JPRS ID: 8461 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

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• Document Page Count: 192
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• Sequence Number: 32
• Content Type: REPORTS

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16 MAY 1979
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, JPR5 L/8461
16 May 1979
tRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 28/79)
SELEC7IONS FROM 7HE JOURNAL 'QUANTUM ELECTRONICS'
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
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JPRS L/8461
16 May 19 79
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
(FOVO 2s/7s)
SELECTYONS FROM THE JOURNAL 'QUANT'UM ELEC1'RONYCS'
Moscow KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONYKA 3n Russian Vo]. 6 No 2, Feb 79
pp 267-273, 281-303, 317-348, 351-354, 357-363, 370-377,
344-397, 400-4021 408-411. 417-421
- CONTENTS
PAGE
Pxxsics
High-Pressure Wire-Triggere3 Pulsed C02 Iaser
(B. F. Gordiyets, et a1.)
1
Analyais of a Calculation Model af tile Pulsed Chemical
DF-C(>) Ieser
tV. Ya. Agroskin, et al.)
14
8aturation in Waveguide C02 I,asers
(V. V. Grigorlyants, et al.)
28
Parametric Amplification Dased on Four-Wave Parametric
Procesaes in a Two-Photon Resone.nce
- (G. M. Krochik)
43
Isotope Separation by Multiphaton Molecular Di,ssociation
In tlae High-Power C02 Laser FYeld. Prospecta of
Practical Realization
(Ye. P. Velkhov, et al.)
63
Pstimation of the Intensity oP Sound Which Arises Upon
Iaser Light Propagation in the Atmosphere and Tts
Ef'Pects on Therasl Blooming of the Beams �
(V. V. Vorobeyev)
6
- a- [IYI - U55R - 23 S&T
FOUO]
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CONTENTS (Continued)
Formation of Laser 8eams With rmproved 8pace-Angular
Characteristi.ce
(A. V. Gnatoveki.y, et al.)
Temperature De,pendence of the Optical Glaes Absorption
CoePPicient on Exposure to the Laser Fiadiation
(N. Ye. Kask, et a1..)
Third Qrder Nonlinear Suscepbibillty of Ionic Crystals
Neer Ramn and Two-Photon Reaonances
(L. B. Meysner, N. G. I4mdzhi.ski.y)
PosSib1e Stabilizstion of the C02 Laser Frequency by an
- Exrernal Stark Cell With 1-1 DiPluorethe,ne (C2 A4 F2 )
' (V. P. Avtonomov, et a3..)
Para,metric Cdnvereion of the Medium Infraxed Region
Radidtion in Zinc-Germaniiam Di,phosphide
(N. P. Andreyeva, et al..)
High�Power CW Ion Lasers With Longer Service Li.fe
(V. I. Donin, et al.)
High-Pressure Periodic C02 Leser With the Non-Self-
Maintained Discharge and W Ionization
(Ye. A. Muratov, et al.)
Self-I,ocking of Axial Modes Under Oscillation oP
Stimulated Ramsn Radiation
(N. V. Kravtsov, N. I. Naumkin)
Divergence From a RamQn Iaser With a Slawly Relaxing
Acti.ve Medium .
(S. B. Kormer, et al.)
Small-Signal WavePront Reversal Under Nonthreshold
Reflection Frwi a Brillouin Mirror
(N. G. Basov, et al.)
a
An Flectran-Beam-Excited XeBr Laser
(I. N. Konovalov, Y. F. Tarasenko)
Page
93
104
_
119
128
.
134
139
146
150
153
160
167
An Electric Discharge I,aser Utilizing SF6 + H2 Mixture
Pumped by an Inductive Storage
(A. F. Zapol'skiy, K. B. Yushko) 172
Radiation Pulse Lengthening in a Sectionalized C02 I,aser
With Succeasive bccitation of Working Ibciiwn
(V. P. Kudryashov, et a"l.) 178
_ b _
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. ,
PxYszcs
tmC 621.375.826
HIGH-PRF53URE WIRE-TRIGGERID PULSID CO2 LA3ER
� Mosoow KVANTOVAYA EGEKTRONIKA in Ruseian Vol 61 No 2., Feb79 Pp 267-273
I
[Article by B. F. Gordiyetst B. Koma,, A. G. Sviridov and N. N. Sobolev,
= Physics Snstitutet imeni P. N. Lebedev AN USSR (Moacow), submitted 24 Jan 781
[Text] A design ia deacribed of a wire-triggered C02 laser operating in a ,
wide range of pressures (up-to 3 atm). Diecharge and la,ser radiation char-
acteristica have been inveatigated experimentally. On the basis of the the-
- oretical model of kinetic processes, the laser action charaoterietice are
prodicted over a wide range of discharge parametera. The theoretioal results
obtained exe in good agreement with the experiments.
- i. Introduetion
In recent yea,rs, a great nwnber of pa,pera (eeet for example, [1] ) kere
dedicated to the development and investigation of various designs of pulsed
COZ lasers xith transverse diecharge. This is due to the fact that this makes
it possibl9 to obtain laxge unit poxers of laeer int'rared radiationt high
power and efficiency at high presaures of active medium by comparatively aim-
� ple means.
At present, there are high-pressui�e pulsed C02 laser8 in which discharges are
used w+.th needle-shaped electrodes [2], double tranaverse diacharges and dis-
chargea with prelonirka,tion by ultraviolet radiation [4].
Interesting and comparatively simple is the design of a laeer xith preianiza- F
tion by means of additional wire electrodes [5]. Preliminary investigationa
[6] indicated a gromiaing outlook for using this type of discharge at pres- ~
sures higher than an atmosphere. Until noK, however, a detailed analyais of
the operation of thia type of laser has not been made.
The goal of thia paper is to make an installation xith a stable pulaed glox
discharge triggered by wire electrodes at pressures higher than an atmoaphere,
1
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as we11 as to obtain and.investigate in detai1 the optimal modes of laser
generation at a wavelength of 10,6 miorons in a mixture of CO2+ N2+He.
Experlmental data were oompared ta thooretical results.
2. Description of tkie 7nsta1lation
Fig. i shows an axrangement of a diaoharge ohamber. Aluminum electrodes i
axe placed in tube 2 made of vinyl plastic. The internal diameter of the
tube is 8 cm and it is 60 cm Zong. Electrodes of the Rogovskiy shape, 43�5
em long, axe glaoed symmetrically With respeot to tha tube axia 1.4 cm from
each other. Two tungsten wires ii, 0.2 mm in diameter, were atretohed paral-
lel to the eleotrodes equal diatanees from the axis (about 2 am) for doing
the preionozation. NaC1 pl.ates 3, 0.8 cm thiek, are inatalled at Brewster's
- angle at the enda of the chamber. When investigating the disoha,rge, the aham- ,
ber was plaaed in an optical resonator 120 am longt formed by a mirror with
a gnld coati.ng on a quartz substrate with a=70..cm radiua of ourvature and a
flat mirror ma.de of germanium on whiah a dieleatrio was aprayed so tha,t its _
coefficient of reflection was about 80 percent.
Voltage was applied to the chamber electrodea by a Marx generator conaisting
of five sections, each cantaining a capacity C=0.022 mi.crofaxads. The charg-
ing voltage of the capacitors of each section vaxied from 7 to 15 kv which
made it poasible to discharge from 2.7 to 12.3 Joules, i.e., 0.067 to 0.29
3oules/cm3. The use of a Marx generator provided a five-fold multiplication
of the charge voltage, increasing thereby the front ateepness of the puncture.
The ends of the wireA providing preionization were connected to the cathode
through two capacitors of 470 picofarada each.
To determine the power introduced into the dischaxge, discharge currgnt pulses
and electrode voltages were recorded in each experiment. This was done by
means of an OK-17 two-beam oseillogragh, which was ahielded by a Faraday type
metal cage. The current pulse xas taken off a noninductive reaiatance shunt,
while the voltage pulse was taken off a voltage divider containing a high ohm
reaistance and a ma.tched RD-75 cable.
The shape of the pulse generation was recorded by a PEPI-1 modified pyroelec-
tric receiver and an OK-17M oscillograph, which were also located in the
Faxaday box. A pulse was sent from the current measuring shunt to the second
channel of the oacillograph so that it could measure the delay in the starting _
of the pulse generation with reapect to the start of the current pulse, and
determine simultaneously the time characteristics of generation and current
pulses.
3. Results of Discharge Investigation
Durations of current and volttges pulaes of the discharge did not exceed about
0.3 microaeconds. The maximum electrode voltage (about 20 kv) coincided ap-
proxima.tely in time with the current maximum (about 0.75 ka). An analysis
2
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Fig. 1. 'Design of the laser ahamber
I. Electrodes
2. Vinyl plastic tube
3� NaCl plate installed at Brewster's
angle
4. Plexiglasa coupling
5. Pins for aupporting electrodes
6. Rubber lining
7. Flangea
8. Detent for the NaCl plate
9� Hole for admitting gas
10. Holder for preionosing wires
11. Tungsten wires for preioniz-
ing gas
of current and voltage indicated that the time relationship betxeen field in-
tensity E and current density 3 under our experimental aonditions may be ap-
proximated, by empirical formulas
E = Eo 0 - e-mf) e-nt; /o ~1- e''"'t) e-"lt
where the exponent of the indicators depend atrongly on the diatance betwesn
the electrodes and weakly on the compositions of the mixturep xhile 3o and o
- are unambiguously related to experimental peak values of current and voltage
jn and En , .
3
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FoR orFIciAL usE ortLY
,
A/cW fn,aB/cM (3)
,C,,F,fi N6,2
i
;
.
40 a
30 6
?D 4
10 1
/
:.IQP~Ac~ rl~9B 2
.
,o
� 4~
----l
~,6
q8 8

0,8
0,*4 . 4
5
1
0,4
0,? 2
0 ' 2 3 A, amM
Fig. 2. Relationships between peak valuea of the electric field En (i)o
current density J. (2), reduced intensity En/N (3), effective temperature
TQ (4) and coneentration ne (5) of the discharge electrona, as well as the
relationship betxeen Qp/QC (E) and total gas presaure p.
1. kv/cm 3. atmos~here
2. electron volt 4. v. cm
, In all the expeximents, the value of the crosa section of the discha,rge, used
- ~ in calculating tho current density, was determined by the bounda,ries of the
discharge traae, remaining on the electrodes after prolonged operation of the
, laser, and was about 30 cm2 (length.of discharge 43 em and width 0.7 cm).
The results of processing the oscillograms made it possible to obtain da,ta on
` the values of En and 3n , as well as to calculate the relationship betxeen the
total energy put into discharge
W
Qp = f ,Udt,
, o
� and energy , atored in the caP~itor of the Ma~cx
QC generator. This data is
� shown in Fig. 2 for nixture CO21 N2t He=1l0.5,6.75 and Q,,=0.13 3oules/cm2.
This figure shoxs the relationship betxeen the reduced field intensity
EIN(N is the total number of gas particles per unit volume) As may be seen
4
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r: +.~SC

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~
~rox oFFxcrai. usE otnY
I
~ from Fig, 2, raising the pressure from i to 2.6 atmosphexes loade to a linear
�I increa$e in P. , whi.le Jn decrea$es with pressurA. In region p< 2,6 at-
~ mos herea t
; P r he vaYue of is proportional to pressure and at pu3 atmos-
~ pheres reaohes about 89 peroant. As the volt
pr~$~~ P~ at ~h~Qh ~~e~~ ~ age on the oapacitors inareasesp
o nt Jn and Qp~Q~ are saturatedt inareases.
,Thia makes i,t possible by 3ncreaaing oapacltar voltagej to obtain a uniform
dischaxge at all Higher preseurea. ~ '
The value of EIN determines the effective temperature T. of the disohasge
eleatrons and their drit't veloalty V. It follows from numerioal oalcualtions
[73 that T8 (E/N) may be approximated to good aocuracy by tha formula
r.aAE/N+B, .
- where A is a constant depending r,n the composition of the mixture (for mixture
CO2 + N2! H8-2i9j A=0.52X1016 electron volt/voltxcm2= B is the gas temperature, -
electron volt. �It follows a,lso from [7] that for a broad class of mixtures
CO2 + N2 + Fe the drift velocity is
v-02,5- 10" E/N-{-27,5) Km/c. ~ . ~ . (3)
Knowing the drift velocity of electrons and the cur:^ent denaity, it is possible
to find electron concentration ne which, together with T8, determines the ener-
gy impaxted to the N2 and C02 molecules'
ne�6,25- I0121/0,25- 101e E/N-}-2,75). . .
(4)
Fig. 2 showe the relationships between the peak valuea of T,~ and ne in the
pulae and the gae pressure found from (2) and (4). As seen from the figure,
the values of Te and n~ in the inveatigated pressure areas are found in the
area of 0.9 electron volta and 4x1013cmr3 reapectively. We will note that
E n , Te and ne correspond to the moment of time xhen tt,e aurrent reaches
ma,ximum (pea,k) value. The relationship obtained of E n IN and the total gas
pressure p is different from the one cited for essurea 0.1 to 1.0 atmos-
pheres in [8]. A reduction in the value of Exith a reduction in pressure
within the limita of 1.75 to 1.0 atmoapheres ia due to the etrong ioniza,tion
of the gas under these conditione, attested to by the high value of ne . In
5
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this case, strongl.y lumi.nescent plasma Jete are formed on the oathode sur-
face, the lengths of whlch inorease in the direction of the anode with pres-
aure reduction in the discharge chamber= at preasurea leea than 0.75
atmospheree, the dieoharge changes to an arc disoharge. Due to strong gas
ionization, the peak value of eleetrio field En decreases faster with a re-
duction in gas pressure than in the usual case, when the volume between baaia
electrodes is filled with uniform diffusion glowing discharge. This leada
not to an inerease, but to a decrease of E#/N with the reduction.in pxessure.
4. Rel.ationship Hetween the &ergy of the Iaser Pu1ae and Pressure and
Aecumulated Ehergy
We investigated the relationship batween the energy of the ].aser pulae and the
pressure at varioua values of accumulated energy. Experiments were conducted
with a mi.xture 002tN2He=110,5i6-75 in a pressure range of i to 3 atmospheres
� and unit energies QC=0.067 to 0.29 joules/em3 when changing the charge voltage
- of one section V from 7 to 15 kv/ 88etion' The results are,shown in Fig. 3 in
the form of curves. It ma5 be saen that the relationship between the radia-
tion pulse anergy and the pressure nas a maacimum, the position of whiah shifte
to the side of greater pressures when the energy on the accumulating capaci-
tors increaaea. 8tarting with Q,Q > 0.13 joules/cm3, we did nat reach the
mauimum of "'izl with rospeet to the pressure because the strength of the
diacharge chamber did not permit the creation of a pressure higher than 3
atmoepheres.
It is well known that organic admixtures that have small ionization potentials '
may change the diacharge aharacteristics [9]. To clarify the effect of such
an admixture on the enbrgar af la.ser radiation, we took an n-xylylol, which has
an ioniza,tion potential of 8.44 electron volts and a tranaparency opening of
10 to li microns [t0]. It was a.dded to a working mixture of CO2+ Nz* He gases
by passing this mixture or one of its components through a cuvette filled
with saturated vapors of n-xylylol at room temperature.
In the presenee of n-xylylol the discharge bocomes visually more uniform and
the radiatSon energy at QC N 0.13 joules/cm3 increase 1.5 to 2 times. At
large additions of n-xylylol (when the mixture wsa passed through a ouvette
with its vapors) laser generation did not originate.
5. Investigation of Dischaxge Characteristics and Laser Radiation. Compari-
aon of an Experiment wiih Ca.lculation
We will consider a theorEitical model of a pulsed C02 laser we uaed for the -
physical interpretation of the experimental data.
6
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. ?0 ~ , V,KB/ceKu .
16 16 O,~U
1? ~?3
� 4 . ID Qc,Q~/cM
o ~ ? 3p,~M (2)
Fig. 3. bcperimental relationship between unit output radiatton energy Eize
and the total pressure p and unit acaumulated energy Qb.
1. Eizl' rdoules/cm3 3. V, kv/eaation
2. atmospheres � 4. Q., 3oules/cn~
The ba,aic physical concepts of the mechanixm that provides for the inverse
population in C02 lasers were formulated in Eii]. A syatem of kinetic equa-
tions based on the introduction af partial oscilla.ting temperatures [13]
was farmulated in general form in [12] for relaxation processes of oacilla.ting
energy in multiatom molecules within the framework of a harmonic oscillator
model. Our calculationa were based on [12].
In view of the rapid energy exchange betxeen symmetrical and unaymmetrical
modes of C02,.it was coneidered that the energies of these modes are in quasi-
equilibrium with reapect to each other. In kinetic equa,tions for oacillating
� mode energies, besides members that characterize the colliaion prooesses of
heavy particlea, members were aleo introduced that describe the excitation
and deactivation of oacillationa by electrons, while .for asymmetric and sym-
metric CO2 modea membera that describe relaxation in the field of laser
radiation. For constant speeds of excitation of C02 and N2 oscillationa by
, electrons, analytical approximations of quantitative data [7] were selectsd.
.
7
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I
~
G,
. .
A'OEt OVFICIAL U5E nNLY _
Effective temperature Te and concentration n of eleotrona, necegeary for
~
e
oaleulating velocities of exoitationt were determined #'rom formulas (2) and
(4) �
IDquations of oecillating relaxations for CO2 and N2 written in thie manner
were solved on a computer jointly with equations for gas temperature and
density of la$er radiation flow within the reaonator. In this oase, new
refined data for conatant collision relaxation [14]9 probabilities for apon-
taneous radiational transition 001-100 to CO2 and the widths of the 11nes
for a shock mechanism of widening [15] were used.
(x) Q OPl~c
~ ~
(3) ~
(5)
00 ; z t,,,,KC ~(6)
Fig. 4. Typical time characteristics of discharge (a), active medium (b) and
s laser radiation for mixture C02iN2He=1i2:13s pressure p=3 atmospheres at Q=
C
_ 0.13 joules /cd. c-- gas temperature T and oscillating tempera,t'ures T, ToT100 of nitroBen moleculesp as g
ymmetric and deformation modes of CO2 molecules
_ in generation mode (solid lines) and amplification mode (broken lin )i d--
generation power P and amplification coe ficient in generation mode ~solid
line) and amplification mode (broken line).
8
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~ (d) P, m i
8 ~ ~ " ~
4 a p 0.5

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. Fig, 4 (oonbinued)
is j ~ amli/al 7 4, Te, eisotron volts
2. E, kv/om 5. P, rslative wtite
- 3, T80 eleotron voits 6. to mloroseoonde
on the basie of ourrent snd voltnge oeoillograme and formulaa (i), This
figure eleo dhous time relatior~ships ne and T8 obtp.ined on the baaie of ex-
perimentsl dsta and formul.se (2) and (4). Ueing psper [Q] and the vsluee of
ne and Te ghoxn in Fig. 4bl xe found the gas snd osai].latio~n temperaturee,
indicators of oaoillation and the poxer of generation. The reaults of esah
experiment xere proooased in this me~nner.
Fig, 4shoxe the appro.Kinate time ralationehips SQ~ snd F~/N obtsin~d
Horrever, the baeic attention in thie paper xas flevoted to studying the effeot
of the disoharge parameters on the energy of the radiatlon puUee. The great-
est radiation energy ig obtsinsd at equal pmrtial prASSUres oF N2 and 002. _
M inoreaee of 91, 1 xith predeura is due to txo faotorso ati inoreaes in the ~
energy of Qpo put into the disahargep and an increaee of energiee of.qN2 and
Q00i' put into N2 osoiilations and the asymmetric mode of Go.. The rel8tio11- -
ships betxeen praesure and ratios %oi/4p' vN2/Qp (Qi00t %lO)/Qp (Ql0tapi0
ia the energy used for exoiting the symmetrioal and the deformdtion modee o!
COZ)t as xell aa the effiolenoy of laeer generation are ehoxn in P'ig. 5. The
increase of energy, put inta oaaillstionel xith pressure is dueg in ite turno
to an increaae in the field intensity Nma/N in the area of i to 2.75 gtmos-
pherea (aee Fig. 3), leading to an increase in the velocity of oscil3ation
excitation.
Fig. 6 shoxs the relationehips betxeen the unit energy of laser exaitation in
the pulae and the unit aacumulated enexgy for mixture 002tN21He=105i6.75 at
a total pressure of 3 atmoapheres. Here alsc the theory agrees xell with the
experiment. It xae impoesible to reach e~rgy inputs greater than about 0.3
Joules/cn~ because for QQ ~ 0.3 Joulea/a the voltage spplied to the capaa-
itora reaahed values cloee to the alloxed maximum.
A calcul,etion of laeer parametera of up to QC=4 Joules/cm? xas oade to olarify
the posaibilitiea of raieing E1$1. It may be eeen !'rom Fig. 6 thaL meucimum
energy in the Pulse Li.1=0.045 Joules/ccP is redched at QC=1.1 Joules/cm3.
A reduction of Eizl for a further increaae in QQ is due to an increeae in
the population of the loxer laaer level due to an incrmae in gas tsmpersture
Tg. This leads to an increase in the reaidual energy of oacillatione N2 and
9
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1-40k C1p'FICJAI, U3F. (1NI,Y
an asymmetriaal mode of QOa, 1,e-1 to an osoiliation enerQyr whlch oannot be
traneformed into radiation. Fig. 6 also ehotire the oaloulated valuee of the
effioienoy and gae temperature 5 mieroseconda after the starb of the pulse
_ current, The reduotinn in effioiency xith a reduotion in QQ ir the area of
, ema11 q,Q is due to the approaoh tr the threshoYd of generation,
Beaides energy, investigatione xere al$o made of the time charaoteristice of
pulse generationi delsy time uith reepeot to the starE of the ourrent pulse
and the total tl.me T'l. Delay time 4r is equal to the time a.fter xhioh thA
amplifioatiott ooefficiert beoomes eqttgl to loesegp beoauae the genention
procese can start on1.y khen they are equal. The relationehip betxeen d-L''and
, energy in stoxing oapacitors ie shorm in Fig. 6. The reduotion of ,0Z'with an
increase in Qa in region Q N 2joules/onl is due to an increaoe in the ampli- - fication aoefficient, Haxeverl at a further inareaee in QQ0 due to an in-
crease in the gae temperature, oC begins to deoresae, xhioh leads to an
increase in d r. '
A t increaeee xith an inorease of N2 oontent. This is due to the faot that '
with an inoreaee in the N2 content, the total energy that pasees from the dis- _
chaxge intn the oscillating mode of N2 molecules inoreases andp at the same
timel the velooity of ite paesage into the aeymmetrical osoillating mode
of CO2 deoreasee. Heoauae of this# an inoreaea of the unsaturated amplifi-
cation eoefficient oocura more eloxly, xhiah leods to a Qorreaponding in-
crease in d-r. Measured, and calculated veralons of dt'(p) Were found to be
small Which ie due to a reduotion in the unsaturated amplification ooefficiettt
xher, the pressure lncreaass,
6. Conclusion
The developed installation described in this paper and the cited theoretical
ahd experimontal investigations of laser radiation aharacterYatics confirm,
in our opiniong the promisa of using a high preasure pulaed laaer xith
002 + NztHe mixture triggor9d. by additional xire electrodea. ,
The feed syetem u$ed (Marx osaillator) and the installation itae]f are very
aimple and parmit the obtaining of a atabla diecharge and leser generation
for varioua aompoeitions of the xorking mixture xithin xide intervala of gas
eeauros (higher than an stmosphere) and energies in the atorage capacitora
(G =0.06? to 0.29 Joulee%m3).
Laser radiation in the puLse (about 27 mjoulea/cm3) obta2ned experimeytally
gt P�3 atmosphere8 and %=0.29 joulea/cO is not the aeximum poesible. The
*Calculated value4r dependa xeakly on the initial effective poxer il of apon-
taneous Wi ti n on the laser tranaition. In our calculations, xe u$ed
x ,i io- w%a~.
io
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Q4 S
S ~'~~.~seuat,n~~E
1 ~~MMMNrNIW1't
0
QQ a ? - ~�r�~""t ~
gy , ' t
, ~r�u�,rr,u;;Lria;i: �:y
.�M,.,...._
0 f ? jD,om+
i
Fig� 5� Qalculated relationshi betxeen the effioienay of 1aser generation
- Ei.l/qp (1) and ratios Q (2) g VN2/Qp (3) j COOi74p (4) and Qo10 4100)
/Qp (5) Ana tobtLl g88 preeeUre p(QC a0.13 3oulee%mrP) for mixtuxee 002 iNe '
He=ii0.2515.62 (s) and i12'13,5 (b).
i. atmospherea
I..
(2)
(3)
Fig. 6. Reletianships betxeen unlt out ut enerGy of laser radiation 3 (1)
efficiency of laser generation I =E1ii(2), gastemperature T(3) a~~e
delay time4rof tha genaration pulse xit6 respact to the atart Of the current
start (4) and unit stored energy q,a
11
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experiment showe the poseSbility of obtaining a gtable dSsoharge at higher
p and QQ, while the oaloula,tion showa that it is po$eible,in thie caee, to
reach a radiatlon energy in the pulae N 50 mjoulos/om3. A comparieon of
the theory ar~d tihe experiment ehaxs also that the theoretioal model of kinetia
prooesses in the laser piilse 3n mixture C02-pN2 + Ne xe uaed desoribea aor-
reotly and to a satiefaotory aocuraoy theee procesgeo i.n a xide range of dis-
oharge parameter valueg,
BIBLIOGRAPHY
i. Kosma,, B.= Sviridovo A. G. Preprint FIANp Mosaoxl 1975, No 160.
2. Hidsonj D. J.= Makios, V.1 Morrisont R. W. Phyre. Letts. 40A, 413 (1972)�
3. Blanchard, M.= Gilbert, J.t Rheaulto F.1 i,aohambre, J. L.) Fbrtin, Ri
2remblayl R, J. J. Appl. Phys. 45, 13ii (1974).
4. Alcock, A. J.t Leopole, K.= Richardson, M. S. Appl. Phys. Lettst 23t
562 (1973)6
5. Iambertont H. M.i Pearson, P.R. Eleor. Letta, 141 (197i).
6. Kosme,t B.j 3Wiridovl'A. G.t 3obolev, N. N.= 3hwaskaya, L. I. "Brief Re-
ports on Physice," FIAN, No ii (1975)�
7. Judd, 0. P. J. Appl. Phys.o 45, 4572 (1974)�
8. Gordiyets,B. F.; Ko$ma, B.i Sviridovi A. G.= Sobolev, N. N. Preprint FIAN,
Moscox, 1977 No 205.
9. 3chriever, R. L. Appl. Phys. Letts, 20, 354 (1972)�
W. Nakanieit K. "Infrared 3pectra and Structure of Qrganic Compounds."
Moscow, MIR, 1965.
ii. 3obolev, N. N.= 3okovikov, V. V. "Lettera in ZhETF," 4, 363 (1966): 5, 122
(i967).
12. Biryukov, A. S. = Gordiyets gy. F.= ZHURNpI, pRIlCIAMOY MnQ'ANIKI I TII{HINI-
CNFsKOY FIZIKI, No 60 29 (1972)�
13. Gordiyets, B. F.= Sobolev, N. N.' Sokovikov, Y. V.z Shelepin, L. A. Phye
Lettst A25t 173 (1967)�
14. Volkov, A. Yu.1 Denin, A. I.s Logunov, A. N.= Kudryavtsev, Ye. M.i 3obolev,
N. N. Prepsint H'IAN, Moscox, 1977, No 4.
12
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~
15� BSrytikov, A. 9,1 Volkov, As. Yu,l Kudryavteev, Ye, M.1 8srikov, R. I.
KVANTOYAYA ZMRCNYKA 3, 1748 (1976)
COPYRIGHTi Isdatel'rjtvo "Sovetgkoye radio", "Kvantovaya elektronika", 1979
2291
Cso, 8i44/1033

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PHYSZCB
t1Da 623.378.33
ANALY8I8 OF A CALCULATION MODEL OF TFIE PUISED CMIIOAI, DF-CO2 LA3ER
Mosaow KVANTOVAYA II,EKTRONSKA in Russlan Vol 61 No 2l Feb 79 pp 281-287
Article by V. Ya. Agroskint E. G. Bravy, G. K. VaelYiyev, V. 2. Kiryanov,
stitute of Chemical Phyaioe AN U53R (Mosoow), submitted 10 Feb 781
[Text] Computer oalculation has been performed of the charaateristioa of the
pulsed chemical DF-CO2 laser and the results have been compared with experi-
mental data. 3eparate descriptions of the kinetica of the chemical reaotion gnd
laser action have been incorparated into the mod.el. A correlation has been
performed with the results of caloulations obtained by other authors. The
anal,ysis demonetrates that exieting madels do not achieve eetiefactory agree-
ment x;.th the experiment. The probable causes of the discrepanay are con-
sidered.
i. Introduction
Until now, a number of papers [1-4] ha,ve been written dedicated to the calcu-
lations of the pulae characteristics of a chemcal DF-CO laser xith transfer
of oscillation-excited energy in a chemical reactlon frog moleaule DF to
molecule CO21 in which laser action occurs in band 0001-1000( 1=10.6 microns).
In all papera,the analysis xae made for mixture D2-F2 -CO -02 -(He), initiated
bY a pulsed 8as-diecharge tube (only in [2] was tFie initiation asaumed to be
instantaneows). In apite of the agreement noted betxeen calculated and ex-
perimental values in them, it is impoesible not to pay attention to certain
epecial features of theae calculations. Thus, in [3], the constant of the
transmisaion velocity of oscillating energy from the DF molecule to the 002
~ molecule xas asaumed to be 3x10-13cra3/sact xhich is consideraily loxer than
the value determined latar.
To obtain an agreement xith the experimant, the author of [3] aeeumed the
conatant of velocity attenuation of DF by DF to be loxer than the value 1moi+n
at present [8]. In paper [4], the numeriaal agreement with the experiaent
xas obtained by increasing the experimentally obtained energy removal by 2.5
times, xhich the authors related to the single-mode operation of the laser.
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. i
; We will note that in a11 the caloulatione made afastar�ex assumed
between the laser level and the deformation.mode (k ti 10"i~o $/ange so wae [93). Now-
: evert there is a number of papers [10-i?~ 51~ in whiah the velooity oonstant
of this prooees is at leaet an order of magn tude lower (the epread aan be
~ even about two orders of magnituae). We wi1Z note that the preoiee value of
this aonstant is unkncwn at present [50]. Neverthelesst for mixturee atrong-
: 1y (greater than 20 times) diluted by en inert gast at low fu11 preseurb
; ( .
the folloxing condition is fulfilled
Q(41j. Glj-(jl/!(wIr Wt)G1'1(W3, Vas) ('O)
It folloNS for (6) and (q) that thia condition ia fulfilledo for examplet
for transitions
ISo`` 'So� 2Sti2- 2 S11s6 !S`1i2-Tg,t
in metal vapors. Let further boundary amplitudes of fielda
Cil ==o- Ci�
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- eatiafy the SnequalSty
ope)alciollceoj0in(&),. wi). (II)
Then equationB desoribing the prooess of parametrio ampllfSaation of weak
optieal sigttals Oi and 02 at DFP pumping Q~ and Q4 may ba simplified oon- eiderablyl .
dC, m _Yie-dCz .m _ ~et
ci . (121
xhere
_ . ,
t-Mi:; 8=dk/ml; Y,s-ajt,22CeoC4WM~~ (13) �
J(t)"u MlexPClaee IC40 IkxP2L='a44 lceol'Ir'; (14)
MI-aSelC48 111-'0144 lCee1''=a�IC4 I'-auA l'. (16)
.
In obtaining equations (12) xe neglected the DFP amplified fields and their
effect on pumping fields, aonsidering that the pumpinga only change due to
the DFP.
2.2 In this caee of zero xave detuning (8 =0), the solution of equations
(12) has the form
Cl " Cioch:C--C;o( 2 sh,~: (168)
~
Cz e -CIo( /ih,x-}- C?och~~ (16d)
~
xhere
Rin L a~aA4net"'aiiA3o ai.iA4o+aii'Aao , .
�~a3a~o~t_ai4'A3 o a3'13A 4 o- aiaA ao U71
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Ri, r~osl'~~ ~~,~wy 0 W , 6)1)
l~l~ ~ 18
~aea�uJ w~~~ (61~.
A1t~ IC/ l�Cjexp(jT1)
aotual amplitudes of the fields= it follows from (16) that amplifica-
- tion of the weak radiation proaeeds efficiently, if the DFP crosa seotion
of the ampllfied fields is not amaller than the cross section of the DFP of
pumping (R > i) and there is strong DFP pumping along the length of the non-
linear medium. The latter condition ie fu].filled if the limiting intensi-
tiea of pumping satisfy equation
a~~~a~~,.: ~~Iw~, (19)..
A~o/^~p.::
, xhicho in particular, is true for degeneratred DFP pumping ( w3m%). DFP
nondegenerated with respect to frequency pumping is used in ChPPDR for pro-
viding conditions for a tial synchronism~ b retuning pumping frequencies
near reaonanoea [10, 11r When equation (!9~ ia fulfilled, expression (17)
has the form
~~-Rln(I+2
(:0)
xhere
Ci=a~4A3o==a3iA~o=.
(Z1)
2�3� In case of arbitrary wave detuning when fulfilling condition (19), ~
the system of equations (12) may be reduced to the fallowing two differential
equations of the second orders
zi . F r ra 2 1 dCs.' _R: (1-f- 2ti)-i1i,: = 0� (22)
t~ ` I ''2+i J d~i
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To 111ustrate the effect of wave detuning, we wi11 considex the case
R21 when equations (22) axe equationa with fu11 differentials and their
solutions for A40=0 may be presented in the form
C, 1(4 -I� a'�I� 2b%--4cos 8ti)' (4s(n 6~1- 4dni)2j'/s X
X exp { i arct 4sin 6} 1-}- 48r1
g 4-1- 8' -f- 26241- 4cos d~i} ; (2;~a)
l
~
Cz a, (l 2~1) 1(2 - 2cos 8tl d sin drl)' (S 26ti - 2sin dtl
/
r
8 cos dtl)a1'4 exp { i arctg 48y1 - 9sin dtl (236)
4-, 61 28
lt1-4cus S;l? . 1
~
~
For 1~...,ti oo the amplitudes of the amplified fields approach valuea
,
2 (~s)'I'Ai .ol A1 b~ 4,~~. Aio,
Aa It~�W = 161 \ Wi ~t,~m = Cga
which are determined by the ratio of the value of wave detuning (6k) to
the coeffiaient of the two-photon absorption of pumping
LD~P^2a�A~o'
Fig. i. shows relatiorships A','(C') (23)' plotted for vari-
ous values �of 6. It ma.y be seen from Fig. 1 that amplified fields reach
the maximum values at Z= n(6k)-1; ; at a(6k)-l< i< 2ri(8k)-1,
when a reverse parametric conversion of the amplified fielde to pumping oe-
curs, the efficiency of wave interaction becomas lower due to the DFP
pumping that has occurred on the initial section. Therefore, after reaching
the maximum conversion, the amplified fields complete attenuating oscilla-
tions with a period of 2n~bk)-1 and approach the value near the
maximum.
3� Paxametric Amplification of VKR Pumping
As is the previous paragraph, we will consider parametric amplification of
weak radiation when strong inequa.lity (1i) is true for the limiting valuea
of fields. Then the solution of equa,tions for complex amplit,ides of fi.elds
(8), in which CJ.y C4, ahould be replacedl for
bk= (kj-}- ks)-(k3-k,)= 0
has the form (16), where
,.'E Rarct~;b(et'-I): b~.A~o~3i~e30W~~
50
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2
Z: =aasA3oz.
(24)
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6
4
1
0
w
ng. 1. RelatSonships betxeen amplified fields and coordinatea for varioua
values of wave detuning $ (aee (13)g (15).
we will asswne that A20 >=DoNAIEo, (8)
where Do energy of molecule dissociation= Nq nwnber of moleculea
diasociating in the volume oi strong field Vo= Eo energy of the radiation
pulse.
_ The maximum value. of the coefficient of radiation utilization '?nax =1 is
attained when all the energy of the laser pulse goes to molecule dissociation.
However, due to the fact that not all excited molecules ha,ve energy greater
than the dissociation energy, as well as because of difficulties in creating
a volume of dissociation region sufficient for the absorption of the entire
� pulse, 71< 1 is realistic. To obtain high groductivity, it is necessary to
attain i? as large as poasible. We will consider the available posaibili-
ties.
Focused geometry of radiation. In the simplest case, the region of a strong
field ma.y be created by focusing radiation by a lena (Fig. 2a). Let the
diameter,of the ra,diation beam on the surface of the lens with a focal dis-
tance f be 2r0, the divergence of radiation then, considering laser
69
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radiation in the form of a set of plane wavea with a fu11 aperture angle 2T ~
we will obtain a radius of the spot in the foous r1-~I. The density of the
pul$e energy in the foous ~1,~=toi~n/~q,4~, 0 from whioh the foeal dietance of
_ 1en~ J&2q-' Ir-dln'I',11 . The length of the region in whioh the
radiation density ~U~4~tIY (Y>,). and ita volume Vo are equal.
1rw 21201/1' - 1) ~ 2 Eo (v Y-1) (9~
ro rl n V01(ro il) '
Vo,m? (Y VY -0 go (10)
3n (ro - rl) 'vi/
We wi11 evaluate the effioi.ency of laser radiation ltillzation for typioal
paxameters of the laser pulae Eo 10joules, 10 radianst 2ro= 3 om. We
wi11 aelect for SF6 the energy denaity at the foous from the condition that
tU=1, which correaponda to~, = 14 3oules/cm2. Zt was not benefiaial to aelect
a greater value of tc1 because then, as follows from (4), the dissociation
selecti.vity decreases. We will determine the volume of the atrong field re-
gion from the condition that on its boundaryltl=O.il which corresponds to
'Y 1.9 (it ie easy to ahow, wsing (3), that the greatest part of the mole-
cules axe disaociated in this region).
Using (10), we wi11 determine the volume of the region of the strong field
Vo ;;z~s 135 00. aiergy of the SF6 dissociation on SF6+F is equal to 3.3
electron volts. Uaing (3), it is easy to obtain V:NAlNo=0,3. . Finally,
from (8) we obtain that the coefficient of radiation utilization in the con-
sidered case is Jw 0.8%.
It follows from here that a single focusing of radiation by a lens is ineffi-
cient. The radiation must be focused several times in sequence. However,
it is more efficient to utilize a wavebeam guide [10] for creating a strong
field in a large volume.
Wavebeam guide geometry of radiation. The wavebeam guide (Fig. 2b) is a
metal tube with a well-polished inner surface. Laser radiation is focused
within the tube and if its radius ri is amaller than rr1ap=(Eo1m(DnoA)ll1,
then the gas within the wavebeam guide is dissociated. Dus-to the absorption
of radiation by molecules and walls of the guide by reflections, the density
of energy radiation is decreased along the length of the guide. Therefore,
it is natural to select a length of the guide on the basis of the condition
of equality of the energy density at its exit and the threshold energy for
dissociation. We have from here
exp ()iL)-:cpi%(1)1,or, (11)
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where energy density at the wavebeam gui.de entranoe, Zt was assumed
here that the radiue of the guide ie approximately eq,ua,l to the radiws of the
light beam at its entranoe rik"fT. The abaorption ooeffioient per unit
length xLJ xr-I� xo ie written in the general form. The oontribution
to absorption by moleoules Xr and walls K,wi1l be evaluated below. For sim-
pllcit,y, we wi1l asaume that the radiAion energy distribution is uniform
over the oroas aeotion of the guide. Thenj using (3), we obtain
. . ,
NAarnmor.I (wi--u,[ ~Ieq~nov xx, -1]3}dx, (12)
where mo density of moleculea excited by the lasero while the length of
the guide L id determined from (11).
We will introduce a nondSmensional parameter z=mnopll>1, , Inte-
grating 12, we obtain
NAa(nmdi/x)h (13)
where function h(z) has the form
h (z)-_ws (1/3 (t's-I)-I-3 (z-1-1)1-f-(m=-wl)In z. (14)
Paxameter z changes from z=1 , which corresponds to the disaociation threshold,.
to z= 0.14, which correeponds to the diasociation velocity of the wavebeam
guide uV=1 at the guide entranoe.
From (13) it is easy to obtain the expression for the coefficient of radiation
utilizatione �
TI DdNA/Eo=(D0rn1/xq)tN1 (t)- (15)
It follows from (15) that the situation is optimal when the abaorption by the
walls of gixide X. is less than the absorption by moleculea X r .
We will evaluate the absorption coefficient for reflected XC , wsing .
known metal optics formulas [li]. At incidence angles -y , near rrZ, the ab-
sorption coefficient is proportional to angle 7~' -y and it may be preaented
in the form
R 11 ~u ll (rsi2-V) (16)
for a wave, polarized in the incidence plane, and
R~ =sAy (:0-iV) (17)
for polarization in the plane perpendicular to the incidence plant. Values
71
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~
r
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of (i lland Q.L are determi.ned by the propertles of inetal and for oopper
dll = 12.7t a1W 1,4. Knowing ull and d.1 , we wiii evaluate )t,:. The
characteristlc inoidenoe angle fox tro guiae waii where ro is the
radiua of the beam In the plane of the �oousing lens: f is i.ts fooal dis-
tance. Charaateriatic distanoe X. from the entranae of the guide on whioh
the greater part of the radiation enoounters the first refleotion xxp2r,
Since, when refleoting from the cyllndrioal aurface of the guide, both po1-
arizations axe probablep then for X.it may be written approximately
y~� /2 -"'V rQ al i~ ~ a ay s rccD
~ l
n
� ro
~ 2 x,~ 2xr 2c/l 4 W l Ee 2
We w111 consider norr numarical examplea for dissooiation of 3 SF and pres-
sure of gas p= 0.1 mm of the meraury oolwnn for the case of a cop~er wavebeam
guide. As before we wi11 assume for the parametera of the laser beam
ro = 1.5 cm,(~.10'~ radians. The table for vasious energies of the laser
C
pulse and parametere z showa xj n and the aaloul,a,ted length of guide L at
pressure SF6 0.1 mm of the mercury column, X= 10~ cm-
~'It may be seen that at relatively low energiea E0.4, 5 3oules losses in the
guide are basically related to absorption when reflected on walls, since the
_ sma,ll amount of energy requires more rigid foouaing of radiation in the guide
and increasing the number of reflectiona. In this case, a strong dependence
of pulse energy on values of N~n�~12~ 1 .v 0/2 is obaerved. For pulse ener-
gies Eo > 5 the basic role is played by SF6 molecules and, in thia case,
NAN Eo and I depend very little on Eo. Ewaluations done ahow the wavebeam
guide geometry permits raiaing considerably the utilization coefficient of
radiation by a lens. Thus, for oi 10 joules in wavebeam guide geometry
I- 1796 instead of 0.896 for focwsing. The shortcomings of guide geometry
include rather rigid requirements for the quality of the inner surface of the
guide. However, as follows from the table, even at x the guide geome-
try insurea a conaiderably greater value of ?1compared to Focusing.
Two-frequency diasociation of molecules. Another approach to the problem of
increasing the efficiency of the separation procesa is using a two-frequency
excitation of molecules [12].
For two-frequency excitation (Fig. 2e) the "weaker"field at frequency V,, pro-
duces isotope-selection excitation of molecules at several oLicillating levels.
Further excitation and dissociation of molecules is done by the "strong"
field at frequency v, , tuned usually to the red side from the molecule
absorption band. As shown by the first experiments [M 14], in this case,
velocity of dissociation -xu increases sharply, while the diasociation
72
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tihronho1(1 denroasoA ta neveral tens oF Joules per equaxe cenbimeter. Thl,n
Smpurbunt oiraumetanne makon it poga.tble bo work with dlreot beama aithout
foousing the radiation. At the same time, at two-frequenoy exoitation, there
1s an inorease in the diaaoalation eeleotivity, eapecially in the oase of
moleoules uith a sma,11 Ssotopa ehlft in the oeoSllating speotrwnt typioal
for heavy elements,
Caloualtion of Wavebeam Guide
WEI.
~
u*
LI11
,
'n

~
0
,18
1
9
,2
0
1
,4
n~
2b
9
13
,
9
0,7
0,38
5,8
Ib
0,27
2
0,16
0,2b
0,38
6,9
3,b
2,p
23
30
L 34
3,8
1,6
0,69
4
0,16
2,4
54 I
7,8
0,25
1,2
83
3,3
0,38
0,7
60
1.1
7
0,16
I,0
92
14
0,25
0,5
92
y
0,36
0,3
79
1,4
10 I 0,3G I 0,2 I 1~ I 1?6
i. Eo, Joules.
Thus, when retunable lasers are availa.ble$ xhich provide the necessary de-
tuning betNeen frequenaie8 of excitation v, and disaociation-Vt , the uae
of the-two-frequency method solves the problem of utilizing radiation and
providing high productivity of the separation psocess.
4. 3election of the Optimal Arrangement of the Isotope Separation Process
An important parameter, xhich characterizes the separation grocess, is pro-
ductivity the amount of product with a given content of the desired
isotope, obtained per unit time. Its value, naturally,depends on the re-
quired degree of separation and the initial concentration of the deaired
isotope xo and, for fixed parametars of the laser, ia determi,ned parimarily
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by oneffiaient 11 , dissoaSation seleotivity ot and the aeleotion of the
eAparatlon asrangement. -
Let thero be a mixture nf txo Isotopee. Usually it Is neceesary to obtain
astrong Snarease at the exit 3.n the oontent of the "poor" isotope. As
mentioned in eeation 2, this may be achieved in two ways. The "rioh"
isotope may ba 8isaooiated and enriohment of the deaired Ssotope in the
- residual ggs may be obtained. Howevero for an equal coeffioSent of utiliza-
- tion of laser radiationt more benefioial Is a grooess in whioh dis6oaiation
of the deaired isotope and the enriahment of it with products of diasooiation
are produoed directly. kctually, energy required for the disaooiation of one
moleclul-e is equal for both ieotopeal however, the initial produot aontains
in (i-xo)/xo more of the riah isotope oompared to the r)oor, deaired one.
Therefbre, even at optimal (aee beZow) disaooiation of the rioh isotopet the
radiatiom inoreases by (i-xo)/xo timea. Thus, for equal utilization of laser
radiation when dissociating the desired isotope
Iit (0�-x6)/xo1l6- (19)
where Jb productivity when disaoalating the rich isotope. Hoxever, this
gain Is realized only foro,~>xoi, xhen all the abaorbed energy of laser
radiation goea for disaooiating the desired isotope. In the converse case,
when alC xoi, basic energy expenditurea when radiating the desired isotope.
are related to the dissociation of the rich isotope and the gain in produc-
tivity will be considerably le8s than followa from (19)� This case Is real-�
ized, for example, in concentrating heavy xater, whose content irr nature ia
x- 0.015% and it Is difficult to expect that d. ~7000 can be attained.
It may be shown that in the general aase for an arbitrary relationahip
between oc and xo ,(xo < 1),
~ L-' Xn ~o (20)
I6 a XO 1-}- XO (U' _1) �
In the case where cL e* xoi we obtain from (20)
Ia=alo. (21)
We will now evaluate the productivity of the enriching process in cases where
the desired isotope, or the rich isotope are dissociated. Let the region
' 74
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1
-a
of strong field Vo In ouvette Vk be oreated by one of the methods Sn seotion
3 ando for simplioity, we will assume that r; Vo/Vkc i~ We will oonelder
that the porblon of moleoulee of the exoited isotopal diesooSating in thia
volume furing a pulae, 3s equal to p, and of the nonaxoited (due to finite
selaotivity) p
s
4.1. Diseooiation of the desired isotope. In this oaaee as follows from
(7), for a single radiation the degree of separation in dlseoolatlon prod-
UQtB qi = 0( � If, it is neoeasary to obtain q> a, then the produota of the
dissooiation oan be restored anex iri the initial nalecule and the radiation
repeated. =n eaoh such step the degree of separation qi=ct and after n eteps
O-01PJr-an~
(22)
3inc eg in the considered methodl rz i ( d. ---,a 25 to 30 for SD6), then
oompared to* traditional methods, the ntuaber of etepa ia reduoed eharply and
in case of q~ cx, is reduoed to one.
Let there be an initial mixture M containing quantity Mo of the desired iso-
tope and mo of the rich ieotope. we will assume that an equal pcrtion of the
excited molecules is dissooiated at each step. Then, after n stepa we will
have Mri_ Mo pn of the desired isotope. we will determine the minimum number
of pul5es required for carrying out this procesa. We will assume that at
each stept the total number of moleoules in the volwae of the etrong field is
constantli.e., p--Mi+ mi = const. It ie then easy to shox that at the 1-th
step the number of pulses at d-z>- 1
_
N hf- �~t~ 1 - 1
! p ` ~ a,-Ixo ) 0 (23)
The total number of pulsea for n ateps
N=~ N~ M0 f 1- ~e t Mo
R 1 P`~ j~- Xo 1- a/a ~ P y' (24)
For ~ C a~ 1 ~ value of y�;~+, xoi and the radiation time are
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determined in the basio time of the fir8t etep becauge N1-~ (Mo/p) xo
Finally we have thst the produotivity of the proaes8 when reaching the
separation degriie q = ctn is
1q~(A1n'"mn~4/Ny~ (xolx)pnpp-(xdx~~"~a~ (25)
xhere x-- the final content of the desired i$otopes 0 frequenoy of pulae
repetitiont L 4-- flow of initial raw materiall xhile the number of ateps is
equal to n ^ lnq/1no, .
Realistl.callyp apparently, it ia difficult to obtain p > 0.5 to 0.6,
therefore, at smaller valuea of f3i since the time of the entire prooess is
determined basically by the length of the radiation time in the first atepo
it is neceassry to increase the radiation time in the following ateps in
such a xay that When the gas paeaea through the radiated cuvette, it xould
be subjected to aeveral radiation pulees (their number 1> i). In this
case, the portion of disaooiated moleoules of the deaired isotope Kill in-
creasei
6-(1-o-01. (26)
For such a aepar.ation proceas the productivity xill be
i4a(xo/x)P611'Lu' (27)
n
and the separation degree after n steps 9- rl 9r . Comparing (25) and (27)~
xe seo that the productivity in the latter case may be considerably higher,
especially at small P . If the laser can excite the desired isotope as
xell as the rich one, then the optimal process will appear as follows. The
dissociation of the desired isotope is done-in the first step and diasocia-
tion degree q;Z;p~ is attained. Since a. > i, isotope concentration becomes
comparable, and in the second step (after chemical conversion) the alrea,dy
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t,
~
.1,
~
;
unneeded rioh isotope i8 dieeooiated up to obtaining the required oonoentra-
tion x of the deeired lsotope Sn the real.dual gas. The duration of the seoond
step is considerably sroaller than the time of the seoond step for
a:ol, 7'1ti't'ijS (zn�l IkA) ~ Therefore, produotivity is determi.ned only
by the duration of the firat step, and for the enti.re prooeea it may be
writtent
(28)
4.2. Diesooiation of the rioh ieotope, Ift for aome reason, the diasooia-
tion of the desired poor isotope is imposaible, the enrichment proceas may
be done also by the disaociation of the rich isotope, although the produc-
tivity in this oaseo ae mentioned beforet is amaller,, 3uch a situation is
realized, for example, when enriching isotope 34 S, $ince the region of the
retuning of exiating COZ lasera doea not provide for the poasiblilty of ef-
ficient dissociation of 34SF6 and the proceas of enrichment may be carried
out nnly by diseociating 323F69 Sn thia case, two possibilities for carryit3g
out the proceas are available xhich in simplified form, appear as followa.
Mode of "deep burn-out." In thia mode, the gas in the cuvette is irradiated
up to the obtainment of the given enrichment of the deaired isotope in the
remaining ini.tial product. After that, a new portion of gas is pasaed into
the cuvette. Thust at the output we have at once a groduct with a givea
degree of aeparation q. Ii the initial amount of the desired isotope iri
the cuvette ie Mo and the rich one mo, then after N pulses
MN Mo(j-p.)N= Macxp(-w,N) ii tnN=mo(1-P)N=moexp(-ruN),
and
~rr'~ ~ m~ (1-~) N~ mp exp
N
?7
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- from where the degree of separation is
. .
Q~ MN ~ M~ =expl(w "wa)1V).
I12N m;
, the number of radiation pulses to obtain ~the given q
N -1n ql(w--cu,): (29)
For 1X1 < i, the separation coefficient oL .^�s WAS . Taking into account (29)
we obtain
~yN_~May-~'al(~+-~e) ~Mpq'~l(a-~)~ (30)
m~-m~O9'u'/(u`U'e):::m0' (31)
N Q
and content x of the desired isotope after radiation is
MN
x j. (32)
h!N �I- mN I + (mo/Mo) 9^
In this case, the productivity of obtaining product MN.}N* with enrichment
q and content x at a frequency of pulse repetition e is equal to
~,'NIV+ mQ 0 A10*0 (W-Wjq-!/(a-i) xoLr (W-Ws)9-1/(a-1)
/r N x ln q - x in q ,(33)
~ 78
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where xo in3tia1 oonoentration of the desired isotope i L r flow of Sni-
tial raw mater.ial at the entranae of the ouvotte,
Howaver, suoh an arrangement of ths enriohment process when obtaining a
guffioiently high value ot' q is not optimal from the viewpoint of obtainSng
::aximum produotSvity. This is due to the faat that the guantity of di,seo-
ciated muleaules NA = mou~le wdurSne one pulse deoreases with the ~time of
radiation ae the exoited moleaulea burn out. mhis 1.ea,ds to a raduation Sn
coefficient n (8) and to a reduction of the prooees productlvlty as a who1e#
therefore, the separation prooeas must be done di.fferently.
Mode of constant partial pressure of dissoalated riah isotope. To attain
maximum produotivity, it ia neoessary to provide a oonstant maacimwn NA
during the entire enrichment proceea. This condition is met by maintaining
- congtant presaure of the exoited rich lsotope in the cuvette. As an illus-
tration, we wi11 consider the following aimplified arrangement of the process,
Let there be a certain amount of initial product so that the masa of the de-
sired isotope is Mo and the mass of the rich isotope is mo. The gas is
pumped through the irradiated cuve:tte and at any moment of time it contains
mo of the rich isotope being disaociated at partial pressure p. To obtain
high productivity, it is necessary to hava such a apeed of gas pumping that -
during its passage through the cuvette G m*/mo ` of the amount of irradiated
molecul.es aucceed in being diasociated. In our casel the cuvette volume is
equal to the volume of the strong field, whieh correaponds to a single gas
radiation in the cuvettet ao that Q myma,. 0.icm' It should be'f,xpected that a similax phenomenon may
also be found when powerful laser beams arF, propagated in the atmosphere.
Although, due to the small absorption coefficiAnt of.a,ir which, in the visi-
ble and neax IR bands, will be small, changes in the pressure and density of
the medium in the beam may exceed those that are caused by electrostriction.
Therefore, in calculating the self-action of beams, they must be taken into
account first. Moreover, the intensity oi' these sound waves is high enough
to be measuredg which ma,y be found to bd useful for the remote determination
of the power and dimensions of'�he laser beam.
1. If the duration of the laser pulse Ls small so that heat tranafer from
the beam, due to molecular heat conductivity and convection, ma,y be neglected,
the change in presaure p and of refracti�re index n of air may be described by
equat i.ons �
azp~ar~-u-a1N=�h~- i ~vr/~i;
U)
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' ri us Sy n -a (V p0(n� - DyJdf, (2)
where yor/oV= u-- speed of soundi noj Po undisturbec~ refraotive 1n-
, dex and dens~.tyt J(x, y, so t) power deneity of laser radiation.
3peoial features of sound radiation in a weakly-abaorbing medium is that
intensity J ohanges weakly along axis Z, along which the beam ie propagated;
therefore, the eound eouroe is oylindrioal and is not a point souroe as in
strongly abaorbing media.
We w111 ooneider first how pressure varies with time at distanoe r awa,y from
the center of the beam, assuming that the distribution in it is Ga,usaSan
along the tranaveres coordtnates and step-shaped with respe�et to time
~
' J(x. ri. z. t)~a~W/na')~xPI-(x~..t.~a~/a9j0(f), (3', .
(W-- power of beam). The solution of equation (1) may be written in the form
P(r, f) ~ a~~;uaa ~ ' j d4 X �
r u!
- X exp a9 ) [u20 -(r--4)2 -,q']d
~ i1 . (4)
For r} a integration boundaries for ~ may be replaced by ~ oo and values
of ~ and ~x may be neglected as compared to re in the denominator of the sub-
integral expreseion. As a result of integration we will obtain
p~~ a ut 1
u ar a ~ (5)
where ,
~
e�-E' ~ E1)dt e"~'D_,~~(V2_9);
D y funetion of a para,bclic cylinder. The curve of function f(e ) is
ahown in Fig. J. Its aa3mptotic behavior (rc/2t)ll . I exp (-V) for
E--00, for
To d,etermine the change in presaure in the region of beam propagation r< a,
it ~1s ~onvenient for the solution of oqua,tion (1) ~~o use Fourier's trans-
formtion along transverse coordinates x and y. For the more general case
than (3) of 1-,armonie modulation of intensity with tima
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,
1
~
Fig. 1
II~ r x� yn
n'3" eXP I- a9 --1 cos S?!0 (g)
~ ~
we will obtain . x,a,
p (r, t)- a(1' - 1) W exP ( 4 )1o (W) x
f x
2n S2 q,x
0
%t (i2 sin 01- ux sin uxf) dx. (7)
In the center of the beam (for r=o)
ex x=as
p(0, 1~~ a(Y-I)W P - 4 ) x
2n J St~ - u" x (0 Sin i2r - ux sin ux!) dx, (g)
u For long intervals of time ut q, the integral of the secon4 addend ie
approaching asymptotically to zsroi
m x= exp (-x2a2/4) sin �xt 2
12' u3x2 dK St~ (rtr)~ ' for i2t Y 1. f�
The harmonic member is equal to
P (0, t) posin s2t, where po = a( 2nafi) W, ~t0)
= (S2~))
g(x) - xE'~ (z2) e-x' = Ei integral exponential funetion
88
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.r.-
.
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equa1 to the value of integral f rxp tdt/t,
The pressure amplltude hae a maximum at frequency 12402,82u/a, which
oorreaponds to the ].ength of the sound wave ~~ll-2,23 n , In this oase,
9= o. 95�
We wi11 compare, first, the change in preseure for a thermal effeot of radia-
tion with a ehange in presaure due to electrostrietion Pt,Ta-~2(no-1)W/(,uav) ,
where a is the velooity of 11ght. For air parameters
nn-1-2,f,- 10-1, p=-I-U,4,a=1U-4 cM-1, we wi11 have P~,j,~P~ =
8x10~5 m/a, i..e-o chanEje in pressure due to abaorption of laser radiation ia
usually much greater than due to electrostriotion. I
We will estima,te the poasibilltiea of ineasuring sound pulses generated by
la3er radiation. The minimum measurable 1eve1 of sound aignals when using
capacitorniarophones is determined by the level of thermal aooustic noisesp*which may be evaluated [8] by formula ' pa,,=I d,i,up,el/s,
where m-- ma,ss i v-- average velocity of molecules = S--area of inembrane s
po air presaure= Q f-- width of frequency ba,nd.
F'or normal e,tmospheric conditions and S c 1 cm2P 3.4x10-12( d f)I bas/Hzl.
the pressure in the sound pulse will exeeed this level at
l
IV(Br1>:.'ola(ni ]r(ri 1Qf[1iz11'n.
2. In [7], it was shown that for uniform distribution of intenaity in the
tranaverse cross section of the beam and its sharp drop at the edge, self-
focusing of the beam ia possible during the time)while changes in pressure,
due to weak absorption,do not succeed in equalizing, i.e., for ut -CC R .
It is shown in this paper that in the case of beams with Cauasian distribution
of intensityo absorption always leade to blooming. In the presence of the
small-scale apa.tial atructure, however, besides temporal modulation, a self-
focusing of a part of the beam is possible. In this case condition ut 0.1 sec or in the resence of inetihane
admixtiures to an amount less tihan 10'5%. In [4,5~ , no in�orniation ie
given on the puriCy of the working medium, however, they pointed outi thaC
special measures were taken to clean it thoroughly. In these experiments, ,
apparently "'3, Assuming
p,,/0Ne3 and deCermining trom Fig. 27 in ~53 1/1 p hY 0.7, we
obtain the angular energy dietiribution ahown in F g. 1(broken line).
For comparison, Chere is also ehown by a solid line experimental relation-
ahip E( e) which agreea well wiCh the calculated ona. Thus, the
angular charactieristiice of outiput radiation of a combination laser uaing
liquid ni.trogen are explained satiefactorily by an increase in the
refractiive index due to the change in the polarizability of molecules in
the VKR procesa.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Grasyuk, A. Z. KVANTOVAXA ELEKTRdNIKA11, 485 (1974).
2. Shaw, E. D.; Patel, S. K. N. Appl. Phys. LeCts, 18, 215 (1971).
3. Patel, S. K. N. Appl. Phys. Letta, 19, 383 (1971).
4. Bocharov, V. V.; Grasyuk, A. 2.: Zubarev, I. G.; Kotov, A. V.;
Smirnov, V. G. KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, 1, 2185 (1974).
5. Grasyuk, A. Z.; Yefimkov, V. F.; Zubarev, I. G.; Kotov, A. V.;
Smirnov, V. G. "Trudy FIAN," 91, 116 (1977).
6. Calaway, W. F.; Ewing, G. E. Chem. Phys. LeCts, 30, 485 (1975).
7. Calaway, W. F.; Ewing, G. E. J. Chem. Phys., 63, 2842 (1975).
8. Brueck, S. R.; Osgood, R. M. J. Chem. Phys., 39, 568 (1976%.
9. Butylkin, V. S.; Kaplan, A. Ye.; Khronopulo, Yu. G. "Izv. wzov, Ser.
Radiofizika," 12, 1792 (1969).
10. Vil'gel'mi, B.; Goyman, E. ZhPS, 19, 550 (1973).
11. Kravtaov, N. V.; Naumkin, N. I.; Protasov, V. P. KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA,
2, 1585 (1975).
158
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12. Baklushkina, M. I.; Zel'dovich, B. Ya.; Mel'nikov, N. A.;
P imipetiekiy, N. F.; Payzer, Yu. P.; Sudarkin, A. N.; Shkunov, V. V.
2hETF, 73, 831 (1977).
13. Akhmanov, S. A.; Drabovich, K. N.; Sukhorukov, A. P.; Chirkia, A. S.
2hETF, 59, 485 (1970).
14. Payzer, Yu. P. 2hETF, 520 470 (1967).
15, Anan'yev, Yu. A. UFN, 103, 705 (1971).
16. Suchkov, A. F. "Trudy FIAN," 43, 161 (1968).
17. Kirillov, G. A.; Kormer, S. B.; Kochemasov, G. G.; Kulikov, S. M.;
Murugov, V. M.; Nikolayev, V. D.; Sukharev, S. A.; Urlin, V. D.
KVANTOV'AYA ELEKTRONIKA, 2, 666 (1975).
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetekoye radio", "Kvaneovaya elektironika", 1979
2291
cso; 8144/1033
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PHtszcs
UDC 535.375
SMALL-SIGNAL WAVEFRONT REVERSAL UNDER NO'NTNRESHOLD REFLECTION FROM A
BRILLOUIN MIRROR
Moecow KVANrOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA in Russian Vol 6, No 2, Teb 79 pp 394-397
CArCicle by N. G. Baeov, I. G. 2ubarev, A. V. Kotiov, S. I. Mikhaylov,
M. G. Smirnov, Phyaica InstituCe imeni P. N. Lebedev AN USSR (Moecow),
submitted 2 Aug 781
[Text] A method is suggeared and implemented for small-signal wavefront
reversal (OVF) under stimulated Brillouin acaCtering (VRMB) in a lighCguide.
This meChod may find use in nanosecond pulse wavefront reversal.
It is we11 known that-the effect of wavefront reversal (OVF) at VItMB of
spaeially-inhomogeneous pumping makes it possible to compensate effecCively
for phase signal dietortiona in two-passage optical amplifiers [1, 2] .
The given meChod, however, has a considerable ahortcoming aince, in view
of the threahold nature of the reflection of the initiating radiation from
the cuvette with the active eubstgnce, it does not permit obtaining OVF
aignals with an inCeneity lower than the threshold intensity. At small
exceasea above the threshold, tihe reflection coefficient may change strongly
from one laser burat to another due to insignificant intenaity variationa,
as well ae to posaible changes in the width of the pumping line [3 All -
this makea the practical realization of the given effect difficult in,
arrangements where it ie impossible or undesirable to have a signal with an
intensity exceeding the threshold by many Cimes [2, 5, 6]. Thia difficulty
may be avoided, if a more intenaive wave is sent into the cuveCte'with Che
active substance along wiCh a weak signal wave. Then the amplification
increment of the reflected aignal will be determined by the intensity of the
pumping wavee and in the implementation of the OVF effect, there will be observed a nonthreshold reflection of the weak wave.
160
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2. The tiheoretical coneideratiion of acatitiering of the weak wave in the
, preeence of a etrong one wi11 be done on the baeie of a tiheory developed
in remind the reader that if the pumping field is represented
in ~ e forni
Be Anbtknr
T
and the Stokea eignai field is
; Eo " ~am etkmr ~ With km--kM~ ,
t
then the syetem of equatione descr3.bing changes in the Stokea wave ampli-
tude along the direction of its propagation may be presented in the form
N . . . _ . . . .
d e+ y 1 Ani (lQn 2' A~ Y Amam'' Sn � � (1)
m-l n~n '
When OVF conditions are fulfilled (see, for example.[4 ]the effect of
number Sn (z) ie negligibly amall; ~
. . _ _ �
p _ _ .
d= � Q v, ( Am Ila^ ' ~ An V Am Qm
~ (2)
m
System (2) muy be solved on the aseumption that
. I akl~< *
and the solution has the fotm y~�:.
. N _ . _ . � � - - . .
A an -Qn (p) e s,~ " ~ % am Ane-z
(3)
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. c
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where
N . . .
- ~qn,1�, n~1� , �Id.
mwl �
In developing tihe refleGted Stokea aignal for tihe passage from spontaneous
noiaea intienaity 1''Q gYz ~ 1, we, therefore, obtain from (3)
hn(=)=rconst Aneg/s, ..`4,.._.....~. . ,
Leti the pumping field conaiet of two components;
Ea=EN~~-}-EK~~, (5) "i
_ where
is a atrong wave and
is a weak wave, while
EH I) _ V Ane(knr
n=1
EH2' ~ u - Anefknr
n�=k-F(
IAm~I. ,k I),- IAm..W. ,N I
and
k N
S' I Am 1z D,,~w ( Am
n~l nmk-FI
1.62
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It follows from (4) and (S) rhnt
'&QftL..ci ),.E(s) ,~cnnst - ~N~ ) 'Et1e.�cunst ,EN~'etl:,
1'hus, it has becn ehown thati the OVF will be observed also for a weak -
pumping component and the preeence of g strong wave permiCe obtaining the
reflection of s weak wave ae effecrively ae a sCrong weve.
3. An experimental inveetigation o� euch a mode of scatCering wae performed
on an indtaliation ehown in Fig. 1. The radiation of a nlodymium laser 1
(length of pulee Tti 25ne, width of tine AvH ry 5 x 10' cm'1, divergence
- 8 u 3 x 10'4 radiarsl diaphragm 2 0 3oam) by means of a wedge-eh8ped
plate 3, which formed two beame, was intiroduced into opticel amplifier 5
with an amplification coefficient for the weak eignal of about 50. One of
the beams imitated the weak pumping component and was aCtenuated by filCer
Ayseem k, while the other beam was amplified without preliminary attenuation.
Ati the ampiifier exit, both beems were converged by means of glass wedgea 6
to one place of phase plate 7(the pheee plate increased the "gray" divergence
of the single-mode of the He-Ne laser aingle-modR beam with A,- 0.63
microns end 3mm diemeter up to a value of Bev 2 x 10"2 radiana). The image
of the illuminated part of the phase plate was tranemitted by lens 8 with
f=25emto grillouin cuveCte at the entering end of light conduit 9 fillad
with cerbon dieulfide. The lengCh of the ective pert of the lightguxde was
70cm at a diameter of 2.5nm. Measuring complex 10 served for the determina-
Cion of the energy charecteristics of incident and reflected wavea in both
beams; moreover, photographa were taken of the intensity distribution of the
radiation reflected from theBrillouin cuvette in the plane conjugated with
the plane of exit diaphragm 2. Diaphragms were inetalled ahead of calori-
meters, measuring the energy of reflected signals, the dimensions of which
correaponded to the dimeneions of pumping beame which made it poseible zo
measure the reflection coefficients in the directione of weak and strong
pumping wavee. Experiments were tnade firsC on the OBF of each beaaa separate-
1y. Photographe of the correeponding dietributiona and the measurement data
on the divergence of incident and reflected waves indicated that the value
of the revereal parameter (see [2] ) ie near unity.
r-
4. Fig. 2 showa the curvea of the relationship between the reflection
coefficient in the direction of weak wave and the intensity of the weak
wave in the absence and presence of a atrong wave. It may well be seen
that in the absence of a sCrong component, the reflecCion has a threshold
character uaual for the VRMB. In the presence of a strong component, the
reflection coefficient does not depenc: on the intensity of the weak wave
and is $lmoet equel to the reflection coefficient of the strong wave and
Chere is no threahold. We will note that in the process of the experimenta
the inCeneity of the strong pumping component was cnaintained practically
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cangrane, whiie the refiectiion coefficient of the Aerong wave wge equai
eo 17.5"/e. Fig. 3 ahowe the relaeionehip betiween the refleceion aoafficients
of the weak and etrong wavee. In rhte case, the inteneity af the weak
wave was 1/5 og the threahoid wave. It may be eeen that the refiection
coefficiente of both beame were equal in the entire range of intieneitiy
change of the etrorg wgve.
The given grrangement aleo makes te possible to obrain ef�ective refleceion
and revereai o� the wavefront of weak puisee the length of which is emailer
Chan the length of the serong component of puising. We ehortened the weak
puise to 'L ~ lOns by meane of a mylar film (we remind the reader thar
the lengrh of the laser pulse ie 25ns). The intenei.ty of the weak component
wiii be in the order of severai percent of the etrong component. The
reflecrion coefficienC of the weak component was 7% and of the serong 10%.
Thie difference ie explained by the fact thar in the given method of ehoreening
the pulee, iCs maximum falls at the rear front of the long pulse. The
value of the revereal parameter of the ehort pulse wae wiChin limits of
0.7 - 0.9.
Fig. 1. Arrangement of experimental inatallation for investigating non-
Chreshold aignal rEflection.
0
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�
~rrr
ry � I �
p
~
~S
I
-
tl ~U t, MUn~~r~
FOR nFFICIAL USE ONLY
Fig. 2. Relationahip between refleo-
tion coeffioiEnt of weak Have and its
intensity in the abaenoe (solid lines)
and preeence (broken lines) of a
30 Mw/cm2 aonstant intensity etrong
wave,
i. Mw/cm2
~ . (L)
!a n ~cn " NONAIN
o '
_i.3)
u ~o ia N~~,,~~~�~.
Fig. 3. Relationahip between reflecblon
eoefficient of weak wave c;,~:`/, le)
and reflection coefficient of strong
wave.
1. Rcn 0% 3� RcNnbH
2�' RCA-RCNA,0N
5. This experiment may be inrerpreted in terms of a four-wave shift.
However, the given arrangement has a conaiderable advantage compared to
the OVF arrangement for a degenerated four-wave shift, aince here the
counter waves need not be plane without fail, because the reverse (strong)
Stokes wave is obtained due to the OVF and, therefore, is always compre-
hensively conjugatad with the incident one.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Nosach, 0. Ya.; Popo ichev, V. I.; Ragul'skiy, V. V.; Fayzullov, F. S.
"i,ettera to zhETF, 16, 617 (1972).
2. Basov, N. G.; Yefimkov, V. F.; Zubarev, I. G.; Kotov, A. V.; Mironov,
A. B.; Mikhaylov, S. I.; Smirnov, M. G. KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, 5,
No 4 (1978).
3. Zubarev, I. G.; Mikhaylov, S. T. KVANTO`/AYA ELEKTRONIKA, 1 1239 (1974).
4. Sidorovich, V. G. :;hTF, 46, 2168 (1976).
5. Bespalov, V. I.; Betin, A. A.; Pasmanik, G. A. "I,etters to ZhTF," 3,
215 (1977).
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J(ll.

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6. Borieov, V. N.; Kruxhilin, Yu. I.; Shklyari,k, S. V. "Lettiere to
ZhTF," 49 160 (1978).
COPYRIGRT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetekoye radio", "Kvantovaya elektronika", 1979
2291
CSO; 8144 I1033
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POlt nrFcc; rAL USS nN1.Y
PHYSIcs
UDC 621.378.33
AN ELECTRON-BEAM-EXCITED XeBx LASER
Moecow KVANTOVAYA ELECTRONIKA in Ruesian Vol 6, No 2, Feb 79 pp 400-402
[Article by I. N. Konovalov, V. F. Tarasenko, InstituCe of High-CurrenC
Electronice, Siberian Department of AN USSR (Tomek), submitted 14 Aug 78~
[Text] The results are reported of an experimental investigation of the
laser action in the Ar-Xe-C2F4Br2 mixture at - 281.8nm. The radiation
power of 3Mw and the apecific radiation energy of > 1 joule/liter have
been achieved.
Eximer lasers using halides of noble gases are being intensively investigat-
ed at present. Oscillation has already been achieved on molecules of XeF*,
KrF*, ArF*, XeCl*, KrCl*, ArC1*, XeBr*, XeI* [1-8~ . Although laser
radiation using halides of noble gas was first ach eved on XeBr* molecules
C 1I , DrF and XeF lasere became the moat widely used. This was due to
the small radiation energiea obtained in an XeBr laser when excited by
electron beams [1, 3] . It Was ahown in [7, 8] that the efficiency of -
the XeBr laser increasea when pumped by a fast discharge.
This paper ciCes the reaults of Che experimental investigation of an XeBr
laser exciCed by an electron beam.
An accelerator with 100-150kev electrons, 250 a/cm2 current density in
the beam and a SOns current pulse length, was used for pumping the laser.
The beam was introduced through a 20 x lcm window into a laser tube 35cm
long and 2cm in diameter, made of a steel foil 25 microns thick. The
energy put into the gas was calculated by taking into account the electron
scatter in the gas and the energy apectrum of the electrons outstde of the
foil. The diatribution of the absorbed electron energy across the
thickness of the gas layer was taken from [9] and the electron spectrum
was determined experimentally by the foil method. The opCical resonator
was formed by a flat mirror with an aluminum coating and a plane-parallel
quartz plate. Radiation characCeristics were recorded by an 1M0-2 calori-
meter, FEK-22 photodiode, I2-7 oscillograph and ISP-30 spectroheliograph.
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,
VOk nFFICCAI, USL dNLY '
Tho operating efficiency of an eximer laser dependa to a conaiderebly
exeenr on the proper choice of the halogen carrier. Thus, when excitiing
en XeBr laser wiCh a rapid charge, the besti resulCs were obtained by
ueing C2F4Br and HBr ~7, 83 . We investigated the effect on the
efiCiency oi tihe XeBr aser of the following halogen carriers; Br2,
C2F4Br2, CZH4Br21 CHBrg. When exciting electrons ofmixtures of Ar, Xe and
haingen carriers, the besC resulta were achieved by ueing CZF4Br2 and .
CHBr3, however, CHBr3 hae a low pressure of saCurated vapora. Kixtures
with Br2 and C2H4Br2 gave for the same pumping smaller radiatinn energy
by an order of magnitude. The low laser efficiency when using Br2 was
due to the atrong absorption of laser radiation in Br2. This is confirmed
by the optimal concentration of Br in the mixtiure smaller by an order of
magnitude compared to other bromine carriers.
Fig. 1 showa the relationshipa between the radiation energy, energy put
into the gae by the electron beam and the deley time of the radiation time
with respect to the start of the current pulae of the beam, and the
pressure oi the mixture. With an increase in presaure, maximum radiation
energies are attained in mixturea with a greater content of Ar and a
amaller concanCration of C2F4Br2. Delay time ,3 decreases thereby.
HC; Wj MANf (1)
Wrskv (2)
lS
IZ
9
6
3
!
2 J 4
sp,amM (3)
Fig. 1. Relationship between energy put into the gas from the electron beam
Wl, (1), radiation energy W(2-4) and delay time of the radia:ion pulse with
respect to the beam current tg (5), and the mixture pressure for the follow-
ing ratios of components in the mixture; Xe; C2F4Br2 = 40; Ar;Xe = 37.5 (2);
75 (3) and 150 (4).
1. t3, ns; W , m joules 3. atmospheres
2. Wr, joules
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�ro
s0 ~ 2~
p�6omM
40 JD s
?0
4
f0
~ J
' D' 405 D, f[C: F4 Brt],
Fig. 2. Relationehip between radiation energy and C2F4Br2 contenti in
mixture Ar;Xe - 75 at various pressures.
1. m joules 2, atmoepheres
Fig. 2 showa the relationahip between tihe energy of radiation and the
percentage of C2F4Br2 content at varioue preesures in the mixture. For
a mixture pressure of aix atmoapheree, the optimal pressure of C2F4Br2
ati 200C was 1.8 x 10'3 atmoepheres. Fig. 3 shows oacillograms of the
beam current, laser radiarion and the laser radiation apectrum. A ahort
radiation pulee at the half-height and a high peak power are characteriatic
of the XeBr laser. The radiation apectrum ia a symmetrical line 0.4mm
wide with a center on wavelength A - 2818aan.
The investigations show that in energy characteristic the XeBr laser with
an electron beam excitation is not inferior to an XeF laser. A 3Mw
radiation power and a unit radiation energy > 1 joule/liter were
obtained using an Ar;Xr: C2F4Br2 m 2000;40:1 mixture. The efficiency of
oscillation with reapecC Co the energy put into the gas fraa the beam was
abouC 0.4%.
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p MBni (
3
2
f
0 (3)
t~s ?0 40 6D t,NC
a
(2) 40
amN ed, ( 4)
J
2
!
D
?Bl,d ?SI,B 18?,2
5
~
Fig. 3. Oscillograme of beam current pulaes and laser radiation (a) and
epectirum of laser radiaCion (b) in mixture Ar;Xe;C2F4Br2 m 2000:40;1 at
a presaure of 5 atm.
1. Mw 4. relaCive unita
2. J, kA 5. nm
3. ns
The authora thank Yu. I. Bychkov for hie aupport and A. G. Yaetremskiy for
calculating the energy put into Che gas by tihe electron beam.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Searles, S. K.; Hart, G. A. Appl. Phys. Letts, 27, 243 (1975).
2. Hoffman, J. M.; Hays, A. K.; Tisone, G. C. Appl. Phys. Letts, 28, 538 (1976).
3. Searlea, S. K.; Appl. Phys. I.etts, 28, 602 (1976;.
4. Waynant, R. W. Appl. Phys. Letts, 30, 234 (1977).
5. Basov, N. G.; Brunin, A. N.; Danilyvich, V. A.; Kerimov, 0. M.; Milanich,
A. I.; Khodkevich, D. D. "Letters to ZhTF," 3, 1297 (1977).
6. Kudryavtsev, Yu. A. "Radioelectronics Abroad," No 4, 106 (1978).
7. Lisitayn, V. N.; Razhev, A. M.; Chermenko, A. A. KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA,
5, 424 (1978).
8. Sze, R. C.; Scott, P. B. Appl. Phys. Letts, 32, 479 (1978).
170
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9. Yevdokimov, 0. B.; Ponomarev, V. B. "Izv. wzov. Ser. Fizika," No 3,
159 (1978).
COPYRIGHT: Izdatei'sCvo "Sovetiekoye radio", "Kvaneavaya elektironika", 1979
2291
cso; 8144/1033
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PHYSICS
UDC 621.378.33
AN ELECTRIC DISCHARGE LASER UTILI2ING SF6 + H2 MIXTURE PUMPED BY AN
. INDUCTIVE STORAGE
Moacow KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA in Ruasian Vol 6, No 2, Feb 79 pp 408-411
[Areicle by A. F. zapol'akiy, K. B. Yushko, submitted 9 Jun 78, after
revision 5 Sep 781
[Text] Reaulta are preaented of experimental studiea of an electric-
discharge chemical laser utilizing an SF6 + H2 mixture with an inductive
atorage in the pumping scheme. An inducCive atorage circuit is described
which makes it posaible to obtain a uniform longitudinal electric discharge
without preionization in a laeer cell with a volume of 3.7 liters under
mixture presaure of up to 46mm Hg. The laser energy amounted to 6.9 joules,
the signal being 40Mw, when the energy etored in the capacitor bank was
equal to 3kjoulea. The maximum energy output of 6.2 joules/liter has been
achieved from the volume of 0.29 liters under the SF6 + H2 (3: 1) mixture
pressure of 68mm Hg.
To obtain ahort oacillating pulsea in an HF laeer by initiating a chemical
reaction by means of an electronic beam or a high-current discharge,
usually a low-inductive capacitor bank ia used which is charged to high
voltages. An Arkad'yev-Marx oscillator and a double forming line [1 - 4]
are widely used elements in arrangements for feeding lasers. It is also
well known that by uaing an inductive storage axrangement, iC is posaible
� to obtain high-power electric signals 0.1 to 1.0 microseconds long [5, 6]
on the load.
This paper gives the results of the experimental investigation of an IiF
laser operation wiCh about an 0.1 microsecond oscillating pulae. It is
pumped by inductive etorage,'loaded on the resistance of Che plasma dis-
charge in the working medium of the laser. An arrangement of longitudinal
dischargee was investigated. An SF6 - H2 mixture usually used in electric-
charge HF laeers [3, 4, 7-91 was employed as the working substance.
172
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~

, , s� ' ,
f ~ ' 6
6 7
3 , 9
~
; 4 4 '
Fig. 1. Arrangement of experimental inetallation: 1-- cuvettie wiCh
. SF6 - H2 mixture; 2-- atorage inductance; 3-- circuit breaker; 4--
, IK-50-3 capacitora; 5-- FEK-14 photoelement; 6-- IKT-1 calorimeter;
; 7-- detector; 8-- ehield of illuminated photographic printing paper.
~ Ivestigatione were performed on tha installation ehown in Fig. 1. Two
IK-50-3 cepacitore (4), connected in aeries, were charged to +25kv and
. -25kv. Their capacitancee of 1.5 microfarads were diacharged through two
I controlled apark gapa and a working atorage inductance through the resietiance
~of circuit breaker 3.
I The circuit breaker consiated of copper wire 0.06mm in diameCer and 35 cm
long placed in a polyethylene tube filled with a ailicon carbide powder
with about 10 micron graina. The powder served as an arc-quenching
material and, at the same time, reduced the effect of the ahock wave
; originating when the electric rupture of the wires occurred.
Laser curveCte 1 with the SF6 - H2 mixture was connected in parallel with
the circuit breaker or the inductance. The cuvette, 38mm in diameter and
a diatance of 35cm between ring electrodes made of stainless steel (volume
0.29 litera), wae made of caprolan. The cuvette windows of IR quartz were
aligned with each other with one window serving se the outpuC window of
the reaonator. Kgold-coated dead mirror could be placed insCead of one
of the cuvette's windows. When atudying the oacillation apectrum, a window
nsade of a BaF2 crystal served 8s the output ::irror of the reaonator. Maximum voltage acroba the cuvette electrodea was obtained at a working
inductance of 2.1 microhenries (the total inductance of the loop was 2.5
microhenries).
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' . J . . _ . . . . . . ' .f.. , ' . �
. , . . J a:\ . f ' . . . . . 1.
. . e ~ . . . , . .
Fig. 2. Typical aignal oscillograms: ' .
a) uFper beam light signal from diecharge plasma into'the laser cuveeee;
lower beam current pulae (marke.every�200ns); b).upper beam:-- oscillating
signal; lower beam volCage pulses, acrosa electrodes of laser;.cuveCte;
Uc = SOkv, Umax = 290kv;I~x a 36ka; 0.85 joulea; p Q 46~ Hg;
mixture SF6: H2 = 4s1
. _ . 1:
. .
Fig. 3. Arrangement of inductive sCorage
1-- laser cuveCte; 2-- circuit breakers; 3-- storage inductances; 4--
IK-50-3 capacitore.
. 174
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Fig. 2shows typical signal oecillograms. Since Chere was no preliminary
ionizetion of the mixtuxe, the maximum working presaure was limitied by
the value of the voltage applied Co the cuvetite electirodea.
To obtain a diacharge at higher preseures of the working mixture, the
inductive atorage was connected into a circuiti ehawn in Fig. 3. A
parallel connectiion of additional inductancea and a circuit breaker made
iti possible noti only to almoeti double the volCage applied to the cuvetre
electirodes, buti also increased the awitched power due to a reduction in
the lengtih of the current and voltage aignals.
Er,Qx (3)
1,S
1, 0
0
0,5
0
1 1 (4)
30 p, mM pm. cm.
a
F'ig. 4. Relationehips between oacillation energy E r and pressure of
working mixture p in the cuvette;
a) 0.29 liter cuvette; Uc = SOkv; conilection in accordance with arrange-
ment in Fig. 1, mixture SF6 - H2 = 4:1 (1) and according to arrangemenC
Fig. 3, mixture SF6: H2 - 31 (2); b-- 3.7 liter cuvette; connected in
accordance with arrangement in Fig. 3; mixture SFg: H2 = 3:1, UC = SOkv (1) -
and 63kv (2)
3. joulea 4. mmHz
The relationahip between the oscillation energy and pressure of mixture
SF6: HZ = 4;1 when the aCorage is operated in accordance with the arrange-
ment in Fig. 1 is shown in Fig. 4a (curve 1). Maximum oscillating energy
attained 1joule for a signal length at the half-height in 100ns. The
disCribution of oscillation energy on the output mirror was fairly uniform.
Transition lines P2(8) and P2(9) of the excited HF molecule were the most
intensive in the radiation apectrum. _
With the atorage working in accordance with the arrangement in Fig. 3 with -
the previous capacitor bank, the maximum oscillation energy was attained
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p L I
10 ?0
?0 40 60
p, roM pm, Cm.
Q

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FoK orFzcrAL usE oNLY
at 3.0 microhenry inductancea and 45cm long circuit breakers. The
maximum oscillation power obtained from a 0.29 liter cuvette was increased
to 1.8 joules (see Fig. 4a, curve 2).
'1'he Eormed voltiage pulse with an amplirude } SOOkv made it posaible Co
nbrain a uniform electric diecharge in a 3.7 liter cuvette witih an internal
diameter of 9.6cm and 51cm length of the active part. (A similar method
for creating a volume charge, but with a different electrode confi uration
and a feed from an Arkad'yev-M,arx oscillator, was proposed in [ 4T The
relationahip between energy oscillation and pressure in the SF6 - H2
mixture fox this case is ahown in Fig. 4b. The maximums in the ciCed -
relationships were observed as the most uniform energy distribution at
Che output mirror of the reaonator (Fig. 5). A reduction in tihe oac311ation
' energy at pressurea higher than 30mm Hg was due to a reduction in the
efficiency of the energy Cranefer from the storage to the elecCric
discharge.
The maximum oscillation energy was 6.9 joules at a 40Mw signal and a
technical energ,y efficiency of 0.23%. Fig. 6 ahows oscillograms of
oscillation signals when Che lasar operates with an arrangemenC of an
inductive storage ahown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 5. Distribution of laser radiation over the cross sect-,on in the near
zone (picture of a burn on the illuminated photographic printing paper);
Er - 6.3 joules; p= 34mm Hg, mixture SF6: H2 = 3:1, VK = 3.7 liters.
176
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FOR OF'PICIAI, U3E ON1.Y
'Chun, rhe reeulCA of tiliie paper ehow thati tihe use of an inducCance etorage
in the Eegd circuit aE tho elacrric diecherge FiF laser makee iC poesible
ro form a uniform longiCudinai elocrric dischergQ in cuvetCes wieh
coneiderable volumee er preseuree of working mixture SF6 - H2 of Cene of
mm Hg end obtain high power oecillsCion pulses abouti 1 microsecond long.
Fig. 6. Oscillograma of ogcillation signals tiaken off a 0.29 liter
cuvette (a, p X d llmw, 20na marks) and 3.7 liter cuvettes (b, Pmax �
31Mw, 40ns ma~r"fca).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Gerber, R. A.; Pateerson, E. L.; Blair, L. S.; Grenier, N. R. Appl.
Phys. LeCtera, 25, 281 (1974).
2. Osgood, R. M.; Mooney, Jr., D. L. Appl. Phys. Letta, 26, 201 (1975).
3. Schilling, P.; Decker, G. Infrared Phys. 16, 103 (1976).
4. Pavlovskiy, A. I.; Boeamykin, V. S.; Karelin, V. I.; Nikol'skiy, V, S.
KVANTOVtiYA ELEKTRONIKA, 3, 601 (1376).
5. Kind, D.; Salge, I.; Schiweck, L; Nevi, G. Electrotechn. Z-A, 92, 46
(1971).
6. Koval'chuk, B. M.; Kotov, Yu. A.; Mesyats, G. A. ZhTF, 34, 215 (1974).
� 7. Batovskiy, 0. M.; Vasil'yev, G. K.; Markov, Ye. F.; Tal'roze, V. L.
_ "Lettera to ZhETF," 9, 341 (1969).
8. Dolgov-Savel'yev, G. G.; Podminogin, A. A. KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA,
edited by Basov, N. G. No 4(10), 69 (1972).
17? -
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' FOR rFFICIAL U8~ ONLX � 9. Atinold, 0. P.; Wenxel, R. C. IEEE J. QE-9$ 491 (1973).
COPYRIGNT; Izdatellstvo "Sovetiskoye-radio", "Kvantovaya elektronika", 1979
2291
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['llYt;;I;C., f
UDC 621.378.33
RADIATION PULSE LENGTHENING IN A SECTIONALI2ED C02 LASE R WITN SUCCESSSVE
EXCITATION OF WORKING MEDIUM
Moscow KVAtiTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA in Ruseien Vol 6, No 2, Feb 79 pp 417-421
[ ArCicle by V. P. Kudryaehov, V. V. Oeipov, V. V. Savin, InatieuCe of
Atmoaphere Optics, Siberian Department of AN USSR (Novoaibirsk), submftted
1 Sep 77]
[Text] Tha.theoretiaal and experimentaa, analysls is given of sectionalized 0
02
lasers wiCh auccesaive excitation of separaCe sections. Optimization of
separaee section parameters has been performed (gas compoaiCion and
pressure, energy contribution) which made it possible to obtain long (up
to 100 Ims) high-power radiation pulsea under electric discharge excitation.
Ie is shown that under Cne aucceasive exciCation of two secCions, the laser
radiation pulse duration is 2.5 times longer than that of radiation pulses
obtained under both independent and aimultaneous excitation of separate
sections.
When using pulsed C02-lasers with high peak radiation power for technological
purposes, a dense plasma foxtns on the machined surface, which shielda the
Carget from the laser radiation E1] . The radiation pulse of typical
lasers contain a comparatively short initial pesk (50-100ns) accompanied
by a long drop (1-2 microaeconda), during which the radiation power is an
order of magniCude emaller than the peak. For technological lasera, it is
more feasible tc have radiation pulses of smaller power but longer ones
(about 100ms) with a high unit energy of radiation.
At present, aeveral types of C02 laeers are known in which long (about 10
microsec) radiation pulses are obtained: 1) C02 lasers with low pressure
(about 100mm Hg) when the small collision frequEncy provides a long time
of existence of inverse population [2~ . 2) C02 lasers at atmospheric
pressure with a high concentration of~nitrogen in the C02 + N2 + He mixture
(a higher effective lifetime of the upper laser lei�el is provided by the
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tiransfer of energy from the vibration-excitied nitrogen molecules C3~);
3) C02 laeer, exciCed by a nonindependenti charge controlled by an e ecCror
beam. The tiime of invereion exieCence may be cloae to the duratiion of
the electiron beam [ 4
: r... _ . ~ ,
` i s
~....~r t~- ~ j�
J �rr ; 5- _-~N ~J r
I I~ . p
Fig. 1. Arrangement of multiisectiional laseY.
The use of the firat two typea of CO lasers doea not provide for two of
the above conditions due to the low gensity of active molecules and, there-
foxe, the low unit radiation energys By the excitation of the working
- medium by electron ionization, it is possible to obtain long smooth
radiation pulaes with high unit power take-off, however, higher powu;r
characterietica are achieved nevertheleas by ahorter duraCions of pumping
since, in this case, the pumping power increases and, therefore, also
the gain of the active med3um and the energy introduced into the working
med ium [5-7] .
Higt-ier-parameters may be obtained by using sectionalized excitation of the
active medium in electrodischarge and electroionization lasers. In this
case, individual sections of the working medium are excited in sequence,
varying the delay time and the energy contribution when exciting the
individual aectiona, which makes it possible Co obtain almost any given
radiation pulse shape. The total radiation pulse length in such a system
may be increased to tx-'~vTC, where 'Gc length of pulae
generated by the individual section and N= number of sections.
Fig. 1 showa echematically a laser censisting of N secCions with total
length L, placed in a common resonator with coefficienCs,rl at:d r2 of the
mirror9. Let in any momenC of time one section be excited, for example 3,
while the preceding ones (1, 2) were used up and represent An absorbing
medium. The absorptfon is related to the higher gas temperature,
determined by the value of the energy contribution. To deCenuine the maxi-
mum radiation pulse length at a given length of the active medium and a
cer`cain method for ita excitation, we will write the condition for
quasistationary oscillation:
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Plv xlitil -I- 91)1.,
(1)
where g-- given in tihe ampli�ication region; ~�=~-~�~�~r,~,,)1(2L)
loas coeffic3ent in resonator mirror; ly and 1n lengtiha of amplifying
and abaorbing regions ,espectively. beaignatiing by 1i tihe length of the
i-th section, we obtain Lug relatiionehip whiah dereYtnines iCs minimum
length;
n-1 It qoL + gn I IA g� (2)
k-I
As an example, we wi11 conaider a multiaectional laser with an nonindependent =
excitQd discharge conCrolled by a lOma electron beam. In tihia case, a gain
of abouC 3 x 10"2cm [S ] can be maintained in the active medium. LeC Che
lengtha of the individual aecCions be equal, then at the moment of radiation
oscillation of the last seceion, when the abaorbing section has a maximum
lengCh, relationship (1) acquires the form;
b'lv-b'li(L--l.) �N BoL,
from where it follows that
!y/L = (8n+80)%(b'+b'u) �
(3),
We will uae the following parameter values for estimating purpoaea; L= 300cm,
r, r2 = 0.5, temperature of abaorbing medium T= 470K which corresponds to
an energy contribution of 0.2 joules/cm3 to mixture C02; N2= 1.2 at
_ atmospheric pressure. By determining the equilibruim population in the
lower laser level, we obtain for the absorption coefficient at given levels
Sn = 2.5 x 10-3 cm"1 and for resonator losses go = 1.2 x 10'3 cm-1. By
substituCing these values into (3), we obCain Ly/'L=1/9, i.e., N= 9. This
means that the length of the radiation pulse for the sequential excitation
of sectiong may exceed by nine times the radiation pulse length, generated
by an individuel section, i.e., may be 90 microseconds under conditions of
our example. If iesonatur losses are reduced by increasing the reflection
coefficient of mirrors, it is posaible to increase the number of sections:
in our example at x1 r2 = 0.8, N= 11.
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N'Ult UN'N'lI;LAL U5b UNLY
~
Naturally, the cited eeCimaties gi.ve the lower limit for N and ti� .
If expreseion (2) is used for determining the lengtha of the following
sections, Chen for 11 a 30cm, we obtiain r1 r2 m 0.5, N m 14 and for rl r2 ~
0.8, N- 20 (Fig. 2), which corresponde Co pulae lengths o� 140 and 200
miarosec respecCively.
The obCained resulre ahow that lengeha o� radiation pulaea in the ordar
of 100 microsec may also be obtiained with considarably ehorter pumping of
individual, aecCions, which is charactieriatic for an independent discharge
and tihis ie not relatied to a considerable increase in the tota1 length
L (Fig. 2). '
~
a 9? 10 n
vu ~
f~
3'0 � /
/
/
/
f0
Fig. 2. Relationships between the length of individual section and ita
ordinal number for rl r2 = 0.5 (1) and 0.8 (2) at L= 300 (solid lines)
and 400cm (broken l,ines).
Numerical modeling of nonstationary kinetic processes in a C02 laser [91
makes it possible to calculate the shape of the radiation pulse of a multi- ,
- sectional laser with an electrodischarge excitation. The calculation was
made for thze4.aecCions 40, 30 and 30cm long for an energy conCribution of
0.21 joules/cm' and a mixture of C02; N2: He = 1; 2; 3 at atmospheric pressure.
The results of calculaCione shown in Fig. 3 indicate that in oscillating
radi.ationa by all aections except the first, there may be no high-power
peaks and the amplitudea of the outpat radiaCion is found to be fairly
smooth. By a gradual increase of pumping power of individual sections, it
- is posaible to obtain radiation with increasing power ipig. 3b), i.e., in
principle it is possible to form radiaCion pulses of any g3ver shApe. ,
182
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o
a
e
y ~ .
(2)

0 Y 4 B 8 t,MKc
Fig. 3. Relationshipa between pumping power (a), radiation (b) and time,
calculaCed for mixture C2; N2: He d 1; 2; 3 for p= latm and average unit
energy contributions 0.2 (broken lines and 0.3 joules/cm3 (solid lines).
1. Iiw/cm3 2. microseconds
For experimental implementation of multiaectional excitation, iC is
necessary to determine the optimal valuea of the compositiAn and pressure
of the gas pressure, as well as the energy contribution that produces
the longesC individual radiation pulse with high unit energy. These
experimenCs were performed on an electrodischarge laser with a 3 x 4 x 74cm
volume of ChP active medium [10] .
w, ttQw/cn' (1) (2)
l0
5
0
CO?
W �Qx/cMJ a
p 4,~c
~
1 1
at,M~ 0 (~2 0,4 0,6 D,D f,0 p,amM ~3~
Fig. 4. RelaCionahips between the length (1) and energy (2) of radiation,
and composition (a) and pressure (b) when one secCion is operating.
1. m joulea/cm3 3. atmospheres
2. microaeconds
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,
rOk 01-rccrnr, USL qNLY
C
,
a
~
c
d
(1)
' o ? 4 t,MKC '
Fig. 5. Oscillograma of radiaCion pulses obtained at energy contributiions
of 0.25 joules/cm3 to the first sections and 0.12 joules/cm3 to the second
sectiona; delays between connections of sections and the radiation energies
are respectiively 0 microaec and 11.4 tik 3oules/cm3 (a); 1.5 and 11.0 (b);
2.0 and 9.7 (c) ; 2.5 anc'. 2.9 (d).
1. microseconds
For the experimental implemenCation of multisectional excitation, it ia
necessary to determine the optimal values of the composition and the pressure
of the gas mixture, as well as the energy contribution that produces Che
longest indivic_1~_-a1 radiation pulse with high unit energy. These experiments
were performed on an electrodischarge,laser with a 3 x 4 x 74cm volume
of active medium E10] .
Fig. 4a shows tHe relationships between the length and energy of the radia-
tion pulse depending upon Che composition of the C02 - N2 - He mixCure at
atmoepheric preasure and an 0.2 joules/cm3 energy contribution typical for
a C02 laser with an electrodischarge system,u,f radiatinn. An increase in
the pulse length with an increase in the nitroigen concentration in the
mixture is due to the greater time of invErsion existence caused by the
long Cime needed for Cransfering the energy from N2 to C02.
At the same time, the gain drops due to a reduction in the concentration
of C02 molecules [9] , nearing the loss coefficient in the resonator, as
a result of which the radiation energy is reduced. For the utilized
resonater (gold mirror and germanium plate) the optimal mixture composition
C02: N2: He = 1; 4: 5.
The effect of preasure on the characteristics of the radiation pulse is
- shown in Fig. 4b. The cited data was dbtained for mixture C02: N2: He =
1: 4: 5 for a fixed unit ener,gy contribution W/p = 0,2 joules/(cm3 atm).
184
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Sectionalized excitiatiion experimenCs were performed on an electirodischarge
lgser consieting of two sections with volumes of active medium 3 x 4 x 34
and 3 x 4 x 40cm, The sectione ware excited by two Marx oscillators with
"shock" 0.016 ant 0.02 microfarad capacitiora for a charging voltiage of
each stiage of about 50kv. The delay between the aectiion atarts was
produced by means oF G5-15 and GI-10 oacillatora and an electronic delay
circuit with an operating accuracy no worse than 100na.
Fig. 5 ahows oacillograma of radiation pulaea obtained for various deYays.
IC may be seen that with a longer delay, the length of the radiation pulae
_ increases from tiwo to five microaeconda for an insignificant reduction in
radiation energy (oacillograms a-c). A further increase in the delay
leads to independent operation of the sections, as a consequence o� which .
the radiation eaergy reducea sharply. This is explained by the facC that
the energy contribui:ton to the second secfiion ia chosen in ruch a way that
the gain during itis op,aration ia only slightly higher Chan the loss
coefficienC in the reaot:atior. IC is preciaely under such conditions that
. iC is possibla to obrain a emooth radiaCion pulse in the operation of a
multisectional laser (Fig. 5a). However, these conditions are not
beneficial for the independent oscillation of the radiaCion of the second
sectiion, therefore, the total radiation energy for the independent operaCion
A of sectiona decreases noticeably. It is clear that an increase of energy
contribution to the second section will lead to a jump in radiation power
at the moment iC is connected in (Fig. 3b). Thus, by regulaCing the energy
contribuCion and the delay length in connecting individual'sections, we
have the poesibility of obtaining any required signal shape (rectangular,
incremental, etc.). We will note that by aectionalizing the electrode
system, it ie possible not only in the longitudinal direction (along the
resonator axis), buC also traneveraly, which opena up possibilities for
increasing further the length of the laser radiation pulses.
In conclusion, the authors express their gratitude to Yu. Bychkov for useful
discussions of the described results.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Andreyev, S. I.; Verzhikovskiy, I. V.; Dymshits, Yu. I. 2hTF, 40, -
1436 (1970).
2. Girard, A. Optica Comms, 11, 346 (1974).
3. Girard, A.; Beaulieu, A. J. IEEE J. QE10, 521 (1974).
4. Velikhov, Ye. P.; Zemtsov, Yu. K.; Kovalev, A. S.; Persiyantsev, I. G.;
Pi:;'mennyy, V. D.; Rakhimov, A. G. "Letters to ZhETF," 19, 364 (1976).
5. Basov, N. G.; Belanov, E. M.; Danilyvich, V. A. et al. "Letters to
7,hETF," 14, 421 (1971).
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Fox oFricraL usE ornY
6. Bychkovi Yu. Y.; Oeipov, V. V.; Savin, V. V. 211TF, 46, 1444 (1976).
7. Savic, P.; Keker, M. M. Canad. J. Phys., 55, 325 (1977).
� 8. Leland, V. T. KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONZKA, 31 855 (1976).
9. Bychkov, Yu. I.; Kudrysehov, V. P.; Osipov, V. V.; Savin V. V.
KVAN'POVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, 3, 1558 (1976).
10. Bychkov, Yu. I.; Kudryashov, V. P'.; Oaipov, V. V. KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA,
1, 1256 (1974).
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", "Kvantovaya elektronika",
1979
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[:ac
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