JPRS ID: 8526 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR RESOURCES

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JPRS L/8526
19 June 19 79
r
TRANSLAI'IONS ON USSR RESOURCES
(FOUO ].5/79)
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESE~?RCH SERVICE
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~OR Q~'F'YCrAL USC ONLX
~TPRS L/8526
~ 1.9 June 1.9 79
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR RESOURCES
(FOUO ].5/79 )
CONTENTS PAGE
ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMENT
Development and Operating Conditiona of the Heat and
- Electric Power Plants in the Power Syatem
(S. Ya. Belinakiy; T~PLOFIKATSIYA SSSR, 1911)......... 1
Role of Central Heating System in Power Engineering,
National Economy
~ (Ye. I. Borieov, V. P. Korytnikov; TEPLOFIKATSIYA
SSSR, 1917) 40
- a- (III - USSR - 37 FOUO] ~
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ELECTEtIC POWEIt ANn P(iWER ~QUIPI~NT
UDC 621.3.11.22TETs:691.34(47+57)
pLVELOPM~NT AND OPERATING CONDITIONS OF TH~ HEAT ,AND ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS ~
IN TH~ POWER SYSTEM
- Moscow TEPLOFIKATSIYA SSSR in Rusaian 1977 signed to press 5 May 77
pp' 25-50
[Article by S. Ya~ Belinskiy, Ener~iya Publishing Houae, 8,000 copiesJ
[TexC] Initial Period of Development of District Heating (1924-1932)
The developmenr of Soviet power engineering on th~ scales of the GOELRO
Plan created by the initiative of V. I. Lenin was a powerful incentive for
the beginning of construction of the heat and elecrric power plants in our
country and the district heating syatems connected with them.
.
During the beginning of the implementation of the GOELRO Plan, some of the
first peat-using branches of industry starting restoration after the
destruction of the Civil War were the textile, paper and chemical production,
and among the cities having the;residential buildings with central heating
necessary for district heating were the largest cities of the country,
primarily Leningrad, Moscow, Khax'kov, Kiev and Rostuv.
The basic diffictilty when selecting the equipcnent for the first heat and
electric power plants consisted in the absence during that period (in
practice to 1929-1930) of a Soviet power machine building base, as a result
- of which the industrial heat and electric power plants had to be built
primarily on the basis of impnrted equipment, and for a number of municipal
heat and electric power plants, it was necessary to be limited to conversion
_ of the condensation turbines to district heating turbines (the third LGES
Hydroelectric Power Plant in Leningrad, the VTI Heat and Electric Power
Plant in Moscow~ and so on). When ordering equipment for_the heat and
electric power plants~ they b~gan with the necessity for operation of these
plants (result o� the aUsence of rayon power systems) as isolated plants,
but with maximum generation of electric power for heat conaumption. The
lietle experience in buiiding turbines with steam taps and condensation -
and the limited unit power of the turbines of 5000 to 6000 kilowatts
resulted in the installation of district heating turbines of 2000 to 4000
_ kilowatts with counterpressure or Worse vacuum at the overwhelming majority
of new heat and electric power plants, and for covering peak loads, the
purely condensation turbines with the same power.
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In prnceice the implemenCation o� the GOELRO Plan adopted by the 8th All~
~tussinn Congress of 5oviets of 22 December 1920 and propoaing thp cor.struc- ~
tion of 20 thermoelecCric power plante wiCh ~ toeal insralled power of
1110 Mwatte with a maximum power of the thermoelectric power plante o�
100 megawatts over a period o� 10 yeare, was completed by 1929.
The firse thermoelectric power p1anC puC inCo operation in accordance witl~
the GOELRO Plan was the Kashirekaya GRES (State Regional Kydroelectric -
Power P1anCJ at which two 6000~kilowatt turbinea ~+ere installed in 1922 for
the following parameCers: 1.6 MPa (16 kg-force%cm2) and 350�C. Shortly
after this, the Kizelovakaya GRES was introduced at 1.7 MPa (1~ kg-force/cm2)
and 375�C wirh two turbinea of 3000 kilowatts each.
In a11, by 1925, Chat is, by the time of the beginning~ of the development -
_ of Soviet district heating in accordance with the GOELRO Plan, new capr~city
was inCroduced ati Che thermoelecCric power plants on Che order of 80 me~a-
wxtts with turbinea with a unit power of 2.0 to 6.0 MwatCs. From these -
d~ta it Pollowa that the conetruction o� the heat and electric power pLants
stnrted at that time with turbines for 1.8-2.2 I~a (18-22 kg-force/cm~)
and 350-375�C with a unit power of 2.0 to 4.~0 Mwarts was completely
appropriaCe.
In accordance with the GOELRO Plan, the newly built KES [condensation
electric power plants~ had to be the base for the birth and subsequent
developmenC of the power systema providing for centralization of the
electric power aupply of the country. Simultaneously, this centralization
had to encompass both the previously bui1C electric power plants and, con- -
sequently, the power planta operating in industry nnd in the cities
independently of their departmental attachment. Thia asaociation of
previously disconnected electric power plants for operation in a common net-
work led by 1924 to aseociation into integrated electric sysCems in Moscow
(seven electric power plants), Leningrad (five electric power plants, . _
including two industri,al onES), in the Doneta Basin and other rayons. Both
tt~e construction of the rayon condensation electric power plants in
accordance with the GOELRO Plan and the formation of the generated electric
power systems became subordinate to a united center the Glavelektro
VSNKh (subsequenCly renrganized into the Glavenergo NKTP), The summary
indexea of the operation of the heat and electric power planta during the
initial period of the development of diaCrict heating, namely from 1924 to
1932 are expediently considered for two periods: from 1924 to 1928 (that
- is, before the beginning of implementation of the first five~year plan)
_ and from 1928 to 1932 (that ~.s~ during the Ninth Five-Year Plan~.
The basic technical character~sti,cs and ope~ating i~dexes of the heat and -
electric power planta dur~,ng theae perioda are illuatrated in Table 1 as
applied to the dev~,ces, the plans for which provided for tfiem as general- `
use heat and electric power plants Cthe so-,called rayon jdiatricC] TETs
[hea~: and electric poWer plants]~, and the devices deaigned by the plan
for the power supply of the indiv~dual enterprises of the given branch of
- 2
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_ TabZe 1
- Baeic Technical Specifications and Operating Indexea of the
~ Hegt and E1ecCric Power Planta in 1928-1932
~ 1019 I'1S? ~
~Ito~uatenu � T3U T3 ~ ~ 4 'R'!tr T3~R~ao- ~4~
oduero uu~ru~� obw~ro uwwne~~�
ao.i?~oe~� x~x ope4� &ero noa?~� HWx upcA. Ikero
wa npiarull NuN n~nnnill
5 06utcc vucao '!~u 2 l 1 13 7 3~J 4~
6 ~ B toa~ 4HCne Na napaNCrptr: `
~ 1,3-I,T MRa 13~-17 Krc,'cni') 2 5 7 2 G 8
1,8-2,2 MCta ~18-2~ Krc,cai~ G 6 3 ~J t'~
'1,5-3~5 hlRa (25-35 urc ca~~; - - 1 23 1~1
Comue 3,5 MCIa (35 Krc; cM') - - I 1
i~~011lHOCTb T~L~, MBr 2,6 44~0 ~16,6 50,0 3~0~0 39(1,0
12 C~CAHIIN MOUj110Ctb ~L~~ A18r - 4,0 3,b 7,l5 $,75 8,4
13 tiIIC10 TyP611N 2 2~ 3l l5 8U 95.
1~+ B T011 411C1iC:
- . C Y%Y~WCNNI~M BaKYYAIOM ~ 5 G 6 G ~2
c nporueoQanacHiteN 15 l5 4 44 ~1~
~1~ c or6opoa~ napa N xat+AeHCawieR I 9~ 10 5 30 35
I CpenEina ~cownocrb Typ6FiH, MBr l,5 1~48 3,3 4,25 � 4.15
19 Y'craeoene~iFiaa iertnonaa IJOIIIHOCib 75,42 2933 3008,4 t6iG ~~665 1G3~1
' TYP6NH~ f'it~;'~ (rKa~ly) (Id) (7W) (718) WW) (;i500) (3`~(15
(20) Orn_ycK renaa~ w.~H. I'!Ga!rott 0, IG7G 5,~1~ti G,034 3,7y 19,?7 2:3~
(fKa~/roA) (0,~4~ ~~~~1 (~,~4) (0,9~ (4,G) (~,b).
(21) ~Ornowciuie ro~oBOt1 eWpa6orxit 9neK� 16,7 28,G "_8,2 (i5, 80 78,~
- rpo~uepreN K ornycKy Tenna, (7U) (IYU) (I18j (`_'76) (335) (330)
KBT~V/~'a~ (KBr�v/I~xan~
(22) ~NCJIO 4iC08 HC(f07o308iHNA ycraiioe� 2000 4200 - 4000 4500 -
1lHHOA 39fKTPI14CCK0A MOUi1~OCTN
(23) f'oAOSan edpaGortca 9%ICKTP031(CpfNll~ 1,4 168,0 169~.4 2~0,0 1550~0 179U,U
~.,H. Ka4�~
(24) YAC.76Nl~F~ pACXOA yCJ~OBHOfO TO(I:III88 4d0 340 - 3i0 400 -
xa sapa6oraexyw 97G(Tp031tCpCitlb, .
. ~~T , 4~
_ �1. Indexes; 2. general-purpose heat and electric power plant;
3. heat and electric power plant of industrial enterprises; 4. total;
5. Total number of heat and electric power plants; 6. including for
~ the following parametersi; 7. 1.3-1.7 I~a (13-17 kg-force/cm2); _
' 8. 1.8-2.2 I~a (18-22 kg-force/cm2); 9. 2.5-3.5 I~ff'a (25-35 kg-force/c~);
10. Greater than 3.5 MPa (35 kg-force/cm2); 11. Power of the heat and
electric power plants, megawatts; 12. Average power of the heat and
electric power plants, megawatts; 13. ~10 of turbines; 14. Including;
15?. With worsened vacuum; 16. With counterpressure; 17. With tapping of
the steam and condensation; 18. Average turtrine power, megawatts;
� ~ 19. Installed heating capacity of the turbines, gigajoules/hour
(gigacalories/hour~; 20. Release of heat, aillion gigajoules/year
(gigacalories/hour); 21. Ratio of annual electric power output eo heat
output; 22. No of hours of use of installed electric power; 23. Annual
electric power output, million kilcwatt-houra; 24. Specified fuel
conaua~ption �or generated electric power~ grams/ Qcilowatt~hours)
3
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. , ~,ok c~r~rr.r,rnc, c?s~: otv~,Y
= industry (tihc hent and electric power planCe of induetrial enCerprises).
- As �ollows from T~ble 1~ thie Cype o� heat nnd electric power plant ulso
b~cnme the must w3.despread during this period boCh with respecC to the -
number o~ heat and electric power plants (85~) and with respect to power
(95% in 19Z8)~
buring the firse 3 years of disrrict hearing (1924-1927) only the third
LGES Hydroel~ctric Pow~r Plant in Leningrad releasing heat in the form nf
hot water for the communnl~domeatic purpoaea basically aC the expenee of
live sream from the boilers, was in operation as a general-uae heat nnd ~
electric power p~.ant.
, The work started in 1925 with respect to converaion of the condensgrion
turbines o� Che third LGES at 680 ki.lowatta to worae vacuum in practice wns
complered only in 1927,
The analogous operations in 1928 began to be performed in Moacow with -
sCeam �eed from Che experimental VTY heat and electric power plant (near-
est to rhe plants and the pool~ also initially live sCeam from the boilers,
and then by using one of the turbines of the heat and electric power plant, -
in the structural design of which there turned out to be a suppressed,
previously unregulaCable steam tap.
Summing up with respect to the purely accidental circumstances (the presence
of equipment with little value but suitable for the experimenta) the third
LGES Hydroelectric Power Plant turned out to be the prototype of the futu~:e =
tieating TETs, and the TETa VTI, the indusCrial~heating TETs. Both of the
TETs undoubtedly fit under the definiCion of the rayon plants, inasmuch as 4
they serve various users. ~
It turned out to be of essential importance for the next hydroelectric
power plant that the work on rebuilding the turbine at the third LGES
- plar.t was performed at the Leningrad Metallurgical Plant which, on the basis
of thia operation accumulated experience in the building of diatrict heat-
ing e~;uipnent for the heat and electric power planta. The cost benefits
from district heating obtained during operation and maintenance of this
system turned out eo be still more important. An electric power plant with
Che old worn 680 kilovolt condensation turbine which before rebuilding had
a specific provisional fuel conaumption with respect to electric power
generation of 1046 g/(kilowatt-hour) had a consumption rate after being
rebuilt when teated in the district heating mode of 238 g/(kilowatr-hour),
and the mean annual apecif~c conaumpt~.on during the heating aeaeon of 1928-
1929 was 380 g/~Ckilowatt~hour~, The mean specific fuel conaumption with
respect to the best condensation electric power plants i,n 1928 was about -
600 grams/(ki.lowatt-~our) with a calculated consumption of 520 g/(kilowatt-
hour). The average consumpti.on with respect to all of the KES [condensation
electric power plants] in 1928 was 87Q g/(kiloaatt~hour)~
It is natural that t~e experience in the operation of a total of two heat
and electric power plants with two district heating turbines could not
-h
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provide a basie for solving the probleme wi.th reapect ro eelecting the type
of newlg? raanufactured turbinea~ Under theae conditione it wae more,re~iable
to generalize the data accumul~ated ar ChgC Cime on the development of the
heat and electric power planta in the industrial ~nterpriaes, the number
_ of which for 1928 Csee Tab1e 1} had re~ched 11 wiCh, Cotal power of the
29 imported turbines inatalled at Chem of about 44 mega.watts (the average
power of one turbine was about 1500 kilowaCt~l~ The greater pnr~ of these -
turbines (66X) were designed for operaCion by the heating chart (three-fourthe
of them were counterpressure Curbinea)~ _
~ The installed thermal capacity of auch heat and electric power planta was
about 2933 giga~oulea/hour (,700 gigacaloriea/hour), but for a number of
reasona no more than :,^e of thia power wae used, ae a result of which the
maximum operating power of these heat and electric power planCs did not
exceed 25 megawatrs. The annual number of hours of use of the inetalled
capacity was only 3800 (with a defined value of about 6500).
The basic cause�of this location of the calculated and operattng indexea
was Zagging of Che actual growth of the thermal process loads of the
enterprises behind the planned growth which only partially could be compen-
sated ~or by the generation of electric power in the turbines with ateam
tapping and condensation as a result of their amall number and relatively
low capacity (to~al of about 20X of the total inatalled capacity).
This worsening of Che operating conditions of the heat and electric power
plants found reflection in the growth of the specific fuel coneumptian for
the generation of electric power increasing in this case from the deaigned _
valuea of about 240 g/(kilowatt-hour) to 340 g/(kilowatt-hour) (on the
average 11 heat and electric power plants in 1928), which atill was almost
2.5 times lower than at the rayon condensation electric power planta. '
Under these conditions the further development of heat and electric power
plants based on turbinea with counterpressure apparently provided better
prospecta with respect to fuel savings. For theae reasona, for the aubae-
quent development of the disCrict heating and the first five-year plan for . -
�the heat and electric power plants of rioscow and Leningrad 12,000 kilowatt
counterpreasure turbines were ordered from the Leningrad rletallurgical Plant
with an analogous increase in power for Che turbines of the heat and
electric power plants of the indusCrial enterprises newly ordered for
\ impo~rt, for which the same structure o� the typea of turbines as before ~
~1928 basically was retained (see Table 1~~
A1ong with :Lncreasing the unit power o~ the turbines, the increa~e in the
initial steam parameters for the majorit~ of heat and electric power
plants to 2.6~3.5 M~a (.26--35 kg~force(cm ~ and �or only two o~ the heat
and electx~,c powex plants to ~+,4 MPa (64 kg~force~cm2) was essentially
new ~n the 1428~1932 per~od. In contrast to the KES jcondensation electric ~
power plants] the increase in the init~,al parameters o� the heat and .
electric power plants hay~.ng Curbines with counterpressure in practice
did not lead to a reduction i~n the specific fuel consumption for the
generation of electr.ic power, but during this time, the district heating
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cap~city of the heae and electric power planta increased by 1~5~2 times
~nd, consequenCly, there was a~uel savi.nga.
As is demonstrated in Tab1e 1, the number nf general-use heat and electric
power planta incre~aed during the first five-yea: plan to 7 wiCh a toeal
power oE 50 megawaCts, whQreas the number of heat and electric power plnnta _
of the'induatrial eneerprises reached 39 with a capacity of 340 megawatts. -
~ The developmPnt of rhe general~use heat and electric power plants took
J place ~asically at the expense of using turbines with worae vacuum and
with tapping o� the ateam and condensation, Chat is, the turbinea provi~ing ~
for the uae of them to cover the electiric power load charts independentlp
- of the presence of heat consumption. The proporCio~1 of these turbines was
about 75~. ALmost all of the turbines with worae vacuum were obtained as
a result of convereion of the purely condensation unita~
The specific �uel consumption for the generation of electric power dropped -
from 440 to 370 g~(kilowatt~hour) as a reault of improvement of the initial
parameters of steam (which improved th~ indexes of the turbine with worsened
vacuum during operation of these turbines in the condensation mode).
The characteristic feature of the operation of the ma~ority of general-use
heat and electric power plants of that period wae the fact that the
development of the heating networks and the output of heat Chrough them
to ehe residential-com~nunal sector led the thermal capacity of the turbines,
- as a result of which about 30X of the heat decreased as a result of reduc-
tion of live ateam from the boilera. ,
The development of the heat and electric power plants of the industrial
- enterprises took place on the level of advanced engineering of the time.
This is manifested primarily'in the improvement of the initial steam
parameter~. More than 75~L of the newly built heat and electric power plants
had equipment for parameters of 3.5 MPa (35 kg~force/cm2) and 400-410�C,
whereas the installation of the turbines for 2.2-2.6 MPa (22-26 kg-force/cm2)
and 350-375�C as a result of absence of experience in the manufacture of
- 16-25 megawatt turbines (and the boilera for them) for higher steam
parameters.
For the heaC and electric power plants at the Bereznikovakiy Chemical Plant,
equipment was installed for 6.0 MPa (60 kg--force/cm2~ and 450�C with
secondary superheating to 375�C. ~
As a result of absence of single~shaft turbines with a power of 26 megawatts -
each with the same i,n~t~,a1 ste~u parat4etexs at thi.s h~at and elecC.ric -
power plant double~shaft turbi.nes were ~.nstalled (see Fig l~ with equ~1
1Thi.s number includes the f~,ve heat and ~lectric power plants transferred
. from the control of the induatrial and c;ammunal enterpriaes to the pow~r
systems. -
6 ~
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power (12.8 megawatts each) ~n rhe uppQr and lower aha�ta. 'rhe ateam for
production came .from the countexpreseure of ehe turbir?ea of the upper
' sha�t. AC thi5 hea~ and electric power p1anC, rhe four~stage regenerative
heating of the feed water wae used for. the Eirst time.
At the heat and electric power pl.ant of the Gor'kiy Automobile Plant;, the
�irst dietrict heating turbines in Che world were inetalled with 12 mega-
watts each and two ad~usrable ateam tapa of 0~6 and 0.15 MPa (6 and
1,5 kg-force/cm~~) and condensaeion. The low presaure parts of theae
- turbines also permitted acceptance of the steam from the side (for example, ~
during the surmner exhaust steam from the forging hammers was used by this
scheme). The acceptance and the selecCion o� the steam combined in one
' turbine made it puasible to obtAin electric power independenrly of Che
seasonal heat coneumption conditions,
As a reault of the inCroduction of more powerful and economic equipment
at Che rayon electric power plants, the average apecific fuel consumption
at these power planCS dropped by 90 g/(kilowatt-hours) by 1932, and it was e-
780 g/(kilowatt-hour), as a result of which the specific fuel eCOnomy at
the heat and electric pa~er plant was reduced by more than 140 g/(kilowatt-
hour). However, altogether as a reault of the increase in Che heat output
from the heat and electric power plants from 6.03 Co 23 million giga~oules/
year (from 1.44�106 to 5.5'106 gigacalories/year) and more than doubling of _
the specific electric power output for the heat coneumption, the fuel _
_ savings from disCrict heafiing increased from 100�103 to 400�103 tons/year
(the savings were determinerl only by the ratio of the condensation electric
power plants introduced in accordance with the GOELRO Plan), which
corresponds to the specific savings of the provisional fuel at the heat and
~electric power plants of about 2.08 k~/giga~oule (87 kg/gigacalorie) or
' about 220 g/(kilowatt-hour) on the average. -
In the expired years of the first five-year plan (1931-1932) great progress
was made in the development of the rayon cenCral heating. Thus, from the
heat and electric power plant built for the Gor'kiy Automobile Plant, -
continuous central heating was realized for the residences of a population
of about 100,000, ~
.
In the,same period the analogous district heating plans were realizEd in
Kuznetsk, the Lower Tagil and other ind~istrial districts.
- Development and Operating Conditions of Heat and Electric Power Plants
During the Prewar Period (1933~1940~~ The fundamentals of the subsequent
(after the end of the First Five-Year Plan in 1932) development of district =
heat~,ng began to be developed ~n 1930 when the problems were resolved of
the standardization of the equi,pment which must be assimilated by the
~ Soviet power machine building plant~ The parameters, type and unit power
of the d~,strict heating turb~.nes were sub~ected to standardization. �
_ 7
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~ , , .
~ ? -
~ ~ 6~
.
S
y II -
'J N ~
9
d
, ~ � , -
Figure 3.. Schematic heating diagram of the Bereznikovskaya
= heat and electric power plant
~ 1~~ eteam~boiler at a presaure of 6.0 I~a and a temperature
of 450�C; 2-~ preincluded turbine with a power of 12.8 mega-
watta (upper ahaft); 3-, ateam line,at a pressure.of 1.7 MPa
for supplying steam for production, industrial euperheatiag.and
~ regeneration; 4-- steam fesd to the two~stage steam conversion
unit at.preasurea of 1.7/0.75 Z~a; 5~- ateam line for supplying
secondary steam with a pressure of 0.75 I~a for production
purpoaes; 6-- gas industrial superheating of steam from a
temperature of 290 to 375�C; 7-- condensation turbine with a
power of 12.8 megawatts (lower ehaft); 8-~ atmosph~ric
� deaerator; 9, 10 and 11 regeneration aya~tem heaters
' For standardization witih the parameters of the�condensation electric power
plants, a presaure at the turbinea of 2.9 I~a (29 kg-force/cm2) was.
aelected for the heat and electria power plants insuring sufficient dryness
~ of the steam in the condenser with maximum poasible ateam superheating
temperatur~ for' the adopted types of steel at 400�C.~ For the tapping
parameters, two stages were used: for the~technological process steam at
a pressure of 0.1+0.1 MPa (7+1 kg-�orce/em2) and for heat output by hot
water of 0.12-0.2 l~a ~(,1.2-2.0 kg.�force/cm2). ~
� With respect to types of the central heating turbinea based on the already
existing�operating experience of the heat'and electric power plants, the ~
d~cis3,on was made to ma~u~acture basically twcbines with tapping�of the
steam and condensation offering the possibility of developing a~rated power �
independently of the heat~.luad, The greatest complexity arose from the
problem of select~,ng the maximum unit power o~ the dietrict heating
. turbines, It was difricult to count on the loada {nauring a power of
more than 12 to 15 megawatts by tfie'conditions of the concentration of the
heating loads based on tfie heat conaumption during this period.
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. For theae reasone, counterpressure rurbines o� 12 megawattis each (which
went into operaCion in 1933) were ulready ordered previnusly for the -
first heat and elecCri.c power plants in Moscow and Leningrad. Inasmuch as
by the electric power balance conditions, the power of the generating units
- was deCermined as no leas Chan 100 ro 150 megawatte, in order to decrease
the number of uni~s insCalled at~ the heat and electric power planta, a
unit turbine power of 25 megawAtts equal to the condensation electric -
power plants was adopted for the district t~eating turbines of the rayon ~
heat ~nd electric power plants, uf which 12 to 14 megawaCrs were obtain~d
as a result of tapping the stexm for disCrict heating, and the remaining
power, as a result of regeneration and bypaesing steam to the condenaer
(the so~called attached condensation power).
- 5umming up, a standard scale of the diar.rict heating turbines was adopted
for Che riew heat and electric power piants: 2.5, 4.0, 6.0, 12.0 and
~ 25.0 megawatCs, in which the 2.5-12.0 megawatt units were produced boCh ~
with counterpressure and with steam taps, and the 25 megawatt turbine,
either wiCh a 0.12-0.2 PiPa (1.2-2.0 kg-force/cm2) heating tap (AT-25 type)
- or with 0.7-0.1 t~a (7.0-1 kg~force/cm2) production tap (type AP-25)~ ~
The 25 megawatt turbines were widely used in all of thp new ruyon heat and
elec[ric power plants in Leningrad, Moscow, Khar'lcov, Yaroslavl~and other
cities.
The summary indexes with respect to the development of Che heat and electric -
power plants by 1940 are presenred in Table 2.
In contrast to 1932, the distribution of the heat and electric power plants
for general purpase installations and the heat and electric power plants
of the industrial enterprises presented in Table 2 was carried out by the
departmenCal attribute. In reality a significant number of heat and elec-
tric power plants of the industrial enterprises (having the greatest elec- -
tric power at that) were in 1940 a source of the district heat supply not -
.only for Che communal-domestic purposes, but also production purposes,
for example, the Krasnopresnenskaya Heat and Electric Power Plant,
Orekhovo-Zuyevskaya, I~~~novskaya, and Kalinin Heat and Electric Power
Plants, and so on. =
_ The enlargement of the capacity of the heat and electric power plants was
accompanizd by increased technical improvements manifested in an increase
~ in the proportion o� the turbines on the 2.5-3~5 MPa (25~35 kg~force/cm2)
parameters from 50 to 80%~ Beginning in practice with 1935 all of the
heat and electric power plants were built for steam parameters (st the
turbines) of 2.9 MPa (29 kg~force/cm2) and 400�C with highly developed
recovery. This equipment was manufactured by Soviet plants, and the
_ , importation of central hear.ing turbines practically came to a halt by 1935.
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~OIt UFI~'ICtAL U~A: t)NLY
Tabl~e z
I3asic ~echniC~l Sp~ci,fications and Operating tndexes of th~
Heat and ~1~ctric Power Pl~nt~ in 1940
- Gener~l- H~ge gnd elec-
puY~~~s~ tric pow~r
h~ge and pl~nt of indu~-~
index~g electric trial pneer-
~ pow~r pignC prie~~ ~ Totgl
No of heat and elecCric power
planes 40 ~6 116
Ineluding for ehe fall~wing
parameC~rs: _
1.8-2.2 MPa (18-22 kg-force/cm2) 5 15 20
?.5-3.5 MI'a (,25-35 kg-force/cm2) 33 60 93
" >3.5 MPa (>35 kg-force/cm2) 2 1 3
Power of the heat and electric power
plants, megawaeta 1200 $00 2000
Av~r~ge power of the heat and
elecCric power p]ants, megawatts 30.0 10.5 17.0
No of turbines: 57 96 153
Including wieh worsened vacuum 9 S 14
_ With counterpreesure 9 21 30
With tapping of the eteam and
condensation 39 10 109
Average turbi~e power, megaWatt9 2.0 8.3 -
Installed heating capacity of the
turbines, gigajoulea/hour
(gigacalories/hour) 13827 23883 31710
(3300) (5700) (9000) �
Release of heat, millior, gigajoules/ 31.4 69.1 100.6 _
year (gigacalories/year) (7.5) (16.5) (24.0)
Annual electric power output~ million
killowatt-hours 6000 4000 -
5pecific fuel consumption for the
generated electric pewer,
grams/(kilowatt-hours~ 495 320 350
;
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Tabie 3
_ Hasic Indexea of the C~neral~-purpose Hegt aad ~lectric
power Plante in 1940
J~01t~y11141yNM py,o tNll Ml11lW K01~MI1UItNT YA~AMMA
� ~10UIM'ltff 7"lf1.tOMA fQdM1lafMM M M'ItiNOfV /ll11� iq~ TOM1IMM
~IIYlMO~M T~(,( n1f3T Mlfp'IItA~ tYM)'CkV "flM~~ CtMU ItOYlJIWOA wl aM111;
_ r;tt,~, irw.,~~? Kar,W~a,� t~r~~, x
- (1) (2 3 t~nt.~~r~,~ s , ~ .
AIk731.~ A i3 4~J0~4 ~53~5 i9,9 ~00
7`~i~ B ~8~ 74 ~3,3 ~5~7~ 19,T ~:0
.
'1~11 B ~g) 62 341~5 ~t7/~7 91~0 320
73t~ C (10) GO ~4GOb~ 3Z9~4 76,8 409
78L~ A (11) 20 326u~ ( ~~80)
(78) 74~8 240
.
~___._.r.,..
7'~mow4 n~p~exr c TypdN� 75 628,5 101,4 BS~~ 300
� tuwt AT 25 (12) (150) (425) .
� v,a~� ,.o ~My ~c~a~~~r. (13) .
~cey:
1. Name of heat and electric power plant
2. Poscer o� heat and electric po~+er plant~ megavatts
- 3. Plaximum thermal load, giga~oules/hour (gigacalorie~/hour) -
4. Ratio of the electric power output to Lhe heat releaee~
~ kiloaatt-hours/giga~oule (kilowatt-houra/gigacalorie)
5. Boiler efficiency (gross)~ x
6. Specific fuel aonsumption for electric power~ g/(kiloaatt-hour) -
7. TETs A
8. TETs B
9. TETs V
10. TETs G
il. TETs D
12. Standard plan vi.th AT-25 turbinea
13. ~Oper~tion by the heating chart
14. [Tranelator's note~: TETs ie the Russian abbreviation for
heat and electric poWer plaat; A~ B, Y, G~ D are the firat five
lattere of the Rueaian alphabet, the equivaleat of Engliah
A~B,C~D,E]
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P''OR Olrl+'YCIAL U8B OI~iLY ~ a.
" R
TabYe 4
3asic Indaxee n~ the Ne~t and Elactric~~cn~er plant� of the
Induetrial Entatiprises in 1940
.
l~LN~wwnMUU' OeuruNw~ iw� p~~
~M ~
Alaiwrrn r�~a~a~ I?t1m~u ane~� , n~i.ww
TBt~ aoo~AOn 1'81(, MDt ~arpr~~ n~~fr~Nw~ ~ ~w .~K~~??�
rllxl� ~rw,y.) ~+~rcr~~r~i~+~i rj~'~orij
~l~ ~2) (3) f~i~' s~
w
Neta~nypn~~iccnoro (6) ( ~Oy 919 ~t7~4 103
(100) (910'
Xu~~ayecrcoro ~ ~ e~ ~ 2Z~
- BaroNHOro ' ~8) GO 8 ~4~~ 328
pe~cNOOUro (9) 50 208
Asroaaeupn (10) 24 314~~ 74~~ 416
(7b~ (310~��
TpaKto~uoro (~,1~ ~ 19 3~7~) 360
- ' T~moau~i npoeKt e typGi,iaun~~f1�23 ~ ib � ~6~~ ~bS
� A~Gvrs po ten~wu~~ rps~n~� TBtI ~�~+aacoro ~u~.~eNM.
C++`r~~�~ Yl11AIf,~4MR W1LtOl1~Df0 IpPf Y0~70t0~. '
/~Sq i
1. P1amC heat aad electric paver plant
2. Pawer of the heat aad elactric ~�owar plaat, megavatts
- 3. Manlmum heat load, giga~oulea/hour (gigacaloriee/hour) ~ -
4. Ratio of electric poveY output to the heat release, kiloTratt-
houre/gigacalorie
5. Specific consumption of provisional fuel !or alectric pover, -
g/(kilovatt-bour)
6. Me~tallurgical
7. Ch~emical
8. Ra~:iroad cara
9. Itubber
10. Automobile plant �
11. Tractor
12. Standerd plan vith AP~25 turbinee ~
13: ~Operation bp thk hea~t chart of a higti~-pressure heat aad~:electric
pover plant
14. **~tecoveryr of est~wt steam of t6e Iwmvers :
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~dk 0~~'1.CIr11. tltil: hN1.Y
2'wo of th~ mc~~t p~werful he~e gnd ~lpctri~ power plant~ (E4 ~nd 60 meg~WACCB)
w~rp bui1C wieh ee~gm par~meter~ nf 6~0 gnd 13.0 MPa (60 ~nd 130 kg-f~rc~/
cm2).
The total power of the heat and electric power p1anC~ with th~ee ~team
- par~m~t~re reached 147 mpgawatte. Thp highe~t pow~r (108 megawatte)
w~g ~~t~bltgh~d ~C th~ h~gt ~nd ~leCtriC pow~r pl~ne~ nf the Kuznetek
M~tallurgical Plant with turbin~s of 25 megnwgCts pach ~the moet pdwerful
cnndeng~tion electriC power ~1ant tih~ Zuyevekeyn plant wgs 350 mega-
waCCe for parameeere nf 2.9 ttPa and 400�C with rurhine~ df 50 ~nd 100 mega-
wgCCg).
~ A powerful in~entive for the accel~r~tion o� the development of the heat
and el~ctric power plant and digtrice heating ae n whole wae the implement~-
eian of the well known reeoluelon~ of the June Plenum of the CpnCral
Committee of the All-Union CommunigC Party (of Bolghevike) of 1931. In
grcnrdance with xhese resolutiong, by 1935 the construction of heat and
electric power plantg was b~ing undertaken et gcc~ler~ted r~C~g: the
Kuznetsk~ Bereznikovekaya, Yaroslavl', Krivoroxhgkaya, Lip~Cgk~ Kazan',
Krasnozavodsk and many other heat and electric power plants.
The baeic opergting indexes of the most powerful general-purpose heat and
electric power plants are presented in Table ~(ae a supplement to Table 2),
and the heat and electric power plantg of Che induatrial enterpris~s~ in
- Table 4. .
The calculated saving of neat was about 2.5�106 tona/year. The economic
indexes of the heat and electric power plants were loWered nnt only as a
regult of the loading with reapect to electric power generation but also as
~ a reault of the relatively loW efficiency of the boiler unSts. Thus,
according to Table 3 the gross efficiency of the boiler rooma during this
periad did not exceed 80-81~: (with a calculaCed value of about 85X). The
cause consisted in the difficulty of assimilacion of the burning of low
�gradea of fuel under the high-output units: anthracite duat, brown coal
(MoacoW and Chelyabinsk), kiesel coal~ the waste from the enxichment of
mineral coal and also milled peat. _
- The fuel balance nf the heat and electric power plants by 1940 had the
following atructure; fuel oil 5~, peat 79:, anthracite duat 34X, M~sca,r
coal 17~, Chelyabinsk coal 15~, kiesel coal 6X, Donetsk coal lOZ~ other 6x. _
The loss of e�ficiency of the heat and electric power plants was also
influenced by the unreliability of the initial structural designs of the
high-pressure heater of the recovery heating system for the feed water.
The difficulties aith loss of condensation at the consumers vere initially _
overcome by installing steatm converters (~'ig 1~~ and subaequently they
- were reduced significantly by the introduction of Na-cation~exchange resin
water purifiers almoat everywhere and the application of sCaged evaporation
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t~'nEt c~~Fit;tAt~ tr;;b: t1Nt,Y ~
in nc~ ~tienm boiler v~~~~l~ (auChnr Pro~ I~ Romm)~ Knnwn difficultie~
w~re also conn~cC~d wiCh the releae~ of heat from rhe hegt gnd eleceric
power plane~ in ehe form of hoC water. In ehe first etep of buildtng ehe '
hpating ngeworks, rh~ maximum temp~r~ture of the nerwork weCer was.tak~n
as 120-130�C~ The maximum pree8ure of Capping the eCeam aC thp ~Candgrd
t~rbine~ of Che ~.eningrad Metallurgi.cal P1anC end the Kirov Plant was .
0�2 MPg (2 kg~force/cm2), which provided for heating the network water tn
110-115�C and required the ingegllaCion of heaters at the heat ~nd eleceric '
pnw~r plants fed, a~ a rule, by the reduced steam aC 0.6 MPa (6.0 kg-force/
cmZ). Th~ Ch~oreticgl heating syet~m of the heat and elecrric power plgnt
. providing for ehe twn~atage heating of the network water ie illustrgted in
~ig 2~
The initial structural designe of these pe~k heeters were ineufficiently
religble, which led to underrelease of heat during ehe cold parC of the
year gs a result of feeding water at reduced temperature to the heating
neCwork~.
~
By the argumenCg connected with reducing the coat of the heaCing network
- ar~d alsn wiCh the acute ~hort~ge of pipe, at a number of the heat and
- ~lecCric power plantg the calculated maximum water Cempergture was incrensed
to 130�C. In addiCion, the 'technical economic calculatinne were uaed to
discover the optima], ratio of the thermal loads of the basic and peak
hearers equal to 1:1; here the district heat3ng factor at the heae and
electric power p1~nCs was 0.5.
The ~atisfacCion of this condition when releasing heat through the preaeure-
reducing and cooling unit required an increase in power of the inetalled _
power steam generators of the heat an~i electric po~er plant. However, in
pracCice the poasibilitiea of the inetallation of such boiler power at the
heat and electric power planta were highly limited as a reault of which the
district heating coefficients of the heat and electric power planta were
within the limits of 0.6-0.65, and the maximum temperature of the supplied
network water Was 115 Co 120�C.
The increase in the number of heat and electric power pl.ants built in the
large industrial and residential centers (Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Khar'kov,
and so on~ has revealed a trend toward the appearance of two typea of heat
and electric power plants clasaified with respect to type of~predominant
heat load, namely~ the heating heat and electric pover plants (with the
type T turbines~ and the industrial heating (with the type P and T turbines). :
. '
In the hesting heat $nd electxic power plants incomplete loading of the
taps was determined by the lag in the construction of the heating network
connected basi,cally ~,th the shortage of pipe, and the complete utilization ~
of their electric po~rer reaching 60C'~6500 houre per year was connected
with the general ahortage of electric power.
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~ ~
~ 9 ,
2 .
ti
e,,,
, . ~ ~ S
i
a
Figure 2. Heating diagram of the thermoelectric pot~ter plattt , `
vith tao-atage heating of network water ia the
base and peak:load heatera
_ � 1- steam boiler; 2.�- gteam turbine with adjustable tapping
- of the ateam and condeneation; 3-- ad~ustable heaC tapping '
of the ete~m; 4, 5--� nonregulatable tapa for recovery;
6-- deaerator; 7--- baeic heater of the network water;
8-- peak heater of network water; 9-- presaure-reducing
and cooling unit; 10 heat users ~
At the induatrial heati.ag heat and electric pover plaaCs the low degree ~
of uae of the taps wae the result, as a rule, of incompatibility of the
typee aad eizea of turbines installed at the heat and electric power
planta ~rith the structure o~ the heat uaere. The way out of the developed
situation Waa found bq creating new tqpes of turbinea for these heat and
alectric poaer plants aith tvo ad~ustable stegm taps and condensation
(RT-~turbiae) .
The basic advantage of these turbinea was obtaining the calculated~dietrict
- heatiag pawer from them, indepeadentlq nf the load ratio of the P and T
~ tape; here tbe condensation power was approximately cut in half.
?he problem aet up by the June Plenum of the Central Co~ittee of the
. All-IInioa Communist Partq (,Bolshevika~ in 1931 for district heating to .
force the imported high-~quality fuel (fuel oil aad Donete coal~ out of the
fuel budget of the ci,ties Was carried out successfully. Thus, the heat
aad electric.po~ter planta in MoscoFr xere built for operation on Moacov
. ooal, i.n Leniagrad oa peat, in Riev, ICh~r'kov, Rostov and Ruybyahev
Saratov and other cities, on aathracite duat. By 1440 about 2.0�10~ tons
o~ nataral fuel (primarily Donets coal and fuel oi1Z previously burned in
the low~~economi.cal boile~ housea $nd 3ndustrial enterprises~ `rere forced -
out of tiie fuel budget of the cities bp ceatral heating.
In order to reduce the as6 aad aulfur dioxide discharge, the plans for
all of the coal heat and electric pover piants provided for the construc-
tton of asfi traps which vere not always put into operation aimultaneously
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wiCh rhe beginning o� nperc~ttdn of the heae and elecCri.c power plgnte,
and th~ calculat~d ef�iciency o� the ash trap wg~ not always ineured on the ,
nperaei.ng uniCa.
H~~t ~nd Electric Power ~lante buring World War II and in the ltecovery Period
(1941-1950). Direcely befure Che ending of the war~ three new h~et and
eleceri~ power plants were bui1C ae accelerated ratea in Moacuw, two in
Leningrgd gnd also hegr and electric power planta in Yaroslavl', Kiev,
Kuybyshev, and Orsk, and other cities.
The capture by the enemy of a significant part of the territory of the ~
country during the firat 2 yearg of the war led to the necesaity for
moving a n~unber of the indusCrial enterpriaes and electric power plants
to the easC. A total of more rhan 60 electric power planta with a total ~
_ capacity of 5~8 million kilowatta (includin~; about 1 million kilowates of -
power at the heat and electric power planta) were evacuated and remporarily
atopped operationa. The overwhelming ma~ority of Che turbines of the heat :
and elecCric power plants taere again ittstalled at the enterprisea in the ,
cities of the eastern part of the country. In apite of the difficulties ;
- of wartime during theae yeara the conseruction of new heat and electric ;
power plants also continued. Thus, at the beginnin.g of 1942, the
Chelyabinsk Heat and Electric Power Plant No 1 was pur_ into operation, and
then the Novosibirsk Heat and Electric Power Plant No 3 and the Heat and ,
Electric Power Plant of Che Ura1 Turbine Plant. In aubaequent years new
heat and electric power planCa began operation in Krasnoyarek, Chelyabinsk,
Bogoslovsk and other citiea. Overall, by the end of 1944, the release of _
heat from the hear. and electric power planta reached the prewar level.
As the territory of t~e country was liber::ted from the faecist invaders,
the restoration of the previously dismantled equipment at the heat�and
_ electric power plants in Moscow, Leningrad, Khar'kov, Kiev and other cities
began. In addition, in 1945 construction of new heat and electric power
plants was started uaing foreign equipment, as a reault of which the total
power of the heat and electric power planta together with the deliveries of
new equipment from Lenin~r.~d Metallurgical Plant~ the UTM,Z Plant and the
Bryansk Plant reached 5 r~illion kilowatts by 1950 with a heat release of .
about 293.3 million giga~oules C70 million gigacalories)~ which cnade it
poseible to obtain a fuel savings of about 7.5 million tona.
In the connection w3th t:he organization in 1946 of the Ministry of Electric
Power Plants (ktES) aignific$r~t changes took place in the organizational
structure of the administration of the heat and electric power plants -
which, in connection with the signi~icant development of district heating
were ~.n the ma,~ority convEtted to distr3,ct heat supply units, The number
, of such h:at and electric power plants more than doubled ~.nasmuch as by .
1950 all of the pre~rar heat and electr~.c power plants t?$d in practice
resumed operations. The heat and electric power plant equipment which had
been moved in 1941 to 1942 continued in the ma~ority of casea to operate
at ne~r electric power plants in the egatern regions. In addition. a large
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numbar of industr~,ai enterpxiees located oueside ehe arege of operation _
of electric syetem in 1946~1950, u~ing foreign equipment~ coastructed _
thair own heat and electric power plante. Overall Che number of heat and -
~lacCric power plante had increaeed to 700 by 1950, including 130 heat and _
a1~cCric power planCe in the MES IMin3sCry of Electric Power Plante] eyste~,
_ 100 hagt and electric power plante in tfie form of biock statione operaCive~y
subordinate to the MES dispatchers and 470 hegt ~nd electric power plante
of industirial enterprisas and cities operating in ieolation (Table 5). _
The aucceeeful uae in the eastern parts ot tho, country of the district
heating turbinee wae fac:ilitated to a significant degree by the fact that
- for tha moat part these were turbinea with ateam eelection aad cond~neation
and the moet powerful at that; therefore they could be quite economically
used to equip the defenee industry with electric power independently of the
preeance of the thermal 1oad. Under the conditione of an acute ehortage of
electric power~ the broad uae of the overloa.d capacity of theee turbines
vae atarted. This capacity (eee Fig 3) wae known in prewar Cime, but in
practice was not used, for the epeci�ic provieional fuel consumption for
the additional condeneation power obtained'amounted to about 1000 g/(kiloaatt-
h~our~,
' Table 5
Basic Technica~ Specificatioae and Operating Iadexee of .
Heat and Electric Power Plants in 1950 ' ~
�~1~ 1(~~wiow~we noKa~r~e1 2 M3C B 3 T3Ll Rp4ooa~ T3U) 8aro `
I B
6 4nc~o T3L[ l~ 1~ 14000 5000 ~
7 MomuocTb T'~u~ h1Br ~
S'CDtAH1tR MOIiIHOCtb T,3L~~ MBT ~T,C ~Z~O Z.2 7~~ _
, g S~rraxoe.acuuaR rennodaa MOll1HOSTb Ty~HA~ 50280 41900 12570 104750
ra~c/~ ~rK~~y) (ta ooo~ ~io ooo~ (aooo~ ~zs ooo~ ,
(10) CaatosoCt ornyac ten.la~ MnH. C1I* (~~?u. f'uan) 115~2 30 2 T17,3 26T
~n~s~ ~~8~~~ .
(11) RNra~f1TK~ 9JICKT(f09H!(1fNN, wnptt. RBT�a/roA 18,5 7~2 ~4,0 29~7
/12~ �UTHOWCI~N~ BbIPa60TKN 9.'ICKT~09tICpCI(N K OTf1yC~Cyi ~~,8 ~~7 ~ ~/2~2 ~~3
~ TCM.7~ K~T�4/rAM( ~K~T�4/rK~7~ \4~0~ ~37~~
(13) yA,~bHbiH paczon yc~weHOro TORlIHBa xa eerpa� b48 560 600
OOiKy 31ICKiP03itlpMH, P/(KBT � q~
"~7~ . ' '
' 1. N~oae of indexes �
2. Heat and electric power plante of the Hiaistrp of Electric~Power Plaats
3. Heat and electric powex plant block
4. Other heat and electric power planta .
5. Total ~
6. No of heat and electric power plants ~
~ 7.~ Power of heat and electric power plants, megawatts
8. 'Average heat and electric power plant power, megawatts
9.~ Inatalled thermal power of turbines, gigajoules/hour (gigacalories/hr) _
10. Annunl release of heat, millions of gigajoulea (millioas o~
gigacalories~
[Continued on p 17] 17
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run urri4i~u+ u.?~ u?~u.
(Key to T~?ble 5, contd~ '
_ 11~ Generation of electric power~ billion~,of kilow~Ct~houre/year
' ~ 12. RaCio of th~ electric power output to the heat release~ kllowaCt~ _
hour/giga~oules (~cilowate-hour/gigacalorie~
13. a~,anif~,c proviaional fuel'coneumption for the g~neraC3on of eleatric
pQ�aer, g/ Ckilowatti~houY~
Und~r wartime conditione~ the noneconomicalnese of euch conditione wae
put in eecond placa~ the more eo in thaC on paessge of the elacCric power
load peake in a number of power systems the dis~~~atchers required operation
of even tihe counterpreasure turbinee on exhaus!: (with a power to 12000
= kilowaCta), which under such operating condit~ons required sti11 greatier
- fuel conaumption. -
~01 ~.r~.~.~
Da D~ ' .f I
; ~ ~i i .
.
' i i I i ~ .
I
, ' ~ I ~ w
' 0 ' w~ wM w~~~pea
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of turbine operRting conditione
with regulaCable ateam tap and condeneation
D~ ~s the rated etesm~coasumption by the turbine, tons/hour; '
DT is the rated adjuatable steam tap, tons/hour; .
. . Wg.ie the rated turbi.ne power, megawatte; ~ is the dietrict
heating power::o~ the turbine with rated steam tap, megawatta;
Wover is the permitted overload power of the turbine, megawatts;
W~~ is the limiting poseible overload capacitq of the L�urbine
for maximum ateam flov rates through the high preseure part and
the low pressure part, megawatta; the regioa of poseible
overload conditioas of the turbine.
Keq: .
1� WoverWlim
The ov~erload power o~ the turbines o~ the AT-25 and the AP-25 typea was
brought almo~t everywhere to 28000-30000 kilowatte, and in certain casea
Q~y the perm~ssion of the manufacturing plants~ evea to 32000 kilowatts -
~3.th a reducti~n of the district heating power of the turbines from tfie
calculated value of 60 to 65 to 25-30X ~ig 4). ~
In order to accelerate the starting of the evacuated turbinea in the eastern `
part of the country at a number o~ heat and electric power planta (the '
Itrgsnogorskaya heat and electric po~er plant, and so on2, direct-flow Ramzin
boilers oP simplified design were maau�actured for them to operate on a
pressure of 3.0-3.1 I~'a (30-31 kg-force/cm2~
. 18. .
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, ~
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_ Do
' I
M ~
D~
/ ~ ~ !
~
% ~ I I
- ~ . ' ~ _i_:.
p W'~ wN Wat/ (1)
_
Figu.re 4. Comparieon of the operating diagrame for the
= AT-25 and VT-25 turbines �
VT-25 turbine; - - - - AT-?~ turbine;
. Wg - ar ted turbine power, megawatts; Wfi disCrict
heating power of the turbin~ with raCed eteam tap,
megawatts; Wover Pe~itted overload power~ megaw~tta;
' Db. rated eteam conaumption by the turbine, tone/hour
Keq:
1� Wov~er
^Incompatibility of the preaeure of the tApped ateam (eepecially for the ~
AT-25 turb~.nes) with the needs of the usera wae eliminated (for fuel savinge .
- aad to unload the poWer boilere) by the inatallation of tha ~et heat
tranaformere developed at the VTI Institute. Under the conditions of acute
metal ahortage, miuing heaters were installed in place of the surface
- heatare for heatiag the network water at a number of the heat and electric
pover plante.
During the War years the fuel budget of the heat and electric po~rer plante
chaaged aignificantly. Ia place of anthracite duat, Mosco~ coal and partiallq
peat at the heaC anrl electric power plants they began to burn Ural brown
coal and Kuznetsk mineral coal, and the uae of kiesel and Ukhta coals was
alao eapanded.
The ~esto~c$tion o� the heat output from the turbines of the heat and elec-
tric po~tex plants in the areas engulfed in the ore in practice started in
1945 (.the i~,~e$ting netwoxks began to release heat in Leningrad, Khar'kov,
~iev and other cities in 1944~ and in 1946 a nu~ber o~ heat and electric -
po~rer plants Were also in operati.on w~th total electric and thermal power. ~
As the coal extract3,oa was recovered in the Donetsk and Moscow Basina the
~uel budget of the heat and electric pos~er plants approached prewar with _
sootew~at greater proport3ons of coal from the eastern regiona. ~
19~
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The regtoration o� ehe power o� ehe heat and electric power planCs led
the regtoraCion of Che condeneation electric power plants (~g a reault of
the greaCer degree of des~ruction of Chem); Chere�ore the proportion o�
- the generation of elecCric power wieh reepect to condeneation cycle ar the
h~ae and elecrric power planta turned out to be above rhe prewar level.
As"~wae demonsrra:ed in Table 5, the basic amount of electric power~at Che
hent and elecCric power planCs was generated with a speci~ic provi~ional
fusl consumption eo 548 g/(kilowaCt-houY), and the appearance of a eignifi-
canr number (more than 170) of isolaeed low-power heat and electric power
plunrs on foreign low-economy equipment raieed this index from 380 g/(kilo-
wnrt-hour) the level reached in 1940 to 560 g/(kilowatt-hour) with a
apecific cnnaumption at the condeneaCion electric power plants dropping tu
645 g/(kilowaet-hour).
The raC3.o o� the elecCric power output to the heat release (the basic
= attribuCe of ehe growth of Che operaCion of the heaC and electric power -
- planCg wiCh respect Co.the condeneation cycle) increased from 88.3 kilowatt-
hour/giga~oules (370 kilowatt-hour/gigacalorie) in 1940 Co 112.2 kilowatt-
hour/~iga~oule (470 kilowatt-hour/'gigacalorie) in 1950. -
The creaCed collectives of the power machine building planCe of the country
~ worked under atresa conditiona in the war years on the creation of new,
more economical equipment for the condensation electric power plants and the
heat and elecCric power plante. A brillianC result of this work was the
manufacture of the VT-25 diatrict heating turbine at the Leningrad
Metallurgical Plant in 1948 for initial eteam parameters of 9.0 I~a
(90 kg-force/cm2) and 480�C (in subaequent yeara the steam tesnperature was _
increased to 500�C) with ad~ustable tapping of the ateam at 0.12-0.25 MPa
(1.5-2.5 kg-force/cm2). This was the most improved district heating turbine
of the time in the entire world. With complete loading of its district
heaCing tap~ (100 tons/hour) made it poasible to reduce the fuel conaumpCion
at the heat and electric power planta during operation in the diatrict heat-
ing mode to 200 g/(kilowatt-hour) (conaidering the "gttached" condensation .
power of the total of about 2.5 megawatta inatead of 9.0 megawatts on the ,
AT-25 turbine). A comparison of the diagrama of the operating additions of
the VT-25 and AT-25 turbines is illuatrated in Fig 4.
In 1949 the double-tap turbine type VPT-25-90 was manufactured with indus-
trial tapping of the steam at 1.0�8~~ I~a (10+2 kg-force/cm2) and with a ~
weighted mean specific electric power generation for heaC coneumption almost ,
double that for the analogous APT-25~29 turbines.
In subsee~uent years these turb~nes began to be aeries manu:Eactured at three ,
_ plants, and by* 1965 tfie installation of the ~:urbines operating on lower
parameters at the heat and electric power p1E~nta ceased.
By 1950 as a rea~ t of the preincluded turbinea operating on 11.0 D~a
(110 kg-force/cm ~ of the Soviet and ~oreign plants the number of heat
20
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~
~OR 0~}~I:CIAL USL ONLY ~
and electric power plante with the paxametere o~ 6~O~~ii,0 I~'a (.60~110 '
kg~�orce/cm2) i.ncreased to 7 w~,th a toral power o~ turbinea with such
parametere above 500 megwatr~, which gmounted to about 10~ o� ttie total
- power o� the heat and electric power planCs.
- Technical Progresa in the DevelopmenC of the Heat and Electric Power Planke
in 1951~1970. Beginning in 1950 Soviet power engineering entered into the
era of intensive growth of operating efficiency of the pow~r aupply inatalla-
tions.
In the area of condensation power plants this waa manifested in increased
initial ateam parameCera of the eurbines initially to 9,0 MPa (90 kg-force/cm2)
_ with a unit power of each turbine of 100 megawatCs. Beginning in~1959,
the condensatiott electric power plants began to assimilate Che seriea
150/160 and 200 megawatt units for superhigh steam parametere of 13.0 MPa
(~.30 kg-force/cm2) and 565�C with industrial superheating to 565�C, and in
1963, Ch~ 300 megawatt units for transcritir.al ateam parametera af
24.0 t�IPa (240 kg-force/cm2) and 54Q/560�C~ Aa a result of ad~uatment of
the operation o� theae units Che specific ft~el conaumption at.the condensa-
= tion electr3c power plants quickly began to drop first to 400-440, and then
to 346-360 g/(kilowatt-hour) (net). Under t?ie developed conditiona at the
heat and electric power pla:�ts, a set of ineasures was taken to retain the
baaic advantagea of the diatrict heating unita as unita inauring fuel
economy by comparison with the separate power supply system.
The quantitative and qualitative indexes of the development of dietrict
heating during thia period were discusaed quite completely in the present
collection in the a~ticle by Ye. I. Borisov and V. P. Korytnikov "Role of ,
District Heating and Power Engineering in the National Economy of the
USSR." It must be noted that on the whole diatrict heating encompasaes
about 50X of the prepared centralized hegt consumption, and in individual ~
cities this index increases to 60-65%.
Just as significant progress in the development of district heating has
turned out to be attainable in the continuous improvement and application
in practice of the developed set of advanced, technically new solutions.
One of the most important measures with respect to ~mproving the operating
efficiency o� the heat and electric power plants in the power syatem
consisted in equalizing the initial steam parameters at the heat and
electric power plantsand condensation electric Power plants. The growth
- o� the initial steam parameters of the heat and electric power planta first
of all was needed to increase the specific electric power generation at
the heat and electric power planCs as the basic factor in saving fuel
dur~ng di,str~,ct heating~ _
For example, ~or the heat and~electric power plants having a turbine with
_ counterpresaure, the specific fuel consiuaption fox the generation~of
el.ectric power in practice does not depend on the initial pressure. Thus,
21 ~
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in particul~r~ for the l6 kg-~orce/cm2 (2.6 I~Pa1 turbines aC ehe hydroeleCtric _
power p1anC No 1 of Mosenergo [Moscow Power AdminiatruCion] and the
~ R-SO-130 tiurbines of the Grozna.Hea~ and ~lectric Power Plant at 130 kg-force/cm2
(13.0 MPa) thie index is in practice idenCical, and it,amounte to 150 and
_ 160 g o~ provisional fuel per 1 kilowart-hour reapect~.vely (the difference _
occurs as a result of the eEficiency of the boiler unita and the condensate -
loeses). 'However, the fuel savings per gigacalorie released to the usera
of the Grozna Heat end Electric Power Plant~ if we compare iC wiCh the beaC
condensation electric power plant operating with a spe~ific proviaional
~uel conaumption of 335 g/(kilowatt-hourj ia almost twice that of the
Hydroelectric Power P1ant No 1 of Mosenergo.
The improvement of the initial ateam parameters �or the heat and electric '
power plant also gives indexes close to the condensation electric power plant
(for the same steam parameters) with respect to fuel consumption when
- operating by the condensation cycle. Neverthelesa, the basic condition of
efficient operation of tt~e heat and electric power plant remains the
- requirement o� maximum generation of electric power with respect to the
district heating cycle, for which prolonged rated load of the tapa of the
heat and electric power plants for heat release is required.
For the heating heat and electric power plants this growCh of electric power
generaCion is poasible as a result of attaching the year around hot water
supply load and also operation with an optimal district heating coefficient
within Che limits of 0.5~0.65. The hot water supply loads on ths heat and
electric power plants during 1950~1953 were relatively low and amounted to
no more than 5 to 6% of the heating load. The reaidential construction
started in 1955 on a broad scale made it poesible by 1960 to raise the pro-
portion of the hot water supply load to 10-12y, and subaequenCly to 14-15%
(with design calculations for the future to 25%). This proportion of the
hot water supply load offers the possibility of increasing the annual ~
number of hours of use of the rated thermal power of the turbine tapa from
2200-2500 to 3500-3700 hours and more.
Increasing the maximum network water temperatures from 125-130 Co 150�C in~
pracCice was completed by 1955 at almost all of the heating networks of the
counCry, and the new types of turbines beginning in 1948 were produced with
an upper limit of ad~ustable tap of 0.25 MPa (absolute) (2.5 kg-force/cm2).
The conversion of the operating conditiona of the heat and electric power
plants to heat release from the turbinea from the alpha heat and electric
power plants equal to 0.5 was held up as a reault of significant increase
in cost for thi,s heat and electric power plant connected with the installa-
tion of expens~ve and at the same time acutely short power steam generators
required to ~eed the steam through the pressure-reducing and cooling units
~or the peak~loa,d network heaters.
The cardinal solut~,on to tf?~.s problem came only ~.n 1959 when the peak--load
hot water boilers des~.gned b}r the VTI~ Institute and the Orgenergostroy
Administration appeared ~n tlte heat and electric power plants. The mass
~.nstallation of these boilers for heat3~lg network water from 110-115 to
~ ~ 22
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~
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- ~.50�C provided almos~ uni.versal canvereinn o~ the heat and nlecCric power
planta ~or opera~ion from the alpha heat ~nd electric powex plant e~ua1 -
to 0.4-0.5~ WiCh theae d~.atricC heating coef�iciente and pxoportion of hoti
water aupply abouti 10 to 15%, tF~e num~er of houre of uae of the tiurbine
taps increased to 4000-4500 with corresponding reduction in Che ger~eration _
~ of electric power by Che condensaeion cycle. The application of the peak-
load water heating boilera permitted gignificant decrease in coet of heaC
and elecCric power pl.ants as a resule of reducing the number of power
steam generatora~ The applicaCion of tl~e two-tap VPT-25-90 turbines with
the water heating peak-load boilers at the heat and electric power plante
wiCh mixed production-heating load sharply reduced the demand fnr turbinea
~ with counterpreasure which in practice werA not ins~~lled at the new heat
and electric power planrs during the period before 1960 (the ema11 heat
and electrtc power plants of the industrial enterpriaes with 2.5-4~0 mega-
watt Curb~.nea constituted an~:exception).
Begi.nning in 1953~1954, in connection with thp increased oil extraction in
_ the Priural'ye [Ural] region, the construction of a number of high-capacity -
oil refineries was started, for which heat and electric power plants were
required with a power of 200-300 megawatta~ For theae heaC and electric _
power plants, iC was expedient to replace the inatallation of the 25 mega-
_ watC turbinea by turbines wiCh a unit power of 50-60 megawatts. These
double-tap turbines were bui1C in 1956 for a presaure of 9.0 MPa (90 kg-
force/cm2) at the Leningrad Metallurgical Plant and in 1957 at the UTMZ
Plant for a presaure of 13.0 MPa (130 kg-force/cm2). As the technological
proceas heating load increased at these planta and also with an increase
~ in construction of the chemical combines for the producCion of fertilizer,
plasCics and artificial fiber having a sCeam requirement of 600 to 800
tons/hour, Che necessity arose for the resumption of the production of
counterpreasure turbines, but now for higher ateam parametera, namely,
13.0 MPa (130 kg-force/cm2). The production of the counterpresaure tur-
bines with a power of 50 megawatts was started at the Leningrad Metallurg i-
cal Plant in 1962.
The manufacture of R-50-130 turbines instead of the LMZ VR-25-2 turbines
for a pressure of 9.0 2tPa (90 kg-force/cmZ) solved three problems aimultan-
eously: 1) an increase in initial steam parameters of 9.0 MPa (90 kg-
force/cm2) to 13.0 MPa (130 kg-force/cm2), a reduction in the counterpressure
parameters from 1.8 to 1.0 MPa (from 18 to 10 kg-force/cm2), which together
- offered an increase in specific generation for heat consumption from
38.2 to 50 kilowatt-hour/giga~oule (from 160 to 205 kilowatt~hour/gigacalorie)
and 3~ an increase in the power of the counterpressure turbines to
50 megawatts, that is, making their power equal to the PT~50 turbines.
The ahsence o~ 50 megawatt turb~.nes in the nomenclature o� manufactured
_ equi,pment for the heat~,ng heat and electric power plants led to the necessi~y
- for the use of the ~T type turbines at these heat and electr~.c power plan ts
(for example'~ Heat and Electric Power Plant No 9, 11, 12, 16, 20 and 22
of Mosenergo, and so on~., which increased the proportion of generation of
. 23y
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~uk ur~r~l~tn~. ua~ un~r ~
elecrric powar by th8 condeneation cycle at tham and airo 0igni~icantiy
low~r ~h~ indpx of speci~ic al~ctric powar genaration on h~~?t d~and.
, ~ .
B ~~teKmOp~ ~
yn~on?MeMUu
~ 1
,
~ ~MeKrr,op d ~J~et~~?op
~1, llpol~MtMUt} yfIpIA/MMJf~
tn tn
nCK
~Z~o cn n7 n6 nS ~ n4 nJ n2 ni
cx ~w
� ~ 6l , _
neK ~
~N
Figure 5. Theoretical hestiag diagram of the T-100-~130
Curbine inetallation
P1-P7 recovery system heaters; D-- du~r:tor; B1~ 82
- network heaters of first and second heating stageot
CII tube buadle in the condenaer for huting natvork vater;
IICH network booeter pump; CH natvork pump; IIB1C , ~
peak-load water heating boiler; T�- netvork vater tmparatur~.
Y~ey:
1. to the seal eiector; 2. to the boil~r: ~ ~ '
In addition, the development of reeidential construction in the large
populated canters (~oscow, Leaingrad, Riev, Hinsk aad other cities) created
the base for the conetruction of a significant au~aber of heating heat and
electric pawer plants r~+ith a capacity of 30C1-400 megavatts or more. For
this purpose, the UTMZ plaat developed the plane for the T-50-130 and
T-100-130 turbiaes for purely heating purposes and in 1960. the output of
such turbines with 50 megawatt pas+er vas started, and in 1962, 100 mega~+atta.
The theoretical difference in these eypes of turbiaea was~th~ applicatioa
in them of two-stage heating of the aetwork water as a result of lover
tapping at 0.05-0.2 I~a (~tbsolute~ ~.5~2.0 kg~force/csn2~ and upper tapping
0.06-,0. 25 PQ'~ Cabsolute~ (A.6-~2. S kg~force~ao~~ vith a possibilitp of
conversioa of the turbinee to the operating condirioae vith counterpreesure
on condensation of the of the eshaust etesm on the special surface (~a the
net~ork bundle~ for beating the network Cor maksupl aater isolated in the _
turbine condene~er.
24
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?~e ,
A
t~ j,p c~+~~tN1
~ nt
~ _ Ar
-
IO
~t
- ~ n~
f~~ t~?yneN~ C?.~
Pigure 6. H~nting diagrnm of the water line vater of tha
VTi-Mosenergo .
A-- heating ~yot~; tB hot water supply eyetom; Jil and II2
~ tap vaCer heatere; PT t~rperature reguiator; PP
flov rata regulator; tl and t2 tap w~t~r temparature;
t1_ ~tnd Y2 netvork vater temperature
~Y~
1. resond stege
2. first stage � -
The goal of lovering the preesure in the heating taps below O.I2 t~a
(1.2 kg-force/cmZ) was stated many timea for the meaufacturing plante vhea
devaloping the pians for the VT-25 tqpe turbinea, and then the VPT-SO
turbine, but it vas flot solved ae a result of tha danger of eucki~ng nir
tato the lov-pressure part through the steam tap fittiage. The growth of
the culture of manufacturing the fittinge and equipment permitted these
reetrictione to be removpd~ ahich offered the poeeibility of eignificantly
increaaiag the generation of electric pover in the heatiag demand from
107.4 to 138.5-148 kilavatt-hour/giga~oules (from~450 to 580-620 kilovatt-
taur/gigacalorie~.
Ia subsequent yeara the manufacturing plents permitted the reduction of
the absolute ;preasure in the heating taps to 0.01-0.08 HPa (0.~-0.8 kg-
lorce/cm2) on the previou8ly maaufaccured turbine~ of the VT and VPT typee.
T'he t~eoretical heatiag diagram of the heating turbinea With t~+o-stage
heating of the network vater by the tapped steam during preliminary heatiag
ia the condenser "buadles" aad heating from 115 to 150�C in the peak~load
~rater heating boilers is illuetrated in Fig 5.
- T6e ~aet effective aas operation of the turbines at the heat and eleciric
porer planta to vhich the thermal aetworlcs with the hot vater supply uaers
included bp the closed heatiug syatem for the tap vater were cocmected (see
Pig 6~. In this syatem the return aater from the heating sqetems is also
cooled aud goes to the heat and electric posrer plant with a temperature
.
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~dtt U~F't~:tAL U~h: hNLY
df ~d-50"C. Th~ cnmbin~ti~n of the dt~gr~m~ of thp h~st ~nd hl~cerie
pdwer plgnr~ with re~p~ct ta ~i~ 5 and ehe heaC ~upply ~ygt~an nf rh~
~ub~eriber~ with r~ape~C tid ~ig 6 off~r~d th~ po~~ibility df incr~nging
- the value of thp ~p~cifi~ ~i~ctric power g~n~ration to 14~ kilowgCt�h~ur/
gig~.jou1~ (6~0 kilowatt-hour/gig~calorie) nt eh~ h~at gnd elecCrtc pow~r
plante during Ch~ warm d~ya ~f th~ h~ating ~~ason inaemuch ~ub~~qu~ntly
the dp~r~tion df ~u~h turbineB with a minimum prg~esure of the ~ower tap
of 0.03-0.04 MPa Cdb~ol.uee) (0.3-0.4 kg-force/cm ) Wae permitt~d.
~n 1~ year~ (from i950 to 1960) more than 50~ eurbineg w~r~ in~tall~d ~t _
th~ he~t gnd el~~tric power planee with a pre~gure df 9.0 1~'a (g0 kg-forcp/
Cm2) with ~ eotal power nf gbout 9 miliion kilowates.
Ag a resule of an increaee in th~ initi~l ~team parameterg~ a reduetidn
in th~ av~r~g~~ep~cific consumption of provi~iongl fuel from 440-450 to
395 gram~/(kilow~tt~hour~ was achieved for average fuei floa rate~ at th~
rnnd~n~geinn ~lectric power plant ~f the same param~t~r~ at 437 ~/(kilow~et-
hour).
The presenr~d indexe~ for eff~rtivp oper~tion of Che hegt end el.ectric
power plants w~re obtained for use co~ffici~nts of thp thermal power for
_ the production steam eaps of 0.60-0~70 and for Che heating tapa gbout
0.45. At the heating heat and electric power plantg With the VPT-SO turbines~
the us~ of th~ lower tap he~Cing power wae 63X and the upper (peak tnode),
i ar..
The unit power of the hegt and electric power plgnts in a number of power
systems increaeed from 75-100 to 125-150 megawaCta.
With proper].y eeleceed equipment for the heat supply of the induatrial
enterpris~s and the dietrict heating of the cities in a si~nificant number -
of power systems the average specific fuel con~umptioa With reapect to the
system was found to be lower than at the best condensation electric pc~er
plants for the 9.0 r~a parameters. Thus, in the Baehkirenergo syetem with
a proportion of electric poWer generation for heat consumption of about
50R, the specific fuel flow rates through the syatem on the Whole was
346 grams/(kilowatt-hour), Sevkavsn~rgo Power Adminietration 376 g/(kilowatt-
hou=? or.d I~uybyshevenergo,3~3I glfkiloxatt-hour).
Along with the conatruction in the power gystem of the high~power heat
and electric power plants in the isolated areas, the construction of the
- low-power heat and electric poWer planta uaing foreign equipment atarted
ln the reconstruction period was continued.
The installation of the 50~100 megawatt turbines at the heat and electric
power plants with a pressure of 13.0 MPa (130 kg--force/cm2) started after
1960 had a significant increase in operating efficiency af the heat and
eleccric power plants as a consequence.
26
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8y 1970~ mar~ th~n 100 n~w h~~~ ~fld el~ctr~.~ ~aW~r pl~n~~ h~d b~pn buslt
in th~ gy~~a.m di th~ USSlt Mini~ery n~ Pnw~r ~nginpertng gnd mar~ thgn 600
- di~Crict hegt~.ng eurbin~~ hgd be~~t inet~ll~d. The eatai pow~r of the
di~eri~e h~~ting turbineq incre~~~d frdm 16.6 million kilnw~Ct~ ed
47.d miliion kilow~Ce~ (ittcluding up to 35.0 million kilnw~tC~ wieh
tie~p~~e tn ehe t~S eyer~n~ wi~h gn gvereg~ power of the newly inetall~d
turbin~~ of about 60 m~gaw~t~~.
A~ a result of th~ chang~~ taking place during thpee ypar~ in th~ edmini~~tra~-
tive ~ubordination~ th~ n~mb~r df g~npr~l purpo~p h~e~e ~nd ~l~etric pow~r
plantg in Chp gdmini~tratinn of the Mi~i~try af Pawer Engin~ering wae
266 by 1970 ~out of the total numb~r ~f h~~t ~nd ~1~cCrie pow~r p1~nCg
~qug1 to 943) with in~tg~l~d capgcity of 35~900 m~ggw~tte wiGh g toCg~
power of ~11 of th~ h~~e gnd ~l~ctric pnwpr plgntg of gbnut 47000 megg-
aatts. 'The inatalled capgciey crf th~ turbine~ ~t a pr~~~ure nf 13.0 MPa
(130 kg-force/cm2) reached 16.~ miLlion kilowgtt~ by 1970. Exce~ding the
tot~l power of all of the heat and ~l~rtri~ power pl~nr.e instgll~d by
1960 (16.16 millian kilowatte)~ th~ eurbinp pow~r of 9.0 MPg (9A kg-force/cm2)
by 1965 wns about 12.0 miliion kilawa~te, nnd in ~ube~qupnt ypar~ it
chgngpd ine3gni�tcanCly ga a rp~ult of r~m~r.king the eurbinp pnwer. Thi~
' remgrking in 1970 Wg~ also perfnrm~d fnr c~erCain typ~s of 1~.0 M~g
(130 kg-force/cm2) rurbin~~: the turbine power of SO megaWatte was in-
crea~ed to 55 megawatts for the T-50-130 turbines and to 60 megawatCe for
th~ PT-50-130-13 turbines (the new d~signation of the T-SO/55-130 and
PT-50/~0-130 Curbine~ respectively).
The introduction of the hsgher powered 13.0 *tPg (1~0 kg-force/cm2) turbines
- into operation permitted a aignificnnt improvanent of the quality indexle
~f the operation of the heat and electric power plant~. The conaumption
of the proviaional fuel at the best heat and electric power plante ~rith the
T and PT turbinea was reduced to 217 ~nms/(kiloaatC-hour) with a epecific
fuel consumption at the best condensation electric power plants ~ith the _
same parameters of 367.9 g/(kilowatt-hour), and at the condensatian electric
~ power plante With parametere of 24.0 MPa (240 kg-force/cm2). 362.5
g/ (kilowatt-hour) .
The proportion of electric power generation for heat consumption in 1970
was on the average about 549:, and the specific generation for heat consump-
tion reduced to the heat of the gteam tapa, 60 kilowatt-hour/gigajoulea
(252 kilowatt-hour/gigacalorie). In 1970 the T-50�-130 and T-~100-130
turbines had the highest value of the mean apecific district heating genera-
tion of electric pas~er at 438 and 431 kilowatt~houra/gigacalories respectively
(with an average tap load with respect to heat of 33 and 43X), and the
R-50-130 turb~.nes at the loWest value~ With'a he~t load of about S1.SX -
they generated a total o~ 48.7 kilowatt-hour/gigACalories jsi.c~ (204 kilo-
watt-hour/g~.gacalorieZ With a calculated generation o~ about 59.7 kilowatt-
hour/gigacalorie jeic] (250 kilowatt-hour/gigacalorie~.
In spite of the insufficiently high use of the thermal poaer of the R-SO-130
counterpresaure turbines (by 1970 more than 40 units had been installed),
~7
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in ~~~ard~nr~ wi.tih th~ ci~~,m~ n~ rhe pl~nnin~ organization~ of rh~ U'1'Mz
in 1969 the m~nu�~etur~ ~ei11 mor~ powerful Curbtnee had been ~t~rted,
the op~r~ei.ng ~onditi~na o# which gldo w~r~ tnsuffici~nCly eff~ctivp ae g
r~sult of the low thermal lo~d ~t thp h~~t an~d ~].ectric pnw~r plante.
The fg~t grdwth ~f pow~r nnd ~aonomy of eonden~ation pow~r plant and the
heat ~nd ~i~ntric pow~r piente with a sC~am preeeure of 13.0 MP~ (130 kg-
force/cm2) Created conditione unde~ which the u~e iri the pow~r ~y~tetn~ of
- tih~ ~quipment nf eh~ h~gt ~nd ~leceric po~aer plgnt~ gnd the conden~ation
pdw~r plant~ with a pr~g~urp of 3~5 t~'~ C35 1:g-force/cm~) having gp~cifia
con~wnption~ ~e the Sd0-600 g/Ckilow~tt-hour) l~vel in preceice began Co
1~ad to ~i~nificanC overcongumpeion of ct,~ fuel. By the initiative of th~
OFtGIt~S ~Stiate Tru~t for th~ Orggnizgtion and Aatinngliz~Cion of ttegionel -
~1~eCric Pnwer Pl~nre and Network~~ in 1959 at the individu~l ~dnden~aeion
el~ceric power plgnts and the heat and eleceric power plante, op~rations
wer~ st~rCed with reep~ct to rebuilding the condensation turbines and
the turbineg with tap and condeneation aC 2~6-2.9 MPa (26-2y kg-force/cm2)
for op~r~tion under dieCrice heating condtCione with lowered vacuum~
The totgl pow~r of th~ conden~ation turbine~ rebuilt during Chp period frnm
1960 to 1g70 ineo dietricC h~attng turbinee wae 2.85~million kilowatte;
however, the increase in district h~gCing power was a totgl of ebnut
1.6 million kiloWgtts as a result of the reduction of the electric power
of th~ turbines. The toeal en~rgy characterietic of the rebuilt turbines
ia pregented in Table 6 from which it followe that among the rebuilt turbines
it turned out to be possible and expedient to aleo include the K-50-90
and K-100-90 turbines for preseure of 9.0 t~a (90 kg-force/cm2) along with
the AK-ZS and AK-50 turbines with rebuilding of the K-50-90 and the K-100-90
ae turbinea with counterpreesure or with regulatable tap.
Simultaneously condenaera of a significant number of the T-25~90 and
PT-50-90 turbines were adapted on the basie of the operating experience of
the T-SO-130 and the T-100-130 turbines for heating the network water~xith
the correaponding worsening of the vacuum but without losa of electric
power.
~ The secondary (after almosC a 30-year break) appearance at the heat and .
electric poWer plante with a significant number of turbines With worsening
of the vacuum did not indicate that the initial failure to uae them was
erroneous. The unfavorable properties c?f auch turbinea for operatiot~ in '
the power systems connected with a reduction in their maneuverability aith
small heating loads r~nained unchanRed. However, the poaer of the heat and
electric power plants growing during thia period in the pos~er syatems to
50 million kilowatts permite compensation for this deficiency as a result
of operation of the type.T and PT units and the KES [condeneation electric _
power plants] superhigh parameters, inasmuch as the proportion of the total
power of the rebuilt turbines will be lees than 1.SX of the poWer ayetems.
28
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Tabl~ 6
ltabuiid3,ng o~ tha Condanegeion Turbines inta Di,etr3at -
Heating Turbinae
,
Pan~tnat eo~~ y~~ p~~o~t
t(f~~tpa~ei i,* ~p�' wa~~i
D1N~t � M~Ytx~e nnM."
t~~o~f~e ~6~
Z~"'~` 3 I ~ p~eop rat npn~ar w TbG rl~aQr~~l
T~ ~9) ~10 (11 ~M~. .
~ c~~ ~ s ~ ~YN,,,~ ~ ~ .
. w~ ~ J~j ~ ~5~ ~+rrru~ ca'~"�
~ ~ S~ $ ~ & 4 ~ ~ n ~ ~*rr~u+n
i~�23�2G (:,6 1~i ~~b 1:0 IG5 74 ~n~mcte.h~im~ Glb 30(1
r6op 100 r, y
h'15~7.G 2~t1 9ti '!J6 170 1~0 7~! iG 17 tuoon~~nrNi~e 515 ~IL ; _
' ~ .1-U,:! Mlln
1-2 Krc; c~u~
K�7b�2n '!~41 :J ~00 122 IM 2~ ~ 2~ tom~ta~i~inul 4d0 2b8
~ 4 t6op 1'l'a r!~i .
K~50~2~J Z,9 2~J 400 2'32 280 60 43 Ordop U~7 ~Hi1a ~OS 310 -
~
. 15~7 ~.c~y~
K-~�~ 9.0 !~4 r00 ^_2U 1~U 50 b8 nQorxuo,48f~7CNM8 ~~d 715
bJ O~A ,~117a
(8 Krc,'cati).3.riOT/4
i~�lOQ�!NI 9.~ SW 37i 4GU 100 ~KrC/w~)~'~100t/~~ ~ ~ ~
i
. ~yi
1. Type of turbine 12. Heating tap 100 ton/hr
2~. Initial parametera 13. Couatarpressure ,
3. Consumption of live ateam, ton/hr 0.1-~0.2 I~a
4. Blectric pcver, megawatte (~-2 kg-force/cm2)
5. ?apping or couaterpreesure after 14. Heating tape 125 ton/hr
robuildiag 15. Tap 0.7 t~a
6. Spacific conaumptiofl of proviaional (7 kg-force/cm2), 225 ton/hr
fuel. for the protection of electric 16. CounCerpreasure 0.8 l~a
power at the thermoelectric power (8 kg~force/cm2) _
_ plants, g/(kilowatt-hour) 350 ton/hr �
7. Before rebuilding 17. Tap 0.2 MPa
8. After rebuilding ~2 kg-force/cm2.)200~ton/hr
9. l~a
10. 1cg-force/cm2
11. �C .
Tlse uait power of the heating heat and electric power plants reached '
650 megat~tatta bp 1970 C~t and Electric Poaer Ylant No 20 of Moaenergo),
aad the industrial heating plants, 400 megawatte (Tol'qatti geat and
8lectxic PlaatZ. The total release of s~team at theee heat and electric
, power plants Was about 60X of the total released heat, and at individual
- 6eat and electric poWer pl~nts it esceeded 1000 tons/hr.
The condeasate losa at a nianber of the heat and electric power plants aas
30-40X. Harever, the progress made in the field of water preparation at
29
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~'dCt 0~~'ICIAL U5~ nNI,Y
Che he~C nnd ~leCertc nnwar pl~nt~ wiCh high ~nd ~uperhigh pgramm~ter~
(ehe ~pplicgrion of chemiCgl d~selinaeion) made it po~eible en r~legge
gtegm ae the h~aC and ~~.eceric power plants, ae ~ r.ule~ directly from ehe
eurbine t~pn, ehae ig, wiehouC ineCalling the seeam convertera~ The unit _
ourput cap~citiy of ~he houeinge of the ate~m converrera at the heaG and
~lectrin power planrs where they were inetalled for any reaeon reached -
50 Cong/hour.
During operation o� the heating heat and electric power planta with turbines
nd~pted fnr ewo-srgge heating of th~ network waCer, contradicCiona arn~e
between tihe opeimal conditions of such turbines and the operating conditions
of thermgl n~tworke u~ing the two'gCage heating sysrem for the tap waeer
~or hnC w~ter supply syatems. Theae contradictiona conaist in Che fgct
that during the nighetime houra in the abaence of domeatic conaumption of
- heat, the return water temperature in the heating networke increased by
20-30�C and in Che cold part of the year at a number of the heat and
electric power plants, it roae to 80-90�C (as a resnlt of the "overheating" -
of the buildings unavoidable in auch a syatem). Ar the heat and electric
power planCe this increase in Cemperature o� the return water meant g
reduceion in the diatricC heating power of ttte T-50 and the T-100 turbines
~s a result of forcing ehe eaps by the heat at the peak-load boilers.
Independently of thia situation, at the heating heat and electric power
plants fully loaded with respect Co heat in the power syatema of Che
center and the western part of the country, by requeat of the diepatchere
ir was necessary also Co lower the electric power of the district heating
turbinea during the night hours of Cransmiasion of the minimum electric
loads which a].so was connected with loesea of posaible fuel savings as a
result of the replacement of the turbine taps by release of heat from the
hot water boilera of the heat and electric power plan~s. Thie nighttime ~
loading of the heat and electric power planta with reapect to heat ia .
connected with loases of 100 tons of fuel per daq for each 100 megawatts
of power of the diatrict heating turbines. As the experience in the opera-
tion and maintenance of the heat and electric power has demonatrated, the
least loss in fuel savings from unloading the T-tapa during the minimum
electric load hours of the power aystems came from the heat and electric
power plants, the equipment of which included the PT type turbines, inasmuch
as during theae perioda of the day, the release of heat to the heat con-
sumers could be (according to the load conditions of the steam uaers)
switched �rom the T-taps to the P-taps.
In connection with the xequirement of the eanitary inapection agencies for
improve~ent of the cleannesa of the air in a number of the heat and elecCric
power plants located directly in the citiesi the burning of coal was
replaced by using natural gas and fuel ofl. The new heat and electric
power plants of the large cities Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, and ao on
began to be constructed for operation only on gas and fuel oil. Altogether _
by 1970, in the fuel balance of Che heat and electric power planta the
proportion of gas and fuel oil increased from 30X in 1960 to 55X, and with
a reduction in the proportion of coal, from 68 to 38X.
'30
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At the heaC and eleCtric power p1anC~ of Moecow with a Cotal electiric
pnwer of~3.5 million kilowatta and ~ thermal power of 50'280 gige~oulee/hr
(12~103 g~gac~lorie/hr), th~ proportion of gas and fuel oil 3n 1970 wee
73X, and coe1, a total of 27X~
The total eavinge of fuel at tihe general purpose hear and electric power -
plante o� Minenergo [the Minietry of Power Engineering] increased from
4 million rona in 1960 to 20.5 million tona in 1970, from which more than
13 million tons Cor about 65X) were obta3ned es a res~ilt of ehe operaeion
of heat and electiric power plants having an ~dditiona;', eteam preseure on
~ the turbines of more than 3~5 MPa (35 kg-force/cm2).
Developmene of the Heat and Electric Power Plants During the Execution of
ehe NinGh Five-Year Plan of Development nf the National Economy (1971-1975).
By 1975 the power o� the heat and eleceric power plante had increaeed tio
58.5 million kilowatCs with an annual heat release of about 3820 million
' giga~oules (915 million gigacalories), of which 2840 million giga~oules
(680 mi111on gigacaloriee), or gbout 75%, came from the heat and electric
power planCs of Che Ministry of Power Engineering. The dynamica of the
variation of the basis indexes of the development of the heat and electric _
power plants by 1975 are presented in Table 7.
" As follows from this table~ during the 1971 to 1975 period, Che operaCing
efficiency of the heat and electric power ~lanta increased significantly,
, and the proportion of the electric power generation at the heat and electric
power plants increaeed by almoat 33X. During theae yeara, the equipment
of the heating heat and e3ectric power plante included the T-250/300-240
turbines for tranecritical steam parametera of 24.0 MPa (240 kg~force/cm2)
and 540�C with the application of induetrial auperheating, and for induetrial
heating heat and electric power plants of UTMZ in 1973 the PT-135/165-130
turbine was manufactured for pressure of 13.0 I~a (130 kg-force/cm2). ~
By 1975 seven of the T~250/300-240 turbines and three of the PT-135/165-130
turbines had been installed. The theoretical heating diagrams of the
T-250/300-240 turbine ia preaented in Fig 7, and for the PT-135/165-130 _
turbine, in Fig 8. In addition, as a result of the improved use of the -
carrying capacity of the high-pressure part and medium preasure part of the
" 60~and 100 megawatt turbines, remerking of their power was accompliahed
with an increase in it for the 60 megawatt turbine to 75 megawatta and the
.100/105 megawatt turbine to 110/120 megawatts.
' The composition of the turbines with respect to the parametere and power
at the heat and electric power planta and the Ministry of Power Engineering
and the basic operating indeYea of them are preaented in Table 8.
In accordance with the improvement in atructure of the district heating ,
turbinea by the initial steam parametera~ the proportion of th~ generation
= of electric power by the turbines at 13.0 I~a (~30 kg-force/cm ) increased .
from 41X in 1970 to 54.8~ in 1975, and the fuel savings by the turbinea in
this group, from 6.35 to 9.7 million tons~ The total fuel savinge from the
31
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operatiion of tha haar and electric pnwar planr~incraaead ftiam 20.5 m3111on
tione in 1970 eo 27.2~mill~.on.tone 3n 1975 with a raducCion in tihe epecific
~ ~uel consumpt3on fnr the ~enerarion of e~ectir3,c pow~r by rtie 13,0 MPa
rurbinee G130 kg-force/cm ) from 283.2 to 264 g/(kilowaet~hour~~
Tabie 7
Development of tihe General Purpoea Heati and Electric Po~rar
Plantr of the Minietry of PoweY Engineering
. n~M.~nA~ ~ iaa ; I io~s . � . I io~o . I mm ,
~2) Ycrai~ueneNNas~ MOWHOCTb T~IUIO~NK81lNOH1iWX l l~4 23,7 36,9 ~8, i
fyQaHN, !lAH. KBr . . ,
(3) Bapa6otKa saeKtpo~Ne niN, MnpA, xBr~v/roA 65~8 135,0 195~3 ~~4g,~
~4~ Aonp KO~IGNHHpOb8NH01~ lYp860TK11 lJtCKYpO- 31,6 41,0 64~0 61~7
.Hepn~N, ~
Orn cx tenna or 1`~L(~ ~~.~w, I'llNC.lroat. 60T, I 1288,4 21R5,2 2980,0
5~ _ (I'Kan ~roal (144,9) (307 b) (807,:) (IiN~J,2~
11ona ornyaca rettna e ropn~~eit eoAe~ % 27~0 34,b 42,0 ~ 4~~,~~ -
7) ' J'uenbuaa eape6orKa ~neKrpo ~Hepmm ~a Ten� ~0,6 b0.1 GO 1 G~,O
~e u~ or6opoe ryp0u~~~ xBr�~i; I'A;K (KBr~'y; t'xan) (170) (210) (25~) (2~9)
(8) Y~,genbHdtt eacxo~c e ronnHea Ha o� 462 39T 324 Z7~.~ '
nyute~NYw�~neK~rp_na~eP~l,tl~.Qt. , K r~v) 47b ~26 388 365,4
(9) To ~ue no K3G .
Rep:
1. Index
2. Iastalled capacity of the diatrict heating turbinee, mil3~ione of.
k3lQwatte ,
- 3. Geaeration of electric power, millions of kilowatt-hour/year
4. Proportion of combined electric power generation, X .
5. Releaee of heat from the heat and electric pover plants, millions
of giga~oulea/year (gigacalorie/qear)
6: Proportion of heat release in hot water, x
7. Specific geaeration of electric power for heat fsom the turbine
taps, kilowatt-hours/gigajoulea (kilowatt-hour/gigac~lories)
8. Specific provisional fuel conaumption for releaeed electric
power from the heat and electric power planta, g/ Ucilowatt-hour)
- ~ 9. The same with respect to condensation electric power planta
All 3a all, the proportion~of.the total fuel eavings.fro~ operation of the A
8eat and electr~,c power plants wi.th parametere of 9.0 and 13.0 l~a
(90 and 130 kg~force/cm21 increased from 66X in 1970 to 73X in 1975 with
, the corresponding reducti.on of the proportion of the heat and electric
_ powsr plants of lower parametera. -
32
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- -
~ ( -
~
_ . "'l,rif -
,
.
.
N
. ~
r=
I1 s ~ .
� i 0,7,49r,~! ~ . ~j
,
, 4~
' r ~r
~
, - -;'7~
. 1~, '.....~~....rMi..~~ ~ ~1�
b ~
r~ .?G'~ ~ ~
. ~ f i '
.
, `g~g
' ~ 1
Figure~7. Theoretical heating diagram of the T-250/300-240 ~
~ turbine ' -
1-- condenser; 2-- che~ical purification and deaeration of ~
� ~ t6e makeup Water; 3-- first etage network heater; 4-- eecond
. atage netWOrk heater; 5-- peak-load water heating boiler;
I-- makeup water of the heating network; II return aetWOrk
vater; III circulating water; IV network Water
~3
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r~x urci~iew uac~ u?rLi
~ ('T~n~~rr~~~ eaonanN
i ~
tlt~cud Ud~ u~ uNa n,, ,
ncv ~'M , , ~ � '
~ 2c.,n~~o6
!
`
IIOBIO~ ~lYMOVO~ "
,Q 1 r,,, . u~OMMOd 09~~f
cnwt c~~t (6)
rrn '
~ ~~6 N : ; _ x~, I 1 ~ .
~ +
~ ~ ~ ~ `L. _
~r3N ~ ~ nHa�4 ' I ~ .~^K� ~
- _ ~ I nx~�.r j ~At~ nNq�t co 1 ~ nv~Ma~
~d,P�7 /1~P�o neq .s ~ ~,w i l eem~ea,?(4)
1~ _ _ ~ ~ I, I eca
~.1 ~oo-.~. ' ~ ~ ~ I i ,CN d~r~.
B R~meA , ~ ~ I I ~ , I .
~ CN!
~3) ~ ~ ~ ~ + ~ +j c~=
� � J ~ . ' ~r -
~ = -`'=C~-' 04pamNO~ (5)
. . J I~ umedo~ Ooda ' -
8igure 8. Theoretical heating diagram of the T-135/165-130
turbine inetallation
ue,e, uc,u, itN~.~ high~ medium and low pressure cylinders;
'it deaexator; "'n~N f eed electric pumps.; '
~ ~ ue,oand high and lat pressure heaters;
I~ condensate pumpe; CIII' network heatera; CO
packing and cooling agent; e~ector; CH network
P~P , .
Req: ~
1. Stop valve ~
2. Live steam from the boilers
3. To the boiler ' ; �
4. ~ Direct network water
5. Return network water
6..�. Chemically purified water feed
7. 0.6 M~a ~
34 -
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~ Tab1e 8
Baei,c O~erating Indexes o� ehe General Purpoee Heat and E1ecCric
Power Planta of the Miniaery of Power Eng~,naer3ng
(1) (2) (3 (,4) 5~ 6 I yA~.nu~q wt'~b~tKO ? : (13) .
. * ~~o~~+o~iunnm i~ tcu� ~ ~ ~ M
' ~ ~p ~ ~ ~ ,~~~~n~i irot wiam, � ~
k ~ Nnr~~~ rn~ . ~ ~ ~
TMn tma~ r~.~ ~ 3 b ~ 7 txat~~~ rM..,~ ~ ~ 4
~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~
I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a+,u~h~� � , ~ ~ , ~ ~ ,
~ c
S ~ r g +acannian g?en ~ e a� c ~
- . 1 ~ ~ I
t�,^~o ~i o~e ~z~a e ~~n ino,~ a4~o io~o w~a -
i~b a~ i,~~ i~ia~a,a +e,a ~a~ a ito~i~~ a~no sozo u,o ~o+
' 10~~ ~9 1~97 Ib0,~p94 61,1~ 119a~ ~11~1 JlPO /3,0 ~
197b a9 1~97 (I8~084 64,0 (IIJ 0) 8100 07M 115~0 ~
f~l f~~01
- -
r:too.i~o i~as ia ~,a ' a;oo ~e,~ toi u' aaon io;o ~.o ~
19ro ~3i i~~s ~a.6 la~ ~_t3b,1 to
~ ar,so a~o ns.o ~dl
~~ra eo e,is Fa
~~i;, ss,~ t~o-~eo~ i~i's acoo a~s~ eo,o ~a~
. tam e~ ~~o ~~aenoo se.o Sn~~ a~to ~aso as,o ~n4
(13 U00) (S'2'1)
~
i17.:0~~
.19o if*~S ~ J,M t4n cKx? JU,O l~9./~ 68Q1 1J~0 ~00
` 1970 118 6,/3 Gi~O~(~0~ ~t,S t~? R 61~4) d100 J900 /S,0 a1t -
~4 / 19~i I~ ;~62 (33A~~ ~9,0 (/7a) . 0 b7t6 38/0 /A~0 JA1
197ti t~~l a,95 ~600A1 34~0 ~A~S d000 /Ob0 4T.0 ~I
, (19500) ' (II~9) . ,
P�:A�IJn 17~iS Z/ I.Z ~03!11,4 100,0 ZS~A Z56p ~.0 - . -
(2~tq1 ~
10~ 8J 3,t5 214JS 100,0 bn,7 ~,v 7 16c1~ /G00 3S.o IBa
(.t5) losx+t cs~) ~zo+1
~ ' ~ I.M4 N ~,b ti3 000 100,0 ,p /aP0 51/0 30,0 I80
~ . ~cr ao ~.u ~ai ~~o,o ~wn atoo � ~,o ~e~ �
� us~w~
P�I~Y1�130 10T~1 II 0~1 1,-!MN) ~ 106~0 60 9 SF,7 ~{20 ~7C,J 64,0 IS9
(/Z701 (7~S) (:3~)
� 17iu i1 1.2 2~11f10 IOt1,0 R7,!1 ~500 fi160 7b~0 IGO `
(a.6) ' ~~~0~ csa~~
8te ~�(+JitNN I:IiJ :id 1'~,!? I't0 8!~ 51,0~ - ~,R,p 3i00 IOJO 43,0 '1'.1~
Iu~ 13,u ~N~la (31 I~Nt
j130 ~rc~eM+) I ~t~:~ :Y~I .3.97 4?~il~pl RI.O - ~~Sp) b530 41b0 4;,C T~~.S
(.115_n ~
� , ~ 13.1.11
177~ ~!Li '~:~diT 2~J~IW R~,: ~ ~1,'n 61110 ~200 - '~~i0
(f~ aJU~ (:i90)
� 8ec r~p6~mw t:1i t - It.t Ir,g WU L~,1 - r,R,~ 6;09 4I00 =ld~G
1Qw 9.0 AIRa (~004,;~ (^lA) .
~lt3~rclcw') 1'~1', - 14,i IKI (IOJ 60~3 - r: n bf00 ~t00 - 4!Yi,,r
(~i1:1:~} (Qg'~) .
fice T~~~�mN I9;/ I u,51 117~rn~ fr.~,~ ~IU,i1 ~~~A 1.�~1;00 ~.70,3
Iltl 4~i~ Altla 12~ ~YJII ( IfiK) r ~
(43 ~rclc~~+) 19TF~ - 0,43 II~;:~ fi9.9 ~p~p 4~50 �S.A - J13,8
~19~ r Nna:r (27 410) ' ( t8R) � _
~ 8a '12L( M~u~- 1'r~4 ~ 45./ l 53n nrl~ GO,B - 65,6 F,~lO 41G0 R86,b
~ , nc ~ro - - -
Q ~ t9 ~ I 18,15 f~~IQ0~0~ 61.7 (r~~ uJpO If00 1i9.1 ,
(WI ~p0) (4d9)
[See key'on p 35] .
, ~5 ~
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[Key to Table 8, p 34]:
l~ Type of turbine
2~ Year
3. No of turbines
4. Tota1 electric power,~106 kilowatre
5. Tota1 thermal power, gigajoules/hr (gigacalorie/hr~
6. Generation for heat conaumption, X
7. Specific generaCion of electric power for heat consumpt3on, kilowatt-hr
/giga~oule (kilowaCC-hour/gigecalorie) _
- 8~ Calculated
9. A,ctual
=o. of houre of use of electric power, haurs/year
11. No or. rk,sra of uae of thermal power, houra/year _
12. Average tur.n~nt saea~ magawatts
's13. Specif ic ~uel consumpt~~r, b!fkilowatt,hr)
14. PT-50/ 60~-130
15. R,50-130
16. R-100-~130
17. All turbinea aC 13.0 I~a (X30 kg~force/cM2) _
18. All turbinea at 9.0 I~'a C90 kg-force/cm2)
19. All turbines at 4.5 MPa (45 kg~force/cm2) and lawer
20. All heat and electric power plants of the *Iinistry of Power Engineering
Table 9
Basic Operating Indexee of the Minenergo IMiniatry of Power ~
Engineering] Hea~ and Electric Power Plants ,
. ona~ sre~P~ ,~YaAi,~"�u~x. a~mYoie~w~
K� . ~
Hw~ no~ne~o~a ~uoi (Z~ ra�'!. ~ tpn~epnia. r~lx~r�rl ~3~
~1~~~ ~ ~
I~A6 . I 1970' . 1973 ~ I 19'~: 1985 I 19i0. (1973 � I 1974
~~++~~T
~~i~ 13,0 MtIa (130 xrc/cM') ' 22,6 ~1,3 .51,0 52~6 338,0 283,2 269,7 267,F
9,0 MI]a (~0 xrc/cM~) 46,3 36,8 34,0 33,4 366,0 32~,1 306,4 Z99,7
5~4-7,4 b1Tta (b4-74Krc/cw~ ~,1 2~2 2~l t,5 3fi2,0 333,0 Z78,0 '170,0
3~6 Mlla (36 xrc/ca~~ ~ 28,0 19~7 12,9 12,b 494,0 411~0 339,0 333,3 '
100,0 100~0 100~0 l00,0 397,0� 324,0� 291,3� 286,5�
� nuawor
~S? 3 .
1: IniCial steanr~presaure of th~ TETs'turbiaes
2. Release o~ electric powex, X
3. Speci.f ic cons~ption of prov~si.onal fuel fpr the released electric
~ power~ g/(kilowatt~hrZ � 2
4.� 13.0 MPa (X30 kg~force/cm2Z 6, 5.4~7 ~ 4,I~a (54~75 kg-force/cm )
5. 9.0 MPa C~0 kg~force~aa2~' 7~ 3.6 MPa C36 kg~force/cm2)
8. ' *mean values
' 3ti ~ .
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More datailed in~ormation about the atructure of fuel economy at the
~ Minenergo Heat and Electric Powar P1anCa ia presented in Table 9~ From
this table it follows that not only at the heat and elecCric power planta
with high eteam parameCera buC also ae ~hose operating with an initial ~
presaure below 4~5 I~a (45 kg-force/cm2~ a signif icanr reduction in the
~ apecific fuel conaumption for generation of electric power from 411 Co
333 g/('kilowatt~hour) respectively was achieved. This reduction in the
fuel conaumption was renched as a reault of the rebuilding o� the turbinea
of theae parametera into counterpresaure turbinea and with worsening of
the vacuum. Tn addition, it must be noted that in esaence Che rebuilding
of these turbines gives relatively sma11 improvement of the indexes of this
group of turbines and the operation of all of the heat and elec~ric power
plants of the Ministry of Power Engineering as a whole. The dismantling
of Chese turbinea with the transfer of their thermal loads to the high-
parameter heaC and electric power plant can provide additional fuel savinga
to 2.0-2~5 million tons per year.
From the data presented in Table 7 it follows that as a result of the lag
in building the heating networks from the heating heat and electric power -
plants, the heat release from them gives a total of about 1257 milLion
giga~oules (300 million gigacalories) with an installed capacity of the
turbines insuring heat release Co 1592.2~1676 million gigajoules (380-400
million gigacalories) per year. Tf we assume that about 125.7-167.6 million
giga~oules (30-40 million gigacalories) must be conserved at the heat and
electric power plants in the form of a reserve for subsequent yeare, the
- underrelease of heat from the heat and electric power plants in the amount
of 209.5-251.4 million giga~oules (50~60 million ~igacalories) actualLy
lowers the savings from the diatrict heating by 2.0-2.5 million tons.
The reduction in fuel savings as a result of unloading the turbine tapa
~ of the heat and electric power plants during nighttime can be estimated
in the amount of about 1 mill~~an tons per year. -
Thus, as a result of the organizational and the regime measures, the fuel ~
~ savings achieved by 1975 from the operation of the heat and electric power
plants could be increased by more than 10%. The elimination of these
deficiencies is one of the basic problems of the development of district
- heating in the Tenth Five-Year Plan.
With respect to the development of the heat and electric power plants,
district heating and cenL�ralized heat supply the USSR quantitatively and
qualitatively grear.ly leads the USA and the industrially developed coun-
_ tries of Western Europe.
The beginning of distr3.c~ heating abroad belongs to 1877 (United States of
America~. By the 1970's therts were a total of about 100 heat and electric _
power plants in operation in the United States (basically at industrial :
enterprises}. ~nci 400 units for centralized heat supply to 300 cities. _
37
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~'nFt t1~~iCtAL Uy~ dNLY
The mgjdrtty nf the ingegll~tinn~ in the ~i.ti~~ ~re the low p~rmneter -
gt~am boilerg bplonging tn private compgniee~ The cenrzgi p~rt~ of the
capital of th~ Ur?tted St~C~s~ Waehington~ D~ C~~ are eupplipd vith hp~t
frosa th~ govermn~nt grenm boiler~ In the largest heating eupply ~y~C~m
in the Unitpd SCate~ in New York there are two heaC and electric pow~r
pl~nte in opergtion with g Cotal power of 540 meqawatte; four counter-
preeeure turbin~g nf SO megawatts each at the W~terside Plent gnd a
~40-meggwatt condeneation turbine wtrh nonad~uetgbie eCeam tap df -
180 ton/hnur at th~ A~toria ~lant (for the heet eupply of the gae planr).
Th~ total centralized h~at releae~d in th~ United SCates will reach
1670 million giga~oule~ (400 million gigacalories) per year; of this
nbout 909: i~ �rom induetrial heat end ~lectric power planCs with an
inst~lie.d cgpaciCy of about 10 million kil~,+~tte (basically counterpreegure
turbinee). The most wide~pread type of heat and electric power plant ig
bggic~lly the block ~tgtion of up to 100 meg~vatt~ at the ~nterprieee of
the petrorhanical~ chemical and paper induetry. The power of thp heat gnd
electric power plgntg ie det~rmin~d~ ~s a rule~ by the electricity con-
sumption of the ent~rprisee of the block atation ownere which is the result
of the practice in the United States of issuing eeparate licenses to the
diatrict electric power supply and the heat aupply. Among the most power-
ful industrial heat and electric power plants built in the UniCed SCates
in the lagt 10 to 15 years it is neceasary to mention the heat end electric `
power plants of the Linden Petrochemical Complex with two cen~ral heatitlg
turbines of 225 megawatts each for 13 I~a (130 kg-force/cm2) and 535�C
with ad~uetable steam tap and condensation and at the hea~ and electric
- power planta of a number of oil refineries at which two to three unite are
~ inetalled each with counterpreesure turbines of SO megawatCs each.
In Weatern Europe the district heating units reached the greateet develop-
ment in the Federal Republic of Germany where the total power of the heat
and electric power plants is about 4.0 million kilowatte a~d the heat
release about 209 million gigajoules/year (50 million gigacalories/year).
Among the district heated cities are Hamburg, Munich~ and Mannheim,
Dusseldorf~ and so on, the extent of the heating networks in whirh is
40 to 80 km with maximum heat release to 628 gig3~oules/hour (150 giga-
calori~s/hour). The total number of cent:alized heat supply units in the
Federal Republic of Cermany ia about 800, and of them about 100 are built
as heat and electric power plants with a total heat release to 50,300
gigajoules/hour (12000 gigacalories/hour). The most widespread are the -
counterpressure turbines of 10-15 megawatts~ including the turbines for
auperhigh and tranacritical stesm parameters. Tn contrast to the United
States, block heat and eldctr~c poWer plants in the Federal Republic of
Cermany participate in the covering of the variable part of Che electrical
chart of th~: power system for which at the heat and electric power plants
in addition to the counterpreseure turbines~ frequently loW-parameter
condensation turbines are installed which are included as the aecond low
pressure shafts to the turbines with counterpressure ~aaalogously to the -
scheme in Fig 1). In order to increase the ~taeuverability of the heat
and electric power plants in recent years~ eteam and gas units are
38
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~o~ d~~tctnt. us~ dNLY '
~
in~Cgil~d gt gc~mp d� th~m mad~ up of th~ 30~40 megawgGt g~e turbin~~
and tiha 70-i00 m~gawate eteam turbir~ee and more.
rhe districC heaeing in Denmark hae rec~ived broad dpvelopment in th~
� po~twar perl,od wh~re rhe c~nCrel3,~ed heat aupply unite cover more than
40X of the h~at coneumption of the couetry, of them about half ere the
praportion of the hee~ end electric power plante. A char~ctetiietic -
feature of dietrict heating in Denmark is the di~trice heating of the
emali a~ttlemenCe from the rayon dietricr condeneaCion electric power
plgnts wiCh heat releaee fram the nonregulgtable tgps of the cond~nsation
turbinee. At the heae gnd elecrric power plante in Odense and El~berg,
turbines were;~inetalled wi.th 131 and 175 megawatts with steam tap~ and
' condensation for initigl steam parnmetere of 14.5-17.5 t4Pa (145-175
kg-force/cm2). The total heet releaee from the heat and electric power
plante reachee 4.0 million giga~oulee/year and approximately the same
~mounC ie released by Che 420 municipal district bailere.
The fuel and energy crieis etarted in 1973 in a number of foreign countriee
1ed to the fact that the problems of ~aving fuel and efficient constructian
of the fuel and energy balance have begun to be included among the primary
problett~ sub~ect to government control.
A comparison of the paths of development of power engineering in the USSR
and in the foreign countriea encompaseed by the fuel criais permits
establiehment of the indisputable advantages of the course taken in the `
USSR towar~ a comprehensive development of district heating ae the basis
for the efficient construction of the energy balance of the country with
minimum coneumption of fuel reeourcea.
COPYRIGHT: Izdat~l'stvo "Energiya", 1977
10845
CSO: 8144/1389
39
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i~OR O~FICTAI. U5~ ONLY ;
~LLCT'RIC POWEtt AND POWLR ~QUIpt~NT
ROLE OF CF~tTRAL HEATINa 3YSTEM IN POWER EN(}INEEFiING, NATIO~IAL ECONOMY
Moscow TEPIAFIKATSIYA S38R in ~u~esen i977 pp 7~24
(Article by Ye. I. Borisov oP the USSR Ministry oP Pover and Electrific~tion
e,nd V. P. Korytnikov oP the All-Union ScientiPic Research and Design Tns~i~
tut~ for the Prn+er Indugtry in the collection oP srticle~ edited 'by S. Ya.
Belinskiy snd N. K. aromov "TeploPikatsiya SSSR" (The Developanent of the
Central Heating System oP the USSR) Energiya 312 pagea]
(Text] Ir. the history of all the generations oP mankind the grandiose cre-
~ ative activity of the Leniniat Communist Party xill alsr4Ys serve as an ex-
ample ~f the profowad scientific elaboretion and practic~l solution to the
f'undemental. problema of trsnsforming aocial relstionships ~nd sstinfying
the material and spiritusl needs of man. In all stages of conm~unist con-
struction the centrel concern of the CPSU has been and is the creation of
a poxerflxl material and technical baae vhich aould be used for a continuous
- rise in the materigl and cultural standard of living o! the people, for
ensuring high development rates ~f socialist production and improving its
economic efPiciency, as ha.s been affirmed in the decisiong of the 25th CPSU
Congress.
In the development oP the productive forces a m~ or role is played by power
and its most progressive basis, electric prn+er. In i975~ the production of
electric power for the nation reached 1,038,000,000 kilovatt hours, e?nd the
installed capacity of all the poxer plants ~as 218,000,000 kiloWatts. A
nex important goal had been achieved try the Soviet state in creating the
material and technical base oP communism. There have been ma~or advances -
both in the area oP developing thermal. pos+er as aell as in the area of
hydropo~er construction. Our nstion has built the Xorld's lar~est t~ydro-
poWer plants with a capacity of k.2 and 6 million kiloxatta. In terms of
the per capita production of electric pover, the USSR has reached the level
oP the economically most developed nations of the xorld.
The thermal po~rer plants compr~:;e the main basis of the nation's prnrer,
generating around 87 percent of the total electric posrer. The achievements
of Soviet thermal posrer are signiPicant.
40
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Th~ 1~rge~t ttrivoy ~tog 4A~S h~g g~ne into op~ration trith a C~pacity of
3 mi].~ion kiloW~tte, ~nd n~w unique thermal power pl~ntg ~re being d~gigned
with a unit c~pacity of 4 and 6.4 mi111on kilor?~ttg. In 1.975, ther~ wpre
132 poa~r unit~ in opergtion witf~ a csp~city of 300 m~gawatt~. Unitc~ a~th
_ ~ capncity of 500 ~?nd 800 megaWatta have 'been develop~d. The firet turbine
uni.t aith a capeeity of 1,200 megeva~ti~ h~ been d~veloped Por inetallation
at th~ Ko~troma (3RES. At th~ Leningrad Atomic Pover P1ant two units hav~
b~en puti into service vitih resetore of 1 million kiloaatts ~~ch.
The centrgl heating syetem ig ~ most import~nt component in Seviet thermgl
pouer. In November 1974, thig sre~ of poaer development mark~d its 50th
anniversary. The eleboration of the scientific ar,3 technicsl bases for the
combin~d production of electric ~nd thermal poxer, the development of mw~y
types of apecialized equipment for the TETs and the heat transporting eys-
tem~, and the ~olution to numerous scientific, technical gnd practical prob-
lems involved in the building and operation of large central heating eystems
were an accomplishment of Soviet scienti~ta and engineers. It mugt be em-
phasized that the idea of the extenaive production of electric and therme~l
poWer by the combined method and the centralized poWer supply from lgrge
- sources canform fully to the un~derlying principles of the comprehensive
development of the national econaqy on the basis of electrificstion. These
most important proviaions were formutated in Lenin's COELRO [Stgte Commis-
gion for the Electrificstion of Ruesia) Plan vhich eatablished the basic
principles for the creation of socialist industry as a foundatio~n for build-
ing a coffiunist society.
The CPSU Central Committee ar~d the Soviet government have always given great
attention to the development of Soviet pover. More than 20 billion rubles
Were spent in ~ust the Nfnth Five-Year Plan for building pover plants and
- electrical and thermal netxorks. Some tWO-thirds of the boiler and furnace
fuel is consumed Por the needs oP the nation's r~iectric and thermal por+er
supply. The enormous outle~ys on the develop~en~~: of the nation's poxer and
- fLel supply necessitates the rational utilization of the fliel and ener~r
resources. In solving this problem of great significance is the brosd in-
- troduction of centralized heat supply and above all the development of -
central heating from the TETs, as around 40 percent of the boiler and f~r-
nace fliel is consumed Por heat supply needa.
The operation of the first common-us~ heat line from the Leningrad Power
Plant No 3(25 November 1924) is considered to be the beginning of the de-
velopment of central heating in our nation, and this vas follrn+ed by the
experimental TETs of the VTI (All-Union Institute of Heat ~ngineering] in
Moscov (1928). On the basis of this first experience, construction iras
then started on central heating installations in Rostov, I4iar'kov, Kiev,
Yaraslavl', Ivanov, Samara, Kazan' and other cities.
Beine an important component ir~ thermal power, the central heating system
in keeping xith its quantitative aad qualitative groxth has ass~aned ever
greatier significance es one of the basic directions in the electrification
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~ ~
of the USS~ ~nd the rational ~haping of the fuel and ener~yr b~lnncc. In -
prnvidin~ fnr the g~nerating of electric po~rer in heat coasumption aith ~ub-
gtantlg].ly lo~er specific fuel consumptions in'comparieon with the IC~S (con-
d~n~ation typ~ power p1~n~J, centra]. hea~3ng has stimula~ed technic~l pro~-
re~g in he~ti engineering ~g ~ at,flle. At ~he ~r;me tim~ tih~ adv~ncea in im-
provin~ the technica]. level. in the development of the I{E5 have strengthened
the g~arch for methoda and means for improving the central heeting sy~tiemn.
At tihe end of the ig2o~s, ~xtensive scientiific rese~rch end exp~rimentgl
wnrk w~s gtarted on a further increa~e in ~teem param~tprg on the baelg of
tWO experim~nt~l centiral heating units. A ama11 TETa was bu31t in MoscoW
and s comparative~}r large nne in Berezhniki uith a steam pressure of
6.0 ~
megapasc~ls. At the se~aie tim~. this nerr direction made headw~yr uith grest F
difficulty. The Commiss3on fr~r C~ntral Heating under the Department of
Industria7. Power of the USSR Q?11-Union Couneil of Peopie's Commissars es
w~ii aa th~ Committee for Central PoWer of (}lavenergo [Main Power Supp],y
Admini~tre~tion~ of
the People'~ Commigsariat of
the F'uel Induetry helped
greatly in dePending this dirtction. A ma~or contribution to defending
th~ ideas of central. heating rrea made by such Soviet acientists and en-
gineers as L. L. Qinter, V. V. Da~itriyev, Zh. L. Tanner-Tannenbaum, V. M.
Chgplin, M. 0. Grinberg, A. A..Krauz and othera. On 1. January 1931, the
total capacity of the central heating units was 210 megawatts, and the
- length of the common-use heating netWOrks xas 45 km aith an annual heat
output of 6.3 million giga~oules [(3~J (1.5 million gigacalories [Ocal~).
~"actensive development of central heating started in the 1930's after the
decision of the June (1931) Plenum of the VI~(b) [All-Union Communist
Party (Bolshevik)~ Central Committee "On the Mo~cow Municipal Econonpr
and the bevelopment of the Municipal Econo~r of the Nation" Which stated:
"The Central Committee Peels the~t in the Purther plan for the electrifica-
tion of the nation full consideration should be given to the task of the
all-out construction of large ~'ETs."1 -
In 1931, construction rras atarted on the experimental TETa of the VTI with
superhigh pressure (13.0 megapascals [Mp], 500�C), snd in 193~+, a Soviet-
built Ramzin design atraight-through boiler (the first in ~+orld power en-
gineering) Was installed at this TETs aith a steam productivity of 160/200
tons per hour and parameters ot 14.0 Mp and 500�C ~rith intermediate steam
superheating.
In the period 1931-1934, the total capacity oP the TETs sras inereased by
660,000 kfloxatts (about 20 percent of the total increase in capacity for
all poWer plants) and ~ras 870,000 kiloxatts. Heat output increased by
- 6.5-fold, and the fuel savings due to central heating in 1934 Were over
1 million tons. The folloWing plants xere built and put into operation:
- i"I~'SS v Rezolyutsiyakh i Resheniyakh" [The CPSU in Resolutions and Deci-
sions~, Vol 4, Moscos+, Cospolitizdat, 1970, pp 551-552�
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the Kuznetak mEP~ aith 84 megawgtte, thp Berexniki TETa w3th 93 megaWatts,
the T~,Ta oP the Yaroslavl' Combine with 25 megswatta, the Krivoy Rog TETe
- with 25 megaa~ttg, tho Lipetsk TETs With 2k megav?a~tg, the TET~ of the
Gor'kiy Motor Vehic].e P1ant with 24 mngarr~ttg, the ~'E~s of the Kh~r'kov
Tractor P1ant with 15 megawett~, the Lugansk TET,~ with 16 mega~atts, the
~s of Ura].mash [Ur~].s Me,chine Buil.ding P1~nt~ aith 10 meg~aatts, ~he
(lrozn~yy TETs With 25 mege?watts, the m~fis of the VTI vith 36 megawatta, the
Kr~enozavodskqys 8tation in the city of Khar'kov rrith 25 megawatt~, and the
Kazeri'' TEZ's ~?ith 20 m~gewattg.
The length of the co~on-use heat networks had increased up to 200 km.
By this time on the ba~i~ of the euecessea achieved in the indugtriglization
of the nntion during ~ne First I~ive-Year P1an, there was the rapid develop-
ment of Sovi~t porre~ m~chine building.
In 1940, the n$tion had in operatfon around 100 TETs with a total capacity
of 2,000 megaaatts, and the heat production from them ~?as 104.85 million
G,~ (25 million Gca].), that is it had increased by 17-fold, ahile the length
of the heating netsrorks ~s 650 km, and the annual f~el savings had reached
2.5 million tons. On the basis of TErs, poWer aupply was also provided for
the large indu~trial centers.
In terms of the total production of electric poaer (k3 billion kiloxatt hour~) ~
c?nd the capacity oP the thermal po~er plaats [TES] (9.6 million kilo~ratts),
the USSR resched second place in E~rope. The USSR manufactured the world's
firat steam turbine vi~h a pover of 100 megaaatta at 3,000 rpan.
An important feature of pre~var Soviet thermal poxer ~ras that it developed
on a basis of chiefly using local lox-grade types of fuel such as anthracite
culm, broxn coal, and peat, and this ~ras of great national economic signifi-�
cance.
During the period of the Great Patriotic War, dependable fuel supply for the
poWer plants Was provided on a basis of the local types of fuel. Regardless ,
~ of the fact that around 60 TES xere partially or complete~jr destroyed vith
a total capacity oP around 5 million kilos+atts, including mar~y oP the r~~s,
hoF?ever due to the measures ahich ~+ere undertaken in the nation, by 1945
the capacity of the TES xas 9.9 million kiloxatts (in 1940, 9.6 million
kilowatts). By the beginning of 1951, the capacity of the TES had in-
creased up to 16.39 million kilos+atts, and the output oP electric poWer
at them in 1950 had reached 78.53 billion kiloxatt hours. '~he share of
high pressure units rose from 3 percent in 1940 up to 20 percent in 1950.
The total capacity of the central heating units in 195o aas 3.7 million
kiloiratts, or more thaa 22 percent of the total capacity oP the TES.
By the beginning of the 1950's in the area of electric poaer production at
the TES, the task of increasing electric po~er output was solved by a fur-
ther increase in the capacity of the GRES and individual units, as vell as
a changeover to high aad superhigh steam parameters. In 1953, the first ~
43
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therma]. power uni~~ went 3nto opere~tion with psremeters of i7�0 Mp and
550�~ wi~h secondary a~~am superheating. T.n ig54� there was the beginning
of 8 new stage in the development of 8oviet therma]. poaer, as in thig year
t~,he world'~ firgti atomic power pl.ant ~AEB] went into operation.
Tn th~ period 1q51.~i955, the comple~ion of new cep~city and the output of , =
electric powPr at the T~8 almos~ doubled, and ~he aver~e annue~l ~ncre~sea
were 13.8 percent for capacity gna i3.~+ percent for the generating of elec-
` tric power. On the basis of units with a cap~city of 50 and 100 megawatta,
the unit capacity of the large TE3 reached 400 megawatts. By the beginning -
of ~he Seventh Five-Year Plan ('ig5g-1965) the capacity of the TES was 42.8
~ million kilowatts, and the output of electric power was 188.8 billinn kilo-
watt hours.
At the same time up to 1961, the basic central heating units eerially pro-
du~ed by induatry had capacitie8 oP 6, 12 and 25 m~B~we,tta. The smal.l.er �
cen~ral heating equipment in comparison with the KES led to an excesaivel.y
_ high (350-450 rublea per kilowatt hour) cost of an installed kilowatt of
power at the TETa, and ob~ectively deleyed the development oY central heat-
ing. Nevertheless, during the period of 1951-i96o, the installed capacity
of the TETs rose by 12.9 million kilowatts, and Was i6.6 million kilowatts;
- while the proportional amount oP the tota]. capacity oP the central heating
units in the total. capacity of the TES'increased up to 32 percent.
In 1960, heat productioa from the TETs Was more than 1,130,300,000 G~ (270
million Gcal), or more than ~3 percent of the demand Por heat of industry
and the cities. '
Characteristic for the designated decade Was a rise in the concentration of
the thermal loads in the large cities aad industrial centers, and~on the
basis o� this there xas predominant development oP large regional public
TETs the capacity of which in 1960 sras around 72 percent of the capacity of
all the TETs, and heat production was around 53 percent.
In 1960, the public TETs were connected With consumers by heating networks
with a total length of 3,450 ~e ahare of electric power output by the
central heating units of this group of TETs was in the same year 35�5 percent
of the total output by all the TES. Some 31.5 percent of the total output
by the central heating units was generated in heat consumption.
The following data sha~r the scale of the concentration of heating loads:
in 1950, the MoscoW TETs produced over 8.38 million G~ (2 million Gcal) of
heet, and in 1961, the same heat prodnction Was reached alBO by 13 cities
of the European USSR (Leningrad, Kiev, I~ar'kcv, Yaroslavl' and others)
as well as several cities in Siberia aud the Ura.ls (Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, _
Chelyabinsk, Ufa, Perm' and others). Pa~rticularly high development rates
in the central heating system were reached in the decade from 1960 through
1970, When substantial quantitative a.nd quslitative shifts occurred in the -
- area of central heating. The capacity of the TETs in the nation rose by
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2.7-fold and by the ena or i97o he?a reached 45 m311ion kilowatts, and heat
production was 2,g33,oo0,00o a~ (70o miii~on acai). The proportionel amount
of the ~entral heating units (in terms of eapac3ty) with an initial pres-
gure or i3.0 Mp xag around 40 percent; 53 percent for thoae aith a unit ~
c~p~city of 50 megaWatts ar~d over, and 54 percent for the share of electric
poaer output from heat producing units. The averege weighted apecific con-
aumption of conditional fuel uriits on the gen~rated.electr3c power in i97o -
uae 30q grams per (kilowatt hour) a~ the TETe equipped only aith central
~ ~ heating unita, and 297 grams per (kilowatt hour) et the analogoua TETa of
the Minenergo [Ministry of Power and E].ectrificatinn], that ia, lover,
respectively, byr 55 and 67 grams per (kilowatt hour) at the best unit (}RES.
The dynamica of capacity growth at the TETs and the production oP heat Prom
them from 1930 up to the preaent is ahrnm in Fig. 1.
, . _ . ~M , I!=OG
. m~ln. k~?h~ N ~ . ~
, . ss . ~t~~v
~ !0 N' rtliS ~ ~
'~j?' Q r,t . ~=~ut!!IS
~~~o pooal ~ .
,NJt /~0! Js � ` ~ ltl~~~f , ' .
r0 '
t!~ (
~ ?s 7~~~I!
ro~s rsav~ :o a ~iso
nn ~paq1 ~s sne
ns~ (s0~ ro . .
~J~ (rom �
41! ~INI s d9Si -
r~ti nvo ~ iui a~o u~o u~ ~
. tl~t IliJ qtS /l7V 19C0 ~ fliJ ~liS INI 1!p Illl tl1J I!lS
l96M lili lS6~ J9~G I!)t 1l1~
- years . years
Fig. 1. Growth c~ynamics for Fig. 2. Length in kilometere of
capacity of TETs and heat produc- main heating netWOrks of the USSR .
tion from them. Minenergo. ~
Q--heat production; n--capacity ~
From the very outset oP its development, the Soviet central heating syatem
has Pollowed an unique patb. Hot Water (i?~ contrast to the United States
attd the Westeru E~ropean nations Where basically steam is used) has been
employed as the heat carrier for heating, ventilating and in certain in-
.stances for producti~n needs. In the USSR, for the first time in the xorld, _
~an open heat supply system ~rlth the direct use of system water for domestic
hot~xater supp~y xas developed and widel,y introduced. '
- In our nation a skilled school of heating po~rer engineers has developed and
this has created the scientific bases of central heating and has ensured
its rapid develop~ent.
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The Sov1.e~ power machine buildera have developed highly economic turbinea
with ateam bleeding for two-atage reheating of ~he system wa~er or make-up
w~ter of the heat3ng sya~em. The s~ientists, designers and workera of ~ii
the central h~a~3ng gubdtv3s3ons have ~reve].ed a difficu7.t path from the
production ~f the f3rst Sov3et turbine wi~h a capaci~ty of 12 megawatts in
i93~. ~o tne creation of ~he worl.d's largest centra7. heating turbine uni~
with a power of 250/~OO~megawstta wi~h supercritical steam parametera. ~'or -
the first time the plans of heating TETs were work~d ou~ using a new design
for the peak water heating boil~rs w3th a hea,t productivity up to 754 a~
per hour (180 Gca]. per hour) inclusively.
dur eng3neers have also developed new deaigns of heating networks, a me~hod -
has been proposed for the technical, economic and hydraulic calculations for
the heat transport systems, and standards for production designing, the pro-
duction systema of the TETs and their rational layout have been worked out.
In t~rms of ~he development acale o.f central heating, the U53R holds first
place in the world, in significantl.y outstripping the other developed
countries. The development of heat supply from the TETa is closel,y tied
- to the possibilities which are provided by the managing of a planned econo~r
_ under socialism. In this regard in recent times the example of the USSR
has been also followed by other socielist countries. Recently in the aim
of saving fuel, under the conditions of the growing fuel shortage and in-
_ creased cost, as well as the developing struggle to purify the atmoaphere,
the combined system of power supply has also begun to be more widely de-
veloped ~n a numb~r oF the capital:ist countries. TYie present state of the
central heating system in the USSR can briefly be characterized by the fol-
lowing data.
In 1975, the total capacity of the TETe in the nation was around 60 million
kilowatts, and heat production by all the TES was around 3,772,000,000 G~
(900 million Gcal). The length of the heating networks from the TETs of
Minenergo was around 15,000 km. The growth c~ynamics of the length of the
main heating networks is given in Fig. 2. The central heating units were
~,round 33 percent of the capacity of the TES of the nation and 27 percent
of the capacity of all electric plants. The share of electric power out-
put surpasses these figures due to the higher number of hours of use for
the installed electrical capacity of the TETs. In 1975, the TETs provided
around 42 percent of the annusl heat consumption of all the urban settle-
ments of the nation, and in individual ma~or economic regiona the level
of central heating was significantly higher than the average, and reached:
63 percent in the East.Siberian economic region, 56 percent in the Volga
region, and 47 percent in the Urals region.
In 1975, around 60 percent of the electric power of the TETs was generated
under heating supply conditions, and this provided a substantial savings ~
of fue1. For the TETs of the Minenergo (the capacity oP which is over 80
percent of the total electric capacity of all the TETs), the total fuel
savings approached 30 million tons oP conditional fuel units. In the last
' 46
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� decade there has been a subatantial improvement in the a~ructure of the
centr8l. heating unita put into opera~ion, particularl.y at the TETa of the
Minenergo. More than 95 P~rcent of the turbinee put into use (in ~erma of
capacity) have steam pe?rame~ers o~ i3.0 Mp and higher. Turbines with~a .
capacity of under 50 megQwatte with an initial. parameter below 9.0 Mp are
now being used as an exception only at the TETs being en~.arged. There he~s
been an 3ncreaee 3n the share of the use of T-type turbines which provide~
the highest proportional output of electric power from central heating
'units. The improvement in the structure of the turbines put into use has
1ed to a decllne in the apecific fuel conaumption. In i975, gt the TETs
of the Minenergo with units of 13.0 Mp, the proportional consumption of
conditional. fuel units was around 264 grams per (kilowatt tiour). At a
number of the TETs, the apecific fuel consumptions are 175-180 grams per
(kilowatt hour).
As a who].e over the last 15 years of the most inteneive development of
central heating, its national economic effectiveness has been characterized
- by the data of Tables 1 and 2 as well as Figs. 3 and 4. The total fuel
. savings during these yeara was over 270 millfon tons of conditional fue1.
unita. '
Central heating has gained the greatest development in supplying power to
industry, Where the TETa provide around 50 percent of the industrial con-
sumption oF heat. The large enterprises of the most heat-intensive sectora
of industry (oil refining, chemical and othera) as a rule are supplied with
heat from the TETs of Minenergo.
Table 1
~Reduction in Specific Fuel Conswmption for Public TES ~ .
Reduction of specific fuel consumption, grams/(kilows,tt hr)
Per~:tods .
(ye~~rs ) All TES ICE3 TETs
1961-1965 468-~+13 = 55 k65-426 =~9 ~+75-397 = 78
1966-1970 k13-366 = 47 426-388 = 38 , 397-324 = 73 ' ~
- 1971-1975 366-340 = 26 388-369 = 19 32k-282 = 42
1961-1975 ~+68-3~0 = 128 1+65-369 = 96 ~+75-282 = 193
As a whole for the nation, for the laxge cities with predominantly modern
development, the central heating level of �the housing and utility sector
reaches 50-60 percent. For example, in Moscow in 1975, around 70 percent
of all users (37,300 buildings,) were centrally supplied with heat from the
TETs, and heat production from the TETs exceeded 209.5 million G~ (50 mil-
. lion Gcal) a year, and the length o: the heating networks from the TETs
- was 2,150 1~. In Leningrad, heat production from the TETs exceeds 62.85
million G~ (15 million Gcal per year), and this supplies 50 percent of the
housing and utility consumers. 47
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_
~ ~ Table 2
Basie Summary Indicatora for the Economic ~ffectiveneas of
Cen~ral Heating (Pub13c ~ETa)
Indicators ig6i-i965 i966-i97o i97i-i9't5 ig6i-ig75
Increase 3n TETa capacity,
mi111on kilowatts ii.8 i3.i i3.2 38.1
Fuel savings, million tona
(totai) 40.5 92.8 i37.5 270,8
Including:
By combined output of 36.2 83.6 l25 244.8 �
e].ectric power ~and
hea~ due ~o differ-
ence in bo3ler effi- ~.3 9�2 12.5 26.0
ciency at T~Ts exid
- large boiZer stationa
Increase in fuel~savings 23.? 52�3 44.7 120.7
G/~kwh .
, i~- -
47S 4i2 I
4SJ 'q
' ~f 4!i
900 37Y J`_ ~ �
J~!
7W,V ~
JJO
. ~ r ,/40 � .
_ Jls . t
?lI,J �
JJO
' IlS
ISOHi? I~iJ IliS Ilil /9i9 /371 /!7J 19~t
yI@QT'8 .
Fig. 3. Dynamics of the decline in the
specific consumption oF conditional fuel
units at the public I~S, TETs and TES
( KES + TETs ) .
The new cities which axise around large enterprises and industrial centers
are virtually 100 percent supplied with central heat. Nevertheless, at ~
present around two-thirds oi" the heat consumption of the cities and urban-
type settlements Is satisfied by small industrial, district and group
boiler houses as well as by local heating units (basically furnaces).
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, a~(ktirh)
. ~ _T e ~~a
' ~ . , t� ~
~ ~~o
, ~~o
~ ao
.f ~ n~: -
~ro
- -
ao - '
: b -
~n " ' rsa
ro
a
~
~
~ co
JO ~ , ~
M~ ~ _ ' .
~
10
p ' ( ~
. ~pil IJiJ /ffS !!il pi! 1!7! l!N Jl7S , '
yC&2'8
Fig. 4. Difference in specific cotteumption
of conditional fuel units at the I~S and TETs
~ in terms of initial steam parameters.
a--pressure of 13.0 Mp and higher; b--pressure
of 9.0 Mp; c--pressure from 5.4 to 7.k Mp;
d--preasure of 3.6 Mp and lower.
Central heating and central heat supply have a ma~or role to plqy in pro-
tecting the environment against fuel combustion products and released heat
and against pollution of the territory. The total release of harmflil mat-
- ter into the atmosphere is reduced by approximatel,y 15 percent because of
centra]. heating and central heat supply. ~
By using the released heat and by reducing losses from the stack~gases,
central heating also provides a reduction in heat pollution of the atmos- -
phere by the poxer plants of Minenergo by approximately 13-15 percent.
From materials of a technical and economic report on the development of
Soviet heat supply up to 1980, it YolloWS that from 197o through 1980, the
annual heat consumption oP the national econoaqr ~rill arise from 8,go8,000,000
G~ (2,126,000,000 Gcal) up to 14,246,000,000 G~ (3.k billion Gca1), or by �
1.6-fold. Also characteristic is an increase in production heat consumption
in agriculture by 1.92-fold, With a total increase in rural heat conswnption
of 1.k3-fold. The calculated (maximum-hourly) and annual~loads of the
cities and urban-type settlements for the USSR are given in Table 3.
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Tab le 3
Heat3ng Loads of Cities and Urban-Type Settlements in ~he USS~
- Maximum-Hourly Annual
Consumers
i97o ig75 ~.98o i97o ig75 i98o
Cities and urba~l-type
aettlements:
~000 G,j/hr, mil G~/yr 2,000 ~,753 3,~53 6,985 9,034 ii,564
1000 (ical/hr,
~ii ccai/yr 477 657 824 i,667 2,i56 2,760
~ ioo i38 i72 ioo i29 i66
Tncluding:
Industrial enter- ,
prises
1000 G~/hr, mil G~/yr 186 1,71+7 2,254 4,676 6,117 7,261
1000 Gca]./hr,
mil Gcal/yr 283 4~.7 538 1,116 ' 1,460 1,900 ~
q ioo i47 i9o ioo i3i i7o
Housing-utility
sector ~
1000 G~/hr, mil G~/yr 814 1,006 1,198 2,309 2,917 3,603
1000 Gce.l/hr, ~
mil Gcal/yr 19k 240 286 557 696 860
~ ioo i24 i47 lo0 126 ~ i56 =
The proportional amount of centralized heat supply for the urban settle- -
ments in total heat consumption of the nation is to rise from 77 percent in ~
1970 to 80 percent by 1980.
The rise in the heat consumption of cities and urban-type~settlements up to
1980 is to be accompanied by a further increase in the concentration of the
. heating loads (Table 4). ~
The total annual demand for heat by cities and urban-type nettlements in
terms of the type of heating agents is shown in Table 5�
For production steam bleeding of turbines of the P, PT and R types, the
basic bleeding pressure both in the present and over the long run will re- ~
main a pressure of 1.3-1.8 Mp; to a lesser degree a steam bleeding pressure
oF 0.5-1.0 Mp will be required, and approximately 8-10 percent of the pro-
duced heat requires a steam bleedin~ pressure above 1.8 Mp.
The given data on the scale of growth of heat consumption by the national
econor?~y show how important is the highly efficient use of the fuel and
energy resources.
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T~ble 4
~ Groxth of Concentratio~ ~t' Therma]. Losds in Cities in Periad
. ot' 1g7o-1980
in~u
Kcuwvecr~o C tlcero no an~ ropoauu dCpeaNwa wrp~~w ropoaa
- B~ 'yiM~~. PA~/
~wry~y ~ b t~oponoo
y~ I r� f r'~i~ ~r
~~v y. hr11~~~ I r~w~l~ X
1 6onee ~1,~9 (6onee 10) 2 l,2 188,G 45,0 13,4 -
~ Or 20,95 ~0 41,9 (or 5 Ao lUj 3 1,8 89,3 ~1,3 6,4 - _
Or 12,b7 no 20,95 (or 3 Ao S) li 10 324,T 77,5 .23,8 L9106,4 4560
Or 4,19 Ao l'1,57 (or 1 Ao 3) Gf, 3J 530 12G,5 37~6 8045 1920
~j Or :,1 Ao 4, I~J (ot b,5 po 1,0) 81 48 27G,b G~ 1~J,6. 3415 8I5 _
b Bcero IGJ l00 140~J,1 33G~3 IUO
7 Pxr 100 ~ - - 100 - - -
8 B 70b1 411GIC ,411R N81'py~OK
or 2~l~l0 12,57 (or 0,5 Ao 3) 147 87,0 806,6 192,b 57,4 5489 1310
7 100 100 ' l00
continuation of Table 4
. ~o~a
' bKaa~~errw CBcero no oait ro~x+Aa~~ CpcAen~ ~rpY~ ~'aMaa
� Ypo;exb Zenno~al w ,vu4 d
g~ ric. CA,~ci'~ (ntc. C~i%~ijt rc os
~ G~ I ~ ~
~iq `~~~4I hru~r~ I rw~r~ I : _
T
1 Fwnee 41,9 (6onee 10) 2 0~8 201~5 48~1 l0,7 - - -
2 20,~5 ~to 41,y (or 5 Ro t0) li 4,G 3(?~,~ 71,3 15,8 - - -
3 Or 12,57 Ro 20,95(or 3 uo 5) 21 8~9 337,3 50,5 18,0 IG04y,7 383U -
4 Or 4,1~J 1t0 12,~i7 (OT 1 3l0 3) ~J4 39,G 716,5 lil :~8,'? 7G25,3 1d20 -
5 Or 2,! Ao 4,IJ (tiT 0,5 tlo 1,0. lG~J 4G,1 3�~,6 ii,7 1',3 2~J74,9 710
b Bccro � 237 100 18T9,G 44~,6 l00 - - -
7 Poc'r - 140. 134 - -
8 B m~i yi~cae ,�nA xarpy~oK ~
or 2~l uo 12,57 (or 0,5 Ro 3) 203 85,0 1042 248,7 55,5 513~,7 1225 ~J3,5
? ) Pxr ~ 138 129
continuation of Table ~
~~so
Karuinecreo BCero ra sau ropoAOU Cyeu~AS u~rp~~a ropo~ta
g~ Ypo~cxs nnnowrt wrp~~a~ b ropoAOS C d
~n+c. nawc/4 ctuc. r~+,~.~
. � � wce~�� I 9L f u~iia l~a I i6 r~;~ I r~a Iv I�/.
1~ 6onee ~1.~J (6a,iec 10) 3 1 ?iG,S Gf 'l l ~fi - - - � '
Q th 20.!15 a.o 41,9 (oT 5 Ao 10) 17 6 473 !13 1J~7 - - - _
3 Or 12~57 ~to 20~95 (or 3 Ao 5) 29 ]0 460,9 110 19,t 15835,? 3780
4 Os 4~19 1to 12,57 (or 1 Ao 3) 123 44 3G7,3 207 36 7039,2 1680 -
5 O~' 2~ 1,ao 4,19 (or 0, S Ao 1, Oj 112 39 331 ?9 13. 7 2953 ~ 9 705 -
~ Bcero � 284 100 2409 575 !00 _ _ _
Pocr - 168 - 171 ~
- . g~ I3 zow aacae ,�aA NarpyaoK
2;1 po 12.57 (or.0.5 1to 3) 235 833 11J8,3 ?gG 149 . 51 I1 ~8 1220 - .
51
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(Key tio T~ble 4~n precpding pe,g~:~
a--Leve~ of hea~ting load 1000 a,~/hr (1000 ~cal/hr); b--Number of
citie~; c--Total for all cltiies; d--Average load of city;
e--Number; f--1000 (}~/hr; g--1000 (~csl/hr; h--C~/hr; i--Gcal/hr;
1--More than 4Y.g (more than 10); 2--~'rom 20.q5 to 41.q (Prom 5
tn 10); 3--F'rom 12.57 20.95 ~~'r~ 3~0 5~; 4--Frnm 4.19 to
12.57 (from 1 to 3); S--H"rom 2.1 to 4.19 (from 0.5 to 1.0);
6--Total; 7--~rowth; B--Including for loade from 2.1 to 12.57
(�rom 0.5 to 3~�
T~ble 5
Annual Demand for Hea~ of Cities and Urban-Type Settlements~
- (by types of heat carriera)
Congum~rs and Heat C~rriers 1970 1975 1980
Industry, mil G~ 4,676 6,117 7,961
(~ii ccg~) (i,ii6) (i,46o) (i,9oo)
Steam, mil G,~ 3,457 ~,2~+9 5,212
- (mi1 Gcal) ( 825) (1,014) (1,244) -
~ 71 69 65�5
Hot water, mi1 G~ 1,219 1,868 .2,7k9 _
(mil Gcal) ( 291) ( 446) ( 656)
�
2. Housing-utility sector:
Hot water, mil G~ 2,309 2,917 3,603
(mil Gcal) ~ 551) ( 696) ( 860)
Total for cities and urban-type
settilements,
mil G~ 6,985 9,~34 1,564
(~i ccai) (i,667) (2,i56) (2,760)
Steam, ~ ~+9�5 4T�0 45.0
Hot Water, 16 50�5 53.0 55�~
Ar,?on~ the basic directions for saving fuel and ener~~r resources and their
r~.tional use, the following are envisaged: a) en increase in the combined
generating of electric and thermal power at the �PETs by increasing their
]~~d for the heating schedule; b) the further d~velopment of central heating
and centralized heat supply of the ~it.ia~, industrial centers aad enter- _
prises on the basis of b+.iild;ng TETs and regional boiler houses; c) the
elaboration and introduction oP nes+ highly economic sources and systems of
heat supply for the national econcr~r, including using atomic power for heat
~upply purposes. .
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~
~oR n~~rcr.nt. us~ nNLY
~ The golution tio the~~ problemg ghou].d con~ider the r~li~bility of the heat
~uppl,y sygtems, the lo~d requiremen+.g of' the power gystem~ for the TETo
With a ri~e in the uneven e~ectric load ncheAul.~s and other factorg. Con-
etder~tion of the reciprocal influence of the listed factore in optimizing
the development gcale of the combinpd aysteme and their location conaider-
ing nationa]. economic ePficiency require syatems analysig in aelecting the
technical directions.
Even now ~~here is the generally recognized necesaity of working out long-
, range heating aupp].y gystems for lerge cities over the next 10-15 yeare,
while the 5-Y~~r stagea should be ad~usted using sygtems anelyais methode
~nd employing special mathematics and computers. The devel.opment of the
scientiPic bgsea for the gystems analysis of the development of he~t supply -
in recent years has been carried out under the leaderahip of Academician
L. A. Melent'yev by the Siberian Power Institute and the VNIPIenergoprom
fAl].-Union Scientific Research and Design Institute for the Poxer Industry~.
One of the important directfons for improving the technical e.nd economic
indicc?tors of the TETs is the increaee in their basic equipment and capacity. ~
At present the R-100 and T-250 central heating turbines have alreac~y been
_ developed and are being produced. Production has ntarted on the PT-135
tur?>ines, and in 1978, series production of the T-175 centrel heating tur-
bines will begin. The replacement of two PT-60-130/13 turbines xith one
PT-~35/165-130/15 turbine reduces capital investments by 1.5-2 million
rubles, and provides a savings of conditional fuel units of around 17,500
tons a year. The use of the T-175/210-130 turbines instead of the T-110/120-
130 provides ~ calculated savings of capital investments of 1.5-2 million
rubtes per unit, while the specffic output of electric por~er xith simultane-
~ ous heat production rises by 3 percent, and the speciffc fuel conswmption
for the output of ~lectric poWer under condensation conditions is reduced
by 3.5 Percent.
~ During the period of 1976-1980, most characteristic will be heating loads
on the order of 6,285-8,380 G~/hr (].500-2000 Gcal/hr), and these can be .
best covered by installing the central heating turbines ahich are being
produced or are being readied for produ;:tion at the TETs.
At the industrial-heating TE'i's, in the next fe~r year3, in a ma~ority of in-
stances it xould be advisable to install the P?-13>/165-130/15, R-100-130/15
and T-175/210-130 central heating turbines. These turbines are standard-
ized in tQrms of the high-pressure cylinder and have the same maximum con-
sumption of live steam equal to 760 tons/hr. Here for each turbine txo
steam generators of 420 tons/hr each are installed. The use at such TETs
of one steam generator with a steam productivity oP around 800 tons/hr in
the plnce of txo generators c~n provide ~ savings in capital investments
of around 1.0 million rubles per steam generator.
53
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At prenent TETg witih ~n el~c~ric capacity oP over 1.5 million kiloaatbg are
~lr~~c'~y in opar~tion, under conatiructton or being deaigned in th~ power =
sygtems df Moeenergo IMo~corr Regionel Adminietre~tion for the PoWer Sygtem~, -
Lenenergo [Leningrgd ttegiona]. Administration for the PoWer 3y~timJ ~?nd
Kiyeven~rgo (Kiev Hegiona~. Ac~ntnigtir~tiion for the Power Syetem) c~nd glso
fnr ~ seri~g of large indusbrial complexes. bver the lnng run the nwnber nf ~
citieg ~nd industrial center~a with heating 1.o~ds over 8,380-10,500 a~/hr
~ (2,000-2,500 t}cal/hr) will rise.
One n� th~ bgaic techniCal. direcbions for improving the efficiency of centr~l
heuting is tihe method developed in recent yesrs in the U85R of geriea con- -
gtiruction of the 7'~s. 7'hSg method wgg worked outi by the collectivea of thp
VNIPIenergoprom, Orgenergostroy (All-Union Inetitute for the Planning of
Electric Power Pro~ects], ~ne~8omontszhproyekt [?All-Union Deeign Inatitute
for ~lectiricsl Inatallation~, the Barnaul and Belgorod boiler plnnts With
the active participabion of tihe conatruction-ingtallation organizations, _
the p~.ants and design bureaug for metal etiructural elements ~nd other organ-
ize,tior_a. 'Phe method is bgsed upon articul~~ing the main buSlding of the
TETs into separate construction-praduction seetiions consisting either of
- a"boiler-~turbine" block or of a txo boilers--turbine" block with the cor-
As the bssic equipment the plang provide
responding auxiliary equipmenti.
for one type of boiler with a productivity of 420/450 tons/hr (for the ggs-
mazut TETs) and seven types of turbines, that is, all the types presently
bein~ produced or readied for produetion, With the exception of the T-250
- turbines. In design terms the sectiona have been Worked out in such a manner
' that from them it is possible to make up a main building With ar~y combination
of the designated equipment and with any sequence of ite inatallation. Par-
ticular to the plans are also the broad unification oP the auxiliary inatalle-
tion~ and the use of a sectional principle in the unified aux3liary building
(Fig. 5).
There has been a aignificant reduction in the construction volume oP the
production bnildings, the built-up area and the total areas of the TETs site. -
The unified auxiliary building (OVK) and the other solutions for the site
provide a reduction of 30-35 percent in the build-up area, a reduction of.
1.~+-1.7-fold for the overall area oP the site, a reduction on the average of
- 22 percent in the conatruction cubic volwne, and the volume of prefabricated
reinforced concrete elements is reduced by approximately 30 percent, and the
length of the intrasite utflity and coimnunicationa netxorks is ahortened.
The plans provide Por the delivery of equipment and structural elementa in
blocks, the dimensions and Weight of which guarantee their transporting by
rail. High production efficiency is achieved in carrying out the construc-
tion and installation s+ork, and the construction process is turned into a
series of installation operations in assembling the TETs from ready-made
construction and installation blocks. The calculated rise in labor produc-
tivity and the overall reductioa in labor expenditures, in observing the
design conditions for the organization of con~truction, are around 40 per-
cent; the reduction in the proportional construction cost is 10-15 percent.
~54
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Here there i~ e~ ~ignifScant r~duction in th~ conetruction time, ~.e the op-
- eration c~f bh~ firet untt i~ po~etble in 18-21. montha after the beginning of
tih~ prep~r~tory periofl and ~fter 12-15 months Prom the b~ginning o~ tihp b~gic
aork ab ~he site. At pr~s~nti, mar~y T~s ore being buil.b elready under the
ple~ns of ~he TETe-ZI(3M ~?gas- and mt~~ut-Pired TETe] (~he Minsk TETg-4, Itaunag,
Novo-9terliteme.kekeyg, K~.~ybyohev and othere).
~ , . ,
.
: ` � ~ ~
~y,~ ~+r,~~
~ -
. ~
.~:~T ~ ~ t. ~ � ~ , ~
�.4.~~ ha~ ~ i
i :
,~~,~~s~~ ~ ~ , ~;tir.:~~ ,
~ ~t~ ` , y' , .
j r ~
~ r~ ~ l t RI~
~ . ' ; ;'~'`+L ~ Qi; ~ ' ~ ~ ~ '
~f~ r h~ ~~~~5 :>r
~ � '
' � ~i~;~t 1::~
~Jd~ ~
rr. t ' .
-
: ; .
� � ' r. ,.lf.
'
'
Fig. 5. Overall view oP the serially-buflt gas-mazut TETs
(TETs-ZIGM)
At these TETs, 12 units aere already put into operation in 1g75-197'f� ~e
VNIPIenergoprom is working on the series plang Por TETs to be operated on
solid fuel. These plaas provide the possibility of using such fuel both in
poaer as xell as peak water heating boilers.
The small-sized boilers of the type installed at ~he Rostov TETs-2 for 500
tons/hr are also being introduced.
Even xith the present development level of central heating, capital invest-
ments for building the heating netaorks reach 50 percent of the capital in-
vestments for building the TETs and comprise around 700-800 million rubles
a year. The complexity oP the heating netvork syatems in large cities is
shoun in Figs. 6 and 7[Fig. 7 is not reproduced].
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56
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7'he acquired experienc~ ~ht~~ ~hat th~ indugtri~?].i~~tion and mecheniz~tinn
oP conetruc~ion-inetallation Work on the therma.l. netr?orks to a greater de-
gree t~ echieved ~rith di~chlese lqying vhich ~].lowe eimul~aneoue~}r e~ eub- �
etantiel reduction in m~terial. expenditures and initial cspite~l invesbments
by 20-30 percent.
Degigng h~ve been developed for ditchleag 1~ying in the form of casings from
site-c~st ~utool~?ve retnforced foam concrete, asphalt-perlite and aephs].t-
h~ydit~ app].ied to the pipe under plant conditions. Work is being done to
develop the ditchless laying v3th covering ineulatfon from se].P-hardening
~ephal.tites ~nd vfth ingulating Prom phenol Y'oam plastics, and eo forth.
Hoxever a].l these designs are ati]1 far from the ideal.
It is esaential to have a further improvement in the existing deaigns of the ~
ditchless lqying in the sim of a fundamental. improvement in their reliability,
durability and production efficisncy. Moreover, it 3s a].sa essential to vork
out nev, more advanced deaigna, particul.ar],y for large diameter pipe.
They require a gubstantial improvement in the structural elements used for
underground le~yring in manned aad unmsnned channele and for aboveground le~y-
- ing on lo~r and ta11 supports. I~t i~s esaentfal to convert to the use of
- staadard large-dimension elements (t'ro~m 3 to 6 meters) and xork out more
advanced designs for preass~bled chambers auitable for production in smsll
series as xel1. as preasaembled fixed supports.
A rise in the economic efficiency of central heating can be achieved in re-
ducing ~he calculated expenditures of system vater by an optimum rise in
the temperature schedules for controlling the production of heat if the heat
sources are a~ignificant distaace avey Prom the heat consumption areas.
Of great si~ificance is the introduction of the open system of heat aupply
with the single-pipe transporting of heat. The ct~~ngeover to a single-pipe
heat transport through transit heating netxorks can also being about a sig- -
niffcant reduction in capital inveatments as a Whole for the heat transport
system. The xorking out of all these questions can open up ne~r opportunities
for organizing the flu~ther heat supp~}r of cities from existing GRES.
The YNIPIenergoprom irith the participation of the VTI is developing such
systems for the heat supp],y of a n~mmber of cities. The operational effi-
ciency of central heating is substantially influenced by the apecific out-
put of electric poxer aad the share of electric poirer output under heat-
supp]ying conditions, aad these are groxing year by qear, ho~ever as a i+hole
for the nation they still are far from the optimum level. It is also essen-
tial to note a number of other factors Which reduce the ePficiency use oP
the existing TETs. The summary data oP the VNIPIenergoprom on this question
are given in Table 6.
Tn addition to the factors listed in Table 6, the efficiency of the TETs is
slso reduced as a consequence of the fact that many heat supply systems are
operated xith an increased temperature of the return system aater and in- .
creased cons~ption of the heat carrier. For eliminating these shortco~ings,
57
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,
~ ~ab~e 6
Underu~ilizatiot~ of He~~ing Capaci~y of ~xisting Publ.ic TETs by
Be?~ic Fac~ore
Planned Unuti].3zed
heating
- Number of thermal Under~-
Name of factor examined capacity capacity,
TE'rs of TE'rs; util.ization,
_ /hr /hr ~
((}cal/hr) ((}cal/hr)
Lag in development of heat 47 167,990 59~7~+0 35.6
users and incorrectl,y over- (40,093) ~14,258)
st~,ted planned load _
_ Lng in construction oP main 32 9T,510 40,538 41.5
and diatributor heating net- (23,272) (9,675)
works -
Absence or shortage of peak 29 73,237 20~530 28
thermal capacity (17,479) (1i,900) 10 - 12
Discrepancy of available 25 34,023 3,352-
capacity of peak xater heat- (8,120) 4,190 ,
in~ boilers to the rated in (800-1000) �
operating on mazut
there must be the corresponding automatic heat regu].ators at the consumers,
. and the manufacturing of these controls has not been organized.
In meny instances the restricted use of th~ steam bleeding from turbines of
the industrial-heating TETs has been caused by the incomplete return of the
condensate from the industrial enterprises. In approximate terms the re-
turn of the condensate to the TETs is 70-75 percent of the technically pos-
sible, and even leas from the chemical planta. As a whole for the 105 in-
vestigated high-pressure TETs, the elimination of the designated factors in
the under utilization of thermal capacity in 1980 could provide an annual
fuel savings of over 3.9 million tons of conditional fuel units.
By carrying out measures to fully load the take-offs of the exiating tur-
bines, by disassembling the worn out and obsolete units and by increasing
the share of capacity of the central heating turbines with an initial. pres-
sure of 13.0-24.0 Mp from 40-90 percent and the T-type turbines t`rom 29-60
percent, the average annual specific output of electric power under heat-
producing conditions could be increased from 5a�5 kilowatt hours/G~ (245
kilowatt hours/Gcal) in 1970 up to 100-107 ki:lowatt hours/G~ C420-450 kilo-
watt hours/Gcal) in the future. This Would make it possible to double the
fuel savings With the same level oP heat production from the TETs.
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At pre~enb a predominsn~ ma~ority of the T~~ is being built under title of _
- the USSR Minenergo and ie financed from funda allocated for the dev~lopment
of electric paWer. A certain nwnber of the TETg for particularly large
, induetr3~l enterprises and complexes is being financed from fundg for the
development of the correeponding induetri~.l. sectora or aith their propor-
tional participation. At the same time mar~y specia].ized sector3e~7. organiza-
tions are working out plans fcr the creation or development of induetr3aY
centers in which proper att~ni;,ion is not.being paid to the questions�of
rs~ional poWer suppl,y, and particular~}r heat aupply. Thus, in recent years
more than 300 plans for industriel centers he?ve been worked out, but only
for a few of them are combined prn+er supply systems provided.
It is becoming more and more apparent that without a.substantial riae in
the maneuverability of the TETs, the coverfng of the variable portion of the
electric load achedules in the European section of the Unified Electr3c Power
Syatem over the long run Will be very dlfficult even With the minimal ahare
of the AES. For this reason important demands are being placed on the maneu- -
- vering abilities of the TETs ahfch are to b~ completed in the near ftiiture.
- The total installed capacity of these TETs should comprise almost one-half
the total capacity of gll the TES, and more than 40 percent of the capacity
of the TES to be completed during this period aill go for the Unified Power
System. Consequently, at least 40 percent of the electric capacity of the
TETs Which are to be built should possess rather high maneuverability.
The advantages oP the combined production of thermal and electric po~er are
ft.illy present in the use oP nuclear fue1, since all the kno~m methods of~ �
the industrial conversion of thermal. poWer into electric involve the re-
lease o~ a si~ificant quantity of heat into a cold source. The introduc-
~ tion of nucle~r sources into the system of~centralized heat aupply should be
a part of the comprehensive problem of nuclear poWer. The use of nuclear
sources for heat supply, in addition to saving limited fuel resources, also
facilitates the problem of protecting the air basin over cities.
The zone of equal econo~r of the TETs and ATETs [Atomic Heat and Electric
Plant] is obtained on a 1eve1 of a heating load of 6,285 G~/t?r (1,500 Ccal/hr).
The optimum unit capacities of reactors of the WER and VK type for the ATETs
correspond to the unit capacities of the reactors for the AES.
The turbogenerators of the ATETs should be designed for economic work unde'r
all conditions with a fixed steam conswmption corresponding to the rated
heat productivity oP the reactor. The optimum central hea,ting coePficient
can be set within the limits of 0.7-0.8. The relative]y small share of
the f1ie1 component in the cost of building the ATETs determines the advis-
ability of building large central heating systems for long-distance heat
supply xith higher values for the direct system water temperatures (210-
250�C) in comparison with systems based on organic fuel. At the same time
the successes in developing reliable�radiation protection systems can cre-
ate conditions for bringing nuclear sources closer to heat load centers.
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7n de~cribin~ the bag~.C ~echnica]. direc~ions for the devel.opment of central ~
heat3n~, we must nnt over~.ook the probl.em of reducing the propor~ional nwn-
ber nf personnel at the mETe and the regional boiler houses. Here the
basic wa,yo obviously can be: 83mplifying the management structure, in-
creasing th~ automatic control and moni~oring equipment, further increasing
th~ reliabil.i~y of equipment operation, the quality of installation and '
repairs, ~g w~ii as improving the ~tructure and organiza,~ion of the repair
services. ~
Among the o~her technical directions, we must also point to the possibility
of introducing steam-gas units into central heating. There e~re also plans
for high-temperature heat supply for thermal production processes. These
systems have been proposed in the USSR and have been patented in a nwnber of
nations. � '
'I'he given technical direction~ for the development of central heating show
the enormous reeerves for improving the heat supply systema.
- The forecasts for the basic ~echnical and aconomic indicators for the deve7.op-
ment of central. heating over the long run have shown that from the technical
viewpoint it is feasible to have for all the TETs:
a) A reduction in the proportional capital inveatments into the TETs by
approximately 9-10 percent; ~
b) A reduction of labor expenditures in building the TETs by 30-37 percent;
c) A reduction in the proportional capital investments in the main heat
lines by 15-18 percent and a reduction in labor expenditurea by 55-57 percent;
d) A reduction in the overall length of the ~'design--construction" cycle ~
to the completion of the first unit at the TETs by 37-40 percent;
e) An increase in the propor~ional output of electric power under heat-
supply conditions up to 100-107 kilowatt hours/G~ (420-450 kilowatt hours/
Gcal), and the share of total output in heat-supply conditiona up to 70-72
percent;
f) A reduction in the specific fuel consumption per kilowatt hour by 10-15
percent and per G,~ of heat by 0.7-1.2 percent.
The actual achieving of an improvement in the designated inciicators requires
purposeful creative efforts both by the designers as well as by the pa~wer
machine builders, the operators and~the construction and installation organ-
izations. ' -
At the same time it is essential to also consider the ob~ective factors
which inevitably will inPluenee an increase in the total and proportional
capital investments and labor expenditures in building the TETs and heat
60 ~
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transportin~ systems as a conaequence of the rise in expenditurea on ~ttviron~
men~a~ protect~.on measures, the incree,se in ~he proportional amount nf m~,"'~Cc
unfler construction which wi~l be operated on sol.id fuel, ~he complicat3n~ of'
certain typea of thermomechaniCal. equipment, and so forth.
By 1980, the cen~ra].izing of heat ~upply for cities from the TETs and 1ar~e
boiler hou~es can reach approximately 80 percent.
The central.ixing of heat suppl.y for agr3cultural users w3ii also be mark~dly
developed. ~
In conclusion it is essential to atress that the 50-year experience of thc
development of central heat3ng in the USSR has fully ~ustified itself, and
this progressive method of the combined production of thermal and electric
power in the foreseeable future will be one of the basic dlrections for the
development of power in our nation.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "~nergiya", 1977
10272
cso: 8144/1390
END
61
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