JPRS ID: 8576 USSR REPORT POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS

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- ~ ~ ~ ~ . RF ~
2� JULY i979 CFOUO i01T9) i OF i

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~OR O~~IC1Al. US~ UNLY
JPRS L/8576
20 July 1979
U SS R Re ort
p
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
cFOUO , 0~79~
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,
JPRS L/8576
20 July 1979
USSR RENORT
POLITICAL ANb $OCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
(FOUO 10/79)
CONTENTS PAGE
INTERNATIONAL -
Academician Attacks Western Scholarahip on Azerbaydzhan
(A. S. Sumbatzade; ISTORIYA SSSR, No 3, 1979) 1
Former Jurist Cites USSR Crime Statistics
(Friedrich Neznanakiy; POSEV, May 79) 14
REGIONAL
Training Workers From Central Asia
(M. Orazgel'dyyev; VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, Mey 79) 24 _
~
- a- [III - USS R- 35 FOUO]
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INTERNATIONAL
ACADEMICIAN ATTACKS WESTEitN SCHOLARSHIP ON AZERBAYDZFtAN
Moscow ISTORIYA SSSR in Russian No 3~ 1979 pp 196-204 ,
(Article by Azerbaydzhan SSR Academy of Sciences Academician A. S. Sumbatzade:
"On the Diatorted Interpretation of Some Problema of Azerbaydzhan History in
the Bourgeois Presa"] -
, [Text] Like the entir~~ Tranacaucusus, togeCher with Iran~ Asia Minor~ and
Mesopotamia, Azerbaydzhan ia part of the Near and Middle Ea~t. For thie
reason its history is as ancient as the history of that entiice region~
considered one of the earliest centera of human civilization.
In their books, articles, encyclopedias, and other publications, contemporary
bourgeois historians frequently distort many evente, facts, and phenomena of
deep antiquity and moet modern times. In this connection we would like to
discuas in particular some problems of Azerbaydzhan history ae presented in
the bourgeois press.
We know that as early as the ninth-seventh centuries BC the Mana atate had
- existed on the territory of southern Azerbaydzhan. At the beginning of the
seventh century BC it was conquered by Media and, together with it, was part
of the Persian Achaemenid Empire in the middle of the sixth century BC.
Following the fall of the latter, as a reault of the campaigns of Alexander
the Great, in the 30's of the fourth century BC, the state of Atropatena
developed on the territory of southern Azerbaydzhan, which included part of
the territory of northern Azerbaydzhan to the Kura River. Al1 this clearly
proves the erroneousness of the sCatement in the article on Azerbaydzhan in -
the Columbia 4iking Deslc Encyclopedia to the effect that "in the distant par~t
the rulers Van and Urartu ruled the area."1 It is well known thaC "evea though
at the beginning of the eighth century BC a number of campaigns were mounted
on the territory of contemporary Azerbc;ydzhan and Iranian Kurdistan by the
Urart kings, they were unable to consolidate their positions firmly in the
areae south of Urmiya Lake. In the eighth century the local tribes were
united within the quite big Mana kingdom which succeasfully repelled th~
attempts on the part of Urartu and of the Assyrians to conquer the Urmiya
area."2 "The Mana kingdom beeame a strong and independent state coveriag the
virtually entire territory of today's southern Azerbaydzhan."3
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A confu~ing picture is presented in the hi.etory of ehe nppearunce on the
t~:rrirory oF ~ouChern Azerbnydzhan of a aecond stnte--Arropatenc~. "'The
1Persian king Arropates," the Columbia Viking besk ~~cyclopedia st:nCe~,
"cregted her~ an independent kingdom after 328 ~C." YeC, Atropc~Ces wns
merely the representaCive of the Ach~emenide king in enuthern Azerbaydxhan.
Followittg the fnll of the Ach~emenide ~mpire, Atropatea pledged obedience to
Alexander the Great nnd thus was allowed to rule hi.a satrapy. 5ubsequently,
he indeed est~blished here un independent country--Arropaeena--nFimed,
according Co one of the versione, after him.5 "The name 'Atropa~.~n~,'
distorted by tlie Arabs, became the basis for the current name
'Azerbaydzhan."'6
tn the course of. over six centuries (fourth cenCury BC-third century AD)
Atropaten~ wn~ either fully independent or semi-independent mainly from tlie
Parthian sraee, until, finally, the end of the third century, it became "p~re
oE the Sassanid kingdom and became one of irs richesC provinces."~ At thAt
time the kingdom of Caucasian Albania Appeared in thc ttorthern pnrt of
Azerbaydzhan, whose capitol wtts inttially Kabala and, subsequentl.y, Partava,
or Bard.
The author uf the article "Azerbaydzhan" in the Encyclopedia of Islam
acknowledges ttiat from the time of the Mongolian conquest of Southwestern
Asi~ to the middle of the 16th century the territory of Azerbaydzhan was tlie
nucleus of a number of big countries in the Middle East. Thus, "wiCh the
advent to power of I1', the kahn of Khulaga, Azerbaydzhan became the center
of a huge empire str~tching from Oxus to Syria. Initially, the Mongols
seCtled in Maraga and, subsequenCly, in Tebriz, which became a center for
commerc~.al and cultural life. After th~ Mongols and their heirs, the
Dzhalairids, once again Azerbaydzhan was conquered by the Turknmans who had
come back from the west. After 1502 Azerbaydzhan became the main bastion of
the 5ethevides, who came from Ardebil and who initially spoke the local
Iranian dialect."8 This fact is acknowledged in the arCicle ~n Azerbaydzhan
in the Ency~clopaedia Britannica, which states that Azerbaydzhan "was the
craddle of the Sethevides dynasCy."9 :
Let us emphasize that the overwhelming ma~ority of Western encyclopedias
distort the very name of rhe people of Azerbaydzhan. 'I'he ethnic name -
Azerbaydzhani is replaced in such editions by names such as "TaCars" or
"of Tatar origin,"10 "Azerbaydzhani Tatars,"11 or "Muhammadan Tatars."12 We
know that initially the name Tatars was given to the "noi~hern groups of
Mongolian tribes which roamed the territory of today's northeastern Plongolia,
the Amur region, and Manchuria in the sixth to the ninth centuries. 'The word
"Tatars" entered Europe in the 13th century with the Tatar-Mongolian
invasion. Between the 13th and 14th. centuries it was applied to some Eurasian
narions within the Golden Horde."13 However, according to tiistor.ical�sources,
Che term "Tatars" was not applied toward the Azerbaydzhanis at least until
the 19th century. This is confirmed by numerous data found in Russian sources
and works by Western European scientists, and travelers, and memoirs of
officials who visit:ed Azerbaydzhan in those times.14 As a rule, 16th-17th
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cc~ntury Itns~ian sources called the Azerbaydzhanis eiCher "Kyzylbash" or
simply "Peraiana."15 In the 18th century the ethnic name Tatare was nnc
applied to the Azerbaydzhanis. Exceptiona].ly valuable in this respect ia
Peter the Great's "ManifegCo," isaued in 1722 in Aetrakhan' preceding hie
"Peraign campaign," ~ustifiably described in diplomat~.c circles in the
capitol as the "Shemakhinskaya expedition."16 Thia Manifesto, tranelaCad into
oriental languages, Azerbaydzhani in particular, and printed in Arabic in
lettera especially designed by Dmitriy Kantemir, diatinguishes among faur
nationalities in the Transcaucusus and Iran: "Farai, A~emi, Armeniane, and
Ceorgians."17 The last two are obvious. The Fars3s refer Co Persiane and
the A~emia to the Azerbaydzhanis.
_ A similar confuaion diaplayed in Weatern publications is noted also in the
case o~ the ethnic names of Turks and Azerbaydzhanis. Thus, for examp1~, a
number of publications describe the Azerbaydzhania as "lncal Turka,"~g "Turke-
. Azers,"19 or "Azerbaydzhani Turks."20 Some publications acknowledge ChRt the
Azerbaydzhgni language is original and distinct from 'hirkiah as spok+~n in
Turkey.21
A number of bourgeois authors deny the original culture of the Azerbaydzhania
in southern Azerbaydzhan, considering it Iranian. Thus, for example, an
American encyclopedia states that, Despite the fact that the
predominanC human mass (of southern Azerbaydzhan--the author) consiata
of Azerbaydzhanis their culture is Iranian."22
The groundlessnesa of such claims was indicated as early as the 1930's by
- Soviet acientists. A. Yu. Yakubovskiy, in particular, wxote the following of
the so-called "Iranian art": "The art we describe as Iranian wes the age-old
product of di;fferent cultural factors involving the active participation of
the Persiana thewselves as well as of other peoples of Iran, Central Asia, and
the Caucusus, who were not only their neighbors but who, over a long period
- of time, were under the same rule."23 Azerbaydzhani art scientists have
convincingly shoam the national grounds of the famous Tebriz achool of
min3.atures, long presented as Iranian art.24 The wealth of Azerbay~~hani
calligraphy is extendively described in the book by A. Yu. Kaziyev. The
originality of another area of Azerbaydzhani art--rug making--was noted by the
German scientist J. Lettenmair in his book "The Great Book on Eaatern Rugs."26
Th~ topic has been extensively discussed also in the monumental work by the
Az~:;ba dzhani art ex-pert L. Kerimov "Azerbaydzhanskiy Kover" [Az~rbaydzhan
,e~
The bourgeois Sovietologists are unsuccessfully trying to convince their
readers of the lack of socioeconomic or political prerequisites for the
victory of the socialist revolution in the outlying areas of Russia,
Azerbaydzhan in particular. Thus, W. Kolarz, in an effort to belittle by all ~
possible means the significance of the participants of the Azerbaydzhani
working people !.n the Russian revolutionary movement of the beginning of the
20th century, claims that during the first bourgeois-democratic revolution
only one Bolshevik newspaper--KOCH DEVET28--was published in Azerbaydzhani.
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- Let u~ tmmediarc~ly point out Chne betwe~n 190G Mnd 1907 threc oCliar Bolshevik
_ ?iewspapers were publiqhed in AzerbzydZh~ni .Ln A.nku ~1one: (;UMMI:'.~ (1904-1905),
TEK.1~1'li.~L' (19C16~19Q7), and YELDA5}i (1907). We mu~t emph~size thtiC ae tihnC
rime no more Chan 10 newspapers could be legttlly pub~.ished in th~ -
Azerhnydzh~~nl. l~~.ngii~ge. 29
Afrer. Kolurz, in his book "PAn-Turkism and Islam i.n Russi~~?," 5. 7.enkovsky
c1~im~, totnlly groundlessly, th~t "only a Eew educated 'T~tars aiid
= Azerb~ydzfiuni~ ~,ocre fnmiliar with the ttieories of Marx and I.enin."30 Yet, the
- merc enumeration of Bolshevik newspapers publtshed in the ,lzerbaydzhnni
- langu~g~ in 1917-�1920 proves quiCe convincingly how extensively 1~tarxism-
; Lenini3in and ehc~ idetts of Bolshevism were being disseminated among Che
, Cui11n~ Arerbaydzh~~ni masses. GIJI~tET, ZNAAtYA SpRAVEbLIVOSTi, GOI.OS TItUDA,
7.NI'LI~' ~t1ItObA, SVODOUA, IZV~5TIYA BAKIN5KOY KONFERENTSII, TRUD, ItABOCHIY I
KUi,' xi.!RA, t~OMPtUNI5T, OKTYe1nR' SKAYA REVOLYUTSIYA, I3~DNOTA, GOLOS I'RAVDY,
_ BEUN(1TA A7.,FRT3AYn"I.}IANA, FAK~L, and TOVARISHCH were the titles of Che Bolshevik
- preys in Azerbaydztian indlcating the total groundlessness of the claims
fornt~ll~ted 'ay It. Pipes that, allegedly, "the Marxist influence among the
Russian rtus~ims was qu,!te limiCed and wherever iC existed (Vladil:avkaz, Baku,
- attd Kazan`) it wag of u Menshevik naCure."31
rirm Bolshevik-Lenir~ists cume ouC of the working people of the Tr~nscaucusus:
bI. r[Ftm~d'yarov, 3, A. D~dashev, M. B. Kasumov, Khanlar Safaraliyev,
M. Aydynbekov, ii. Sardarov, ~nd many others. S. M. Efendiyev, M. Azizbekov,
N. ~arin~nnov, and c~thers made a great contribution to the propagt?nda and
dissemin~tion of :~i~.rxist-Leninist ideas in Pluslim circlES. IC was precisely
rhe ~[enshevtks amang the Baku Azerbaydzhanis whose influence was small. They
were more irifluential among the Azerbaydzhanis in Tbil,isi (A. Karayev,
' S. A~amaly o~1y, and I. Abilov). liowev~r, they too, after moving to Baku,
- ~oined Cl~e Botshevik ranks. The same could be said of the left-wing
. S.R. Azerbaydztianis (M. Vezirov, R. Akhundov, R. Cuseynov, Kh. Zeynally und
otl~ers) who ,joined the Bolshevik party in the period of Che sCruggle for the
est~lblis}~ment of a Soviet system in Baku and in Azerbaydzhan. One of them--
Mir Ga~~n Vezirov--was among the 26 Baku commissars killed by the Angl~-S.R.
executioz~ers in Ak~cha-Kuyma, on 20 September 1918.
The bourgeois Sovietologists are very reluctanC to acknowledge that between
1918 and 1920 forces were being raised ready to put an end to the anti-
people's bourgeois-landowning regime of the Musavatists, not only in
proletarian Baku and the the great Baku proletariat, but am~ng the toiling
peasantry of Azerbaydzhan, an~i insure the establishment of a Sovt~C system in
Azerbaydzhan. Charac:teristic in this respect is the claim by American ~
Sovietolobist F. Kazemzade who claims that the "nationalistic attraction of
the 'Musavata' was so str~ng that no force within Azerbaydzhan itself could
oppose it .''32 ,
Yet, the facts prove the opposite--the maturity of the revolutionary sicuation
in Azerbaydztian and the extent ro which the toiling masses were fully
resolvc,d to ~verthrow the snti-people's Musavatist regime and raise in
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Azerbaydzhan the Red ~'lag of the Soviet system. Thus, in a 22 May 1919 letter
to V. I. Lenin, A. I. Mikoyan emphaeized that "social contradictions in
Azerbaydzhan are more severe; there are grearer class grounds for a coup, and
there is greater dissaeiafaction with and h3Cred for the exiating
government."33 As early as the end of 1919 a representative of the People's
Coromiasariat for NationalitieQ ~vroCe to Moscow that "Today, Azerbaydzhan--the
center of rhe future Soviet r~volution in the Transcaucusus--is a bubbling
caldron of revolutionary enthusiasm. One cannot trust one's ow~n eyes. From
November 1918 to February this year I criss-c~osaed the country four rimea;
the growth of Bolshevik feelings among the peasant Muslim masses is totally
sroazing. I did not come across people not aympathizing wiGh the Bolsheviks.
The revolutionary stress is overwhelming. Everyone is looking at
Mnscow. The countryside is secreCly arming itself."34 Af~er discussing the
27 Apzil letter of Che Azerbaydzhan Revolutionary Committe~ "On Tranafering
the Power Co the Communists," at ita ~xtraordinary aession the Azerbaydzhani
parliament accepted the condiCions by ma~ority vote.35 Therefore, how could
� there be a question of any power of attracCion of the Musavata and of
imposing on Azerbaydzhan the Soviet eystem f:om the outside?
The purpose of such claims is to convince the readers that the Soviet system
was established in Azerbaydzhan as a result of ita "seizure" by Soviet Rusaia.
Such a falsification of the hietory of the establishment of the Soviet system
in Azerbaydzhan has been reflected in Western encyclopediae as well. Thus,
for example, one of them states that, "In 1918 Azerbaydzhan became an
- independent republic headed by the ?iusavatist Party. As a result of the
difficult international (the military intervention of friendly Turkey and
hostile Britain and war with Armenia) and the domestic (consCant enmity
_ between Armenians and Azerbaydzhanis, and a Bolshevik underground in Baku)
situation, the existence of the republic was unstable and in 1920 the Red
Army easily seized Azerbaydzhan."36 Another publication equates the '1'urkish
occupation o� Azerbaydzhan in 1918 with th calling of the Red Army by Che
government of Soviet Azerbaydzhan in 1920.~~
One of the latest works by bourgeo:is Sovietologists on the hiatory of
revolutionary events in 1918 in Azerbaydzhan is the book by R. Syuni "The Baku
Commune of 1917-1918. Class and Nation in the Russian Revolution." This work
has already been critically reviewed by the republic's press.38 However, the
extremely gross distortions of the history of the great Baku commune it
cantains deserves a more thorough analysis and sharp criticism.
Only in individual cases do encyclopedias and other Western publications
provide a less distorted picture of the establishment of the Soviet syatem in
Azerbaydzhan. Thus, for example, The Encyclopedia of Islam atates that "on
28 April 1920 a Soviet system was proclaimed in Baku without military
opposition and Azerbaydzhan became one of the three Transcaucasian
republics."39 Another encyclopedia points out that "in April 1920 local
communists came to power in Azerbaydzhan, and Azerbaydzhan was proclaimed a
Soviet Socialist Republic which, in 1922, ~oined Che Armenian and Georgian
republics in the Transcaucasian Soviet Federal So~ialist Republic, which
became on of the first four members of the USSR." ~
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In 1926 H. Buxton, who hnd v~sited the Transc~aucusug both prior to and
following Che institution of Che Soviet system, pubtished liis book.
Ob~ectively asseasing Che significance of th~ creation of rhe Trannc~ucasian
F'ederaCion in 1922, ehe author wrote that, "The federation of the Chree
republicg is the most necessary achievemenC of the Soviet Covernment in the
Transcaucusus."41
The Leninist rheory of the national problem in the Transcaucusus is being
sub~ected to the fierce ~ttacks of the bourgeois fMlsifiers, Since 1970
Columbia University has offered a"Program for Che Study of Soviet N~Cional
Problems," particult~rly u program relaCed to "Turko-SovieC research," lieaded
by Edward Allworth. In 1970 and 1973 two works edired by him were published:
"5ovier NaCionality Problems," and "The Narionality Question in Soviet Central
Asia,"42 in whlch the national policy of the CPSU and the Soviet Government is
presentea in a distorted fashion, Such "works" have been �requently sub~ected
to substantiated critical analysis in Che studies by Soviet scientists.4
From 30 November to 2 December 1967 a conference on "Russian Pressure on
Asia," whose proceedii~gs were published in 1972 ns a collection entiCled ~
"Russia and Asia. Essays on the Influence of Russia on the Asian People,"
~as held at Stanford University in the United Stntes. Among other mnteriAls,
the collection included an arCir_le by Bennigsen enCitled "Muslims in the
European Part of Russia and the Caucusus," which includes a great deal. of
data on the history of Azerbaydzhan.44T~e author acknowledges that Baku was
one of Che biggest centerG of the revolutionary movement in pre-revolutionary
Russia. At the same eime, however, he tries to prove thnt the ciCy was ~ust
about "t}ie only place in the world where socialist ideas could penetrate
among the Muslim workers" (p 150). Yet, historical facts confirm Chat Che
ideas of socialism met with the broadest possible response among the toiling
Muslims not only of Che entire Transcaucusus but in areas such as in Central
Asia, along Che Volga, and others, where, as in Baku, the toiling masses
actively struggled Eor a Soviet system. A. Bennigsen emphasizes the
impossib3lity of restraining the use of local languages (meaning
Azerbaydzhani) as though such an objective had been set at all. He cites as
an example the fact that according to the 1959 population census only 1.2%
of the Azerbaydzhanis did not consider the Azerbaydzhani language as their
native language. Let us note ehat this ~s an inaccuracy, since, according to
the 1959 cens~is, the share of individuals who did not consider Azerbaydzhani
their native language was not 1.2 but 2.4%.45 According to the 1970 census,
compared with 1959, the indicator dropped to 1.8%. At the same time, in 1970 -
16.6% of the Azerbaydzhanis pointed out that they are fluen~ in a second, the
Russian, language.46 Therefo_e, it is a question not of pitting the native
(in this case Azerbaydzhani) language against the Russian language or of
r.educing r_he one at the expense of the other, but of mastering both languages.
The bourgeois 5ovietologists are doing everything possible Co diseort rhe
reasons which motivated many peoples of the USSR, including Che
Azerbaydzhanis, who used an Arab acript before the revolution, to adopt the
Latin alphab~~ in rhe 1920's.47 Let us emphasize in this connection that the ~
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question of replacing the Argb with the Latin alphabet had been raised by the
outsCanding Azerbaydzhani playwright and philosopher M. F. Akhundov as early
as the 19th century. In this connection let ue give ~uetice to Guy Imart who
. published in 1967 in Paris an article on the life and activities of the
outstanding gnvernmental and cultural leader of Azerbaydzhan S. Agamaly ogly--
the initiator and organizer of the effort to replace the Arabic with the
LaCin alphabet in Azerbaydzhan and aubsequently, in tens of other republics _
and oblasts in Che USSR.48 The well-known American linguist W. C. Townaend
~ as well asaeased as a positive phenomenon the conversion of the Azerbaydzhani
and a number of other peoples of the USSR from the Arab to the Latin
alphabeta and, subsequently, to the Rusaian alphabet. As though aumming up
his two visiCs to Azerbaydzhan, he wrote that, "Thua, a cultural revolution
came to Azerbaydzhan. It not only changed Che external appearance of the
Azerbaydzhani and his way of life, replacing the veil and Che national
clothing with European clothing, Che donkeys with buaea, and horses with
airplanes, but also chan$ed his spiritual world. EveryChing changed--
traditions, customs, homes, relationa among members of a fam3ly, and aocial
relations among people."49
Some bouxgeois authors noted the auccesaes achieved by the naCional republica
of the USSR in the development of their economy xnd culture, and the fruit-
fulnesa of the implementation of the Leninist national policy in the USSR. ~
Thus, in hia article "What Is Taking Place in SovieC Asia?" publiahed in
1971, G. Wheeler wrote that, "Of all changes which occurred over the~past 50
years in the former colonial territories of Asia and Africa, the mosC '
significant is that of the implementation of the Sovier national policy in
the Transcaucusus and Central Asia."50 In 1977 he returned to this topic in
his article "The Turkish Languages in Soviet Muslim Asia." In his view the
Soviet linguisCic policy is the only example of development and clasaif ication
of the languages of small nations.51
The Western press has published a number of articles reflecting the condition `
of the sciences and arts in Soviet Azerbaydzhan, as a whole giving a positive
assessment of the achievements of the Azerbaydzhani people in this area under
the Soviet system. Thus, in 1959 the CENTRAL ASIAN REVIEW carried an article
entitled "The Development of Historical Science in Azerbaydzhan."52 The
author described the condition and development of the science of history in
Soviet Azerbaydzhan, noting its achievements. He used Soviet publications :
as well in his study.
Ever more frequently works are published abroad on individual monuments of
Azerbaydzhan literature, arts, and so on. Such studies are contributions to
strengthening the friendship and reciprocal understanding among nations.
Thus, in 1970, the lyrical poem of the brilliant Azerbaydzhani 12th century
poet Nizami Gyandzhevi "Chosroes and Chirin," translated and extensively
prefaced by Henri Masse,53 was published in French. The famous Italian
scientist A. Bombaci wrote a work published by UNESCO in 1970 on the book by
Fyzuli "Leyla and Meinun."54 The following year he published the article
"Place and Date of Fyzuli's Birth," a biography of the outstanding 16th
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~ rUK Vkk~.~1.NL u~,l: UNLX
cen~ury Azerbaydzhani poet Mukhammed Fyzuli.55 Agatn ii1 1971 I, Mundhenc -
published in Hamburg the book "Friedrich nodenstedt and Mirz~ S1~nffi in
Azerbaydzhani LlteraCure. 56 In 1967 Che "Comediea" of the outstandin~
Azerbaydzhani wr~iter and philosopher M. F. Akhundov57 were published in Paris.
In 1972 H. Id. Brands publiehed in Frankf~~t am Mnin (I'RG) ~he article "19th
Century Azerbaydzhani Satirical Poetry." The author visited Baku and, in ~
_ uddition eo his work, wrote g number of encyclopedic arCicles on the history
of Azerbaydzhani 13terature.
I~n 1972 R. 13urril published in Paris "The Quaclrains of Nesimi," the
outstanding Azerbaydzhani poet and philosopher of the 14th century, whoae
600th birehday was recently celebraCed by our enCire country, sponsored by
UNESC0.59 'I'hut same year I. Ch. Burgel published in Wiesbaden the book
- "Nesami on Language and Poetry."60 ,
In 1974, translated by C, Lewis, rhe Azerbay~zhani national epic "'fhe Book
of 'Dede KorkuC"' was published in English.~' In 1976 the article by
C. AlbrigtiC "The Azerbaydzhan Ashig and His Per�ormance of Dastan,"62 was
published in the United States. In his arCicle Albright attemp~ed a brief
characCerizaCion of the performance of the ashugs and th~ir training. He
described Co the readers the structure of one pArC of the work entitled
"Miradzhname of Abbas Tufarganli." The author considers as the most typical
epic work the legend "Kerogly" which, in his words, is very popular among the
Turkic peoples of Turkey, Azerbaydzhan, Turkmenia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,
and Tatar. It is performed also in Tadzhikistan, Armenia, and so on.
We have named several works by foreign scientisCs on the science and culture
of Soviet Azerbaydzhan confirming that the outstanding successes actiieved by ~
the Azerbaydzhani. people under the Soviet system, and the artistic monuments
of its past t�iches are becoming accessible Co the world's p!~blic. The _
Cremendous accomplishments of 5oviet Azerbaydzhan~-one of the prospering ~
sovereign union republics--prove the entire groundlessness of the attempts
on the parC of bourgeois "Sovietologists" to distort its past and its present.
FOOTNOTES
1. Columbia Viking Desk Encyclopedia, 1560, p 72.
2. "Vsemirnaya Istoriya" [World History], Moscow, 1956, vol I, p 591.
. 3. Ibid, p 524. On the position held by the Piana kingdom in Azerbaydzhan
history see ibid, pp 515, 157, 521, and 522, as well as "Istoriya SSSR" -
[History of the USSR), vol 1, Moscow, 1966, pp 178, and 183-184;
Melikishvli, G. A., "Problems of the Hi~tory of the Mana Kingdom," -
VESTNIK DREVNEY ISTORII, No 1, 1949; idem, "Drevnevostochnyye Materialy
, po Istorii Narodov Zakavi~-3z'ya. Nairi-Urartu" [Ancient Oriental Materials
on the History of the Peoples of the Transcaucusus. Nairi-Urartu],
Tbil.isi, 1954; Kashkay, S. M. "Iz Istorii Manneyskogo Tsarstva" [From
the History of the Mana Kingdom], Baku, 1977.
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4. Columbia Viking Desk ~ncyclog~idia, p 72.
5. See Sysoyev, V. M. "Kratkiy Ocherk Iseorii Azerbaydzhana (Severnogo)"
( Brief Outline of the History of Azerbaydzhgn (NorChern)~~ Baku~ 1925,
p 17. -
6. "Vsemirnaya Istoriya," vol II, p 416.
7. "Istoriya SSSR," vol 1, p 415.
8. The Encyclopedia of Is1am. Leiden-London, 1960, vol 1, p 188.
9. Encyclopaedia Britannica, London, 1963, vol 2, pp 931-933.
10. The Universal Standard Encyclopedia, New York, vol 2, pp 573-574.
11. DER BROCKHAUS, vol 1, 1928, pp 735-736.
12. Chamber's Encyclopedia. Geddic, 1930, vol 1, p 627.
� 13. "Sovetskaya Istoricheskaya Entsiklopediya" [SovieC Historical
Encyclopedia], vol 14, Moscow, 1973, p 143.
14. For greater details see Guseynnv, A. "Azerbaydzhano-Russkiye Otnosheniya
XV-XVII w." [15th-17th Century Azerbaydzhan-Ruasian Relationa], Baku~
1963.
15. Ibid, pp 159, 167, 169, 170, 178.
16. Lystsov, V. P. "Persidskiy Pokhod Petra I. 1722-1723" [Peter the FirsC's
Persian Campaign, 1722-1723], Moscow, 1951, p 118.
17. AVPR [Foreign Policy Archives of Russia], stock SRP, 9.14, sheeta 105-107, -
1722.
18. ~The Encyclopedia of Isla~r~, vol 1, p 188.
19. Columbia Viking Desk Encyclopedia, 1960, p 72.
20. Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol 2, pp 93~-933.
21. Ibid.
22. The Columbia Viking Desk Encyclopedia,1956, p 129. -
23. Yakubovskiy, A. Yu. "Masters of Iran and Central Asia under Timur"
(3rd International Congress on Iranian Art and Archeology. Reports.)
Moscow-Leningrad, 1939, p 277.
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~
24~ Salnroz~d~2, A. V., ~nd Kerimov, K~ b, "'Phe Tebriz 5chdnl of 16th C~ntury
MininCurp Painting~~" Azerbaydzhan SSFt Academy of Scipnc~e IZVE5'CIYA,
No S, L959; id~m, "The Paintgr Su~ltan-tlukhammed," ibid; Kerimov, K. D~
"Sulr.nn-rtukhamm~d i Yegn Shkoln" ~Sulrnn-Mukhnrtnned nn~J Hi~ School],
Mo~cow, lg7p.
2S. Knztyev, A. Yu. "Khudozhegtv~nnny~ Oformleniyp Ar.~tbnydzhanakoy
itukopi~noy Kni~i Xtti-XVtt Vckov" ~Arei~ti~ I~r~g~nCeti~n ~f Azerbaydzhnni
13th-1'~th Century Mr~r~uacript~J, Mogcc~w, 19i7.
7fi. i,ettenmuir, "n~~~ Grnsse Tepp~.ch-guch" CTiae 3~i~ Bodk nn a~~g~~, MuniCh,
~ 19G9.
27. Kerimov, L. "Azerbaydzt~ttnekiy Kovr" ('The Axerbaydxhan RugJ, vol I, ~aku~
1960.
Z8. hr,:.yrz, W. "Ru:9ia ~nd Hee Golonieg," Londc~n, 1959, p 299.
29. A'~ch~ndnv, N. "Periocliche~kgyn p~chnt' v Axerbaydzh~ne (1832-1920)" (7'he
Pertodic~l Press in AzerbnydzhanJ, $nku, 1965.
~p. 7.enkovsky, S. "P~n-Turkism ~nd Islem in Ru~~in," Canbridge
(!ta~sachusetts), 1960, p 159.
31. I'ipes, R. "Tt~~ E'arm~tion of the 5nviet Union. Communisro und
Nntianaliam, 1917-1923." Cnmbridge (Mns~nchusettg), 1964, p 156.
~2. Cited ~ftcr Culiyev, Uzh. B. "8n~'bn Knr.~munisricheskoy pnrtii za
osushchesevi~niye Leni.nskoy vatsional'noy Politiki v,~zerb~ydzhan~" (The
Stru~gl~ oE r'~e Communist I'arty for the implementatlun of the LQntnist
National Pnlicy in Azerbaydahan~, Baku, 19~0, p 548.
~3. 1bid, p 23.
34. TsCAOK 555R [Central Sc~tc Archiveg of the Octob~r Revnlution~ :ligh
State Cnvernmen[ Body and 5tnCe Admini~trgCiv~ Bodies, USSRj, stock
1318, li~t 1, Eile 98, sheetq 103-104 (quoted from Islcnnderov, M.
"Ia Tstorii A~r'by Kommunisticheskoy ParCii Azerbaydzhana r.a Pobedu
Sovetskoy Vlasti" (Frrnn the History of the Struggle nf the Communiet
Party of Azerb~ydzhan for the Victory oE the Soviet SyetemJ, Baku,
1958, pp 359-360).
35. "Bor'ba za Pobedu Sovetskoy Vlnsti v Azerbaydzhane 1918-1920. bock.
i Materialy" [Struggle Eor the Victory of the Soviet System in
Azerbaydr.han 1918-1920. Documents an~ MaterialsJ, Baku, 1967, p 162.
36. Everyman's Encyclopedia; London, 1958, vol 1, p 646. 5ee ~lso
Bncyclopaedia Britnnnica, vol 2, pp 931-933.
3~. Webster's Ceographical bictionary USA, 1966, p 89.
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38. 3a~ "~~bricationg of Bo~rg~ois Falsifier~ on the Baku Commune and
Htetorical Real'.ey~" AZERBAYDZHAN KtJ[~Q~NNiSTt, No 6, i975; Zargarov~ A.
end Rzayev, A. "The Faleifiere," BAKIN3IY RABOCNiY, 22 August 1975. _
39. Th~ En~yrlep~dis of ielam, vol i~ p 188.
40. The Univereal Standard Bncyc~opedta~ New York, 1955~ vo1 2, pp 573-574.
41. Buxton, H. "Tr~ne-Caucaela," London, 1926, p 91. CiCed from Galoyan,
G. A. "R~bocheye Dvizheniye i Nateionai'nyy Vopros v Zakavkaz'ye 1900-
1922" ~The Worker~ Movemant and the National Problem in ehe Trane-
Caucueus 1900-1922j, Yerevan, 1969, p 420. ~
42. Soviet NationAlity Probleme~ New York-London~ 1971; "The Nationality
Queation in Soviet C~ntral Aeia," New York, 1973.
43. See, for example, Galoyan, G. A. "Soteialiaticheskaya Revolyuteiya v
- Zakavkaz'ye v Oeveshchenii Surzhuaznoy IeCoriografii" (The Socialist
R~volution in the 'Cranecaucueue ae Interpreted by Bourgeois
HistoriographyJ, Moecow, 1y60; Novoeelov, K. N. "Protiv Burzhuamykh
Fal'sifikatorov Istorii Sredney Azii" ~Againet the Bourgeoie Faleifiers
of the History of Central Aeia], Ashkhabad, 1962; Inoyatov. Kh. 8h.
"Otvet Pai'sifikatoram Ietorii Sovetekoy Sredney Azii i Kazakhstana"
(Answer to the Palsifiere of the Hiatory of Soviet Central Aeia and
Kazakhatan)~ Taehkent, 1962; 'ILrsunbayev, A. B. "Protiv Burzhuaznoy
PA1'sifikatsii Istorii Kazakhstana" (Against the Bourgeois Faleification
oE the Hietory of Kazakhetnn), Alma-Ata, 1963; Dzhangveladze~ C. A.
"Kririka Burzhuaznykh Fal'sifikatorov Natsional'noy Politiki KPSS"
(Critique of the Bourgeois Paleifiers of CPSU National Policy]~ Tbiliei~
1964; Khidoyatov~ G. A. "Pravda Protiv Lzhi" [Truth versus Liea~~
Tashkent, 1964; Nusupbekov, N. and Bisenov, Kh. "Pal'eifikatsiya Istorii i
i letoricheskaya Pravda" [Palsification of the Hietory and Hiatorical
Truthj, Alma-Ata, 1964; Rzayev, D. A. "Razvitiye Nateional'nykh
Otnosheniy y Respublikakh Sovetskogo Vostoka. Kritika Antikommunizma v
Naraional'nom Voprose ~Development of National Relationa in the
Republic of the Soviet East. Criticiem of Anti-Communism in the Natioaal
ProblemJ, Prunze, 1968; Turaunov, Kh. T. "Nataional'naya Polttika
Kommuniaticheakoy Partii v Turkeatane (1917-1924 gg.)" (The National
Policy of the Communist Farty in Turkeatan (1917-1924)J, Taehkent. 1971;
Kocharli, T. "Against the Pal$ifiers of History (History of the
5ocialist Revolution in Azerbaydzhan as Misrepreaented by the Bourgeois
Falsifiers)" (in Azerbaydzhani), Baku, 1972; Khidoyatov, G. A.
"Leninskaya Nataional'naya Programma i Sovremennaya Ideologicheskaya
Bor'ba" (The Leninist National Program and Contemporary Ideological
StruggleJ, Tashkent, 1972; Aminov, A. M. "Problemy ~konomicheskoy
Istorii Sredney Azii i Eye Zarubezhnyye Kritiki" [Problems of Central
Asain Economic History and its Poreign Critics]~ Tael~kent, 1972;
Kshibekov, D. "Kritika Burzhuaznoy Pal'sifik.atsii Opyta Stroitel'stva
Sotsializma v Kazakhstane" [Critique of the Bourgeois Palsification of
the Experience in 3uilding Socialism in Kazakhstan], Alma-Ata, 1972;
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Inoy~tov, Kh~ Sh. "L~nin~k~ya Ngtsional'nayn Pnlitik~ v DeysCVii~ Otvet
Ideologam A~trikoa,.~nunizm~, Izvrashchayushchim Iatorich~gkiy Opye
Stroieel'~tva 5otginlizm~ v Regpublikgkh Sredney Azii i K~zakh~Cgne"
(LeninisC Nneionnl Policy in Action, An~w~r Co Cha ideologu~e of Anti- -
Communi~m UisCorting the Ni~toric~l ~xp~ri~nce in Che Building of
5oCinli~m in tl~e itep~iblicH of ~Entral Aeia and tCazakhetnn), Taehkent,
1973;"Velict~iye 5ov~rsko~o Stroy~ i nessiliye Yego Fal'sifikaCOrov. -
Kritik~ Ir.vrnghcheniy Pro~hlog~ i Natoya~hChego Uzbeki~Cana" [The Great-
n~~~ of the Snviet Sygr~m and ehe Fle~plee~nes~ of It~ Falsifier~~ ~
Criticigm oE Uistdrtion~ of ehe Past nnd the pr~s~nt of UzbekisCanJ, `
'Cn~hkent, 1973; "Leninskay~ Nae3ional'nnya Politika i Bor'ba I'rotiv Yeye
~A1'gtfikneorov" [1'he Lenini~t National Policy and tha ~truggle AgaingC
Its ~~lsifiersJ, Ashkh~bgd, 1975; "ietoricheskiy Opyt Velikogo Oktyabrya
i Krieika ~urr.hudznoy Igedringrnfii" (The Hietorie~l Experience of the
Grear Ocenb~r nnd Criticism of Bourgeoig tligCoriography), che XIV-XV,
MosCOw, 1977, pp 328-336; "itegl'nyy SoCgializm v SSSR i Yego Burzhuaznyye
Fa2'gifikutory" [tteal 5ociaLism in the U551t ~nd It~ Bourgeoi~
~alsifiers), Ch XI, Mog~ow, 1977.
44. Etuggian and Asi~. Essays on the Influencc of Ituegia on the Aeian
People. Stanford, Cnliforniu, 1972.
45. Bruk, S. I. and Cubogln, M. N. "D~velopment ~nd Interaction of Ethno-
Demograpt~ic nnd ~thno-Linguistic Procesaes in Soviet Society in the
Present SCage," ISTORIYA SSSR, No 4, 1974, p 40.
46. Ibid, p 44.
47. Whe~ler, J. 'fhe Muslims of Central Asia, PKOBLEM5 OF COMMUNISM, Special
issue, September-Octnber 1967; Becon, E. Central Asiang under Russian
Rule. A Study of Culture Change, p 145.
48. Imart, G. Azerbaydzhani Intellectua.ls Fc~cing the 1911 Revolution, Samad
Aga Agamaly-Og1u,CAltIER IlU MONbE RUSSE ~T 50VYETIQU~, No 3, 1973.
49. See Townsend l'. C. ~ifty Years of Azerbaydzhan. Langu~ges and Life,
NEW WORLD REVIF:W, Nn 2, 1970, pp 65-71.
50. Wheeler, G. What Happened in Soviet Asia? ROYAL CENTRAL ASIATIC
JouRNAL, 1971, pp 46-52.
51. Wheeler, G. Th~ Turkish Languages of 5oviet Muslim Asia: Russian
Linguistic Policy, MIUDLE EASTERV 5TUDtES, vol 13, No 2, London, 1977,
pp 208-216.
52. C~N'fRAL ASIAN REVtEW, vol VIII, No 2, London, 1960, pp 120-136.
53. Nizart.t. Le Roman de Chosroes et Chirin [NLZami. Thc Romance of Chosroes
and Chitinj, rrnnslated from the Persian by Henri Masse, Paris, 1970.
12
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54. Bombaci, A. "The fiietary of Ley1e end Me~nun" (from the book "Leyla and
Me,inun" by Fysuli)~London, 1970.
55~ Bombac3, A. "'I'he Place and Dgte of Birth o� Fyeuli. Tran and Ialem,"
Edinburg, 1971, pp 91-105.
56. Mundhenc~ I. "FriedriCh Bodenetedt und Mirza Schaffy in der
Azerbaydzhaniachen Literaturwiaeenach8ft" [Friedrich Bodenstedt and Mirza
_ Sh~ffy in Azerbaydzhani LiCerature), Hamburg, 1971.
57. Akhundov, M. F. "Comedieg" (Comedies), Paris, 1967.
58. Brande, 11. W. "Nineteenth Century Azerbaydzhani Satirical Poetry~"
DER ISLAM, Bd, 48, H. 2, ~ebruary 1972, pp 289-297. ~
59. Burril, R. "The Quadraine of Neaimi," Parie~ 1972.
6G. Burgel,.I. Ch. "Nizami uber Sprache und Dichtung. Ein Abachnitt aus
der 'Schatzkammer der Ceheimnisse' eingeleitet, ubertragen und erlauterC.
Islam wissenachaftliche Abhandlungen" [Nizami on Language and Poetry.
Part of the "Treasury of Secrets," Introduced~ Translated, and Inrerpret-
ed. Islamic Scientific PapersJ~ Wiesbaden, 1974~ pp 9-28.
61. ~"The Book of 'Dede Korkut,"' 1974.
62. Albright~ C. "The Azerbaydzhan Ashig and His Performance of Dastan~"
IttANIAN STUDIES, No 11, 1976, pp 220-247.
COPYRIGHT: ~zdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Istoriya SSSR~', 1979
5003 G
CSO: 1800
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INTSRNATIONAL
~
FORMER JURI3T CTTE5 U35R CRSME STI~TI8TIC9
Frankfurt/t~fain POSEV in Russian No 5~ May 79 PP ~t6-5~
~'Article by ~~iedrich Neznanskiy: "3tatistics on Crimo in the USSR!'~
~ext7 We publish below data carefully concealed by t~he goverrmwnt~ namely
classified atatietics on crime in the II53R. The author of the article worked
far~ 10 years in the USSR Procuracy and then for 15 years in the Moscox Co1legSum
of Attorneys.
The tasx of "overtaking and surpassing America" wae repeatedly assigned by the
party leadership fraan the time of the First Five-Year Plan. It is cottaYwn lrnow~
ledge that this task was fulfilled in a nwnber of indices, guch na per capita
production of coal and cen!p^~ ~ar e,xAU~le. It is far lese xell knoi+n that this
task threatens to be fulfilled in less favorable indices such as the ntnnber of
homicides for example, and probably in a number of other crimina~l oflensee.
It must be said from the stast that the figur~s I shall cite here are difficult ;
to compare xith the Ameri~:an statistics. l~y figures for the U33R refer to conr
victions Nhile moat of the American onea refer to ~~crimes lanoy+n to the police~"
only a emall. part of Which go to cwrt. But there are more or leea comparable
figures on the number of ~ictims of criminal homicides.
In 1976, 15~$78 pez3ons were ki]led by c.i.nd.nals in the USSR and 18~780 in the
United ~'tAtes. Calcul.a.ted per 100~000 of the populat~ion, the difference is not
very ~reat~ namely 6.0 homi.cidea in the U33R and 8.8 in the United States. It
must be noted he~e that the United 3tates is by no means exemplary in the fYeld
of crime, althou~h in sor~e countries like Mexico, for example, (but also in
Puerto Rico and some southern states of the USA) the number of homicides per
urdt of population is txice as hi~ as the Uni.ted Statea average. But in most
of. the countries for which xe have reliable statistics the rnm?ber is far lo~ner.
For eaample in r'~land, Belgi.um, Italy, Israel~ France~ the FRG~ SFreden~ Sxitzer-
land and aven Poland the number of homi.cides per 100,000 of the population
fluctuates arorund 1.0, and it is even loxer in Denmark, Spain and NorKay. And
so xhen you consider that Russia under normal circumstances is more comparable
with Europe than ~rith the United Statra, xe have 6 times more hondcidea than
the ~~norm." 14
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.
Laak af Puhllehed InPorm~?tion
- Whi],e f'requen~ly ar~d reaciily publiahing figurea on the atate o~ arime in the
Weat and especri..al].y in the Onited Statee, the U39R~had not publiahed its oan
orimea tor 50 yeara nc~r, although Hreshuev eai.d at the 25th Par~r Oongreee t.hsE
~~The party hae no aecrete fran theps ople." Indioat~cme oP the abeolute tYgures
~nere &tven fo~ the 1a?st ti~ne in 1928~ in the oolleat~.o~s ~Reaulte o! the 10 ?ears -
o~ 3oviet Uott~rrnnent in F~.guree ~ 19l?�192?" (Moacaw~ i92e, p 109 whioh etat~ed
that MIn 1.924 the nat,iona]. arr~ll pravincial courte of the IInion txl.ed 2�5 million
caee~~ but in 1925 there were oril,y l.lt million of them.�
If rre belieae the publtehed data~ thie nutober continued to decreaes ur.~.1 the
preser~t t~aae~ althaugh on7.q oa~srative lYguree are given.
"Miniater of internal. afPaira 9hcheltkav noted that in 1972 arime Mae reduced
throughaut the xhole covntry, Whi1e the m~aber o! moet ~angero~ue crSr~ee ~e re-
duced by !~�6 ;peraent, 3noluding f~t degree murdere, robberiee froaa the peraon~ -
robberiee and thefts af etate~ public and peraonal property." (PRAVAA l7 Mat~ah
1973)
"Cri~aes per 10~000 af the population ~rere reduced by 2 taabe in the poat~ar
yeara." ~30VFT3KOYE QOSUDARST90 I PRAVO~ No 11~ 1972~ P 39)
~~Crime tiaa reduced by 2 timea in 4 y~eare afte~ the end ot' t,~e ~ro~r ar~cl~ ]5
- percent in the next 15 yeare." ("LRoviet Court 3tatistica~" 1976, P 294)
It xould seeu that the leadsrs of Sovi.et ~uet~ioe can be congratulated upo~ their
progresa. But actuall~y a17. ia not ae ~rell on the "3udicial front"~ aa t?hay e~t
and write. Q~ne prevent,ion is the 9oviet tfiion~a fitth probSem after the mili.-
tary~ internationa7., econoardc and national rod3fficultiee" the 3oo?iet go~nern~nent
is expeMencin~ in our time.
In the last 15 y~eara in the Ug3R auch a legal ecience as criminolop,y hae $ainecl
recognit3.on~ stwc~ytng crime~ ite ca~poaition~ at~ructure~ ev~olution aad canses,
the conditions contributing to it~ the crimirlal personality~ and crine pre~rent~i-
on methods.
'Che 3oviet crimd.nologiste I. ~:arpets, V. 8uzneteav~ Oatroumav~ N. Kusnetsava
and N. 3truclilcav are trying to revesl, the cauges of crime in the U93R~ but they
are do~n~ it timidly~ xith an eye to the "~tap~~ ar~d evading the main coneidera-
tion~ na~rel,y that mar~r crimea in the US3R flov fraa the very nature ot aocialiem
and the Saviet way of life. In evading the main point they tallc about euch caua-
es as re~nanta of the past in peaple ~ s coneciouaneae and fore~gx? ir~'].uenoe upon
their minds. And they indicate the e~dstence oF nonantagor~istic socioeconanic
corrtradictions in aocial e~erience as a secondary cause on1y.
The Soviet official circles are wrri]ling to publiah statistics on arioe in the
US3R becauee then they xould hav~e to ac~n3.t that it is vaat and becauee analyais
of these statistics wauld inevitably ahox that no aigiiif'icant curtailment o!
crin?e is possible under the conditions o! eocialiem.
~ 15
7n/1~D /~L~G+TRT A r t~L~ /1*TY V
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Y ahould 1.3k~ to part the curtains of secrecy a little and preeent some ~iguree
on cr~.me in ~he USSR tha~ I obtained in the aUMZ (Main Admini.atrati.on of Placea
oP Confinement, formerl.y QUI,A~) of the U33R MVD and the Centra]. Staff of the
aWR (Main Admin3.stration of CrimSnal Tnvesti~ation) of the U93R MVDs
Statietics on Convictions for 1976 ~
- Tab1e 1
Kinds of Crimea Persons Convicted in 1976 ~ of Tota],
Hooli~aniam 235, 21.5 2~�1
2. Crimea against the perscn i68,o13 17.2
3. Embezzlem~nt of state property 156,1i5~ ].6.0
Lt. Cr3mea a~a3nst private property 15~.,93l~ 15.6
5. Motor transport crlmes 97,388 10.0
' 6. Economic crimes 43,653 ~t�5 '
7. Crimea against, aclminiatrative order 38,1~5 ` 3.9
8. 3erv~i.ce cri.mes 37,bb9 3.9
q. Crimes a~ainst ~ustice 13,892 l.lt
10. other 33,1~30 3.1t
Total 976,090 ~0096
Minor crimea 879,265
Casea ~r3.ed by comrades~ courts 805~070
arand total 2,dbo,425
According to Table 1, the courts and tribunals of the U33R convicted 9?6~090
persons during 197b. Let us see for what reasons they were convicted.
It is evident froan the table that hooliganiam 3a the queen of cz~ilaes in the USSR.
I consider thi.a a purely '~3oviet" crims with no direct equivalent in the West.
An ordinary quarrel in a canmunal flat~ a fight because o~' ~ealousq~ an ezchange
of insulta bet~reen two fellox Workers ar~ colored as diaturbances of the public
peace. Such clashes 4re very often described as malicious hooligar~sm instead
of mattors of private complaint (although the law so prov3des).
Mar~y theorists and practical workers, such ae Prof of the Acadenqr of Milit~.a V.
Malandin, Chief Counselor of Justice L. Parkhomenko, and Gen of the Militia E.
Abramov have complain~d because almost one-third of those convicted of hooli~an-
Ism are actually husbands turned in bq their xives for punching them in aettling
disputes.
I could cite thousands of exa~les even ~om rr4? oKn personal experience. Aere,
:let us say, is the case of Nikolay Romanov. In 1976 he iras sentenced to 4 Year's'
imprisoivr?ent by the Zhdanovskiy Rayon Court under Article 206 Section 3 oF the
RSr^SR Criminal Code. The cr~ime consisted of Romanov~s expression of diasatisfac-
tion xith the conduct of his wife, a sale.aperson in the ~.3.quor department of a
16
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storo who often cl~d not come home untiil morning arid then in an int~o~tl.oa~ed
aonditi.on. ~he vl.ctim~ the rrife, seized upon the moroent when not she bu~ her
hueband ~ot drw~lc and called the r~f.litia. Of oouree Romsnav directed all hte
anger againet hin wife, but it aleo affeoted the guarciiana os order. What ie
moxe the acoueed anQtched ~ kitahen kni.fe fran bhe table� The oourt noted~3.n
the sentenae that althaugh at the at~e~rt the oft'ender ~ a intention ~ra~ to a~et~le
the hos~,ile peraonal relat~or~ea he later turned to ac~ior~e e~reeeing a aleaer
c~i,eregard fox society, slnce obacene language xae heard in the preaenoe a! t~he
n?ilitia and z~ei~hbora in the apartxoent houee. Con~equent~ly ha shauld not be
tour~d gu~l~q w~der Article 1l2 oF the Crit~nal Code~ oar:yit~ a~ pet~altq of up to
1 y+ear~ but under Article 206 3eation 3 oP the Griminal Code~ carrying e penal,ty
of up ~0 7 ygars~ irtgr3sonment.
Hool3ganiem often turne out to be an '~eSement,aiy echool~ for cann~eeion of tnore
seriaue crimes. The boreaycdovn of hooli~aniem (e~le~ ma11o3aue and groee3y m~~~
licious in de~ee) 3e as folloxa: ainq~le, up to 1t0 percent; maliaioue~ L~5�50 per-
oen$; and gros~l,q malic3oue, 10-12 percent. In additaon, group hooliganien v~-
r.lea betxe~en 20 and 25 peraent. It is charaa~erietic o~f ~uv~e~ilea~ rurel arimes,
arxl urban atreet hooligardam at rdght.
2he case of Tovanets and the Demin brothera in Maloyaroslaveta in 1975 me?y aerve
as an illustration. A group of ~uvenilee terrorized the town. They ~tere aativ~e
in a cinen~a ar~d a c1ub, beating up amall boys and girle. The vi.ctime appealed
to older ~uverrilea for h~alp~ who beat up the initiatora of the fYghte. But the
defe~dera i+ho beat up the latter were alao xith them~and the older ~.othere~
ti+ho xere also xith the original. viCtime~ took their ot~r.~ me~usure r" pranrent~iv~e
action. On a cold Ootober day Tovanet~ and the Demir~ brothera chaeed tho "t~r-
rorists" into a cold pond and did not let t,hem go ~or ~ good haur. In court
they~ said, yIP the milit3.a does not Fip,ht ho~ligard.~an~ tir~e dec~ded to eatablieh
order in the city ovraelmea. � The "fighters far~ a model cca~nuniat citqn taere
sentenced to 3 yeare with an assi~ment to buildin~a of the national eaonaioy.
Hc+oliganism is a wb.que baraneter of the cl.imate of Soviet society. Accordi~ag
to the coefficient o,f comrictions the incidence of hooliganism in the d.tiea~ a~xi
xorkers~ aettlementa is 1.5 tinrea higher t,han in the villagee. One-third and
more of a11. instances occur i.n houses and apartment buildinga. In 65 perceut
of the cases the victime are knojm to the offender. ~om 30 to 35 percent of
the affenses are commi.tted in atreets ar~d yards and 25 percent in public placea.
Over 25 percent of them occur on days off arsd 60 perceat in free t~ime after
. xork. In leieure houra minor hooliga~.sm accounts for 95 percent of all n~rd.�
festatfons~ most often betxeen 6 a~d 10 in the evenin~g. A71 thia indi.catea
that hooliganism is a typical crime related t?fl the disor~ar~3~ation and lo~rr atand-
ards o� leisure ar~d of society as a irhole. The total recidivism af hooligat~sm
ie hi~her than that of all cMmes.
Abc~ut 95 percent of all those co~i.cted of hooligat~3sm are men and only 5 peroent
are xanen. Up to 80-90 percent of them co~md.tted the crimea xhile drunk ani
faur-fifths of than drink regularly. (~iminological studies me~de by ~uriste
and psychiatsi.ats in a number of rayons of Moskwskaya Oblast in 197b-19?? es-
tablished the fact that about 30 percent of the male xorking population ot such
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~
~ ~
FQR O~~ICIAY, U9E OI~Y
a~,ties as Orc~lchovo-ZUyovoy Pavlovo-Poead and Voskre~enek are chran3.a alooholi.cs
on record w:S.th psyahiatrists.
Cri.mes a~a~,nst the pergon ar~~ in seaoncl place af~r hooll~anism. They incl.ude
f~,rgt de~ree murders~ seriou~ bocLtly harm~ rap~~ ~nd othar encroachments upon
1.3fe~ heal.th and digntty o.f Lhn person. 8ov3.et ~uveni.l.es have contributed their
_ ahare to thie. They cornmit r~ large rnnnber of homi.c~.des~ rapee and serious bodt~
ly 3n~uries. Of~�ic~.all.y h~mic:ides acaount for abou~ 9 percent or a11 crSmes
agai.nst the pereon. As w~ hat~~e alreac~y sa~.d, 15~978 persons werd kil].ed by cxi-
minals in the whole countr~* ~.n 1.976.
_ The homicides ure crnruro.tted chfefly on days off, on state at~d re]3giaus holiduys~ ~
and on days of �a~ntl.y celebrat;ions and cerernonies. From 33 to 50 peroent of
them are coemmi.tted from hoa:L~.~~n motivea~ 17-20 percant for revenge~ 12-llt per-
cent ~ut o.� ~ea].ousy, ona;/ 8..9 percent fron? mercenary motives (21~ percent 3n
1930), anci ~ percent to cover ~.nother crime. Threo percan~ are accompani.ed by
rape and percei~~t are int'anticidee.
~om 1~6 to lt8 percant of the homicides, 30 percent of the serious bodily in~ur-
- 3es, and 25 perc~nt ~f the rapes are committed in apartment housQS arr~ private
dwelltngs. Over 1~0 percent of the homi ^.idos an~i serioua bodily in~uries and
more than 20 percent of the rapes are comrrd.tted on the streets. Note that the
rapes are of a pronounced ?~seasonal~~ character, 65-70 percent of them bein~ com�
m3.tted .from May to September.
In 1t0 percent of tha ha�nj.cides household piercing and cuttin~ ob;jecta were used,
in 8 percent oF them a hanc~nade cold gun, and in every fourth cage such ~~chanee~'
weapons as stakes, bricks or heavy ob~ects. About 30 percent of the hanicides
gre commi.tt