of the Red Army (Sverdlovsk,
Moscow)~ During these years he prepased a new monograph on meteorological
instruments that was published in 19~47. The materials of this book were a
component par't of his doctoral dissertation that he successfully defended in
1947,
For ~xemplary fulfillment of the assignments of the command Viktor Nikolayevich
was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of I,abor in 1943.
5tarting in 1944 and then in the postwar years V. N. Kedrolivanski headed
the meteorological depar~tment of the Main Geophysical Observatory ~in Lenin-
grad). He joined the editorial commission of the Main Administaration of the
Hydrometeoralogical Service for the publication of new instructions for
stations and ~their inspection~ and took active part in the planning and
efficient placement of hydrometeorological sta.tions and posts. He was
elected a deputy of the Vyborg rayon Soviet of Workers' Deputies of Is nin-
grad~ He often met with his electors and was interested in the3r needs.
Because of the condition of this health Viktor Nikolayevich was forced to
stop his 6xtensiire saient3fio H.nd nedagogical activity in the Main Geophysical
Observatory and Nigher School of Aeromechanics. In the last year of his life
155
FOR OFFICIAL U5E ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFZCIAL U9E ONLY
he ~~nished work (ae a aoau~hor) on the textbook for h~.gher ine~i~ute~ of
learning on me~eorologiaal inatrum~nts and measur~men~ methods~ T his book
wa~ pubi~~haa sn i953 a~~~ '~he dea~h of Yik~or Nikolayevioh, z~ ie $~sii _
us~d now~
T he scien~~.f~,o and pedagogieal ao~ivity of V. N~ Kedrolivanskiy was broad
and multifaoe~ed~ He orea~sd a sohool o~ metaorologis~-ins~rumen~ workers~
inspectors~ v~rifiers~ and partioipa~ed in the oonduating of many Smportan~
soientif3o expeditiona~ wro~e a number of book~:and set up oourses on
me~teorological ~.ns~ruments and measuremen~ me~hoda ~tha~ guaranteed ~he -
trainin~ o~ speoialists who played an important role Sn the teohnioa].
equipping of ~he meteorological servSce~ T hroughou~ his,entSre life V Sk~or
Ni.kolayevioh played a~eat role in the scientific aupervisSon of the me~eoro-
].ogical network~ He was a reliabJ.e guasdian of the high requirementa for
meteorological inatruments and observa~tions. ~
156
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL iJ3E ONLY
REI/ZEW OF MONOGRAPH BY I~ N~ DAYIDAN~ L~ I. IA~ATUKHIN AND V. A~ ROZHKOV
ENrTrI~D " V;ETROVOYE YOIN~JIY~ KAK VEROYATNOJrNYY GmRODINAMICHESKIY
PRUT8E9S" (WIl1D-INDU~ED WAY.E3 A8 A RANDQrI HYDRODYNAMIC PROOE98) ~ LENINGRAD~
GIDROM~P~OZZDAT ~ 19?8~ 287 PAG~B
Moacow METEOROIAGIYA I, CIDROLOGIYA in ~ussian No 5, May pp 118
CArticle by Candidate of Technical Soiences A. B~ Menzin~ ~nd Oandidate of
Geographical Soien~es M~ M, Zubova]
~Text] In the last 10-15 yeare x1.nd-induced waves have bAen prSmarily
viewed as a random process~ Here in many cases the problem is merely
reduced to a mathematical deacription of the agitated st~faoe xithout
involvemen~ of the phyaical pattern of the phenomenon. Often auch a
atatement o'~ the theme is completely aubstantiated~ making it possible to
obtain general ideas about the characteristics of the xind field.
Despite the fairly great nur~.ber of worke on the given problem~ the authora
have found new aspects of this complex nat~al phenomenon that deservea
investigation both from the scientific and the practical viewpoint.
The authors of the book have set themselves the task of generalizing not
only their oxn research~ but also the results of other researchera published
in different scientific 3ournals. The authosa xere quite successful. in
coping xith~this task~ and they used extensive observational materials to
. verify the d3fferent theories and models.
The contents of the book have been divided into thsee parts~ cloaely linked~
a~nong thems~elves by the unified method of approach to the studied phenomenon.
The first part givea a detailed characterization of the random p~opertiea ~
of the sea surface. It is ba.sed on many yeaxs of study~ both theoretical
and full-scale of the authors themselves. The use of the latter and their
thnrough analysis gives special value to this section~ arui by the xay, to '
the entire book as xell.
15?
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFtCIAI, U9E ONLY
Th~ ~~ohni~,ue of analyzing ~he observa~ional da~,a oone~.s~a of est,ablishing
~he affiliatien of th~ emp~.r~.e~], dis~tributiong ~o ~he Weibull asyn?p~otio
distribut~.on. Analysis cf ~he results made it posaibZe to draw the conolueion
tha~ in a quas~statsonar-y pr-ooess for- wave heights ~he Rayle~gh d~stx~.-
bution is correo~ that 3,s ~ pa~ticular case of the Weibull diatx Sbut~.on and
oo~.ncic~es wi~h ~hat previously obtained by Ya. G~ Vilenskiy~ B~ Kh~ G lu- ,
khovsk~y~ e~ al. The laws governing the distribution of perioda~ J.eng~hs~
aurvature and the two-dimensiona]. distribu~ions differ ~om ~hose ~previously
obtained~ ~
For ~ths sak~ of fairnesg to the au~hors of ~he book one should never~heleas
note tha~ the distrSbu~tion of wave periods tha~t they obtair?ed coinoidea
wi~Eh the analogous diatribu~ion obtained by L~ F. T itov~ based on thA law
of dispersion distribution (L~ F. T i~tov~ "Vetrovyye volny" [WSnd-Induced
Waves~~ GidromAteoizdat~ 1969)~ ,
S3.nce the book Ss intendsd not only for specialis~s~ bu~ is also recommended
as.a textbook~ then it seAms that this section would be more understandable
if its presentation was started from chapter 5. ,
T he second part of the monograph covers the spectral the~ory of the develop- ~
ment~ spread~ and dampSng of waves. St gives a detailed analysis of energy
transfer from the air atream to wavea~ and the pe~uliarities of the non-
linear interactions and dissSpation of energy. In ana1y21ng the equation
of the wave energy balance in the spectral forn~ and in ~valuatirig its ~
components, the authors ahoK that a number of the speatral components
require f~ther refinement and epecification. '
A comparison of the results of full-scale observations xith spectral cal-
cula.tions based on the correlations obtained f~om the united th~eory of
Phillips-Miles brings the authors to the extremely impartant conclusion
that underestimated evaluations of the amount of energy transmitted f~om
the air stream to xaves is probably explained by the fact that a mechanism
of energy transfer exists that 1s linked to the action of the tangential
1.ind stresses. T he role of the tangential stresses rises due to the
emergence on the main system of xaves of secondary overtones.
Chapter 8 presents methods for calculating the random characteristics of
wave act9.on. The presented results from calculations according to the
refined method of Barnett demonstrate the expediency of using spectral
methods~ and once again indicate the need for refining certain components
in the equation of the xave energy balance.
The third part of the book is of an applied nature. That circtuastance that
in addition to the multiple-year functions of xa.ve distribution the functions
of xind distribution are examined makes this part especially valuable~ since
despite the intensive study of seas arui oceans~ the observational data of
the xir:d and wave-action are quite irisufficient to obtain the pattern
characteristics. Therefore the detection of the laxs or refinement of the
158
FOR OFFICIAL ~JSE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
,
FOR O~FICIAL US~ ONLY
already avai~.able laws ~.s of undoubted soian~ifio importanoe and has great
app~iad vaJ.ue; ~As a resuJ.~ of these s~udiea the au~hors have compiled a
manuaJ. on ~he pattern o~ wind and wa,ve aotion in the seas and ooeana.
The book whioh ~.s an integraJ. generaJ.iza~ion of~ ~he ~heoretioal~ exper~-
m~nt~,i a~a ~uii-soal.e studies of wind-induaed wave aotion as a random
prooeae ~.s o~ definite seientific and app1ied value and ~.s very timely,
159
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY'
,
, ,
' REVTEW OF MONOGRAPH .EDITED BY YU. P. DORONIN ENTITLED "FIZSKA OKEANA" � ~
(PHYSICS OF THE OCEAN)~ LENINGRAD~ GIDROMETEOIZDAT~ 1978~ 294 PAGES
Moscow METEOROIAGZYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 5~ May 79 pP ii9-120
[T~xt] In.the last decade the scalea and intenaity of development of seas
and oceans have bsen considerably altered. Complex problems of a glotial G
nature ha,ve arisen and been acknowledged as the most important problem~
tha,t can be solved by methods of mathematical modeling. As a conaequence ~
of this there ha~ been increa.sing interest in the monogxaphic and educa- ~
tional literature that generalizes the theoretical foundations for the
oceanographic science at the modern atage of their development. T herefore '
the book "Fizika okeana" that has been publishefl by Gidrometeoizdat under
the editorship of Yu. P. Doronin as a textbook ~or students of higher ~
institutes of learning that are studying the specialty of "oceanology" �
deserves the mos+, intent attention.
In this te~ctbuok~ written by a group of major specialists (V. V. Bogo-
rodskiy~ A. V. Gusev~ Yu. P. Doronin, I,. N. Kuznetsova~ K. S. Shif`rin)
the,tmost i~r~porta,nt questions axe covered of ocean thermodynamics, turbu- .
lence, formation and properties of ice, optics, acoustics~ electromagnetic
phenomena. Iri its structure it is closest to the basic work of V. V. ~
Shuleykin "Fizika morya" [Physics of the Sea] which the authors say they
cPten reflerred to.
- T ne textbook is not large in size, which complicated the task of the compilers
to state such extensive materia.l with the required completeaess and strict-
" ness. We will examine its ;;ontents in more detail f`rom this vlewpoint. .
T he textbook consists of an introduction and eight cha.pters.
The introduction formulates the mai~i ta.sks of the cot~se, the state of
studying the physical~properties of sea water and the processes occurring
in the ocean~ as well as indicates the method for solving them tiased on the
use of mathematical apparatus.
It further examines the modern ideas about the moleculax nature of water and
about the effeat of the intermolecular bonds on the macroscopic properties
of water~ ice and vapor. .
160 ~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
1_ .
. . . .
~ , _ _ _ ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR O~FZCIAL USE ONLY
The ~'i~st oh~p~~r pr~sents ~he fundamental.s o~' ooean thermodynam~.os~ The
ocean ~.s v~,~wed as an aquilibrium ma,crosoopio sys~tem whose condi~ion is -
oharaaterized by ~he set o~' inte~related phyaioa~ parame~ers (~tempera~ure~
salin~.ty, pressu~e) and ~'unctSons (~nner energy and entropy) ~ =
In isola~ing ~he fundam~nta~1 role of entropy ~he authors in~tro~uce thi.s
concep~ ~ om two viewpoints~ statistica~ and thermodynamia~ and show i~a
use in ~he dex ivatiori and applioa~t3,on of the ma~.n equa,~ion of ~thermodynamios ~
in particular, to de~ermine the ~hermophysica~ ahasaoteristica of sea water,
as weii ~s the�areas df' exis~ence of ita phases and the tranai~~on condi~ions
be�tween them.
The chapter enda with an examination of the questions of thermodynamic
atability in the example of an analysis of ~he adiaba~tio process and con-
~litions of vertical stability that is evalu2,ted aecording to the numerieal
v~tilues of the We3se1 frequency and the Hesselberg-Sverdrup criterion~
The second chapter is a eontinuation of ~the first and covers problems of
the evolution of the system~ Based on the ~eneral equa,tions of sea wa,~ter
movement and the equa,tions of pxeservation of mass and diffusion o� sal~s
the author studies the energy condition of the system d~ ing its change in
time~ and obtains one of the forms of ~he fir st principle of thermodynamics--
the equa,tion that expresses the cha.nge in the internal energy through the
parameters of the system and the amount of exchange with the envi�ronment~ ~
T he change in time of the second function of the state of the system--
entropy is revealed from the position of an examination of the conditions
for its transfer and generation~ An approach 3s shown for finding th~ -
water temperature according to the ct~ange in entropy that results in the ~
derivation of the equa,tion of heat conductivity~ -
Thus, in the fis st two chapters the theoretical foundations are given for
determining the condition and dynamics of the ocean.
The third chapter presents the main ideas about turbulence as the phenomenon
_ inherent to the ma3ority of types of wa.ter movement in the ocean.
T he author successively examines the cr3teria for the transitiorr f~om the
laminar pattern to the turbulent, lists all the main mecha.nisms for the
generation of turbulence and shows the multiple-scale na,ture of the
spatial-temporal structure of turbulent movements. The characteristics of
the ocean mass of water is given according to the type of formation and
manifestation of turbulence 3n it.
The main portion of the cha.pter covers the technique of detecti,ng the tur-
bulent effect in the equations of hydrothermodynamics, study of the sta.tis-
tical laws governing turbulence~ and presenta.tion of the semirempirical
theories of turbulent exchange. W ith respect to the la.tter, especial attention
161
FOR OFFICIAL U5E ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
run urrl~lew u~~ u~v~t F�
is p~~.d ~o ~ha m~~hods ~or date~cm~.;~ing ~the ooef~'~.o~ants of ~uxbulen~
exohange ~ as we~l as ~the d~r~.va~i~n and ~na~yeis of ~he squa,~ion ~or the
bal~?nco o~ turbulent energy ~ha~ is widaly used in the praati~e of ooeano-
lo~~.cal ea~aula~ions~
T hs fourth ohapter uaes the ~Eheore~ical dev~l.opmen~s of the pxevious
seobions to solve probleme of ~he d~.stribu~~,on o~ hea~ and sal~s in the
ocean, .
I T he au~thor ~xacAS ~he logically oompleted ohain of operations to study ~he
thermooline ~ields in the ocean in the follow3ng order:
1~ Analyais o� equations of hea~ conduativity and transfer of salts in order
to xeveal the rola of individual components of equations in the desorSption
of the physi~al proceases depending on the acale of the phenomenon=
2. Obtaining of the balance equations of heat and sa].ts, and establishmen~t
o~ a relationsh3p with the atmospheric parameters=
3~ Compilation of aimplified models and obtaining of analyt3cal solutions
that make it possible to eva].uate the heat-salt exchange procesaea or~ the
boundary ocean-atmosphere~ and in the mass of sea water. In addition~ this
chapter has certain important sect3ons that cover queations of the structure
of the active ocsan layer~ and the dependence of the profisea of temperature
and salinity on the nature of change in the coefficients of turbu~tent
mixing ~
T he fifth chapter treats the laws governing the formation and breakdown of
sea ice depending on its physical-mechanical properties. Here also, as in
the fo.urth chapter, the results of the research of their author~ Yu. P. ~
Doronin are widely used that are presented 3n the monographs "Teplovoye
vzaimodeystviye atmosfery i gidrosfery v Arktike" [T hermal Interaction of the ~
Atmosphere and Hydrosphere in the Arctic] and "Morskoy led" [Sea Ice] (the
latter was coauthored with D. Ye~ Kheyain). '
T he sixth chapter contains the main information about the electromagnetic
properties of the sea medium, sources~ structure and mechanism for the -
f~xmation of magnetic and electrical fields. Procosses of formation of
telluric and natural electr3cal currents are aspecially isolated due ta their
close interrelationship with the dynamics of se a water and the distribution
of microorganisms.
T he seventh chapter examines successively the processes of absorption and
scattering of solar radiation in sea water (practically without description
.?f their na.ture) ~ the la.ws governing the reflection and refraction of the � ~
_ ~.ight stream falling on the sea surface~ as well as the optical characteris-
tics of the light field governed by them: brightness~ irradiance~ color,
162 _
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFIC~;AL USE ONLY .
A aen~ral. place wi~h ~espea~ ~o ~.t~ ~.mmpor~an~e and in~orma~ion aon~ent is
oooupied by the ~trea~mAnt o~ absorp~~,on and sca~~e~cing proQeases Sn sea
wate~ exprea~ed in a de~ailed aummasy of the pasameters of ~he si~es and
spec~ra af absorption and soa~~exing bo~h fox pure wa~er, and fox the sub-
etances diasolved and su~pended Sn ~.t~
The eighth o~ap~ter covere ~Ehe sp~ead in ~hA ocean of aaoustio waves. ~;,fter
brief information abou~t the na~ure of sound osailla~ions and the linke of
their parame~ters ~Eo ~the charaoteris~ioa of ~Ehe media ~he au~i;ors (V~ V,
Bogorodskiy, and A~ V~ G usev) adva,nae a de~~.va~ion of ~he wave equa~ion and
atudy ~.ts app].i~a~~.cn to a descrSp~ion of the apread of �la~~ spherical
and oyl.3ndrical waves in an unlimited~ ideal. liquid~ Fur'the~ presentation
covers ~the effect of a he~erogeneous aquaous medium a~nd the aurface "water- ~
bottom~" "water-ais" on the formation of sound f~elda in the ocean. Here
such ~~henomena are examined as refleotion ~nd refraction of aaaustio waves~ ~
their absorp~ion and sca~~erSng~ ways to dlstribu~e sound in s~,ratified-
he~te ragenous med ia, and 3n pasticular ~ 3n ~he ~one of unde~water sound
channel~
At the end of the chapter ~here ia a brief report about the intereating
proaess oalled "sea reverl~eration" and about the sour~es of generation of
sea noises~
From the given brief survey of the book contents it ia clear that the
authors have attained the set goal--demonstrating the fundan?entals a�the
sub3ect. They succeeded in a concise form of stat~ng extensiv~e material
on all seations of tha theory of ocean phy$ics~ and here maintain (rrhich
is very important for a textbook and complicated xith colleative xriting
of it) a single techn3que of examination. Each chapter looka as followa
in the structural respects f~mulation of the initial c~efinitions~ deri-
vation of the main equations, study on their basis of the pt~rysical pro-
cesses of the examined phenomena. In its scientific ideology and employc~l
information the textbook is quite modern~ although mention of such a pheno-
menon (discovered about 10 years ago) as the fine structure~ and its effect
on the development of turbulence~ apparently, ~rould be pertinent in the
appro~riate sections.
Despite the isolated misprints t1~at are found in the text the textbook leaves
a very good impression~ and due to ~the urgency of the ~~estions it states
that are as'sr~ciated to a certain dsgree with the fact tiha,t the atudies of
the authors themselves are used in the book~ one can hope that the circle
of its readers will hot be limited only to the student audience to whom it
i3 addressed.
163
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~ FOR OFFICLAL USE ONLY
COMMEMORATION OF ,70~H BIRTHDAY OF GEORGIit MIKNAYSAVZOH TAUBER
Mcscuw MET~OROLOGIYA I GIDROIAGZYA in Russian No 5~ May 79 p 121.
~Article by comrades from work]
[Text] On 26 May 1979 the p~ominent Sov~iet saientis~t~ doctor of geo~caphi-
cal sciences~ Professor Georgiy MiIcY~aylovieh Tauber celebrates his 70th
birthday. Hia name is linked to the development of resea~oh of Antaratic
ri'~ ~ s4 . : ~
~.k. r av ~ .
. ~ ..t ' ~ . "E~ ! i ~t ` d
t 3'~ ~{Y f~~~b'~$
i.b.r .:~t
_ ~ .
~~~;i >:..:~i
+
~~VX.
.,i Y ~ .
~ q t-: y
k. . ~ .
Y
ii~v~ ::F~ 't.i~ ~ .
~i-, ~ ~'~t -f _
~x
. 7 ? ~ . ~ ,wZ"~~'~ .
Y~ i.~`tv ~
k ~l^
K.~~ fYi~y, il,~ ~
- A,~ ~ � ~.'.i' ~ .
13 t ~ ~ y ~ .
. 1f~~ +'~4 �K �
c.~ ~t~+'` ::;_~'.~r
r~'~.".
~.,t .~J'. .
d'
;.t?
~T
climate and the most important branch of modern oceanology--study of the
interaction of the "ocean-atmosphere" system. Working in the State Oceano-
graphic Institute as the head of the laboratory of marine meteorology~
Georgiy Mikhaylovich conducts extensive scientific studies on the climate of
Antarctica and its sea water areas~ and is involved in problems of the
inter~.ction of the "ocean-atmosphere" system.
164
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~ ~ ~ . . . . ~.:T
FOR OFFZCIAL USE ONLY
A xesult of the many y~ass o~ reseaxch work of G~ M~ Ta'uber is ~ha monograph
"An~Easkt~.ka~ ~oh~T~ Osnovnyy oherby k'lima~ta i pogody'~ [An~o~ica~ par~ One,
Main ~'Aa~ures of Climate and Weather] ~that played a consiclerable xole in the
s~tudies of the Anta~Qt~o and in the organ,i~a~ion of fur~her work dur~,ng
the Znternat~.onal Geopl~ya3rsa]. Y~ar, Or? the p~oblem~ of "ocean-a~mosphere"
int~rao~ion an~ the c1.~.nma~e a~ ~ha An~ara~tia G. M, Tauber wrote about 80 ~
soSen~Ei�So works. For n?any yea~s Geoxgiy Mi3chaylov3oh paxtioipated in ~h~
worke of WMO on the Commission of Marlne Meteorology, and fulfSlled great
publio work in the ins~i~ute~
For his fruitful and irreproaohable ~Qientifie and public activ~.~ty G, M~
Tauber was awarded ~the Order o~ ~he Red Banner of Iabor~ medals~ and
honorary certifi~ates.
The charaot~rie~ia features of Georgiy Mikhayl.ovSch~ ~he soSentist~ oommu-
nist and o~.tizen are high soient3fic prSncsples~ modesty~ exactingness
~owards h3ma~lf~ and great humanity,
Georgiy Mikl~aylovi~h cont3nuea the great work of a seientist.
We wish him good health and further su~ceas in hia fru3tful activity.~
~
More detailed information about the biography of G. M. Tauber is given in
issue No 5 pf METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROIOGIYA~ 1969.
165
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
,s
FOR OFFICIAI, U3E ANLY , '
a: '
COMM~~IORAmION OF 90th BIRTHDAY OF SVAN NIKOLAYEVIOH YAR09LAYTSPV
Moscow MET~OROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 5~ May 79 pp 121-122
(~Text] 1 May Nas the 90th birthday of ~he honored worker of acience and
technology of the Uzbek 38R~ doator~of geo~aphical aciencea~ Professor `
Ivan Nikolayevich Yaxoslavtsev. ~ .
I
: K ~ta
.~~~:,~A_,~~ " '"fa .
\
a
,s
F`:om 1947 to 1959 Ivan Nikolayevich heade~_.in Tashkent the department of
;nysics in the Polyteahnical Institute and worked in the geophysica,l obser- ~
vatory. . ,
In 1959 Ivan Nikolayevich retired and moved to Ryazan'. Enormous indus-
txiousness~ superior capabilities~ eruditeness in many areas of geophysics~
a well-meaning attitude towards people, and a rea.diness to help them--all of
166 ~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOIt OFFICLAL USE ONLY
this b~oug h~ Z~ N~ Yasoslavts~v to the de ar~men~t of physics of ~he Rya~an'
agr~.oul~u~ral 3n~~~.~ute, During hia work ~~o ootober i97o) r,a sucoeseded a~so
in Ryazan' of earning ~hs respeat of his co].leagues and s~tudente of the
~ns~itute, He i~ an ac~ive ;public warker ~nd a,n ~ctiv~ propagandiat,
Ivan Niko~ayevioh vSsi~ts ~he alasses o~ ~he ~teaohers ir? the depas~tment~
and giv~~ ~hem valu~ble advice about the me~hoda o~ teaching.
Of grea~t theoretical and praotical importance ase ~he soientif~.c studiea ~
o~ I~ N~ Yaroslav~sev ~.n me~eorol.ogy~ in pax~icular~ in ~he field of aotino-
metry, He has published over 70 saientific works~
At presen~t Ivan Nikolayevich has returned to his researoh on the effeet of
aerosol on solas radiation tha,t he started in 1949~ Now he is endin~
calculations of the aerosol component in attenua,tion o~ solar rad3ation
over the globe~
We wish Ivan Nikolayevich stx ong health and further ereat're succesaes.~ '
~
Bio~aphical informa,tion about I. N. Yaroslavtsev is given in METEOROLO-
GIYA I GIDROIAGIYA No 12~ 1964 a,rsd No 6, 1969.
167
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
PRIZES OF FXH~ITION OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE NA~SONAL ECONOMX OF THE USSR
Moscow METEOROIAGIYA. I GIDROLOGIYA in Russian No 5~ May 79 pp 122-124
[Article by M. M. Kuznetsova]
CTeXt~ The main committee of the Exhibition of Achievementa of the National ~
Economy of the USSR has awarded additional prSzes to the participants in the
thematic exhi~ition "Water Resou~ce's of the USSR and Hydrological Prov3sion
for the National Economy of the Country" and the examination of works of
inventors and efficiency experts in the pavilion "Hydrometeorclogical Service."
Diplomas of honors
A. A. Sokolov~ director of State Hydrological Institute~ for development of
the th~eory of global and continental hydrologic.cycls as the fundamentals
for ev~luating the water resources in different natural conditions~ methods
of evaluating the wa,ter resources in their natural condition~ and trans-
formed as a result of economic activity at present and in the distant future~ '
and evalua.tion of the water resources on global and continental acales.
S. M. Novikov~ head of the section of the State Hydrological Tnstitute~ for
development of the theory of hydrology of awamps as the foundation foac the
hvdrological substantiation of plans for development of regions of West
Siberia, methods of determining the water pattern and water balance of
rivers, lakes and swamps, plar~s for complete dessication of swamps tha.t
makes it possible~to most economically and rapidly develop the oil fields
of West Siberia~
Diplomas of the f.irst degree: ~
~tate Order of the Red Banner of Labor Hydrological Institute--for conducting -
�:esearch and scientific generalization of the materials of many years of
.:bservations that made it possible to evaluate the water resources of the
country, develop methods for their evaluation and calculations~ to evaluate
the water supply of economic oblasts~ union republics, and the.anthropo-
genic effects on the water resources.
168.
FOR OFFICIAL USE QNLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
- ~OR OFFZCZAL US~ ONLY ~
Order of Zenin Hydrometeorologioal Scien~ific Research Cen~ter of the USSR
~or development and introduation in~o praotice o~ new methods of hydro-
logio foreoasts~ rap~d suppl.ying of ~he na~ional eoonomy of ~he country wi~h
~'orecasts and ~.r?~ormation~
_
Omek Adminie~tra~ion of the HydremeteorologicaJ. Serv~:ce for oonduoting ~
hydro~ogia and aerohydrometric~ work to investiga~te the channel de~ormations
on the Ob' and Ir~ysh a~ the si~tes of laying underwater passages of the main
gas and.oil p~.pelines, T he economio effect from int~rcduQ3ng the recommen-
dations only for one branch of the gas pipeline paasage bui3~t through ~he ~
Ob' R 3.ver w~s ].,50, 000 R.
Central. Aerological Oba~rvatory for developing and areating the appaxatus
"Osadki" that provides measurement of intensity diatribution and quantity ~
of atmospheric precipi.tat3on= radio-tranepasent aoncealment of the ahip
radar station "Meteox~it~" that yields an eoonomia efsfect of about 10~000 R
per yeas= method of remote determ3nation of moisture content.
Diplamas of the sficond degree:
Transcaucasus Sr,ientific Research Hydrometeorological In?~titute for the
monograph "Mat~maticheskoye modelirovaniye gidrologicheskikh ryadov" [Mathe- ~
matical Modeli,ng of Hydrological Layers]. T he developed methods of modeling
are designed for t~ydropower and hydroeoonomic calculations in xegulating
the river flaw with.the help of reservoirs~ GES~ water supply systems, and
others.
~ Institute af Experimental Meteorology for the creation of an instrument for
separate sampling of precipitation and dry precipitate that is a world
innovatioxi and was acknowledged to be the best at an international compari- ,
son of instruments and methods of atmospheric pollution control~ as well
as the ckeation of a soft bathomete~ for ta,king gea water samples.
Central Design Office cf Hydrometeorological Instrument Making for the develop-
ment of a device for measuring the wind parameters~ and instrument for
controlling thermal patterns~ and indicator for verifying the logical
devices and an impulse regulator of inedium power~ �
Scientific'Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Instrument Making for
the devalopment of inethods of electrical modeling of cha.nnel flow movement~
introduction of the quasianalog machine PR-49 for calculations of flow `
'rate. and levels of water of natural and regulated flows.
Ukrainian Scientific Research Hydrometeorological Institute for developing
and manufac~turing on-board appaxatus for remote conta.ctless determination
of the nat~e of the earth's mantle ~
Belorussian T~rritorial Hydrometeorological Center for the develo.gment of
an electronic tntegrator of radiation designed to obtain hourly sums of
different flows of solar radiation with their recarding on diagram tape of
169
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOit OF~ICIAL US~ ONLY
a potAntidmeter~ The use of an integ~a~or reduces the time for proeessing
the reoording material on ~he average by 709b~
West Siberian Administration of the Hydrometeorolog~.cal 8ervioe ~or ~he
improvement in ~he curren~�mA~er G~-98~ ~he calcu~.at~.ng-impu~se m~ohanism
for current meters of any type ~ and modernir.ation of the anemome~ter wi~th
axrow reset to zero.
Upper Volga Administration o~ the Hydrometeorological Servioe for the
development and introduction into the network of aerological stations of
the technique and pr actical use in the system of snunding of the meteorite
"RKZ-Oka-3" of a small-sized UHF 6250 amplifier.
Diplomas of the third degrees
Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service of ~the Lithuanian SSR
for the development of a teat stand to verify the M-63m instrumen~ designed
for rapid troubleshooting in the M-63m sensor.
Kirov Zonal Hydrometeorological Observatory of the Upper Vo1ga Administration
of the Hydrometeorological Service for 3ntroduction into the system of
radio sounding of a ama11-sized UHF 625U,amplifier that makes it possible
to obtain high indices in sounding~
Administration of Hydrometeorological Service of Fas East for the develop-
ment of a loading device for repairin,g L1-3 lamps that makes it possible
to verify the scales of the instrument and control the correctness of its
opexation~ the checking device for the ARS program with verification of the
addressing distributor and the bathometer for taking water samples for
chemical analysis,
A number of workers of the USSR State Commit~tee on Hydrometeorology and
Environmental Control were awarded medals of the YDNKh [Exhibition of
Achievements of the National Economy of the USSR].
G~ld medalc
V. N. Parshin, V, A. fisenko, A. A. Chernikov~ I, A. Shiklomanov~
Silver medal:
G. G. Belov, N. A. Bochin~ E. V. Buryak~ A. D. Vo�lkov~ A. N. Volosevich~
Y.. P. Voskresenskiy, N. F. Dement'yev~ F. L. Dul'yaninov, I. F. Karasev~
A.. B. Klaven, R. A. Kruglov~ V. A. Isvitskiy, A. I. Leytus~ A. N. Mal'tsev~
C. I. Matveyenko~ A. I. Mekhovich~ Yu. V. Mel'nichuk~ V. A. Mikhaylov~
Yu. P. Moskvin, Ye. G. Popov~ G. G. Svavidze~ V. p. Skla.vinskiy~ V. P,
T yukhlyayev.
170
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
_ _
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~ FOR O~~ICIAL USE ONLY ~
Bxonze med~,l~
B~ Z~ Aksamentov, V~ I, Babk~.n ~ N~ A~ Barabanova ~ G~ P~ Beryulev ~ Yu, A~
Boytsov~ V~ p~ Br~.vkln, V~ G~ Budil3n~ A., G~ Voronovskiy~ V~ V~ Voekanyan~
Y~~ S, Geyz~ V~ V. Gonoharov, Yu~ V, Gorbunov~ 0~ P, Guznishohev, Ye~ N~
Davydov, V. Z~ Den'gin, A~ V. Yelfimov~ V~ M~ Yermakov~ V, Y~ Yerokhin~
I~ A, ZheJ.eznyak~ A~, P. Zhidikov~ Ye~ S~ 2hukovskiy, G~ V~ Zakl~.nskSy~ Z~ V,
Zelenov~ A. A, Ioanesyan~ A, V. Karaughev~ V. Ye~ Kaspusha~ N~ L~ Koohu-
tovek~.y~ A. P. Kopylov, V~ I, Koren'~ Ye~ A, Leonov~ A. N~ Mel'kher~ P~ Z.
Merem'yanina~ S. A, Milov3dova~ V, V~ Mil.kov~ L, A~ Mismovioh~ A, N. Mys-
1.itskiy~ V. A. Nesterenko, V, G. Noakov~ G~ M. Osipenko~ V. B. Osis~ Z~ V.
P,en'kova~ G. A. ;~litkin~ V~ N~ Polyakov~ G. P. Popov~ M. G. Pupishskaya,
V. N. Pupkov, G, V, Ra~ozSna~ A. V. Savel'yeva~ Ye~ I, Savchenkova~ S. N,
Samusev~ V. I, Sapozhnikov~ B, G. 8kakal'skiy~ L. Ye, Smirnova~ T~ I.
Stasovaytova~ M~ S~ Sternzad~ V, I. T imofeyev~ G. P, Ugol'kov, Yu~ V.
Uryvayev~ K. M~ Uskov, Sh~ D~ ~'ridman~ I. M. Chernov~ Z. M~ Chuvakina~
M~ V. Z ha,ginyan, I~ M~ Shenderovich, G. N. Shepilov~ Ye, P. Shurupa~
Diplomas of ~he Main Exhibition Committee of the UBSR VDNKh
have bee.n awaxded to the director of the pavillon "Hydrometeorological
Service" Ye~ V~ Dzyubenko and the senior engineer of the Institu~e of
Electromechanics V~ V. Sudakova.
T he total number of paxticipants according to Goskomgidromet was 347 people~
Besides the 'workers of the State Committee of the USSR on Hydrometeorology
and Environmental Control~ the Main Exhibit3on Committee of the US3R VDNKh
for the pavilion"Hydrometeorological Service" awarded prizes to the outside
organiza.tions tha,t took direct part in the development of a number of themes~
~171
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
. . ~ ~a~ ' ~~s~aa ~~Y r~lail~ ~
. 4'
� ,
COOPERATION CONTINUES TO EXPAND
~ Mosaow METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA in Rusaian No 5~ May 79 pp 124-126 -
[Article by Yu~ V ~ O~yunin]
[Text] On 26 December 19?8 the regular meeting took place in.Ulan Bator,
of the representativea of the USSR State Committee on Hydrometeorology
and Environmental Control and the Main Administration of the Hydrome~eoro- ~ _
logical Service of the Counc3l of M3nisters of the Mongolian People's
Republic (NINR) at which questions were discwssed in a businesa-like and
constructive atmosphere of the scientific and technical cooperation between
the USSR and the Mongolian People's Republic in the fei~ld of hydrometsoro-
logy of mutual interest~ The Sov3et delegation was headed by the firat
deputy chairman of the USSR Sta,te Committee on Hydrometeorology and Environ- '
mental Control Professor Yu~ S, Sedunov~ while the delegation of the
Mongollan People's Republic Hydrometeorological Service--the head of the
Main Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service of the Council of
Ministers of the Mongolian People's Repbullc Doctor D. T uvdendorzh.
During the meeting the results of cooperation 1n 1977-1978 were summed up
and the'specific plans were examined for the development and deepening of ~
cooperation in future yeax s~
C~operation in the field of hydrometeorology between.the USSR and the
Mongolian People's Republic has a renowned history. The first agreement in
t:.is field was signed back in i935~ and since then cooperation ha,s developed
and been strengthened on the basss of agreements, each of which has marked
- a new page in the development of scientific and technical cooper ation and
improvement in its effectiveness. T he successful realization of these
a,greements ha.s had a significant effect on the setting up and the evolution
~f the Mongolian People's Republic Hydrometeorological Service. Currently~
scientific and technical cooperation in the field of hydrometeorology is
implemented on the basis of the extaiit'basic bilateral agreement that is
iaid in the ;protocol on direct cooperation in the field of hydrometeorology
of 2 September 1972 and the intergovernmenta.l agreement on studying the
upper atmospher ic layers of 11 October 197?.
172
. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ,
.
. . . . , ~
. , ~ , . . . . . .
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFF'ICIAL USE ONLY
r y~;~
-
,+��o'"' ; ~
ary
d~ 1 ''s , ~ r'~~
~~t, ~ t ~~~,r
. r
~f + `4H ;e~ . ,
~ ~ ~
~ y ~r
$ ~3 ~ j ' 1
~ ri~~
.F
~ i
r,
1
t
~
'i r" +
~
.
h.
. ~ �e,av,+rt~,~,,~'hbW.
Signing of Protocol on Cooperation betwesn the USSR and Mongolian People's
Republic in the Field of Hydrometeorology.
From the left: First Deputy Cha,irman of the USSR State Committee on Hydro-
meteorology and Environmental Control Yu. S. Sedunov~ from the right: head
of the Main Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service of the Council
of Ministers of the Mongolian People's Republic Doctor D. Tuvdendorzh.
At the opening of the meeting of the representa.tives of the sides the heads
of tlia delegations noted with great satisfaction tha,t the fraternal rela.-
tionships 'betwesn the Soviet and Mongolian peoples based on the principles
of so~ialist internationalism continue to be developed dynamically and
fruitfully 3n all directions of social activity, including the solution of
the problems of modern hydrometeorology and environmental protection.
T he sides stated tha.t a whole series of sections of themes of great national
economic itnportance ha.ve been completed or are at the sta.ge of completion.
In paxticuTar~ the monograph "Gidrologicheskiy rezhim rek basseyna, r.
Selengi" [Hydrological Pattern af Selenga River Basin] has been published~
a method ha,s been formulated for calculating the rain floods on the rivers
Selenga and Onona~ and a plan ha.s been set up for determining the most
efficient placement of hydrological sta,tions in the basin of these rivers.
173 .
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
'
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ,
A significant event in the scientific life of the Mongolian People's
Republic wi11 be the pub~.ication of the 'Yiydrometeorological. atlas of the
countryi work on its creation should be finished in 197g. T he 3oint pub-
lication of this work will be a great contribution of the hydrometeorologi-
ca1 specialists ta the successful ~.mplementation of plans for national
economic construction and improvement in the we~.fare of the workers of the
Mongolian People's Republic adopted by the party and government.
T he Mongolian People's Republic Hydrometeorological Service is focussing
a lot of attention on the devalopment and perfection of inethods for weather
forecast3ng of varying term~ During the discussion of results of research
within the framework of this theme it was noted that a lot has been done
on the prepasation of data and the development of a me thod for complex
macroc3r culation method of monthly temperature and precip~tation forecasts
over Central A.sia. A physical-statistical method is being ~reated for
forecasting precipitation and temperature~ and calculations axe being made
� of statistical characteristics of temperature and precipitation at reference
meteorological stations of the Mongolian People's Republic in order to
prepare the predictants, The joint station of rocket sounding of the atmo-
sphere that can be set up in the Mongolian People's Republic on the basis of ~
the intergovernmental a~greement will permit an even deeper investigation of
the processes occurring in the upper atmospheric layers~ ~~rhile the data
obtained with its help wi11 ~e1p to create long-term forecasts of higher
justifiability.
T he computer center that has been created'by the Mongolian People's Repub-
lic Hydrometeorological Service with the cooperation of the 5oviet
specialists in the neas future wi11 permit a rapid solution to the problems
necessas y for scientific research and guaxantaeing the interests of the
na.tional economy.
~
T he Mongolian side expressed especial interest in solutions and measures
taken in the USSR for environmental protection and the use of space resource s ~
in the interest o� the efficient use of natural resources (surface water,
~'.T10W cover, plant cover, etc. N. Zhagvaral, a member of the Politburo,
secretas y of the MNRP [Mongolian People's Revolutiona.ry Party] Central
Committee and academician, D. Maydar, a member of the Politburo of the .
MNRP Central Committee, first deputy cha.irman of the Council of Ministers
of the Mongolian People's Republic~ and doctor~ and Doctor Zhadamba, head
of the section of the MNRP Central Committee paxticipated in the d~scussions
of these questions, The head of the Soviet delegation Yu. S. 5edunov~ `
and members of the delegation V. M. Voloshchuk and Ye. N~ Mikhaylov
answered the questions that interested the Mongolian comrades. During the
conversations opinions were ex~changed about measures for intensification
of control over the con~ition of the environment. T he successes achieved
in this field in the US5R and Mongolian Peopls's Republic were noted. In
the Mongolian People's Republic with the help of Soviet specialists a
laboratory for studying pollution of the atmospheric air,'surface waters .
and soil has been set up, a network of poi.nts to observe the state of air
pollution in the industrial centers of the Mongolian People's Republic has
174~
FOR CFFICIAL USE ONLY
: _ _ I
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~M FoR or~iczar. us~ oNr~Y .
baan e~eated, and a~ plan ha~ been oompi~ed for ~he~placement of obaerva~~,on
po~.n~a ~or wa~er bofl~.es of ~he Mongol~.an people's Republ.io ~
Spaaking of ~,h~ use o~ remote aound3.ng me~hods ~rom apace ~the mambers of
th~ Sovie~ fl~l~ga~tion info~med the Mongolian aide in do~a~.7. about ~the ~eoh-
_ n~.que of obsexvation and exahange'of info~ma~ion, and about the poesibili-
ti~s o~ using ~he observa~ional data from spaae for ~he needs of the national ~
aconomy, hav3.ng especially stressed ~g~ioultuxe, pasture animal husbandry~ -
i~.e, ~ the ~type~ of econom~.a activity ~hat ere o~ espacial interest ~or the
MongoJ.ian P~ople's Republia,
During the mee~ting tha Mongolian side repeated].y noted the contributi~n of
the USSR ~to the development of the hydxometeorolo~ical aervice of their -
country and appraised the positive evolution of bilateral sci~nt3~ic ~nd
technical cooperation in th~.s ~ie1d as a,n important contribut3.on to the
- strengthe n3.ng and expansion of fr iendship between our count~ies~ A detailed
exchange exchang~ of'opinion~ was also made on a number of urgent inter-
national questions concernin~ the organ~.zation and casrying out of intex-
national programs and pro3ects to be lmplemented by the WMO~ UNESCO and other
international organizations,
Membe~s of the 5oviet delegation were given the opportunity to become acquain- '
ted with a number of scientific research institu~ions of the Mongol.ian
yeo~le's Republlc, and with his~torical and cultural monuments~
T he negotiations, conversations ~,nd consultations that were made in an
atmosphere of traditional friendship and warmth demonstrated the unity of
viewpoints, ot' the sides on the problems touched upon~ their mutual striving
to socure f~aternal friendship and to steadily develop comprehensive
cooperation betwesn our countries.
As a result of the negotiations a 3oint protocoi was signed With specific
plans for further cooperation. Af'ter the signing of the protocol a meeting ~
took place between the first secre tary of the MNRP Central Committee,
i:hairman of the Great People's Kt~ural Yu, Tsedenbal and the first deputy
chairman of the USSR State Committee on Hydrometeorology and Environmental
Control~ Professor Yu~ S, Sedunov. On the Soviet side Yu. V. Oly.unin
participated in the conversation~
In the name of the Soviet delegation Yu. S~ Seduncv expressed deep grati-
tude for the reception and attent.ion~ and noted the high degree ~f effec-
tiveness of the cooperation between the USSR and the Mongolian People's
Republic in the field of hydromete orology and environmental protection,
and the exceptionally favorable conditions based on fraternal fY iendship
between our people for its further development and deepening.
,
Yu. T sedenbal dwelt on certain questions of internationa.l cooperation ~
_ and especially noted the importance of the strengthening of cooperation
between our countries, having stre ssed here the need to increase the
effec~~iveness of scientific research.
175
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
_
~0!~ U~'~'IGIAL Uyl~ nNLY '
CONF~~~1C~S~M~~'INGS AND SEM]~1ARS
Moscow METEOLROIAGIYA I GIDROIAGIYA ~.n Russian No 5, May 79 pp 126-iz7
CArticla by R~ G. Reytenbakh~ Yu, G~ Slatinskiy and A~ P. Zhilyayev]
[Text] On 23-27 October in Obninak in the A1J.-Unicrn 8cientSfio Research
Institute of Hydrometeorological Information--Wor1d Data Cen~er an a11-
union seminas was conducted "Creation of Hydrometeo~ological Data Banks~" ~
'The need for the organization of such a sem3nar was elioited by the riaing
problems of co].lecting and accumulating data on the environment~ and an
incxease 3.n the scales of use of computers to solve scientific and practical -
probleme of studying the environment~ forecasting its condition~ putting ~
out manuals and atlases on the hydrometeorological pattern~ Representatives
participated in the seminar from the ].eading acientifSc research institutea �
af the USSR State Committee on Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control~
VS~INGEO [A11-Union Scientific Research Institute of Hydrogeology and
Enginsering Geology]~ TsNI~{NR and Be1NITMiVKh [Belorussian Scientific
Research Snstitute of Reclamation and Water Mana.gement]~ Thirty-six
reporta were heard and discussed on problems of developing automa~ed syatems
for nrocessing and star ing hydrometenrological data~ method and pro~am
provision~ technology and plans for creating funds of hydrometeorological ~
data on technical casriers~ thair control~ organization and use for
serving the consumers.
A large group of reports covered the p~esentation of queations of inethod
and program ana.lysis. T he report of V. M. Veselov and R. G. Reytenbakh
(VNIIGMI-MrsD) ~ "Zadachi~ struktura i funktsiona,l'nyye vozmozhnosti
Avtomatizirovannoy informatsionnoy sistemy obrabotki rezhimnoy informatsii
(ATSORI)" [T asks~ Structure and Functional Potentialities of the Automated
Informational System for Processing Systems Information (AISORI)] gave the
brief characteristics of hydrometeorolagical information, characteristics
of the accumulated files of hydrometeorological data and the problems of
prQ^essing them, ana,lyzed the modern technical and method potentialities
of data. processing in hydrometeorology~ and presented the.structure of the
processing system developed in VNIIGMI-MrsD. Y. M. Veselov in his report -
~76
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFZCZAL USE ONLY
"Sx~ds~tva~ uprav~~n~.ya dannymi v AZSORZ" ~Mea,ns of Data OontroJ. ~.n ASSORSa
pr~~en~ed ~h~ ma~.n ~uno~ione of oontxo~ of hydrometeoro7.ogScal da~a ~.n the
pxocassing prog~ama, i~lum~.nated the possibili~ies ~or the developed
language ~esot.~c~s~ and gave infoxmation about ~he me~hods of prog~am
real~.za~i,on,
~
'~he reports of Yu, P. Churakov~ V~ M~ Pan'kov and V, P~ Platonov (VNSIGMI-
MT eD) stated the program and language resourcea for workin~ w~.th ~he
hydrometeorologioal punched casd f~.les prep~,red in the SPM [putioh~d-~ard
compu~ter] cod~ and ~or ex~hange of data on magnetio ~tapes of the M-222
computer~ Minsk-32 and YeS compu~er,
V. A. Semenov~ V~ G. Litvin et al, (VNIIGMI-MT sD) atated the main taaks
and principles of developing an automated 3n~ormational system of st,ate
accounting of water and water cadaster that wi11 include three aubaystems:
~~uLL~fBCA W&~'~A~'~ ~~UI]G1A~~O11l1C1 Wa'tA~~~~ ~~U88 Of W8'~'~Ar.n
In a number of reports of ~the coJ.leagues of the VNIIGMI-~rsn [aii-Union
Scienti~ic Reseaxch Ir.stitute of Hydrometeorological Information-Wor1d Data
Center] and the GGO CA. I. V oyeykov MaSn Geophysical Observatory] the
content was presented for the data bases on meteorology~ aerology and
oceanology for the systems to 'be set up on the basis of the YeS computer~
with substantiation of the sequence of prepasa~i.on of the different files. _
Z'he functional potentialities and peculiarities of program analysis of the
automated informational-reference system Katalog deai~ed to provide the
users of hydrometeorological information with information about the data
files, the site of their storage, information casriers~ periods and meana
of observations were presented in the reports of V. M~ Veselov~ I. R~ Dani-
lova~ et al, (VNIIGMI-NfrsD),
A whole number of reports of the colleagues of TsAO Central Aerological
Observatory]~ GGO~ GGI [State Hydrological Institute ~ VNITMGI-MT sD~ and
Ir~I [Institute of Electromechanics] covered the experimental work with
specific files of axchive hydrometeorological data. Questions of control
of information were presented by colleagues of the GGI, IGMI [Leningrad
Hydrometeorological Institute]~ GGO, VNIIGMI-NfrsD, and GKhI [State Scientific
and Technical Publishing House of Chemical Literature]. 2'he potentialities
for increasing the reliability of information storage by interference-killing
coding were shown in the repor.ts of L. P. Afinogenov (GGO~ and Ye, p~
Ryzhiye (VNIIGMI-MT sD~.
Representatives of the Belorussian Scientific Research Institute of Recla-
mation and Water Management in their report familiarized the seminar parti-
cipants wit,h the experimenta.l automatic processing and accumulation of data
obta.ined at a number af test bodies. The features of the technique of
constructing the base for rapid information exch~,nge were stated in the
report of V. D. Zhupanov and N. I,. Shesta.kova. (GMrs SSSR).
177
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY `
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR O~FICIAL USE ONLY
On ~he whole the seminar demons~ra.~ed ~hat in the ins~~.tutions of ~the USSR _
S~tate Commi~~tee on Hydrome~aoro~.ogy and Environmenta~ Con~rol ~here has
been a oonsidexable increase in the number o~ da~a ~iles designed for
process~.r~g on computers~ and tho voJ.ume and po~en~tial.3~iea for program
~na].ysis o~' data pro~essing~ T he experience thF.t has bsen acoumulated by
now is a good ~oundat~on for develop3ng d~,t~, banks based on third genexa~ion
compu~;ers,
R. G ~ A,eytenbakh
On October iri Kiev a meet3.ng took place of the scientifiQ and techn3,ca1
counoil of YGMS ~Administration of Hydrometeorologioal Service] of the
Ukrainian SSR tha~t oovered the work of the mar ine network~ G. V. Yataevich
and A. P. Zhilyayev gave reports on the resul.ts of work of the mar ine and
estuarine subdivisiona of the UGMS and the tasks for 1979-i9~o~
It was noted in the reports and speeches that in recent year s in the Ukraini-
an SSR UGMS extensive work has been done to improve the efficienay of the
mar ine network and types of observationa~ improve the quality of information
enter3ng for the service of the national economic orgat~izations and the
forecasting organs of the USSR S~t,ate Committee on Hydrometeorology and
Environmental Control~
rt was noted at the meeting that the Ukrainian SSR UGMS systematic~.lly
works on the construction of new and the reconstruction of extant ur~its
in the marine network. In i97q ~.t is planned to examine the question of
the possible construction of self-recorders for the level at a number of
posts in the estuar ine region of the Dnepr and the South Bug.
In order to provide information to the continuously increasing transparta- ~
tiun and passenger trips there axe 12 wavemeter posts operating in the UGMS.
In the neas future it is planned to a.dd.to them another two-three seasonal
posts on the routes of the most dense h'ydrofoil traffio~ �
I~e observations play an important role in the activity of the mar ine
network of the Ukrainian SSR UGMS.
Annually the mar ine network of the Ukrainian SSR UCMS carries out a large
volume of expedition work. In 19?8 alone about 4,500 series of hydrologic
observations were ma,de in the Bla.ck and Azov Seas. _
The participa:its of the meeting noted tha.t in developing the annual plans
of expedition work for the marine network the Ukrainian SSR UGMS and the
;0 GOIN [Siberiar: Depaxtment of the Sta.te Institute of Oceanography] in
..ccordance with the decisions of the Scientific Council on the Problem of
Studying Oceans and Seas of the USSR Sta.te Committee on Hydrometeorology
and Environmental Control are constantly reaching increases in the sailing
duration of expedition ships of all types by reducing the between-voyage
stops~ winter settling period, and other unproductive losses of work time.
178
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
T ho exper~.enae o~ o,pera~ing th~ be~t orews of the Du~nay GMO demonstxa~es
tha~ ~or ship~ of the SChB ~ype [B~.aok Sea medium aeiner~ under a~nditions
of the Aznv-Black Se~ basin the praatically oon~~.nuou~ ope~a~tion in ~the
sea ~'or the en~ise navigation perind is qui~e poss~.b1A~
In the development of plans for expadition work the UGMS and SO GOIN foous
a 1.ot o~ a~tent~.on on the o~ganization of oomplex xesearch with sSmul.taneous
paxticipation o~ all or the ma~arity of soientifto research ships, Suoh
work makea it posaibls to solve immediately aeveral problema an one tr ip~
whereby observations are made synch~onously in one or severaJ. regions of
the saa~
T he mseting exa,mined in detail the question of the operation of the ship
network, It was noted that in 1q78 within the Ukrainian SSR UGMS there
were 3i6 ship hydxometenrological stations w~.th navigator's crew, 2n i977-
i978 about 150~000 hydrometeorological obaervations were made in different
regions of the World Ocean~ the number of ineteorological reports coming
to .the shore forecasting ageneies rose by more than 15qb. The ship inspec-
tors of the UGMS did a lot of work to i.mprove the regulasity of xeport
transmissions and increase in the quality of observations~
The adopted decision formulated a number of primary tasks for the further
improvement in activity of the max ine network of the Ukrainian SSR UGMS,
intensification in coordinated activities for supervision of the network
betWeen the UGMS of ~th~ Ukrainian SSR and the SO GOIN~ and improvement in
the responsibility of a11 links in the UGMS apparatus for the fulfillment
of the approved plan assignments.
Yu. G. Slatinskiy and A. P. Zhilyayev
1?g '
~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
~OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ' ~
N~ES FROM ABROAD ~
Moscow MET EOROLOGIYA I GTDROIAGIYA in Russian No 5~ May 79 pp 127-128
[Ax ticle by B. I. Silkin]
~Text] As reported in ENV7RONMENTAL DATA SERVICE~ Janua,ry 1978~ p 5, a
group of American scientiata headed by U. I,. Gates that,is p~rticipating
in the internat3onal pro3ect CLSMAP (C].imates Zong-Range Investigation,
Mapping and Prediction) has created a numerical model. demonstrating the
condition of the earth's atmosphere in the period of maximum development '
of the last ice age~ that is roughly 18~000 years ago.
The initial material was the set of paleosynoptic charts gathered for the
first time tha,t reflect the meteorological conditions on the entire sttrface ~
of the planet 18,000 years ago; they include data on the extent and thicI~ness
of the ice cover on dry land and on the sea~ the temperature of the aea
surface, and the albedo (reflecting ability),Qf the dry land in this period.
T hen computations were made of the temperature of the near -surface air layer ,
and other chaxacteristics of the epoch. After averaging with respect to
the entire globe and comparison with the temperatures inherent to our
modern climate~ it was esta,bl~shed that a drop in the mean air temperature
with the onset of th~ ice period is only S~C~ T his conclusion is extremely
i,nportant both for an explanation of the problem of the paleoclimate~ and
for an answer to the questions of the super long-term climatological fore-,
cast~
In SCIE[?~E NEWS~ 1978, Vol 113, No 8~ p 118 it is reported that a group of
astrophysicists from Kitt-Pikski~National Observatory (T ucson~ Arizona) led
by U. Livingston have recorded a drop in the .~lar temperature by 6 K in
lg?7. Such a flucta~,tion~ which ir~ the opinion of the researchers~ could
be cyclic, wa.s noted for the firs~t time in 1975 when sys~t,ematic observations
were started,
T he observed drop is O.lqb of the normal solar temperature (5?00 K)~ it also
means a reduction by 0.51 in the sola.r consta.nt, that is the quantity of _
energy released by the star.
180
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OF~'~CZAL USE ONLY
The tendenay towaxde a drop in temperatu~e was no~ed ~ox the f~sst time ,in
January 1977 dur~.ng one of ~the si.x mon~thly measuremen~ts of this pasame~er ~
A,~ ~his time ~he spo~-~orming aot~.vi~ty of the sun pasaed the minimum and
began to grow, and further observa~ion o~ both paramete~s demonstxated
their aorrelation,
The observed temperature oscillat~.ons are ama11~ but~ in the op~.nion of
certain cl~.matologis~ts~ a~ reduction in it in the space of aeveral oenturies
3.s aufficient to assume the beginning of an epoch of glacia~ion.
Zn respect to the seasonal changes in the diatance separating the eas th from
the sun~ the qua,nti.ty of energy obtained by our p~.anet from 3.t 3n a year is
altered by 6~. An additional. change by 0.5~~ in the opinion of U~ Living-
ston, can already ha,ve c19.matological consequences,
However~ before draw3ng final conclusions it is neceasaxy to have a longer
series and greater divorsity in the observationa,l methods. Pre].iminary
analysis of the data from the meteorological sate113te "Nimbus-6" confirms
the opinion of the Kitt-Pikskiy group of resear chers~
Tn the journsls ICARUS~ Vol 3Z1~~ 1978 p 28 and SCIENCE NEWS Vol 113~ No 18,
~978, p 2q8 it is reported that several yeaxs ago it wa,s established that
clouds in the atmosphere of Venus contain a large quantity of sulfuric
~ acid~ However its precise amount there remained unknown.
James B. P ollak and collea~ues (Ames Research Center of the Unitad States
National Aeronautics and 3pace Research Administration) came to the con-
clusion that sulfuric acid comprises~more tha,n five-sixths of the total
weight of substance contained in these clouds~
T he concentration of 'this acid in drops forming the cloud~ according to
these studies~ is in the upper part of the clouds~ at altitude from 68 to
80 km above the planet's surface 84~ (�2~. T he observations that came to
such a conclusion were made on a 91-centimeter telescope installed on board
the Cooper airpla,ne laboratory with whose hel~p reflecting spectra were
obtained in the frequency band 2,9-3,4 �m,
In the lower paxt of the clouds (about 49 km over the underlying surface)~
according tn the measurements made by the Soviet researchers on board the
automatic interplanetary station "Venera" the conaentration of sulfuric
acid j.s alm'ost the s~,me, 8~ (�6) ,
The A.merican researchers establivhed that the eaistence of clou~.ds saturated
_ with sulfuric acid significantly reduces the already low water content in
the atmosphere of Venus: in its layers below the clouds it is within the
limit~ of 0.OC06 and 0.01 (by volume~, and above the clouds~ only 0.000002.
181
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100084416-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Wi~h xospeo~ to ~he apeotra in ~he qho~t-wave seotion o~ ~the range it ~
was establishad ~h~,t ~the opt~.a depth of alouds on Venus (that is ~he deg~ee ~
to which they preven~ the pen~tration of ].ight) 3s between 25 and 50, T h~.s
is equivalent to the condi~ions of a~trong cloud cover on the ear~th, and
~.ndicates that ~the sur~ace of Venus is better 111umina,ted than assumed up
to norr .
COPYRIGHrs "Meteorologiya gidrologiya~" 1979 ,
9~ ~5 END
cso: is64~
182
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100080016-5