JPRS ID: 8309 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

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JPRS L/g309
G March 1979
~ r
TRANSL~ItillNs oN uSSR SCIENCE AND T~CHNOLOGY
- PNYSICAL SCIENC~S AND TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 13/79>
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JPRS L/'8309
6 Marah 19 79 _
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECNNOLOGY
_ PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND 1'~CHNOLOGY
(FOUO 13/~9)
CONTENTS PAGE
GE~PHYSICS, ASTRONOMY AND SPACE
New Method of Wave Front Restoration
(S.D. Andrenko, et al.; DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR
18 Jul 78) 1
PHYSICS
?
- Status, Proapects of Hdlography WiCh Three-Dimensional
Recording
(Yu. N. Denisyuk; VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, No 12,
1978) 5
SCIENTISTS AND SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS . _
List of Candidate Members, Corresponding Members of USSR
Academy of Sciences
(VESTNIK AKAD~III NAUK SSSR, Feb 79) 23 ;
_ !
PUBLICATIONS
Methods of Inveatigating Stability of Nuclear Reactors
(V.D. Goryachenko; METODY ISSLEDOVANIYr1 USTOYCHIVOSTI
_ YADERNYKH REAKTOROV, 1977) 48
Electronic Characteristics and Electron-Phonon Interaction ~
of Superconducting Metals and Alloys
(N.G. Basov; TRUDY ORDENA LENINA FIZICHESKOGO
INSTITUTA IMENI P.N. LEBEDEVA AKADF2tII NAUK SSSR,
Vol 82, 1975) 54
~ - a- [III - USSR - 23 S& T FOUOJ
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CONT~NTS (ConCinued) pgge
Kinetic Effecta in ~lecCron-PhoCon Syeeems in a Laser
Emiseion Field
- (Elerlanzh PeCrovich Sinyavakiy; KINETICH~SKIYE
EFFEKTY V~LEKTRON-FONONNYKH SISTEMAKH V POL~
LAZERNOGO IZLUC~TENIYA, 1976) 56
Kinetics of Simple Oacillation Theor.y Modela
(N.G. Basov; TRUDY ORDENA LENINA FIZICHESKOGO
INSTITUTA IM. P.N. LEBED~V AN SSSR: KJNETIKA PROSTYKH
MODELEY TEORII KOLEBANIY, 1976) 59
- Thermal Phyaics of Fast-Neutron Reactors and Heat-Exchange
Equipment
(V.B. Neaterenko, eC al.; BYSTRYYE REAKTORY I
TEPLOOBMENNYYE APPARATY AES S DISSOTSIRUYUSHCHIM ~
TEPLONOSITELEM, 1978) 62
Aerodynamic AcousCic Research
(A.V. Rimskiy-Korsakov; AKUSTIKO-AERODINAMICHESKIYE
ISSLEDOVANIYA, 1975) 67
'Kivtaet' Finely Granular Complex Sulfide-Ore Processing
System Described
(TSVETNYYE METALLY, No 12, 1978) 69
Lis~ of Soviet ArCicles Dealing With Composite Materials
(GOSUDARSTVEYNYY KOMITET SOVETA MINISTROV SSSR PO
NAUKE ~ TEKHNIKE. AKADEMIYA NAUR SSSR. SIGNAL'NAYA
INFORMATSIYA, KOI~OZITSIONNYYE MATERIALY, No 20, 1978). 75
Theory and Application of Semiconductor Laser
(Oleg Vlr~dimirpvich Bogdankevich, et al.; POLUPROVOD-
NIKOVYYE LAZER~t,~',1976) 77
- b -
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G~OPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY AND SPACE -
� UDC 621.385:530.145.6:77
~ NEW METHOD OF WAVE FRONT RESTORATION
Moacow DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Ruseian manuecript received 18 Jul 78
Vol 244 No 1,1979 pp 83-85
(Article by S. D. Andrenko, academician of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of
Sciencea; A. Ya. Ueikov, and V. P. Shestopalov, Institute of Radio Physica
and Electronice of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences, Khar'kovl .
[TextJ It is known [1,2] that obtaining a i~nlogram is esaentially the same
as recording an interference pattern formed as a result of the euperposition _
of two wavES: the reference and�sub~ect coherent ~ith it, scattered on the
tnveatigat'ed ob~ect. The photographic p1aCe located in the region of in-
teraction of the wavea is a diffraction grating after expoaure and procesaing.
Foc reproduction (restoration) of the sub~ect wave, the photographic plate
(hologram) is located at the same place and in the same orientation as for
expoaure, and a tranemitted wave identical to the reference wave is directed
ar. it.
The holograms exiating at the preaent time are diatinguished among each other
by the method of procesaing the photosensitive layer (pt:ase, amplitude), tb~a
depth of the fixed interference pattern (.plane, volumeCric), the combination
of phase fronts (plane~ epherical) aub~ect and reference waves (ahadow, ~
Freanel, Fraunhofer and Fourier holograma) and the holography angle (axial ~
and extra-axial). In the restoration phase of an image contained in dif-~��~
_ ferent holograma, the same physical effect is used. For these purposes,
the phenomenon of diffraction of the volumetric (plane or spherical) maves -
of the reproducing field on the hologram ae a diffraction grating is used.
Let the transmitted, uniform plane wave be incident at an angle ~ on a dif-
_ fraction grating (hologram) wtth period R. Aa is known [3], the field
scattered by the grating is a superpoaition of the departing plane wave,
the propagation directions of 9n in free space are d~fined by the expression
sin 8~ ~ sIn cp-Fn ~ ~
(1)
where n= 0, �1, +2, is the number of the harmonic of the diffracted
wave spectrum, J1 is the wavelength in free sFace.
i
I
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In the case of holographing two plane wave~ interfering at an angle o�
2�~ Che relation b~etween the period of the C~ologram~ Che wavelength and
the angle ~ hae Che form
-
t~ 2ein~ ~ ~2~
�
which makes it poseible to obtain the formula
ein 8�~(~-f-2n)sin c~. (3) `
The analysie of (3) indicatea that in the specCrum of the plane waves ecat-
- tered by the hologram there are diffraction harmonica with number n= 0,
_ �1, �2~ (in oFMics they are called the diffraction order). The 'narmonic
with the index n~ 0 corresponds to the propagation of the incident wave.
For n~-Z~ A_1 Thie meana that the given wave is propagated in pre- -
cisely the eame direction as the sub~ect wave with the forwation of an
interference pattern. The remaining valuea of n= 1, �2, correapond _
Co the addit~onal waves which were absent among Che initial waves. Each �
number of the diffraction harmonic correaponds to its image. Here numerous
images occur, the superpoaition of which on each other usually is undesirable
and even harmful.
This situatioa ie characteristic for holagrams with any dependence of the
diffracted field n~ar the grating on the coordinate, except sinusoidal.
If the acaCtered field (in particular, pasaing through the grating) ia aub-
~ect to a sinusoidal law, the waves are formed only with indexes n= 0,
+1 (the Rayleigh grating). It ia necessary to note that in apite of the
sinueoidal dietribution of the illsmination of the photographic plate, the
image of the hologram obtained sti1Z ie not of a completely sinusoidal
nature. Therefore when reatoring real holograma b~? the volumetric wave ~
method, the suxiliary wavea and, consequently, the images muat unavoidably
exiat although Cheir intensity decreases with an increase in the harmonic
number. The auxiliary image in the wave with tha number n= 1 has the
same intensity ae the basic image obaerved in the wave field with n~-1.
From (3) it followe that for amall holography anglea the harmonics of the
diffracted restored spectrum are not separated (the axial hologram). Notice-
- able apatial separation of the restored images can be obtained only when
working with the exCra-axial holograms ~ 0).
~hus, the nature of the phyaical phenomenon itaelf used when restoring the
holographic image�--the diffraction of the volumetric waves on the periodic
structures--leada to the fact that along with the restoration of the axial
and imaginary images on irradiation of the holograms by light from the
restoring source~ a background light flux occurs. This fact has a significant
negative effect on the quality of the images restored by the indicated
method and lowere the efficiency of the restoration itself. In order to
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improve Che diffraction efficiency of the hologram and decrease the number
of additional imagea when reatoxing rhe holograms iC i~ necessary Co use
the phenomenon of diffraction of tTie surface (nonuniform) waves on the
periodic etructure--interferogram. Let us note that rhe effect of the
convereion of eurface wsvea to volumetric wavee has already been used in
the inetrumente of diffraction electronice [4]~ for the creation of elementa
of inCegrated circuite and metrologic measurement unite of dielecCric wave -
guides~ antenna areas in the milimet~r and submil3meCer wave banda [5], in
integral optics for energy inpur (oueput) to the light guides [6~ 7] and "
also in the development of the logical elements of optical computers.
Formally, the solution of the problem of diffraction of a aurface wave on
a graCing ie analogoue to the case of incidence of a uniform plane wave on
thia etructure. It rediices Co the boundary problem of diffraction of a'plane
wave incident on the grating at the imaginary angle arc;rin c/v~, where
v~ ie the phase velocity of the surface wave, c is the spe~d of light in
_ a vacuum. The ap~ctrum of the acattered waves occurring during surface -
wave diffraction on a periodic obetacle differs theoretically from that in
the case of transmiasion of a plane uniform wave through the grating. Actual-
ly, on diffraction of the eurface wavea on the grating, auperpoeition of the
- nonuniform (aurface) and uniform (volumetric) plane waves leaving the grating
and departing from it occurs. The directions of propagation of the harmonics
in free apace are defined by the expresaion
sin 0~ ~ ~ -f- n l . (4 )
m
In as much as for surface wavea v~ < c and c/v~ > 1, the harmonica propagated
in the form of plane, uniform waves leave the array at the real angles only
if n ie negative. This meana that among the waves leaving the wave grating
there will be no waves with positive indexes and with n= 0(the zero har-
monic corresponds to the incident wave), and the apectrum of the scattered -
waves will be significantly more narrow than occurred in the case of dif-
�raction of uniform plane waves.
IC ia thie fact that ia defining when using the phenomenon of the~diffraction
of surface wavee on gratinge for restoration of holograms.
Let us note that in the development of holography, the proc:ess of improve-
ment of the quality of the reatored image ie one of the most important,
- and it was realized by various methods. The transition from axial (D.
Gabor) to extra-axial holograma (E. Leyt and Yu. Upatnieks) made it possible
to achieve apatial aeparation of the real, imaginary and suxiliary images.
The volumetric hologr~m method (Yu. N. Denisyuk) was uaed to obtain a unique
reatored image. Conaequently, the use of the conversion of surface wave~
to volumetric waves for restoration of holograms is another version of
solving this problem.
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The problem of image reatoration in thia case conaista in Che fact Chat
the restoring wave is introduced into the plane wave gu~.de which is con-
nected with ~he helogram. The suxface wave of the light guide diffracta
on ~he hologram elemenCa (grating elements~ and in the apectrum of tihe
acattered waves defined Fiy (4) the restored imgge occura. It is significant '
ChaC by selecting the deceleration characterie~ics o� the light guide in
the case of eimple holograms iC is possible to obtain a restored image in
the harmonic of the diffracted spectr~, the direction of propagation of
. wl~ich coincides exactly wiCh the sub~ect wave during exposure.
The schematic of the realization of Che phenomenon of diffraction of surface � ~
wavea on periodic etructures ia diatinguished by simplicity, reliabili.ty and
high efficiency. This fact has been established experimentall~? in the ,
milimeter (5) and optical bands (6, 7) for realization of devices for electro- _
- magnetic energy output from planar wave guidea.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Kol'yev, R; Berkkhart, K; and Lin, L. OPTICHESKAYA GOLOGRAIYA
(Optical Holography), Moacow, Mir. 1973.
2. Strouk, Dzh. WEDENIYE V KOGERENTNUYU OPTIKU I GOLOGP,AFIYU (Introduction ~
to Coherent Optics and Holography), Moscow, Mir, 1967.
3. Sheatopalov, V. P., et al, DIFRAKTSIYA VOLN NA RESHETKAIQi (Wave Diffrac-
- tion on GrgCinge), Khar'kov, Vishcha shkola, 1973.
4. Sheatopalov, V. P. DIFRAKTSIONNAYA ELEKTRONIKA (Diffraction Electronics),
Khar'kov, Viehcha shkola, 1976.
5. Sheatopalov~ V. P., Andrenko~ S. D., et al, Visn. AN URSR (Veatnik of ~
the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences), No 1, 1977, p 8.
6. Zolotov, Ye. M.; Kiselev, V. A.; and Sychugov, V. A. UFN (Progress in
" the Phyaical Sciences), Vol 112, No 2, 1974,n 231.
7. Kogel'nik, G. UFN, vol 121, no 4, 1977, p 695.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR", 1979 -
10845
CS0:8144/0806
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.
PHYSICS
Unc 535 317.i
STATUS, PROSPECTS OF HOLOGRAPf1Y WITH THREE-LIM~NSIOiVAL RECORDING
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 12, 1978 pp 50-54
[Article by Corresponding Member, USSR Acade~}r of Sciences Yu. N. Denisyuk]
[Text] The basic principle of holography, the recording of a proportional -
_ wave field by its mixing with a predetermined reference wave, was proposed,
as is weli known, by the English physicist D. Gabor in 19491. In essence, -
Gabor discovered the ability of a photographic recording of a two-dimensional
- interference pattern tc; re~roduce the wave fields whose interference produced
the pattern.
It is known, however, that the interference phenomenon is not limited to a -
plane: light waves interfere with each other in three-dimensional space
wherever they are superimposed, forming a so-called "standing wave." Essen-
tially, the ordinary interference pattern is a plane section of such a wave.
In 1962, the author of the present article showed that the imaging ability
of such a section is only a part of the complex of imaging abi~ities possessed ~
by a spatial material model of the whole standing wave pattern . A general
diagram of this primary phenomenon of holography is given in Fig. 2.
d,d~d~
W W I W9 W7
~W
~ d~d~d~
~ ~
_ S w, O g W, O'
~
. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~
a 6 I -
Fig. 1. Mechanism of the Three-Dimensional Hologram.
a. Ih~xing recording, the antinodal surfaces dl, d2, d3... are formed where
the phases of the reference wave from source S and the wave from the ob~ect
0 coincide. b. during reconstruction, the photogra~hic+deposit which was
formed at the locations of the antinodal surfaces (dl, d2, d3...) revers~s
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- the direetion of movement of the reconstructing wave where its phases coin-
cide with thoae of the,wave from the ob,ject, tranaforming it into the ob,ject
wave.
In the recording process, radie,tion from a mon~~~hromatic source S(Fig. 1-a)
falls upon an arbitrary ob~ect. The radiation scattered by the ob~ect (waves
Wl, W~...), interfering with the radiation propagating from the ~ource S
(wave Ws), forms a stationary standing wave pattern (the antinodal surfaces
of theae waves are des3gnated dl, d2, d3...). A solid V, filled with a trans-
parent light-sensitive emulsion, is placed in the ste,nding-wave field. After
exposure and development, a structure whose density reproduced the distribu-
tion of light in the stfanding wave is formed in the solid. -
We now turn to reconstruction (Fig. 1-b). Suppose that the three-dimensional _
model of the standing wave which we have obtained is illuminated with light ~
from a point source located in the same place as the reference source S dur-
ing the recording process. We note that in this case, in contrast to two-
dimensional holograpr~,y, the reconstruction source need not be monochromatic: ~
an ordinary white light source may be used in reconstruction of three-dimen-
3ionai .~lograms. `
We will begin by considering the interaction with the three-dimensional holo-
gram by the monochromatic component of the source radiation whose wavelength
is the same as that of the source which was used to make the hologram. It
is evident from the ver;~ concept of interference that at all the standing
wave antinodes, the ~hase �ralues of the reference wave, and accordingly of the
monochromatic component of the reconstructing wave, will correspond with the
phase values of the ii~ht wave scattered by the ob,ject. Only the directions
of propagation will ditfer: while the ob,ject wave propagated from right to
left, the reconstructing wave propagates from left to right.
The effect of the three-dimensional hologram is precisely the fact that the =
photographic deposit (metallic silver, transparent dielectric and so on)
formed at the antinodes reflects the radiation incident on it and accordingly ~
reverses the direction of propagation of the reconstructing wave. The re-
versal takes place where the phase of the recanstructing wave coincides with
the phase of the ob~ect wave, so that the hologram transforms the source wave
into a radiation wave reflected from ob~ect 0. ~The properties of the ob~ect
wave are reproduced through the entire cross section of the three-dimensional
hologram, and accordingly no false images are present.
Thus, each individual antinodal surface recordedin the hologram reconstructs
_ the wave function of the radiation scattered by the ob~ect. The effect of
the depth of the hologram is simply that because of light interference in
layers at different depths the hologram selects from the continuous spectrum
and reflects in the reverse direction only the monochromatic component which
was used in the recording. ~ -
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'.Ct~E m~chuni.em ~f rc~F~roduct,ion of the spectral content af the rrsdiation by
means oC u three-dimenaiunal ho]:o~ram is c~nr~logous to the mechanism of re-
production of the spectral composition by Lippmann photography, and in it~
general features amounts to the following (Fig. 2):
during recording of the hologram, a number of ~arallel reflecting layers d~,
dl, d2... are formed at the inter3ections of antinodes; these are spaced at
a distance equal to half the wavelength of the light recorded in the holo-
- gram. If the hologram is reconstructeci by radiatinn of the same wavelength,
the light reflected by the different layers has path differences which dif-
= fer by multiples of twice the distance betwee n layers, i.e. ~o , and by in-
_ phase additlon forms a single reflected wave W. The process of wave addition
in this case 3s expressed by vector diagram a.
~
~ ro i, r; ;
~
w ~o i, T~
do Q .
~ d~
ao
- d 2
a .
. ~
~Q
_ 6 .
s~ ~
Fig. 2. Reconstruction of Spectral Composition by a Three-Dimer;$ional Hologram.
If the wavelength ~f the reconstructing light corresponds with the wavelengt h
of the light recorded in the hologram, then the light reflected by layers
.4
d~~ dl~ d2��. (rays e� ,~Q3 ) is added synphasally and forms a reflected
wave W. Diagram a expresses the addition proceSs in vector form. If the
- wavelength of the reconstructing light differs from 1,,, than the light re-
_ flected from layers d0, dl, d2... is added nonsynphasally and is canceled out
(diagram b).
- If the hologram is reconstructed by light of some different wavelength t he
" patY: difference between layers will remain a multiple of J~o but not of
Accordingly the light reflected from the different layers will undergo out-
of-phase addition and will cancel itself. The vector diagram of this process
is shown in Fig. 2-b.
- 7
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We determine the brea~~th nf the ~peCtra~. 1.ine.produced frdm ~ cnntinuous
gpectrum by a hologr~m of thiCknesg d. Let light with a wavelength ~�~e*o~
fa11 on the hologram, It follows from di~grem b that t~ bring the intengity
~f th~ totai reflected w~v~ to ~ero requires th~t th~ phs~e difference be-
t~e~n waves reflected by th~ first and gubsequent lay~r~ ghoul.d b~ equ~l to ~
2 tt gnd the pgth differenee to Since each layer produces a an additional
path difference da , and since the tdtal number of layers n= 2d/ ~l, , n~gl~ct-
ing the differ~nce betw~en ~ end , the condition c~n b~ srritten ag fol-
1ou~ : /J~ 2d/ a, _ ~ � -
The total breadth of the 1in~ pr~duced (from n~?nimum to minimum) can be found
by mul.tiplying Q~ by 2:
l~/8?~-d/~. (f)
~ , .
If a number ~f spectrsl componenta are recorded simultaneously in the thr~e-
dimensional hologr~n, then during recc~nstruction each harmonic Wi11 react only
with "ite os+n" monochromgtic component. Thug it turns out that a three-dimen-
sional hologrem ce.n also reproduce e complex spectral compos?tion of light.
In easence, the three~dimenaional hologram is the most perfect type of image
known to us. In fact, St may be conaidered as a unique optical equivalent of
the ob,~ect,.-Whtch bQhq�res toWard radiation incident on it in the same Way as _
the original ob~ect does. The basis of this cirewnstance is evidently the
- fact that the strucLurP of the three-dimensional hologram repeats certain
critical elements of the structure of the ob,~ect. Quantitatively, it has
been possible to confirm such asawaptions only for the simplest phase o~~ects
xith a vector distribution of the reflective index over the coordinates .
In general terma, the discussion Which identifies the connection betWeen the
structure of the simplest pheae ob~ect With ::ie structure of its three-dimen-
sional hologram is as folloxs (Fig. 3):
xe express the function for the distribution of the dielectric constant of the
phase ob,ject as an expansion into three-dimensional harmonics ahose orienta-
tion is specified by the wave vectors kn. A plane wave incident on an ob,~ect
with a wave vector ~8 and a Wavelength 7~ Will interact only With the harman-
ics whose spatial uavelength n and angle oP orientation relative to Lhe in-
cident aave 8/2 are sub,~ect to the Bragg condition:
~~2~sin 9;2. (2)
We consider the interaction of the incident xave ~+ith one such harmonic~kn.
The r?ave ICn reflected by the harmonic propagates at a specul~ar reflection
angle O/2 ~ith respect to the xave vector of the harmonic Itn. It is easy
Lo shoW thaL the spatial Wavelength of the standing aave produced by ad-
dition of the incident and reflected waves is also sub~ect to relation (2).
Thus it appears that the intensity distribution fl~nction for the standing
srave produced by reflection of light from the three-dimensional harmonic is
- identical t4 the distribution function of the dielectric constant of this
_ 8
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h~rmdnic. If a~ $um the radiation reflected by all hartnani~~, it i~ ea~y to
c:on~lude that the structure of the et~nding aave produced by reflection from -
the ob~~ct, and aCCardingly the stru~ture of the hologr~m, imitate~ the ~patigl
harmonice of the db~ect aith whiCh the Wave incident on the ob,~ect intersctg.
- ~hug in ~~~enc~ it tur::a out th~t in th~ hdl.ogrgm ig ins~ribed the ~tructure
e~f the c~b,jec~t, xith its spaG~-frequency gpertrum gub~~cted t~ filtering. Ag ~
r~sult of this filtering, the ~tructure of the ab,~ect in cdordin~t~ ~pace is
c~iffused and enterg the golfd in rrhich the holdgr~m i~ reCVrded~ ,
~
. i / ^
i ~
i ,///i ~
/ '
~ ~
_ ~ / %i; ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ,
~ //j i/.
i K' ~ ,
~ ~ ~ -
' ~ 61 ~
A!~
x~
~
~ K~
~
~
~
~ Fig. 3� Relation of the Structure of Lhe Phase Ob~ect to the Structure of its
Hologram.
A plane Wave with a wave vector 17S and a wavelength falls on one of the
spatial harmonics of the Fourier expansion of the ~fractive index function nf
the ob,~ect. By coincidence of the conditions for reflection from the ob3ect
with those for interference of the incident light and that reflected by the
harmonic, the intensity distribution function of Lhe resulLanL atanding w~ve
reproduces the distribution function of the refrective index of harmnnic kn.
Subsequent investigations have shoxn thut the phenomenon af re~~resentation of
wave fields by a solid interference pattern is of an even more general nature
thr~n xas previously supposed. IL turns out that not only standing ~raves but
the traveling intensity waves produced during interference of light aith vari-
ou~ wavelenghts are capab~e of correctly reproducing ~rave fields. ~
F'ig. 4 shoxs tWO plane vaves Y1 end V2 of light with wave vectors 17 and
having different values. As a result of fnterference ot these w~ves, an in-
ten~ity harmonic with antinoda2 surfaces designated WI, W~... is procluced.
9
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w,
w,
' o ~
. ' K .
X ~ i IS,
~
~ ~
. ~
K~
~K~ Y~`.~ i
T
~f i ~ V,
~'ig. 4. Imaging Pr~~~rti~s of Tr~v~ling Liten~ity Wgves.
A tr~veling in~eneity h~rmonic With ~har~et~ri~tir vect~r~ ig form~d by th~
int~rferenc~+ of two pl~ne w~ve~ ~rith W~ve vectora ~1 and K~ and ~av~lengthg
and 4'he ~ntinod~l anrfacee d2' thia harmoni~ are degignated W~ ~nd
W2. If on E? travelin et~r~ial model of thi~ harmc~ni~ ia incident one a~' t;ne
waves that f'ormed it,~ for ~x~mple, it is tran~fnrmed intc~ the geconc~ wave
of th~ pair, e.g. 17Z The ~pparent viol$tions of the l~w of gpeculQr refl~c-
tion in Lh~ procesg ~re compena~t~d by rel~tivietic effecta.
- The ~rientst:ion and wavelength of this harmonic is det~rmined by t~e xave
vector k, ~~ual to the difference betueen the wgve vectors Kl and 2. 7'h~
~irection of movement corresponds to the direction of movement of the inter-
fering wav~ with Lhe l~rger ve~tor value
Suppose that th~ intensity h~rmonic hgg been recorded in the solid medium go
that a moving system of reflectors W1, H~... corresponds to the antinodal eur-
faces. It f3eems at fir$t glance that such a system would not h~~~e i~ing
ability if only because the difference in the absolute values of the vectors
�I~i and ~2 xould mean that the surface of the moving reflector would not be a
biaectrix of' the angle formed by fronts V1 and V2, and accordingly xould not
make possible the reflective transf~rmation of these Waves.
Nowever, it Lurns out that the laws and geometry with respect to the distribu-
_ tion of waveg V1 gnd Y2 and surfeces W1 and W2... which are characteristic of
the optics c~f moving media result in a mutual transformation of ~+aves Vl and
V(with alloxance for relativistic deviations fram the laW o~ speeular reflec-
t~on).
In fact, it becomes apparent on more detailed consideration of the process c~f
reflection of wave Y2 from gurface W~ that r?hile rrave V2 is propagating from
point u to point m located on Lhe bisectrix of the angle formed by the inter-
fering aaves, foint f of the reflective surface W1 reaches the same point m.
In other Worda, the wavefront V2 still meets r~Plector W1 in such a vay t~aat
the mirror transformatian of wave Y2 into xave V1 is effected.
10
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It i~ nnt dnly the direction of prdpagation of the Waveg Which is ~orrectly
~ trttngformed by the system of reflectora W1, W2..., It turng out tha~ ag a
result of the boppler ~hift prdduc~d by mdvement of reflectdr W1, ~he :requen~y
of wav~ V~ ig tr~ngfdrmed int~a the frequ~ncy of rr~ve V1, reaulting in a com-
plete mutu~l Lr~n~fdrmAtion of wavee V1 ~nd V~.
~in~e gny W~ve of ~dmpl~x form c~n be repregent~d as a guperpasition af
plttne
WgYeg~ it gppe~rs th~t the 1~w Whi~h We have been digCUgging ig ~pplicable to
the ~ener~l ca~e nf a~ve~ of ~ny cr~nfi~ur~tion.
mh~ ability of traveling intensity Waves to represent Wave fields ig nne df
' th~ phenomeng locnted st the interf~ce of nonlinear opti~~ ~nd hc~ldgr~pt~y and
m~y hav~ imp~rte~nt epplications in go-cglled "dyn~mic holography" for correa-
tian ~f the gh~pe of v~v~frontg. '~hi$ queation Wil1 be digcusg~d in det~il
gdmeWhat later.
An important gtimulus td trie developm~nt of three-dimensional recordipg holn-
graphy came 2'rom the Work of the Americal invegtig~tor p. vsn He~rden4. mhe
ba~ig o� this vrork is the t~ypothesig of R. I. gerl', according to Which e~~?ch
element of informstion in humgn memory is stored not in the form of g gingle -
gpati~lly loc~lized cell, but in the form of a single excitati~n h~rmonic
fillfng the entire cortex of the br~i~.
Thia method of informgtion gtor~ge has a number of advantsges. :'nr example, ~
dara~ge to one or aeveral parts of the brain would thus nt~t result in the com- -
plete disappearanee of any part of the informgtion. V$n Neerden pointed out
_ that ~ posaible anglog of such sn informgtion recording process in optica is
th~ three-dimensionsl holdgram and proposefl to use it eg s ba~i~ for the de-
v~lopment of optical memory.
Considering the three-dimensional hologrsm for the purpose of developing mem-
ory units, its unquestioned advantage over the txo-dimensional hologram is
the fact that it can record a number of images simultaneously in the same
volwne ot' photographic material (without mutual interference). Such an opera-
tion may be carried out by recording images at varioug Wavelengths or ~+ith
different tilte of the reference xave. In both cases, the int~nsity h$rmanics
recorded in the hologram interact during readout only r+ith th~ reference Wave
with Zhe direction and frequency which aere used for the recording.
Vnn Neerden's work slso uncovered ~ property of the xhree-dimensional holo-
gram which is extremely interesting for computer engineering, that of c~?rry-
ing out operations peculiQr to so-ralled "gssoci~tive memory," i.e. the pos-
gibility of extracting from memory the whole of a certain element of infor-
mation ~LOr~a ia it by presentation of a part of it. In general terms the
mecha~ism of this phenomenon is as folloWS:
suppose that during recording Lhe light from a complex ob~ect consisting of
the arrov 0 and the crosa OZ ~Fig. 5) fglls on the hologram. The light from
each pair o~ pointg in such an ob~ect creates xithin the hologram V its orm
apecific spatial henaonic (hsrmonics P,~,S ia Fig. 5~ which difPers from
11
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the nther harmonicg by it~s w~velength gnd ~patial orientr~tion.
9uppn~e th~t during reanngtructidn, mdnochromati~ ].ight frdm only on~ part
di the compl~x ob,~e~t reCOrded in a hologram of
thia adrt fa11s on the holo-
gram; fer exsrapl~, ].ight fr~m the crn~g 0~~ ~inc~ all the harmdni~g r~Lord~d
in thr. hc~lop,rtun d~fPr,r t'rom ench other, each of them e~n interg~t only aith
_ 11ght from the pni.r nf points th~t formed i~. thug trsngforming the light from
th~ fir~t point of the p~ir into light from the geeond and vice v~rsa. mhus
th~ light from ~~ch point of th~ ~rd~~ glgd interact~d during r~cordin~ uith
light frdm g11 the oth~r points di the cro~~ and uith light from gll pointg -
of the ttrrow, ed that the hologram on Whi~h light from th~ crogg falls will
reconstruct the imag~ of the entire rrogg 0~ ~nd the imnge of
tihe arrow ~1.
Thus the hnlogram, to which only a part of the situ~tion--the cros~--Was pre-
s~nted, "rememb~r~" th~t th~ eitu~tion ~g a Whole inCluded both the Cross gnd
the grrow. mhi~ m~thod of recording, Which i~ di~tinguish~d by the l~ck of
~ pc~int reference source, subsequently received the name of ~~nonreferencp
hologr~phy."
A
y ~ ~ I _
~
~ ~
o
. . ~
~ ~ :
. - r Y :
I
i, , ~
{
I
C
C ~-4-~-~ i
G I
Fig. 5. Creation of Optical Memory by Means of Three-Dimensional Holograpt~y.
The record in the three-dimensionQl hologrea? h~s th~ properti~s of essociative
memory. If a hologram with a record of some situation (e.g. the arrow O1 and
the eross 02) is reconstructed by part of this situation (e.g. by cross 02),
the entire situation is reconatructed, i.e. the images of both the cross and
the errow. As regards the stored information, the hologram behaves as if the
information were located in spatially localized cells ahose size is equal to
the aavelength ~ af the light used to read it and each of which contains ~
light-sensitive centers.
Van Heerden suggested the use of aL':s1i halide crystals with colored centers,
~ which lose their color under the influence of light, as a medium far recording
- three-dimensional holograms. He obtained an estimated value of 1013 bits/cm3 _
- 12 -
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an u ponsible den~ity d� information recording in hvlogramg recdrded in guch
cry~talg, v?hi.ch immedigtely ~.ttracted the ~ttention d� many compenieg dev~lnp-
ing c~mputera td thig ~ub,~~ct.
- mhe cglculQtions aer~ bt~~~d on the follnWing c~nsidergtion~:
if the information i~ re~orded in the usu~1 m~nner in spgtittlly ldc~lized
cellg, u~ing 1Sght nf Wuv~length the gm~l~egt ce11 in ahi~h guch recor~-
ing c~n be done is a cube whase edge in equal td the limit af resolutic~n, f.e.
mhe gi~~ of
tihe aignal which c~n be reprdduced by guch a ce11 wi11 ti,e
proportional to the number ~ of light-~engitive Centers included Within it,
while the noise valu~ ai11 be proportional to the aquare root nf th~ number
nf c~nters. On the dth~r hanfl, it i~ Ke11 kribHri tho,t the number of bitg of
inform~tidn which can be r~corded in a memdry gystem consisting oi' n ce11g
ig equal to the number of ce11~ multiplied by the base-2 logarithm of the
sign~l-to-noiae rstio in a single ce11:
C~n log:t'~, ~3~
It can ensily be estimated th~t When I~= 1 micron and the concentration of
dyed centere is 1015 per em3, formula (3) gives a value o� 1013 bits/cm3.
but in practice it is impossible to implem~nt such a memory aith recording
af inform$tion in localized ce11s: it is not kno~+n by What method the small
cells could be imprinted in the substance or Wh~t optical device could be used
to read out the aignals recorded in them.
V~n Heerden pointed out in hi~ paper that the number of ph~se eellg character-
istic df hologrgphic recording ~nd the signgl-to-noige value coincide With
th~ correspond:ng parameters for recording in spstial cells.
- Artually, the number of phase cells is determined by tr~e number of independ-
ent plane xaves which can be recorded in the hologram. In angular terms,
these Wgves fill the entire half-space around the hologram, i.e. a solid angle
ABCD whose size is in the radian range (F'ig. 5), while spectrally they fill
a range af aavelengths comparable to that used in recording xavelength
~ach independent plane wave, corresponding to a single phase cell, is cherac-
terized by an nngular diverg~nce equal to the angular resolution of the holo-
gram doC = 71/a ( see ~'ig. 5) and a spectrel line Width a~ equal to the spectrsl
resolution of the hologram (see formula (1)). nividing the solid angle (on
the order of a few radians) by doc'~ and multiplying the result by the number
of spectral lines resolvable by the hologram ~~dA= d/T., We find that the
number of phgse cells in a three-dimensional hologram i~ equal to its volwne
- V divided by coinciding aith Lhe number of independent spatial cells r+hich
could fit Into the volume. A similar coincidence applies to the signal-to-
noise ratio.
The idea of using three-dimensiona: hologrnp}~y for a large-capacity optical
memory uas taken up by many scientists, but work in this area has still not
given the desired result. At the ssme time, it has stimulated the development
of photographic materigls for volume recording and hss served as the basis for
development of e new field, so-called "dynamic holograpt~y." -
~
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~'ir~t, van Heerden'~ prop~sal to r~cord three-dimensional hvldgramg in elkali
h~11de cry~talg wgg tegted exp~riment~lly. rt turn~d nut, hoa~ver, that guch
hnlogr~ms had extremely ldW diffrsCtion efficiency~,aince the recording was of
an amplitude charecter. Mueh mdr~ ~xten~ive pdsgibilitieg were openec~ up t~y
th~ propogg~. tn r~cc~rd three-dimenginnal hold~r~tn~ in electrnoptic cryst~lg,
_ ~gp~cially lithium niob~te, In thi~ CgBe th~ r~cording ig pgrticu].~rly of' ~ -
ph~se ch~rgct~r, ther~ i~ nnt ab~~rptinn, r~nd the diffracti~n ~fficien~y c~f
the holdgr~m may r~~Gh 100~~
The m~chanism for recording holograms in lithium niabate crystals ie es fo1-
1owg: photoelectr~ns produced in th~ crystal under the infl.uence df light
ar~ redistributed both by th~'eff~ct of drift on th~ internal fi~1d of the
crystal ~nd ~s ~ result c~f diffuaion of electrons from 111uminat~d ~r~ss of
the cry~t~~ t~ nonillumin~ted ones.
The nanuniform charge digtribution in the cryetal resu].ts in eleCtrogtatic
- fieldg which in turn produCe an uneven modulation of the refrsctive index.
In thig proress, becauae of the ar?isotrapic natur~ of the mediwn, the refract-
ive index modulation funetion cnn, generally spegking, be shifted relative to
the.li~;ht diatribution function in the interference pattern produced by the
modulation. This property leads to an extremely intereating effect, the -
directed transfer of energy from one of the waves interacting aithin the holo-
gram to the other5.
In general t~rms, the effect of this energy transfer between the ob3e~L and
reference Waves is gs follnWS (Fig. 6):
suppoge that two plane Waves R and S interfere in the volume V of the hologram.
The graph of light intensity distribution in the interference pattern which is
formed is shoxn by a dotted line in the fi~ure (left).
Under the influence of light, a harmonic of the distribution of the refractive
index n(x), ahifted along the crystal axis c by an smount ~ x(solid line) is
induced in the cryst~l. If this shift corresponds to a change in path length
for the interfering aaves equal to J?/4, the intergction af the waves With the
structure of the hologram can lead to a signiftcent increase in the energy of
one nf' the ~raves at the expense of the other.
Limiting ourselve~ Lo ~ first-order approximation, we can explain the essence
of the tranafer of energy by means of the shifted three-dimensional grating es
follows:
wc replace Lhe harmonic of the refractive index by a system of semitrgnspsrent
reflectir~ surfaces Z1, ZZ, Z3, located at the maxima of the refractive ir.dex.
The process of interaction of Waves With each element of this atructure, for
example with reflector Z3, may be considered as a complete analog of t~e
mixing of tva interfering Waves in the semitranspe~rent mirror of an interfero-
m~ter. ~c?ch vgve propagating axay from such a mirror is the sum of two com-
ponents. For example, the wave S' is the result of addition of light from
14
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wuve S, which has pas~ed thruu~h mirror Z3, gnd light from wo,ve R, Which hag
becn reClected by the mirror. Uependinq on the phase relntionnhip of wsvea
~?ncl ti, thede r.~m~~~nrr~t,c~ mny be ~id~lecl nr ~ubtraCted; onr pdnaibility ig thr~t
onE oi' the W~vrq ~ for r.xnrnple ii' , i~ completely ~xtingui ~hed, nnd g~.1 the
~n~rgy pnd~e~ to the other ~rave this case 5')~ 9ince the phase relation-
ghip of waveg R~nd S at the reflecting ~urface Z~ depends dn th~ gize nf the
- ghift alnng the x~xig, the r~tio of int~nsities of wav~g Ft' and S' propagat-
ing nw~y from the grating depends on the position of the greting rel~ti~~e td
the ittterferenee p~ttern nf the wavea fi and S incident on it.
~ C _
S. ~
~ ~ a~
.
~ Za
. `
~ ~ -
Zt S,
R 1~~ ~
. ~
~
' ~
1 ~r ~1
\
Jf~i nl~l V ~u0 ~00 300~ ~
(
Fig. 6. Transfer of Energy BetWeen the Ob,~ecL and Reference Wave by Means of _
a Shift in the Crating Produced in Lithium Niobate.
The interference pattern of tWO plane Waves R and S(the dotted curve J(x)) -
. is recorded in the crystal as a harmonic of the refractive index Which is
shifted relative Lo it (the solid curve n(x)). When Waves R and S interact
with this shifted grating the energy of one of the Waves is transferred to the
- other. At the right is a graph of the time change in intensity of one of the
Waves, S', for shifts in two directions corresponding to changes in the direc-
_ tion of the optical axis C of the crystal.
The dynumics of the process of redistribution of the energy betWeen tWO Waves _
us they interact With Lhe lithium niobate crystal is shorm in the graph on the
right of Fig. 6.
The so2id line corresponds to Lhe case in which the intensity of S' is in-
creased during reconding of the hologram, while the dotted line represents
the case in r+hich the direction of the optical axis C of Lhe crystal, and ac-
cordingly Lhe direction of shift of the reflective index grating, changes in
the npposite direction and the energy passes from Wave S to wave R.
15
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mhig effect i~a by no means the only one oLgerved during experimental record-
ing of holograme 1n lithium niobate cryatsle, but it bec~me the point of de-
- pnrtur~ for development af a n~w directinn of three-dimeneional hologr aphy,
eo-call~d "dynamic hoingrapt~y." Int~r~g~ in invegtigation of th..a sub~ect _
arose as a reeult of M. S. 9oskin'g proposal tio u~e the energy rediatribution
eff~ct of diffraction in a~hift~ed grating fnr corr~ction of th~ ghepe of
, lgeer light wavefronta.
It c~n in fact be ghown th~t if an irregularly-shaped int~nsity wave from a
tunable l~ser is introduCed into a light-sensitive medium V at the same time -
a~ a weak-intenaity, correctly-ghaped wave S, by producing a shift in the
atructure of the hoingram relative to the structure of the interferencP pat- ~
term emounting to a quart~r wave a11 the energy of wave R egn be transferred
tn wave S(~'ig. 7). Th~ final r~sult of this procees will be the transforma-
tidn of the wave with the irregul.arly-shaped wavefront into the regular wave.
_
I R
. -
~
( _
- s~
i
s ~ !
Fig. 7. Correction of the Shape of a Laser Wavefront Using a Dynamic Shifted
Three-Dimensional Hologram.
A weak Wave of correct shape S ancl a strong irregular laser xave R fall on a
three-dimensional light-sensitive material V With real-time reaction to light.
In the crystal is formed a hologram xhich is shifted a quarter Wavelength
relative to the interference pat~ern corres~onding to it. This hologram -
transforms the irregularly-ahaped asve R into the correct regul~r r~rave S'. ~
It is essential that such an operation narroa the spectral composition of the
radiation while it corrects the Wavefront. As Was explainPd previously, the
imaging abilities of the hologram extend to the case of traveling intensity
_ waves When the frequencies of the interfering Waves are dif:erent. Accord-
ingly, if kave S is monochromatic and Wave R has a complex spectral composi-
tion, a number of treveling gratings are formed in the hologram, and these -
Lransform the spectral componenta of ~+ave R into the narrox monochromatic com-
ponent of wave S.
A theoretical analysis of thes~ possibilities conducted by D. I. Stasel'ko -
and V. G. Sidorovich using qs an example the case of mutual transformation
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of two pl~ne w~vea ;-~ith allawance for the dyne.mic character of interaction of -
light with the hologram showed that one of the p1~n6 waves Can indeed be con-
verted intu tl~e other with high efficiency. Later, however, i~ was found
that thia procesa had been treated previously in oth~r terms in nonlinear op-
tics.
Thus the development of hoingra.phy anC nonlinear optica is lead3ng to their
enn~unction and the resulting formation of the new method of dynamic holo-
_ grapY~y. mhe contribution of ho~.ography to this procesa is th~t it gives the
� possibility of converting light not only in terma of spectral composition but
. also in terms of the spatial configuration of the wavefront.
We shall c~naider further the problems in development of a theory of three-
dimensinnal holograms. Thus far we have not made explicit use oi so-called
"kinematic theory," which neglects extinguishment of the reconstruct3ng wave
as it passes through the thickneas of the hologram and secondary interaction
_ of the reconstructed wt~ve with the atructure of the hologram. Whi1e it car-
rectly describea the basic mechaniam of the three-dimensional hologram, this
theory does not offer any quantitative relationships. In particular, it can-
not be used to calculate the so-called "diffraction efficiency" of the holo-
gram, i.e. the relationahip between the light flux incident on the hologram ~
~ and the light flux which forms the image reconstructpd by it.
A knowledge of the laws governing diffraction efficiency and the parameters on
which it depends is extremely important in the selection of photographic mater-
ials to be used for the making of the hologram and in the development of pro- _
cesses for preparing the materials. For this purpose, a certafn arbitrary
quantity, the diffraction efficiency oi' the simplest spatial grating produced
by recording the interference pattern of tko plane waves, is used as the char-
acteristic of the photographic material. To solve this extremely important
- problem, H. Kogelnik proposed the so-called "coupled-wave theory," Which made
- it possible to determine rather accurately both the diffract~on efficiency
and some other parameters of the simplest types of holograms .
We consider the process of recording and reconatruction of the simplest type
~ of holographic grating.
Suppose that tWO plane waves ~ and S~ have been recorded in the hologram. As
a result, a harmonic phase grating, a system of plane Yayers dI, d2, d3...,
~ith a variable refractive index, have been formed in the med3um (Fig. 8). -
If one of the plane Waves which formed the structure, ~�.for example, falls on -
the structure, according to the assumptions of the kinematic theory this Wave,
passing through the hologram without attenuation, Will be transformed inside
it into the Wave S~. The reconstructed xave Will leave the hologram aithout
fnteracting With its structure. -
The coupled-Wave theory introduced aome extremely natural refinements into
the:~e r~ssumptions. Clearly the reconstructed ~rave ~S reacts with the structure
i~ntil it leaves the hologram and accordingly is partiall~ converted into trave
- R'(Fig. 8),While Wave R in turn is converted into kave S(S') and so on.
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~
ioox
:
n
- a
R~ ,
s
db ~
.
s .
d~ I -
_..1
Fig. 8. Coupled~Wave Theory.
' The holographic grating formed by wavea R and S is reconatructed by wave R.
- According to kinematic theory, thia reconstructs wave S, which leaves the
hologram. Coupled-weve theory allows for the fact that wave S in turn re-
constructs wave R(weve R'), wave R' again reconstructs wave S(wave S') and
ao on. Above is a graph nf change of diffraction effectiveness with thick- _
- nesa of the hologram.
Thus, on the initial incident and reconstructed waves are superiTMposed second-
ary waves which coincide with them directionally but differ in phase. The
resu].t of �~dition of these wav~s is nontrivial.
For example, in the case considered, with a hologram thickness Z1 all the
energy is transferred to the S' wave, i.e. the diffraction efficiency becomes
equal to 100~. When the thickness of the hologram is fl~rther increased to
Z2, all of the energy passes to wave I~ and the diffraction efficiency of the
- hologram is equal t~ zero, and so on.
~
Using coupled-wave theory, Kogelnik showed that the diffraction efPiciency af
a phQSe reflection grating approaches 100~ with suPficient thickness. With
gn amplitude grating of the same kind, the efficiency cannot exceed 7.2~.
We must bear in mind the fact that coupled-wave theory cannot be considered a
second-order theory of three-dimensional holograms. In fact, by its very con-
cept the hologram is an instrument for recording inFormation about a complex
wave ff eld ~hich can be represented as a sum of a number of plane Waves. From
thia point of vieW, it is only for convenience that We can use the name of
"hologram" for a grating formed by the recording of an interference pattern
of two plane ~aves Whose properties are treated by Kogelnik's theory.
Kogeln3k's theory cannot be considered a theory of the elementary mechanism
~
of the hologram, the process of recording and reconstruction of tXO plane
waves, on the basis of which a general theory accounting for the la~s of re-
cording and r.econstruction of an arbitrary Wavefront composed of a number of
plane Waves mi~ht be constructed.
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In the fir~t approximr~tion ~~is approach has, indeed, been f`u11y borne out:
since it does nnt take ar.count of secondary ecattering, the resultant field
- may be represented as the~ sum of the fields of radiation scattered by }~he
individual grat3ngs.
~he purpose nf the second-order theory 3s to account for the manner in which
radiation acattered by one grating reacte with a11 the other gratings recorded
in the hologram. Tn thi:3 c~se, the J.ight fielfl reconstructed by the hologram -
can no longer be represerited as a simple sum of fields corresponding to the
jndividual gratings.
One of the most fruitful patha of further development of the theory of three-
dimensional holograms fs based on the so-called "dynamic theory" of X-ray dif- -
fraction proposed by F'. E'wald. This theory r:a~ first app'lied to analysis of
sp~,tia1 hologr~phic gi~atings by Ye. Zh. Sakko~sfo. It was further developed
_ (for the recording of many gratings) in the works of V. V. Aristov and V. I.
Shekhtman. The mechaniam of interaction of light with the three-dimensional
- hologram with allowance for the effects of the dynamic theory appear most
fu7.1y in the so-called "modal theory" of three-dimensional holograma pro-
posed by V. G. Sidornvich.
In essence, the modal theory is based on the concept of a wave matched to
a periodic nonuniform structure, introduced by P. E~rald. Ewald's theory suc-
ceeded in applying this concept only to the case of the simplest phase grating.
In Fig. 9, two pr~irs of plane waves, S1R1 and S2RZ, are the matched waves of
the phase grating G. Pair S1R1 forms a standing wave patte.rn whose maxima
(solid arro~rs) coincide with the refractive-index maxima of grating G.
Pair S2R2 forms a standing-wave pattern whose maxima (dotted arrows) coincide
with the distribution minima of the refractive index in the grating. Thus
the first matched wave propagates as if in a medium with a refractive index
_ nm~ without alteration, while the second propagates as if in a medium with
index of refraction n~in. The effect of the grating is only that it changes
the phase difference of these pairs of waves, since the pairs are propc~,ating
through a medium with differing refractive indices.
V. G. Sidorovich showed that matched wavefronts can be correlated not only
with periodic structures but also wital structures formed through recording of
wave fields.
It follows that each three-dimensional hologram has a characteristic system
of wave modes matched to it, into which any wave which effectively interacts ~
with a three-dimensional hologram may be broken down. Each mode passes through
the three-dimensional hologram as if through a medium With a specific refract-
ive index. The effect of the hologram is that it shifts the relative phase
difference between modes.
This upproach, developed for the case of hologram rer.ording in amplif~ring
media, made it possible in particular to give a quantitative interpretation
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of the fbrmation of a self-con,jugate wave during reflect3on of light from a
so-ce~l~.ed "nrillouin mirror."
s,
/~s,
.
. ~
a, ~
F'ig. 9. The Mode Theory of a Three-Dimensional Hologram.
According to P. E~aald's dynamic theory of X-ray diffraction, it is possible
to correlate with a periodic phase grating G two pairs of waves matched to
it: the pair S1R1, t he maxima of whose interference pattern (solid arrows)
_ coincide with th~ refractive-index maxima of grating G und which behave as
if propagating unch~nges through a medium with a constant refractive index
nm~, and the pa3r S2R2, the maxima of whose interference pattern (dotted -
arrows) correspond to the refractive-index minima of the grating. An ana-
logous mode system may be correlated with a three-dimensional hologram.
Let us briefly discuss the applications of three-d;mensional holography which
have been implemented thus far. We should note first so-called "imaging holo-
grapY~y," whose aim is to produce spatial repr~sentations which reproduce the
complete illusion of reality in the ob~ects represented.
The suthor was the first to state the possibility of using holography to pro-
duce such images in 1962. The first two-dimensional hologram, a three-dimen- -
sional representation of chess pieces, reconstructed by laser light, was pro-
duced by Leith and Upatnieks in ~964. ,
Subsequently it was found that imaging hologr~p2~y could be extremely conven-
iently developed by the use of recordings in three-dimensional medis, using
for this purpose an arrangement in which the ob~ect beam was aimed in an op-
posite direction to the reference beam. These holograms make it possible to
carry out the reconstruction with an ordi.nary incandescent lamp, which is
extremely convenient in practice.
The "single-beam" arrangement, the simplest system for recording a three-dimen-
sional imaging hologram, is shown in Fig. 10.
The light from the coherent source S flluminates the ob,ject 0 through a photo-
gra~.hic plate F to which a transparent emulsion layer e has been applied. The
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ligh~ reflected by the ob,~ect (wave W) is superimp~sed ~n the incident radia-
tion and farma in the emulsion layer of the photographic plate a standing-
wave pattern which ia fixed in the layer by dev~elop~.ng. -
F I ~
I
n ' Q ~,T
k -
~ ' 0 O b0
- X . ~
S
X
x
X'~.
x�
- ~ y x h -
i w H
, Fig. 10. Single-Beam System for Fig. 11. Use of Three-Dimensional
Recording Three-Dimensional Imaging Holographic Copies of a Conca�;e Mirror
Holograms. to Pro~ect Information into Driver's
F;ield of Vision. -
_ The hologram obtained in this way can be reconstructed by illumination with
an ordinary incandescent lamp located at the site of source S. The recon-
structed image is observed in reflected light and is in the same position
as the ob,~ect during recora~.ng.
The qf;~,lity of the reconstructe,~ image in this case depends to a particularly
great degree on the characteristics of tY~e photographic plate and the methods
= of processing it. The clearest.�images +~re given by holograms recorded on
improved Lippmann photographic plr~tcs. At present such holograms are fre-
_ quantly o.n display at various exhibitions.
. Another important direction of practical application of three-dimensional
- holography is the development of phc~tographic optical elements.
The first three-dimensional holographic optical elements, duplications of
concave mirrors~ showe3 that the hologram is capable of copuing the optical
properties of an ob~ect. Subsequently, as techniques for manufactu~c~e of
photographic materials improved, the reflectivity of such photographic mir-
rors was increased to 70~, and they found practical application in various
areas of science and technology.
One of the most inportant applications of holo~raphic mirrors is for pro~ect-
ing information into the observer's field oP vision. A general diagram of
such a device is given in Fig. 11.
On glass G, through which the observation is made, layer H with a stored holo-
gratn of a concave mirror is applied. This hologram does not hinder observation, -
~ 21
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nin~e it r~fl~~t~ lip,ht in n. edmpnr~tive~y narroW ~p~etral r~nge end fs tr~?n~-
parent in ather rangen. In the focal pl~ne of
th~ mirror ig p1~Ced ~ tele-
vi~ion tube T, ~n r+hich v~riou~ type~ of inform~tion are digpl~y~d, for ex-
wnple npecdom~trr rending~~ Th~ hdlogrcun-mirror pro~ect~ th~ m~rkg ~~t~t~e~~
ponding Lo thig informatic~n directly into the field of vigion di the ~b-
server H, uho dd~~ not n~ed to ghift his ga~e from the ~urraundingg to the
in~trum~nt pan~l in ~rder to knda hi~ ~peed,
mhree-dimeneional hologramg as optical elements have begun to be succegafully
gppli~d ~g the digperging element~ df aptiCal re~t?ngtbrg, f~r vi~u~?1 pr~3ec-
tion of three-dimen~i~ngl imageg ~nd ~o on.
It ghould be not~d that th~ proregseg rrhf~h occur during recarding ~nd re~dn-
struction ~f thr~e-dimengional hologrgms d~pend to g particul~rly gre~t degree
on the properties of the medium in which Lhe re~ording ig d~ne. Ac~drdingly '
it ig not surprising that the ~ppliCati~ng ahi~h h~v~ been gu~~~~gful.ly de-
veloped h~ve been those using photo~rsphic rost~ri~l~ devele~p~d in thp pre-
ceding yeQr~ (Lippmann photogr~?phi~ pl~tes, bichrom~?t~d gelgtin ~?nd go ~n),
The development of a large-CapaCity opticsl memory gnd of devices for dyngmic
wavefront correction require the develapment of neW media: light-gen~itive
cryst~ls, photopolymers and various nnnlinear medis. Work in thig ~rp~ beggn
rela~tively recently, but it is proceeding st g rapid p~ce ~nd enables ug to
hope for rapid progress in thege applicetions of ho~ogr~pt~y.
BIBLIO(3ftAPHY
1. See D. Gabor. "Microscopy by Reconstru~ted Wave ~ronts," PROC. ROY.
SOC. (London), Vol. 1197 (194q), p k54.
2. See Yu. N. Denisyuk. "On Representgtion of the Optic~l Prop~rti~s of
an Ob~ect in the W~ve ~ield df Light Scsttered by it," bOKL. AN 3SS~t,
Vol. 144, No. 6(1962), p 1275; and idem. "On Repregentstion of the
Optical Properties of an Ob~ect in the Wave Field of Light Scattered
by it," OPTIKA I SPEKTROSKOPIYA, Vol. 15 (1q63), p 522, Vol. 18 (1965), -
P 276.
3. V. I. Sukhanov; and Yu. N. Denisyuk. "On the Connection Betveen the
Space-Frequency Spectra of a Three-Dimensior~al phase Ob,~ect ar~d its Three-
Dimensional Hologram," OPTIKA I SPEKTROSKOPIYA, Vol. 28 (1970), p 126.
4. P. J. van Heerden. "Theory of Optic~l Storage in Solids," APl'LIED
- OPTICS, Vol. 2, No. 4(1963), p 393.
5� F. S. Chen; J. T. LaMacchie; and U. B. firaser. "Nolographic Starsge in
Lithium Niobate," APPL. PHYS. I.ETTERS, Vol. 13, No. 7(1968), p� 223�
6. 6. H. Kogelnik. "Coupled Wave Theory of Thick Hologram Cratings,"
TEiE B~:LL SYSTII~I TECHN. JOURNAL, Vol . 48, No. 9(1969 p 2909 -
COPYRIGNT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "VesLnik Akademii f~auk SSSR", 1978
8480 . 22
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LI5r d~' CANn~nATB M~giL'~ ~ COtt~IiS~ONUiNG t~~~., dp U55tt ACAbgMY OF SCI~'CBS
Mo~ctx? VB5TNtK AKAI~~NII NAUK 5551t ~n itu~~i~t No 2, Ppb ~9 pp 12~-143
~
~Tpxt~ 7'h~ USSR Acad~my of 5ci~nc~~, in ~ccordAnc~
with 5~ctian 2~ of the Chart~r, report~ ch~ n~~ of
cendid~t~ s~mb~r~ ~acgdemician~) aud rorr~~ponding
member~ A5 U551t ptcei~~nt~A on th~ be~i~ of a aotic~
in thp ncwrpap~er 1~5TIYA of S(6) lkc~~ab~r 19~8 by
the counsiie of ~cientiEic in~titutians and higher
educatir,nal inetitutions, ~t~te a~nd public organi-
aatiaa~~ mamber~ and corr~~ponding e~esber~ of ac~d-
eoie~ of gcienc~~.
Car?didgte li~mbers (Acadeoiciang) A5 US3R
UepaYCmant oE Nathee~atic~
Biwadse, Mdray Vanil'yevich--corneponding ~ber A5 USSit
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ttovikov, 5erg~y petrovich--correepandirg ~eober AS USSft
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graude, 5eman Yskovlevich--academician AS Ukrainiea SSR
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Zolotov, Yurty A~Qke~drovicl~-rcorreepondin$ m~mb~~ A3 t18SR
Ivanov~ Vlktor Y~vg~a'yev~ch~~corre~p~din~ ~mbpr A3 US3R
Ka:arnov~kiy, ~~~~1c Abr~movich--~orra~pond~ng mamb~ar A5 USSR
KaFarov, Viktor Vy~ch~~~avovich--cort~rponding memb~r AS USSR
Kunay~v, A~kar M~n1i~Ichm~dovich--correepand~n$ m~mb~r A5 USSR
Malyu~orr~ V~adimir Aiek~andrnvich--corr~gponding ~e~ber A3 US~tt
N~biy~v~ Mal~k Nabiyevich--acadpmici~? AS Uabe'k S3R
Nikolay~v~ ~~orgiy Ai~k~~ndtrovich~ corre~ponding member AS U85R
Pavlav~ Igor' Hikhayiavich--corregponding member AS US3R
Polukhin, Pet,r Ivsnovich--ucad~mician A5 Kazakh 55R
ti~rhetnikov, ~p~or C~rtgor'y~vich--corre~ponding member AS U55R
~omankov, P~~r (irigor'yevich--corr~~pondin~ memb~r AS USStt
5~vit~kiy, Yevgeniy Mikh~yldvich--correepcmding m~mber A5 U5SR
51in'kn~ Nikhail Cavrilovich--correeponding membpr AS U55It
~ref~lov~ Viktor Ivanovich--acadamic~en AS Ukra..~niafl S5R
5hu1'tg, ~tikhail Mikhaylovirh--corregpondirg member AS U5SK
tkparemant of giochemietry, Biophygic~ and (hemietry of Phygiologically
Activ~ Compounde
Skryabin~ Ceorgiy Kon~tantinovich--corr~eponding memb~r AS USSR
Ter~kov, Ivsn Al~kaandrovich--correeponding member AS US5R
ihumakov, Mikhail Petrovich~--rmmber ~ US5R
UeQattment of Phyriology
Agratyan~ Ezrar A+~ratavict~--correaponding member AS US5R
Blokhin, Nikolay Kikolayevich--member AMS USSR
Piruzyan~ Lev Aramavich--corresponciing member A5 USSR
Ltgol_v, Aleic,~andr MiW~eylovici~--eocieepoaciing se~ber AS UySR
Chasov, Yevgeniy Ivauovict~-~-member AN5 USSR
Depertment of Geology~ Geophysice and Geochemietry
Akhmedeaf ia~ Uf a Mendbeyevich--academicisn AS Kazakh 5S R
Bogomolov~ Cars~im Vasil'yevirh--academician AS Beloruesia~n SSR
Hagnitekiy, Vladimir Alekear?drovich--correeponding member AS USSR
Mel'nikov, Pavel Ivaaovich--correuponding member AS USSR
Sergeyev~ Yevganiy Hikhaylovich--corresponding member AS USSR
5oloaeako, Viktor Prokop'yevich--corraspocading member AS USSR
25
FOR OFFICIAL U5E ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
~d[t tl~~~CIAL U5h ONLY
t~p~rtmpnt of Ni~tory
~~arkrnvnyy, Lyubnmir ~irg~r'y~vich-~-dect~r df hi~t~ricgl gcianae~~ prof~~~or
Yar~my~n~ 5ur~c? Tigrenavich--~ced~mic~an A5 Armenien 5Sii
xhi,in~ ~gv~l Andrey~vich--corre~pcmding ~mber AS U55~
Kim~ Matr~im Pavlovich--corr~~pondin~ member A5 USSR
Novai'ch~nko, Iven D~itriy~vich--cort~eponding men~ber AS U55~
K~har?nv~ Mdrey ivanovich--correeponding m~mb~r A3 USSR
M31ogr~dov~ P~tr V~edimirovich--doetor of hie~orice~ eci~nce~, profaeaor
Paahuto~ Viadimir ~~r~nt'y~vich--corr8~pond~ng memb~r AS US3R -
~oiy~lcov~ Yuriy Al~krandrov~ch--corr~epondin$ member AS tiSSR
S~oaov~ Alak~endr Mikhaylovich--corregponding memb~r A3 U3Stt
5umt~ataade, Aliauybgt 3umbatuvich--gcademici~n A5 Azerb ~yd~han 53R
Tok~i'eV~ Serg~y Alekgandrovich--doctor of hi~torical science~~ profae~or
2rapeznikov, S~rgey pavloviah�-corraeponding member AS USSR
Y~in~ VaiQn~in Lavt~nt'yevich--corrarponding m~mber AS USSR
i~pgrtn~nt of philorophy ~nd Law
Afm~~'y~v, Viktor Crigor'y~vich--corre~pondin$ m~mber A5 USSlt
- Cvi~hiani, bzhermen M~khaylovich--correepondinq member A5 U55R
Iovchuk~ Mikhail Trifrmovich-~corregponding member AS U55R
Oy~cetman~ ~eodor il'ich--correeponding member AS US~~t
Omel'yanovakiy~ Mikhgil Erazmovich~--corr~gponding member AS USSIt
Spirkin~ Alak~~mmdr Georgiyavich--corrpepondieg member AS US5R
Stepanyan~ Teolak Alakeaadravich- corre~ponding member AS USSR
Cha6lttr 8or1~ Alekeandrovich~--corresponding member AS USSR
Department of Bconomica
$uitich~ Pavel Crigor'yevir~--cerreeponding member AS U55R
Vinogradov~ Vladimir Alekeeyevich--correspondiu~ member AS U55R
Gatovakiy, Lev Markovich--correapoading member AS USSIt
Gueakov~ Alekeandr Dmitriyavich--doctor of economic sciences, profeseor
2as~avekaya~ Tat'yana Ivanovna--corr8epondiag member AS US5R
Kudryavtsev~ Avanaeiy 5tepanovich-doctor of economic sciences~ profeseor
Mileykovskiy~ Abrem Ceraeimovich--corra~ponding member AS USSR
Notkin~ Alak~aadr I1'ich--corresponding member A5 USSR
Popov, Gavril Kharitoaovich--doctor of economic aciencee, prnfe~eor
Primakov, Yevgeniy Makgimovich--correeponding member AS USSR
Ryabuehkin~ Timon Vaail'yevich--corrceaponding member A5 U5SR
Sis'kov~ Vladimir Iva~ovich--doctor of economic eci8noes~ profeeeor
5ladkovekiy~ Mikhail Ioaifovich--eorraepaading member A5 USSR
Sorokin~ Gennadiy Mikhaylovich--cortesponding member AS USSR
Timofeyev~ Timur Timofeyevich--correeponding member AS USSR
Kh romov~ Pavel Alekeeyevich--cornsgondiag member AS Ukrainian SSR
Teagolov, Nikolay Aleksaadrovich--doctor of econoeic sciencee~ profeseor
26
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
~dlt d~~I~II\L USti dNLY
ti~p~rtu~ne ~f Lit~r~ture ~nd Lm?gu~ge
bu~ho~in, Al~ak~ey 5ergey~vich--corr~~ponding member N5 US51t
~~khidov~ Vakhid Yuld~h~vict~--~cad~mi~i~n hS Uzbek 3Stt
Lomidz~, C~orgiy io~ifovictt--corr~~ponding memb~r A5 USStt
M~rkov~ bmit~riy ~'eddrovich--correeponding member AS tJ55tt
~~dorat~ko, Ntko~gy ~roftmovich--corr~eponding m~mbe~c AS U~SR
Shch~rb~n~, Vladimir ~odionovich--~corregponding m~mber AS U35R
5ib~ri~m granch
Borc~vkov~ Alpks~ndr Aipk~ey~vieh--carra~ponding mpcaber A5 U551t
Voronkov, Mikhaii Cri~or'yevich--corr~gp~eding m~mber AS USSR
Yer~liov~ Yuriy I,~onidovich--cnrregponding a~ember AS U55R
Koptyug, ValenCin Afan~'y~vich--corr~sponding member AS USSR
Kutat~iadzp~ 5am~on ~em~ndvich--corregponding m~mber AS USSR
Lavr~nt'y~v~ Mikh~il Mikhaylovich--eorre~p~nding memb~r AS USStt
Uvg~rannikov, t.ev Veail' y~vich--corr~~ponding member AS US5R
5hit~hov~ At~etoliy Illgrionovich--corrp~ponding member A5 USS~
Candidate Corresponding MembaYr AS USSR
Department of Methe~aatic~
Adyan, 5argey Ivenovict~--doctor of phygico-mathematical eciencee~ profeseor
Ambarteumya~, ltuben Viktorovich--doctor of physico-mathermtical eciences -
Mdrienov~ Metoliy Nikolayevich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical eciences
Araol~d~ Vladxmir Igorevich--doctor of phygico-mathematical ~ciences~ profeeror
Bekhvalov~ N~kolay 5erg~yevich--doctor of phyeico-methematical eciencee~
prof~~eor
Belyayev~ Yuriy Kvnetantinovich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical eciencea,
profesaor
. Bogolyubov, Nikolay Nikolayevich--doctor of physico-mathematical eciances~
profeseor
Dezin~ Alekaey Alekseyevich--doctor of phyeico-mathemat2cal eciencea, profeaeor
Yefimov~ Nikoley Vladimirovich--doctor of phyeico-mathe~rstical eciencer~
profeuaor
Zhidkov~ Yevgeniy Petrovich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical sciencee, profeesor
Zhurevlev~ Yuriy Ivaaovich-doctor of physico-mathematical eciences, profegaor
Ibragioov~ I1'dar Abdullovich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical sciencas,
profeseor
I1'in, Vladimir Alakgaadrovich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciencae,
profeaeor
Karatsuba~ Anntoliy Alek~eyevich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical eciences,
profe~~or
Kraenosel'sk�~~ Mark Alelc~androvich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical sciancee
profesaor
Kudryavtsev~ Lav Dmitriyavich--doctor of physico-mathematical scieincas~
prof4saor
27
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
~~K n~~iGtnL us~ c~NL~t
M~1dv, Vikenr pgvinv~nh--doctnr nf phy~i~o-mathemgef.cn]. ~ei~n~~~, pro~~~ror
Millian~hchikov, V~~din~f.r Mikh~ylnvich-~ddctur nf phygi~o-m~themgtic~i
gCienCe~~ prnf~~~dr
Mikhaylov~ V~l~ntin p~tr~vich--docCor of phy~ico-m~th~amaticgl ~cienc~s,
prof~~~or
Niki~hin, Y~vg~niy Mikh~ylovich--doctor of phy~ico-methem~tic~.i eciearpg,
prof~~eor
Oi~ynik, nl'ge Ar~~n'y~vna--doctor of phyaic~-mgthemgtic~I ~cienceg~ profegeor
p~trov, Val~ntin V1ad~mirovich--~doctor nf physicwm~tham~tic~1 ~cienc~g,
profe~gor
~ligg~ Viktor A~~k~androvich--doctor of phy~iccrmgth~matical gcience~~
prof~~,~or
Popnv~ Viktor Nikoleyevich--doctor of phyeico-mgthemgtical ~cienc~~
Pril~apko~ Ai~keey iv~r?ovich--doctor of phy~ico-mathematic~l gciencee, profee~or
it~eh~atnyek~ Yuriy Grigor'yevfch-~-doctor of phqeicormathem~tic~1 e~iene~~,
- profe~gor
Etozgnov, Yuriy Anatol'y~vich--doctor af phygieo-mathemgticgl eci~nc~g,
profe~~or
5vazhnikov, Alek~ey Gpor$iy~vich--doctor of phyeico-m~themgtical eciencpe~
profe~or
5~vagt'ym~ov~ Bori~ Alekeandrovich--doctor of phy~i~o-maChamatical ~ciencee~
profe~sor
5in~y~ Yakov Gr~gor'yevich--doctor of phy~ico-mgthematical sciences
Skorokl~od~ Anatoliy Vladimirovich--corresponding member AS Ukrainian 5SR
5olonnikov, Veevolod Alek~eyevich--doctor of physico-mathematical eciences
5ofronov~ Ivan nenisovich--doctor of physico-mathemgtical acienoee
U1'yanov~ Petr L~vrent'yevich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical eciences~
prof~~eor
Chenteov~ Nikolay Nikoleyevich--doctor of physico-mathematical ecienceg
5hiryayev, A1'bert Nikolayevich--doctor of phyeica-mathematical sciencee~
profeaeor
Erdinev~ Pyurvya Muchkayevich--doctor of pedagogic science~, profeasor
Department of Ceneral Phyaice ar?d Ast ronomy
Avrorin~ Yevgeniy Nikolayevich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical ecienoes
_ Agraaovich~ Vladimir Hoieeyevich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical sciencee,
profeseor
Akeenov, Yevgeniy Petrovich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical aciences~ profeseor
Alekeandrov~ Yevgeniy Borisovich--doctor of phveico-mathematical aciencea
Mdreyev~ Alek~andr Fedorovich--doctor of phyaico-mathematicsl sciences
Aniuimov, 5ergey Ivanovich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical aciences, pmfesaor
Afanae'yev~ Aleksandr Mikhaylovich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciences
Afanas'yev~ Vladimir Aleksendrovich--doctor of technical aciencea~ profeasor
Afrosimov~ Vadim Vagil'yevich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical sciences,
profeseor
Aichmanov~ Sergey Alekaendrovich--doctor of phyeico-toathematical ecieacea.
pxofeeeor
28
FOR OF~ICIAL U5E ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
~
�
~Ott U~'~tC1.AL t15~ ONLY
n~gd~~~rdv, Kl~gahik 5~~lcdvi~h-~doctor of phy~ic~-m~thematic~l gci~nce~
br~~in~kiy~ Vl~dimir n~ri~dvich--do~tor of phy~ico-m~themgtlcgl ~cienc~~~
profea~~r
Vgvildv~ Viktor Sergaypvich--dnctor of phy~ico-math~metical eciencee~ profeeeor
Vn1'dn~r~ Ul~g Anatoi'y~vich--doCtor of technic~l ~c~enc~e~ prof~s~or
V+andik~ Ur~~t Ganrikhovich~~doctor of t~chnic~l ~ci~nc~g~ profe~~or
Vikedrdv~ igdr' Alekeandrovich--doctor of physicormathematical ~ci~nc~~
Vo~kre~en~kiy~ rimitriy ivenovich--d~ctor of t~chnicgl ~ci~nre~~ profe~eor
- G~ntmakhgr V~evolod ~~1ik~ovich--doctor of phy~ico-n~themgtical ~cienceg
~etmmntsev~ G~rm~n Grigor'yevich--doctor of phy~ico-rmChematical ecienc~e~
prof~geor
Grgbeniknv~ Yevgeniy Al~k~as~drovich--doctnr of phyeico-mgthemgtical ~cienceg,
prof~esn~
Gruzin~ Y~vel Lukich--doctor of phygico-math~roatical eciences, profe~~or
Culyay~v~ Yuriy V~il'y~vicr~--doctor of phy~ico-math~m~ticgl ~ciences, profeseor
Cur~vich~ Alek~andr Viktorovich--doctor of phy~ico-mgth~maCicel ~ciences
t~roknv~ Yuriy Nikol~y~vich--doctor of phyeico-mathematicgl acience~, prof~~gor
zhaboein~kiy, Mgrk Yefremovich--doctor nf technical gci~nceg~ profeseor
7~~eleznyakov, Vlgdimir Vneil'yevich--doctor nf phy~ico-mathematical eci~ncea~
profe~gor
zheludev, tvan 5tep~novich--doctor of phygico-mathematical scienc~g, profeegor
~gvgrit~kiy~ Nikol~y Vladimirovich--dactor of phyeico-mathematical aciences
z~ytg~v~ Georgiy Al~keandrovich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical sc~enceg~
profesgor
Zakharov, Vledimir Yevgen'yevich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical aciencea~
profeg~or
'Lverev~ Vitaliy M~tol'yevicl~--doctor of physico-mathematical aciences,
profes~or
Ivanov~ Viktor Ivanovich--doctor of phy~ico-mathematical sciencea~ profesaor
Imehennik~ Vledimir 5ergeyevich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical eciences
Indenbom, Vladimir L'vovicl~--doctor of phyaico-mathematical eciencea, profesaor
Kapitsa~ Sergey Petro~ricli--doctor of phyeico-mathematical ~sciences~ professor
Kaplyanskiy~ Aleksandr Aleksandrovich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical eciences
Karlov, Yikolay Vasil'yevich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical sciencee~ professor
Kislik~ tdikhail Umitriyevich--doetor of technical aciences~ profesaor
Kopylov~ Ivan Mikheyevich--doctar of physico-mathematical sciences
Korniyenko, Leonid 5ergeyevich--doctor of phyaico-~mathematical $ciences,
profeseor
Konaer, Samuil $orieovich--doctor of physico-maChematical aciences, profeseor
Kocl~arov~ Grent Yegorovich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical aciences~ profeaeor
Kux'min~ Arkadiy Dmitriyevich--doctor of phyaico-mathen~atical aciences~
profeseor
Larkin, M atoliy Ivenovich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciences~ professor
I,evin~ ~tikhail L'vovich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences~ professor
Levinson~ Ioehue Ben'yaminovich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciencee
Letokhov, Vladilen 5tepanovich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences~
profe~sor
Lyaau~hev, Leonid Mikhaylovich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences~ -
profe~~or
29
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
~dtt O~~tCIAL U5~ dNLY
M~itnrov~ Gl~b Iv~n~viCh--dncCdr of phygiCO-m~th~m~ticgl ~ci~enc~~, pr~fp~gor
- rlamyrin~ fSori~ Alek~nndrdviah-~-doctnr nf phy~ico-mathematical sci~nc~g~
prof~~~or
Mgndel'ghtnm~ S~rgey i.~onidovich--doctor of phygiCo-mnthematicgl ectenc~~~
prof~e~or
Msrov~ Mikhail Yalcovlevich~-doctor of phygtco-mathemgticnl ~ci~nc~~~ profeegor
Mg~~vich, Alla Genrikhovna--doctor of phy~ico-mathematic~l ~ci~nces~ profes~or
?tutvey~v~ Viktor Ve~il~y~vich--doctnr of t~chnical gcienceg, profesgor
Mikaelyan~ Andray L~cmov3ch--d~ctor of technic~l eci~nc~g~ prof~n~or
Miroghnikov, Mikhail Mikhgylovich--doctor of technical ecienc~~~ profeg~or `
Moroz~ V~~iliy ~v~novich--doceor of phy~ico-mnth~matical gcienceg~ profee~dr
N~miro, M drey Antonnvieh--doct~r of phy~icn-math~mgCical ~cienr.~g, ~rof~~sor
Niko1'~kiy~ Vyach~gl~v Vladimirovich--doctor of technical g~i~nceg~profe~~ox
Novikov~ Igor' Dmf.triy~vich--doctor of phygico-mathematical gciencee
Pariy~kiy~ Yuriy Nikol~y~vich--doctor of phygico-mathem~tical sciencea _
P~nin~ Nikolay Al~k~~yevich--docror of phyeico-maCh~maticgl gcienc~~~ profes~or
pe~~l', Vlgdimir ldelevich--doctor of phy~ico-mgth~maticgl gcienceg, profea~or
petrun'kin~ V~evolod Yur'y~vich--doctor of technical ~cience~, prof~egor
pokrovdkiy, Veleriy Lennidovich--doctor of physico-mathem~tical eciences,
profe~~or
Pokrov~kiy, Yaroglav Y~vgen'yevich--docCor of phyeico-mathematical sciences
Ponyatov~kiy, Yevgeniy Genrikhovich--doctor of phygico-mathemetical sciencea
Rabinovich, Matvey 5a~oeonovich--doctor of physico-mathematical eciences,
profe~sor ,
ltayxer, Yuriy Petrovich--doctor of phygico-mathematical ecienceg~ profeseor
Itashbe~ Bmmanuil Iosifovich--doctor of physico-mathematical ecienceg~ profeeeor
Rudakov~ Leanid Ivanovich--dactor of physico-mathematical eciences, profeesor =
ltukt~adze~ Anri Amvroe'yevich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciences, profesaor
5avin~ Anatoliy Ivanovich--doctor of technical aciencea -
Sob~l'man~ Igor' I1'ic}~--doctor of physico-mathemetical eciencee, profeegor
Sobolev~ Nikolay Nikolayevich--doctor of phyaico-methematical sciencea, profeeaor
5tafeyev, Vitaliy Ivaaovich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical aciences, profesaor -
Stel'makh~ Mitrofaa Fedorofich--doctor of technical sciences
Stepanenko, Igor' Pavlovich--doctor of technical sciencea~ professor
5teehenko. Nikolay Vladimirovich--doctor of phyaico-mat~ematical aciences
5tiehov~ 5ergey Mikhaylovich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences
Suehchinskiy~ Mikhail MikheylovicM--doctor of physico-mathematical scienceg~
professor
Syrovatekiy~ Serqey Ivanovich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciencea
Syunyayev~ Ranhid Aliyevich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical eciencea
Tal~ov, Vladimir I1'ich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical sciencea, profeseor
1Verekoy~ Horie Arkad'yevich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciencea~ profeeaor
Ter-Mikayelyaa~ Mikhail I.eonovich--corresponding member AS Armenian SSR
Timofeyev~ Vladialav Borisovich--doctor of physico-mathpmatical aciences
Utkin~ Ge naan Mikhaylovich--doctor of technlcal sciences, professor
~'abelinakiy~ Immanuil Lazarevich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciencea~
profeesor �
Kliaykin~ Moieey Semenovich--do~tor of phyaico-mathematical sciences
Kliaradze~ Yevgeniy Kirillovich--academician AS Georgian SSR
Teytovich. Vadim Nikolayevich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciencea
30
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
~UEt U~~ICIAL U5~ dNLY
Cl~~rnop~aknv~ Niknl~y Alek~~yevicl~--doctor of phygico-mnthem~Cic~l ~cianc~~
Shnfrin, Kugiel~ Shcomondvicl~ ~Shl~aaviCh)--dnctor df phygico-math~maticgl
~ci~nce~~ prof~~eox
Shotov~ Algkgey p~trovich--doctor of phy~icrr-math~maticgl ~cience~~ profes~or
5htaym~hl~ayg~r~ Vol' f g~nteionovich~~doneor o� t~cl~nical ecience~, profes~or `
b~p~r~mene of Nuclpar phy~ic~
Abov~ Yuriy G~or~iyevirh--doctor of phyeico-m~th~mgtical ~cience~
Arbuzov, norig Andr~yevich~~-doctor of phy~ico-math~matic~l ~cienc~~
$gyer~ Vl~dimir Nikolayevich-~-doctor of phygico-meth~matic~l gcience~~ prof~e~or
Va~il'yev~ Atlant An~to1'yevicti--doctor of technical sciencee
Vorob'yev~ Alekeey Alekeeyevich--doctor of physico-mathematic~l ~ciences
G~rehteyn~ S~men Solowonovich~-doctor of phyeico--math~meticgl eciencee~
profeg~or
Umitriy~vgkiy~ Vitaliy petrovich--docCor of physico-mathematical ~cienc~g~
prof~ggor
Uolao~hein~ goria Matol'yevich~"~docCOr of phygice-matheroaCical sciences~
profe~~or
Ioffa~ Borig Lazarevich--do~tor nf phyeico-mathematical eciencee
- Kadyehev~kiy~ Vlgdimir Georgiyevich--doctor of phygico-mathematical gcienc~e,
profe~~nr
Kirztin~ta~ David Abramovich~-doctor of phy~ico-mathematical ~cience~
Kirillov-U~ryumov, Viktor Grigor'yevich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciencea~ _
profeeeor
Kolomen~kiy~ Mdrey Alekgandrovict~--doctor of phygico-mathematical sciences~
p~ofe~eor
Lepidug! Lev Ioeifovich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical sciences~ profesaor
Lipatov~ Lev Nikolayevich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical aciences
Nikol'skiy~'5ergey Ivanovich--doctor of phyeico-mathematicel eciencds~ profeasor
Novoahilov, Yuriy Viktorovich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciences,
professor
Uganeayan~ Yuriy Teolakovich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical sciences
Ogloblin~ Alekbey Alekaeyevich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciencea~
professor
Pavlovekiy~ Aleksnndr Ivaaovich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical sciencea
Polivanov, Mikhail Konatantinovich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical sciences~
professor
Polyakov, Aleksendr Markovich--doctor of physico-mathematical eciences
Aitue~ Vladi~air Ivanovich--doctor of physico-methematical eciencea
Itoma~nov~ Yuriy Aleksandrovich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciences~ professor
Sarantsev, Vladislav Pavlovich--doctor ef physico-mathematical eciences
Slavnov, Andrey Alekseyevich--doctor of physico-mathematical eciences
5olov'yev, Vadim Georgiyevich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical sciences~ profeseor
Solov'yev, Lev Dmitriyevich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical scieacea~ professor
Solov'yev. Mikhail Iosifovich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciences~
profeaeor
31
FOR OFFICIAL U5E ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
_
I~Uk UH'!~'tCIAL U~;L UNLY
5umbt~yev, Ulag Igorevich--doctor nf phy~ico-math~mgtic~l ~cience~ ~ prof~g~or
Ternov~ Igor' Mikhgylnvich--doctor nf phy~ico-n~Chematicel ~ciencee, profegsor
T~r-Mgrtiro~y~~ hgren Avetikovich--dn~tor of phy~ico-maChemaCical ecienceg~
profeegor
Tulinov~ AngColly Filippovich--doctor of phygico-math~mgeicgl ~ci~ncee~ profe~eor
Tyapkin~ Alek~~y Alek~ey~ivch~--doctor of phyeicd-e~thematical eciencee~ profeeeor
Tavkhelidze, Al~bert Nikiforovich--academici~n AS Georgi~n SStt
~aynberg. Vladitnir Yakovl~vich-- doctor of phyeico-raathematical aciencee~
profeeeor
_ Khriplovich~ Iogif Bent~ionovich--doctor of physico-mathematicgl ~cienceg
Chuvilo~ Ivan Vaeil'yevich--doct or of phyeico-mathemgeic~l sci~nce~~ prof~~eor
Shapiro, Iogif Solomonnvich--doctor of phy~ico-mathematical gciencee~ profeeeor
_ Shumaynv~ Mikhail petrovich--doctor of phyaico-maChematical ~ciencee
DeperCment of f'hyeico-Technical P roblem~ of ~n~rgetic~
~~lyekov, Viktar Petrovich-~-doctor of technical ~cienceg, profeesor
Iiiberman~ Leon Mikhaylovich--doctor of technical aciences~ profeegor
13ogo~lc~v~kiy, Vy~che~lav Nikolayevich--doctor of technical gciences, profeseor
13orovoy ~ Alek~endr Alekear?drovich
$urgsdorf, Vladimir Vladimirovich--doctor of tec.~nical eciences, profesaor
Vinokurov~ Vladimir Alekseyexich--doctor of technical eciencea, profeseor
Voronin, Grigoriy Ivanovicti--doctor of technical eciences, profesaor
Gverdtgiteli~ Irakli Grigor'yevich--correspottdin~ member AS Georgian 5SR
Colovin, Igor' Stefanovich--doct or of technical sciencea
Cri~or'yev~ Velentin Alekgandrovich--doctor of technical gcienceg, profeeeor
Dubrovekiy, Vitaliy tiorisovich--doctor of technical sciences ~ professor
Zel'dovicl~, Alekgandr Crigor'yevich--doctor of technical sciences~ professor
Ivanovekiy, Gennadiy ~omich--doctor of technical eciences, profeaeor
Izotov, 5ergey Petrovich--doctor of technical aciencea
Kopyloav, Igor' Petrovich--doctor of technical sciences~ professor
Koryakin, Yuriy Ivaaovich--doctor of ecanomic sciences~ professor
Kruglov, Mikhail Geor~iyevich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Labuntaov, Dmitriy Alekeandrovich--doctor of technical sciences, profesaor
Leont'yev~ Aleksandr Ivanovich-- doctor of technical sciencea, profegeor
rterkov, Nikolay rtikhaylovich--doctor of technical eciences, profesaor
Mikl~aylov~ Mdrey Vasil'yevich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
~Vedo~paxov, Artur Vladimirovich--doctor of piiysico-mathematical sciencea,
profe~sor
Yeporozl~niy, Petr 5tepanovich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Sarkieov, Aahet Arakelovich--doctor of tecl~nical aciences, profeseor
5eleznev, Konatantin Pavlovich-- doctor of technical sciences, prof~esor
Sivolodskiy~ Yevgeniy Mdreyevich--doctor of technical sciences, profesaor
Sidorenko, Viktor Alekaeyevich--doctor of technical sciences, profeasor
Solov'yev, Pavel Alekeandrovich-- doctor of technical aciences~ profesaor
Sychev, Vyacheelav Vladimirovich--doctor of technical sciences, profeasor -
Timashev~ Sergey Vladimirovich--doctor of technical sciences, profess~r
Tikhodeyev, Nikolay Nikolayevich-doctor of technical sciencea, profeseor
32 -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY `
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
t~ntt UN'CICtAL U51, hNLY
F'~vor~kiy, n1~g Nikolayevict~--doctor of teehniCgl ~nienceg ~ profeeaor
~radkov~ Abr~m gorisovicl~--doctor of technicgl ~cience~, prof~seor
-J Chelnokov~ Valentin Yevg~n'yevich--doctor of techn~.cal eci~nces~ profeesor
5hikhov, Sergey riorieovich--doctor of phygica-maChemat~.cal eciences, pYOfeaeor
Uep~rtme~nt of Mechanic~ and ConCrol Proceeeeg
Abgaryan~ Kar~an Aramovich-~docCor of tgchnicgl ecipncee~ profeseor
Abramov~ Alekeey 5ergeyevich--doctor of technical gci~ncee, profee~or
Aven~ Uleg Iv~novich--doctor of technical eciences, profee~or
Alekeandrov, Avraam Yakovl~vich--doctor of technical eciences, profesgor
Alekeandrov, G1eb Vladimirovich--docCor of technical sciences, profesaor
Anfimov, Nikolay Apollonovici~--doctor of technical aciences~ profeasor
Artemonov~ German Timof~yevich--doctor of technical acienceg~ profeesor
_ AkhuCin, Vladimir Mikhaylovich--doctor of technical eciences~ pro~eseor
- I3abich, Vagiliy Mikhgylovich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciencea, profeseor
Barenov~ Vladimir Borisovich--doctor of physico-mathematical gciences, profeseor
BaranC~ev~ item Georgiyevich--doctor of phy~ico-mathematical sciences~ profeaeor
BarenblgCt~ Grigoriy Iegakovich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical eciences.
profe~eor
$elenya~ Yevgeniy Yvanovich--doctor of technical aciences~ profeseor
Beletskiy~ Vladimir Vasil~yevich--doctor of physico-mathematical acienceg,
profesaor
Beloteerkovekiy~ Sergey Mikhaylovich--doctor of technical sciences, profeesor
Belyakov~ Ivan Timofeyevich--doctor of technical eciencea, profesaor
Belyanin, Petr Nikolayevich--doctor of technical aciencea~ profesaor
~erezhnoy, Igor' Aleksandrovich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical eciencea,
profeesor
Beeekergkiy~ Viktor Antcmovich--doctor uf technical aciences, profesaor
- Blekhman~ I1'ya Izrailevich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical eciences, profeasor
Butenin, Nikolay Vasil'yevich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical sciences, profeeaor
Butkovakiy~ Anatoliy Crigor'yevich--doctor of technical aciencea, profeaeor
Varahamov, Rom Rubenovich--corresponding member AS Armenie-; 5S R
Vakhrameyev~ Yuriy Sergeyevich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical sciences
Volkov, Dmit riy Pavlovich--doctor of technical aciencee, professor
Vyatavkin~ Alekaendr Nikolayevich--doctor of technical sciences, profesaor
Gavrilov~ M atoliy Nikolayevich--doctor of technicgl sciences~ profesaor
Genkin~ Mikhail Dmitriyevich--doctor of technical eciences, profeasor -
Grigoryan~ Samvel 5amvelovich--doctor of phyaico-mathematica7. sciences, profeasor
- Crodzovakiy~ Cersh Leybovich--doctor of physico-mathematical eciences, professor -
Denil'che:;jko, Igor' Antanovich--doetor of technical aciences, profesaor
Devyanin~ Yevgeniy Andreyevich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences~ profesaor
Derkach, Vitaliy Pavlovich--doctor of technical eciences, profeasor
Druzhinin~ Georgiy Vasil'yevich--doctor of technical eciencea, profesaor
Yevtikhiyev~ Nikolay Nikolayevich--doctor of technical sciences, profesaor
Yerehov~ Leonid Viktorovich--doctor of technical sciencea, profesaor
'Lhigulev, Vadim Nikolayevich--doctor of technical sciencea, profeaeor
'Lamyahlyayev, Barrikad Vyachealavovich--doctor of technical aciencea, profeseor
zaripov, Madiyar Fakhritdinovich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
33
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
~o~ ni~~icr.nt. US~ ONLY
zubov~ Vladimir Ivanovicli--doctor of phyeico-m~tt~emuticnl aciencea~ profeasor
Ivanov, Georgiy Nikolayevich--doceor of Cechnical scienceg
Ivlev~ Uyuie Dnnilovich--docCor of phyei.co-mathemaCical aciencea~ profesaor
Iordan~ Georgiy Genrikt~ovich--doctoY of technical sciences, profesaor
I~akov, Pavel Pavlovici~--doctor of Cechnical sciences~ professor
Kavalerov~ Geniy Ivanovich--doctor of technical sciences
Kagan, Bor~.~ Moie~y~v~.ch--docCor of technical sciences, profeasor
halayev~ At~atoliy Vasi1'yevicl~--doceor of technical eciencea, profeaeor -
Karteev~ Mikhail Alekeandrovich--docCor of Cechnical ~ciencea, profesaor
Klimov~ Dmitriy Mikhaylovich--doctor of physico-mathemaCical sciences, profeseor -
Klyuyev~ Vladimir Vladimirovich--doctor of technical aciences, profesao~r ~
Klyushnikov~ Vladimir DmiCriyevich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical eciencea,
professor:
Kovalev~ Sergey Nikitich--doctor of Cechnicnl sciencea
~ Kovtunenko~ Vyache~lav Mikhaylovich--corregponding member A5 Ukrainian SSR
-~i Kogan~ Mikligil N~umovich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical gciences, profesaor
Koahevnikov~ Serg~~? Nikolayevich--corresponding member A.5 Ukrainian SSR
Kozlov~ UmiCriy Ii ich--doctor of tecl~nical gciences, profeaeor
Koleenikov~ Kon~tantiri 5ergeyevict~--doctor of technical eciences, professor
Koltunov~ Mikhail Andreyevich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical aciencea, profesaor
Korenev~ Boris Grigor'yevich--doctor of technical sciences, profeasor
Koetrov, Boria Viktorovich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciencea
Kocharyantg, Samvel Crigor'yevich--docCor of technical sciancea~ profesaor
Knehkin, Lev Nikol~ayevich--doctor of technical sciencea~ profeseor
Kragel'gkiy, Igor' Viktorovich--docCor of tectinical sciences, profeasor
Krasnoehchekov~ Pavel Sergeyevich--doctor of physico-mathematical eciencea,
professor
Krug~ German Karlovich--doctor of technical eciences, profeasor -
Kuguehev, I1'ya Dmitriyevich--doctor of technical aciancea~ profesaor
Kuzin, Lev Tiaafeyevich--d~ctor of technical sciences, profesaor
Kulikovskiy~ Andrey Gennad'yevich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences,
professor
Lebedev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Leont'yev, Nikolay Nikolayevich--doctor of technical acienceg, professor
Lib rovich~ Vadian Bronislavovich--doctor of physico-mathematical eciences,
professor
Lidov, Mikhail L'vovich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical sciences, profesaor
Litvinov, Boris Vasil'yevich--cr?adidate of technical aciences
Lomakin~ Viktor Aleksandrovich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences,
profeasor
Lopato, Georgiy Pavlovich--doctor of technical aciences -
Luzhin, O1'gerd Vladimirovich--doetor of technical sciencea~ professor
Lukachev, Viktor Pavlovich--doctor of technical aciences, profesaor
Matveyev~ Cavriil Alekseyeivcl~--doctor of technical sciencea~ professor
- Matyukhin, Nikolay Yakovlevich--doctor of technical aciences, pm fesaor
Mel'nikov, Gennadiy Pavlovich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Mileyko~ Sergey Tikhonovich--doctor of technical aciences
Mitenkov, Fedor Mikhaylovich--doctor of teehnical sciences, professor
Mikh aylov~ Alekasndr Ivanovich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Miahin~ Gennadiy Ivenovich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical sciences~ professor
34
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
~OR OT~'FICIAL USE ONLY
Mozzhorin~ Yuriy Aleksandrovich--doctor of eechnical aciences, professor -
Moskvitin~ VikCor Vusi1'yevicli--doctor of physico-mathematical aciences, _
profeseor _
r[y~mlin, Anatoliy Nikolayevich--doctor of Cechnical sciencea
Myasnikov~ Veniamin Petrovicl~--doctor of phyaico-mathematical eciences
Nadiradze~ Alekgendr Uavidovich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Ni~matulin, Robert Iskandrovicii--doctor of phyaico-mathematical sciences,
profesgor
Nikitin, Lev Vasi~'yevicli--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences, professor
Nikolayev, Vladimir Ivanovich--doctor of Cechnical sciencea, professor
~Novoshilov, Genrikh Vasi1'yevich--doctor of technical sciences
Pavlenko, Vladimir Antonovich--doctor of technical sciences, profeasor -
Pal'mov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciencea, -
profesaor
Parton~ Vladimir zalmanovich--doctor of physicu-mathematical eciences, professor
Petropavlovakiy~ Andrey Aleksandrovich--doctor of technical aciences, professor
Pozdeyev, Al~ksandr Aleksandrovich~-doctor of technical sciences, profeasor
Ponomarev, ValenCin Mikhaylov3.ch--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Pogpelov, I?miCriy Aleksandrovich--doctor of technical sciences, profesaor
Prsngiehvili, Iveri Varlamovich--doctor of technical sciences, professor -
Pupkov, Konatantin Aleksandrovich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Rozhdestvenekiy, Boris Leonidovich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical aciencea,
profeasor
Rutkovskiy~ Vladislav Yul'yevich--docCor of tect~r~ical sciencea, professor
Ryzhov, Oleg Serg~yevich--doctor of physico-mathr.matical scier.;~s, professor
Ryzt~ov, Eduard Vyachealavovich--doctor of technical sciencFa, professor
Ryzhov~ Yuriy Alekseyevich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Ryabinin Igor' Alekseyevich--doctor of Cechnical sciences, profeasor
Sadovskiy~ Igor' Nikolayevich--doctor of technical sciences
Sarychev, Vasiliy Andreyevich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences, professor
Sirazetdinov, Talgat Kasimovich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Smirnov, Anatoliy Filippovich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
S~nolov~ Vladimir Borisovich--doctor of technical aciences, professor
Sokolov, Alekeandr Georgiyevich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Solodovnikov, Vladitnir Viktorivich--doctor of technical sciences, profeasor
Solomenko, Nikolay Stepanovich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Staros, F'ilipp Georgiyevich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Stepanov, Boris Mikhaylovich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences, professor
Stogniy, Anatoliy Alekeandrovich--corresponding member AS Ukrainian SSR
Strel'ch~k, Nikolay Mtonovich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Sumarkov~ Leonid Nikolayevich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Sychev, Vladimir Vasil'yevich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences, professor
Tamm, Boris Georgiyevich--academician AS Estonian SSR -
Troitskiy, Vladimir Aleksandrovich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences,
profeasor
Tupolev, Aleksey Andreyevich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Ugodchikov~ Andrey Grigor'yevich--doctor of technical sciences, professor -
Ulanov, Georgiy Mikhaylovich--doctor of technical sciences, professor
Utkin, Viktor Vaeil'yevich--doctor of technical scien ces
35
FOR OF~ICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
~Ok 01~'~ICIAL U5F: ONLY
Udhgkov~ I~dr' Alek~eyevi~h~'rdoctor of eeehniegl ~cience~, prnfe~,~nr
~edo~ov~ Y~vgeniy Aleka~ndroviCh--ddrt~r nf tcChniGgl g~i~nr~~, prnf~~~dr
_ I~'edorov~ Alekg~y Ivanovicl~--doctor of t~~hnic~l ~cipnc~~, pr~f~~~nr
~eodo~'y~v, V~~voldd Ivannvich--doctor nf e~chr~ie~. tlC1EttC~g~ proi~~~or
Kti~gin~ C~nnadiy L'vovlch-~dortor af tcchnical ~~ien~ee, profesevr
Kt~etagurdv~ Yaro~luv Afang~'y~vich--doetnr of t~chnic~l gcienc~e, prof~~~c~r
Khorol~ navid M~igeyev:leh--doctor of technicgl ~ci~nc~g, prof~~~~r
~ttemodenav~ iiori~ Knn~eantinovich--doctor of t~ehnic~l ~ciences, pro~~~~~r
- Chex~~agov~ X~triy Mikheylov~~h-~doctor of tpchnical gciencpg, prof~egor
~~rnous'ko, I~elikg L~onidovich--doctor nf phygico-m~there~ticgl ~cienc~~~
profe~~or
Chernykh, Klimentiy ~~odoe'yevirh--doctor nf phyglco-math~matiaal aci~nc~g, ~
profe~eor
5hevyakov~ Alekeey M drey~vich--doctor di technical gci~ncee~ prof~~~or
Sher~met'yev~kiy~ Nikolay ttikolayevich--docCor of t~~hningi gcipncp~, profe~gor
Shikheyev~ Kirill Nikolgy~vic:li--doctor of C~chnical gcienceg~ profe~~nr
5tikadov, Leonid Mikhaylovich--doctor of Cechnic~l ~cienee~~ prafe~~dr
Shlyekhtc~nko~ Sergey Miktiaylovich--doctor of terhniCal ~ci~nces, profesgor
Shnyrev~ Genn~diy bmitriyevich--doctor of technic9l ecienc~g
St~ukghunov~ Volentin Yefimovich--doctor of t~chnicnl ecience~, ~rofe~gnr
Yurevid~ ~ Yev~eniy Ivanovict~--doctor of t~cht~i~~l sciencee, profeeeor
~tueupov~ Kafael' Midkhatovich--doctor of technical sciences ~ profeesor
Yakimav, Yuriy L'vovich-~ doctor of pl~ysico-mathematic~l gcientee -
Yakovlev, Yuriy 5ergeyevich--doctor of technicnl eciencea, profeasor
_ Yalcubaytie, ~duard Aleksaadrovich--academician AS Letvian SSR
Yakubovich~ Vladimir Andreyevich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical sciencea.
- profeaeor
- Yaetrebov~ Vyacheslav 5emenovich--doctor of technical sciences
Department of Ceneral and Technical Chemistry
- Aleksandrov, Yuriy Arsent'yevict~--doctor of chemical scienceg, professor
Alfimov, rtikhail Vladimirovich--doctor of physirrmathematical sciences
professor
Atovmyan~ Lev Uganovich--doctor ~f chemical sciences~ profeseor
uarabo~hkin, Alek~ey Nikolayevich--3rctor of chemical sciences, profesaor
13elikov~ Vasiliy Menendrovich--doctor of chemical. sciences, profesaor
Huchacl~enko, Matoliy Leonidcvich--doctor of ctiem~tcal eciences ~ profesaor
. Vol'pin, ~iark Yefimovici~--doctor of chemical aciences, professor
Voskresenskiy~ Vladimir Aleksandrovich--doctor of chemicel scienceg, professor
Galkin~ Vikolay Petrovich--doctor o~ technical aciences, profeseor
Cel'bshteyn~ Matoliy Iosifovich--doctor of chemicat aciences, profesaor
Gerariimov, Valentin Vladimirovich--doctor of technical eciences, professor
Gidaspov, Fioris Veniaminovich--doctor of chemical aciences. professor
Gryaznov, Vladimir Mikhaylovich--doctor of chemical sciences~ profesaor
Uremin, Mat~liy Nikolayevich--dactor of physico-mathematical sciences~
profe~sor
Aubovitekiy~ Fedor Ivanovicl~--doctor of chemical aciences, professor
36
FQR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
~Ok U~~IGI11L U~~ ONLY
Uyum~yev~ Kirili riiktti~y~ovi~h�~-doctor ~f ct~~mi~~l ~cl.pnc~g, prof~~~or
Ypremenko~ t,~~rnid 'Cimof~y~vieh--da~+tor nf chemicai ~cienc~g, profeg~or
Y~rmakov~ An~roliy Nik~l~y~virti-�doctor of chpmicgl gcipnc~g, profeagor
Y~r~hovg~ ~inaid~ Va~i1'yevne--docror of technic~~ gci~nceg~ praf~ggor
Za~chArlrin, L~ot?id iv~navich-~doceor of cN~mie~i ~ci~ne~~, ~rof~~~or
Xv~nch~v~ ~arg~y 5t~p~ovich--do~tor of chemicgi ~ci~nce~~ profprror
I~aguly~ne~~ ~~orgiy Varh~y~vich-�doctor of ch~mical ~ci~ncQ~
Kezarindv~ V~adi~ir Y~v~~n'y~v~ch--dnctor df chpmicgl gci~nceg
K~l~chit~~ igor' Vadimovich--dector of ch~micei ~ci~nc~~~ prof~~~or _
Ktperm~n~ S~v~liy L'vovicl~--doceor of ch~micel ~ci~nce~
Klabunevgkiy~ Yevgeaiy Iv~n~virh--doetor of chemical ~ci~nc~g, profeggor
' K~marov~ Ypvgeniy Va~ii~y~vich--doctor of ch~mical ~ei~nceg~ profesaor
Koro~r~ Vit~liy Abra~~vich--doctor of ch~mi~al aci~~t~c~~, profe~~or
~ Krivo~h~y~v~ Nikol~y Al~k~~y~vich--dector of t~chnic~l ~cience~, prof~e~or
- Krn1', Vl~dimir A1ek~~ndrovich--doctor of ch~mical Bci~nceg, profe~~or
krylov, U~~g V~lentinovich--doctor nf chemical ~cienceg, profesgor
Kuliyev, Ali M~ea Ugly--~cad~micien A5 Azerb~ydzhgn 55R
L~ypungkiy, Oveey I1'ich--doctor of phygico-n~th~maticel eciences~ profeegor
. Mak~imov~ Vladimir ~'edorovich--doctor of technic~l gci~nc~g~ profeegor
M~nelia, C~orgiy Isnrigovich--doctor nf ch~mical gcienc~~~ profeggor
Mer~i?anov~ 111eitnandr Cirgor'yevich--doctor of phyaico-mathemgtical ecience~,
profe~eor
Mukhlenov~ Ivan Yetrovich--doctor of technical acienc~s, profe~sor
i:efedov, Uleg ttatv~yevich--doctor of cl~emical ecienceg~ profegenr
Ntkitin~ Yevgnniy Yevgen'yevici~--doctor of physico-methematical eciences,
profegsor
Nikiforov~ Alek~ar?dr 5ergeyevict~--doctor of technical gci~nce~
" Ovrhinnikov, Algkgandr Anatol'yevic}~--doctor of physico-ma d~ematical sciencee~
profesgor
Orayevgkiy~ Matoliy tJikolayevicli--doctor of phyeico-mathematicel aciencea~ ~
prnfegsor
Pikayev~ Alekeey Konstaatinovich--doctor of ct~eaiical sciencee~ profesgor
Ynlak~ Lev 5olomonovich--doctor of phygico-maChematical gciences, profeeaor
pnlukarov~ Yuriy Mikhaylovicli--doctor of chemical sciencee
Ponomarev~ Ardal'on ?iikolayevich--doctor of chemical sciences~ profeaeor
Roaenfel'd~ Iosif L'vovich--doctor of chemical sciences, professor
, Runanov~ Matoliy Ivanovich--doctor of cheaiical sciences, profe~sor
5ekovich~ Cennadiy Viktorovici~--doctor oF technical sciences~ profeasor
5amaonov~ Georgiy Vasil'yevich--doctor of chemical sciences~ profesaor
5anit~, Pafnutiy Ivanovicl~--doctor of chemical sciencee~ profesgor
5okol~~kiy~ D~nitriy Vladimirovich--academician AS Kazakt~ 5SR
5piridonov~ Viktor Pavlovich--doctor of chemical aciences~ professor
Tea,kin, t~f~naesiy Ir~aakuvich--doctor of chemical sciences, professor
Toletikov~ Cearikh Aleksandrovich--doctor of chemical sciences, pzofesaor
Toa~ast~evekiy~ Vladislav Trofimovich--doctor of technical sciencea, professor
Topchiyeva~ Klavdiya Vasil'yevna--doctor of checd cal sciences~ professor
Tyurayayev~ Iven Yakovlevich--doctor of technical gciencea, profeseor
Fzenkel', 5ergey Yakovlevich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical aciencee, profeseor
Chernyehev, Yevgeniy Andreyevich--doctor of ci~emical sciences~ professor
_ 37
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
~Ott U~~ICIAL U5~ dNLY
Cli~rnygli~v~ Yevgpt~iy Andray~vich--doctor df chemical gcien~e~, ;:~:_:.~or
51?gichp~ronov, Mikti~il Iv~n~virh--doctor of chemical gcieneeg, profergor
Shilav~ Al~k~t~dr Yevg~c~~yeviclt--doctor of chem~cal sciencea~ prof~ssvr
Shmidt~ V1~dimir 5arg~y~virll--docror of chemicel ~cience~
5horygin~ petr pav,lovich--doctor nf chemicnl tlC~Et'1Cp9~ prof~g~or
Shukin~ Y~avgeniy Dmitriypvich--doctor of phy~ico-math~matical gci~nce~,
prof~eeor
_ ~nteli~~ Ser~ey Ganrikhovich--doctor of ch~micul gcienc~~~ profe~~or
Departm~nt of phyeical Chemistry ~td T~chnology? of Inorg~nic Material8
M tanov~ 5ergey Pgvlovich--doctor of technicAl acipnce~
Bogoygvlen~kiy, Kon~tantin Nikolayevich--doctor of technic~l ecienc~~~ ptr~ofe~~or
- Boet~kerev, ~llin Petrovich--doctor of t~chnical eci~ece~, profe~eor
V~yukov~ Andrey Vl~dimirovich--doctor of technical scienres, profe~sor
Ven~vtg~v, Yuriy Nikolayevich--doctor of phy~ico-mathematical gcienc~g~ prof~~~or
Vorob'yev~ Kharlampiy Sergeyevich--doctor of technical ~cience~~ profesi~or
Corlov~ Yuriy Pevlovich--doctor of t~chnical gciences~ profe~sor
Gorehkov, Vladimir Ivanovich--doctor of chemical sci~ncea, professor
Corynin~ Igor' Va~il'yevich-doctor of tpchaical ~cienc~~, profegeor
Gurvich, Lev Veniaminovich--doctor of chemical sciencea~ professor
Dobatkin, Vladimir Iveaovich--doctor of tecl~nical ecie~nce,~ ~ profe,~sor -
Uyatlove~ Nina Mikhaylovna--doctor of chemicgl ecience~, profee~or
Ibtagimov~ Shavket Shigebutdinovich--acedemiciaa AS Kezakh SSR
_ tlyukhin, Vladimir Valentinovici~--doctor of phy~ico-mathematical ec~ences
Kipgxieov, Sergey 5ergeyevich--doctor of technical acieecea, profeeaor
Kozlovekiy, Lev Va~il'yevicll--doctor of technical ~ciences, profeesor -
Komar, Alekaey Ceorgiyevich--doctor of technical sciences, prnfessor
Kopeykin~ Vladimir Alekseyevich--doctor of technical aciences
Kopetakiy~ Cheslav Vaeil'yevich--doctor of techaical sciences, profeaeor
Kunin, Lev Lazarevich--doctor of technicel sciences, profesaor
Lazarav~ Vladie~av Borisovich--doctor of chemical sciences, profeasor
Liachevskiy, Borie Vadimovich--doctor of technical sciences, profeesor
Menokhin, Matoliy Ivanovich--doctor of technical aciences, profeaeor
Marov, Igor' Nikolayevich--doctor of chemical gciences
Moakvin, Vladimir Mikhaylovich--doctor of technical sciences, pr~~fessor
Mchedlov-Yetrogyan. Utar Petrovich--correspanding n+ember AS Ceor.~$ian SSR
Myaeoyedov~ Boris ~edorovich--doctor of chemical sciences, profeasor
Ogarev~ Aleksandr Nikanorovich--doctor of technical aciencea, proiesaor
O~iko, Vygcheslav~ Vaeil'yevich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences,
profe$sor
Pavlov. Pavel Vasil'yevich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciencee, professor
Pakyo~oov, Yeroslav Dmitriyevfch--doctor of technical sciences
~ Posypayko~ Viktor Ioeifovich--doctor of chemical eciencea. profesaor
Rambidin, Nikolay Georgiyevich--doctor of cheo~ical sciences~ professor
Sav~rin, Sergey Aorisovich--doctor of chemical sciencea, profesaor
Sedov, Vyachealav Hikt~aylovich--doctor of technical sciences, pmfessor
Semeaenko~ Kirill Nikolayevich--doctor of chemical acience~, professor
38
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
~d[t O~~YC[AL US~ dNLY
S~men~ankn~ Kirill ~ikdl~y~vich--doctor nf ct~emic~l ~ci~nc~~~ prdfe~~~r -
5korovarov, Ushon ivgnovich~-doctor of t~chnic~l ~cienc~~
Sokol~vgk~yg~ Y~vd~kiya Mikhayldvna--doctor of chemic~l science~~ profeaeor
Sych~v~ Mek~i~ M~1c~inavich--doctor di technical ~ci~ne~~~ prof~~~or
'~ime~h~v, Vladiair Va~il'y~vicl~--doctor of t~chnic~l ~cipncee, profe~~or
Ugay~ Y~irov~ A~pkg~ndrovich--doctor ch~micA1 ~ci~nce~~ prnf~~~or
Fedorov, Niko~ay ~~dorovich--docsor of chemical ~cience~~ profeg~or
~'edorct~~nkn~ ivan Mikh~ylovich--ecad~roiCian A5 Ukr~inian SSIt
Chanturiya, Valenein Aiekg~yevich--doct~r of t~ehnical ~ciencea
Shevekin~ Yuriy ~edo~rnvicti--doctor of teehnical eci~ncee, prof~esor
5hchelokov~ ~obert Nikolayevich--doctor of chgmical gcienr.es~ profesgor
- Yavoy~kiy~ Vled~mir Ivanovich--doctor of technical eci~nceg, profeesor
1~pertment of Biochemi~try~ ~iophygi~ and Chemi~try of phyaiologically
Activ~ Compound~
Mdreyeva~ Natel'ya 5ergeyevna'~~doctor of phy~ico-math~matical gcieecee~
profe~gnr
Bli~nyuk~ Nikolay Kirillovich--doctor of chemical eci~nces~ profeesor
Bregl~r~ S~men Yefimovich--doctor of chemical sciences~ profeasor
Byetrov~ Vladin~ir ~edoravich--doctor of chemical eciences~ prof~esor
Codovikov~ Nikolay Nikolayevich--doctor of chemical eciences~ profeseor
Kayuehin~ Lev PBtrovich--docCor of phygico-mathematical eciencea~ profeaeor
Kiselev~ Nikolay Andreyevich--doctor of biological eciences
Kitaygorodekiy, Alekeandr Ieaakovich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical eciences,
profe~eor
Konev, S~rgey Va~il'yevich--doctar of biological sciencee, profeesor
- Lasurkin~ Yuriy Seaienavich--doctor of phygico-math~matical aciences~ profeaeor
Nel'nikov~ Nikolay Nikolayevich--doctor of chemical ecienoes, profeasor
- Mokul'ekiy~ t~fark Aleksandrovi~h--doctor of phyeico-mathematical scienoes~
profeseor
poglezov~ Borie Fedorovich--doctor of biological aciences, profesaor
Ptits,yn, Uleg $orieovich--doctor of phyeico-mathemgtical aciencea~ profeesor
Chernavakiy~ Dmitriy Sergeyevich-doctor of physico-mathen~atical aciencea,
profeaeor
Department of Phyaiology
Batuyev, Aleksandr Sergeyevich--doctor of biological aciencea, professor
Gorodinskiy, 5emen Mikhaylovich--doctor of wedical sciences, professor
YefuAi, Sergey Naucavich--doctor of inedicel aciences, profeasor
Ivanov, Kirill Pavlovich--doctor of inedical aciences~ professor
l~uzaetsov~ Aleksey Kirillovich--doctor of veterinary aciences, professor
Lupichev, Lev Nikolayevich--doator of technfcal sciences~ professor
Ostrovakiy, Mikhail Axkad'yevich--doctor of biological sciences~ professor
Simonov, Pavel Vaeil'yevich--doctor of inedical aciences, professor
Qiaylakhyaa~ I.evon Mikhaylovich--doctor of biological sciences
Shapovalov, Alekeandr Ivanovich--doctor of ~oedical sciences, professor
39
FOR OFFICIAL OSE ONLY
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
_
~'OR UN't~'IG1AL USt. ONLY
I~pertroent of G~ncral 13i~ingy
.
Alikhanyen, 5os IgttelcoviClt--docCor of bi~logical gci~nr.~~, prnfe~~or
t3uCorin~ Nikolay Va~il'y~vich--doetdr d� gengraphienl gciencea
Vavildv~ Petr p~rrovich--ro~mb~r All-Union Acad~ary of Agricuitural Scienc~~
ire~ni I,~t?in
Cngdlighvili Mamiyg Alek~~y~vicl~--docCor of ~griculturel ~~ienc~g, profeggor
Crddzingkiy, Andr~y t~tikhgylovich--corregpondin$ member AS Ukraint~n 55R
Zl~uehenko~ Alek~gndr Alekggndrnvich--acad~mici~n A5 Moldavian S5R
xufarov, K~mildxl~gn Akhmedzhgnovich--gc~demicinn AS Uxbek 55R
Kafiani, Kon~tentin Al~ke~ndrovici~--doctor of biologicel gci~ncee
rtamay~v, Seani,~lav Alek~androvich~idoctor of bidldgical ~ci~nce~~ profeegor
rtugtafayev, Imem Dxhdemir U~ly--ecademician AS Az~rbaydzhnn S5R
Plyangkiy Yuriy (Ceorgiy) Ivenovicl~--doctor of bioingic~l gci~nae~, prnf~~~or
~gpopore~ io~if Ab rgmovirh--doctor of biological eci~nce~~ profeegor
5karlato~ Ureer Aleks~drnvicl~--doctor of biologicel science~
5orokin~ Yuriy Ivanovich--doctor of biolo~ical science~~ profegeor
5ugt~chenya~ Leonid Mikhnylovicl~--corre~pdnding member A5 B~lorusgian 55R
~'edorov~ Vadim Dmitriyevich-docCar of biological scienceg~ profeegor
F'edornv, ;~ikol~y ~edorovicli--doctor of tec~~nical scienceg, profee~or
Kl~ruehchov~ Nikolay Grigor~yevich--doctor of biological ~ciencea~ profegsor
Shibalova, Tat'yana Artemovna--doctor of biological gcienceg
Uepartment of Ceology~ Geophyeics and Ceod~emigtry
~ogdanov~ Nikita Alek~eyevich--doctor of geological-aiineralogical eciences
tior~gov, Alekbey Alek~eyevich--doctor of technical gciencea, profegaor
Bronnikov, Umitriy Mikhaylovict~--doctor of technical sciencea, profesgor
Bukrinskiy~ Viktor Aleksandrovich--doctor of technical sciences, profeasor
Burchakov~ Anatoliy Semenovich--doctor of technical sciencea, profeseor
Vakhrameyev, Vsevolod Andreyevich--doctor of geological-mineralogical sciences,
profeasor
Vyshemirakiy~ Vladislav Stanialavovich--doctor of geological-mineral,ogical
sciences, profesaor
Galimov, Erik Mikhaylovicli--doctor of geological-mineralogical sciences "
Geodekyan, Artem Aramovich--doctor of geological-mineralogical eciences, -
profeesor
Gramberg~ Igor' Sergeyevich--doctor of geological-mineralogical aciencea,
profcasor
Griteko~ Gennadiy Ignat'yevich--doctor of tekhnical sciences, pm feasor
- Demenitskaya. Raiea Mikhaylovna--doctor of geological-mineralogical s ciences,
profesaor
Dmitriyev~ Leonid Vladimirovich--doctor of geological-minera~oRical aciences
Druahchits~ Vladimir Vasil'yevich--doctor of geological-a~ineralogical eciences,
profeasor
Dyad'kin~ Yuriy Dmitriyevich--doctor of technical aciences, professor
Yegiazarov, Boria Khristoforovich--doctor of Reological-mineralogical sciences,
profeesor
Yeremenko, Nikolay Mdreyevich--doctor of geological-mineralogical ecinnces~
profeseor _
40
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
l~'dit OH'N'IC1AL U:~~: ON1~Y
zhamoyda~ Al~k~gndr Ivanoviri~--doceor ~f g~ol~gi~~l-mineralogicai ~cienc~~,
_ prnfe~gor
Iofin, 5tani~lav L~cm~dovich--doctor of t~chnical ~ciene~~, profe~~or
Kamgletdinov, Mutr~t Abdulkh~ttovich--docCor of geological-mineralogical
~ci~nc~g
K~ller~ Ilori~ Mak~ia?ovich--doctor of g~ologicel-minereingical ecienceg,
- profeg~or
Kontorovich~ A1~keey ~mil'yevich--dnctor df g~ological-min~rg~logicel ncience~~
pmf~~~or
hragh~ninaikov~ Veleriy Arkad'yevich--doctor of genlogical-mineralogical
gcienc~g
Krylov~ Nikolay A18kseyev~ch--doctor of ~eo~ogical-min~r~lo~icel ~ciencee~
profe~gnr
Kurleny~, Mikhail Vladimirovich--doctor of t~chnical gcienceg
Kutuzov, Borig Nikolgyevich--doctorof technical ~c~enceg, prof~~eor
Laverov~ Nikolay Pavlovich--doctor of geological-min~r~lo~ical gciences,
profegeor
Mak~imov, 5tepgn pgvlovich--doctor of geoloqical-minergloqical sciencee,
_ profeseor
Malovit~kiy~ Yaakif Pgstkhu~evich--doctor of geological-mineralop~ica~ sciences
Moksineta~ Vladimir Nikolayevich--doctor of technical aciencee~ profeseor
Neruchev, 5ergey Cetmanovich--doctor of geological-mineralogical eciences,
profe~sor
Obut~ Alekgendr rtikl~aylovich--doctor of geological-inineraloRical acienc~a,
professor
Rozanov, Alekaey Yur'yevich--doctor of geological-mineralogical sciencea -
5tepanov, Umi.triy Leonidovich--doctor of geological-mineralogical sciences~
professor
Turchaniaov, Igor' Aleksandrovich--doctor of technical sciences, profesaor
Udintsev~ Gleb Borieovich--doctor of geographical sciences, profesaor
Qio~hia~ tlikolay Grigor'yevich--doctor of geological-mineralogical sciences~
protesaor
Department of Oceanolo~y, Atmogpheric Physics and Geograptiy
Beklemisl~ev~ Konstantin Vladimirovich--doctor of biological gciencea, profeasor
Vinogradov, Mikhail Yev~en'yevich--doctor of biological sciencea~ profesaor
_ Voyt~ 5ergey Sergeyevich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical sciencea, professor
Colitsyn~ Georgiy Sergeyevich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences
Cusev, Aleksaadr Mikhaylovich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences~
profesgor
Zhiva~o, Aleksandr Vasil'yevich--doctor of geograpliical sciences
Il'in, Aleksandr Vasil'yevich--doctor of geographical sciences
Kort, Vladimir Grigor'yevicli--doctor of geographical sciences~ professor
Mamayev, Uleg Ivanovich--doctor of geographical aciences
Mikhal'tsev, Igor' Yevgen'yevich--doctor of technical sciences, profesaor
Oza~idov, itoetislav Vsevolodovich--doctor of physico-mathecnatical sciences.
professor
Sarkisyaa, Artem Sarkisovich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences, profeseor
41
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
~Ott d~~'tCIAL U5~; ONLY
Simonov~ An~tdlly i1'ir~i--dnctnr of g~n$raphic~l ~ci~ncpg, profe~~or
5orokin~ Ai~k~~ndr Iv~novicl~--doetor of t~ctinie~l ecienc~~, prnf~g~or
- ~rokh~n~ A1~kgandr Markavich--doccor o~ techc~icgi sciences, profee~or
- Yakov~~v~ 5erg~y V~il~y~vich--dnctor of technical gci~nc~~~ profp~~or
t~partm~nt of liigtory
Agy~~ T~~tur p~vlnvir.h--~cad~mician AS Armenien SSit
Alek~androv~ V~dim Al~kgandrovich--doctor of hieCoricgl gcienceg
A1~keeyev, Veni~min Vaeil~yev~ch--doctor of higtorical ecience~
Apakidz~, Mdrey tt~litonovich--correspondin~ membeY AS Ceorgia~n 5SR
Aliy~v~ ~nv~r M~khtiy~vich--profeg~or
Arak~lyen~ B~bk~n Nikolayevich--gced~mician AS Ano~ni~n SSR
Arteta~nko~ Ivan ivanovich--doctor of hi~toric~l ecienceg
li~rkhin, I1'ya Borieovich-~doctor of hietorical gci~ncee~ profpegor
~obykyan~ Valeriy Ivanovfch--doctor of hi~torical gni~~cee, profeasor
Bugenov~ Viktor Ivanovicf~--doctor of hietorical eCience~, profee~or
buniyatc+v~ Ziya lSuuay~vich--academician A5 Azerbaydzhan 55R �
Vgrlamov~ Kon~tantin iv~novicli--doctor of hietorical sciencee~ profe~sor
Vagi~'yevekiy~ ituslen 5ergeyevich--doctor of higtorical eciencee
Vinogradov, Vladilen Nikolayevich--doctor of hietorical aciencee
Volkov~ ~edor Da~itriyevich--doctor of hietorical eciencea, profeesor
Galkin~ Alekear?dr Abramovich--doctor of hietorical eciences
Geponenko~ Luka Stepsnovich--doctor of hietorical sciences~ professor
Coryuehkin, Leonid Mikhaylovich--doctor of higtorical sctencee, profeeeor
Grekov, I~or' Borieovich--doctor of hietorical sciences
Grigulevich~ Ioeif Romual'dovich--doctor of historical aciences
Cus~v~ Kirill Vladimirovich--doctor of hietorical aciences~ professor
brizul, Aleksandr Arvidovich--academician AS Latvian SSR
Yezliov~ Viktor Matol'yevich--doctor of hietorical sciences~ profesaor
Ivanov~ Robert Fedorovich--doctor of historical aciencee~ profeeaor
Iskenderov~ Akhmed Akhmedovich--doctor of hi9torical eciencea~ professor
Iemagilova~ Roza Nurgaleyevna--doctor of hietorical sciencee
Its, Rufol'f Ferdinandovich--doctor of hietorical sciencea, professor
Kapitb~?, Mikhail Stepanovich--doctor of historical sciencea, profeesor
Karasev, Viktor Ceorgiyevich--doctor of hietorical sciences, profeseor
Knorozov~ Yuriy Valentinovich--doctor of hietorical sciencea
Koval'~ Doris Io~ifovich--doctor of hiatorical aciencea~ profesaor
Kolchin~ norie Aleksandrovich--doctor of hiatorical eciences~ profeesor
Komkov~ Cennadiy Deailovich--doctor of hiatorical gciences, profeasor
t~omogortbev~ Ivan ivanovich--doctor of hietorical sciences, profesaor
Korablev~ Yuriy Ivanovich--doc[or of historical sciences, profeasor
hoatyuehko. Jvan ivsnovich--doctor of hietorical aciences
_ Kryvelev, Ioeif Aronovich--doctor of philosophical sciences
Kuzishchin~ Va~iliy Ivanovich--doctor of historical aciencea, profesaor
Kukusl~kin, Yuriy 5tepanovict~--doctor of hiatotical aciences~ professor
Kulichenko~ Mikhail Ivanovich--doctor of historical sciences~ profesaor
Kumanev, Viktor Aleksandrovich--doctor of historical sciences, profeseor
42
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
- ~OK O~~ICtN~ ti5~ ONLY
Kum~n~v~ Genc~iy Alekgr~ndraviCh-~doCtor of hi~toric~l acien~e~, profa~gnr
_ Kurbatov~ ~eorKiy I.~vovich--d~ctnr of hi~t~ric~l ~~i~nceg, ~rof~g~or
Kutnkov, t.~oni.d Nikdl~y~vieh--doctnr nf l~i~tnrical ~cienceg ~ prof~gpor
Kyzl~~ov~ t.eonid Knmant?vich--d~ce~r ~f hi~tnricgl gcienceg, prof~~~or
L~b~d~v~ Nikdlny Ivgnovich--do~ror of higtoric~l eci~nceg, prof~g~or
t,~vkov~kiy ~ Al~kg~y Ivanovicii--doctor of ~Chtlbril~G gC~t11C~H ~ prof~~gor
Liaovgkiy~ Nik~lay Kuz'mi~t~--doctor of hi~tnrical aci~nCeg, profe~~or
Litavrin, Gennadiy Grigor'yevich--doctor vf higtorica~ gaienc~g
Ma~omedov~ Ra~ul ttagon~ dovich-- doctor of hi~t~ric~l gcienceg~ profe~~or
- M~rkary~n, ~duard 5erkignvich--doctor of phiYosophiCal ~ci~nceg
rterkov~ Gennediy Yev~en'yevicl~--doctor of higtoricel e~lences, profesaor
M~~on ~ Vadim Mikh~ylovich-~corr~~~onding d~rob~r AS Turkmen 5SR
iVikh~min, V~~dimir petrovich--doctor of hi~torical ecience~, prof~geor
Noeov~ Nikolay Y~vgen'yevich--doctor of historical gciences
Ostoya-Ovgyanyy, Igor' DmiCriyevich--doctor of hi~torical en~ence~a~ profesgor
pavlenko~ Nikolay Ivanovich~'rdoctor of higtoricgl gcienceg, profeegor
Yiearev, Yuriy Alekgeyevirh--doctor of historical sciences~ profeseor
pletneva~ Svetlgna Aleksandrovna--doctor af higtorical gciences -
popova, Yevgeniye Ivanovna--doctor of hi~torical ecienceg, profassor
preobrezi~en~kiy~ Alek~ar?dr Alek,~endrovich--doctor of historicel eciencea
Yrotopopov~ Anatnliy 5ergeyevich--doctor of higtorical acienceg, profeasor
5anakoyev~ 5t~alva Par~ad~novich--doctor of hietorical ~cience~, profeeaor
5evoet'yanov~ Crigoriy Nikolayevich--doctor of higtorical ~ciences, profeseor
5krynnirov~ Ruslan Criger'yevich--~doctor of historical gcienc~~~ profa~eor
Tulepbayev~ ~aydgbek Akhmedovicl~--academician AS Kazakh SSR
- Tyukavkin~ Viktor Crigor'yevich--doctor nf higtorical gcienceg~ profeaeor
U1'yanovekiy~ Ro~ti~lav Alelcgandrervich--doctor ef economic aciences, profesaor
Fedorov-Davydov~ G~rman Alekseyevich--doctor of hietorical sciencea, profesaor
Fedoeov~ Ivan Mtonovich--corresponding member of the Academy of ~edagogical
Sciences U5SK
Fedyukin~ Sergey Alekeeyevich--doctor of historical eciences
~omin, Vagiliy ~'imofeyevich--doctor of historical eciences, profeasor
Pur~enko~ Alekera~dr Aleksandrovich--doctor of historical sciencee
Khalikov~ A1'fred Kha~an,ovich--doctor of hietorical eciences~ professor
Kheyfets, Alekgandr Naumovich--doctor of historical sciences, profeggor
Cheboksarov~ Nikolay Nikolayevicl~--doctor of hietorical gciences~ profesaor
Chiatov, Kiri11 Vaeil'yevich--doctor of hietorical aciences, profeasor
Chubar'yan, Aleksandr Oganovich--doctor of historical sciences
5harapov~ Germen Vladimirovich--corresponding member Academy? of Pedagogical
5cienceg US5R
5heretobitov~ Viktor Pavlovich--doctor nf historical sciences~ profesaor
Shlepakov~ Arno1'd ~tiko~ayevich--corresponding member AS Ukrainian SSR
5hmidt. 5iRurd Ottovich--doctor of historical eciences~ profesaor
5het~npov~ Yaroslav Nikolayevich--doctor of historical scienceg
Uepartment of Philoeophy end Law
Avakov, ltirze Moseaovich--doctor of juridical sciences, professor
Aitov~ Narimen Abdrakhmanovich--doctor of philo8ophical aciences~ profeaeor
43
FOR OFFICIAL US~ OiVLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030012-4
~
t~'Ott OI~'~ICYAL U5~ ONLY
- A1~k~~y~v, Mitrnfgn Niknl~yevich--doctor of philoguphic,~1 ~~i~nce~~ profpg~or
- $aglay~ Merat Viktorovicfi--doctor of ~uridicel ~cienc~~, profe~~or
~agramov~ ~;dugrd Alek~~ndrovich~~doctnr of philogophical ~ci~nce~~ pr~f~~~or
Biryuknv, nori~ V1~dimirovi,ch--doctor of philo~ophicsl gci~nc~~
. Bogatav~ Vitaliy Vggil'y~vi~li--doctor of philo~ophical gcienceg, profeesor
Borodin~ SCaitiel~v Vladicnirovich--doctor of ~uridical ~ci~.nceg, profe~~or
~uYlat~kiy~ ~edor Mikhgylovich--docCor of philo~ophiC~1 gcienc~g~ profea~or
~utenko, Anatoliy p~vlovich--doceor of philneophic~l gcienc~e, profes~or
Voyghvilld~ Y~v~eniy Kazaimirovich--doct~r of philogophicel ~cience~,
profe~aor
Gntt~ Vlgdimir 5piridonovich--doctor of philogophical gciences~ profe~sor
Y~rmol~nkd, Draitriy Vlgdimirovich--doctor of philogophical ~ci~nceg, profee~or
zadoro~hnyy~ G~orgiy Yetrovich--doctor of ~uridical ~cienc~s, profe~~or
_ Zvirbul'~ Vladimir Kgrlovich--doctor of ~uridicel gcienceg, prof~beor
Ivenov~ Seroen Alek~androvich--doctor of juridical eciences~ prof~g~or
I1'in~kiy, Lgor~ pavlovich--doctor of ~uridical eci~ncea, profeseor
Knrp~t~~ Igor' Ivgnovich--doctor af ~uridical eciences, profeggor
_ hozhevnikov~ ~~dor Ivanovich--doctor of +uridical gciences, profea~or
Knzyr'~ Mikhail Ivanovich--doctor of ~uridical gci~nces, profeasor
Kcmetantinov, E'edor Trofimovich--doctor of philo~ophical science~, profegsor
Koeitgyn~ Alekeandr Yevlovich--doctor of ~uridical gciences~ profesaor
Koeichev~ Matoliy Danilovich--doctor of philosophical t~ci~encea, profesaor
Laptev, Vladimir Viktorovich--doctor of ~uridical ecienceg, profeasor
Maelov~ Va~iliy Filippovicl~--doctor of ~uridical gcienc~~, profegeor
Melyukhin, Serafim Timofeyevich--doctor of philosophical aciencee, professor
Miller, Vigvari~ Uttdvich--corresponding member A5 Latvi~n SSR
- Min'kovskiy,Genrikh Mikhaylovich--doctor of ~uridical sciencea, profesaor
- Modrzhin~kaya, Yelene Dmitriyevna--doctor of philosophical aciences~ professor
Usipov, Gennadiy Vasil'yevich--doctor of philosophical sciences, professor
Paet~kov, Alekaey Stepaaovich--doctor of juridical sciences, profeesor
Piakotin, Mikhail Ivanovich--doctor of ~uridical aciences
Ratinov, Alekeandr ttufimovici~--doctor of ~uridical aciences~ profeseor
Sadikov, Oleg Nikolayevich--doctor of ~uridical sciences, professor
5elivaaov, Nikolay Alekgeyevich--doctor of ~uridical acienceg, professor
5emenov, Vadim 5ergeyevich--doctor of philoaophical sciencea, profeasor
Staruehenko~ Gleb Borisovich--doctor of juridical aciences
Tikhomirov~ Yuriy Alekeandrovich--doctor of ~uridical aciences, professor
Tumanov, Vladimir Alekeandrovich, doctor of ,~uridical sciences, profeasor
Ukrainteev, Iloris Sergeyevich--doctor of philo8ophical aciences~ profeasor
Ureul~ Arkadiy Dmitriyevic}~--doctor of philosophical sciences~ professor
Kharchev~ Matoliy Georgiyevich--doctor of philosophical sciences, professor -
Shekhnazamv. Georgiy l~oaroyevich--doctor of juridical sciences
5helyag~ Vaeiliy Vaeil'yevich--doctor of philosophical sciences, profesaor
Sheptulin, Aleksaadr Petrovich--doctor of philosophical aciencea, professor
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~ocharov~ Yuriy Pgtrovict~--doctor of nrchitecture~ profeg~or
t1~in, ~ial~ntin Mikh~ylovieh--doctor of ~conomic ~ei~ne~~
Kozlovu~ Olimpiada V~il'y~vna--doceor of ~canomic ~cienceg, profe~sor
Kr~ov~~kiy~ Viktor Petrovinh--doctor of economic ecience~~ prof~esor
Lyueov, Anatol~y Nikolayevich--docCor of ~conomic ecienc~~, profeeeor
Mitrofenov~ Arkgdiy ~vanovich--doctor of economic gciencee, profe~eor
"hre;~eer, Mdrey Konetantinovich--doctor of technical ~ciencea, profeggor
Uepartment of Literature and Language -
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Vipper~ Yuriy norigovich--doctor of philological ~cienceg
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zaeur~kiy, Y~an Nikolayevich--doctor of philological sciencee, profes~or
Ivenov, 5ergey Nikolgyevich--doctor of philolo~ical gcienc~~~ prof~$gor
Kovalev~ Valentin Arkhipavich--doctor of philolo~ical gcienceg, profeagor
Krutikava, Nina Yevgen'yevna--corresponding member AS Ukrainian SSR
- Nikol'ekiy~ 5ergey Veail'yevich--doctor of philological scienceg, professor
Novikov~ Vaeiliy Vagil'yevich--doctor of philoloAical sciences, profeseor
t~urmakhnnovn~ Azize ;turmakhanovna--doctor of philological eciences, profesaor
Uvcharenko, Alekeandr Ivar~ovich--doctor of philological sciences, professor
1'anfilov~ Vladimir zinov'yevicl~--doctor of philological sciences
~ Ragterguyevg, Vera Sergeyevna--doctor of philological sciences, profesaor
Sereb ryakov, Yevgeniy Aleksandrovich--doctor of philological sciencea, professor
Solntsev, Vadim Mikhaylovich--doctor of philological sciences, profeasor
Tenishev~ Edkhyam Rakhimovich--doctor of philological sciences, professor
Khayitmetov, Abdukadyr Khadzhimetovich--doctor of philological sciences,
professor -
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Siberian Department
llogdenov, Sergey Vasil'yevicl~--doctor of phyeico-mathematical sciences,
profe~sor
Bogolepov~ Konatantin Vladimirovich--doctor of geological-mineralogical sci-
enceg, profeeaor
Boldyrev, Vladimir Vyacl~eslavovicl~--doctor of chemical sciences, professor
Val'tukh, Konota~tin Kurtovich--doctor of economic sciences~ profesaor
Votinteev, Konstantin Konstantinovich--doctor of geographical sciences
Citel.'zon~ Iosif Isayevich--doctor of inedical sciences~ professor
Godovikov~ Aleksandr Aleksandrovich--doctor of geological-mineralogical
sciences, profeaeor
Gol'dehtik~ !likhai~ Aieksandrovich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciences,
profesaor
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profe~~or
nimov~ G~nn~diy Iv~novic}~--doctnr nf phy~ino-n~th~m~ti~al gci~re~~~ prof~~~~r
ibbr~t~ov~ Nikolgy I.~one'y~vich--doctor of geoingical-mi.n~ralo~ic~l gci~nCeg~
profe~~or
Uolgov~ Yuriy Alek~~ndrovich--doctor of g~nlogical-min~r~ldgicgl eci~nceg,
prof~~gor
Uulnv, Viktor G~nrgiy~vich--doctar of phygico-mathemgtical ecience~~ profee~or
xharkov~ Mikhail Abramovich--doctor of geological-mineralogical eceinces
Ignatchenko, Val'ter Alek~eyevich--doctor of phy~ico-mathematical sciences~
profeesor
Izokh~ ~mil' ~etr~vich--doctor of g~ological-mineralogic~l ecienc~~, profesgor
Koval'~kiy~ Vit~liy Vl~dimirovich--docCor af g~ologia~l-min~r~logicel ~ciencee
Kozlov~ Yuriy P~vlavich--dnceor of biologicnl ~cienceg~ p rofeaeor
KoeCyl~v, Alek~andr Umitriyevich--doctor of technicgl sciences, profeagor
~ Kravchenko~ Alekeandr ~ilippovich--docCor of phyeico-math~matical acience~,
profes~or
Krendelev, ~edor retrovich--doctor of geological-minerulogical eciences,
profeeaor
Krylov~ Sergey Vasil'yevich--doctor of geological-mineralo~ical eciences
Kuznetgov, ~edor Andreyevich--doctoY of chemical sciences, profegeor
Kuz'min~ Arian I1'ich--doctor of phyeico-mathematical eciences, profesaor
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Lisov~kiy, Cen rikh Mikhaylovich--doctor of biological eciences, profeaeor
Logachev, Nikolay Alekseyevich--doctor of geological-mineralogical sciencea
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Makarov, Valeriy Leonidovich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical aciences, profeeeor
Mesyats, Gennadiy Andreyevich--doctor of technical sciences, profeasor
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Monakhov, Valentin Nikolayevich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical sciencea,
profesaor
rtokhosoyev, Marka Vasil'yevich--doctor of chemical sciences, profesaor
tiakoryakov, Vladimir Yel..f~~ 'yevich-~-doctor of technical sciences ~ professor
Peahchevitskiy, goris Ivanovich--doctor of chemical aciences, profeasor
Pinus, Gear~iy Vladimirnvicl~--doctor of ~eolop,ical-aiineralogical sciences,
profeaBOr
polyakov, Cleb Vladimirovich--doctor of geolo~ical-mineralogical sciences
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Rnutian. Sergey Glebovich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical sciences, profesaor
Rebrov, Aleksey Kuz'n~ich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical sciencea, profesaor
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Salyayev, Kyurik Konstantinovich--doctor of biological s ciencea
Serebryakov, Vasiliy Vasil'yevich--doctor of physico-mathematical sciences
Smirnov. Leonid Stepanovich--doctor of phyaico-mathematical sciences,
profesaor
Sobolev, Vikolay Vladimirovicli--doctor of geological-mineralogical sciences
Solomonov~ Nikita Cavrilovich--doctor of biological sciences, professor
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'TarAeanka~ Nikolay nmitriypvicl~--doctor of biologiaal ~ci~ncag
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Trishin~ Yuriy Alekeayevich--doctor of phye~co-mathematical ecienc$~
Fedulov~ Alek~andr Innokent'yevich--doctor of technical ~cieec~e, profeegor
l~ebotayev~ Veniamin Pavlovich--doctor of phyeico-mgthematical scienoee
Bhafer~ Yuriy Georgiyevich--doctor of phyeico-mathamatical eciencee
Shumnyy, Vladimir Kon~tanCinovich�-doctor of biological eciencea
Shchatbakov~ Igor~ Patrovich--doctor of biological eciencea, profeesor
Ural Scientific Canter
Bol'ehakov~ Vladimir NikolayeYich-doctor of biologic~l eciences, profeesor _
Mikheyev~ Mikhail Nikolayevich--doctor of technicel eciencee, profeseor
Turov~ Yevgeniy Alcimovich--doctor of physico-mathematical aciencee, profeeaor _
~er-Laatern Scientific Center
Vlasov~ Ceorgiy Mikhaylovich--doctor of geological�mineralogical eciences
Covor~ Ivan Nikolayevich--doctor of geological-mineralogical eciences,
professor
Derevyanko, Anatoliy Panteleyevich--doctor of hietorical aciencee~ profeasor
Mkov~ Nikolay Nikolayevich--doctor of hietorical eciencea
Ippolitov~ Yevgeniy Georgiyevich--doctor of chemical eciences
Kulieh~ Yevgeniy Alekeeyevich--doctor of geological-mineralogical eciences
Moiaeyenko, Valentin Grigor'yevich--doctor of geological-mi~eralogical sciencee
Sergeyev, Konetantin Pedorovich--~aoctor of geological-mineralogical aciences
- Sidorov~ Matoliy Alekaeyevich--doctcir of geological-mineralogical scienoee
Til'man, Solomon Markovich-~-doctor of geological-mineralogical a cienoea~ -
profeasor
Fremd, Crigoriy Maksimovich--doctor of geological-mineralogical sciences~
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OOPYItIGHTt: Izdatel'etvo "Nauka"~ "Veetnik Alcademii Nauk SSSR", 1979
769 ~
CSO: 1870
. 47
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~dlt O~~ICIAL US~ :INLY -
1'UBLICATION9
METHOD3 0~ INV~3mI(3ATIN(3 SmA$ILITY OF' NUCL~AFi I~EACTORS
Moscow h~TODY I95LEUOVANIYA USmOYCHIVOSTI YADERNYKIi~t~AKTO~tOV in Rusaian
1977 signed ta press 9 Nov 77, pp 1-4, 293-296
~Annotgtion, table of contents and foreword from book by V. D. Goryachenko,
Atomizdat, 1,600 copies, 296 ppJ
(Textj This book deals with~one of the central questions of the dynamics of
nuclear facilities, the stability of stationary operating regimes oF nuclear
power reactora. The main~.results of analysis of the stability of nonlinear
dynemic systems of various typea are discussed: with concentrated parrsmeters, `
with delayed and xith distributed parameters. These results are applied to ~
derivation of stability criteria and to particular analyaes of the stability
of stationary regimes in nuclear reactors of various types. Considerable
attention is devoted to analysis of large-scale and overall stability through
nonlinear mathematical models of reactor dynamics. The analysis is based on
Lyapunov's second method and frequency criteria of absolute stabflity.
- The book is intended for specialists engaged in calculation of the aynamics
of nuclear poWer facilities and will also be useftil. for persons interested
in applications of the theory of stability of motion.
Figures, 58. BibliograpY~y, 279 items. .
Contents Page
Foreword 3
Ch~pter 1. Characteristics of Mathematical Models of Nuclear Reactor
IJynamics 5
1.1 The nuclear reactor as a system with feedback 5
1.2 Models of reactor kinetics 6
1.3 Types of feedba~ck 13
_ Bibliography 15
48
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~oR orricrni. us~ orn.Y
Chapter 2. Stebi~.it,y of Systema with Concentrated Parameters........... 17
2.~ Lyapunov stability. Bas3c de~'3nitions 17
2.2 Definition of stability under constant perturbation. Connection
with Lyapunov stabili~v....,..~........~ i8 -
2.3 Lyapunov's direct method 20
_ 2.4 8ome applic$tions of Lyapunov~s direct method to the analysis of
reactor atabili.ty 25
2.4.1 The homogeneous reactor with linear temperature feedback..... 26 _
2.4.2 Popov~s theorem on the stabilizing effect of delayed
_ neutrons............~ 30
2.4.3 Concluding observations 33
2.5 First-approximation stability 34
2.5�1 Linearization. Lyapunov's main t~eorems 34
2�5�2 ~Phe Gurvits criterion 35
2.5�3 The D-decomposition method........... 36
2.6 Examples of first-approximation investigation of stability....... 41
2.6.1 The s3mpleat model of a homogeneous reactor 41 =
= 2.6.2 The discrete analog of self-excitation of longitudinal
fuel element vi~rations........~ 43
2.7 Conclusion.....~ 45
Bibliography 46
Chapter 3. Stability of Systems with Delay~ 48
3.1 Statement of the problem. Definition of stability . 48
� 3.2 Lyapunov's direct method for equations with aftereffects......... 50 _
3.2.1 Basic definitions......~ 50
3�2.2 Krasovskiy's theorem on asymptotic stability of systems with
aftereffects 51
3.2.3 Hale's theorem for autonomous systems 53
3.2.4 The L a unov function method for s stems with dela 53
Y P Y Y.�..�.....
3.3 Investigation of a simplified model of coupled nuclear reactors
by Lyapunov's direct method........,....~ 55
3.3.1 Construction of a Lyapunov-Krasovskiy function 55
3�3.2 Analysis of a special case of the problem using the Lyapunov
fl.tnction method 57
3.4 Lyapunov's direct method for integro-~differential systems........ 59
3.4.1 Statement of the problem. Definition of stability........... 60 -
_ 3.~+.2 Lyapunov's direct method 61
3.5 Firs~-approximation stability 62
3�5.1 Basic theorems. The chaxacteristic quasipolynomial.......... 6~
3�5�2 Some characteristics of quasipolynomials 64
3.5�3 The unimportance of small delays 65
- 3�5�4 The admissibility of an approxime~a description of the delay
in stability analysis 66
3.5�5 On methods of studying the distribution of the zeroes of
quasipolynomials 66
3.6 Stability with random and large delays 67
3.6.1 Random delays 67
3.6.2 Large delays 67 -
3.7 A reactor with convection delays 68 _
BibliograpY~y 71
' 49
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~n[t dt~'~ICIAL US~ dNLY
Ch~pter b. Stability of ~y~tem~ with ni~tributed par~m~ter~.....~.,,,,~ 7~
4.1 befinition df gt~bility. Ly~punov'~ direCt method....~~..~...~.. 7~
4.2 Model df a hmm~geneous reaCtor withoud delay~d neutrons...~....~. 7~
4.3 Methodg of ntudying the gt~M lity of linparized di~tributed
~ygtems.,...,.,.~..~ � 77
- 4�3.1 Th~ chgracteri~tic equatione of linearized systems....~..~~~. 78
4.3.2 The perturb~tion methnd 80
4,3�3 mh~ t~alerkin method 82
4,~.4 Derivation of an ~pproximate characteristic: equetion by
transforaratii~n of the initisl eyetem by ti,h~ stra~igh~t-lin~
method.~~......~ 84
4.3.5 Analysi: of stability according to type of tranaition
process~s in a line~rized system ~
4.3�6 Numericxl conatruction by computer of the boundarieg of
a b-decomposition for linearized di$tributed syst~m~....... 86
- 4.~.7 An example of construction of a D-curv~ gg
gibliography.........~........~ 92
Chapter S. ~'requency Methads of Investigating Stability nf Nonlinear
Dynamic Syatema. The popov Criterion g4
5.1 Uefinitions and statement of the Problem...., g4
5.2 The Popov crlterian 96
5�3 Stsbility conditions in special (critical) caspa. Trnnsformation
of shift of poles 97
5�~+ An example of the application of the Popov criterion: a
reactor with convection time dela~..~ 101
S�5 The Yakubovich method 105
5.6 5ome generaliz~tions of the Popov criterion 108
5.6.1 The Popov criterion for systems aith several nonlinear
functions 109
5.6.2 Frequency conditions for stability oP s~?stems With nonlinear
flxnctions of several variablea 110
5�6.3 Generalization of frequency conditions in (5�5)� 111
= 5�6�4 Yakubovich's matrix inequality 111
~ 5�7 Frequency criteria for stability of nonlinear nuclear reactor
models 114
5.7.1 The application of the Popov rriterion 114
5.7.2 Welton's criterion 115
5.7�3 Other �requency criteria 117
Sibliography 122
Chapter 6. Stability of Heterogeneous Nuclear Reactors 125
6.1 A tWO-temperature point model of a heterogeneous reactor......... 125
6.1.1 Statement of the problem and the mathematical model.......... 125
6.1.2 Investigation of overall stability in relation to slow
processes.. 128
6.1.3 The Lur'ye method.~.Overall.stability.for.fast�processes..... 133
6.1.4 Stability analysis of tWO-temperature poit~t model xithout -
division into fast ar..~ slos+ processes. Alloxance for a
nonlinear regulator 141
- 50
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6.2 mhe multitemperatur~ point model 14$
6.~.1 Cdn~entr~ted feedb~ck~......~.....~.....~.......~~..~........ 14$
6.2.2 bel~yred fe~dback.~,~~~..~............~......~ 14g
6.3 ~he diff'ugion model d~' $ h~terogene~us reae~or ~.~~4
6.3.1 Cona~ntrated feedback 154
6.3~~ Digtributed f~~dback 1~8
gibliogr~phy.~........~...~,.~~...~ 165
Chgpter 7. St~bility of Coupled Nucle~r R~ea~tnrs...,...~ 16`~
_ `~,1 Introductinn 167
7~~ Investigation of sm~11-ec~1e gtsbility ~f twn caup~.ed reactnxg... 1`~1
7.2�1 Linearized dynamlc~l equatidns. The characteristi~ equation. 171
7�2~2 Stability in the limiting cg~eg of infinitiely large and
infinitely smgll coupling coeffir.ients i72
7.2�3 Cou~ling of identical subaystems 173
7.2.4 Applicgtion of the resu].ts to coupling of two reactora....... i76
7�2~5 Conclusion. F'ormulation of th~ problem n~ "decompnsition"
of re~ctor coupling...,... 177
7�3 Sufficient conditions for sma11-acale stsbility in an arbitrary
number of coupled reactors 1.78 ~
7�3.1 Stability of different re~ctnrs 178
7�3�2 Stability of identical regctors 182
7.4 Stability of coupled' reactors With hydraulic and neutron eoupling 184
7.4.1 Aasumptions and mathemc~tical model 184
7.4.2 Derivation of the characteristic equation 187
7~4�3 Algorithm for detera~ining necessary and sufficient conditions
_ for stability of coupling of identical reactors............ 190
7.4.4 Special cases 192
7�5 Sufficient conditions for overall stability in terms of slnx
processes 193
7.6 Sufficient conditions for overall stability in the general case.. 197
7.7 Frequency conditions for overall stability 204
BibliograpY~y 208
Chapter 8. Stability of Reactors with Circulating Fuel (RTsC).......... 211
8.1 Introduction 211
8.2 Investigation of kinetic equations. Stability of RTsG ~ith
poxer coefficient of reactivity 212
8.3 Small-scale stability neglecting delayed neutrons 219
8.3.1 Noncompressible nuclear fuel 219
8.3�2 Nuclear ftitel of variable density 223
8.4 Investigation of overall stability by Lyapunov's direct method... 23? -
8.5 The frequency criterion of overall stability 237
Bfbliograpt~y 239
Chapter 9. Acoustical Instability of Nuclear Reactors 241
9.1 Introduction 241
9.2 Qualitative study of conditions for stimulation of acoustic
vibrations in nuclear reactors using discrete models........... 244
, 51
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~ox d~~~~rnt, us~ or~.Y
9~2~1 mhe ga~edus-fuel reactnr~ Apprdxim~?tinn ~f the core by a
~ingle r~gan~tor..~..~~.........~...~...~.~...~...~..,..~.~ ~44 -
9.2.2 mhe g~~edu~-fuel r~~ctdr. Approximation oP the cor~ by tao _
~ re~onator~ 25z '
9�2~3 A h~terog~n~~ug reactor alth ga~eous h~gt carrier...~........ 259
_ 9.3 Simplified snalyaie of ae~.f-etimulatlon of acou~tic vibr~tiottg
in ~m~ll-sized reactor~~,.~....,..,...~.~ 263
9.3.1 Baaic ae~umption~. Math~m$tical model 264
9.3.2 A r~~~tor With ~~seous r3rculating fu~l.....~ 26~
9.~.3 A re~ctdr witn ggs~oug he~t carrier.........~.......~..~..... 272
9~~+ Acou~tic in~tabili~ies of large-8C81E' fi~s(}'g............~,....... 277
9�4.1 3tatem~nt of the problem. I?yttamic equationa 277
9.~+�~ berivation of computational formulae 278 -
9.4.~ C~lculation resulta and conclusions 281
Bibliography~...~ 284
Supplement. Invegtigation af the at~bility of diffu~ion modelg of
reactnr~ using a finite-difference approximation With
apatiel coordinatea 287
Bibliography 292
_ ~oreword
The development of
contemporary nuclear power engineering is chargct~rized by
a tendency to develop complex nuclear power units (YeEU) With a large specific
energy output. Theae conditions result in increasing demands on the operating
characteristica of nuclear power facilities and their performance qualities.
Not surprisingly, the sa,me requirementa apply to reactor dynamics calculations.
One of the central points of these calculations is the analysis of the atabil-
ity of stationQry operating regimes for nuclear units, for the stability of
stationary regimes is the characteristic which to a considerable degree de-
_ termines the viability of the unit and the possibility of normal operation.
It is no coincidence that more than 1,000 korks*, mostly published in various
periodicals, have been devoted to the stability of nuclear reactors, even `
though it might seem a very narroX question in the stuc~y of nuclear poxer -
facilitiea. The need for 8 systematic exposition of the results of stability
studies of nuclear poWer units has become presaing, but it has seemed impos-
sible to encompass all the material in a relatively small book. The main aim
of the present book, as ~rell as of the author's earlier book produced in
1971+~*, is to describe methods of theoretical study of nuclear reactor stabil-
ity and several of their applications to the analysis of stability in reactors
of particular types.
_ * For confirmation see Bibliograficheskiy ukazatel' rabot po ustoychivosti
statsionarnykh rezhimov yadernykh energeticheskikh ustanovok (1954-1Q73 gg.)
[Bibliography of Works on Stability of Stationary Regimes of Nuclear Poaer
Units (1954-1973), MoscoW, TsNII~'~atominform, 1974. Although clearly incom-
plete and covering only the period to 1973, it still lists more than 800 xorks
on various aspects of nuclear power unit stability.
V. D. Goryachenko. Metody teorii ustoychivosti v dinamike yaderqykh reak-
- torov (Stability Theory Methods in Nuclear Reactor Dynamics], Atomizdat, 1971.
FOR OFFIC~AZL USE ONLY
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In Ghapters 2-~, th~ r~~u1t~ of
th~ thedry nf gtabi~ity of dyn~nic gygtem$
are deg~ribed, generally without proof. F'~CLB which ar~ of int~rest for
applied problemg, in p~rticular the prdblemg of nuclear power pl~nt ateb3~ity,
are Sncluded. The disCUggion is accompanied by analyeis of gimplified modelg
t~f reactdr dynamics.
From a phyglcal point nf vi~w, the most interesting material Ss concentrated
in Chapt~rs 6-9 (serving ~t the game time as ~ rather ext~nsive 111ustr~tion
of the math~m~tical methods which can be appli~cl). Much ~ttention h~s been
devoted to the mo~t difficu].t probl~m, that of large-acal~ and overal~ atabil-
ity df reactors, i.e~ an~lysis of stability with indicatidn of the range of
sllowable init:al perturbgtions of the atationary regime. The sole exception
is Chapter 9, in which thermoecoustic 3nstability in reactors with gaseoua
he~t carriera or fuel ia atudied by linearized models. This question ia so
- ~omplex that even with linear treatment it is not yet adequately handled in
the 1it~rature.
Th~ r~uthor conaiders it his pleasant duty to express his warm thanks to Ya.
V. Shevelev for his interest and his critical remarks, to F. M. Mitenkov,
B, I. Motorov and V. V. Plechin for moral support and assistance, and to his
coworkers Yu. F. Trunin, V. A. Denisov and Pt. A. Babkin for their assistnace
in ~rriting individual chapters.
COPYRIGHT: Atomizdat, 1g77.
8480
CsO: 1870
53
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~oR o~~rcini, us~ orn.Y
P~18LICATIONB
ELECTRONIC CHARACTERIS2ICS AND ELECTRON-PHONON INTERACTION OF SUPERCONDUCTING
METALS AND AI,I,OYS
I`4oeCOw ~RUDY ORDENA LENINA FI2ICHESKOGO INSTTTUTA IMENI P. N. LEBEDEVA
- AKADEMii NAUK S3SR in Rueaian Vol 82, 1975 aigned to press 31 Mtsr 75 p 2, 103
[Annotation and Teble of Contente from book �dited by Acedemician N. G. Bdsov,
- isdatel'atv~o Nauka, 1,500 copies, 104 pages~
[Text] Z'he methcde of preparing specimena of auperconaucting metals and
alloys suitable for investigetions of optical and tunnel charscteriatics
are outlined in the collection. The optical propertiea of a ntm~ber of pure
metals and alloys in the infrarecl and visible reqions of the spectrum are
- stuc]ied. The electron ctiaracteristics are found.
The publication is intended for ecientific workers, postqraduate students
and students i~volved in problems of auperconductivity, metal optice ar~d
electron properties of inetals.
Contents pa~
I. D. Mash, investiqating th~ Optical Properties and Electron
Cherncteriatics of Some Transition Metala . . . . . . . . . 3
Introductian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 1. Survey of Experimental Work on Investigation of the Optical
Properties of Trarisition Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Chapter 2. Relationehip Between Optical Constarits arid Electron
Characteristica of Matale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. General pattern of the optical properties of inetals 16
2. Relationahip of Ele and Ge to characteristics of
conduction electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3. Dependence of E~ and Gb on characteriatics of "Braqg"
electrona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
54
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Chapter 3. tnt~r~one Tranei~ion eandg ttei+~t~d to Linea of intersda~ion
_ of Bragq Plenae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1. Digter~ca ~ran the centiar of the zone, point G, tio the line
of i~tereection of Bragg plar?ea . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Eigan valuee and ~tqen funattong of eleetrons whose pul$es
ara dapictiad by points on the line of intereeation of Sregg
plat~ag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3. Enargy qapg of inter~one tirar~el.tions related to intereection
of Bragg pianes for A1, A2, A3 and A15 1a~tices 27
Chapter 4. Metihod of Meaeuremsnte and Experitnental 2natellationa 33
Chapter 5. Experimental Rasulta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
l. Optical constante of titanitaa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2. Optical coneten~s of vet~adium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3. Optical conatienti~ of niobium-vanadium elloya 39
Chapter 6. Proceeeing Dxperimental Data end Diecuseion of Reeults 43
1. Algorithm for pmceseing exparimental data 43
2. Vanadium ar~d niobtum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3. Nb-V alloy8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4. Titau~itim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5. Nb35n alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6. Determiaing the conatants of eleotron-phonon inter~ction
~1ep +~nd the eff~ctive Coulo~ab potential . . . . . . . 68
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
A. I. Golovaehkin, I. S. Levchenko and G. P. Motulevich, Characteristice
of Superconducting Alloya With Zype A15 Lattioe Qbtained by
Vacuum-Evaporation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
l. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2. Manufacture of superconducting alloys by the vacuum-
evaporation nrethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3. Metihods of ineasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 .
4. Propertiea of films of the investiqated alloys 85
5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Hiblioqraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
COPYRIGHT: Izda?tel'etv0 "NBUkd"~ 1975
6521
CSO: 1870
55
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PVBLICATION5
KINETIC EFFECTS ]N ELECTRON-PNOTON SYSTEMS IN A LASER EMISSION FIELD
1Ciehinev KINETYCHESK2YE EFFEKTY V ELEKTRON-FONONNYKH SiSTEMAKH V POLE
LA2ERNOGO ZZLUCHENiYA in riu~eian 1976 signed to presa 15 Sep 76 p 2, 169-170
IAnnotation end Table of Contentg from book by Elerlanzh Petrnvich Sinyavskiy,
Zzdatel'stvo Shtiintsa, 610 oopieg, 172 paqes)
(Text~ Tha light abeorption coefficient in natural semiconductors ia in-
veetigated in the monograph with reqard to crystal lattice vibrations. An
explanation of Urbach's empirical law in natural aemiconductors of type
AIIIBV, obeerved experimentally in theee compounds, is given for the first
tin~e. Specifically, the prxeasee of electromagnetic radiation abeorption
in electron-phonon eyatem~ ia external fielde are ooneidered. A qreat deal
of atteatioa ie devoted to etudy of tha kinetic proceases in semiconductora
in a powerful laser emiesion field. The phenomenon of magneto-infrared
reeonance t~hen the laser emiasion frequency is close to cyclotron frequency,
is investigated in detail in the paper and the eonditions of experimental
observation of this effect are discussed.
The book is intended for scientific workera, postgraduate atudents and
students of advanoes courses specializing in the field of solid-state
phyaice aad theoretical phy~ica.
Cantents page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chepter l. Multiphonon Optical Transitions in Natural Semiconductora . 6
1. Poatulation of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2. Optical tranaitions between zones havinq extreme valuas
, in the center of the Brillouin zo~e. Comparison with
experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
_ Chaptar 2. Multiphonoa Optical Tranaitions in Natural Semiconductors
in the Presence of La~ser Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3. Postulation of the problem. General relations 29
56
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~OR d~I~YCIAL US~ ONt,Y �
4. Lighti eb~orptiion cc~fficiettt near the edge of natural
_ abgorption in a leger ~mi~~ion fieid . . . . . . . . 40
5. eahavior oF the lighti eb~orptilon coat~f3aient in th~
long-aava ragion in the preeenea o~ le?ear liqhting 46
6. xndirac~ opticel tranritions in s power la6er emie~ion
lieid. Controi of Gann instability by u~ing n leser . 51
Chapter 3. Light Abeorption in Natiurai Semiconductore in a Quenti~ing
Magnetia F'ield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
7. Light abeorptiion coefflcient Sn a maqnatiic field with
regard to oryetai lattice vibrationa . . . . . . . . . 57
8.~8ehavior of the liqh~ abeorption coeffiaient in e
.
maqnetia field in the long-weve region . . . . . . . . 65
- 9. Effaat of acouetic phonone on the Jchneon-Larsen effect 69
~ 10. intier~one light absorptiion in a niaqnetia field with ~
regard to carrier acattering impuxitie~ 74
Chapter 4. Liqht Abeorption in Natural Semiconductor~ in a Q~u~tizing
Magneti~ Field in the Presence of I,ager Emieaion 7g
11. Effect of optica~i resonancea on light abaorption and
ltuainescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
12. Theory of magnetic abeorption in the presence of laser
emiasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
13. Hehavior of the light abeorption coefficient in the
magnetiic-infrared resonance mode . . . . . . . . . . . g5
14. Characteristice of behevior of the second maqnetic
absorption peak in a reaonance laser emiseion fieid . lOS
15. ~adirec~ optioal traneitions in a u~nifoxm maqnetic
field in the presence of resonance laser emission 111
16. Shape of interzone liqht absorptioa line in croseed
eleatric an8 maqnetic fields in tha presence of reao-
_ r~ance laser emiesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Chapter 5. Invee~iqatinq Kinetic Effects in Ia~ure Semiconductors in
a I,aaer Emiesion Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
- 17. Probability of emiasioaless transmissions ia a powerful
electric wave field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
18. F~niasioaless recombination in aemiconductors to deep
levele in a stronq electxoma~netic wdve field 132
19� I~urity light abeorption in a maqnetic field in the ~
presence of resonance laser emission . . . . . . . . . 139
Appandix 1. Calculating the Electron Distribution Functions in an
Electron-Phonon System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Appendix 2. Expr~seion for the Mass Operator in an Electxon-Phonon
System in a Laser F~aissioa Field . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
57
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App~ndix 3. Alqabreic Propartiee of Operetore /nl~i~ ar~d ~n~- tin) 158
a~ 8iblioqraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
COpYRIGHT~ Izdatol'stivo "Sh~iintea", 1576
65Z1
CSO: 1870
58
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PUSLICA~IONS
- KIN~TICS OF SII~L~ O,SCILLATION THEORY MODELS
Moecow T'RUDY ORD~NA LENINA FIZICHESKOGO INSTITUTA IM. P.N. LEBEUEV AN 5SSR: ~
KIN~TIKA PROSTYKH MODELEY TEORYI KOLEBANIY (Kinetiics of Simple Oscillation
Theory Modele) in Ruseian 1976 Vol 90 pp 1-4~ 208 _
[Annotation, Table of Contents and Introduction fram monograph edited by
N. G. Basov~ Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," 1,350 copies~ 208 pagesJ
[Text) The place of the kinetics of simple models in
general oacillation theory is diacuased. The descrip-
tion of aimple models (with a comparatively small
degree of freedom) ie reduced to ordinary differential -
equations, as a rule, including wide-band noises. Along
with direct aolutiotta the authora diacuss methods of
inveatigating inverse problems. Applicationa to varioua ~
fielda of the natural sc3encea are exantined. Several
articles are devoted to an analysis of specific problems -
auch as the kinetica of recombining plasma, the mechanism
of solar cyclical activity, and new procedures in medical
diagnoais. The collection ia inCended �or apecialiste in
oacillation theory.
CONTENTS pg8e
Foreword 3
Introduction ~ 5
SECTION 1. SEVERAL QUESTIONS ON THE RECOMBINATION RELAXATION OF
DENSE PLASMA
Chapter 1. Plasma Lasers on Transitions of Atoms and Atomic Ione 11
Chapter 2. Methods of Shaping and Analyzing the Kinefiics of
Super-cooled Plaema 38 ~
Chapter 3. Plasma Lasers on Transitions of Diatomic Disperaed
Molecules 61
59
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Ch~pCQr 4. ChemiCnl Cle~n~ing di th~ ~und~mental SCat~ of ~n
_ ACnm in th~ Actiive Medium of a Plaema Lg~er gp
ChnpCer 5. Probl~m~ of Atomic Eteactor~Las~rs gg
SECTION 2. INV~R5E PROBL~h15 OF OSCILLATION 7'HEOItY
Ch~pter 6. Scheme �or Meaeuring Kineeic Coeffici~nt~ 124
ChapCer 7. Correlgeion Methodg of Mer.lical Di~gnosie 143
Chapter 8. Model of Solar Cyclicai AcCiviry 154
Chapter 9. Ph~ae Self-Stabilixation ~gg
FOREWORD
Thia book is concerned wiCh modeling concepCs in o~cillatinn theory and '
Che possibiLities of ueing related meChods of eheoreeical analyeig in a
broad range of problema involving the natural sciences. The purpoae of
the beok is firar of all a methodological one. Therefore, i~ discuesing
specific problems which illuatrate and clarify the general concepts of
oscillation theory, the diacuasion here concerns the concept of the
simplcaC modele of the phenomena introduced at the initial stage and their
evolution during the course of the investigation. We emphaeize raCher
than conceal the incompleteness of the resulte obtained here, and examine
the diff icultiea encountered enroute, noCing the immediate goals of reaearch
involved with them without losing aighC of the prospects of the enCire
investiga tion.
It ia not only the methodological aspects of the problem discuased here
but also Che specific conclusiotta reached in the book that are in themselves,
in our opinion, of definiCe value and may even be of interest to specialists
in the respective branches of the natural sciences. Each chapter has been
written in such a way that it may read independently of the others. All -
nine chaptera can be considered a complete set of research carried out by
their authore in the past several years. We have not attempted here to
connect them by topical or logical "bridges," assuming such work at thia
_ stage to be of little intereat, and have thue limited ourselves for the
present only to the "Introduction" written by L. I. Gudzenko. Chapter 1 -
was written by L. I. Gudzenko with V. V. Yevstigneyev and S. I. Yakovlenko;
Chapter 2 by L. I. Gudzenko, Yu. I. Syts'ko and S. I. Yakovlenko;
Chapter 3 by L. I. Gudzenko with I. S. Lakoba and S. I. Yakovlenko;
Chapter 4 by L. I. Gudzenko and V. S. Marchenko; Chapter 5 by L. I. Gudzenko
and S. I. Yakovlenko; Chapters 6, 8 and 9 by L. I. Gudzenko and
~ V. Ye. Ghertoprud; Chapter 7 by L. I. Gudzenko and A. Ye. Sorkina.
The book consists of tWO aections. The intraduction discusses the place of
oscillation theory in contemporary natural sciences. A table of contents
is given. The principle of aeparating the dynami.c bonds is formulated and -
ia then used to develop a correlation method for analyzing the inverse
problem.
60
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~dlt O~~ICIAL US~ ON~Y
S~GCidn 1 u~~~ gn exgmple of several cbnCiguous problem~ of applied phy~icg
Cd digcu~s eh~ e~mpl~gt vereion of tir~dieional direct problem~ in ogcill~- -
rion th~ory when the movemenC of g dyngmic ~ayatem aboue ~~t~bl~ etationary
point is being inve~tig~C~d.
The purpos~ of thi~ g~ction is to seek a~e~.v~ medi~ for pow~rfnl gourceg
of coherent rediaCidn (pl~ema laser~ in varioug fr~quency bande) and to
~nglyze the prosp~cC~ of designing pow~r-producing regcCnr-las~r~. The '
fireC chapter examineg the conditiona in a dense supercooled (fnr free
- electrona) plasma leading to inveraion of the population of atomic stateg.
ChapCer 2 makes a rheoretical study of several methoda of preparing super-
cooled plasma. Chapeer 3 discuesea the characCer o� recombinaCion relaxa-
eion of pl~sma of inert ggs~e and their mixtur~ with othar chemical elemen~g.
Chapter 4 formulaCes the requirementa for Che chemic~l camposition and Che
parameters of Che plasma, upon saeisfacrion of which it is poggible Co
produce an acCive medium amplifying Che resonance emission of atoms. And
finally Chapter 5 invesCigaCea the theoretical posaibiliCy of exCracting
a subatantial amount of energy in the form of laser emigsion from power
devices such as atomic reacCora.
In Section 2, which is more unnsual in the methodological aense, the apecific
problems are rather diYferent. Chapters are included here which illuatrate
the resulta of the correlation method of inverse problems in oscillation
theory. In this senae Chapter 9, which does not directly develop a~.~ch a
method, is unique; it essentially supplements Chapter 8 on the analysis
of solar cyclical activity which ia generated in the courae of Chis
analysis and hag independent value as well. Chapter 6 is devoted to a
scheme for measuring the probabilities of nonradiational transitions of
atoms (molecules, ions) in low-temperaCure plasma based on the correlation
functions of counting. Chapter 7 discusses the principles of the correla-
_ tion method of inedical diagnosis based on the pulsationa of ma~or blood ~
vesaels.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," 1976
11734
CSO: 1870
61
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.
~
PUBLZCATIONS
THERMAL PHYSSCS OF F'AST-NEUTRON REACTORS AND HEAT-EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT '
Minak BYSTRYYE REAKTORY I TEPLOOBMENNYYE APPARATY .AES S DISSOTSIRUYUSHCHIM
TEPLONOSITELEM in Rusaian 1978 signed to press 2 Feb 78 pp 1-6, 239-240
- [Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book by V. B. Nesterenko, '
A. A. Mikhaylevich and B. Ye. Tverkovkin, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka i Tekhnika",
1,000 copies, 240 pp]
[Text] This book discusses methods and algorithms for thermopt~ysical cal- -
culations for fast-neutron reactors and the heat-exchange equfpment of nuclear
power stations with dissociating heat carriers. The methods presented by the
authors are oriented toward computer utilization and make it possible to cal-
- culate the locel characteristics of heat and mass transfer and the flow re- -
sistance of diasociating heat carriers in the reactor circuits and the heat-- ~
exchange equipanent. The results of calculation of the parameters of reactors
and heat-exchange equipment for nuclear power stations with dissociating heat
carriers currently in the design stage are presented, and experimental sub-
stantiation of these results is given.
The book is intended for scientific and engineering-technical personnel in the
nuclear power field, and may be used as a textbook by university students.
Tables, 24. I1lustrations, 30. BibliograpY~y, 238 items.
Foreword
Most of the develop~d nations of the world are planning to develop nuclear
power engineering .y constructing nuclear electric power stations, which will
play an increasing role in satiafying electrical requirements. In 1975-1976,
10 percent of the total electric energy produced in the European Economic
Community and the USA came from nuclear power stations, and by 2000 it is -
_ planned to increase the share to ~+0-50 percent.
Fast-neutron reactors are the basis of present-day nuclear power engineering,
and they will determine its structure and the consumption of natural uranium
in the next decade. But in view of the limited supplies of cheap natural
62 -
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urunium, considerable expanaion of nuclear power production is posaible only
through fnst-neutron reactora in which it will be possible to produce extens-
ive quantitiee of fissionable nuclear fuel, increasing the efficiency of util-
- ization of natural uranium 30-40 times. The period during which it is econ-
omically nQCebsary ~to double the production of electrical energy is 8-10 '
years in most countries of the world, whereas the period during which it is
expected to be necessary to double nuclear power production capacities ia 5 _
_ years. Nuclear power engineerin~ can fulfill the hopes that are reposed in
it and become the critical factor in energy supply if fast-neutron reactors
_ which ce.n double the quantity of secondary fissionable fuel in 4-6 years are ~
developr~d. In this case the decisive role in the nuclear fuel balance wi11 -
shift tu plutonium produced in fast-neutron reactors, and the system of
nuclear power stations with +,hermal and fast-neutron reactors will be able
to assure its own development with limited use of natural uranium sources
in the initial stage, with subsequent operation of the system of nuclear power ~
stations on waste uranium and secondary plutonium produced by fast~neutron
reactors.
In the USSR, the USA, France, England, West Germany, Japan and other countries, -
the main efforts are being concentrated on the development, construction and
commissioning of ~'ast-neutron reactors using sodium. The recent de~elopment
of commercial large-capacity nuclear power stations (1200-1500 MWe) and the
_ experience of putting demonstration stations into operation have shown that
it is realistic and economically advantageous to continue the development of
electric power production with fast-neutron reactors, and that these reactors
_ are fully practicable, although the planned period for doubling of capacity
will be 10-15 years, longer than required, while the unreliable operation of
sodium-water-steam generators still makes it impossible to cons~der that the.
Na-Na-H20 heat conversian system has been mastered, to expect a high percent- -
age of utilization of capacity, or to reco~end extensive construction of
this type of nuclear power station. ~
Accordingly, in recpnt years the study of alternative types of breeders, gas-
cooled fast-neutron reactors using helium and N204, has expanded consider-
ably.
In foreign gas-cooled breeder development pro,~ects it is not proposed to make _
extensive use of the experience in helium reactor technology accumulated in _
thermal reactors, although a, pressure of 25-40 bars was mastered in the de-
- velopment of high-temperature gas-graphite reactors, and it is planned to
use helium at 120-170 bars to obtain significant physical advantages (large
conversion ratios) in gas fast-neutron reactors as compared with sodium- -
cooled breeders. In the development of nuclear power stations with helium
- breeder reactors, considerable hopes are pinned to simplification of the heat-
conversior, system by changing from the three-circuit system of the sodium re-
actor to the two-circuit He-H2) system, and in the long run it is hoped to
implement a single-circuit gas turbine cycle based on helium.
However, in gas-cooled fast-neutron reactors using helium we are faced with
the difficult problems of sealing of circuits in large-capacity power stations
63
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I
- ~Ok d~'~ICIAL U5~ nNLY
as a resulL of th~ ~rettt fluidity of helium, and of aeguring emergency CObl-
inp, of n helium breeder r~actor when the genling of
th~ cdoling circuit is
broken,
5ince 1965, the Institute of Nuclear Power ~ngine~ring, Belorugsian SS~i A~g-
derr~y of Sciencea, he.s been conducting comprehen~3v~ experiments on digsociat-
ing nitrogen tetroxide as a promiairig h~at carrier ~nd working substance for
nuclear power stations.
_ Nitrogen tetroxide h$s a number of thermophyaical properti~s as a heat carrier
gnd Working subatance for power stations which make it possible to attain
calorific intensitien as high as 800-1200 kW/liter in the core of a fast-
neutron reactor $t 120-160 bars and 200-500� C, along With good pt~ysical
characteriaticg, a simple eingle-circuit heat-converaion system, improved
weight ~nd size characteristica of turbineg and heat exchangers and so on.
The main properti~s of N204 ga a heat carrier and uorking nubstQnce are as
followsc -
the large th~~rmal effect from the chemical reactions of dissociation during
iie~ting and recombination during cooling (N204: 2N02, 623.9 kJ/kg + 2N0 +
02, 1226.8 kJ/kg) inr.reases the heat exchange coefficient by a factor of 2�3
through a new mechanism of reat transfer by concentration diffusion, making
it possible to organize inten~ive heat collection in the core of the fast-
neutron reactor (800-1200 kW/liter at 120-500� C and 120-160 bars) and in
heat-exchange apparatus;
the saturation-curve physical and chemical properties of N20~ and the low heat
of evaporation (419 kJ/kg) make it possible to implement an N20~ -based gas- '
liquid cycle at temperatures 30-500� C and ~,ressures of 2-170 bars t~ith a
high-efficiency, simple heat regeneration system;
the high thermophysical properties in a broad range of temperatures and pres-
sures (c = 2.93-3.3~ kJ/kg-deg at 150 bars in a temperature range of 200-45C
C, 1~0-200 kg/m ) make it possible to increase heat extraction by a fac-
tor of 2-2.5 in comparison with sodium;
the low specific volume and residual gas pressure after the turbine make it
possible to develop a compact gas turbine.
In nuclear power stations using gas-cooled N20~ fast-neutron reactors, the
main difficulty is that of developing and testfng flxel compositions ~rhich
are compatible xith a dissociating gas and Which contain minimum quantfties
of construction materials, alor~g with reliable location and neutralization of
breakdown emissions of the toxic heat carrier, and implementation of effect-
ive systems for removal of corrosion produc~s from the heat carrier.
_ The foreword, introduction and Chapters 1 and 2~+ere written by V. B. Nester- -
enko, Chapter 3 by B. Ye. Tverkovkin, and Chapters 4 and 5 by A. A. Mikhale-
vich.
64
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I'articipant~ in the wrlttng pf individual sectione of the book were:
I. Neeterenko; 2.4, Ye. P. Kov~leva, L. A. Bida, M. A. Kharitonyuk and -
L. T. Lomako; 2~~, V. P. t;ol'tsev. 3ection 4.2 Was wri~ten by A. A. Andri-
zhiyevekiy~ The reaulta descrived in Chapter 5 were obtained in company with
M. Ye. S~~ukvadze, A. N. Ioeellani and Ft. G. Sobolevskiy.
The authnre have to exPresa their deep gratitude to Academician of the Belo- -
- russian Ac~de~y of Sciences A, K. Krasin for his constant attention to their
- work.
Contenta Page _
F'oreword 3
- Symbols 7
Introduction 9
Chapter 1. Prospects for Development of Nuclear Power Stations LJsing -
Gas-Cooled Fast-Neutron Reactors 15
1.1 Analysis of foreign and domestic power atation pro~ects including
gas-cooled fast-neutron reactora lFi
1.2 Prospects for use of a disaociating heat carrier in nuclear -
' power stations with fast-neutron reactors 24
1.3 Characteristics of the N204 heat conversion system for nuclear -
power stations 29 "
1.4 Safety problems in nuclear power atations with fast-neutron
_ reactors cooled by N20~ 36
" Chapter 2. The Status of Research on Thermophysical and Operating
_ Characteristics of Dissociating Heat Carriers 40 -
2.1 Thermophysical and pt~ysical-chemical properties of N20~....,..... 42 _
2.2 Design materials for nuclear power stations using N204-cooled
fast-neutron reactors 46
2�3 The heat-carrier process and the experience of operating bench
models and loop units xith N20~....~ 54
2.4 Radioactive contamination oP N20~ in stations with fast-neutron
reactors and problems of purification 59
Chapter 3� Thermophysical Calculations for a Gas-Cooled Nuclear
Reactor 68 -
3.1 A method of' thermohydraulic calculation for fuel cells........... 68
3.2 A method of determining temperature fields in the fuel element... 77
3�3 The effect of variable heat production along the channel on
heat output 85 .
3.~+ Experimental substantiation of the methods of reactor
_ calculations 93
Chapter 4. Calculations for Heat-Exchange Apparatus 120
4.1 Evaporation regenerator ....................r..................... 120
4.2 Hydrodynamic stability of two-phase flow in a system of parallel
steam generation channels 141
65
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~ 4.3 Air-cooled condensor.~......~~~ 157
4.~ Water-cooled cond~nsor. and w$ter supply system i64
~+�5 E'acperimental verification of calculation methods.......~~....~... i68
_ Chapter 5. Methdfl~ nf Optimization of
Heat-~xchsnge Equipment
Parameters 171
5.1 Mathematical formulation of problemg of optimiz~tion oF heat-
exchange apparatua parametera 171
5.2 Methods of search for optimal parameters 197
5�3 Resulta of calculations with optimization programs 220
~ Bibliography 226
Index 236 -
COPYRIGHT: Tzd~,tel'stvo "Nauka i Tekhnika", 1978
- 8480
cs0: 1870
~
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Fnit O~~ICIAI. U5~ dNLY
PUBLICATIONB
AERODYNAMIC ACOU3TIC RESEARC~i
Moacow AKUSTTKO-AERODINAMICHESKIY~ ISSLEDOVANSYA in Ruasian 1975 gigned to -
pregs 31 Mar 75, pP 1-2, 98
[Annotation Qnd table of contants from book edited by Dr of Physical and Math- ~
- ematical Sciencea A. V. Rimakiy-Korsakov, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1,850 copi~s,
104 pp]
- [Text~ This collection contains both theoretical and experimental studies
dealing with the problems of turbulent noise formation and interaction of �
turbulent flows with elastic bodies. The ~tudies reflect the progress of -
pt~ysical research dealing with noise in rotodynamic machines, aircraft fusel-
ages and propellors.
The book is intended for acientific personnel and engineers Working on aero-
dynamic acoustic problems.
Contents p8ge
- A. D. Lapin. Sound Radiation From a Vibrating Strip in a Moving Medium.. 3
_ A. D. Lapin. Flow Stability in a Circular Duct With Impedance-Type Wall~ 7
Yu. K. Konenkov, I. Sh. Ralthmatulin and A. I. Stankevich. Sound-Insul-
ating Shells in Randoz~ Fields 10
P. G. Kolev. Discrete Components in Jet Noise and Means of Suppressing
Them 18
P. G. Kolev. The Effect of Mechanical Properties of the Housing on
Acoustic Characteristics of a Je~ 26 -
L. A. Bazhenova. The Acoustic Pressure Field of Vortical Sound Near -
Rotating Vanes 29 -
D. V. Bazhenov, L. A. Bazhenova end A. V. Rimskiy-Korsakov. The Effect
of Turbulence of a Flor Incide~nt on a Body on the Intensity of Vortical
Sound Radiation 35
67
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_ U. V~ $nzhenov nnd A. V~ nimgkiy-Korgakov. On Vdrtic~]. Snund in Roto-
dynamic M~chines 4i
N. N. Kolotilov ~nd V. N. Yarov. Use of Amplitude-F'requ~n~y Transforma-
tion of W~v~s in ~ombatt3ng Aeroflynamlc N~i~e 46
A. D. Lapin. On Rad3ation and Propxg~tion of Sound in a Circular Duct
in the Presence of F1ow........~........~ 57
A. D. Lapin. Sound Insulation in a Circul.ar Duct 63
A. V. Rimakiy-Korsakov. Noise F'rom an Impeller Whee1 Resulting From
Random Inhomogeneities in the Incident Flow 72
A. V. Rimskiy-Korsakov. Excitatinn of P1ane Baffles by Random F'orcea
Produced by an Incident Turbulent F1ow 77
Yu. Ya. Borisov, N. M. Qynkina, S. A. Vinogradov, L. S. Pykhov and
B. I. Fedorov. Study of the Acoustical Characteristics of a Super-
sonic Stream FloWing into a C3rcular Duct gl
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'atvo "Nauka", 1975
8~80
CSO: 1870
~
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PUBLICATIONS ~ ~
'KIVTSET' FINELY GRANULAR COI~L~}C SULFIDE-0RE PROCESSING SYSTEM D~SCRIBED
Moscow TSVETNYYE METALLY in Ruasian No 12, 1978 p 128, inside back~cover
and back cover
[Text~ Method and Equipment for Procesaing Finely Granular Complex Sulfide
Ore*
In the USSR for the first time in the world a fundamentally new method and _
equipment have been developed for procesaing finely granular complex sulfide ~
ore, which have been given the name "Kivtset."
At the present time the production of heavy non-ferrous metals--copper, zinc,
lead, nickel and cobalt--ie being carried out chiefly by pyrometallurgical
methods, including eeveral independent conversion proceases performed with
aeparate equipment. The melting procesa is multistaged and is carried out
in low-efficiency cumberaome furnaces with a low leve2 of desulfurization,
which makes it neceseary to preroast concentrat~ea.
The disadvantages of the familiar processes are: the goorly effective utili-
zation of the heating capacity of aulfide concentrates, as the result of which
melting is performed with added conaumption of carbon fuel; the low level of
utilization of precioue components of the ore, evidenced in the loas of zinc,
lead, cadmium and other metals along with the slag; the low level of desulfur-
ization; and the complex equipment design for the procesg.
- For the purpose of improving the effectiveness of utilization of precioua
components of the ore~ additional operations have been introduced in the
syatem of exieting technological proceasee. For example, for the purpose of
extracting zinc from alag, the latter must be aub~ected to the fuming or Waelz
- process. The aublimatea thereby obtained require additional proceasing for
the puzpoae of extracting zinc and lead from them in the form of inetals.
Typea of ore such as lead-zinc and copper-zinc-lead-containing do not have
a technology which hae been developed and ia induatrially feasible.
*The editorial staff is repeating publication (cf. No 9, 1978, p 128) because
of inaccuracy in tha use of data characterizing the technical and economic
indicatora of the proceae.
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By the new "Kivtset" method i~ ia possi,ble ro proceea coppex, copper-zinc,
capper-nickel~ copper-pyriCe~ copper-tin, lead~ zinc and lead-zinc ore and
concentrates~
"Kivtaet" is based on combin3ng tihe processea of roasting and melCing the
burden in the pulverized etate while using oxygen, and of ~lecrroemelting
~nd condeneing zinc into molten metal, performed in ~ eingle uniC. The new
equipment coneieta of a cyclone chamber, a separating chamber, an electric -
furnace and a condenser.
Carried out simultaneously in the cyclone chamber are roasting and melting
of the burden and elag gnd matte formation.
The autogenous occurrence of the roasting-melCing process ie made possible
on nccount of the heat of the reaceion for oxidation of aulfidea with a aulfur
_ conCent of 25 percent in the burden. With a aulfur content below thie limiC
it ie poeaible to uae a slight amount of carbon fuel. -
The melt produced in the cyclone chamber continuously enters the aeparating
chamber, from which it flow~ into the electric furnace, where the following
_ processes take place aimultaneously (in the case of procesaing a copper-zinc-
conCaining ore):
_ 5ettling of the slag from the matte
Sublimation of zinc from the slag
Dezincing of the matte
Stripping the slag of copper
The sublimation of zinc in electrosmelting of the melt takes place according
to the following reactions:
Reaction between zinc oxide and carbon monoxide
Reaction between zinc oxide and metallic iron
The above processes for the sublimation of zinc, whtch include both homogeneous
and heterogeneoua reactions, w}tose velocity depends on the cnmposition of the
~ melt and the temperature, govern the selection of quite specific relationships
between Che surface of contact between the slag and gas phase and the depth
of the slag cell. The gas phase in the electrothermal cell consists mainly
of carbon monoxide, which protecta zinc vapora from subsequent oxidation whea
tt~e zinc is condenaed into molten metal.
Stripping the slag of copper during electrosmelting is governed chiefly by
electrothermal losses, which vary with different compositions of the melt.
In the case of processing zinc-lead sulfide concentrates and ore or a mixture
of zinc and lead concentratea contsining 10 to 70 percent lead, 7 to 40 per-
cent zinc, a tnaximum of 6 percent copper, and not lesa than 14 percent sulfur,
inetead of a cyclone chamber a burner of epecial design is inatalled. The
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electric ~urnaca and condenser have the s~ae dee~,gn ae the cyclone chamber,
- but different dimeneions. Md the technological procese is carried out wieh
different parametere. �
How the "Kivtset" Process ie Carr~.ed Out ~
The burden for melCing, with a aize not greater than 5 mm, which ia first
_ dr3ed to one percent moiature, entere the cyclone through an ~3ecCion unit,
- mixed with oxygen, aC a rate o~ 100 m/a maximum. As a result of this a
cyclone effecti ie created: Under the influence of vorCex flows centrifugal
forces thrust the particlea o~ ore or cottcentrate againet the wa11s of Che
furnace~ and Che oxygen at high velocity flows around them. This results in .
very high speeds aC wh3ch reactiona take place, and in the creation of high ~
heat release rates, and, coneequently, l~igh intenaity of the procesa. _
The mixCure of Che melt and gases formed in the cyclnne is let oue from a
port in the lower end of the cyclone and drops into the aeparating chamber,
onto a cooled baffle plate. The kinetic energy head of the melC and gases is
thereby reduced. The melt flowa off into a pit which communicatea with the
elecCric furnace, and the gasea, after cooling and purification, leave the
aeparaCing chamber and enter a unit for the recovery of sulfur. The aeparating
chamber, if sulfide concentratea are procesaed, is separated from the electric
furnace section of the unit by a water-cooled partition. The melt settles
in the electric furnace. The alag� is aub~ected to an electrothermal effect
with the addition of coke, as the reault of which the zinc and partly the lead
are aublimated and are directed in the form of a vapor-and-gas mixture into
the condenser~ from which the zinc and lead are released in the form of raw -
metal.
When lead and zinc concentratea are melted, in place of the cyclone, above
the separating chamber can be installed a special burner from which the mixture
of oxygen and the burden ia removed and is melted in 2he suapended state in
the burner's flame.
The major technical and economic advantages of the new technology are:
. 1. The process ia carried out in a single metallurgical unit sutogenously,
- utilizing the heat from the oxidation of sulfides, with thorough extraction -
of precious con~ponentar auch as copper (up to 98 percent) and noble metals
(up to 97 percent), in the matte; zinc (up to 65 percent) in the molten metal,
with a content of it in the original raw material of 7 to 9 percent, whereby
7 percent of the zinc changes into matte; lead, cadmium, rare metals and other
volatile components~ in sublimates; and sulfur, in gases rich in sulfur dioxide
(up to 80 percent).
2. The imputed energy coets for the entire conversion process of treating
the original raw material are 25 percent lower as compared with reverbatory
smelting.
3. Combining several technological operations in a single unit makea it possible
to lower operating costs as much as 30 percent, to mechaniz~ and sutomate the
_ process totally, and to improve working conditions.
� 71
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Labor produceivity ie improved by a f~ctor o~ 1.3 to 1.5 ae compared with
reverbatory ~melting o~ copper-zinc concentraCes.
Ae gn exgmple c~n be given "Kivteet" smelting of a mixture of copper eulfide
and c~mbined copper-zinc concenCraCes, uaing a unit with an ouCput of 1000 Cons
of burden per 24-hour period.
The composition of ma~or componenta of ehe concentirate mixture, in percentages,
- is: copper 14.24~ zinc 8.75, lead 2.46, iron 27.4, aulfur 34, ailica 3.14,
and calcium oxide 1.6.
Mineralogical characteriatics of the concentrate mixture: The copper ia
chiefly in ehe form of chalcopyrite, the lead and zinc are in ehe form of
galena nnd sphalerite, r~spectively, and the iron is in the form of chalco-
pyrite and pyrite.
Below are given the technical and economic indicators for procesaing one ton
of burden.
Procesaed:
Burden, tona 1.0
Including, in tona: '
Mixture of combined and copper 0.833
concentrates
Quartz flux (80 percent silica) 0.167
Consumed:
Oxygen, nm3 210 `
_ Fine coke, kg 16.7 (for recovering zinc from slag) -
Electric power, kWh 339.0
Electrodea~ kg 3 2.5 ~
Water for cooling, m 2.6
v
~ Produced:
Matte, tons 0.32
Copper, percent 45.0 `
Lead, percent 1.36
Zinc, percent 2.0
Raw zinc, tona 0.05
Zinc, percent 97.5
Smelting duat, tona 0.042
Lead, percent 29.6
2inc, percent 35.0
Dump slag, tona 0.46
_ Copper, percent 0.35
Lead, percent 0.20 "
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xinc, percent 2.S0
~ron, percent 34.00
Silica, percent 36.00
Smeleing g~ses~ contiaining 80 eo
85 percent SO2~ nm3 213 (after electr3c separatore)
Extiracted, in percent: -
Copper in matCe 97.5
Lead in matte 40.20
Lead in smelring dust 59.80
Zinc in raw zinc 65.00 maximum
zinc in matte 7.00
2inc in smelCing dust 20.00
Sulfur in gases rich in S02 80.00 maximum
Workera required per ehift to
- run the "Kivtset" complex 36 (listed number)
Workers required per ahifC to
run only the "Kivtset" unit 12 (listed number)
~ Example of "KivCset" Smelting of Lead Sulfide Concentrates
The following data can be given as an example of "Kivtset" smelting of lead
sulfide concentrates wiCh a unit with a capacity of 100 tons of concentrate
per 24-hour period.
Composition of major components of concentrate in percent: lead 60.6, zinc
6.5, copper 0.30, iron 7.2, sulfur 20.0, eilica 3.5, calcium oxide 0.92.
Mineralogical characteristics of concentrate: The predominant one is galena,
whose content reachea 70 percent. Zinc ia represented in the form of sphaler-
ite. Of the ferruginous minerals in the concenr_;a;;e have been observed pyrrho-
tite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. Copper is repr~sented by chalcopyrite and
- covellite in the form of single grains.
Bel~w are given the technical and economic indicators for processing one ton
of lead concentrate.
_ Procesaed:
Burden, tons 1.162
Including, in tona:
Lead concentrate 1.0
Quartz flux containing 90 pe~~:ent
silica 0.115 .
Lime flux containing 60 percent
Ca0 0.047
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Consumed:
Oxygen, nm3 265
Fine coke, kg 90 (~or recovery of lead~ zinc and copper) '
Electric power~ kWh 1000 ~
Electrodes, kg 3.0
Water for cooling, m3 g.p
Produced, tone:
Raw lead 0.595
Raw zinc 0.053
Dump alag 0.312
_ Compoaition of Slag, Percent:
Lead 1.38
Zinc 3.20
Copper 0.03
Iron 22.p
Silica 38.1
Calcium oxide 14.8
Smelting gasea conteining 50 per-
cent S02, nm3 250
Extracted, percent:
Lead in raw metal 96.5
2inc in raw metal 80.0
Copper in raw metal 85.0 _
Sulfur in gases rich in S02 98.p
Upon concluaion of a licensing agreement, the licensee can be granted the right
to uae the patent, the necessary technical documentation and technical assiat-
ance in asaembling, ad~uating and atarting up the "Kivtset" unit.
Thia new method and unit for processing finely granular complex aulfide ore
= have been patented in England, the USA, the FRG and France.
- COPYRIGFiT: Izdatel'stvo Metallurgiqa, TSVETNYYE METALLY, 1978
8831
CSO: 1870
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PUBLICATIONS
LIST OF SOVIET ARTICLES DEAZING WITFI COI~OSIT~ MATERIALS
Moecow GOSUDARSTVENNYY KOMITE'T SOVETA MINISTROV SSSR PO NAUKE I TEIQINIKE.
AKAnEMIYA NAUR SSSR. SIGNAL~NAYA INFORMATSIYA, K0~'OZYTSIONNYYE
MATERYALY, Vol 3, No 20, 1978 p 3-6
~Following is a liating of the Soviet entriea from SIGNAL'NAYA INFORMATSIYA.
KOMPOZITSIONNYYE MATERIALY (SIGNAL INFORMATION. COTiPOSITE MATERIALS), a
bibliographic publication'of VINITI. Thia listing ia from Vol 3, No 20,
1978 ]
[Excerpts ~ ~
2. On the thermodynamica of Che interrelationship in fibroua composition
ma~erials. Portnoy, K. It, Bogdanov, V. I., Mikhaylov, A. V. Fuks, D, L.
"Dokl. A N SSSR," 1978, 240, No 5, 1154-1156.
11. P. Method for manufacturing bimetallic packets. Nesmachnyy, A. N.,
Bykov, A. A., Krylovskiy,'A. P., Belokon', Yu. I., Uatimenko, V. A. -
Golovanenko, S. A., Khoroshilov, N. M., Chervyekov, V. V., Buynevitch, S. S.
AuChora certificate USSR,' (V 23 R 3/02), No 585033, application 12.07.76,
No 2388023, published 23.12.77. �
12. Special features of crysCallization cracks formed when welding alloys
with zirconium and the possibility for eliminating them by adding trace
metals to the alloy. Zenkova, E. K., Polyanskiy, V. M., Glikman, Ye. E.,
Popov, 0. P. "Svaroch, pr-vo," 1978, No 7, 9-10.
14. On nonlin~ar deformation of laminated composite materials. Zinov'yev,
P. A~:, Tarakanov, A. I. "Sb. tr. MVTU imeni N. E. Bauman," 1978, 16,
72-80.
22. Analysis of antifriction properties of composite materials of the
matrix-filled type. Z~bolotnyy, Z. V., Klimanov, A. S., "Prob. Creniya
i iznashivaniya. Pesp. mezhved. nauch-tekhn. sb.," 1978, No 13, 31-34.
24. Natural vibrations and stability of three-ply shells made of composite ~
materials. Babich, D. V., Koshevoy, I. K., "Prikl. mekhanika," 1978, 14,
No 7, 49-54.
75
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27. Phase tranaformationa of pyrocarbide coatings on graphite fibars.
- SCepanova, A. N., Kirevina, T. P., Kilin, V. S., Kuteynikov, A. F.
Vgatkine, M. N'., Shmakov~ Ye. S., "Konetrukta. materialy na oanove ~
ugleroda," 1978~ No 13, 1~4-117.
� 37. ElectrochQmical precipitation of iron in combinaeion with compounds
conCaining alkaline and alkaline-earth metals. Yakimenko, N. G.,
Vasyurenko, N. G., 2oaimovich, D. P., "Elektrodn. npotseasy pri elekCro-
osazhdenii i rastvorenii metallov." Kiev, 1978, 77-79.
63. Raiaing corrosion reaistance of concrete by impregnating it with
polymera. Bazhenov, Yu. M. "Prom.atr-vo," 1978, No 8, 37-38.
68. On appearance of obliteration in penetrable fibrous materials.
Koatornov, A. G., "Poroahk. metallurgiya," 1978, No 6, 35-38 (English
abstract). -
COPYRIGHT: VINITI, 1978
2291
CSO: 1870
f
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'PUBLICATIONS
THEORY AND APPLICATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR LASER -
Mosoow POLUPROVODNIKOVYYE LAZERY ("Semiconductor Lasers") in Russian 1976
signed to presa 6 Dec 76 pp 2-14
~Annotation, Table of Contents, Foreword and Introduction from the book by
Oleg Vladimirovich Bogdankevich, Sergey Andreyevich Darznek and Petr =
Georgiyevich Yeliseyev, Izdatel.'stvo Nauka, 8,000 copies, 416 pagea]
[Text] The book is devoted to semiconductor lasers efficient and compact
sources of coherent radiation having prospects of wide practical application.
The main point ir1 the book is devotefl to injection lasers and fast electron-
excited lasers. A brief survey of the characteristics and a summary of semi- _
conductor materials used in lasera is given in the Introduction. The first
part of the book contains an analysis of the radiative recombination mecha-
nism in semiconductor compound crystals and some problems of the dynamics
ar:d main characteristics of semiconductor injection lasers. The physical
processes which accompany laser operation and also the problems wtiich arise
during practical application of them are considered.
The theoretical problems and practical applications of electron-excited -
_ lasers are consideretl in the aecond part of the boak1 the processes of fast
electron-czystal interaction, formation of excess current carriers, pro- ,
ceases of coherent radiation interaction with the active medium in lasers
of this type with different configuration of the cavity and beam, thern~al
modes, generation dynamics and practical application of electron-excited
lasers are deacribed.
Contents Page
Foraword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Part l. Semiconductor Injection Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chapter l. Mr~in Properties of Semiconductor Lasers 15
l.l. Operating pr3nciple and types of semiconductor lasers 15
1.2. Working principle and main characteristics 32
1.3. Materials for semiconductor lasers . . . . . . . . . 42
1.4. Rsqions of application of semiconductor lasers 49
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_ Chapter 2. Introduction to Theoiy of Semiconductor Lasers 56
2.1. Rnflintiion end optical amplification in directi-~one
semiconductore � � � � � � � � ~ � � � � � � � � � � 5~1
_ 2.2. Typee of vibrations and threehoid condition 66
2.3. 3ome probleme of the dynamic~ o� eemiconductor lasere
and output characteris~icg . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.4. Propertiee of coherent radiation of ~emiconductor
~.~SAZ.'8 � � ~ � � � � ~ � � � � � ~ � � � � � � � � � 79
Chapter 3. In jection Ldsere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.1. Emiasion of p-n junctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.2. Lasers baeed on p-tt ~unctions and heterojunctions 96
3.3. Some electron propertiee of heterojunctiona 104
3.4. Spectxal properties of injection laser emission 109
3.5. Kinetiics of injection laser emiesion 119
3.6. Effect of the ahape of the energy apactrum on the
temperature dependence of threehold currAnt 126
3.7. Long-weve retuneQ injection lasera . . . . . . . . . 136
Chapter 4. Optiaal Structure of Injection Lasers . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.1. Waveguide effect in injection lasera 139
4.2. Effect of thickness of the active layer on the laser
generation threshold and optimization of its waveguide
- structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.3. Diffraction divergence of injection laser emission in
the vertical plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.4. Polarization of injection laser emission 157
4.5. Injection lasere with band structure 160
Chapter 5. Some Problems of Practical Application of Injection Lasers 167 -
5.1. Emiseivity and reaeons for its limitation 167
_ 5.2. Problems of injection laser dependability 175
- 5.3. Phyaical proceases of qradual degradation of lasers . 178
5.4. Application of iajection lasers for data transmission
PurPcses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
- 5.5. Application~of ~.njection lasera in epectroscopy and
other fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 -
Pdrt 2. Semiconductor Electron-Beam-Pumped L~,aers . . . . . . . . . . 196
Chapter 1. Spatial Distribution of Excitation Denaity 198 =
~.1. The ionization curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
1.2. Rate of electxon-hole pair generation in the excited
reqion and the maximum efficiency of lasers 205
1.3. Proceeses of thermalization and diffusior "hot"
current carriere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Chapter 2. Transverse-Pumped Lasera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
2.1. Diaqram of transverae-pumped lasers . . . . . . . . . 217
2.2. Derivation of main equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
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- 2.3. Threahold aonditiione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
2.4. Dependence of generation threshold on electron enerqy
nnd cavity length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
2.5. Lesers with waveguide etructure of the cavity 239 -
2.6. 8p~?tial distribution of generated radiation intensity 248
~ Chapter 3. Lonqitiudinal-Pumped Laser~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 -
3.1. Threahold conditiions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
3.2. 3pontaneous noiee and tiransverse dimeneions of the
cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
3.3. Multie].ement lasere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
3.4. Synchronization of multielement ldsers 280
3.5. itadiation pat~ern and epectrum . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Chapter 4. Dyneimics of Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
4.1. irregular pulsation mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
4.2. Conditione for eelf-synchronization of longitudinal
modes and qeneration of ultraehort liqht pulsea 309
Chnpter 5. Dependence of Generation Threahold on Temperature and the
Thermal Conditions of the Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
5.1. Temperature dependence of laser generation threshold 315
- 5.2. Thermal conditiona of electron-beam-pumped lasers 322
Chapter 6. Designs and Some Applications of Electron-Beam-Excited _
Lasere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
6.1. Multielement pulaed lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
6.2. Scanning lasere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
6.3. Lasers p~anped from St~ sources . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Conclusions . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 -
Bibliagraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Foreword
The neede of ecientific and technical progress dictate the need to generalize
numerous resulta of experimentnl and theoretical investigations aoncerning
the propertiea of semiconductor lasers. These investiqations ooa�:ise a
vast and branched direction semiconductor quantum electronics, which is
closely related to such new enqineering disciplines of optoelectronics,
lidar, optical communications and so on.
Because of a nwnber of practical advantaqes, semiconductor lasers find broad
application in enqineering. By analogy with ordinary electronics where
semiconductor devicee hdve made it possible to sharply reduce energy con- -
- staaption and the dimensions of devices, semiconductors have also made it
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poseibla to improve the efficiency of laoers and to develop mininturizad
circuitc~ in quanf:um electronica. At the same ~ime the rich scientific
nu+terial on the proper~iea of semi.conductor lt~sera, scatitiered in thousands -
of oz~i.ginal r~rti,olee, is only partially refleoted in aurveys and textbooks.
Thia cxeatas apacific difficulties in expanding the aphere of applicationa
of semicon!9uctor laeere, eince a lack of information of generalized nature
_ frequently qenerates an unjustified fear of introducing new solutiona of _
praatical problems.
The authora of ~he book offered to the reader have rtttempted to cover the
existing gep in acientific litera~ure, recognizing hawever that an exhaustive
outline of moat of tihe problems touched on is atfil not possible. The
material of investigdtions carried out at the Physics institute imeni P. N.
Lebedev of the USSR Academy of Sciencea is mainly used in the book, but the
results of a large number of other papers to which the corresponding re-
ferences are made in the text were also used. Most attention is devoted to
~wo types of eemiconductor lasere in~ection and electron-pumped. These
veraions of lasere apparently now have the best prospects for further deve-
lopment. _
- The Introduction and Part 1 of the book were written by P. G. Yelisayev and
Part 2 was written by 0. V. Boqdankevich ta~u? S. A. Darznek. The authors
hope that the monograph will be useful both for specialists and for a wider
range of readers interested in semiconductor lasers and their applica~ion.
Introduction
Physicists of the present generation are witnesses to the development of a
new scientific-technical trend quantian electronics. Its most effective
achievement was development of the laser a powerful radiation qenerator
in the optical band. This event, which occurred at the beqinninq of the -
1960's, denoted the remarkable success of the theoretical thought of
physicists derivation of the possibility of controlling the light emis-
sion process on the basis of the stimulated emission effect.
A. Einstein (1917) predicted the stimulated emission effect in "pre-laser"
times. He introduced this phenomenon into his calculat;ions, observed by
no one, on the thermal radiation balance in order to create a noncontradic-
tory theory of this process. His result was reqarded f~r more than 30 years
as a formal method of avoiding theoretical difficulties or as an effect
- accomplished under "exotic," inaccessible conditions. The phenomenon of -
stimulated emission emerged to the farefront only with developnsent of
radio spectroecopy. It was discovered experimentally and was used benefi-
cially in masers the first quantum electronics devices operating in the
radiowave band.
It is now well known that the effect of stimulated emission consists in
emission by an emitter having sufficient energy reserve of exactly the
wavelength as that which this emission stimulates. 2'he emitted waves �use
into a co~tunon flux, retaininq identical frequencies, directions, phases and
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- polariza~iong. An importi~ti aspeot may be coneidered in this fact we are
talking about the princl~ple of amplifica~ion applied ~o any electromagnetic
rndiatiion. Many initiaily did noti believe that mos~ atoms oz moleculea sub-
~eated to the moe~ divers~ diatiurbances co111sione, vibrations and ao on
can eo easily mdtich ~heir rac]iative procesaes as now occura in various
lasere and masers.
The honor of being the father of quantium electronics belongs to Soviet
scientiets N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov (Lenin Prize of 1962) and to the `
American scientist C. Townea (ail three were awarded the Nobel Prize in
physics in 1964).
In the moat papular version, a semiconductor laser is a crystalline d,tode
aeveral thousandtha of a cubic centimeter in volume which consumes the
energy of a flashlight battery. We will :Eurther see what forces in the
field of phyeics and technology atand behind thia simplicity and what
further development aemiconductor lasers achieved. Bu~ we would like to
emphasize the following fact here: semiconductor lasers form an isolated
group among other quantum electronics devices, being distinguished by com-
pactneas and a number of other important properties which will be discussed
below.
The idea o� using semiconductors to generate radiation was formulated in
1958-1959 by N. G. Basov, B. M. Vul and Yu. M. Popov [1] at a time when
lasera did not yet exist. in 1961 N. G. Basov, 0. N. Krokhin and Yu. M.
Popov (2] suggested that injection in degenerated p-n ;iunctions be