JPRS ID: 8412 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

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20 APRIL i979 ' CFOUO 22l79? i OF i
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JP~t5 L~a4ia
20 Apri l 19 79
~
TRANSLAtIONS ON USSR SCIENCE A~~D TECHNO! OGY
PNYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
~ (FOUO 22/79)
, ~
U. S, JOINT ~UBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
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NOT~
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JPR5 L/8412
20 Apri1 1979
TRANSLAtIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AIVD TECHNQLOGY
~ PHYS,ICAL SCIENCES AND.TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 22/79)
CONTENTS PAGE
,
Li,CC'1'EtUNIC5 AND EL~CTRICAL ENGINEERING
P1icrowave Radiarion of the Surface oC the ~urth Where
- Vegetative Covcr Is Pr~:sen~
(K. P. Kirdy~shev, et al RADIOTEKIINIKA I Et.EKTRONIICA, -
Feb 79) 1
SCICN'1'IS;S AND SCIENTIEIC ORGANIZATIONS
,loint Me~ting of~Sections of Scientific Councils of the
� State Committce on Science and Technology and USSR _
Academy of Scicnces
(V. P. Trofimov, K. S. Adzerikho; INZIIENERNO- '
FIZICtIESKIY ZHURNAL, Feb 79) 12
PUBI.ICAT IONS
Ma~;netic Fli~ids--Natural Convection and tieat Exchange
(P. E. Fertman; MAGNITNYYE ZHIDKOSTI--YESTESTVENNAYA
KON`lEKTSIYA I TEPLOOBMEN, 1978) 16
Automatin~ the 1)esign of Complex Ltgic Structures
(V. A. Gorbatov; AVTOMATI7,ATSIYA PROYEK'fIROVANIYA
Si,OZIINYKIi I,OGICkiESKIIQi STRIJKTUR, 1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 -
AriChmetic Units of Digital Computers
(G. N. Solov'yev; ARIFMETICHESKIYE USTROYSTVA EVM, 1978) 21
Design of Functional Subassemblies for DigitaT Computers Using
Integr~~t~d Circuits
(KUNSTRUIROVANIYE FUNKTSIONAL'NYKH UZLOV EVM NA
IN'IEGRAL'NYKEI SKHEMAKH, 1978) 25
-a- [III-USSR-23S &TFOUO] '
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CON'1'CN'CS (Conrinued) p~~g~
Uetr.ction of Ionizing Itadiation
('Liynt Adbullovich A1'bikov, et nl.; DCTEKTORY
, IMPUL' ~NOGO IONIZIRU~fUSHCHEGO IZLUCHENIYA, 1978) . . . . . 27
N~utron Mekhods of An~lyzing the Composition of Matter
- (Yevgeniy Roskislavovich KArtashev, Alekaundr ~
Sergeyevich ShCan'; NCYTRONNYYE MLTODY NEPRERYVNOGO
ANAi.IZA SOSTAVA VESHCHES'i'11A, 1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
P~rCicles in Plasma Research
(Yuri~? Vladimirovich Gott; VZAIMODEYSTVIYE CNASTITS S -
VESHCHESTVOM V PLAZ1~l3NYt~I ISSEDOVANIYAKH, 1973) . 37
llolographic MeC.hods, Equipment
� (Ye.A. Antonov, et al.; OPTICHESKAYA GOLOGRAFIYA:
PRAKTICHESKIYE PRIMENENIYA, 1978) 41
Properties of Negative Ions and AssociaCed Pr~cesses ~
- (Boris Mil:haylovich Smirnov; OTRITSATEL'NYYE _
IONY, 1978) 46
r
- b -
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~
- H'Uk UN'N'IC1AI, IISI~; t)NLY
I:LLCTItONICS AND [:LI:C'CRICAL ENGINECRING
- UDC 621.396.962:550.35 -
~IICROWAV~ RMIATION U~ THC SURFACE OF THE ~e'.:tTH WHERE V~;GETATIVE COVE~ IS -
1'R~SENT
Moscow RADIOTEKHNIKA I ELEKTItONIKA in Rusaian No 2, Feb 79 pp 256-264
[Arriclr. by K.I'. Kirdyashev, A.A. ChukhlAntsev and A.M. 5hutko, manuscripC ~
received 27 Dec 77]
[Text] The results of experimental studies of the -
spectra of the microwave rAdiation of the ear[h'e
surface where vegetative cover is present are given.
The specific features of the microwave radiation
ini~erent in various types of vegetation are establish-
ed. QuH~iCitative estimates of Che influence of vegeta-
Cion on the r~diaCion of the earth's surface are de-
rived. A relationship is ascertai~ed between ttie
characteristics of the microwave rAdiaition and certain
biometric parameters of the vegetation. `
-
The ?ieed ariscs for the derivation of quar~tttative estimates of the shield-
ing influence of diverse eypes of vegetative covers, agricultural crops,
grasses, undergrowth, trees, etc., in connection wiCh the development of
microw~ve radiometric methods and equipment for the remote display of the -
state of a sul~~ucent surface: the determination of soil humidity, the degree ~
of bogginess of terrain, its passability, and Che localization of centers ~
of forest fires [1-3]. `
Alon~ with a study of the shielding influence, it is also of inCerest to _
study the capability of determining some of the biometric chara~cteristics -
inhercnt in Che vegetative cover: the biomass, height, etc., based on Che
data of microwave radiation spectral measurements. -
l. Some results of ori~inat experimental research in *_his field, conducted
at [he institute of Radioengineering and Electronics ~f the USSR Academy of =
5cienc~s over the period Erom 1965 to 1976, are presented in this paper.
The experiments were conducted at a permanent ground station, from on board
~ aircraft and earth satellites in a broad range of wavelengths from 0.8 to
30 cm (see the table). "
1
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, 'L'he vulues of the brightness temp~rutures and emisaivities were eatim~ted ~
C~king into Account iriterngl cFi.libr~tion atAndarda, ~s well a~a on the bnsis
- oC the rudio brlghtness gradient of a smooth wuC~r aurEnce with a known
wuter tem~~ernturef as we].1 ~s Enr sections of thick foresC. The emissivity
of n wuter s~arface wua cletermined From the Freanel formulus, while the emis-
sivtty of the cnlibr~ring forest secCior~s wAS Caken equal Co unity. The
_ error in the measurements oF the brightness temperatures amounCed Co 5--15� K.
_ Measurements of C}ie microwave radiation o~ ground covers dem~n~truted thaC
~ the influence oP ve~et~rion on thc radiation of ttie ear+~h's surface is de-
termined by Che type of vcge~ative cover ~nd iCa condition. The purameters
which determine Che xAdiation level are: the em35eiviCy of the ground eurface,
~ the f~ctors of r~diation reflection and transmittance by the vegetution, And -
the degree og coverage of the ground surf.ace by the vegetation. The specl.fic -
_ radiation feaCures inherent in diFFeren,t types of vegetative covers arise as
a consequence of the diEferin~ rati~ c~f the mz~gnttude3 of these pr~rameters.
' Uepending on the nAture and degree of influenc~ of the vegetation on the -
radiation of the earth's surface, the followin~; types of vegetaCive covers
can be differentiaCed; a) agricultur~tl crops :tn the early et~ges of vege- =
tation, spike and grass covers; b) '''broad lefif" agricultrual cropa (FUn-
flowers, corn, beets, etc.); c) underbrush and foreat vegetation.
Cl~aructeristic radi;ition epectra ure presented in the paper as applie~i to
these types of vegetative covers and the corre;~ponding attenuation levels -
' are eveluated. Examples of the recordings of the brigh~ness temperatures
Tg of the ground surface are shown in Figure 1, which are characteriatic for
tiie indicated types of vegetation. The spectr;il curves of rhe emissivity
K(1) of Che discriminated areas are shown in Figure 2. .
~
- The data of the measurements, which are shown in Figure la, were obtained ~
' from experimental fields of the Yeniaey hydrological station by means of the -
radiometric complex instnlled on-board an IL-18 aireraft. A comparison of
, the radiation spectra for a field of winter ryc with a height of 20-25 cm
~~nd plowed ground with a, value of soil moisturc~ close to that of ~the rye
~ (based on data of ground observations, the soil. humi~,:'~ty for both fields
amounted to 27--30%) shows that the inEluence of this type of vegetation
is substantial in ttie centimeter band (Figure 2a). The noted increments
in the level of the emissivity due to the influence of vegetation amount to
0.05--0.15. In the decimeter band, the radiation of areas with vegetatic~n
differs little from the radiation of the open soil. An analysis of the
radiation spectra of grass vegetation, covering a pasture (Figure la), forest -
~;lades ~nd cut over areas (Figure lc), as well as the boggy regions of th~
~;round surface (Figure ld), shows thaC the influence af gras~y vegetation
is likewi.se manifest primnrily in the centimeter region of the spectrum and
11tCle nt decimeter wavelengths.
3
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_
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~ ~
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d (e~ ~ ~
Figure 1. r,xamples of the recardings of. the brightness Cemperatures .
of the earth's surface where vegetation is present:
a. Area of mixed forest winter rye (II), plowed land (III)
and pasture (IV) at wavUlengths of 2.25 cm (1), 10 cm (2)
and 30 cm (3); �
b. Corn fields with dry (I) and moist (II) soil, dry pasture ,
- (III) and sunflower fi~lds on dry soil (I~) at wavelengths
of 3.4 cm (1) 10 cm (2) and 30 cm (3); .
c. Forested terrain in the Krasnoyarsk kray, including'coni- '
, ferous and ~nixed forest (1), flooded regions (II) [sic]~
' boggy arcas (III) nnd a lake (IV), at waveiengt~a of 2.25 cm,
~ (1), 10 cm (2) and 30 cm (3).
d. The boggy Bol~shoy Khingan regic:~ in the Far East (I) and
Siberian forest (II) at wavelengt,hs of 3.4 cm (k~ and -
8.5 cm (2); ~
e. The Sahara Uesert (I) and the boggy region of the tipper
Nile (II) at wavelengths of 1.35 cm (1), 3.4 cm (2) a.nd
8.5 cm (3).
4
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_J'
x x , I
= q9 ' ~ - _ _ lQ
~ ' Q9 1l -
- qe A q8
' -Y"~~--~-----~
q~ ~ . o.~ .
~ Q6 ~ ~ ~ ~ (b)
qs s to fo cH
~ 10 a f0 cN _ to ~
K
_ 1~ i~;ure 2. Spectral curves of the emissivity ~w~~`~~ _
_
_ of various types of vegetative
covera: ~
~ -
a. A field of winter rye (II) ancl pg
a plowed field (III); ~
\
b. Corn on dry (I) :~nd (II) soil, ' 1
dry (ITI) and moist (III')
plowed fields; ? _
c. Flooded forest (II in Figure ~.c). ~
- 48 ' ~ , ~
, Y 3 )0 20~,cn
' A skudy oF the radiat.ion spectra of broad leaf crops was carried on the
irrigated fields of the i,rimean oblast (Figure lb). A distinctive feature
- of rhe radiation spectra of such crops is the reduction in the emissivity
1eve1 wit~. a shortening oi t}~e wavele:ngth. A change in soil humidity has
practically no effect on the emissivity of a cornfield in the centimeter
region of the apectrum and exerts a marked influence in the decimeter re-
_ gion (Figure 2b). This fact indicates the complere shielding of the soil
radiarion by the vegetation in the cen~lmeter band (the height of the corn
is 1.5--2 m). Alower value of the emissivity of a cornfield with dry soil ~
for short wavelengths, as compared to laciger wavelengChs, can be explaineu
by the increasing infl.uence oL the reflective propertiea of broad leaf vege-
tation with the shortening of the electromagnetic wavelength.
An investigation of the r~idiative characteristics of forest showed that thick
forest masses on dry soil nre characterized by the gre~test emissivity, whi~h
is close [o unity in the frequency range studied. An idea of the shielding `
;~roperties of forest vegetati.on can be obtained from a consideration of the ~
_ t~diaCion spectra of a flooded pine forest (Fi~ures lc and 2c). Based on
ttie d.~ta of sround observations and aerial photographs, the underlying surface
under the trees was flooded with wat2r in the amount of 60--SOY. As follows =
Erom Figure 2c, in the centimeter band, the emissivity ia close to unity,
something which indicates the complete shielding of the radiation of the -
underlying surfACe by the forest canopy. The observed spectral dep~ndence
S
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~ ul the radi~tion intenyity in the decimeker br~nd HtteyCe to the "semitrtin~-
- pi~rency" oE Che cunopy for decimeter wavelengtha. 'I`ha apectrttl featurpe
noted here for Che r~tdi~ttion of forest regions, which ~re charACterized by -
a I?i~;h levi_?1 of moisture in Che sub~acenC eu~�ace, were oba~:rved when re-
cordin~ t}~e microwave rAdi~ttion of the earth from Che "Ko~mos-243" und -
"Kosmos-38~~" sutellit~~:~ (rigure le),
A comp~~rison of the radiaCion spectr~x oE a~ground aurface with ~rasa and
forest vegetatton ahows ChuC tt~ese two Cypes of covera httve spectral curvca
for. the emissivity which are close, ~nd rir.e charucCerized by ~ monoConic
r.eduction ln thc emissiviCy with un incre~se in wavelengCh. A aubstuntlAl _
diCEerenc e beCween these Cypea of ve~etation consists in the exCent o� the ~
shiel~in~ influence, which is considerubly greater for forest vegetttCion.
'L'l~i.;~ is clearly manifest in the an,alyais of the radiation apectra of boggy
~reus with an emissivity of ehe sub~acent surEace close to the emiseivity
~~f w~ter (Fi~ure lc, d, e). Such studies ehow that the forest cover com-
pletely shields Che radiation of the sub~nc~nt aurface At ~entimeter wave-
_ len~;ths and leads to ~n increase in the emissivity of the '�forest--wuter
surrace" system in the decimeter range up to 0.8--0.9. Grass cover proves
to be semitransparent C?lroughout the entire range of frequencies which were
studied (tlip incre~ses in Che emissivity amount Co 0.1--0.4).
2. Qasecl on the daCn of the experimental studies witich were carried out,
' qunntitative esCimates were obtained for the levels of attenuation of the i-
- microwave radiation for the indicated types of vegetative covers.
Tl~e characteristics of the attenuation in a layer of veger~tion of Che
winter rye type were determined from a compariP~r~ of the emissivity of areas
with vegetAtion and the e~issivity of plowed ground with close values of
~oil moisture content (Figure 2a). The integral attenuation of the radia- ~
tions T can be expressed in terms oF the emissivity of an area with vegeta-
tion K tind plowed~ground Kn, neglecting refl~ction from the vegetation:
~ 2 ~n1! x
wl~ere K= 1-Re-2T; Kn = 1- R; R is the factor for radiation reflection
from the soil. The integral attenuation in winter rye, obtained from measure~
ment data, amounts ro'0.05--0.3 nepers (Figure 3) (estimates of the error in
tlie determination of T due to the difference in temperature and moisture con- ~
tent oE the fields studied in the given experiment show that the size of the ~
error does not exceed 0.05 neper).
To inter.pxet the results of ineasuring the emissivity of broad leaf crops
(I~igure 2b), it is necessary to account for the effects of reflection from
- tlie vegetation. In this case, the emissivity of the cover should be con-
sidered in the form [2]: .
_ 6
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x=xo-i- (i-1~) q.-I-Itq,xo, -
9.� ! 9rR' xo~l-q-r,
where KD ~8 the emissivity of rhe vegeL~Cion lAyer; q and r nre Che
transmiCtance and reflection factors for the veBetution radiation. The -
pnrAm~ters q and r for brond 1e~f crops, in pnrricutAr, for car.n, can
- be found from t~ c~mpArison oE rhe emissivities Cor n corn Eield and ~lowed
areas liuv.ln}; close valuea of soil moisCure content (Figure 2b):
(3) R~(1-x,)-It~(1-x,) -
r� - -
~ f~, (1-x,R,) -R, ( t-x:/f,)
( (st~-x~) ~ 1-It,r) ( t-R,r) 1'l~
4~ ~ R,-!~, ~
where K1 and KZ .1re thc measured vAlues of the emissivity of khe corn field -
_ wtth dry und with moist.soils; R1 and RZ are rhe r~dia~tion ref.lection L~ctorg
from dry and moist soil, defined in rerms oC
_ tk~e measured values of the emissivity oE -
- t Nenep ' ploed ground K~1 2= 1- R1 2. nased on the
_ T, ne~ers measurement data; the size of the reflection
- factor does not exceed 0.1, while ttie trans-
~ 43 mittance factor varies witl~in limits oC 0.3--
~ ~ Z J 0.8 (Figure .
~ q2 -
~ I3ased on the rudiation spectrum of flooded
forests (Figure 2c), it proves to be possible
to determine the integral a~tenuation in tlie
canopy. The difference between the emissivity
and unity in the centimeter baiid is determined -
_ 0 10 20 ~,crr b the resence of " "
y p gaps in the vegeCation.
I~ihure 3. ThP spectral The emissivity of the cover where gaps are
rurve of the inte~r~il ak- Present in the vegetation can be expressed as
Ll'.IlU1CLOR of the radiativn ~2~'
Uy winter rye based on x=1-Re-'~_R~(1-e-*) (~-~e-`-I-2e'~
~xperimental data ~1) Eor (5)
area II in ~igure la, and -
tl~at calculuted for values Where ~ is the relative area o~ the gaps. In
oE Qm = 4U qu intals/tiectare the case of considerable absorption, T� 1,
(2) Znd Qm = 70 quintals/ the difference between the emissivity and uni.ty
- /hectare (3), whcre Q is is determined by the quantity R~2. To esti-
the biom,t~;:; and m is the mate R it is convenient to consi~er the
_ moistur~ contenC by wetght. graphicA~ function: ln(1 K) as a function of
1/J1, where a is the wavelength. Based on the
1
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i
i~OP, OI~rICIAI~ USI: ONI,Y i .
c~bCained vnlues of R= 0.3 and 0.35~ VALII@9 of the integrnl. utGenunrion
In ~l~e cr~nopy tor decimerer wavelengths were derermined Crom (5), where
these vulues v~tried wiChin A ranqe of 0.5--1.5 nerere (I~igure 5). Lt .
shou.ld be notecl rhnC Che quantity t~iken iis ~ canstnnt in the ciilculr~tion:~,
~;~ncrri.lly anenkin~; dependfl on the radintion wuvelenbth bec~~uae of the fact
, ttint Cor wnvelergtlis comparable wiCh the geometXic dimer.;ions of the S~ps, ~
diL�fr~ction efL�ects uppear. Cstablishing Che relationsh3p of the r�Adtative
characGerieCtc~ to the degree of coverage of ~he earth's surface Uy ve~eta-
- ~ion requlree furrhar rese~rctt.
3. We shalt consider tlie relt~tionship b~cween ttie qu~n~i!:iea obt~tined for
tlie atCenu~rion and the biometric paramel�ers of the vegeCAtion, and in this
cnHe, we sl~ull work from the expression derived in paper [3~ for tlie integral
- r~ldiation atCenu~ticm in a veget~Cion layer ~~tth elements in Che form of sm11.1
- cli~ks and cylinders: ' -
~6~ T= 3 kNVGe; )ssec4,
whe~~~ u= 1 and u= 2 for cylindera ~nd disks rhspectively; k= 2~r/a is
the wave number; V~nd N~re the volume oE ~ vegeeation element r~nd the
numbcr of them per unit volume; G is the volumetric moisture content of
an e.lement of vegetation; e~ is rhe imaginary part of the complex dielectric
~~ermittivity of water; h is the height oE the vegetative cover; and 0 is
- the viewin~; angle.
r 9 ~xpression (6) can be reduced to the _
4> form:
(7) T_ 2~~
_ 3~[M]
10-'Q[~ylia]me; ,
\ T ~
- 0,05 \ 0,5 which relates thP attenuaCion to the
2 biometric parameters of the vegetat3on:
~ the biomass Q(equal to the mass of
~ vegetation referenced per unit of area)
2` \ and the moisture ~ontent by weight m,
defined by the ratio of the weight of
' p 1 0 water contained in the vegetatian to -
3 10 10 30~,cn the weighC of the dry vegetation.
h l~;~ir~~ ~i. The spectral dependence Experimental values of the attenuation
oE tlic reflection factor (1) and in the types of vegetation which were
studied are compared in Figures 3--5
ti~e trlnsmittance facti.~r (2 and With the calculated values, compuCed
'L') Por corn. in accordance with expression (7) for
.l, 2: lSased on experimental data the model of cylinders (the transmit- -
(.irE~.~s I nnd II in Figur~ tance factors q (Figure 4) are com- -
pared with the calculated values q=
Z' :(:~i lculcttion results for values = e'T) . The quantities for the
~ ~~C tlm = G00 quintal/hectare.
8 -
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biomri:~y ~~nd moi:~ture content used in the cnlculntions wer~ enken from '
. ~;rouncf nUservaCion dnCa.
~ rn~nep s�r~ry As fotlows from Figure 3--5, the calcul~ted
p' vulues satisf~ctorily ~gree with Che ex-
perim~ntnl on~s. The obyerv~d difEerences
can be ~xplained by Che ~pproxim~te ri~ture
~ of the model assumpCions which were udopted
ns regnrds the shape and nttture of the
~ spatinl distribuCion of tt~e elementg of
- 2~\~ Che veg~t~tive cover. In thr generc~l cnse,
when interpreCing the dat~ of radiophysicnl
mer~~urements, it is likewise neces~ary to
tnke into ncco~nt Che relutionship beCween
- 0 10 PO ,i,tr+ the fractions of the biomass included in
N i~;ure 5. 'Ctie ypectrol depend- Che quasichnoCic portion (lenves) and in
ence of the inte~;rnl uttenu- tt~e oriented elements (stems, trunks) of
_ ~ltton oE rndiation by a forest rhe vegetaCive cnver. 'Ch~ contribution of
canopy, bn~ed on experimental Chese components depends on the ungular co-
d~zta (1) for ure~ II in ordinates of the ~ounding direction.
f~igure lc, and thar c~lcu-
lated for a vr~lue of Qm = ~xpression (7) can be employed for esti-
. m~te calculations of the radiation uttenu-
= 700 quintAl/hectare (2). gtion in vegetative coverg.
Based on the values �,~btained for the attenuation, t1~e influence of vege-
- tation on the radiation of the cover was quantitatively determined. This
influence is characterized by the quantity S:
Ox g'
(g) OR (1--rR,) f 1-rk,j '
expressed as the ratio of the change in the emissivity of the cover ~K to
the change in the reElective properites of the surface AR. When measuring
the moistur~ content oC soils by microwave radiometry [4], S has the mean-
inb of the coefficient for the reduction in the slope of the radiation--
moisture content curve ~Tg = sf(~W), where W is tlte soil moisture content.
Values of S for the types of vegetation studi~d are shown in Figure 6 and
vary in tt~c centimeter band within a range of O--O.b, and in the decimeter
band, within a range of 0.3--1.0.
'fhe dependence oE the shielding influence as function of th~_ state of the
veF;etation in various stages of growth should also be note~i. The indicated
~ c~urves were derived Cor the case where the microwave radia~ion of cotton
ficlds in Central Asia were studied. The measurements were performed from
~n-bu~rd an AN-2 aircraft at a wavelength of 18 cm. A comparison of the
9
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~
~misqiviCy of ~ c%~eton field with g pldwed nr~gr cinge in Cermg nf ~oil
mni~ture conCenC, shows th~C in st~r with ehp gruweh oE the cneton pl.inty, -
th~lr r~hie].dinh inLluenC~ incre,hses (~igure 7). When thc cnttdn hei~ht _
increnseg from 4U cm up Ca 1 m, Che size of p ch~nged from 0.9 to U.75.
p
~ ~
/
~ dx
Ii~ QOJ .
/1
~
2 ~ ~ ~ n,H
Qs qoY ~ ~ ~,a
, ~
3 f
40~ q5
i
~ Au ust
- 0
3 !D :0 x,c� June wbM,~~~~Retyc
~eHm~Jp~ _
Ju y SepCembcr
N i~;ure 6. The apectrAl ~.iepend- ~igure 7. 'The increase in
ence oE the coefficient. for emissivity of a cotton Eteld -
~l~e reduction in the slope of above the radiation of plowed
the r~diation-mnistur~z contenC ground (1) and the cotton plnnt
curve wtiere a winter rye type hei,ght (2) during the experi-
oE vegetative cover is present ment.
(1) as well as for corn (2) _
and forest (3).
CdrteZuaiont3. 1. '~he experimental studies which were performed as~ertained
- the specific features in the m{~rowave radiation spectra of ground cover,
- whict~ are inherent in the specific types and atates of the vegetation.
'l. A comparison of the experimental data with the reaults of the model
_ calc~ilations, which rake into necount the biometric and electrophysic~l
tiidicacors of the corre~ponding types of vegetation, allowed for the deri-
vation of quantitative estimates of the a[tenuation and refl~ction of elec
_ tromagnetic waves by the ve~etaticn in a range of 0.8--30 cm.
~l. ~tu.7ntitative es[imates were deri~ed for the shielding effect of the vege-
tation on the radiation spectrum of the subjacenC surface, in particular,
rhe values of the coefficients for the reduction in the slope of the radi-
:~tinn-moisture content curve were determined.
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i
4. 'Ch~~ rrescnce of n r.nrr~lr~tion w~~s ascert~ined Ueewec~i Ch~ Cf1UrUCCLYLyCICy
- nE th~ microwavc r~di~Cion and Che UiomeCric indicuCors of the vegeCaCion
(bi~m.�~, liei~;he, moi~C~~r~ cont~nt), samething whic}~ indicnees tlic U~nyic
c.~pabil.ity oC nbt~~inin~; cert~in estim~ites of binm~Cric indicatore from the
re:~u1C;~ oE r~diometric mc~surements.
The ~~utliors wo~ld like tu express their gr~~ttiCude to A.Ye. I3u~h~rinov for
hiw ConsC.~nC interest in this work and Che discussion oE thc~ regults.
1~I13LIOCEtAPEiY
- 1. ~.Y~~. If.~yharinc~v, L.'I'. Tur.hkov, V.M. ['oly~kc~v, N.I. M~~nov, "Izmereniye
' r.idt~~tr.plovykh i plazmennykh izlucheniy v SVCh-dihrnzone" ["'Chc Measurement
oC Rndiotherm~l ~~nd Plasma Radiations in the Microwave B7nd"], Sovetskoye
~ K~dio Publiqhers, 1968.
2. A.Yc. 13ashnrinov, A.S. Curvic}~, S.T. Yegorov, "Radioizlucheniye zemli
kak Planety" ["The kadio Emission of the ~7rth and Plnnets"j, Nuuku
p~Utishers, 1974.
3. L.t~. I3nrodin, K.P. Kirdyazhev, Yu.p. Stakankin, A.A. Chukhlantsev, _
ftADIt7T~KHNIKA I~L~KTRONIKA, 1976, 21, 9, 1945.
4. A.Yc. Basharinov, A.M. Shutko, METEOROLOGIYA I GIDltOLOGIYA, 1971,
9, 17.
COI'YRICfiT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," "Radiotekhnika i elektronika," 1979
8225
C50:1870
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.
. ~Oit 0~~'ICIAt, US~ ONLY
~CIENTIST5 AND 5CIENTYFiC ORGANIZATIONS
JOINm M~ETINC 0~ 5ECTION5 0~ 5CI~NTI~IC COUt~CIL5 0~ TNE STA'fE COMMITT~~ ON
5CI~NCE: ANU TECHNnLOGY ANU US5It ACAD~MY 0~' 5CI~NC~S
Mittsk INZH~I3~RN0-~I7.ICHESKIY ZHURNAL in Itugginn, V 36 Nn 2, Feb 79,
Pp 372-313
(Article by V. I'. Trofimov nnd K. S. Ad~erikhoJ
[Text] A,~oint sessinn ofc the section "He~C Bxch~nnge by R~diation" of the
Scientific Council on the problem "Mass Transfer nnd Neat Transfer in 'Tech-
nological processes" of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers
U55R on 5cience and Technology and the heat and mags exchnnge section of
= the 5eientific Council on the "Complex Problem 'Thermal Physics' of the
A5 US5R" w7s held 6-7 April 1978 in Minsk.
'[wo of the problems discusaed were:
1. Present state of the problem and basic trends of developmenC of inethods
of mathematical madelling of radiation and complex heat exchange in
technological processes.
2. Propos~hls of Che commis~iun vn development of a mathematical model oF
a forest fire.
R. I. 5oloukhin, Chairmnn of the Council of Di.rectnrs of ITrtO (Instirute of
Heat and M.nss I:xchnngc~ imeni A. V. i,ykov of. the A5 BSSR, Corresponding
btember of th~ AS U55R opened the conference. Corresponding Member of ti~e
AS U5SR 8. S. Petukhov and boctor of Technical Sciences A. G. Blokh, chair-
men of the sections indicnted above conducted the work of the conference.
Problem uddresses on the first problem described the cnntemporary state and
means of further development of inethods of mathematical modelling of heat
_ exch~nge by radiation in the real spectrum (V. G. Sevast'yanenko), mathemat-
ical methods of solvinF problems of radiative-conduction heat exchange
(A. A. Kobyshev) and mett~ods of mathematical modelling of radiation heat
exch.~ngc in metallurgicnl heat engineering (A. 5. Nevskiy~ V. C. Lisiyenko).
12 ,
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S~~ver~i I 4pc~rik4r~~ ~I1KCU~aud m~~thcmutic~il mndciling of c,ptlr.iil r.hnrucCeri~tic~ -
c~f m~le~~ulur g~sc~ (V. G. 5evggC~~?anenko, lt. I. Soloukl~iti ~nd I. Colo- _
viyev) nnd methndg of cnlculation of their rgdintion baaed on modellin~ dE
etie spectr~l composition (Yu. V. Khndyko). There wng congiderable intere~t
in ,i repnrt concerning mnthematicnl modelling of complex hene ex~hunge with
, con~iderntion of the epectrum nf producCs of combustion, scattering und re-
flectinn of flows for a plnne luyer in which ~ selecCively nbsorbing, r~dia-
ting ~~nd ~cnttering medium is n~oving (S. P. DeCkov ~nd 0. A. Kh~levich). -
[~or ~olution of a prablem oE t~ypersonic flow around a blunt bndy by a radiu-
ting gas in the pr~gence of inCense vapuriz~tinn of elie frontal surf~ce
therc was uged u gas dynamic model of flow of n non-viecoue gne wiCh con~ider-
_ utinn of its optic~l chargeCeri,etica in the ehock wave gnd products of evnp-
or~~Cion (V. I. Mirskiy and V. I. Stulov).
One report (I. It. Mikk) pre~enta meChods of ineasurement and processing of
- experimenC~l data in studies of complex heat exch~nge.
'1'herc wc~re presented results of atudies conducted by u collective of ~uthors _
, (K. 5. Adzerikho, V. I. Nekrusov~ V. P. Trofimov und others) on modelling -
probl~ros oE radi.lnt heat exchgnge in medin of p1Ane geometry and an algorithm
c~f cnlculation of apectroscopic charaeCeriatics for n finite cylinder.
Ptathem~tical modelling of radiation properties of surfaces and their use in
cc~lculations of heat exchenge by radiation, including rndiation with consid-
eration of anisotropy, wus the aub~ect of several reports (L. N. Ryzhkov,
5. P. Rusin, V. D. Umitriyev, S. G. Arababov nnd othere) which produced great
interest among conference participants.
- Tlie reported resulCs of application of mathematical modelling of radiation
and complex heat exchange in electric circuite (Yu. M. Ageyev and others)
were considered to be quite important. These speakers emphasized the pros-
pects of use of electromodelling for these purposea on the basis of modern
electric~l engineering devices and computer technology.
A ttieoretical study (Yu. A. Surinov, L. B. Ionomareva) described the use of
ci tl~ird Eorm of the generalized zonal method for the most general statement
of a prublem concerning radiant heat exchange in a rectangular multizonal
chumber of random length~ filled by a heterogeneous absorbing and scattering
medium. _
Mare precise definition of individual parameters of the zonal method of cal-
culation of radiation of triatomic ga^es and coke particles based on generali-
z~tion oE experimental data permitted recommendations for calculating heat
exchange by radi~~tion ir. furnaces of boiler units (V. V. Vitor, I. I. Kopo-
pel'ko and L. V. Latyaheva).
1't~ere were reports concernine analytical and numerical methods of calculation
of radiation conduction heat exchange as applied to elements of electro-vacuum
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cl~vic~~, tl~c~ u~L of wl~icli permlC~ rgtlier rapid produation of necaeenry infor-
mntinn cnncerning thair thermal atnte (V. S. Koahelev, G. M. Teymb~lov and
_ V. I. Shevgtov)~
llecre~?~ udnpCed by the gnceian erophtteized rhe urgency und gre~~ import~nc~
_ nf furtl~er development of physicnl and mnthemutical bases of modelling pro-
cess~g of radiation attd complex heut exchange, gnalytical method,s of the -
theory of radiation h~at exchange, mathematical modelling of optical chur-
~cteristicg of g~s medin and re~diaCion properties of conetruction materi~ls -
of surfnces of assembliea And glso development of studies in mathemgtical
' mode111ng of radi~tion and complex h~eat exchunge in respec~ to apecific tecl~-
nologic~l prdc~sses nnd industrial appar~tus (metallurgy furnncea, tubular
furtt~cea of the petrnchemical indusCry, combugCion fireboxes of ateam gener-
utorg an.d others). There was recognized tt~e benefir of beginning etnndard-
ized methods of heat design for basic types of some assemblies (including
meC~llurgical furnaces).
There ie noted the necessity of further development of zonul methods of cal-
culution nf hent ~xchange by rudiation in metallurgicnl furnaces, tubulAr
f.urnace~ of the petrochemical industry, fireboxes nE hent engineering as-
semblies und others with conaiderution of combustion proceasea.
At somE secCions, it was noted thnt an important problem for development of
mathematicnl models of rudiation and complex heat exchange is their coordin-
ntion with xeal tectmologic~l procea~es.
Qoctor of Physical and Mathematical 5ciences A. ~t. Grishin diecusaed, in
relation to the second problem, a conEerence involving a temporary committee
on development of a mathematical model of a forest fire.
Presently existing models of forest fires describe either individual forms of
fires or individual aspecte of this phenomenon without considering the enCire _
complex of the processes occurring which have a aignificant effect on it.
As a result of discussion of preliminary materials, there was proposed a
physical and mathemt~tical model, developed on the busis of the mechanics of
the re~cting media. A poaitive distinction between it and other models is
that, in it, there are taken into consideration basic phyaical and chemi~+:~l
processea, arieing during foreat fires and its mathematical description
involves the laws of conservation of energy, momentum and mass. The model
proposed considers the effect of atmospheric procesaes, the type of forest
vegetation, structure and types of combus[ible materia~s and the topographi-
cal ctinracteristics of the locality.
Appr~ving the work of the temporary committee, the sections approved the
i>roposals of the committee for mathematical modelling of a foreat fire.
A continuation of work on improvement of data and the creation of particular
models for the purpose of practical application of them for development
oE methods and means of extinguishing forest fires was reco~ended.
14
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FOIt UF~ICIAL US~; ONLY ;
Or~~nlz~tinn~+l menaure~ Eor prncticnl checking of scientific reee~rch in
this nren wexe propo~ed. ~
'Ptie problem~ digcugged cre~eed grec~t interest. Ttiere were in xttendance 77
~peci~liatg (inclucling 2 corregponding membQrg of th~ AS USSlt, 21 with Dnctor
of SCiettce degrees ~nd 41 wieh Cnndidate of SciencQ degreea, representing
44 gcientific reeearch or~anizations and col.leges of Che country. (TeKTI
(Centrul ScienCific-[tese~rch Ue~ign and Construction Instirute for Boiler
TurbinesJ, ENIN ~Power Engineering Institute imeni G. M. Krzhizhanovekiy],
IVTAN [US5R Academy of 5ciencES InstiCu~c~ of Hiah Tempernturee], ITMO of !
t}~e I35SIt Acndemy of Sciettces, ITT~ AN SSSR~ IngCituta of Philosophy nf th~ i
Ii5Stt Acndemy of Sciences, VNIIMT [A11-Uniun 5cientific Reaearch Inatitute of
MeCnllurgy ~nd tleat Technology]~ MEI(Mogcow Power Engineering Institute],
etc.).
COPYRICHT: "Inzhenerno-fizicheskiy zhurnal~" 1979
2791
C50: 1870
I
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~ I
- i
i
~ I
PUBLICATTONS ~
~ i
MA(}NETIC FLUIDS--NATURAL CONVECTION AND HEl1T EXCHANGE
Minsk MAGNITNYYE Z~{IDKOSTI--:!ESTESTVENNAYA KONVEKTSIYA I TEPLOOBMEN in Russiun
1978 signed to press 6 Jul 78 pp 2-4, 205-206 . �
[Mnotution, table of contenta and introduction from book by P. E. Fertman, , -
Izdatel�atvo "Nauka i Tekhnika," 1,100 copiea, 208 ppJ
[Text] This book discusses the main methods of synthesizing magnetic fluidq �
and their pt~ysical properties. Original results from atudies of convective
heat exchange in magnetic fluid leyers of various configurations located in
nonhomo~~eneous magnetic fields are presented. The rapid development of the
thermov,ec;~anics of magnetic fluids, at the interface tetween mechanics and
electrodynamics of continur~, has been accompanied by extensive incorporation _
_ of the neW material, magnetic Pluid, into industry. The publication of these
results Will acquaint a aide range of specialists with tre properties of -
magnetic fluids and may expand their use.
The book is intended for scientific personnel and engineers dealing with
thermop}~ysics, fluid mechanics and heat engineering, tind may be used by col-
lege students.
Tables, 3; illustrations, 51; bibliograp2~y, 187 items.
Contents Page
Fore~+ord 3
Important symbols 5
Chapter l. Preparation and Properties of Magnetic Fluids 5
1.1 The magnetic fluid: an artificially creAted medium....,.......... 7
1.2 Methods of preparing magnetic fluids 16
1.3 Static magnetic properties 27
1.4 Electrical properties 40
1.5 Viscosity 43
1.6 Heat conductivity and heat capacity 51
1.7 Applications of ma~gnetic fluids 55
1.8 Magnetic fluids, a promfsing potential heat carrier 61
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~
Chapter 2. Main Equ~tiona in the Thermomechanica of Mngnetic Fluidn,.,.. 64 ~
2.1 Conservation laws in continuu 64
2.2 The quasistationary isotropic model 69
' 2.3 Kinetica of magnetizotion............~........~ ~1
2.4 Thermomechanical equations with allowance for internal rotation.,. 85
Chapter 3� Convectiv~ Heat Exchange in Mngnetic Fluids 95
3.1 Conditions for convect'.ve stability of a nonisothermic magnetic
fluid 95
3�2 Convective instability with magnetic field disturbance............ 100
3�3 A vertical. 1~yer heated from tlie side in a magnetic field with
a conatant vertical intensity gradient 113
3.4 Effect of a constant horizontc~l. intensity gradient on heat
� exchan~e in a vertical layer ii8
3�5 Heat exchange in annular layers in magentic fields with a
variable intensity gradient 126
- 3.6 Heat convection in a vertical layer in the magnetic field o#'
_ a current-carrying sheet 144
3�fi Heat exehange under forced convection.........~ 152
App~ndix 1. The Effect of Asymmetric Properties on Natural Convection
= of a Magnetic Fluid 160
Appendix 2. Methods fbr Numeric~.l Solution of Problems in Convective
Heat Exchange of Magnetic Fluids 177
= Bibliography 192
ForeWOrd
The development of modern engineering has been accompanied by the search for
and development of riew working media whicti make possible effective use of
poWer production equipment and the development of original industrial processes
~nd equipment designs. On the other hand, acientific research in energy (h~at)
and mass transport has been aimed at establishing interconnections between
relatively independent processes. This tendency was noted by A. V. Lykov in
the early 60's. In particular, the study of the interaction between electro-
magnetic fields and fluid and gaseous media has been eapecially fruitful. -
In the last decade, the attention of a wide range of tnvestigators has been
dresr?n to a nex industrial material, the magnetic fluid, Whose interaction with '
an externol magnetic field is governed by its poWerflt.l uiegnetic properties.
The etudy of Lhis interaction is the province of What is called "ferrohydro-
dynamics". It expands the traditional range of magnet~hydroc~ynamics and is
located at the interface between continuum mechanics and electrodynamics. ,
In view of the interrelationship between the temperature conditions of a medium
and the electrodynamic interaction bet~een the magnetic fluid and a field, w~
17
~ .
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_ ~
- I
_ ' have related the quentiona diacussed in this book tu the th~rmamech~ni~s af ~
magnetic flu~ds. Primary attention has been devoted to identif`ying the nutttre
of ,~onvective hent exchange in maRnetic fluids, but at the same time muc:h '
. info;~nation on the pt~ysical properties of tresa fluids has been presented und
- an attempt has been made to syatemntize theoretical models.
Natura].1y, in an introductnry work such as thia many import~?nt question~ have
been left out of the discussion. But the author hopea that the book wi11 help
the reader to form a r~ther complete conception of the development of this
relatively problsm in fluid c~ymemica.
Materiuls prepared by V. K. Rrxkhubu and N. P. Mr~tusevich trerc used in the pre-
paratian of section ]..2, muterial~ prepared by Y. G. Bashtov and J. Pavlinov~;
in section 3.2, mate~~~als by A. M. Vislovict~ in Appendix l, und materio?ls by
K. polevikov in Ap;~endix 2. B. E. ?'.ashevskiy taok part in the writing of
Charter 2.
The author expresges his gratitude to all the above comrades for their Work.
The auth~r i.~ uaeply gratefLl to Dr. of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
B. M. Berk;,:?skiy, Who proposed the idea of rmiting thi~ book, for hi~ constnnt
interest an~i scientific assistance.
COPYRIGfIT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka i Tekhnika". 1978 =
9480
CSO: 1870
,
u
18
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100040048-4

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.
I~t)It c1l~l~I.(.IAL USh uNI,Y
t~Ut?t,t rnmtnN~~
AL~OMATING Tkl~ U~SIGN OF COMPLEX LOGTC STRUC~I~RF.S -
Moscow AVTOMATTZATSIYA PROY~KTIROVANIYA SLOZHNYKH LOGICHESKIKH 5TRUKTUEt in -
Ruar~ian 19~8 signed to press 10 Oct 78, pp 2, 351-352
[Annotation and Cable oE contenta from book edited by V. A. Corbatov, Ener-
giya, 352 pagea, 7000 copies]
[TexCj ANNOTATION
Thia book is devoted to automating the deaigning of loglc etrucCurea from
speciEied inCegraCed modulea based on existing programa Chat automatically '
take into account the deaign semanCics of realizable tranaformatione. This
mukea iC posaible to work out an otpimum atrategy for the auComated design ~
of high-quality complex logic atructures. Realization of auch programP is
achieved by uaing the propoaed software, namely, the system for interpret-
ing Boolean logic (SIBUL). Examplea are given for implementing logic struc-
tures using multifunctional adaptive madulea ueed in induatrial automation.
The book will be uaeEul to epecial~sts who a*:e working on sutomating the -
design of numerical control systema, ae wel], as for ~raduates and etudenta
of the appropriate specialtiea. -
CONT~NTS PaBe
Preface 3
IntroducCion 5
Ct~npter 1.' The Problem of Creating an Automated System for ;
Uesigning I~ogic Structures
1.1 Structure of an automated system of design using pro- 7
grgm modulea -
1.2 Notatt,on for frequency arrays of relationships 13
1.3 Choice of algorithm in deaigning a routine 19
1.4 Sub~ective interpretation of a routine 28 _
1.5 A frequency-minimal covering algoritiim 30
- 1.6 Formalizing the routine by using algorithmic language 39
1.7 Designing the module 50
~ 1
rOR UFFIC1i?1. UtiF. c)iJLY
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__I
-
~
~
I~~)k ~11~1~1t;1,~1, 1?;:I; ltNl~l'
I'pge
Chnpeer 2. A SysCem for InCerpreCing 8oole~n Log~,c
2.1 Merhodology ~or computer dea~gn o,~ log3.c atrucCurea ''2 ~
2.2 SI~UL~ n system Eor ~,nterpreting Boolean logic 82
2.3 DynAmic ullocnti,on o~ memoxy 85
- 2.G Operation with files gg
Ct~npter 3. Computer Min~.mi.zution of Boolean Functions
3.1 Approximate structural minimizntion of Boolean functiona 106
3.'l Modules that make possible the formulation of a liat of 111
_ mnximal intervals
3.3 Modules of equivalent tranaformationa of Boolenn func- 127
tiona
3.4 Modules of a suporvieory and diepatching routine 141
3.5 Simultuneous minimization of a ayetem of Booleun func- 156 ~
tions
Chtipter 4. Computer Construction of 5Cructural biagrama
4.1 Diagr~m And propertie;~ of qu~si-equalities 161
4.2 Transitive orientation of diagrams of quasi-equAliCy 170
4.3 Optimizing functionals in the conatruction of struc- 179
turnl diagrams
4.4 'The "sCructure" routine 186
_ Ch~pter 5. A Structural-Compositionnl Deai,gn of Logic Systems
Using Comput~ra
. 5.1 Str.ucturnl algebra 204
5.2 Strict symbolic representation of structur~l algebra 216
5.3 The "K-diAgram" routine 22p
- Ch~pter 6. A Structural-Decompositional Design of Logic
6.1 Inverse operation of structural diagrams 284
6.2 A frequency-matrix diacrimination of nv diagrams 299
6.3 becompoaition of structural diagrams into tra aubdia- 304
grams
6.4 Funetioiial decompoaition of structure diagrams 312
_ 6.5 Dendritic realization of coalgebra diagrams 318
6.6 Automuted design of logic structures for induatrial 331
Rpplicution
6.7 Cht~racteristic controls in automated design systems 341
Biblio~raphy 346
Alpl~abetical index 349
COPYRICfiT: izdatcl'stvo "l;ncrgiyn," 1978
6948
CSO: 1870
20
I'I)Il !)I'NICT~ii. IISIi UNLY
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~
roEi or~rc:rn~~ USE ONLY
,
runLicnl~l.orrs
ARLTIIM~TIC UNITS Or DICITAL COMPUTCRS
- Mugcow ARIFMCTICIIESKIYE USTROYSTVA CVM in ltussiun 1978, signed to press
23 Aug 78, pp 1-4, 177
[Annot~tion, introduction, and table of contents From book by G. N. So1ov'yev~
Lnergiya, 15,000 copies, 177 pugey~
~Text) ANNOTATION
This book explores problems of designing arithmetic units used in easisCing
and newly deaigned digital computers. Number sysCems And means for repre-
senting numbers are presented, with a great deal of attention paid to the
methods oE implementing arithmetic operations uaing both fixed- and floating-
point arithmetic. Design questions are treated in Che book by presenting
information on registers~ aummera, ariChmetic unit circuita of various types,
methods for controlling transmiasiona, arithmetic and logic transforms, and
so forth.
The book is intended for a wide circle of specialists occupied with questions
of designing and applying digital computers, as well as for students in the
fields of design and applicaCion of digital computers.
INTRODUCTION
Of all tasks related to the theory and design of digiCal computers during the
30 yeurs of their existence, the established and most stable have been the
Eaundationa oE tfieory and design of devices that implement the arithmetic and
- logic transEormations oE binary information.
Tt~e present publication is devoted to this topic. The book reflects an
attempt to present that materiul which has been filtered out by the 30-year
period of existence of digital computers. Accordingly, the entire content of -
tl~e book ts oriented excluaively to Che binary aystem of numbers and in dis-
cuasing tl~e theoreticul foundations only those methods are considered that
huve found use in digital computers of the second and third generation and
~bout which Chere is no doubt as Co their use continuing into future genera- _
tions as well. Such an approach is characteriatic for both circuit and sys-
tem design questions considered in this book.
21
FOIt 1)I~FICIn~. Util: ONLY
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I~~)It ~1V~ I~ IC (AL U;~I; ~)Ni,Y
'I'li~~ rnl�Irc~ r,oiit~~iir of. t�lic~ hc~c~k zepreHCC~tH tlic~ reHU.l.r.y ~~f tl~r clc~ri.l.re af. rhu -
~~ulluir. Cu ~?r~sau~~l mi~l:ur.l.iil fr.c~in ~;t=l1L'CiI.L ~)U.I.pL'4 u.f v.luw w1.tlwuC exCr.iu~cu~i:+
~ detnlls, ~nrticulurly in cl.rcu.lts of the dev:tces con~l,dered, und nar ~rom -
Che point o~ view of fi specific digiCul computer. r
In choosin~ ntaterial, the t?uttior has ctttempled Co give an integrated presen- -
~ C~~tlon on questions rel~ted ro Che topic under considerlti,on, Within the
framewark nL a aingle publicaCion and along with the traditionAl arithmeric _
founclations~ Che registers und summera, and the methods oE increasing Che
tipeed of performing operations of mulCiplicaCion and division, the following
are considered:
The founda~ions underlying ~he operation of arithmetic units in a parallel,
sequenti~l, nnd sequential-parallel operAtion for numbers wiCh fixed- nnd -
floaCing-point representation;
Control oE Clie operati.on of the aritlunetic units, where Che main ~tCenCion
is turned to the direct and conCinuous control of problema, nrit}imeCic and
logic transformaCions, modulo 2;
Dynamic stor~g~ and shift registers;
Tt~e Eoundations of representation, arithmetlc operAtions on numbers in Che
b3nary-decimal system of numbers, basic questions of implementing tabular
axiChmetlci rounding the results of arithmetic operAtions on numbers with
fixed- and floating-poinC representation, and a number of other specific
_ questions of arithmetic foundations that find broad application in di~ital
computers of the third generation. .
All ttie materinl in the book, particularly Chapter 4, is designed for use of _
integrnted circuits. Basic questions of integrated circuit technology illu-
- minAted in Chapters 1 and 3, in which the logir.al foundations are given in
terms of volume necessary for the formal description of algorithms for aritii-
metic and logical transformation as well as circuits for the basic components
_ of arithmstic units, free the reader from the need to turn to specialized
literature in studying and becoming famillar w3th the present book.
~ Obviously, a book that reflects auch complex questions is quite limited in
scope and necessarily has to be shorC and laconic in Che presentation of a
number of topics. The reader hae to ~udge as to what extent it has been pos-
_ sible to achieve the above-presented ideas.
In ti~e author's opinion, the present book will be useful for students in the
specialty of electronic computera as well as for specialists working in the
fie.ld of computing technology.
' The author would like to express his gratitude to the instructors of the
electronic computer faculty ot the Moscow engineering physics institute,
whose practical cotrunents have led to the formulation of the present book and
- to his colleagues on the Faculty for the great help in preparing the manu-
script for publication.
,
22
!~UR ~~I~ h Ic: t~,;, lr~;h: c~Ni.Y -
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I~UI~ ~11~1'1(:I~\L U`~I; i~N1,Y -
CONT~N'TS pct~e
Intrc~ducCion ~
Ch:~pter 1. ~l~m~ntg nf the ~oundaCt,ong o� Lop,i.~ S
1.1 ~lemeneary logic funceions 5
1.2 Funceion~lly complete gystems o� elemene~ry 1og~c 7
function~
t.3 ~lement~ry equivnlen~es g
1.4 Repr~~entc~Cion of ldgic glgebr~n funcCions in v~riong ~
number bnaes
Chnpter 2. Ar3thmetic ~oundutions 11
- 2.1 Number sy~temg 11
2.2 Chooging the number system 14
2.3 Conversion of numbers beeween number syetem~ 18
2.4 Methods of representing ttumbere 21
2.5 Arithmetic operations on numbers with fixed radtx 27
point in n binary number sygecm
2.6 AriChm~tic operations with numbers represent~d by 51
= floaeing-point radix in a binury number gystem
y 2.7 Arithmetic operations in a binary-decimal system of 60
numbers
2.8 Methods of rounding results of arithmetic operaCions 68
Chapter 3. Fundamental Concepts of Digiral Computer Elementa 71
3.1 Types and systems of elements 71
3.2 Examples oE possible syetema of elementg 72
Chapter 4. Registers nnd Summers, the Basic 5ubassembliea of 76
Arithmetic Units
4.1 Storage and shift regisCers 77
4.2 Summers 84
Chapter 5. Examples of Arithmetic Unit Circuits for Sequential 106
and Parallel Operation
5.1 Organizing the execution of transfers to an arithmetic 106
unit using parallel operation
5.2 Arithmetic unit in parallel operation for execu[ing 108
multiplication operations
5.3 Arithmetic unit in parallel operation for addition and 111
subtraction of floating-point numbera
~ 5.4 Arithmetic units in sequential operation for performing 117
addition and subtraction
5.5 Arithmetic unit in sequential operation carrying out 122
multiplication operations
5.6 Arithmetic units employing sequential-parallel operations 128
5.7 Considerations for selecting complementary or inverse 135 -
codes for making additione and subtractions
23
- FOR t)H FIC (i~L L'tiE t1Ni.Y
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,
1~~11t i~1~i~ 1~:1,11, II;;I', 1!N~,Y
I'n~e
Ch~tpter G. Xn~~'e~~ing the 5peed vf ~'erfozming Multi,plicaeion 139
~nd Uiviginn ~~xttei.dng
6.1 Logi,~el m~thudg of incr~~~ing ~h~ gp~ed af multipl~.~ 140
c~Cion
6.2 Machin~ mpehdds for incr~~ging th~ gpp~d af muleipliw 143
plie~tien
6.3 Incri~aging the speed of division 154
Chapter 7. Bggic MeChod~ fnr Controlling Arithmetic Uttitg 158
7.1 purpng~ nnd c1~~gifiGatie~n of ~~ner~1 meChadg 15~ _
7.2 Test edntrol 160
- 7.3 Conerdl ~mploying modulo 2 162
Bibliogr~phy 176
COpYRiGH'T: ir.datel'gtvo "~nnrgiya," 1J7g -
6948
CSO: 1870 ~
24
Fuk ~~a�~tc:r,,.. irtii: ~?N~.~~
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l~~llt c11~ f' I t' I~\L tt;:l: ~1Nl,Y
ru~LtrnmidN~
~
ti~SIGN d~ I~'UNCTIONAL 5UgA55~tBLI~5 ~OCt nIGI'TAL COMFUT~It5 U5IN~ INT~GItAT~U
CIRCUIT5
rtnecow KbN3'~ttUITttlVANIY~ F'UNK'CSIONAL'NYKH UZLOV ~VM NA It~`f~GRAL'NYK}t
5KH~1KH (D~gign nf ~utt~tional Subg~g~mblie~ for Uigit~l Comput~rg Uging
Integrnted Circuitg) in ~tus~i~tt 197$ ~igned Co pre~~ 2~ ~eb 78, pp 2, 1g9-200
(Title, nnnoeation, nnd table nf cnntenC~ from bdok by B. I. Y~rmolayev et
~1., 5ovetskoy Rndio, 22,300 copieia, 200 png~g~
- ('~ext~ Method~ nre prpsented f~r deeigning the b~gic functional ~ub~g~~mbly
oE a digital ~ompue~r, ehe plug-in module, that eontaine digcret~ elements,
Integreted circuits~ printed circuit bogrds, and conn~ctors.
'fhe book is intettded for ~ wide circle of epecialista working in the field
nf compuCer degign.
CONT~NTS ~'g8~
pr~face 3
Chapter 1. Peculiarities of Designing ~unctional Subassemblies 6
for Digital Computers
1.1 F'actors that determine the design of a plug-in module 6
using integrated circuita
1.2 Development of microelectronics and the design of 7
digital computers
1.3 Influence of the integrated circuit design on th~ golu- 8 -
tion of circuit engineering problems
1.4 Mathemar.ical tools used in computer degign of integrgted 12
circuitg
1.5 5tatigtical analyais of in~egrated circuits Z1
1.6 Optimizing parameters of integrated circuits Zb
Chapter 2. Design and Production Methods for Integrated CiYCUits 32
2.1 Manufacturing processes for integrated circuits 32
2.2 Photographic templates 38
2.3 Assembly of integrated circuits 41
2.4 Thermr~l calculation for integrated circuits 52
z.5 promiaing methoda for creating integrated circuits 64
25
Fzak c~NPlcr;,;. tc~~ c~uLr
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I~ul; +?I~ i~ I i: I,1I, 1?::I' i~NLI'
i'rt~c
Ch~pter be~ign of plug-in Modul~~ Uaing Integrnted CirCUitg 6q
~.l Chgrn~terisCi,ca of the ba~ic d~gign ~lementg gor plug-in 6g
module~
3.~ I'rinted Circuit bdards of plug-im m~duleg 72
'3,~ MaC~rinls for printed cir~uir bogrd~ 74
~~4 Annly~~n ~f ~temeneg af prinead b~~rd layout 76
3.5 SCructure of multilgyet~ printed circuit bo~rdg 80
3~6 S~l~ceion of fun~eion~l ~cop~ ~nd over~ll dimengiong SS
oE ~ plug-in mddul~
~.7 prelimingr,v de~ign gC~g~ of plug-in moduleg. Chnice of 97
d~esign
3.8 ~ngineering d~gign of plug-in modules. U~terminntidn of 101
p~rnm~Cerg
3~9 R~pnir dE plug-in madule~ ip~
(;hgpter 4~ 5t~ndnrdizatinn 105
_ 4.1 Uirectinng in the ~tand~rdizatidn df integrated cirCUits 105
4.2 a~gul~tion of design norms for inte~rgted circuits 107
4.3 Stctndttrdizntion of plug-in modules 114
4.4 b~gign norms for printed circuite of plug-in moduleg 116
4.5 G~n~ral design requiremen~g placed on printed circuit ~ 119
boarda for plug-in modul~g
4.6 St~ndardization as a means for incre~aing product quglity 120
Ch~pter 5. Control nnd Testing 121
5.1 Typee of effect~ and their inEluence on the ability dE 121
the plug-in module to operaCe
5.2 Types o~ tests 128 -
5.3 1'esting plug-in madule~ for stability to external effects 132
5.4 'Cest equipment 136
S.5 5electing dimensions for test chambers 142
5.6 ~ngineering quality control and the production process 145
Chapter 6. Automating the Design Function 155
6.1 Systems of design automation 155
6.2 Uocumentntion for design automgCion 15~
6.3 Automated design systems for varioua stages of produc- 160
tion and praduct appl~cation
6.4 Basic goalg df an automated d~sign sy~tem 167
6.5 Design ef functional gubaes~mblies of the unified system 168
of digital computers
Bibliography 193
Sub~ect Index 197
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo Sovetskoye Radio~ MoscoW, 1918
6948
CSO: 1810
26
- FUI: l1HF IC[~;,. lttih c)NI.~'
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~Uk dt~'~IGIAL l?SL ONLY
pUULICA'~ION5
UDC 539.1U7,4
llE~'~~CTtON 0~ ION27ING EtAUTATION
Mo~cow U~'T~K'~OItY IMI'UL'5NOG0 IONIZIRUYUSHCt1~G0 IZLUCN~NIYA (b~t~~Ct~r~ nf
E~ul~ed Ioni~~d Rndi~Cinn) in Ru~Hi~n 197$ gign~d en pregg 22 b~c 77
pn z-4, t7z-17~
/Annntntidn, table nf contentg und introduction from bnok by Ziyt~t Adbul-
lovict~ A1'biknv, Aleksgndr Ivanov~ch Veretennikov, Oleg V~pil'yevich Koz- -
lov~ AtomizdnC, 1,980 copieg, 176 pagee/
/Text7 The measurement of pulged ionizing rndi~Cinn ig an urgent problem of
experinnrntal physics nnd radi~tion technology. It is nec~esary to n?ake
~uch me.ygurementg when developing and using pulsed X-ray equipment ~nd
particle acceleratore, in thermonuclear research, medicine and other fields
of science ~~nd technnlogy. ;
;
Uetectdrg designed to m~naure pulged ionizing radiation are examined in the
book. The prineipl~g nf their construccion nre set forth and estimated nnd
experimentnl data on the chgracteristics of the deCectore are cited.
The umplitude, time and spectral characteristics of detectors of various
types, as well as the limitntions connected with atatistical fluctuations
of output currents nre examined. The main attention ia devoted to detectors
witt~ nanosecond and subngnoaecond resolution.
'l'hr book i~ intend~d Eor experimental physicists and speCialists in the
Eield of nuclear instrument making.
65 figures, 21 tables 244 references.
~ Contents Page
Ln t rod uc t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 1. Characteristics of Detectors of Pulsed Ionizing
Rndiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1. Main Parumeters of the Fields of Pulsed Ionizing Radiation 5
t.2. Classification and FeaCures of the Characteristics of De-
tectors of Pulsed Ionizing Radiation. . . . . . . . . . 6
27
FOR OFFICIl,L USE ONLY
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~Ott Ul~'t~'t(~ t AI, II;~1; nNLY -
1~~~ Main Chnr.ncteri~ric~ ~f UeCect~rn I'ul~~d Ionizing
itrdiation. . . ~ ~ , ~ ~ . . . . , . . . . . ~ ~ . . ~ . . g
Chupter 2~ Chnrge Uetereors of Churged pc?rticlrg. 14
_ 2.1. Lnyout and principle of Oper~Cion nf neCrCtdrg 14
2.~. '~ime ~e~nlutinn dE Ch~rg~ UetecCars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Z -
2,3, Cff~rtivenegg of ttecdrding ~nd Sensitivity ~ ~ , . . . . . . 31
2.4. Line~~rtty of the Amplitudc Ghar~Crerigtic in Quaei~CaCic
nnd UynnmiC Modeg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3~
Ch~ipt~r :3. Ch~rge beeectdrg of Y-quantu nnd Neutrong . . . . . . . ~g
~�1~ V~cuum Ch~rge U~C~~tdr Of Y ~qu~ne~� � ~ ~ ~ � ~ ~ � � ~ ~ ~ ~g
~.7. Chnrge Uetector of y-quantn With ~ Dielectric Sc~tterer 52
3.~. Charge Neutron DeteCtorg . . . . ~ . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . 60
Ch~hpter G. Scintillntidn betecCnr~. . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . 63
4.1. 5cintillFitor~ and Photn~lec:tric In~trutn~nCs~ . . . . . . . . 6~
4.2. Congtruction of S~intillgtiott Uetectors. . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3. 5engitivity and Spectral Characterixntion. . . . . . . . . . 76
~ 1i.4. Line~rity and Time Etegolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 -
Chapter 5. Cerenkov DetecCors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $G
5.1. CharncCerisCics of Radi~tors ~nd Layout of Det~ctorg 86 .
5.2. Sensitivity and Spectrul ChuracterisCics . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.3. Linearity and Time Itesolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Chapter 6. 5emicottduCtor Detectorg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
- G.1. Luyout ~nd Principle of Operntion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
G.2. Time Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
G.3. Amplitude Characterizntinn . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . 110
6.4. Sensitivity and Spectral Characterization. . . . . . . . . . 114
6.5. Rgdiation Resistance of 5emiconductor Detectora. 121
Chapter 7. Calorimetric Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.1. Layout and Principle of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
1.2. Sensitivity of a Ferroelectric Detector. . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.3. Time Resolution and Output Current of Detectors on the Basis
- of t~erroelectrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Cti,~pter 8. Stutistical Fluctuations of the Current of betectora 133
8.1. Scintillation and Cerenkov Detectora . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8.2. Comparison of Detectora of Varioua Types . . . . . . . . . . 138
Chhpter 9. DeCectors With a Logarithmic Amplitude CharacCeristic. . 142
9.1. Amplitude Characteristic of Logarithmic Detectors. 143
9.2. Time Churncteristics of Logarithmic Detectors 144
9.3. Pri~tciples of Construction of Logarithmic Detectors 145
28
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!~'Ult t)H'C~' [C f AL U;:1: (1NLY
Cha~~e~r ld, Methddy o~ M~~guring the Chgrnct~ri~tic:~ o� UeCeCtorg -
ol I~u1~ed Itadi~ridn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . ~ 150
10.1. Me~~urem~nC of Che Speatrgl Characterigtic of Uetectors 150 ~
10.~. Menguremeut ~f rhe 5pecer~l Chc~r~neerigCic df betector~ -
af Neueron ~~dintion . . . . ~ . . ~ . ~ . , , . ~ . . . . 15~
10.3. Men~urem~nt of the pul~~d Ctiarncteri~ric df beCectorg 153
1C1.4. Me~surement of Che Ampl3tude Characteristic of Uet~ceorg. . 157
Ltiib.li~graphy . ~ ~ . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . ~ . . . . . . ~ . ~ ~ . 159
5ub~~ct Ind~x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17b
Introductinn
'Ttie m~~surement n~ io�ix~t~g rudic~Ciong ig oE greae import~n~~ in modern
:;cience nnd technology. With the introduction of ehe achievemente of ex- ~
p~ritt~ ntnl nucl~nr phygics in induetry, medicine nnd nther sectnrs of the
- ~~ntidn~l economy more nnd more attention i~ being devated to the me~~urement
of the pnrumeeera of the Eieldg of ionizing radi~tinn, which not only bear
inCormcition c~bout the operatiott nf the devices which are Che sources of
ra~lt~~tion, but ~lgo present information en Che opQrc~ting conditiona in
these fields of the ob~ects of obaervatinn nnd aervice.
A peculi~nrity oE mttny devices, which are presently being used as sources
of ionizing radiution, is the pulsed mode of Cheir operation. The surround-
ing fields of ionizing radiation in contrast to the fielda created by atatic
sources, the average inCensity of the radiation of which is conatant or
chunges according to the laws of radioactive decay, are of a pulsed nature
- in this cnse.
The detect~on of ionizing radiation is based on the transformation of the
energy of the particles being recorded into an electric signal at the out-
put of the detector, which is subsequently processed by means of radio-
electronic equipment. According to the type of output signals the detectors
of innizing radiutiona are divided into diacreCe deCectors, at the output
of which a sequence of electric signals (pulses) is formed from the in-
dividual particles, and analog deCectora, at the ouCput of which the signals
from individual parCicles are not differentiated, while the information on
the recorded radiation is obtained according to the value of the electric
- current in the output curcuit of the detector.* ,
In the measurement of the parameters of pulsed sources and fielda of ioniz-
ing radiuCion the form of the pulses of radiation, their amplitude (maxi-
mum intensity), the intervals between the pulses in the case of the
*
Ttiis division of the detectors i~, arbitrary, since as the intensity of
the radiation increasses and the number of recorded particles corresponding-
ly decreases, the analog detector shifts to the discrete mode of opera-
tion.
29 -
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I~OIt c)N1~'IC1A1~ U;;L nNLY
~mi~~ton o~ ~~eriep (or trnin) of pul~eg and rhn form of ehe individuul -
pu1~cN Ln the sericg ~re df grenr inC~regC.
Anu1o~ deCectorg ~re uyunlly uged for th~ mensurement of thc indicnted
pnr~meters of pulyed idnizin~.r~dintion when using the ~ppropri~te rudio-
alectro~iic equipmant, ginC~ Che uge nf discreCe detectors for these pur-
p~s~y ly prucCi~~hlly impoq~IUle, especi~lly given n nann~econd und, whnt
LH more, ci picoge~nnd duruCinn oE the individual pul~es or series nf pu1HeK
oC .loniz.ing rudiaClon.
Uiscrete detectors of clementnry particles, which nre de~igned for record-
ing ionizing r~dihtion of gttttic sources, hr~ve been degcribed in many mono-
~;r~7ph~.* At the g~me time the auChorg dd noC know oE any works, in which
Chc queqtl~n:~ oE Che thenry und use of detectors of pulsed ionir.int; rndi-
,hCton were sygtemMtixed. An uttempt i~ mnde in Che book to see forCh the
m.~t� quevtions ~f thanry nnd the prurticul resulte obtained in rhe nreu of
ehe devel~~pmenL a?~d us~ of ~naing detectnrs of pul~ed ionizing rnditttion;
l~ere tlie main uttention is devnted to Che analyais of the possibilities of
u~in~; tti~se detectors Eor meusuring pulges of radi~Cion in Che nanoaecond
und ;~ubnanosecond r~nges of activity.
In setCing forth the materials the guChors were guided, where posaible, by
Cl~e Atl-Union State Standards issued in the USSR in recent years. However,
this w~~s not always possible. The greAteat difficulCies arose in the aren
of terminology, and thia is natural in connection with the novelty of the
question being covered. In describing the characteristics of Che detectora -
new definiCions were introduced, which, in the opinion of the suthors, nre
prsctically necessary, logicnlly stem from the principles of operation of
tl~c detectors and ensure Che metrologicnl nature of the measurement of tl~e
p~rameters of radiations. In this case analogous terms from other fielda
oE metrology were ased.
'Che authors did not set ne u goal of the book the description of the meth-
ods und equipment for measuring the parametera of pulsed radiation--this is
unquestionably of independent interest to broad groups of readers. However,
*V. Veksler, L. Groshev, B. Isayev~ "Ionizatsionnyve metody issledovaniya
izlucheniy" /Ionization Methods of Studying RadiRtions/, Moscow-Leningrad, -
Gostekhteorizdat, 1950; B. Rossi, H. Staub, "Ionizatsionnyye kamery i
schetchiki." /Ionization Chambers and Counters/, Moscow, Izdatel'atvo ino-
strannoy literatury, 1951; V. Price, "Registratsiya yadernogo izlucheniya" .
/Recording of Nuclear Radiation/, Moscow, Izdatel'atvo inostrannoy litera-
tury, Moscow, 1960; V. I. Kalashnikov, M. S. Kozodayev, "Detektory elemen-
tarnykl~ cliastits" /Detectors of Elementary Particles/, Moscow, "Nauka",
1966; V. V. Matveyev, B. I. Khazanov, Pribory dlya izmereniya ionizi-
ruyustichikh izlucheniy" /Instruments for Measuring Ionizing Radiations/,
Moscow, Atomizdat, 1972; L. S. Gorn, B. I. Khazanov, "Izbiratel'nyye radio- -
metry" /Selective Radiometers/, Moscow, Atomizdat, 1975, and others. -
30
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CdEt UI~I~'ICIAL U51: ONLY
in game in~tunce~ ehe ~nuthory were fdreed tn get rhem fdrCh in Urief, ~ince
� OtI1CtM1~5C Homc ciiar~c~eri~tic~ df Che dencrib~d deCectnrg ~nd the pog~bil~
it:te~ nE their pr~cticnl use would huve remained uttgubyChnti~ted.
,
'I'lic~ 1?~tru~lu~rion :~nd ClitipC~re 1 nnd h wcre writCen by A, t. VercCen?iikov;
~ Cli~~ptur:~ 2, 3, ~i, S~nd g by 0. V. Kozlnv; Ch~pC~rs 6, 7~nd ln by Z. A.
A1'bikdv. 'Cl~e autl?ors Are ~rateful to V~ A. Novikov, 5. A. Kuchtty, Yu~ A.
Drusov, L, z. Naz~~rovn and L. M~ 5hi~hlyakova fnr u~eful remarke und ng-
;SIBCiItICC in rti~ work nn the book.
COI~YRIGl1T: ACOmizdaC, 1978
78~7
C5p: 18~0
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,
~Oit Ul~'t~'IC1AL US~ ONLY
~'UBLICATIONS
539.125.5.17 ~
_ NEUTItON M~Tli0U5 0~ ANALYZING TH~ COMPOSITION 0~ MATT~R
Mogcow N~Y'fEtON?1YY~ M~TOUY N~PIt~RYVNOCO ANALIZA SOS~AVA VESHCHBSTVA (Neutron
rt~chods of the ConCinuous Analyeie of the Compos~,tion of MatCer) in Russiun
1918 gign~d Co pre~s z8 5ep 77 pp 2-5, 159
/Annotxtton, rable of contentg nnd introduction from book by Yevgeniy Roeti-
slavavicli KarCa~hev and Alek~andr Sergeyevich Shtan', Atomizdat, 1,530
cnpies, 159 puges/
~ LText/ In the boc;'~ the principlea of neutron meChoda of the continuous
n~ctlysis of Che composiCion of matter are set forth, the principlee of tlte
- cnnstruction ~nnd the Ee~tures of various types of neutron analyzera are
examined. Particular attention is devoted Co the theoretical and phyeico-;
technicAl principles of the continuous activation analysis of matter in a
- stream as one of the nQw and very promiaing methods of automatic produc-
tion control. The characteristica of various typea of neutron sourcea, as
well as nf detecCore and recording equipment, which are used in neutron
analyzers, are examined in detail. Examples of the uae of neutron methods
for the continuoua analysie ~Ji industrial pttoducts or the analyais of sub-
stances wiChout Cakin~ samples under field conditions are cited. The neu-
tron methods and equipment for the continuous analysis of matter, which
were developed both by the authora of the book and under their guidance and
by other authors in the USSR and abroad, are described in the book. .
A~J figures; 24 tables; 157 reEerences. _
Contente Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 1. Continuous Analysis in the Automatic Control of Techno- '
logicr~l Processea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
_ 1.1. Demande on Industrial Automatic Analyzers . . . . . . . . . 6 -
1.2. Methods of Automatic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3. Nuclear Physics Methods of Continuous Analysis. 14
Chapter 2. Tt~e Use of Neutrons for Element Analysis. 17
32
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~
Ch.~ptcr lln~ic Llen~enr~ nf Aurdm~Cic Neutron An~lyr.er~~ ~4
~.1. Typ~a nf Neutrnn An~lyzere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~4
3.7. NeuCrnn 5ources. . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . ~ 26
3. neteCtnr~ of ~mt~aione ~ . . . . . , . . . . , . ~ . . , . ~ 38
:3.4. Untu I~rncessing Uevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . 43
Chc~pter 4. Ui~tribution of Neutrone in Malyzed Medium. 46
4.1. Ut~tribution of ~n~r Neutrons, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 46
4.2. DisCribution of Thermul Neutrnn~ . . . . , , . . . . . ~ . , 4g
~i.~. Uietribution of Therm~l NeuCron~ in Abeorption Medium. 51
C}t7~~Cer S. Activiitinn Analysis of 5olutions and 5lurries in u Stream 54
5.1. Principleq of the Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 54
5.2. InEl~encc of ehe Agitntion of Solurions on Controlled
Activiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 59
5.~i. On-SCreMm Activntion of a Solueion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.5. Itecording of the Emission of an Activared Solution 70
5.6. Optimizntinn of System Pgrametere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.7. Accurecy and Sensitivity of Che Method . . . . . , , . , , , 7q
5.8. Meana of Increasing the Accuracy, Sensitivity and Selectiviey
of Che System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
ChF~pter 6. "Instantaneous" Neutron Methods of Analysis of Solutions ,
~~nd Slurries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.1. Neutron-NeuCron MeChode of Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.2. Methods Based on the Radiative Capture and Inelastic Dis- ~
persiun of Neutrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Chapter 7. The Continuous Neutron Analysis of Bulk and Solid
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.1. Element Analyais of Bulk Materials on a Transporter. 120
7.2. Continuous Determination of the Moisture Content in Bulk
_ Materials . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 ~
Chapter 8. Neutron Methods in Solving Some Problems of Geology, ~
Technological Control and Scientific Research. . . . . . . . . . . 139
8.1. Analysi~ of Rocks and Orea in a Natural Bed. 139
8.2. Control of Some Technological Parameters . . . . . . . . . . T47 ~
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
~ I
IntroducCion
The increase of labor productivity in industry largely depends on the level
of automation of production processes. Continuous processes can be auto-
m.~ted eASiest of all. In this case the control of such sutomated procesaea
cnn be Accomplished from a single control center by meane of control com-
puters. As a result of the mnnitoring of technological proceases and the
possibility of maintaining the optimum production achedule the utilization
33
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H'c)k c11~ H' IC 1 At. USl: ONLY
di t~c~hnold~ic~~l c~quipment inCreu~eg consid~rnbly und proctucCg oE better
qu~nltey ~ar~ prdduced. The ~ueom~Cinn o~ technnlogicnl procegeee improveg
wnrking Cdndition~ and rrduceg to n minimum the number of people working
dlrect.ly under t~urmful cnndition~,
_ UnE~ c?f ~lir. tm~~c~rtf~nt CUI1tIL~lOt1N~ without wti~i.~i, the nueomution of t4chnalc~gl-
c~~tl proce~pe~ is virCu~lly impossible, ie the need for L�I~c automatic or -
yemi-,nutom.7tic monitorin~ nf the course of t;,^ procesg. Without exaggeru-
tlon it c~n be ~tuted: mnnitoring ig Che mttin link of n11 nutomutic pro-
ductin~~ equipment. Merely by knowing ehe level, den~ity, mois~ure coneent,
thicknc;~y, Chemic~l contett?: or ~ny other pargmeter~ esaentic~l for the pro-
_ ceaH, i~ i~ pdeHible to control this proces~.
I~or nuiny y~nry nnw rudiutlon insCruments hnve been used c~s ~en~itive ele-
inentw (yc~nHnrH) ln mFiny production procesaes. Much exp~rience in develop-
tn~; :~nd i~Hing nutomntlc industri~l equipm~ne on the bnsis of th~ee instru-
menty h.~v bcen ~;nined in the U55R and many other countries. I3y menne of
primr~ry radlation convertere im m~ny cases it is possible Co deCermine the
tcrlmolc~gicU1 pnrnmeters without contacC, which f~vorably distinguiahes these _
~en:~lt.tve elements from others whicl~ require contact with Che medium being
monitored. 'f1~is ~dvnntnge is pttrticularly importnnt in the automation of
many processes in metallurgy, chemistry and several other aectora oF industry.
in order to control muny processes it is necessary to know the chemical
composition of the mediums being monitored. Here continuous high sp~ed
processes require also the use of continuous methoda of annlysis. Numerous
uutom~ytic ~nalyzers of composition, including radiution nnalyzera, t~ttve
been developed and are being used in prACtice.
llowcver, there are no and, apparently, never will be any universal methods -
- and inytrumentg, which are capable of ineeting all the diversity of demands
made on them by various sectora of industry and varioua technological pro-
cesses. Therefore, at present the study of new methods of continuous analy-
sis is being continued, the de:velopment of inatruments with the uae of the
- l.htest achievements of science and technology is being carried out.
Experience shows that at enterprises of nonferroua metallury approximately
- hn1E of all the analyses made nt the central plant and ahop laboratories
are necessary for use in regula[ing technological processes. Uaually Che
maJority of these analyaea are still made by the traditional "wet" chemical
methods. Only slightly more than 10 percent of all the analyses are made
in the laboratories by inatrument methods. BuC even these meChods fox tlie
most p~~rt require the taking, and then aome preparation of the samples
- (weighing, dissolving, placement in an ampoule and so on). The increase of
the accuracy of the analysis in many instances is checked by the imperfec-
_ tion of [tie methods and systems of sampling. Often the error of sampling
is much higher than the error of the analysis itself.
Continuous analysis, in addition to the possibility of using its readings
For c~ntrolling the course of technological proceases, has a number of other
34
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roti c~t~ u~ tc: ~ ni, usi: oNt,Y
-
~dv~int~~;ef~ dver ~he c~rd.tn~~ry lubor~iCory method~ o~ ~n~nlyyiu wiCh th~ tnicin~
~f y.imples: 1) .hq .i cong~qucncc uf th~ incrc~se of the nmount oE m~~eeri~il
heing nnaryx~d Che represenrMtiveneps of Che result~ oE the unnlye~iK in-
r.rc~.~y~~;+ i~nd Cl~c errnr o[ gnnq~ling decreaqee; 2) the Hub~ccrive error~ of
tha ~nnly~tH nre eliminated; 3) the po~gibility of conCncCle~~ continuoua -
illl.ll.y:'a ~H ~ i~~cluding through th~ wnlls of pipes And technological vessels,
c~riyey; it is poseible Co m~ke an analygi~ nf Che rock ~nd ores in
naturnl hed; 5) the p~~v~aivlCy oE service pergonnel in the use of ehe re~ulCy
of nc~ rin~lyyis for conCrolling the proce~qes is ellminuCed.
'Th~ methods oE continuous ~nfilygis, whirh ~re now b~ing developed, for the
- moyt p~7rt .~re btt~ed on rhe Curther development of ordinnry lnboraCory meth-
c~d:~ o!' ,?n~ilyHis: titrution, pol~roIIrnphy, f1Ame phoeomerry c~nd so foreh.
i~i recenC ye~rH mucli inCerest IIAg been stiow for neutron meChods of the con-
tinuouy hnulyyis of matter ~nct the automaCic monitnring of other t~chnolo~;i-
ra:l E~nr~imetere. Int;ensive req~arch and development of automuCic neutron
an;~lyz4r~ oE compoyition nre Ueing performed in the U5SR, the United States,
l,nglaiid, Cnnudd and severul other countrieg. Tl~e number of publicaCions
devoted tn thet~e problems is incre~sing like an c~val~nche. The unalysis
of putent materialg shows a slightly different picture: some mnin pnCenCs
and autt~orship certific~tes, in which the meana And genernl diAgrums of
- devices of the continuous analysis of composition are set forCh, were sub-
mitted compnrntively long ago (1955-1960), while in the technical patent
muterials af recent years only tt few apecial questions of inethods and the
improvement of some as~embliea of known devices are developed.
'rhere ~re a large number of sectors of induatry und industrial ob~ects,
at whicti it is expedient to use neutron methods of continuous analyais:
the monitoring of Che proceases of extracting valuable components in the -
mining and meeallurgical industry, the monitoring of the parameters of some
intermediate products (for example, monitoring of the moisture content of
agglomerate in ferrous metallurgy, deCermination of the protein in albumin
products), the monitoring of some special processes (determination of Che
content of boron and the products of fission of nuclear fuel in the atream
of coolant at nuclear electric power stations)t monitoring of sewage for
various contaminants (fluorine, uranium, mercury and ao forth), the deCer- -
mination of the impurities in pet!-oleum products. The problems of analyz-
ing the rock and ores in a natural bed on the surface of the earth, in mine
drifts, at the bottom of seas and oceans and on the surface of other planets
are a specia? group of tasks. The methods of determining the consumption
~~~nd rute of movement of liquid and bulk products, which can also be solved
by me~n:~ of neutron methods, border on anall?Cic methods. _
The mere enumeration of examples of the possible use of neutron methods of
coci~inuous analysis and monitoring shows their greut promise. However, so
far, not counting several short surveys, /1-3/, not one work has been pub-
lished wi~ich systematizes and summarizes the achievements in this field.
The nut{iors huve taken the liberty to fill this gap.
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c~ok o~~rrcrn~. us~~, ONI.Y
fC fH nrc~yyr~ry Cc~ iic~t~~ tluit queHtinny oF [ha L�heory ;uui pr~nr.Lice of neutron
m~~l liixlri ~~f lu~;~;lii~; hnri~ li~~li~r~ liriv~~ hr~~ti ~~ml ~tccl Crcim t.lil.~+ wu~k. l~ugsi?~F;
riccur~lli~}; Cu ~lie matlw~ly e?f ucc:oinplL~hmenC, the eq~.?.tpmc:nt unct the mean~ ol
lnterprul�:i~.lon of Ghe resu.lts in many respects differs from oCiier methods
oC continuous anllysie. rtoreover, neutron logging wt~s proposed sever~l
dec~ide:~ n~o; the reaearch devoted Co rI1~8 method le seC forCh ln muct~ pnten~, _
gcienCiEic ~tcid Cechnical 11.teraCure and was generalized in severcil mono-
gruphs.
'1'he vnrlou~ methads Find equipment Fire examined in the book with n varying
degree of deCail, which was caused in some cases by Che lack of availAble
inforn~Cion an3 in other c~ses by the vArying level of elaboraCion af rhe
problem. The research performed by the authors is covered somewhat n~ore -
extensively in tl~e book. $ections 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5 of Chapter 5 were writ-
ten witl~ tiie parCicipation of V. L. Chulkin.
'1'l~c uutl~ors realizc that in this work, whicli is being under~ak.n for the
first time, some shortcomings or inaccuracies might be encounCered. The -
auehor5 will gratefully accept critical remarks and suggestions.
In cnnclusion the author~ t.zke the opportun3ty to expreas their gratitude
Lo N. 'Cyufyukov, V. L. Chulkin, N. Yu. rlarkun and S. V. Shagov �or par-
tLc:ipating in the performance of Clie experiments and the useful ~dvice
~;iven ii~ rhe diacussion of ttie manuscript of the book. The authors are also
~;r~iteful to II. V. Ivlev and L. A. Pronina for much assistance in putting
thc n~nnuacr.ipt into order,
COPYRIGHT: Atomixdat, 1978 _
7807
CSO: 1870
36
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CUEt 0~'~ICIAL U5~ qNLY
PUgLICATI0N5
.
UDC 539.9.082:533.924
I'AItTICL~5 IN I'LASMA It~S~ARCH
Moscow VzAIMdnLYSTVIY~ CHASTITS S V~5HCH~5TVOM V pLAZhI~NNYKH T~5~WVANIYAKti
(Tiie Interaction nf Particles With I~tt~r in Plagma SCudie~) in ituagi~n
1978 signed to pree~ 17 Jan 78 pp 2-4, 2~1-272
%Annotation, table of contents and preface from book by Yuriy Vladimirovich
Gott, Atomizdat, 2,550 copies, 27'l pages/
/Texc% The availuble theoretical and experimental data on the logeea of
~ energy, scattering nnd r~nges of ions of nonrelativistic energies in eol~td
(amorphous) and gaseous substances are gen~ralized and syetematized in the
book. Questions of the radigCion damage to the firat wa11 af a thetmonu-
clear reactor under the effect of neutrons and charged parCicles are ex-
~ amined. The results of the practical application of Che events, which ~c-
cur in the interacCion of particles with a solid, for the corpuacular diag-
nostics of laboratory and ~space plasma are cited. ~
The book is intended for apecialists working in the field of p3asma phyaicg
and nuclear physics and for students of VI12's of the corresponding gpecial-
- Cies.
34 tables, 381 figures, 583 references.
Contenta pgge
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 1. Losses of Energy by Particles as a Results of Elastic
Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
. 4 1. Kinematics of Elastic Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
� 2. Calculation of Atomic Potentisls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
- � 3. Potential Energy of the Interaction of Colliding Particles. 39
4 4. Effective Sections of Scattering and Loases of finergy in
Elastic Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Chupter 2. Losses of Energy in Inelastic Collisions 50
� 5. Losses of Energy in Inelastic Scattering in Individual
- Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
- ~ 37
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N'U!t U1~'~LCtAL U5~ dNLY
6 h. I~c?tnrtrnti�i~ i.nHH~a af ~n~rp,y. . , . ~ ~ . . . . . . . . , . ~ 59
6 J. :~taprlnu ~?f t'nrtlei~~E~ ti, rtnr+mn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r,~
St~ti~rti~dl Spre~~l n~ L~~ge~ df ~nergy by p~rtiele~ in Mnttpr~ 75
� 9. Cnmp~ri~nn nf the Th~dry With ~h~ ~xp~rim~nt . . . . . . . . . ~x _
gibiingr~phy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~6
Ch~pe~r 3. ~xperim~ne~1 Ugt~ nn Ld~~~~ df ~n~rgy by Pgrti~l~g in
M~tte~' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gU _
Biblidgraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . 131
Ch~pter 4. Scateering ~f p~rti~le~ in Matt~r . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
~ 4 1U. 'Thedry af Muleipl~ Scatterin~ . ~ . . . . . � � � � � � � . ~ 136
5 L1. Inverge Prubl~m of th~ Thenry of Sc~tt~rieg 162
Bibiiogrnphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . ~ . ~ 165
Chgpter S. R~ngeg of p~r~iel~g in Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16g
~ 12. Th~or~tic~l UaCg on Ranges of pgrticl~s in Matter 168
4 11. 5et~ei~ti~~1 Spregd of itgrgeg of Pgrticles in Mgtt~r 175
5 14. ~xperim~entnl t~t~ on Etnnge~ of Pnrticle~ in Matter. 176
riibl~ogr~phy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Ch~prer 6. Experiment~l Methods of 5tudying the Interaction c~f
Pnrticleg in M~tter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
. . � 15. Pr~pgration nf Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4 16. Megsur~n~nt of Loeses of Energy gnd Ranges of Charged
Particl~~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
$ibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Chapter 7. Radiation Damages to the Walls of a Thernionuclear Reactor. 210
4 17. Mechanical Properties of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
5 18. Uefects of the Crystal Structure of Solids. 213
� 19. Volumetric Radiation Damagea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
4 20. 5urface Radiation Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
9ibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Chapter 8. Diagnostics of Laboratory and Space Plasma 229
6 21. Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
S 22. Measurements in Laboratory Plasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
4 23. Measurements in Space Plasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Btbllo~rnpl~y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Symbnls of Main Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
E'reface
In recent years thc interest in the events which accompany the interaction
of particles (atoms, molecul~s, ions, electrons, neutrons) with a solid
38
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' I~tt;; ttl~ t~ 1 C i Af. U~+i; ~1Ni,Y
I~;~r+ c~l~~~i~llly I~~rri~;u+~~~l. '1'lu~r~r hurNclrn~N nrr nNauml~t?! ~~~~rttr.uls~rlY ?Srri~t
tmp~?rtcin~~ in Cdnn~Ctio~i wltli the lu~pe~ fnr the develnpment in th~ futurr
u~ ~~dntrd].l~d th~rmonu~lear re~ctor (Umit). In ~n UT~ th~ firgt, vaCUUm
w~hll df ~h~ ~h~mber wi11 bh gub~ected td the effect nf igrge ~trenm~ of ~
v~rinug typeg nf r~dintiott~. Th~ ineer~ction nf eh~ r~dintidn~ with the
m~teri~lg dE eh~ wa11 l~~d~ to a~h~nge of the phy~ical and merhanirnl
prnpertieg di the lgtter gnd td tih~ Contnmin~Cinn nf th~ pl~~m~ by th~
mat~riz~lg of th~ w~11. . _
'~he eff~crg nccurring with eh~ int~r~ction of p~rticleg ~fith gnlid m~tter
~nd plg~m~ ar~ wid~ly ug~d in eh~ edrpu~~ul~r di~gnngeic~ of lnboratnry
.ynd ~p~~~~ pla~m~.
UE cdurse, thig entire wide rang~ df questinng ig difficulC to set forth in
n~.tngl~ bnok. 1'herefore, the author strnve to Cover in detgil the regultg _
oE theoreticul and experim~nenl re~~~r~h an eh~ logge~ nf energy, scgtter-
inF; nnd r~tngeg of h~avy (with u mags many times gr~ater than the magg nf gn
el~ctron) pnrti~leg in n gdlid (Chapters 1-6). The aecond part of the bnc~k
(Chnptcrg 7, 8) ia devoted to an arcount nf the practicc~l applicatinn df
theae pehnomenA in plasma phygics.
UnfnrtunaC~ly, in spit~ of the fuct that th~ study of the p~ssing of par-
ticles thrdugh mateer hag b~en engaged in now for more than 70 yearg (the
~cntt~ring of o!-particles in matter was discovered in 1906, the gubs~quent
cl~ssicnl studies of Geiger, Maraden and Ruther�ord led to the diecover in
1911 of the nucleug.~f Che aenm), nur knowledge is ~till quite fnodegt.
- 5ince no one hag yeC propoaed to make the walle of an UTR o~t of monocrys-
talline materials, the interaction of particles only with amorphous sub-
stances is examined in the book.
In speaking about rhe energies of interacting particlea, we will use the
following terminology: particles of small energies are particles, the
velocity of which is less than the velocity of any electron in an atom of
the target, the velacity of particles of great energy exceeds the velocity
of nny elecrron of nn atom of the target. All the remaining particles have
intermediate energies. When examining these questiona we will confine our-
selves to the domain of nonrelativistic velocities. -
Lverywhere thAt it was possible empirical and approximaCe terms were used.
The physicnl values are designated by symbols which nearly do not di~fer
from the original works used by the authors. Therefore, often the same
letter designates different physical values (for example, P is a parameter
oE aiming, the density of the subatance, P is the avergge range expressed
in dimensionless units, ~'np is the average pro~ective range). In studying
the materials set forth in the book, the reader will prabably understqnd
these symbols without difficulty. -
The author considers it his pleasant duty to express deep gratitude for the
useful conaiderations, diacussions and advice to M. S. Ioffe, B. I. Kanaye~,
. 39
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~d[t n~~~CIAL U5~ dNLY
tt. A. Knvrn~hkin, tt. t. Sdbnl~v, V. C. me1'kdvgkiy, V. V. ~'emnyy, tl. 13.
~ir~dv, Ye. Y~. Yughmannv nnd Yu. N. Y~vlin~kiy.
Ctli'YFtifillT: Atnmlr,cl~t, ly7H
7g07
GSU: 1~7d
40 -
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~OR O~~ICIAL US~ dNLY
pU~LI~ATION~
UUC 621.373.826
_ ' HU~,OGEtA~'?i~C M~~HOU5, EQUIPM~NT
Mnscow OpmYCH~SKAYA GOLOGItA~IYA: PRAKTICH~SKIY~ PRIMEN~NIY.A (Optical Holog-
raphy: PranCical Applicxtinns) in Rueaian 1978 signed eo presa 28 Jun 78
pp 2-4, 23~-238 -
/l4n.nndtation, tAble of contente and introduction from book by Ye. A. Mtonov,
V. M. Ginxburg, Ye. N. Lekhtsiyer, E. V. Moroz, E. G. Semenov, B. M. Stepa-
nov, N. S. Khaniq,~ V. Ya~ Tsarfin, Izdatel'sCVO "Sovetskoye radio", 19,000
cnpie~, 238.pages/.
/Text/ The ~xperience of using new holographic methods and equipment (aee
"Cologrnfiya. Metody i npparatura" LHolography. Methods and Equipment/,
edlted by V. M. Ginzburg and B. M. Stepanov, Moacow~ "Sovetskoye radio~,
� 1974) for the solution of practical probleme in varioua fields of physics, ,
technology, biology, medicine and fine arts is generalized in Che book.
The new results of a number of holographic studies ar.e cited, including
the studies of: optical self-focusing fibers, which are uaed for telecom- ~
munications; blood cells under cryogenic conditions; high speed processes
;exploaions, the combustion of condensed subatancea, gas-discharge plaema,
the atomization of fuel by in~ectors, gas dynamic etreams in the T-shape
pipe jointa of Che intake-exhauat systems of motor vehicle diesel engines
and others); the deformation of the images of murals depending on climatic'
conditions and others. ~
Metrolo~ical problems of holography are examined. Methods of nondestructive
' te~ting of industrial items are given. The MGI-1 holographic microscope,
which has been series-produced since 1976, as.well as devicea for obtaining ;
'rnund and multi-angle holograms and holographic interferograms and their ~
use are deacxibed. ~
The book is intended for apecialists working in the field of holography
nnd its use in various fields of science and technology. -
23 tables; 135 diagrams; 155 references ~
41
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.
~AI~ U~FICIAL US~ nNLY
- Cnnt~nC~ Png~
IntroduCtion. ~ ~ . ~ � . � ~ ~ � ~ ~ � ~ � � � � � � ~ ? ~ ~ � ~ � ~
~ Chc~pter 1. Methodg and ~quipmettt of OpCical Hoingr~phy 5 [
1.1. Methode nnd Dic~gramg . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . 5
1.2. bemandg on Redi~eion Sources, Hologra~hic ~quipmenC and
R~cording Medium~ When Obtaining Holograma. 14
1.3. Industrinl Hologrgphic Equipment, Etadiation Sources and
itecording Mediums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . 27
1.4. I~'enCures oE thE Use of pule~ Ln~ers end Amplifiers in
tlologr~pt~y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 '
1.5. MeCr~logicgl Probl~ms nf Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
ChapCer 2. Hologr~phic Methods nf Nondestructive Testing und Their
Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . 55
_ 2.1. MeChods of Obtaining Nolographic Topograms~ . . . . . . . . SS
- 2.2. '1'he Immersion Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.3. 'I`he Use nf the InterferomeCry of Diaplacement 75
2.4. The Use of Round and Multi-Angle Holographic SysCems for
Nondestructive Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.5. Determination of the Optimum Temperature and Moisture Con-
dit~.ons of the Storage uf Monumental Painting 91
_ 2.6. ~i~e ~se of the Method of Laser Interferometry When TeaCing
the Topography of the Surface of Magnetic Discs 93 -
Chnpter 3. Holographic Microscopy of Transparent Ob~ects 100
3.1. Fields of Applicution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.2. The MGI-1 Holographic Interference Microscope 107 -
Chapter 4. Nondestructive Testing of the Distribution of the Indicator
of Refraction in Optical Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.1. Method of Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.2. Influence of the Refraction of I.ight on the Accuracy of the
Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.3. Study of Selfoc Light-Focusing Fiber. . . . . . . . . . . . 1~7
Chapter 5. The Study of Artificial Crystals nnd Biological Objecta 144
5.1. Testing of the Distribution of the Concentration of a Solu-
tion in the Process of the Growth of a Crystal and the
Study of the Uniformity of the Grown Crystals 144
5.2. Study of the Vitality of Biological Ob~ecta at Low Tempera-
tures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Chapter 6. The Study of Microcomponent Systems . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.1. Main Churacteristics, Taeks of the Study. 164
6.2. Features of the Holographic Measurements of the Parameters
of the Disperaed Phasc: of Microcomponent Syatems. 167
6.3. Meusurement of the Uniformity of Two-Phase Currenta 170
6.4. Measurement of the Distribution of Velocities in an Overflow
S t ream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
42
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FOR t)~~ICLAI. US~ dNLY
6.5. 5tudy aC the U1t~perHed 1'hiiae of the I'rnduct~ of the Combus-
t~Oll oi Condensed SyeC~ms. ~ � ~ ~ � ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ � ~ , 17g
6.G. Seudy of the Solid Phase of ehe Produets of Che Combuetion
of Cond~nged SygCems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1S5
6.7. Study of Mode1 Wire Explosiona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
ChnpCer 7. H~lographic Methnds of NondesCructive Teating of Che Opernt-
ing Procesges in Motor Vehicle niesel ~nginea. . . . . . . . . . . . 205
7.1. Study of rhe AtomiznCion of Fue'_ by Che In~ectors of Motor
Vehicle Diesel Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
1.2. Study of~Che Characteristics of the Cas Dynamic Stregms in
the Intake-ExhausC Syatema of a Diesel Engine. 217�
Bibliogrnphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 =
5ubJect Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
IntroducCion {
At ~~rc:~ent l~ologruphic methoda are being widely uaed in solving practical
problem~ nnd in acienClfic reaearch. Halography ia being used in sCu~ies
; of high speed proceases (explosions, combustion, gas-discharge plasma and
so forth); for measuring deformations which occur in an item under ~`.he in-
fluence of various factors; for nondestructive teating of quality; ~or
detecting inCernal defects of items (in introscopy); in studiea of living
cells ~nd microorganiams, the proceas of the growth of plants; for obCaining i
three-dimensional images of the internal organs o~f man and animals; in i
operations on the reatoration and determination of the optimum storage con-
ditions of masterpieces of painting atitd others. -
The methods and domestic equipment, which make it posaible to perform
holographic research in the optical and ultra-high frequency bands of waves,
are described in the book "Golografiya. Metody i apparatura" ,LHolography.
Methods and Equipment/ (edited by V. M. Ginzburg and B. M. Stepanov, Moscow,
"Sovetskoye radio", 1974). These methods and equipment, as well as the
methods and equipment, which were developed later and ara presented in this _
book, are being used in the Soviet Union and~abroad for research in the
Eield of physics, medicine and technology. The results of the basic re-
:~e~rch were publiahed in the periodic press during 1974-1977. At the same
time, until recently there have�been no systematized account of the practi-
c~l aspects of Holography, a description of the methods and their use and a
generalizmtion of the experience of the practical use of holography in solv- '
ing specific problems of the national econonry. ;
Wtth this book the authora have attempted to fill this gap: to syatematize
and generalize the experience of using the developed methods and means of
holography for solving problems in a number of fields of science and tech-
nology.~
Taking into account the broad interest in holography and its practical use '
on tlie part of reuders of various speeialties, Che suthors give a brief
43 �
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,
~'OEt O~~ICIAL US~ ONLY
iicCOUnC (ChapCer 1) nE Che bn~ic dnta on the meChod~ nnd scheme~ of hnlog-
rnphy, reference dat~ on hnldgr~pliic equipment nnd radintion sourc~g, que~-
tion~ ot the metrologi~e~l gunrnnCe~ of the ma.~aurea and some other informa-
Cion which ig neCegsnry for work with holographic devicea.
A description of new holographic inetrumeneo ~nd devices: the MGI-1 holo-
graphic microscope, round and mu1Ci-gngle syatems which make it poesible to
enl~rge the field of use of holographic meehods of ineasurementa and nonde~ -
structive tesCing, ia giv~n in aepar~te chapt~ra.
In the book the main directions, m~thods and pracCical questions, which are
connected with the use of holography for the nondestructivQ testing and meas-
ur~menes of various itema and proceasea, are ~et forth ueing apecific
practical problema as examplea. Topographical meChods of nondestructive
testing of the form of reflecting and transparent ob~ecta (including Che
im~nersion method of teating the form of reflecting items, which is at the
- basit~ of the drafC atandard of holographic measurementa); Che method of com-
paring the aurfaces of a complicated form witl~ etandard itema are examined;
the results of the use of halography and laser interferometry for the non-
destructive testing of deformations which occur in reflecting ob~ecta under -
Che influence of environmental factora are cited.
~ Studies of the deEormationa of the images of the murals in the cathedrals
of the Moscow Kremlin sub~ect to climatic conditione for the purpoae of de-
- termining the optimum temperature and moisture conditions, which eneure the
. safe;~eeping of the monwnental painting on the walls of the cathedrals; the
contactless testing of the topography of the eur�ace of magnetic diace,
which are used in storage aystems; the use of holographic microacopy for
the nondestructive testing of quality and measurement of the distribution of
the index of refraction in optical fibera; the use of holographic micro-
scopy for studying the vitality of cells, particularly blood cells under
cryogenic conditions, are described. -
The distribution of the concentration of the solution in th~ procese of the
growth of crystals is atudied. An explanation of the previously obaerved
phenomenon of the stratification of the aolution when growth cryatals of
KDR in a static mode was found on the basis of this research. The results
of the study of the uniformity of artificially growth cryatals by the method -
of holographic interferometry are cited.
The application of holography for the study and measurement of the parameters
of multicomponent rapidly changing systems, which contain a liquid, solid
nnd gaseous phase and a plasma, is eacamined, the main characteristics are
_ cited and the problems of studying such systems are specified. .
A number of practical examples of the use of pulse holography for the cal-
culation of the density of currents, the distribution of velocities i~n an
overflow stream, the study of the process of combustion of condensed sys-
tems, the analysis of the distribution of charged and neutralized particles
in plnsma are given. The process of the atomization of fuel by in~ectors
44
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FOtt 0~'~ICIAL U5~ dNLY '
f and rhe chararreri~tice of the gAS dynamic atreams in ehe int4ke-exhauat
sygtemN af motor vehicle diegel ~ngine~ nre eCudied.
~nc~ bdnk was writren by ~ collecCive of uuehors under ehe gen~ral ediror-
gtiip df V. M. GinzUurg and.I3. M. SCepnnov. The folrowing people worked on
rhe bouk: Ye. A. AnConov 1.1, 1.2), V. Yn. Tsgrfin 1.3, 1.4, Chap-
eer 6), E. G. S~m~nov 1.5~ Chc~pter 2), V. M. Ginzburg (ChapCera 2-7,
� 1.3), B. M. Stepanov (Chnpters 2-6, � 1.3), Ye. N. Lekhtsiyer (Chap-
ters 3-5), V. Moroz and N. S. Khanin (ChnpCar 7).
Thc nuChora hope ChaC the book will be u~eful~for apecialiaCs who work in
v~rious fields of ecience gnd technology nnd who uae hulographic methods
.for solving practical probleme and in scientific research.
The Aurhors are extremely thankful to the reviewers of Che book: Correspond-
ing Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences boctor of Technical Sciences. ;
L. U. Bakhrnkh and Doctor of Phyaicomathematical Sciencea Yu. A. Bykovekiy,
Eor ~ number of valuable suggestions which were taken into account when ~i
correcting the book. . ,
The autl~ors express graCitude.to Ya. A. Gabelev for much assisCance in the
preparation and editing of the manuscript of the book.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 1978
i
780~
CSO: 1810
!
~
~ . 45
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PUI3LICATIONS
UDC 533.9.13
P[tOPLItTI(:S 0~ NEGATIVE YONS ANU ASSOCIATED PROCES3~S
Moscow OTRITSATEL'NYY~ IONY (NegaCive Ions) in Rueaian 1978 signed to
presg 11 May 78 pp 2-4, 176
/AnnotaCion, table of contenta and preface from book by Boria Mikhaylovich
Smirnov, Atomizdat, 1,830 copiea, 176 pages/
LText/ Information, which pertaina to tha properties of nega~ive iona and
the procesaes which take place with their participation, is presented. The
' methoda of determining the energy of the affinity of electrone to the atom
and the molecule are analyzed and the preaent values for these magnitudea,
as Well as for the energiea of dissociaCion of molecular negative iona and
the parameters of auto-ionized states of iona, which are fonaed in Che pro-
cess of cnllision of electrons with molecules, are cited. 'The proceaeQS of
the formation of ions in paired and triple collisiona of electrons with
molecules, as well as the procesaes of the recombination of poaitive and
negative ions in paired and triple collieions are studied. The processes
of the photoe3ection of an electron from a negative ion~ the photodiseocia-
tion of a molecular negative ion, as well as the phota-attachmenr of an
electron to an atom or a nalecule arP examined.
The book containa much reference material. It is intended for apecialista
working in the field of the phyaics and chemiatry of plaema, atomic and
molecular physica, as well as in related fields, who need information on
. the properties~of charged particlea and the elementary proceasea taking
place with their participation.
49 figures, 40 tables, 698 references.
Contents Page
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 1. Properties of Negative Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
� 1.1. Methods of Determining the Energy of the Bond of an Elec-
tron, in u Negative Ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
� 1.2. L~nergy of Affinity of Atoms to an ElecCron 23
4 1.3. Enegry of Affinity of Molecules and Radicals to an
- Electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
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~ 1.4. I~~I~~vinr nf ~ Weukly Dound Cl~ctron in n Nogneive Ion. 37
_ liiblingrt~phy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . , . . . . 48
Chapter 2. Comple~c ~nd Unst~ble Negueiva Tong . . . . . . . . ~ . ~ 54
� 2.1. ~nergy of Disaociution of Ne~ativ~ Complex Tons. 54
� 2.2. ~ormation of Complicated ~nd Complex Negneive Yong in
Tripl~ Cn11~~ione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
� 2.3. Formatian nf n Neg~tive Cnmplex Ion in Che Procesa of AC-
tachmont of the Electron to n Complex Molecule 6~
- ~ 2.4. Auto-ionized Statea of Negutive Iona . . . . . . . . . 66
l~ibliography . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Chapter 3. Processes of the Collision of Negative Ions With Atoms . 70
� 3.1. Interaction of the Negative Ion WiCh Atoma 70
� 3.2. Destruction of the Negative Ion .in a Collision With an ACom 80
� 3.3. Release o� an Electron in Collisiona of a Negative Ion in
uCas 88
~ 3.4. Resonance Charge Exchange With the ParCicipation of Nega- ;
tive Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
- Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
- Chttpter 4. Formation of NegaCive Ions in Gases. . . . . . . . . . . 102
�4.1. DissociaCive Attachment of an Electron to a Molecule 102
�4.2. Distribution of the Products of the Dissociative Attachment
of an Electron to a Molecule According to Energiea and
Anglea of Divergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 ~
�4.3. Attachment of an Electron to Complex Moleculea 118
�4.4. Formation of Negative Ions in Triple Collisions of
Electrons With Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . 124
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Chapter 5. Recombination oF PosiCive and ;Z.:gative Ions. 133
�5.1. Paired Recombination of Poaitive and Negative Ions 133
�5.2. Triple Recombination of Poaitive and Negative Ione in a Gas 141
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Chapter 6. i'roces:~e~ of Int~r~iction of Negative Ions With Radiation 155 -
~6.1. Photodecay of a Negative Ion of an Atom. 155
~6.2. Radiation Attachment of an Electron to an Atom.or a
Malecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
�6.3. Photodisaociation of Negative Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 ;
aibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Preface
Negative ions play an important role in weakly ionized gas. The transfer
of the negative charge from the electron to the negative ion leads to a
sharp decrease of the conductivity of plaema and changes the rate of the
recombination in it of the positive and negative charges, The process of
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~he phutn-n~trtrlimc~nC aF un electron eo an ~tedm inFluenceg ttie rudinting
~~rnp~~rl teH c~f n wenkly lonir.ed Fne, `I'huq, the formatton of neE;nCive iony
c~f hydr~g~n in the phnr~spher~ of th~ dun with the ptioro-nCCnchm~nt of an
elecrron Cn ~n ~tom df hydrogen deeermineg ehe rndintion of Che sun in th~
optirnl pdrCidn df Ch~ gpecerum. 'Che luminasCence of the night sky Co u -
breF~t ~xCenC is connected with the phoro-uee~chment of ~n elecCron eo an
~itom of oxygen. NeguCive ion~ plny ~n importnnt role itt the upper aCmos-
ph~rc of ehe e~rth, where ~t nn ~leitude of up eo 100 km Che negutive
ch~r~;e a~ Che uCmosphere is connected wiCh nagaCivd :tons, and the main type
of nehutlvn ions dQpendg on the nltitude and the time of day. The lieC of
ex~m~~lns demonsCrnting the rnle of negutiv~ ions could be conCinued, and
their number is increasing witl~ the d~velopment of applied ecience in re-
- cent Clmeg, mainly in cnnnectinn wiCh ehe dnvelapmene of cnpnCiC~ve gas
taserv, bas-dischyrge insCrumenC~ nnd plasmn chemistry. A11 thig createa
tlie need fnr infurmution abouC negative ione.
'I'he gout of ehiy book is to preaent information on negaCive ions and tt~e
elementury proces~es in which they participnte. At the basis of Che book
is the muterial of the previous books of the author on thie theme ("Atomnyye
stolknoveniyn i elementarnyye protsessy v pluzme" /Atomic Collisiona and
Elemenrary Proceases in Plasma/, Moscow, Aromizdat, I968;_"Iony i vozbuzli-
dennyye utomy v plgzme" /Ions and Excited Atoms in Plasma/, Moacow, Atomiz-
dat, 1h74). 'This book has retained the direction of rhe preceding books,
the nuturc nnd manner of exposition, and for thoae questions, in which no
riew inFormution nppeared, the materials of the preceding booka were used
in it.
Alonfi witl~ this u large number of problems were aub~ect to serious treat-
ment. There are directions in which in recent years fundamenCally new re-
- sults hnve been obtained. For example, a new method of ineasuring the ener-
gy of aEfinity of an electron to an atom and a molecule, which was devaloped -
several years ago and is based on the atudy of the photodecay of negative
~ ions upon the intersection of n beam of negative ions with the beam of an
ad~ustr~ble laser, made it posaible to obtain a wealth of information on the
energy of affinity of electrons to an atom and a molecule with a previously
Inaccessible accuracy. Modern methods made it possible Co determine the
parametcrs of auto-ionized states for a number of molecular negative ions.
These states are formed in the procese of the elastic and inelastic scat-
tering of un electron on a molecule and therefore contain information on
the collision of the electron with the molecule. In recent years.measure- -
ments af ttie sections of photodissociation for negative ions were made,
whicl~ previausly were entirely lacking. For many problems new information
has been ohtained, which is extending our notions about the topic and, of -
course, is also included in the book. _
In foreign literature there are a large number of surveys and monographs on
, ne~ative ions. The most complete one is the monograph of H. Maesey, which
has run three editions (H. S. W. Massey, "Negative Ions," Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, 1976).
COPYRIGHT: Atomfzdat, 1978
7807
CSO: 1870 END
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