JPRS ID: 8294 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

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28 V FE6RUi~tY i979 C FOUO i2r79 ~ i OF 3
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JPRS L/8294
28 February 1979
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TRANS LAT~ONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 12/79)
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t'~c a 5. Rcport ate
TItAN5LATI0NS ON US5R SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - PHY5ICAL 29 F'ebrua 1979
SCIF"!;E5 AND TECHNOLOGY ,(FOUO 12/79 ) d.
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JPRS L/8294
28 February ~979
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -
PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHI~OLOGY
(FOUO 12/79)
CONTENTS , PAGE _
CYBERNETI.CS, COMPUTERS ,ANA AUTdMATION TECHNOLOGY "
Abstracts From the Journal 'CXBERNETICS'
(KIBERNETTKA, No 5, 1978) 1
Komsomol. Role in Ukrain~an Gybernetics Znstitute Aetailed
(K~BE.~TTKA, Sep-OcC 78) 9
Glushkov Lista Tasks of Young Ukrain~an Cybernetics
Researchere
(V. M. Glushkov; KIBERN~T~,KA, Sep-Oct 78) 12
GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMX AND SPACE
Experimental Investigations of the Magnetospheric ~ropaga-
tion of Shortwave Signals Along an Earth-Earth Path
~G. V. Bukin; GEOMAGNETIZM I AERONOMIYA, No 3, 1978)..... li
Ionospheric Genera~ion of Extremely Low Frequency Radiation
(M. S. Kovner, et al.; GEOMAGNETIZM I AIItONO~MIYA, -
No 3, 1978) 29
Mechanisms of Magnetospheric Propagation of Shortwave
Signals
(N. P. Sen'kova, et al.; GEOMAGNETIZM I AERONOMIXA, -
No 3, 1978) 40
Seismaacoustic Methods in Marine Engineering and Geologi.cal =
Surveys
_ (SEYSMOAKUSTICHESKIYE METODY V MORSKIKH INZHENERNO-
GEOLOGTCHESKIKH IZYSKANIYAKH, 1977) 52
~ ' -a- [III -USSR-23S &T FOUO]
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CONTENTS (Con~~.nued) Page
Coopera~ion in Space Research
(N. S. Novikov; VESTNTK AKADEMTT NAUK SSSR, Nov 78j.... 63
ti Reflecting X-ray Telescope for an Ort~~.tA1 As~rophys3.ca1
Station
(I. L. Beygman, et al. ; RADI,OTELESKOPX, SU1iMMII,LT-
, Mh'TROVSKTYE I RENT'Gir~VOVSKIX~ TEL~SCO~'Y, Vol 77,
~ 1974) 72
PHYSICS
' Influence of TurbulenC Atmosphere of Wave Beam Field
Fluctua~ions
- (G. Ya. Patrushev; KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONI~KA, No 11, -
' 1978~ 85 -
Output Disk Amplifier Stages -
(V. N. Alekseyev, et al.; KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA,
No 11, 1978) 94 -
SCIENTISTS AND SCTENTIFIC ORGANIZATTONS
- List of Authors From the Journal 'KIBERNETIKA'
(KIBERNET.IKA, Sep/Oct 78) 104 -
Nikolay Nik,olayevich PonomaEev-Stepnoy
(ATOMNAYA ENERGIYA, Dec 78) 112
-
Sovieti-Italian Seminar on the Study of Plasma in Tokamaks
(L. G. Golubchikov; ATOMNAYA ENERGIYA, Dec 78)......... 114 =
All-Union Seminar on the Technology of Procesaing Ores of
Rare, Trace and Radioactive Elements
(V. A. Pchelkin, E. A. Semenova; ATOMNAYA ENERGIYA,
Dec 78) 116 -
PUBLICATIONS
Development of Materials Science in Ukrainian SSR Academy
of Sciences
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAIJK SSR, No 10, 1978) 120
~'ectonics of the Foundation of the East European and
Siberian Platforms
- (TRIIDY GEOLOGICHESKIY INSTITUT, No 321, 1978).......... 130
- b -
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_ CONTENTS (Cont~nue~) Page -
Proceedinga oF 6th A11-Un~o~ Sem3nar on Statistical
HydroacousCics
~ (TRUDY SHESTOX VS~SOXUZNOY SHKOI,X-SEM~NARA PO
STATISTICHESKOX' GLDROAKIJSTIKE, 1975) 1G2 -
� AutomaCic Control Systems in Space -
~ (TRUDY VTI MEZHDUNARODNOGO SIMPOS~UMA X~AK PO
; AVTOMATTCHESKOt~1 UPRAVLENTYU V ~ROSTRANSTVE,
1978)...........~ 158
Magnetic Recording in Dara Transm~ss~.on Syarems
(MAGNTTNAYA ZA~'TS` V STSTEMAKH PERIDACHT ~NFORMATSTT, -
1978) 160
~
CompuCational Methods and ~rogr~u~.ng
(VYCHTSLTTEL'NXY~ METODX I PROGRAMMIROVANIXE XXVZ
(.SBORNIK RABOT 1~IICtINO- TSSLEDOVATEL~ SKOGO VXCHIS-
- ~ LITEL'NOGO TSENTREI MOSKOVSKOGO UNNERSITE~A, 1977)..... 165 -
Pfiysics of Strong Disequilibrium Plasma
(FIZTKA SIL'NONERAVNOVESNOX PLAZMX, 1977)..,........... 168
- Laser Emission in a Turbulent Atmosphere
(LA?.ERNOYE IZLUCHEIQIXE V TURBLENTNOY ATMOSFERE,
_ 1976) 173
Using F1ecCrons To Study Nuclei
(ISSL~DOVANIYE YADER E~.EKTRONAMI, 1977) 179
_ Statics and Dynamics of Rocket Engines
(STATIKA ? DINAMIKA RAKETNYKH DVIGATEL'NYKH
USTANOVOK, 1978) 183 -
_ Computer Hardware for Statiatical Modeling
(VYCHTSLITEL~NAYA TEICfIIdIKA DLYA STATISTICHESKOGO
MODELIROVANIYA, 1978) 186
-c-
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CX'BERNETTCS, COMkUTIItS AND AU~O~,TT~N TECETNOIAGY'
ABSTRACTS FROM THE JOURNAL 'CYBERNETICS' _
- Kiev KIBERNETIKA in Engl3sh,No 5,. 1978 pp 153-160
[Text] ABSTRACTS
_ Certain Problema ~~r" CreaCion and Development of the Computing Engineering _
and Cyberne~ica N,~�rhods and Means Confronting the Young Scientiats of the .
Inatitute of Cybe:.�,~tics of Che Academy of Scienc~s of the Ukrainian SSR.
Gluahkov V. M. , pp 3-5 ' ,
The article deals with thp moat important and promising directiona of
the development of computing engineering and auComated control aystems,
main problems and tasks confronting the young scientists and apecialists
of the institute in the field o~ development of new methods and technical
~ means of cy~ernetica. ~
UDC 51:681.3.01 -
On Transformation of ~lsynchronous Logica) Circuita
Nikolenko V. N., pp G-a . '
Two formal transformations of asynchronous logical circuits are con- -
aidered: simultaneoua decomposition and superposition. Sufficient conditions
are formulated for these transformations being admissible in the initial cir- ~
cuit. Test of theae condiCions holding is reduced to the test of certain
- simple decompoaitions admissibility in the s~~me circuiC.
- 2 fig. Refa: 5 titlea.
UDC 62-5:681.3:007
Degreea of Unsolvability of Algcrithmic Problems Connected with Automata
Opd;~ation on Groups.
Srikun L. B., pp 9-12 '
The Turing degrees are considered for alRorithmic pioblems connecte~d with
automata operation on the free Abelian groups of the rank above unit. The
connection is established between the automata equivalence problem and suto-
~ mata stopping problem.
, Refs: 4 titles. 1
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_ UDC 519.683
Interactive Data SCructures Procesaing -
_ Bublik V. V., Doroahenko 4. E., Krivo~ S. L., L~abakh V. ,
pp 7.3-18
The paper deals with main principles of the interactive data atructures
processing in automatic algoriChm design. Ad~u.stable language of tlie da~a -
and its implementation, organization of compuCations and main instructions
applied to th~ interactive procesaing are described. The examples are _
presented for the data language ad~ustment and application of the developed
� means to the programs optimization.
3 figs. Refs: 11 titlea. ~
UDC 518.12
On One Iteration Method for Problema Solution
Gladki~ A. V., Skopetski~ V. V., pp 19-21 . ,
- A difference analog and iteration method for solution of the boundary
v~xlue problems for the elliptical equation in the rectangular region with
sections are considered. A difference scheme of the second ord.er of approxi- -
mation is suggested �or the numerical solution. A rapidly converging itera-
tion procesa is conatructed on the basis of the obtained estimaCes for the
difference operator.
- 1 tabie. Refs: 3 Citles.
UDC 519.21
On One Model of T~ao-Level Systems for Information Processing with Interruption
- Akimov A. P., PP 22-26 ,
A problem is considered to analyze a two-level system of information
processing with losses, interruption of xequi~ement service, two simp?.eat
input requirement flowa, restricted number of information storage posit~ons
and exponential rulea for distribution of processing times and service
device failures. '
3 figs. Refa: 3 titles.
UDC 519.9
Structural Analysis in Algebra of Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
- Nikitfn A. N., pp 27-29 �
Algorithmic models are auggested for a wide class of ADC. The modela
are written by means of the apparatus of a system of algoriChmic algebras
of ADC as an efficient means of the formalized study of ADC. The time-
apparatus characteristics of ADC are determined by the auggested models and -
, methode of atructural analysis.
1 table. Refs; 5 titles.
2
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UDC 681.326.32.00
~ Optimum Coding of Microcommanda in RopresenCaCion of Microopera~i.one by ~
Elementary Con~unctiona
_ Belitski~ R. I., Syrov V. V.~ pp 30-33 _
~ A problem ie solved for opCimum in ca~acity coding of microcommands with
the preset axructure of Che block to form co~itrolling signals of the micro-
program control device when thii logical functions posaeas the form of elemen-
: Cary con~uncCione with the preset rank.
- 1 �ig. Refe: 1 title.
UDC 518.12:681.3.01
Specialized Processes Operation Algorithms for Solving Systems of Equations
TreC'~ akov S. I., pp 34-36 ~
The paper deals wiCh problem-oriented procers operation algorithms
for solving systema of linear algebraic equations. Peculiarities of the
algorithms conaiat in replacing the operation of full-digiC multiplication
, by the shift operaCion. This makes it poasible to obtain high-efficiency -
_ algorithms and original simple structures implementing them. ~
Refa: 5 titles.
UDC 007:51
Representation of Surfaces in Automatic Design Systems -
Mikha~ lov V. M., pp 37-40 , '
The matrix representations of the thre:e-dimensional graphical ob~ects
in the automatic design systems are considered.
In particular, thE matrix representation of surfaccs of the first,
aecond order and of ~pproximating spatial quadrangles is determined.
Ref s: 3 titles.
UDC 62-50:519.8
Reaource Control in Systema of Full-Scale Experiment Dats Processing
Ttornienko, G. I., Sheverda, 0. N., pp 41-45
A procedure 35 3uggested for controlling external resoL~rce of the
system f or full-scale experiment data processing. The procedure is based
= on the f ile syetem. Analyais is given for peculiarities of the inforniation
em?ironm~~nt of the systems for full-scale exper:ment ~~~a processing which
produce an essential influence on resource control.
2 f igs. Refs: 7 titles.
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UDC 517.2
On DifferenCiability of Set-Valued Mappinga -
- Nurminski~ E. A., pp 46-48 '
- The cunvex-valued multifunctions are considered and the notion of
their derivative is inCroduced. The diffet~entiabiliCy criteria of seC- ~
value~i mappinge and the derivative relation to the extrama of different
mappitig functionals are atudied.
Refa: 6 Citlea. _
UDC 007:518.9
. hiethods of Minimizing Functions Satisfying the Lipshits Condition with _
Averaging the Descent Directions _
Gupal A. M., pp 49-51 ~ '
The paper deals with numerical methods of the centres and con~ugate ~
aubgradients type for minimizing functions satisfying the Lipshits local
condition. The methods are based on the functions valu~s calculations.
Refs: 5 titles.
UDC 517.5:519.8
Algorithm for Finding the Value of Global Extremum~for the Functions of ~
Several Variables with Preaet Accuracy
Babi~ A. N.t pp 52-56 � . � _
A problem ia considered on finding absolute extremum for the Lipshits
- function of several variables. A new algorithm of finding is presented
- and substantiated, the recommendationa on its practical application are
given.
Refs: 5 titles. ,
UDC 517.5:519.8
~ Nonlocal Minimization Algorithms of Undiffe,r.entiable Functions -
Norkin V. I., pp 57-60 ~ `
A new class of undifferentiable (generally differentiable) functions
is introduced. It includes continuousZy differentiable, convex and concave
functions. The minimization algorithm ~s substantiated for such funct;~ons
~ of the generalized gradient desc~nt type. ~ _
Refs: 19 titles.
~
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UDC 519.8:681.3.06
Principles for Orgc~nizatiott of the PIONER Dialogue Optimization System
- Zhelikhb~~ki3 A. A., pp 61-65 _
,
The~~rticle deals with the principles of construction and sCructure of '
_ the PIONER dialogue system on the basis of the BESM-6 electronic compuCer.
~ The system is orienCed to solving problems o~ nonlinear and sCochastic pro-
' gramming with nonsmooth target and constraint functions. Main functional
_ capabilities of the PIONER sysCem are briefly described. -
Refs: 3 titles. -
UDC 62-50:5L9.8
_ On Necessary Optimality Conditions in the Stochastic SmooCh-Convex Problem
of Optimum ConCrol with Discrete Time
liordunov N. N. , pp 66-63 .
The necessary optimality conditions are obtained in case when the phase
variables belong to the space L1v and the operator presetting the object
_ dynamics is tiot differentiable with respect to Freshe.
Refs: 3 titles.
UDC 518.9
On Linear Differential Game of Several Persons with the Limited Control ~
: Life ~
Rappoport I. S. , np 69--73 . -
Linear differential ~ame of chaising with participation of several
pe:s.~ns is considered in the presence of integral limitations for the con- -
trol. A certain general scheme is suggested to obtain sufficient conditions
_ of chaising completicn for the finite time.
Refs: 9 titles.
UDC 007:518.5
Comparison of Some Methods to Calculate Lower Estimates for Duration of =
the Shortest Schedules
Laptin Ju. P. , pp 74-78
_ Two known methods are compsred: a method of the Lagrangian factors (or =
method of dual estimates) and Che Fernandes-Bessel method.
An example is constructed. A modific.~tion of the method of d~~-~. -
estimates is suggested permitting the accuracy of the obtained est::,~ates to
be essPntially improved.
1 fig. Refs: 9 titles.
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- UDC 519.Zi
On One GeneralizaCion of the Neumann-Pirson Lemma in the Theory of Signals
- Identification
Kuk Ju. V.L pp 79-82 � _
The paper deals with the structure of a critical �unction of atat:isti-
cal,criterion for identifying from noise one or several determinate or -
random signala under which the riak of false alarm is minimized with Che _
- preset probabilitiea of signal miesing.
Rers: 6 titlea. ~
UDC 007:518.9
MeChods for Finding OpCimum Se~s
Ga~voronski~ A. A., pp 83-86
The optimum seta are determined for problems ef mathematical progxamming.
The ~arametric descriptions are suggested for these sets. The quasi-gxadient -
= algorithms of finding the descriptions for the optimum sets are developed and
- their convergence is studied.
Refs: 4 titles. -
- UDC 51g.27
On a Way to Control the Calculation Accuracy in the Method of Statiatical
Gradient
= Kaniovski~ Ju. M., pp 87-89. ~
Asymptotic normality of normalized iterations is suggested to be used
for the error estimation. The estimates of a correlation matrix of Che
limit normal law are constructed using only the informa2ion necessary for
obtaining successive approxin~atior.s.
Refs: 5 titlea.
UDC 5~.9.5
Certain Properties of Antichains of Partially Ordered Sets
Kornilova L. E., Vojtishin Ju. V.,~pp 90-91 '
An effective algorithm is considered to find the maximum antichain
of a partially ordered set. A lemma is presented containing condition3 -
necessary and sufficie:~t for the given subset of elements to be the maxi- -
mum antichain.
Refs: 5 titles.
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UUC 62-50:519.8 -
Applicntion of the Methodg of Stoch~sCic I'rogramming Co Problems o~
Diffueion Prncesges CnnCrol
- Shilo V. P., Pp q2-95
~ '~he article denls with a conCinunus problem of opCimum diffusion
process control ~nd iGs di~crete analogue. 'The conv~rgence of ehe discreCe
an~logue soluCion to Che solution of the initial continuous problem is
studied. The method of aCnchastic quasi-gr~dienta deaign is applied to the
solution of the discrete problem.
Ref$: 7 titles.
UUC 519.27:681.3
Opt.tmization of Algorithms for EsCimating Che Kandom Vnlue Under Different
Oper~tion Conditiona of DaCa Processing
- Korzhova V. N., pp 96-101 '
The paper deals with different algorithms for calculating mathematical
expecCation of a random value uaing ty~e electronic computer under off-line
and on-.line operation conditione. The main characteristics (complete error
estimate, estimaCes uf high-~peed internal memory and computation algorithms
operati~n number) are pr.esented for these algorithms. The chnracteristics
~ may be of use when comparing the alporithms to choose the best one.
3 tables, 11 figs. Refs: 11 titles.
UbC 519.21
On the Time of Gaining the ~ Le~?el Span in the Simplest Markov Random Walk
Fal' A. M., pp 102-104
As asymptotic behaviour ia studied for Che mean time of ~aining the ~
~ level span in the simplesz Marknv random walk on the straight line at
n-?��.
Refs: 3 titles.
UDC 51:62-.391
On Certain Deductive Means of the System for Mathematical Text Processing
- Degtjarev A. I., Zhezherun A. P., Ljalestskij A. V., pp 105-107 ~
The article deals With the environment and deductive transformations `
operating in it for solving problems in various field using the apparatus
~ of logical deduction.
ReEg: 5 titles. `
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UDC 62-50:007:57
5~tmulaCion of C~rtain Oscillatory Bioprncesses ~
JaCsenko Ju. P., pp 108-113 ' _
A new model of a biological "predator-vicCim" community ia suggested
with reg~trd for delay nn the basis of V. M. G1usl~kov's macroeconomical
model. IC is shown thaC the ~system has a stationary state and admits
- variations in the species number. The model ie also applied eo explaining
, variationa in the number of one apecies population,
Refa: 10 titles.
UDC 681.3.06:51
ANALITIK-74
_ Gluahkov V. M., Grinchenko T. A., DorodniCaina A. A., Drakh A. M.,
_ Kapitonova Ju. V.~ Klimenko V. P., Kres L. L., Let~chevski~ A. A., -
Pogrebiiiski~ S~ B., Savshak 0. I., Stogni~ A. A., Fiahman Ju. S., Tsar~uk I. P.,
pp 114-147
An algorithmic language ANALITIK-74 is presented for the description
of calculaCion proceases applying the transformations. The language is the
further development of Che language ANALITIK.
- 6 tables. Refs: 1 title.
BRIEF COi~AiUNICATIONS
_ UDC 007:519.8
Qn a Method of Undifferentiable Optimization
Glushkova 0. V., pp 148-150
A minimization algorithm of convex nonsmooth functions is considered
which combines certain advantages of the relaxation and unrelaxation approaches,
its convergence is proved. This algorithm makes it possible to accelerate
the procesa of finding the minimum point as compared to the method of
designing generalized gradients.
1 fig. Refs: 6 titles.
UDC 512.9:681.3.06
Algorithm for Electronic Computer ConstrucCion of Automorphit~ms and Solution ~
af the Problem of Finite Groups Isomorphism
Vasil'jev Ju. P., pp 151-152
An algorithm is suggested for electronic computer construction of auto-
morphisn,a and finding isomorphous mapping for the preset finite groups. The -
constructed algorithm is programmed in the ALGOL-60 language and realized
for the external automorphisms of such non-Abelian groups of the 26 order
that their aquare ia the internal automorphism.
Refa: 4 titles.
COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NAUKOVA DUi~IICA", "KIBERNETIKA", 1918
8
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CYBERN~TZCS, COMPi1TEii3 AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLO(~Y '
KOMSOMOL ROLE IN UKRAINIAN CYBF�RNETICS INSTITUTE DETAILED
Kiev Il'IBERN~TIKA in Rusaian No 5, Sep-Oct 1.978 pp 1-2 _
[Text] The Komaomol of the Nation of Soviets is sixty years o1d. The entire
Soviet people greets this anniversary with great labor and patriotic enthus-
iasm. The youth of the Inatitute of Cybernetica, Ukra3nian SSR Acaden~y of
Sciences makes up a third of the collective's scientific potential. 'Ph~ more
than 20 years' history of our institute bears witness that its young scien- _
tiats, occupying rpsgonsible posts in science, are conducting n bold scien-
tific quest and are doing everything possible to speed up the incorporation
of the resulta of reaearch inta the national economy. They have made signif- _
icant contributions in the development of the theory of digital automata and
mathematical machines, in t2ie theory of optimal solutions and of mathematice.l
methods of planning and management of the national econoiqy, in computer soFt-
Ware, system nodel3ng and the development of automated systems for control of
industrial processes, enterprises and sectors of the nationel. econoa~}?, and in
the development and introduction into production of the KIEV, Promin', MIR-1,
Kiev-67, MIR-2, Dnepr, Dnepr-2, Iskr.a, Ros', MIR-3 and other SESM series of
electronic calculating machines] computers.
The Komsomol organization of the Institute of Cybernetics, Ukrainian SSR Aca-
detqy of Sciences has nutured a larg~ gala~y of xinners of Komsomol-youth ~
prizes and contests. Doctors of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Yu. V.
Kupitonova, A. A. Letichevskiy and V. V. Shkurba and Candidate of Technical
Sciences V. K. Kuznetsov became Lenin Komsomol prizexi-,:ners in science and
technology during their Komsomol years. The prize of the republ3can Komsomol
organization imeni Nikolay Ostrovskiy xas received by deputy director of the
institute and Corresponding Member oP the USSR Academy of Sciences A. A.
- Stogniy, Doc~or of PY~ysicgl and Mathematical Sciences B. N. Pshenichnyy,
- deputy director of the 3pecial Design Bureau for Ma~hematical Machines and
Systems Candidate oP Technical Sciences G. I. Kornienko, Candidates of Sci- _
ences A. A. "~brozov, A. A. Kobozev, V. V'yun, V. Skopetskiy, M. X.
Dianov and Y. I. Dianov, and leading designers N,. P. Malevanyy, V. M.
Mikhaylov and V. V. Gayduk. Many of the Kcrosomol prizeWinne.rs became xinners
of the USSR and Ukraini~ln SSR State Prizes.
In 1978 the title of "Best Young Iaventor of the Ukraine" xas awarded to Kom- ~
somol member L. Zubko, and the prize of the All-Union Society of Inventors and ~
Innovators Was xon by V. Syro~i. Winners of the All-Union Conference of
9 !
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1~'Ok O~I~'ICLAL USL ONI~Y
Scientific and mechnical Organizations prize A. Mikhayli~shin and J~. Br~ran ~
are working in the collective.
In 1977 the Komaomol org~nixation of the Institute of Cybernetice, Ukr~inian
~ 38R Academy of Sciences w~a aw~rd~d the Diplom~ of the Ukruinian Komsomol ~
Central Committee for ita great xork in the Courtnunigt nurturing of youth.
The Komsomol took under it~ patronage the conatruction of the Cybernetica
Center of the Ukrainian Acade~yr of Sciences, an all-union ehock Komsomol
pro,~~ct. At present the conntructi~n of s scientific experimental plant for
microelectronic devices, Whose aucceasful startup wi11 make it possible to
decrease the time for incorporation of our institul;e's develnpments into ex-
tensive practical use, is the gub,ject of particular attention from youth.
The Kork of the Komsomo7, organization and the Council of Young Scientiats and
Specialists of the Institute of Cybernetics in patronage of the develdpment
and incorporation of computer equipment and automatic control sygtems is
widely known. The wc~rk experience of the Cybernetics Schools of the Institute
of Cybernetica, in which young engineering and technical pergonnel from
plants and industrial associations who are working with computer equipment
are trained or retrained, has been approved by the Komsomol Central Committee.
The Institute of Cybernetics has organized a system for selection and training
= of personnel for this country's science. For more thun fifteen years,
leading institute acientiats ~.nd youth have been working actively in the
Iskatel' Small Academy of Sciences for Students in the Crimea, and in the -
schools in Kiev xhich are undEr thefr patronage. Each ~?ear the finals of the
republican Olympics on "The Student and Scientific and Technical Progress"
are held in the inatitute. Aa a new addition, the "Young Specialists' Days,"
during which meetings with labor veterans and developera of the Pirst domes-
tically-produced computers take place, are being organized.
The Komsomol coa~ittee and the Council of Young Scientists and Specialists
have concluded and are successfLl.ly fulfilling agreements on scientific and
technical cooperation With the Komsomol organizations of plants and factories
designed to accelerate the incorporation of institute developments into the
national econoa~y.
- The external ties of the Komsomol organization are extensive and varied.
In April 1978 the Institute of Cybernetics held a conference of young scien,
tists and specialists in honor of the 18th Komsomol Congress and the 6Qth
, Anniversary of the Leninist Koms~mul. 'Its main purpose was to atimulate the -
creative groxth of young researchars, to further raise their scientific levll
and to acquaint with modern problems and tasks of cybernetics and draW into
active xork on seientific sub~ects those young people who are making their
first steps in sciet~ce. -
Leading institute acientists xere invited to give lectures on problems of
development of resear~h in cybernetics.
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_ I
~OR d~~ICTAL US~ ONLY
Ch~irme~n oi' the conference org~nizing commi~tee Corregponding M~mber nf. the
Ukrainign SSR A.ce?demy of 9ci~nces Ye. L. Yughchenko de~.ivered remerkg at~ the
opening of the conference.
Th~ r~pcjrt of Ac~demiei~n V. M~ Gluehkov, "8ome Task~ in th~ Creatiott and D~-
velopment of Cybernetic and Computer Methods and ~quipment Awaiting Young
Scientistg of the Inetitu~~ of Cyberne~ic~, Ukrginian SSA Acadet?Ly of Sciences,"
in ahich he apoke of the moat important and promieing directiong of develop-
ment af computer engineering ~nd autom~tic contro~. sygtem~ and of the mnin
- problema ~nd tasks in the development of new cybernetic methods and equi~ment
- awaiting young scientiats and apecialists in the insti.tute, was listened to
with great; attention. -
The work of the conference was carried on in six sections: theor~tic~l and
econom3c cybernetica, technica]. cyberneticg, syBtem sof'tware, pY~ysical-~ech~
nical and theoretical problema of computer engineering, cybernetic engineering,
and biological and medical cybernetica.
More than 150 worka, the best of which were reconanended far publication in the
~ournals KIBERNETIKA, UPFAVLYAYUSHCHIY~ 3ISTEMY I MASHINY and AVTOMATIKA, were
- delivered at the sectional. meetings.
. COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'atvo "Naukova Dumka", "Kibernetika", 1.978 ~
A48o
cso: 1870
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_ ~0[t nF'FYCIAL US~ ONLY
CY~~tNEI'ICB, COMPUT~tB AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLO(}Y
(}LU3HKOV ~,I3m8 TA3KS OF YOUNa UKRATNIAN CYBERNETICS RESEARCHERS
Kiev KIRERNETIKA in Rus~ian No 5, Seg-Oct .~78, pp 3-5
(Speech by Academician V. M. Cluahkov at conference of young scientists and
specialiats in honor of the 18th Komsomol Congresa and the 60th anniversary
- of the Komaomol, held at the Institute of Cybernetics, Ukrainian 33R Acaden~y
of Sciences in Apri.l 1978: "Some Taska in the Creation and Development of
Cybernetic and Computer Methods and Equipment Akaiting Young Scientists of
the Institute of Cyberneti~~s, Ukr.ainian SSR Acaden~y of Sciences"]
[Text] The current stage uf development of cybernetic science is per:~aps
characterizable in terms of the most intense utilization of computer facili~
ties. Essential in this conneCtion is the fact that in a single experiment
or study a large variety of equipment, generally developed concuxrently, must
be used. This means that present-day cybernetic reaearchers must have mas-
tered the art of systems prograam?ing. This approach presupposes that the
researcher or experimenter have not only experience in Working xith one type
of computer system or a certain range of equipanent for automation of program-
ming and organization of the computation process on the computer, but also
profound knoWledge and understanding of the internal mechanisms of operation
of modern computer systems and methods of effectively adapting them or even
restructuring them for the class of tasks in question.
There have been several periods in the history of programming. Each of them
had its oxn characteristic range of programming lacilities. The development
of these facilities involves on the one hand the effort to bring them closer
to the concepts With which the Worker is dealing, xhile on the other hand the
requirements for effective computer solution of problems make these facilities
reflect the characteristic~, structural properties and internal (machine)
mechQnisms of computer orgr~nization. Thus, no matter ~rhat program the modern
programmer is developing (Whether it be for identification of processes in
an ASU, sample identification, solution of a system of equationa in linear
algebra or graphic optimization), he must develop not only a program package
embodying the algorithm for solution of the problem in question, but also a
special control program (or sometimes a special operating system), a dielog
system by vhich the user can intexact with the programs of the package being
developed, and other necessary servicea. Moreover, for this class of tasks
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it ie alinp~st alway~ advant~geous to have a gpeci~l progranuning syetem whose
_ uge aignii~~cantly increa~es the programmer's l~bor productivity.
Programmerg may be cl~saified in thr~e cctt~gorie~ e~ccording to ~heir skills;
syetemg progrcunmers, working in the area of imprdvement ~f programming facili-
tie~ in the current aenae of the term, progra~nera who know aome technolo~r .
- and can embody the results of their activity in some sp~cific e~rea as peck-
ages or ~pecia]. eystems of progre~m~, and fina.lly th~ brdad r~nge of ugerg with
a minimum df programming knowledge who are apecialiats in a particular area.
Let me note that prngramming is an esgential. tool for the modern cybernetics
researcher carrying on computer experiments; the greater his ski11, the more
quickly he can arrive at the goal of his investigations.
~ In our institute, a series ~f efforts are un3er way involving development of
new progra~nming facilities. A method of formalizing technical requirements _
- for progrsm planning has been developed, the State Commission has issued
a PTK (progratnmer's technical complex, an $utomated system for production
of pro~rr~uns is under development, ar.d so vn.
In addition, efforta to develop and msster data banks, in particular for the
Oka, Pal'ma and simi~ar systems, is under Way.
An extremely important tasks is that of providing programmers With Koz�king condi- �
tions under ahich these systems xill be "tied" together into a unified complex.
- Our computer center is currently passing through a stage in xhich neW korking -
conditions and neW requirements for users are being organized. This is re-
lated to the ma,lor research and experimental xork being conducted by the com-
puter center aimed at mas~ering the neW computer equipment in the Unified
Series developed in CEMA (an agreement in this connection Was adopted recently).
In addition, the computer center is planning to increase sharply its comple-
ment of peripherals, particularly large-capacity disks. One of the most im-
portant tasks connected with this is that of complexing the equipment used
aith computers. This task must be performed not only for the spccific equip-
_ ment of the Unified Series and equipment of various machines With instruction
systems differing from ~hose of the Unified Serfes, but also in terma of com~
plexing of progran�ning equipment. This Lask is also associated xith the fur-
ther conversion of our computer center into a high-output collective-use
remote-access compute,r center. The participat3on of young researchers in this
great and important effort is extremely desirable. It should be noted that
the work involves c:ertain inconveniences and diffirulties: almost cuntin-
uous replacement of machines and the almost complete incompatibility of pro-
gramming equipm~nt during the transition fram loWer-level to higher-level
Unified 5eries models (rrhich in principle should not happen).
. Consid~rnble attention is currently being devoted t,o problems of sutomating
scientific research. This question aas discussed at the first meeting of
the presidents of the academies of sciences of the CEMA cotintries held not
_ long ago in Moscox. The solution of thfs problem depends greatly on the cor-
rect utilization of computer equipment. It includes not only and not so much
- the solution of problems of processing the results of experimental work; it
involves rather a series of other tasks of an investigative and particularly
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an organfzational char~ctpr, ~uch ag development of the speci~l programming
syet~mg and packQges to which T have already ~.1.luded, ~yetem~tizetion nf ~
design work, develnpment of powerful Collective-uee romputer centera, the
development of computer networks including apec3~l.ized data b~nkg g~ared to
a sp~ci~1 use ~r~~, and so on. In particular, the Ukrainian SSR Acadeiqy nf
Scienceg h~s begun to develop several such data banke, fnr exsmple in the
Institut~ nf Materials Bcienre~ Awaiting ue i~ the task of developing and
incorpoxr~ting th~ prop~r software e~nd hardw$~, fCr thi~ work, particu].arly fbr
the Ukr~inian 39R Acade~r of Sciences. 7'he ~,..~oblems af developing a network
nf cdmputer eenters sre intereetirrg because the prerequigiteafbr connectinn
of our networka to European systems, and through them to Americal ~ystems,
are already in existence. Thie prospect is of intereat in terma of ty:
poeslbility of utilizing new computer capgbilities and in terms of unifica-
tion of the effort~ of Socialiet countries to develop gpecialized data banks.
In addition thie involveg the ubflization of international gtandarde of in-
formation ecience nnd also the exchange and 8ale of computer hardware and
software.
We nnw consider the tasks arising in connection with the development of vari- _
ous typeg of ~utomated control systema. In this area the center of gravity
is shifting to the solution of problema invo?ving development of hardware-
~ softKare complexe$ designed for specific uses. As reg~rda dSUP [automated
systems for production control~, we must think in terms even of developing
integrated hardWare and software complex Which wi11 perform not only con- -
trol tasks but also tasks of design and of automating the testing of products.
The approaches to solution of this compl~x taeks gtill aaait investigation.
Let me list the 1e�rels of integration in control syatems: the firat is in- _
tegration af the information base; the aecond is integration of organizational
_ control with control of industrial proceases; and the third is addition of -
design and testing of products to the existing stages. The Unified Seri~s
already has the hardware to carry out t~he first level, even though it is in-
sufficiently mastered and perfected. Much still remains to be done on the '
second and third levels. Lnplementatior. requires the ability to solve prob-
lems of developing hardware-softxare complexes. Here there arises a 5eries
of c~~mplex problems, among ahich I will mention the following: complexing
of hardWare and software feetures of computer facilities, generation of oper-
ating systema for such complexes, solving of prnblems in unification of
equipment features, and, m~st important, development of the required inter-
face equipment. Similar tagk:~ arise in the developanent of systems for auto-
mated planning of various cla:~~es.
Out instiLute is conductin~ work on automated design systems. I refer to the
PROYEKT system (automated computer design), the automated system for deaign
of construction members, the system for automation of machine building design
and nthera. The development of these systems is associated, first, trith
tranalation to new machines, and second, ~rith expansion of their capabilities
- in connection aith xork on ARM's and o~her periphernl equipment. In all this
work and elso in the development of hardaare-eoftuare complexes which ti+ill make
it possible to supportany design bureau, regardless of its size and profile
(in the machine building, instrument making and construction areas), the pro-
blem of unification is particultsrly important. It requires performance of a
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very ~arge emount of work~bntih in deve~opment of the required faci~.ities and
in 6pecific implementation of the program af acientific experiments by the
Acader~y of Sciencea. Also important in the developm~~~t of h~rdware-software
eomplex@o io the d~velopment nf g IIAItS 1urg~-~en1e nutomate~l awitching
eyetem). mhiA programmnble multiplexcr, 1ct me add, ig extremely important
for thp pe~forman~~ of autom~ted document circulation tasks. mhe ~ARS is a
universal. device for a programmaUle interface sygtem for varioug cltteees of
input devices. Currently one of the task~ is that af implement3ng thig syntem
using microproceasors.
The following tagks cgn be 3dentif3pd in w~rk on minicomputerg: 1. mastery
of 3M'g ( system of sma11 computers] and minicomputers which h~ve alreac~y -
_ been produced or are about ~o be produced by induatry as components of com- -
puter syatems; 2. determination of utilization ch~racteriatics of
min3.
Qnd macro computera; and 3. development of new mini and macro computers
, which in some sense continue the line of machines in the MIR series. It is -
desirable in this connection that the developments should be used iii work on
the System of Small Computers. Contiguous with this area is the work on ~
- collective intelligent terminals, which will significantly simplify user
_ interaction with the computer.
In our xork on recursive computers, there sti11 remains the pressing task~of
deparalleling of control. It is closely connected with the prospect of de-
veloping new types of microproceasors and LST's. The problem of switching a
large number of processor elements is important. Also interesting is the
trend of work on automated planning of multiprocessor systems, and accordingly
on development of the corresponding automation facilities.
We noW cot~sider the tasks :irising in work on aritifical intelligence. At
present the institute is c~~nducting a series of studies which are still in-
dependent, although their .later gradual integration into a single complex
is planned. One of the mo3t important of them is ~rork on automation of the
search for proofs of theorems and processing of mathematical texts. A labor-
consuming and at the same time interesting ~job is the making up of ir.formation
files of mathematical text:z and the improvement of the system for interaction
of the mathematical researcher With the progrum system to be developed for tre
Unified Series. Of consi~lerable significance is the beginning of wdrk on the _
development of machine models of the "universe." This means, of course, of
limited "universes" and the means of describing them. The aim of these
studies is to uae their results for further progress in such areas of arti-
ficial intelligence as robots, pattern recognitibn, automated translation,
decision m~xi~ in complex situations and so on. While the model describes
a limited "universe" end accordingly the semantic connections are, as it were,
custom-made, nonetheless effective facilities for solving the problems in
question are possible. Work on the simulation of "universes" is currently
being carried on through development of program complexes. At the same time
it vrould be advantageous to expand xork on the development of special ISI's -
and microproceasors for robots and inhomogeneous systems. But even noW xe
should be directing our attention to the tasks of unification, classification
. and forecasting of components of IS I's and microprocessors.
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Aa regarde work on mathematical methods, I wi~.l not classify them; S wi11
say only that we have great need of a11 methoda which we are developing:
optimizatlan methods, methode of re:liability anelysis, large systema simul.a- ~
tion, nwnerical methods of aolving equations and so on. -
In our work on these methdds we must e,ttain two ends: a high worldrrid~ 1eve1
of work which w311 receive the proper ob,~ective evaluation, and the develop-
, ment of the required program packages, i.~. the computer real3zation of mathe-
matical resourcea that have been devsloped. The package orgariization of these -
- methoda ia extremely important.
I have enumerated far from a11 the tasks on which our young researchers could
work fruitf'ul.ly. We expect thut with the enthusiasm, persiatence and boutid�-~
less energy characteristica of youth they wi11 Continue the search for nea ~
wqys of developing cyoernetic acience and ita associated areas in the nat3onal
_ econo~yr to the advantage of our ~'etherland. '
COPYRIdHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova Uumka", "Kibernetika", 1978
8480
CSO: 187~
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GEOPHXSxCS, AS~RONOMX AND S~AC~
UDC 550.388.2
EXPERIMENTAL INV~STIGATIONS OF THE MAGNETOSPHEItIC PROPAGATION OF SHORTWAVE -
SIGNALS ALONG AN EARTH-EARTH PATH
Moacow GEO;riAt~:~ETIZM I AERONOMIYA in Russian Vol 18 No 3, 1978 pp 440-447
manuscript ~eceived 19 Jul 77 ~
_ (Article by G.V. Bukin, USSR Academy of Sciences Inatitute of TerresCrial
Magnetiam, et~e Ionoaphere and Radiowave Propagation]
- [Text] With reference Co data obtained in the territory of the ~oviet Union
- , and on craft of the USSR Acad~my of Sciences Space Research Service sent out
into magnetically linked areas, experimenCal data are discussed, regarding the
magnetoepheric propagation of shortwave signals during the period of high and
= low solar activity. -
- As tt~~ result of synchronous experimenCs conducted in the territory of the
Soviet ilnion and on scientific research vessels (NIS's) sent out inCo mag-
netically linked areas (MSO's), abundant experimental data have been obtained
on the magnetospheric propagation of shortwave signals. Magnetospheric
channels trace out on the surface of Earth zones of effective reception with
cross dimensions of from 100 km and less [1]. Therefore, from the viewpoint
of identifying these zones, obaervations on moving barges are advanCageousiy
distingutahed from observations at a fixed point.
The purpose of this paper is to attempt to prove the existence of a magneto-
eph~ric aignal along an Earth-Earth path, for which it is necessary Co summar-
- ize all the results of our ~xperimental investigations of a magnetospheric
ehortwave signal, beginning ~'.n 1968, when the NIS "Borovichi" was sent out
= for the first time into tl~e MSO toward Gor'kiy. Then these inveatigations
- were continued and were c~~nducted under di�ferent fotms of solar and magnetic
activity, at different times of the year and at different times of the day -
and night. The equipment and methods of processing primary daCa from trip
to trip have been improved more and more. Shortwava and VLF signals have
been emitted from the territory of the Soviet Unian and received on vessels, ,
and pulsed ehortwave signals have been emitted fro n ships and received in the
territory of the Soviet Union, whexe in this instance measurements were made
of the angle of arrival of signals by means of a direction finder [2] and by
means of the UTR-2 radio teleacope of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences
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Khax~kov xR~ [xneti,tute o~ p,ad~opt~ya~ca and ~7.ec~r.ontce]. ~nata~.~ed on
vees~l,s wsxe Ysxt~,aa], ionosphexi;c pxobe equ~,pment, x~,o~qetxic un~,tis, etc. -
The nnaly~g~s o~ outer~~p$ce~pxo~s ~,anog ,ams :~acow the '~Al.ouette~],,~~ ~~A].ouette-2~~
and "Kosmos-38~," aa~e~,li,tes he~s con~3.rmed the exis~ence o~ 3nhomogeneit~tes
heavily extended along the geomagnet~,c tield and has given direct proof of s
- the propagatian o� shor~wave rad~owaves along these inhomogeneities along -
- magneCosphere-magnetospher~ [3] and magnetosphere-Earth [4] paChs. -
Tn atudying the propagat~on of eignals along an Earth-Earth path, the ma~or
difficulty 3s separating out the magnetoapheric eignal agains~ a background
of other anomalous eignals. As demonstrated by an experiment conducted in
October 1968, when the shortwave transmiCter ina~alled in Gor'kiy was operat-
ing in the puleed ~tode, emitting pulses with a length of 1 ms with a trans-
miCting cadence of 4 Hz, and reception took place on the NIS "Borovichi,"
sent out into the MSO t~ward Gor'l~iy, a great diversity of anoma~ous signals
hae been recorded [5]. Among these have been signals which match magneto-
apheric propagation with respect to propagation timc. But there have also
been aignale of distinctly non-magneCoapheric propagation with the same time
- delays, which has made a definite inCerpretation of the reaults imposeible.
- Therefore, in 1970 the cxperiment was repeated, but this time two NIS's were
sent out into th~ MSr_,~-the "Borovichi" and "Nevel~" [6-9], whereby the NIS
"Borovichi" was in, the MSO during November, and the NIS "Nevel at the sam~
time constructed profiles along the north-south and east-weat lines of this
area. Equipment of the same tqpe wae used on these vessels. The operating
frequency range of the Gor'kiy tranemitter was expanded from 8 to 13 MHz
(1968) to 5 to 15 MHz (1970). Inveatigations of the magnetoapheric aignal -
were made both in the period of high and low aolar activity.
Period of High Solar Activity _
- On the NIS "Borovichi" in 1968 and 1970 nearly simultaneous measurements were
_ made in the SW and VLF (15 kHz) bandg, of signals emitted from Gor'kiy. In `
fig 1 is shown the relationship ~~tween the propagation time of magnetospheric
VLF (toN~) and SW (t~) radiowave signals (t~ a T + C~ , where T~ is ~
the deiay time of the magnetospheric signal in rela~on to the fundamen~al
aignal, and t~ ~ 39 mt~ is the mean delay time of the fundamental aignal),
plotted from data for these yeara. This relationship has already been given
for 1970 in [lOj. In fig 1 thia relationship has been auppleme,~ted with data
for 1968 (three values), whereby CAN h and t~ were determined with refer-
ence to the leading edge of the aigna~ls. It is obvious that all values form -
three clusters o~ pointa: Cluster I correaponds to s~gnals re-emitted from
the American sector, cluste;; TZ #rom 'che Australian sector, and the third group
of pointa lies ~a~r~q well on a straight ~.ine ~or t(t~N and it can _
be aesumed with h~gh cexta~.nty that these are SW s~.gn~la o~magnetospheric
origin. Zn tetb~e ie gf.ven the delay tinre o~ magneto~spheric SW and VLP
eignals, the date and time they were observed, and frequencies of the SW _
_ aignal. It is obvious that a magnetoapher~c SW aignal has bean observed
only in the morning (0330 hours to 0500 hours MSK [expansion unknoWn~)
and evening (1630 to 2030 hours MSK) houra. A re-emitted signal has also
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baen obaexyacl 1n Che mpxni.n~ nnd eYani,ng liouxe ~ but ovex A cane~derubly
gx~atex ~~.1qs ~,nkexYa~. xn ,~~g 2 are gi,ven ~(C) cuxvea obxa~,ned Rxom Che
~ d$ta o~:'~re~'~~ca7, ~,onoaphex~:a probee on ~he ~'aaxov~.chi" ~ at Gor'kiy (2) ,
at Ros~ov ~3) and a~ A~.ma~A~a (4)~ The boundar~es o,E the occuxrence o~ a
magfle~asptii~ric eign~l. ax~ p~,o~ted by~ xh~ dae'~ed J.~nes, and the xangea o~ ~
occurrence o~ side pxop~gati,on o~ signale axe hatched. Aa ia obvious from
~ig 2, a magne~osphexic s~gnal ia observed when the critical ~requenciea in
the area oP the Cranami~tex and in the MSO become cloae to the operaCing
frequency o~ the ~ranami.ttar, tak~.ng into account tha oblique incidence of _
~he aignal onto the ionoaphere. Apparently the most favorable moments of
time for the creat~.on of plastna waveguidea atretching along Earth's geomagnetic
field are peri.oda o~ pr:dawn and preaunset phenowena ~.n the ionosphere, when
~ the Cranafer of ph~toel~ctrona takes place from one hemisphere eo the uther
[11]. At these moments colliaionless heat waves are propagated between con-
~ugate points [12]. Thia can reaulC 3n the reduction of the elecCxon con- _
centration over a f~3rly narrow range determined by the ionosphere's irradi-
ance, which ia neceseary for Che creation of plasma wave channels [13]. These
- channela are entered moet ePfectively at their end, and therefore propagation
takes place in a few smaller L-ehells.
f~~,Mcrx �
N ~
. �
1'
1) '
'
.B''
~
~ i
: d ~ . -
r i
i
o
-
~
o->9682.
? � - l,9702,
/
60 ~ ~ ~ 2) ~
J,3 l;b 0,7 O,B 0,9 toHy,ux
Figure l. 2�
Key: _
1. t~, t4s 2' tONCh' g
It ie also obv~ous ~rom tab].e 1 that a magnetosphex~.~ si.gnal i,s obaexved
during the period o~ maximwq aolar acCivi.ty at ~xequenci.ea o~ ~ram 8.8 to
12.3 I~iz, and a re-etai.tted A~,gnal pxactically over the entire ~requency band
which we selected, i.e.~ ~rom 5 to 15 P4Iz.
19
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,~of1, .Mry ~ HOAdpe 1970r, -
ft � 1~ 2) -
~ ~ -
to I
~ .2 ~
. I ~
y ~ ~
d ~
I
+ ' I ~ ~
= 6 i ~j =
I ~ ~ _
_ u ~ ~
I I
~I 1
p I ~~P~'~i?l ~ i i �r, I ~
D a' B 1? !6 ?0
JpeM;.~ as'E 3)
~igure 2.
Key:
1. f F2, MHz 3. Time, 45�E
2. November 1970
Also of interesC is the relationship between t ~h and t~ and the K
= index for a magnetospheric signal (fig 3). At ~~rst t and t ar~
- reduced with an increase in K to 2.5 to 3.5, and thenN~~ey begin~o in-
crease (the ].ast point has bee~i plotted only for one value of t NL~h and
t). This fact finds an explanation in Ch2 shortening and stre~c~iing out
o~lines of force in different phases of disturbance. The contraction and _
etretching of linea of force can reach for the latitudes considered about
10 to 20 percent [14], and~ consequently, can exFlain variations in the
- magnetoapheric Aignal. As far as the linear relationship between tKv and
t is concerned, ~t can exist~only with a synchronous change in ~~ie
pa~~is of SW and VL~ radiowaves.
Magnetosphexic aignals along an Eaxth-~arth path are usually observed with `
double magneto~onic epl.itt~ng, w~,th Qt ti 2 to 3 ms, but because of the low -
resolution o~ the equipmenC used they axe usual.ly aeen as a single heavily -
broadened s~gnal. ,
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Tabl~ ~
A~ra nprew~ 1~ Upewa ntine~s 2~ R1 9~ ~oe~,10)
_ _ /a~~ 7~f~y fxe~ u+c ceN
~catreha dti~rgahe till�currenA Id11~�cHrNena
S~OKTAGp6 f908 r.
d7 A7 03 a, 30 w, 07 n. 00 x, f0,3 59 0,65
24 24 04 00 07 00 f!,8 t38 0~90
- 23 ?S f9 30 21 00 ,f2,0 74 0,84 -
� 6) nonGpb A A70 r.
7' 6 04 30 20 00 8,9 74 0.$U
7 7 16 35 20 00 12,0 71 0~80
10 9 04 b0 23 00 12,0 G1 0~65
ll 11 03 3b 07 00 8,9 ~9 0~95
18 IG 03 35 0~ 00 8,9 79 0~95
17 1~ 03 30 07 00 B,9 69 O,~b
17 17 03 35 07 00 8~g G9 O~7b
18 1~ 03 35 23 00 8,9 72 0~80
19 19 0~ 35 07 UO 8,9 82 I,0
19 19 1'7 35 23 00 12,3 G8 0,7~
21 Z1 19 30 20 00 10~0 69 0.76
21 21 19 35 20 00 IO,t 69 0~75
21 21 20 3S 20 00 8,8 ~0 0~76
29 2i1 04 30 07 00 8,9 74 0~82
Key:
1. Date of reception 6. November 1970
2. Time of reception 7. 0330 hour8
3. SW signal 8. f, MNz
_ 4. VLF eignal 9. C~, ms
5. October 1968 10. tONCh' g
;~~~='x
` 1)
- !.f ~
/
/
/
G.B " %
-
x
:
0,6 X
t~s,~uK 2)
80 ''w
0
7~
_L~
C 2 4 6 n;
,
Pigure 3. (Key on folloving pagej
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~Y:
C~~~ d 2. C~~ ~1+s
Period o~ Lota ~ol~x AcC~v3~y
" 1]-30.d~ f,ol4t.
6 ~ g)
4 -
i ~
- 4 ~
I
L~~~
.
I
~ ~
~ b~ 2y-31 I f9ySt. _
4� , _
2
' ~ ~?~ItGK ~
~ 60 ~o ~n ~`-`90
Pigure 4.
Key: -
1. t~, ms
During the period of the solar activitq minimum, the concentration in the
equatorial plane in the magnetoephere ia reduced approximately threefold as
compared ~rith the years of maximum aolar activity, as can be concluded from
the data of VLF mea8uxements. Thie reaults in the fact that magnetoapherie _
signal8 arrive very weak, and in order to register them it iB nec~e8ary to
reeort Lo the pulee storage method. In th~.a inatance on one of the vesaels
was inetalled a noncoherent digital pulae atorage unit, which made it posaible
to store Yrom 80 to 9000 pul8ea.
During the ti.me oP the 1974-1975 expedition data Were obtai,r~ed Wh~ch made it
poeaible to isolate anomalcus snodee at f a 5.65 MHz. The moat important
results of this experiment are given beloa.
In fig 4a is aho~m the number o~ cases of recept~on after ator~ng the pulsea
of anomaloua eignal8, in relationship to the magnitude of the relative delay
during the time the NIS Was in the MSO lrom 27 through 30 December 1974.
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The eol~.ch?~~,ns hi~Cagx~~1 ~,nc~,ud~~ ~nnm~llnu~ mn~cni.ng and ~Ven~ng ~i,gn~lg ~
~nd Ch~ d~ghed~~,in~ @XG~.ud~~ ancnqa~,ou~ evenfstg ~ign~],s d$eerVed only ~.n
ehe MSO.
~or rhe purpod~ oE conipari,son~ xn ~tg 4b a himtogram h~~ been conetrucCed
for wh~n ~he Nx3 wnA n~az K~arguelen xe~.end fxom 27 Chrough 31 Jgnu~ry 1975.
I~ i~ obviou~ ~rom fig~ 4e (dgehed-line hietogram) snd 4b thgt 1n th~ di~- ~
eribution o� n(e) ~hare gre tao char~ceerigeic teaxima, wh3ch r~solve ~11
gnom~loue eigc~~ls into two groupes T--ti ~ 66 m~, and II--e ~ 66 Co 86 mg . _
Yt should be not~d that the histngr~mg. are similar for bneh nb~erv~tion p~ri-
odg. Taking into ac~ount aignals charaCt~rigtic only af the M50, the ngture
of the dietribuCion df n(t) in fig 4n (~o1id 1in~) differs bue slightly
from the hietogrgm given in fig 4b. I~iret, the range of C~ inCr~g~~~ to
93 mn, and~ then, the ~econd maximum eurpnsses ehe ~ir~t.
Having avgileble only tim~ daley~ and ~stimateg of Ch~ amplitude nnd ~hape
of th~ eignal, ie i~ difficult tn make a definite interpret~eion of ehe
types of eignel~ r~gi~eered on Che NIS in 1974-1975 in the M50 gnd neighbdring
regiona. Nevertheieea ~.t is pnegible to congtruct n hypothegie regarding Che
mechanism for thp propggation of these eignalg.
All signala of grnup I were received in all sessidne in various aregs of th~
Indian Ocean. The anelysis of Cime d~lgyg hag made it poseible to suggest the
poeaibility thnt anomalous eignals of grc+, I arrived by sid~ pgthg, with _
re-emiseion �rom the African Continent nr with reflection from polar aurora
zonea. The greater part of eignale af group II can be interpreted, ge in
experiments in 1968 gnd 1970-1971, by propagation along side pathe With re-
emiasion from Che South American aector. _
Deserving of apeci~l isolation are aign~le of group II Which Were received
only in the MSO with t ti 72 to 86 ms itt Che evening (2000 to 210U hours).
Signala with these delaye Were not received outaide the MSO in 1974-1975
during the interval of 2000 to 2100 houre. The group II signals isolated
~
here can correapond to magnetoapheric propagation, with L ti 1~9 to 2.3.
The critical frequencies, f~F2 , in the area of the transmitter and M50
during the reception of these eignals took on values of approximately 2 to
2.5 A4Iz~ i.e., the ionosphere waa tranamissive for magnetoapheric signals
at a frequency of S.dS MHz.
A special role has been played bq obeervations which included measuring
the solid angles of arrival o� the magnetospheric signal. Because of the
unwieldineea of di,rection finder antenna systems, it is not poasible to
eet them up on ves~ele. There~ore, powex�ul transmitters were in operation
- on vesaels~ and solid angles Were measured ~rom the terri.tory o~ the Soviet
Union. A die~tdvsntage o~ th~a s~ethod i,s the comparative].y hi,gh noise level
- from nearby i,nduetr~al aites.
During the period from 8 through 12 April 1976, the NIS "Kegoatrov" was
eent out into the area of the MSII toward Khar'kov = 36�S, 71 ~ SO�30'E)
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~nd eatieaion ~w~e c~xxi,ed oux by~ megne of a powsr~u]. Cransm~,tCer o~ the
"Vyaz~' type, etnd xncapC~,on xook p],ace in Khar'knv wi,eh ~he Uxlt-2 radio -
Celeecope ou ~he Ukrain~,an SSIt Acndemy o~ Sci,pnc~~ Kher~kov ~R~~ 'The eeudy
continued to 15 Apxi,l and che nb~enCive wa~ ~o sCudy the eo].~d d3,n~ene~one
o~ ~he area ~or recepC~,on o~ the masnetospheri,c eignel ae rhe "Kegoetrov" -
l~ft the M50. rh~ lengrh o~ the tr~nealitter'~ ~u~se equnled about 1 ms, and
the tranemitting ~requency Wae about 5 Hz. The "Vyaz" radio tranemitter t~a~
loefled with g non-dire~:ti~nal gntanna.
Op~r~Cion took plece ~t 10-min ir?terv~ig WiCh 10-min pgue~g. Obgerv~?tinna ~
Wer~ mede ~rom 033b to 0520 houre and from 1800 to 20:~0 houre. The oper~ting
fr~quenGi~e ~~l~cted ranged from 9 to 14 MNx.
The 10-minute pauses between operating seagione were employed for the purpose
dE r~euning the trgnsmitt~r om�ehe "Kegogtrdv" ~nd the rec~iver~ in ehe UTR-Z _
' radio teleecope fram dne frequency Co another, end for ~alibrgCing the re-
c~iverg, which w~e donp aft~r ~gch np~r~ting ~p~~ion.
In the UT~t-2 radio telescope ecanning Wg~ performed from 60 to 70� to 20�
in the dir~ctidn from the zenith to the eouth gnd back, by mean~? of a brogd
direnCianal pattern in the west-eaet direcCion and a narro~ one in the north~
south direction.
Observatione with the UTR-2 radio teleecope in April 1976 were of a reaearch
nature, and the main ob~ective of thie experiment wae to determine Whether
it i~ pogaible ~ith this radio telescope to measure the angle of arrival
of a fundamental and anomalous, in particular, a magnetoapheric~ signal.
IC is obvious from the photorecordinge obtained with the radio teleacope that
ftt all eegeiona the fundgmental aignal aea observed se~adily, aince the operat-
ing frequenciee Which we eelected Wer~e lower than ~CPCh-4000T~2. The etrength
of the direct signal on the photorecor,dings practically did not vary and
depended only on the radio noise level. It was another atory with the aecond-
ary signals. They arrived weaker in 1:~ar'kov and were apparently received
onlv by the main lo'ue of the radio Lp-lescop~ .:",..::.`c.c, ~hey were obaerved
with a etrictly fixed antenna scannfng angle.
Of all the aesaiona (about 40) only two deeerve the higheat attention--~t?en
aecondar~� aignals occurred: on 11 April 1976 from 0410 to 0418 hours (f s
~ 12~098 kHz) and on 13 April 1976 from 1920 to 1928 hours (f ~ 10,200 kHz).
In the firet inetance the veesel was in the MSO toWard Khar'kov~ and in the
eecond began to leave the calculated MSO in a northerly direction.
In the second inatance a aecondary signal Was obaerved twice~ When the acanning
, angle (angle read fxom the hor~zonta], line) aas about 46� (t ti 34 me) and about
54� (T ti 36 ms). xn the aecond in.etance it was also observed~tWice~ When the -
ecanning angle ~ras about 50� (T ti 32 ms) and about 60� (T ti 43 ms). Table 2
containa the anglee o~ arrival o~ the spcondarq aignal in the vertical plane~
Yor aesaione held on 11 and 13 April 1976.
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Tab~,e 2.
1~ Yror~~ka- Ilon~ n� 1~ Yr~ek~- ~onn. q.
nATA 11peNn IMCit) nnpann� r~~'~bau~ ~atA UheMa (MCth nn~ana� rey~~~K
uun~ rpaa ~~;reA�n~ niu~~ rpan Cxcix~,
_
5) 6) _
f f.iV, f0'f8 O~ v, f0 ti. a0 H~r f3.tV 1Ma 19 v, 20 u, 20 N~r
" 04 1 f 20 � f 9 2f~ 7a ~ '
04 f2 30 ~ f0 ?2 30 r
0~ f3 34 ~ f9 23 33 ~ '
04 !4 38 ~ f9 24 40 ~
U~ 15 42 ~ fA ?S 45 ~
04 f6 40 34 !9 28 SO 32
04 f7 30 Her f9 27 a5 Hor
_ 04 fe 34 38 19 28 80 43
Key:
1. U~t~ 4. 5econdgry signal, mf~
_ 2. Tim~ (MSK) 5. 0410 hours
_ 3. Scanning angle, degrees 6. None
- a~~.
N~.toM.
- Cr~ol+ro~ c~r~~n Qona+~nmt~; l a tYtnOA t 4~.1?M:cR
~ a~s3'
f9+. ?1r.
~~Q�
fo~ ?Ow,
,Q~na+~on?t~r? 3 trnxo~ ~ K�43~rttt X� .,.~tlc~xt ~raoraa
Pigure 5.
Key�
~ 1. 1926 houre 4. Secondary signal with T ti 43 ma
2. Pundamental eigna]. 5. Marker pipa
3. Secondary signal Wtth
Tti32ms
In fig 5 is given aa example o~ a diagrammatic recording on 13 April 1916
from 1926 houra to 1929 houra. At the end of this recording marker pips are
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S~Ven,, m~de ~pr ~h~g ~~~~inn, ~thi,ch w~r~ ~neer~d every ],0 me ~ Ie i.~ obvic~u~
th~t the ~us~da~nt~~, ~igne~~, wae obs~xved g],1, th~ time; eh~ eecnnd~?ry ~i.gn~i~
wl,th t ti~2 end 43 m~ aexe obeaxved at Che beginn3,ng o~ m3nute ~pe~eion~ ~C
1926 haur~ ~nd ~92~ houx~~ wh~,ch corx~~ponde to angles (c~. table 2) o.~ gbout
50 ~nd 60', _
Alet~~ugh for Gox~kiy L~ 2.S~i and ~dr Khar'kov ti 2,02, which is n quitc
~ub~tgntial dif~~rence bec~uee o� th~ gr~at divergence of 11neg of fr~rep,
~or re-emitted eignnle i~ ai,ll be insignificanC. Th~refnr~, iC is pdg~ible eo
tak~ advenC~ge 0~ fig 1~nd to ~~timate Ch~ nature o� ~igngl propag~tion. Ag
i~ obvious from #ig 1, aigngle arriving in Khar~kov a~n be re~~ived on e~cnunt
of re-emiasiott from the American secCor ~eign~l with T ti 43 ms) gnd ehe
Auetral3gn sector (eigngl with T ti 32 ms), and cgn also be propagated by
megns of the magneCn~pher~.
Spe~king in favor of m~gnetoepheric propgggeion are the wid~ ~ngles of arrival
of thpee signalg in th~ verticgl plane (~bout SO and 60�). Ag d~monetrgt~d in
~2], along extra~-long radio path~ direct signals and signgls re-emiteed from
the American and Australian aectora arrive at angleg in the vprtical pla~te
with a meximum at 10 to 12�.
Magnetospheric eignale were abeerved with heighten~d magnetic gctivity (K ti 4),
whil~ in all ad~arent geseiona K ti 2, i.e.~ lying on the ascending cur~e
obtained in the Gor'kiy exp~rimen~ ~fig 3). We tried to explain thie pattern
for Gor'kiy by the contraction and stretching of lines of force in different
phasea oE distur~anc~. But for Gor'kiy ma$netoepheric signalg Were obeerved
on different days with diEferent magnetic activity. In Khar'knv two magneto-
epheric aignnls were observed practically aimultaneously. Thie hae compell~d
u~ to euggest thae they werp propagated through different magnetoepheric
- channels, or that the signal aas eplit into two magnetoionic componentg in
the ionoephere end thet tiien each tomponent went its own Way.
In the case which we have diacus9ed, elementat~y eatimatea give, for t ti 32 ma
(t ti 33 ms), a path traveled by the signal equaling S ti 2�10`' km , an~ for
T Q~43 tos , S ti 2.3�10'' km , and the eetim~ted distance for Khar'kov ig
S ti 2.16�10'' km ; i.e., the impreasion is created that one signal has settle d
on a eomewhat etnaller L-ehell and the other on a some~hat larger. BuC theae
estimatea were made without teking into account refraction and lag in the iono-
sphere.
Let u$ note that in an e~cperiment from October 1973 through April Z974 at
IZMIRAN (Institute o~ Terrestrial Megnetiam, Zonosphere and ltadioWave Propaga-
tion) meaauYementg wexe made o~ the angles o~ arrival o~ signals in the hori-
zontal and vertical plenes, by means o~ a radio direction ~inder. In this ex-
periment a magnetoepheric s~.gnal. Was not recorded even once. 1'here can be
three reaeon~s ~or this: 1) The study with [he direction ~inder Wae conducted
during a period of minimum 9olar activity, When observat~or.a o~ a magnetospheric
signal aere di~~icult; 2) the magneto~pheric signal could not be oba~rved
because oP a high level o~ industrial and radio noise; 3) it is not knoWn
ahether a direction finder generally can measure such Wide ani;les (SO to 70�)
in the vertical plane With a la+ signal level. _
26
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~'o~ o~~tc~~, us~ orn.~r ~
!
.
Th~ enCi,re cqtqb~naC~,4n o~ ~~cC~ C~~ed ~bnv~ C~~C~,~~,e~ Co Che ex~,ee~nce o~
magnetospheri,c p~r~pag~tl,on o~ ~W ~~g~~i,~ ~long ~n ~~~rth-~~rch paeh.
Cpnci~ely formulnked beloa are the m~in reeuLtg obtained ~rom obgerv~tiong
of a magn~eo~ph~ric gi,gn~t~
~ 1. A megneCoaph~ri.c etgnai hae t~eeri obsexved in ehe morning att~ ~v~ning
hdur~ of a 24-hour peri,nd. Tht~ ~e epparentiy relgCed tn the p~riod~ of
occurrence of ch~ trgtte#er of pho~oel~~trong frdm nn~ h~m~gph~re to the ~th~r.
2. There ie g d~finit~ relatinnghip between the d~lay time (C~) of ~
m~gt~etogph~ric ~igngl gnd th~ K ind~x. It dimini~h~~ td K ti 3, gnd then
b~gin~ Co incregs~. Th~ee vgri~tiun~ in ~ have found gnpexplangCion in
th~ ~ontr~ation ~nd ~eretching of lin~g df ~or~e in diff~rent ph~ee~ of
g~omagnetic dieturb~ncee. -
3. In the period of maximum ~o1gr gctivity mggnetngpheric s3,gngle gre dbg~rved
nwre frequeriCly and aC higher ~ffective frequencieg than in ehe period of
- minimum activiry~ which i~ appgrently gseociated With ehe reduceion in electron
concentration in the plg~mogpher~ during thp period af low eolnr ~ctivity.
.
4. A magn~togpheric eignal is uaually obeerved with double magnetoioni~
gplitting. In measuremenCs wiCh ~ r~dtn telescope, in two in~tanc~g two
aignals were obsexved eimultaaenusly: One arrived at an ~ng1e of 46 to 50� ~
and the other of 54 to 60�. Tu explain this fact it muet be assumed ChaC
th~ aignal is ~plit ittto two mggnetoionic component,~ in the ionogphere and
th~n eacfi component is propagated along its o~m path nn ~ccount of ricocheting
_ along vall~ with ~ heYghCened electron concentration.
The authdr Wiehes to expre~g hia profound grgtitude to the leaders and crevg
of veasels of the USSR Academq of 5ciences $pace Research Service, to the
leaderahip of the Ukrainian S3R Academy of Sciences IRE for the opportunity
to make observations with the UTR-2 radio teleacope, to associates at the -
laboratory of ionosphere phyaics and medeling for aasiatance in thia paper,
to Ye.A. Benediktov, N.A. Mitqakov, O.A. Molchanov and V.O. Rapoport for
their uaeful diecussiona, and also to V.~. Brqantaev for offering the data
obtc?ined by him during the 1974-1975 cruise.
Bibliography
1. Perekhvatov, Yu.K. Zn "Rasproetraneniye dekametrovykh voln" (V1.P Wave -
PropagationJ, No 1, MoacoW, Nauka~ 19~5, p 46.
2. Belf,kovich, y.y., Ben'kova~ N.P.~ Bty~nteev, V.F., Bukin. G�V.~ Matyugin,
S.N., Pxot~shchik~ A.A. +~nd Cherepovitskiy, V.A. GEOMAGNETxZM x AB~DNOMIYA.
1976~ 16, 841.
3. Loftus, B.T.~ Venzandt~ T.E. and Calvert, H. ANN. GEOPHXS., 1966, 22, 530.
27
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4. ~enedi.ktdv, Xe..p., ~uki,n, a~Y., Kuehnexevak~.y, Xu.V~ ~ ktaxyug~,n, S.N.,
Moxerov, N.~~? ~~x~khvgCnv, xu,.K~ ~?nd ~li~el', M~p~ KOSM~C~~K~
x5S1.KU0VANxX~? ~97~, ~0,, 302.
S. B~nedi.kCOV, Xe.A�, ~en'kov~, N.~~, Bukin, a.V~, 4ecn~ne~ev, G.a~,
~eli.mova, x.V., Komrakov, (i.~.~ Mnlyehev, S.K., Mitqakov, N.A., Perekhvatov,
- Yu.K.~ 3kr~bkova~ L.A. and 5hiikov~ N.Y. ~~IA~N~~Y~M T A~itrONOMiYA,
1971, 11, 252.
6. Benediktov, Ye.A., ~n'knva, N.P., Ber~x~,n, Yu.M., ~uk~,n, G.V., Y~~hov,
A.N.~ Kolokolov, L.Y~., Korobkov~ Yu.S., Malyehev, S.K., Msequ~in, 3.N.,
Mityakov, N~A., P~rekhvaCov, Yu.K. ~nd S~xonov, Yu.A. In "Voproeq r~e-
progtrgneniya korotkikh r~diovoln" (Qu~~tiung R~~.gting to Short Radirn+ave
Prop~gatianJ, Part I, I~M'l1tAN, Moaco~t, 1973, 3.
gen~diktov, Y~.A.~ ~en'kov~, N.P., Bukin, G.V. end t~iatyugin, S.N. ~n
"Vopro~y regpro~tr.an~niyg kororkik~ radiovole," ~art I, IZMIItAN, Mogcow,
1973, 27.
8. ~nedikCOV~ Xe.A., Hen'kov~, N.A.~ Berezin, Yu.M., 8ukin, G.V., Matyugin,
5.N., Mityekov, N.A. and Perekhvatov~ Yu.K. In "Voproey raeproetraneniya
knrotkikh radiovoln," Part II, IZMIRAN, Mogcoa, 19~4, 3.
9. Benediktov~ Ye.A., Be~t'kova, N.P., Bukin, G.V., Matyugin, 5.N., Mityakov,
N.A. and Perekhvatov, Yu.K. In "Voprogy raeproetreneniya korotkikh radio-
vo1n," part II, IZMIRAN, Moscow, 1974, 17.
10. Bukin, G.V. and Molchanov, O.A. GEOMAGNETIZM I AERONOMIYA~ 1976, 16, 287.
11. Bukin, G.V., Yevzovich, N.P., Kgtsene~'~on, I.B., Sukhorukova, B.V.,
Yelizarev, Yu.N. and Shakhtin, Kh.Z. GEOMACNETIZM I AERONOMIYA, 1968,
8, 940.
12. Bukin, G.V., Kozorovitakiy, L.L., Kolokolov, L.Ye. and Sobolenko, D.N.
KOSMICHE5KIY~ ISSt.~DOVANIYA, 1971, 9, 789.
13. Bukin, C.V. and Perekhvatov. Yu.K. CEOMAGNETIZM I AERONOMIYA, 1972, 12,
421.
14. Akaeofu~ S.Z. and Chepmen~ S. "Solnechno-zemnaya fizika" (Solar-
Terreatrial Phqeics~, Part 2, MoscoW, Mir, 1975.
COPYRIGNT: Zzdatel'stvo Nauka, GFOMAGNETZZM x AERONOMIYA, 1978
8831
CSO: 8144/0660
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~o~ o~xict~t us~ ortt,~
a~~~x~ts~C~, Asx~ONOMX ~n s~nc~
tTDC 55b.388.2
InN03pH~1t~C G~NL]tAT~ON 0~ ~tTItEMELY L~W ~QU~NCY kAUTAT20N
Mo~~oW (3~OMAGN~T~~M x A~1tONOMIYA in Ru~eign V~1 1~ Nu 3, 1978 pp 4~6-472
mac~ug~ripe rec~ived ~7 Jun ~7
(Articl~ by M.9. Kovner, V.A. KuzneCgov gnd Y~.I. Likhter, Gor'kiy 5rgt~
Univer~iey, Moecow 3tate Univ~rsity, Institut~ of Nucle~r phy~ics, gnd US5It
- Acad~my of S~ienCea Ingtitute of Terreetrigl Mggn~tiem, th~ Ionoaphere and
Radicntav~ Prdpegation]
(TextJ An ~nalyeie ig m~de of the resulte of investigation~ di th~ gpatial
distribution of ~Lp radiation at ionospheric altitud~s. On th~ bnei~ df
Chie a hypotheeig i~ gdvanred regarding the generation of a con~idereble part
of the ELF radiation obeerved ~t altitudee of 300 to 400 km and an aCtempt ig
- made to 9ubgtantiate thie hypothesis theoretieglly.
Introduction
In this p~per, beeed on an analysis df experimental data on th~ gpatial dis-
tribution of loW-frequency electromagnetic radiation in the ELF range, obtained
~rith the "Interkoemos-S" IS2 [artificial Earth satellite], the hypothesis is
advanced that a conaiderable portion of mid-latitude ELP radiation ie generated
at altitudes of 300 to 400 km. Meaeurements were made ~ith the "Interkoamos-S"
from December 1971 through April 1972 at altitude~ of 200 to 1240 km ~1]. -
It has b~en eatabliahed thgC the energy denaity of the rgdiation, W, ie -
higher during the daytime than at night; at a fixed L-gh~ll and altitude~ _
- during the deytime W et g frequency of f~ 0.5 kHz depends on rhe strength _
of che local magnetic field, B~ ; the intengity is markedly higher in areas
With loaer valupa of H~ ; the value o~ ~i is maxintial at altitude8 of h ti 300
to 400 km , and with an i~icrease in h to about 1000 km the radiation level
drops by approximately an order of coagtiitude. These parterna have not been
obaerved at ~ ti 2,5 kHz [2~.
According to current notione, loFr-~requency radia~ion (about 10 Hz to 100 kHz)
is generated at mid-latit~~dea in equatorial regions of the soagnetosphere.
But it is hard to exFlain on thie basis the experimental facts citeci above.
Actually, at h> 1500 km energetic particlee and the cold plasma are belanced
aith respect to daq and night. Consequently~ the conditions for the generacion _
29
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o# 1ow-~requ~ncy no~,~.e rgd#,at~an ~r~ i,denttcal day ~nd nighC~ x'hen~ it
wc>u].d ~een~ Che~ Che radiation lev~i, ~hou],d b~ ~h~ ~gme d~y~ ~nd night. IC
ie not poget~],e to undere~and ~he ~~~ect o~ the 24-hdur t,ntene~,ty cycae
ob~~rv~d by a diff~renc~ in the re~lecting ch~racterietiC~ qf ehe ionosphere
in ehe d~yC~,me and gt nfghC~ ~nd, be~ide~, abgoxpCion te leg~ ~.n th~ iono- _
aphere at nighc.
Th~ ~~Citude depend~nce ~an be c~used in prin~ipl~ by ~~~eur~~ o~ w~ve pro- ,
pagaeion ar alti~udpe o.~ from 800 to 1000 en 300 Cn 400 km. Since glong ehig
, path eh~ concenCration of enld pl~ema, N(c.�. tabi~ 1), incr~g~~~ by about
1.5 ord~rg o~ mngnitude, Che refr~ctive ~ndex, n, incrpase~, and the velocity
n~ a wave is reduced, on the aegumption of retention of the flux dengity, the
amplitude o~ the waae should be increased:
6~n"~~(N,la,')y~,
~~timate~ have ehown thgt here W(~b2) ehould be in~cregsed approximaCely
four~old. Thig effect is the agme both for f~ 0.5 kHz and for f~ 2.5 kHx.
But at a frequency of f~ 2.5 kHz the eltitude dependence hgs not been ob- _
eerved, and at f~ 0.5 kHz Che level of W on thia path Chang~~ '10-fold.
Pinally, at high altitudes L~arth's magnetic anomalies are not manifested and
the relationehip between th~ radiatior.? 1ev~1 and B doee not fit the hypo-
the~ie on the generation of radiation near Che equa$orial region.
rable 1.
n, ~ I zoo I aoo ioo soo ~ ono I~oo eoo 000
N~,~fO'~~ 1) Jtegb 8~10 930 200 56 f7 6 2,4 f~f
!al'~ 2\ ROqb ~SU~ 5~ ~8 1~ .~w ~ ~r~
N�t0's, ' nogb S �f8 15 9 4 2 1 0,7
- ex-~ NOq6 0,03 f 3 2 f,3 0,8 0,3 0,3
No�~i0"s~ .Zeub d,5 15,8 .f4,3 8,1 3,4 f,5 0,8 0,29
ex~~ trovb 0,027 0,99 2,9 f,8 l,t 0,6 0,3 0,f2
Nu���f0-', ;teab - ~ 7,5 14 8 8 8 6,3
ex-~ U096 - - f,5 3 3,6 3,8 3 2,7
NN��f0"~? nenti 2,3 t6 30 b4 3? 20 f2 7
e~-~ LOqb U,Ot;, f 8 f2 10 8 6 3
N~�f0-~~ ~enb - - 15 2~ r~ 23 ~1 28
c.r-~ tioa~, - - 3 G 8 9 10 f2
. v� crK"~ ~tettb 1300 3000 1400 i'o0 400 220 !~0 80
3~ noai 300 :t00 S00 300 160 100 eA 40
Key:
1. Aay 3, ve, s~~
2. Night
�
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XC i,~ pa~~~,b~,~ xc, ~xp~,~in ~~~~,a~~cCnxi~,y Ch~ p~x~~rtte, go~tetl abnve i~ ~.t
i,~ ~eeuntad Ch~t ~he ~I~~ r~di.~t~,on obe~rved to genprgted by~ ~n~rgexic partic~.~~
o~ radiatf,on zotte~ at axtitudeg a~ the maxi~q~~m n~ eh~ ~z ],gyer (300 to 400 km) .
We know th~t wnve genera~t.on i~ r~~,a~~d to anieoxropy o4 ~ne ~unction ~or die-
txi,bUti,on of pnx~icl,ee by pitch an~].ee ~ Th~ d~,e~~~buCi.on ~unc~i,an i,g mose
anieorropic at low alti,tadea, At ale~,tudpe o~ h ti 300 Co k00 km , wher~ the
highest level o~ ~I,~ xadi,~tion ie ob~~xved, the cancentxa~inn o~ coid p.lagm~,
N, ie 1.5 to eao order~ at magnit~de highe~c in th@ daytime Chan at night.
A~Ithough tt~e degree o~ an38otropy o~ the func~ion ~or distri.buCion uf ~nergetic
parCiclee by pitch engiee doee not vary Prom day to n~.ghe, the condi,tions for
gen~ra~ion will be di~~eren~: Tn ~he dayeime ehe re.~raceive 3,ndex ie higher
(n~N 1 Z)~ ~nd, conaequ~nCly, Che phase velociCies of waves will b~ low~r, and
for a great�r~umber of parCic~~s ehe kinematic conditions wi11 be fu1f31L~d for
Cherenkov and cyclotron radiatton. Tn addition, the radi~Cidn in~engiey of `
egch particle is proportiot~al to n(3~; con~~quently, the radl.ation 1eve1
muet be higher in the daytime than a~ nighC.
I� r~diaCion ia generated by energetic particles ~t low gltitudes, thett the
influence of the magnetic field on the radiation level shnuld be gppgrent; ~
in areae with a reduced mngnecic field (mg~netic anomalies) a greater number
of perticlee dee~end to low altitud~s.
Ynitial Lquatione
AC altitudes of 200 to 1000 km, in the ionospheric plasma, in addition Co
el~ctrons there ig a high concentration of hydrogen ~ttd axygen tona. Here
the number of colliaions is high, and therefore it is not clear apriori whether
the generation of low-frequency radiation ia possible. For this purpose,
quantitative eetimntea w~re made of the influence of collieiona on the pro-
pagation and generation of low-frequency noise radiation aC these altitudes.
The starting equations for the study were equations of electrodynamica with
a self-conaistent field:
,
rotB~4~~e, f ~,,Fn(vQ)dv,+ ~-aE , divBaO,
~ c dt
a~t
~ '
rotE 1 aB , divE~4rc~ eQ j Fa(v,)dv,
c ~?t
(1)
end kinetic equat~Qns ~or partic~es of the type a~ 1.,2,3 (protons and
electrons o~ ionoaphexic plaema and energetic particlea of radiation zones): -
31
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8F'a -h vQ 8F'� ea 1~,,, 1~va~J i BFa ~ r 8Fo ~
Jl 8r, mn l c ~ Jva ~ 8t ~ ~Z~
[Subscript "soud" m "colliaion.") Tn (1) and (2), (x,v,C) , e , m ~ and
v are th~ dietizibution ~uncti,on~ char~~, mas~ and velocity o~ p~~eicleg of
t~ie a type~ and E nnd B are de1.4-c,or.sisC~nr electric and magnetic
f ields ~ _
In a linear approxim~ti.on, making, ag in ~4j, simple but cumbereome compueaeione,
we get a diap~reion equation for waves~ a+exp i(wt-kr) , propngated along
externel field B~ :
~ wo.' (c~i*~ (m,lm,) v.,) +~or= ~w,3- (m,lmv) vs.)
(n-tx) �R i-i -I~ 0
a ~ ~~~3~Di~v~v~~ '
(3)
where
nc~,~' " r kv~ ~F. kvp 8F,
~ ~ J du+~ dvD~ 1 ~ \ f - ) + ~ (kv,-cuft~~)-',
c~1V. c~ ~)u w av,
~ .
(4)
n= ck~w and K are the refractive and abaorption indices,
(d~=�E(J'~'1~p~lilef� fil~ '~1W'~'1~~~lWit~
wB and w$~ are the gyrofrequenciea of a proton and electron; v and ve
ar~ the effective numbers of collisiona of protons and electrons w~th all
particles, including ions (i) , and w and w0e are the I~angmuir frequencies. -
Carried out in A(4) i~ the contribut~gn of energetic particlea of radiation _
aonea to the diaperaion equation (subscripC s), where N is their concen-
tration. The upper aymbol in (3) refers to a left-polariz~d t~ave, L, and the
- lower to a right-polarized, R.
As we know, in an electron-proton plasma, in the ~requency range o,~ w< wBe
~w0e ~ W c&n be propagated only a right~golarized wave (nZ > 0), the
so-calle~ahfstler tpode [SJ. A~ the ionospherfc altitudea wh.~ch we have studied
the concentxatS,on o~ cold p~,asma protona, N, ia much loWer than N; there-
fore~ as lollows from (3). a lelt-polartzed ~iave can exist only in a narrow
frequency range o~ wBp(1-Np/Ne) ti w ti wBp ,~nd we Will not consider it
further.
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l?or ~ x~,ght~po].q~;ix~d w~ve, nquat~ng Che diR~'erenC rerm~ itt (3), nnd Ueilizing
~hs ay~xagad model o~ ehu 3onnephexe in C6~ (table 1)~ we ~indt
>YC~-I~r~~2C)' r~
,
(11)
where
A=f--;N~ --CN ~(i-`r; /sM')~ B,a`2(r�,:r,'~s,�:1 ~1V~ ,
C�Z~~�~r~*trl~=~a`r�'~~-CNi ~1~'y~r� "r.') , k�~i-~N~.
Here it ia aeaumed that re > r~ and from the condition rotr ~radiua of
reflection) > r0 , i.e.,
~
- --d-YB'-4AC
rotv � 2/~ ~ r~?
(12)
ie gotten the condition for the maximum possible width of the duct with
specific N~/Nf , r~ and Nf :
=~sn?. T~/[i-C(Ni +N: ) l.
(13)
The combined lag time for the aignal in a single step equals
(!4
t" 3~i0' ~ kn ,i - A 1 2A ln( (8'-4AC)/(2~1'A+2.t r.+8')
(14)
It is obvioue ~~com (13) that vi,th N'/Ng' 1 to 10 pezcent , r~ ~ 3 to 6�103
km t and N' ~ 1.03 to 6~103 c~t"3 th~ sa~cimtmt Width o~ the duct, zm , can -
vary from e~~out 1 laa to about ~00 m. ~urthernwre, r c(i~fers very slightly
fron~ r. Por example, wf.th Nt' ~ 6�103 cm'3 and ~~/Ne ~ 0.06 , if
r~ ~ 3�403 km and P~ 7 24iz , tRen zm 1.8 km, zm ~ 0.6 lcn and
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x~ 2g99,7 lca~ ~~e gex 0~ ~ 0,04G5 x~d and t ~ 5.574~7,0~4 a~ 'X''he ~
t~t~], , nuntbex o~ ~teps. n~~qua~,s 96 and xhe zoC~~ t~,~qe, t ,~quA7.e
x~ ~,r ie As~umad ChAt r~ 6~7.03 ~ P M 7~~n~ then z ~
_ �~~~6tikm4,moxm ~ 0~6 kn~ ~nd r4 ~ S999Q7 kfi ~ we get 0~ ~ 0.01~96 xad r'~nn~x
C r 0~00587 s. xn ~his case~Che ~o~a~. numbex ox steps equals n� 218
a~~d t � 127 me .'Por a l~,ne o,t lorce 7.eav~ng Che sur~ace o~ Earl:h at
g magn~~~c 1~~~,tude o~ 50�, r~ variea over ~ha range of (3 Co 6)�103 km.
Thus, with the parameters aelected abov~ the ~ota1 combi,ned lag time, tpoln '
lies between 54 and 127 ma.
A more detailed analy~is has ehown that iP i~ ia assumed that N' ~ 6�103 cm 3,
N~/Nf ~ 0.06 ~ then with a variation in frequency over the range~of 5< f<
< 9 MK~ ~nd in z o~ ~rom 0.5 to 1.1 km , with r m 3~103 lan and 2999.6 <
< r < 2999.9 km�~, t lies within the range o$ 30 ~ t o~n < 80 ms .
~ If r0 ~ 6�103 km and pg~~9.6 < rs < 5999.8 km , then 60 1,700 A.
Th,~ thin organic film of the counter windows does provide for a complete
hecmetic seal, and for this reason, during an observation s~ession, the counters
are coupled by means of an electric pneumatic valve to a tank with a capacity -
of 3.6 liters, which contains a gas mixture. Between sessions, the counters -
are disconnected from the tank and a significant fraction of the gas flows
*
The authors are grateful to V.A. Nazarov for his active participation in
the development of the technology to obtain Chin polypropylene films and
to O.D. Lesnyye (the "Plastpolimer" Scientific Production Association,
Leningrad) for the samples of the original, high homogeneity nonoriented
f ilm. '
- 73 -
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ouC from ehe volume of Che
counCers (C 100 cm3). A
high volt~ge power supply
~ ' " regulaCor serves to asaure
constnncy of the cell am~
plification factor facCor
during the gradual reduc-
- tion of the gas pressure in
' , Che Cank.
,
� A description of the indi-
; a vidual components of the tele-
~cope is given in the next
section. Here we wi11 deal
; ";;y. only with the data which
characterize telescope sen-
� siCiviCy (see Section 2) .
~
,
The effecti~e reflector area
for a= 44 A, taking inCo
accounC the reflection fac-
tor from the Ni coating, is -
- ~ ~ SX = 100 cm2. The counter ~
efficiency at this wavelength
; ` i~ np = 0.3. Thus, the tele- _
scope efficiency is ~pSx =
= 3U cm2/photon in a range
of ~E = 0.07 Kev.
The minimum detectable flux
i
i' . ' depends on the count level
i for the cosmic ray background, -
' _ CN, the X-ray background CX
and on the observation time.
The use of the reflector
Figure 1. General view of the block permits a reduction in the
of telescope sensors. size of the detector, and
consequently, in the quantity
� CN. ??:,wever, in our first _
experiment, this circumstance was not fully utilized: because of th~ possible
erro=~ ii-~ guiding the telescope axis on an ob~ect being studied, the size of -
the detector should be rather large. The diametE;r of the entrance window of
the counter was chosen at 3 cm (a field of view~~f +1.8�. At the present
rime, the data on the intensity and energy dist~�ibution of the cosmic ray
background in the 0.1 0.6 Kev ran~e aE interest to us is inadequate.
- Apparently, for a counter with a 3 cm witado'w, one can hope to obtain a value -
of CN < 1 pulse /sec (see Section 2, paragraph "b"). Assuming an observation
time of S00 seconds, we obtain a v~lue (at the 3Q level) of Fmin ~0.28--0.20
Kev) = 6� 10-2 photons/cm2 � sec, something which agrees with a flux density
74
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of F~i (0.28 Kev) ~ 0.1 phoCons/cm2 ~ sec � Kev. The anCicipaCed count rate
�rom C~ie diffnse X-ray background in rhe galactic plane is equal to Cd r 1 -
pulse/aec. _
~c mo~?arad PhoCo guide
- ~ 6is~i,v naan~ni~r~
svimvrrad
~2~ -
IbJ0Y0p CIMyY,I LrIN/(4,I `
CYI/AYt/~fQ QNqlYC/A/IO~LNtlf! ~ ~ /
Qaa~parNa ~6~ i 6~e~r
. . . . . . 1 Pawa,
a kmi~e- _
Ar(d0'~QO~ i ,vrm~s;
' (4 ~
~~~,~ri~i
c~o~ r~
v~oPii i 9~ ~
~ ~ ~ 8~ i ood(
n~inad.rsi~ -
rcmor,ra~ !'e�
riw~~nNr
A PhOto guide ~re~nvr,~ (10~
~imata!
_ Figure 2. Configuration of the X-ray telescope
Key: l. Make-up tank for the counters;
2. Working section of the counter;
3. Anticoincidence section;
4. Electronics module;
5. To telemetry;
6. Diaphragm stop;
7. Parabolic reflector;
8. Filter blind;
9. Fe55 radioactive source;
10. Reference counter.
2. The Main Components of the Telescope
a) The Reflector -
The reflecCor of the telescope takes the form of a truncated paraboloid.
The paraboloid does not meet the Abbe sine condition, i.e., produces a con-
siderable coma for rays outside the axis and does not permit obtaining an
image of an object. As is well known, coma can be eliminated by using double
reflection, for example, a paraboloid and hyperboloid in combination. How- ,
ever, in our case, with a relatively large counter window size (3 cm), there
was no need for this. Besides, the use of two surfaces markedly decreases
the effective area.
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' FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The reflector has an opening area of 19.7 cm and the distance from the focal
- point to Che entrance aperCure 3.s 62.4 cm. The ahape of the reflecting sur- -
face is described by the equation
' 1.52z = x2 + y2, z= 18.6 62.8
, (dimensions in cm). The grazing angle for axial beams varies from 8.2 to
4.5�. -
The experimental data of [6, 7] on Che reflection factors for various mater- -
_ ials show that the optimum coaCing for the specCral range a> 44~i is nickle.
The effective area SX which was calculated on a computer for different di-
ameters with a fixed focal distance shows that when a= 44 ~i, the diameter
chosen yields SX m 144 cm2 [8]. This is only 20% less than the area for
the case of the optimal diameter. When a= 77 SX = 181 c~n2. For com-
parison, we shall indicate that the total collecting area (for ~ reflection -
factor o~ unity) is Sp = 211 cm2.
The reflecting surface of the reflector was fabricated by means of taking
_ replicas* from a polished, specified paraboloidal shape which was polished
_ by a standard method. The replica was obtained by electrolytic deposition
of an Ni layer = 0.1 mm thick, on which copper was then built up to the re-
quisite thickness 1.5 mm). Such reflectors are considerably easier than
- glass ones. It is not difficult Co fabricate several copies from one matrix.
The reflectiun factor from the surface element of a replica was measured
- using an X-ray monochromator. The resulting curve obtained for the reflec- _
tion factor as a function of the grazing angle at a= 44.4 A is shown in
Figure 3, along wj.th the refl.ection factor for optically polished samples =
[6]. The somewhat lower value ot the reflection factor in our case is ap- -
parently explained by the insuff icient purity of the polishing of the matrix.
Since the diameter of the entrance window of the counter is comparatively
large, no severe requirements were placed on the quality of the shape of the
surface generatrix of the reflector. The distribution of the intensity in -
the focal plane of the paraboloid for a parallel axial beam, measured in the -
visible region of the spectrum, is shown in Figure 4. The diameter of a
scattering spot is 3 mm. Its stands to reason that a scattering spot in
- the X-ray region can be greater due to the increase in the requirements placed _
on the quality of ~urface polishing.
The field of view oF the telescope ~,aas also studied in the visible range.
The resulting curve for the flux assa function af the angle the main beam
* The technology for obtaining the replicas was worked out by E.V.
Tver'yanovich (VNIIT, Moscow).
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makee with Che opeic~l nxig of the refleceor is shown in Fi~ure 5. The ~
ctngle between n par~tllel benm and Che optical axis of the Celescope ia ploe-
ted along Che abscissn. Aa can be seen from Che �i~ure, the field of view
- is + 1.8�. IC should be iioCed ChaC a scaCtering spoC from A point ob~ecC _
is naymmetricttl, where Che illumination m~ximum is displ~ced tow~rdn the
axis. This leads Co a marked incr~gge in Che field nf view as compared Co
the field of view defined by Che geometric center of the spot. The laCCer
_ definiCion was uaed in Che c~lculations of [8], which yield a field o� view
of + 1.3� in our case. The calculaCion of Che aberxations, which was per-
~ formed o~,a,computer, confirmed the exper:imental result given above [8].
~ relative uniCs
am~t t~
~ 0, B ' ~
oj
0, 6
0, 4 2 ~
Q2 ~ I
0 ~
2 t~ 6 G a, road degrees ~ ~
_ v r6 J6 6vd~~Mr
Figure 3. The reflection factor at Figure 4. The light flux as a function
- 44.4 of Che square of the diameCer
Key: 1. Nickel replica; of the detector entrance _
- 2. Optically polished window.
sample j6].
~
- i,p b) The Phoron Counter
G B� A SRPP-36 proportional counter was
_ 0,6 used in the telescope. The counter
has the shape of a short cylinder,
' split inCo two parallel sections,
- ~ 1 i where Che anode filaments are located
deg~ees I along the diameter of each section
0 ~ ~ 1~,~~, (Figure 6) .
Figure 5. The light flux as a func-
tion of the beam angle The sections of the counter are sep-
" with respect to the op- arated by beryllium foil 0.1 mm thick.
tical axis of the re- The upper section is used to record
flector. soft X-ray radiation. The lower sec-
tion is connected in the instrument
in an antic~incidence circuit config-
- � uration with the upper one and serves
for reducing the count rate from the
cosmic background. -
77
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Figure 6. The 512PT-36 proportional
B ~,~0 ~ y X-ray counter.
; Z Key: 1. Housing (AMPa alloy): `
~ 2. Window grating (U8 sCeel);
7'.. ~ q 3. Base (AMTa alloy) ;
6 � 4. Diaphragm (beryllium,
6 0.1 nun) ;
4 ~ 5. Anode "filaments";
6. Ceramic insulators;
~ 7. G ued connection;
~ ~ 8. Rubber aeal;
6 _
~ S 9. Window (polypropylene,
2 um)~
- CBap~u aproN~o-dyroBaA 10. Tnlet and outlet con-
_ 11. i i ~p nection;
O O 11. Argon arc welding.
I Tne upper secCion has Che entrance win-
0 0 daw, which is covered by a polypropy-
lene film 2 um thick, supported from
the outside by a steel grating. The -
diameter of Che window is 3 cm. The
' i~- - counter is f illed with a gaseous mix-
- ture of 90X Ar plus lOX CH4 up to a _
pressure of 1--2 atm.
0 0
i The gas leaks out through microleaks
when the fine organic film is employed.
O ~ O An operational mode using individual
_ sessions witin intervals of 24 hours and
i i~~ more between them is planned for our
. telescope. During the time between
sessions, the gas practically completely
leaves the volume of the counter. For
tnis reason, the counter is cut off between sessions~from the tank with'the~
gas mixture and is connected to it only during the time of the session. The
gas filling system unit is shown in Figure 7. By means of carefully select-
in~; film samples, success has been achieved in assuring a leakage of no more
than 10-2 cm3/min with a pressure gradientof 1 atm. In this case, gas loss
during the time of a session amounts to only a small fraction of the counter
- volume.
The entrance window film isolates a spectral range of 0.28--0.20 Kev (44--
60 To reduce sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, the interior surface
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of Che counCer is coaCed with ~ graphiCe l~yer, while n layer of carbon ae
40 ug/cmz is deposited on the exterior surf~nce of ehe enCrance wittdow film.
A thin layer oF aluminum is deposited on Che interior surface Co assure con-
ductivity. The Crunspnrency of Chis film to radiation in Che 1,800 ~ region
does noe exceed 10'~.
The cell ~mplificaCion factor amounts
y � tn abnut 104. The counter operaCes
- s 6 in a proportional mode wiCh pulse re- _
~ cording in an energy range of 0.6--
1 0.1 Kev. -
s ~
The distribution of the amplitudes for
the cnse of mottochromntic irradiaCion
- with an Fe55 (2.a9 source is shown
in Figure 8. The disCribution half-
Fig~ire 7~ The gAS filling system. Width is 25%.
Key: 1. Tank with a quench- The proportionality of the mean ampli-
ing mixCure of 90% tiude of a pulse o� photon energy was
Ar plus 10% CH4; checked in a range of 0.36--6 Kev. The
2. Fi1Cer; presence of roportionality permits the
3. Pulsed electrically use of a FeS~ radiation source for de-
operated valve, bugging and testing the insCrument; where
~ahich automatically iC is possible to work with this source
opens when the power at normal atmospheric pressure, in con-
supply of the in- trast to the working spectral range of
strument is turned about 44
~n' The design value of counter efficien~:y
4. RubbeY coupling
sleeves� np is def ined by the transmittance rp
5. Working~counter; of the window ahead of the K absorp-
6. Reference counter; tion edge (Ep = 0.28 Kev) and the effec-
7. Drain valve; tive energy range:
8. Filling valve. ~E = Eu ~ 1-(1 ll~o)-~~'~~
, where Tp is the optical tliickness of the film. It is assumed that T(E) _
= T~ (Ep/E)3. The quantity r~~ = Ke'T0, where K= 0.5--0.7 is the transparency _
of Che grati:~g. For a 2 lim polypropylene fj.~~~~ or space + 40 ug/cm2 C, the
design values are: i~ = 0.7; n0 = 0.30; and dE = 0.07 Kev.
The value of ~p was measured by isolating a narrow range around 0.28 Kev from
the spectrum of the X-ray tube using a filter of thick lavsan [synthetic fiber
similar to dacronJ film. A Lukirskiy counter with a known absolute sensiti-
vity seved as the calibration standard [lOJ. The resultir.g value of r~~ was
- close to tt~e design figure. Thus, the overall efficiency of the telescope
is Syn~~E > 2 cm2 � Kev.
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N U, KV ~ ,
U, ,~0
Ft3t
~UO 1~ ~ .
2' 1 I
J(! s~~
1, D
- atm s,
- U /B
Sa i/ 0 n ~ I, I, 6 p, Qma
Figure 8. The amplitude diatribuCion Figure 9. The working voltage
_ o� the pulses f.or the case of the telescope
of irradiaCinn wiCh an counter as a function
Fe55 source. of the gaseous mixture
Plotted on Che abscissa: tk~e numbers presaure.
of the pulse analyzer channels (which -
are proportional to Che pulae ampli-
tude).
Shown in Figure 9 is the working voltage of the telescope counter as a func-
- tion of the gas pressure. The ~~oltage is automatically regulated means
of a"reference" counter of similar design, which is constantly irradiated
by a Fe55 source (see Section
c) The Electric.al Circuitry of the X-ray Telescope
The ma3or components of the telescope circuitry are:
1) A circuit for measurin~; the pulse count rate;
~ 2) A power s~ipply voltage regulator for the proportional co~inter;
3) A control circui.t for L�he filter drive and the blocking of the inputs of
thQ working and monitor channels;
4) A regulated power supply;
5) A control circuit for the pulsed pneumoelectric valve;
6) A pneumoelectric valve and filter position indicator, gas pressure sensor
and temperature sensor. -
' A block diagram of the telescope is shown in Figure 10.
The measurement circuitry contains the pulse amplifiers 18 and 25 for the
working section of the counter and pulse amplifier 17 for the monitor section,
pulse sampling assembly 24, count circuits 33 and 34, and the "adders" 32
and 35 - convertors for converting the state of the count elements analog
form.
.
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~
%r
~ t- --rJ6
J /J ?t ~
Q ~p 1 ~~i - Q
a
~O J !S 10 1J F N
b
4 ~
~ Jt s ~
,~J 2B JJ t ~
- t !7 ly � ~
~ Y9 34 $ ~ '
~ - ; /B 2l 1S JS ~ ~
c~ -
~~C~1 26 H -
Z JO I!
I! ~p ~
- J!
Figure 10. Block diagram o~ the telescope
KPy: 1. Telescope reflector; 18. Input stage of the X-ray section
~ 2. RotaCing f ilter; amplif ier;
3. Gas line; 19. Amplifier for the photoelectric
4. Radioactive source; sensor for the filter position;
5. Pneumoelectric valve; 20. Amplifier stage of the reference
6. Bias supply source; counter; ~
- 7. Reference counter; 21. Amplifier stage of the X-ray
8. X-ray secti~,n of the sectton;
working counter; 22. Pressure sensor;
9. Monitor section of 23. High voltage regulator;
the working counter; 24. Anticoincidence and discrimina-
10. Photoelectric sensor tion circuit;
for the position of 25. Pulse driver;
_ thQ filter; 26. Drain valve; -
11. Filter drive; 27. Temperature sensor;
12. Pneumoelectric valve 28 ,29. Blocking switchers;
control circuit; 30. Control unit for the filter
_ 13. Tank with the gas drive and blocking the inputs;
; mixture; , 31. ReguZated power supply converters;
14. Filler valve; 32. Adder;
15.. Input stage of the 33 ,34. Count gate;
reference counter 35. Adder;
amplifier; 36. Valve control commands.
16. Variable high voltage
r.onverter;
17. Input stage of the
monitor section am-
- plifier;
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If the amplitude of the pulaea exceeds the reference voleage, then the vol- ~
tage at Che oueput of the high-volCage power supply converter of the counter
- ie reduced. An RC filter with a Cime consCanC of C 30 seconds is inserted
in the power supply circuiC for the counCers.
Under laboratory condiCions, the voltage regulator permits m~intaining the
amplitude of the counter pu~~es wiChin l~.mits of + 10�G when the gas mixture
- presaure variea from 2.6 to 0.9 stm and when the temperature of the mass of
tha block of sensors variea witt;i~n limits o� +60� C. Interference from the
recording by Che reference channel of the background of primary cosmic rays -
reduces the upper limit oP permiss~ble presaures down to 1.6 atm.
- The control circuit for the filter drive and blocking the inputs of the
working and monitor channels, 30, generates the voltage necessary for power-
_ ing the solenoid, by means of which the �ilter is moved, and also generates _
signals �or blocking Che inputs of the counC gates (by means of diode switches
28 and 29) for the time needed to shift the filCer from one position to an-
other. Blocking the inputs prevents interference to the count gates during
filter changeover.
- The circuit consists of a generator of second pulses, count gates, which
determine the open and closed position times of the fil~er, and an amplifier
stage. The sequenti~l exposure time without the filter is =40 sec, and with
a quartz filter in front of the entrance window of the main counter, it is
= 10 sec.
~ Power supply regulator 31 contains an inpuC voLtage regulator, a push-pull _
converter and an output valtage regulator. The power supply is designed for
working ~aith an input voltage of 27 + 7 or - 4 volts and pr.o~vides for the
followin~ output voltage to power the telescope circuits: 6.3 volts + 5%
- and 1.2 volts + 5% to power the count circuits; 12 volts + 1% to power the
_ amplifier stages; and 13.5 volts +5% to power the high-voltage converter.
Moreover, the power supply provides for galvanic decoupling of the primary
power source from the electrical recording circuit.
The control circuit for pulsed pneumoelectric valve 12 is designed around
a one-shot multivibrator, which actiuates when tha power is turned on. It -
feeds a pulsed voltage with an amplitude of 27 + 7 or - 4 volts for 0.1 sec
to the winding of the electric valve (resistance of 30 ohms).
The filter position indicator consists of light so~.~rces - two miniature ~
incandescent bulbs, silicon photodiodes and amplifier stages. The output
signals of the unit yield information on the position of the filter. -
The free contacts of the valve are used to indicate the position of the
pneumoelectric valve.
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A pulse currenC nmplitier wiCh ~ gttin of K= 5� io4 is used to umplify the
pulses of the proporCional counter. The variarion in Che gain of ehe ampli- `
fiera wiCh a change in the Ambient temperature from -60 to +60� C does not
exceed +5%. The internnl Ampli�ier noise is 3� 10"~5 lc.
T~~e pulae sampling assembly conais~s of ttn ampliCude gaCe and an gnticoin-
cidence circuit. The pulse sampling provides for the recording by Che count
circuit o� the working channel of the pulses from the working secrion of ehe
' counCer, which correspond to the photons in specGral range of 0.1--0.6 Kev,
and do not coincide in time w~?th the pulses of Che moniCor secCion of Che
counter~
Amplitude gating of the pulses is accomplished by means of a circuit designed
around tunnel diode~. The anticoincidence ctrcutt i~ designed around slaved
blocktng oscillators.
Sensitivity changeover swiCch 21 is inserted in the amplifier channel of the -
_ working section of the counter, where this sw3Cch perniCs reducing rhe gain
by 50 Cimes. This switch is used in the laboraCory alignment of the recording -
channel. In the low sensiCiviCy mode~ the pulses from the Fess source
(E = 5.94 Kev) appear at the lower boundary of the recordable amplitudes of
the w~rking channel. -
� The count circuits for the working and monitor channels conCain four binary
flip-flops each acfr: operate tn a continuous mode. The state of the count
elements is converted to analog form by means oF summing the currents of
each flip-flop, taking into account its weighting factor in the tot:al infor-
mation. A voltage proportional to the total current of the flip-flop is _
_ ~ed to the input of the telemetry system. This voltage changes ~n steps
following the arrival oE a sequential pulse to the input of the count circuit.
- With a fast ~nCerrogation tPlemetry system, this type of conversion makes it
possible to register the arrival of each pulse from the counter. -
The power supply voltage regulato:~ for the proportional counter: during the
time the equipment is in operation, the gas mixture in the tank is gradual~y
expended, and the pressure falls off, something which necessitates a corres-
= ponding change in the power supply voltage to the counter. A regulator is -
used for this purpose, which includes a reference sour~:e 4, the isotope
Fe55, proportional counter 7, pulse amplifier 15, high-voltage regulator
23, high voltage converter 16 ~tnd bias voltage converter 6. The voltage
controller operates on a tracking system principle, which ~~aintains the con-
stancy of the pulse amplitude of the counter irradiated by the reference
source. .
The primary and reference counters ha:*e a common gas feed from the tank, i.e.,
they c~perate at the same pressure. The refe.cence counte~ is constantly ir�-
- radiated by the radioactive source. The amplified pulses of the reference
- counter (a count rate of = 103 pulses/sec) are fed to the input of the high-
voltage regulator, where their amplitude is compar.zd to the ?-eference voltage.
a3
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~ In c~nclusion, the authora consider iC eheir pleasant duCy to express their
gratitude to V.T. Shurygin, V.A. Slemzin, V.T. Svirin, V.A. Drozdovskiy,
A.I. Parahin and V.A. Nazarov for asaisting in the fabrication of the in-
atrument.
~ BIBLI~DGRAPHY
- 1. R. Giacconi, E. Kellogg, P. Gorenatein, H. Guraky, H. Tananbaum. ASTRO-
_ PHYS. LETTERS, 165, 27 (1971).
2. P. Gorenstein, B. Harris, H. G~rsky, R. Giacconi, R. Novick, P. Vanden BuuC.
SCIENCE, 172, 369 (1971).
~ -
3. D.J. YenCis, R. Novick, P. Vanden Bout. ASTROPHXS. J., 1;? part I, 365
(1972). _
4. D.J. Yentis, J.R.P. Angel, D. Mitchell, R. Novick, P. Vanden Bout. New
= Techniques in Space Astronomy (TAU SYMPOS. 41), 1971, p. 145.
5. P. Gorenstein, A. De Caprio, R. Chase, B. Harris, REV. SCI. INSTR., 44, -
539 (1973). ' _
i
6. A.P. Lukirskiy, Ye.P. Savinov, O.A. Yershov, Yu.F. Shepelev, OP'i?KA I ~
_ SPEKTROSKOPIYA, 16, 310 (1964).
1. O.A. Yershov, I.A. BryCov, A.P. Lukirski3~, OPTIKA I SPF,KTROSKOPIYA, 22,
~2.7 (1967 j . . -
8. I.L. Beygman, L.A. Vaynshteyn, Yu.P. Voynov, V.P. Shevel'ko, TRUDY FIAN,
[PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS OF THE USSR ACADEMX OF SCIENCES], -
77, 14 (1974). _
9. R. Ciacconi, W.P. Reidy, G.S. Vaiana, L.P. Vanspeybroeck, T.F. Zehnpfennig,
' SPACE SCI. REVS., 9, 3(1969).
10. A.P. Lukirskiy, I.A. Brytov, O.A. Yershov., IZV.AN SSSR ~rROCEEDINGS OF
THE USSR ACADII`iY OF SCIENCES], PHYSICS SE1.tTES, 27, 446, (1963).
Copyright: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," 1974 [
~
8225
_ CS0:1870
� 84
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rox oFFZCr~, us~ otnY
PHYSICS
INFLUENCE OIr' TURBULENT ATMOSPHERE ON WAVE BEAM FIELD FLUCTUATIONS
Moscow K~ANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA in Rusaian Vol 5 No 11 1978 pp 2342-2347
' [Article by G. Ya. Patruahev: "Wave Beam Field Fluctuationa Upon Reflec-
tion in Turbulent Atmoephere"~
- [Text] An approximation of the amooth pertur.bation
method has been e~nployed to derive aecond moment fluc-
_ tuaCiona of a wave beam field reflecCed in a turbulent
~ atmoaphere. It ie ahown Chat the effecC of strengthen-
~ ing the amplitude level of the fluctuations depends on
- the diffraction eize of Che beam, whereas for phased
fluctuations there is no such dependence. The disper-
aion and epatial cor~elaCion of amr?litude and phased
- fluctuationa are examined.
In connection with the development of opti~Q? ~~cating and methods for
long-range sounding of the atmosphere's parameters particular interest is
b~eing paid to the field characteristica of a reflected wave beam. Thus,
= in the works [1-3] the inPluence of a turbulent atmosphere on the median
value of a reflected eignal is inveatigaCed. Intensity fluctuations under
various sized irradiatore and reflectora are examined in [3-5].
The spatial correlation and time apectrum of the fluctuations' amplitude _
level of unrestricted flat and apherical waves axe examined in [6-8] by a
- technique equivalenC to the smooth perturbstion method (MPV'~. In the work
[9,10] with the sid of MPV an expresaion is derived for the second moments
of a reatrict:d wave b~am field in the form of a three-stage integral and
= the effect of stren;;thening the dispersion of the fluctuations' amplitude _
level and phase for ilat and apherica wavea in the case of a Karmanov spec-
trum for the �luc:tuationa in the refractive index is investigated.
- In this w~rk, for weak fluctuationa we derive an integral concept convenient
for digital analysis for the apatial characteristics of a reflected Gaussian _
w~sve beam field.
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'Ae ehall d~fine ae Gauseian the dietriburion of a complex amplitude for a
field in a plane with an outeide apertu�re (x~0):
u ~P)~'�eXp~ P'/2a'~~ (1)
where 1/a2~1/ao+ik/Fo; ao is the effective radiue of tt~e beam; Fo ia the
curavature radiue of the phased zone in Che center of the aperture; ke2n/?
- ia the wave number in free epace; p�IPl�(Y2+z2)'~2 is Che modulus of t`he
radius-vector in Che plane, perpendicular to the direction of the distri-
bution OX. ;
We ahall place a reflecting plane at a dietance x~L from an emitter. Then
' auch a route according to Che distribution conditiona will t>e equivalent to
a'doubled (with a length 2L) straight line on which the fluctuation index
n(x, p) sati~fiea the condition -
n(x, p)=n(2L?-~x, F). (2)
'The expreaeion for a complex phase t~l of the beam field having passed `~raugh
a turbulent atmoepheric layer with a thicknean of 2L, and Caking into account
the condition (2), may be wr~itten in the form [11,12]
V~L P) ~ L~x f[er'~ovN ~ZL~ Y) + erxpvN (2L? 1')~ dn ~x~ x).
~
C? ~'s
H (2L, 'Y) = ik exp ( i Y ~~2 x~ x'J ~ Y ~x) � ~1+ tD (2L) ~ ( 3 )
L
y(z) = y(2L - x)~ D(2L) = ka -i- i F= n-}- ib~
0 0
dn(K, x) ia the apectral fluctuation aa?plitude of Che refractive index.
- n(x~ p)= Je~~dn(x~ x).
In the feture for field fluctuations of the refractive index along the direc- -
tion of propagation we ahall use the Markovskiy approximation which is cus-
tomary in these problems. Then for apectral refractive index amplitudes
dn(K, x) one may note [13] '
~ les of such structural categories, so common in
the Phanerozoic, as fringc depressions~ fringe volcanic belts with their
characteristic volcanoplutonic formations and certain other tectonic forms~
have not been explained fc~r the early Precambrian. Exceptional importar~ce
- is attached to the complete and careful revision of all existing geophysical
data and drilling data on the ancient platforms, especially of the ~ast
European and Siberian platforms, in the light of the scientific principles
on which this work is based.
These principles are the t'ollowing: 1) recognition for all ages of the Pre-
cambrian of the primitxveness of the ocean crust in relation to the conti-
nental crust; 2) development of the continental crust during the process of
geosynclinal development, both by the formation of new structures and by
lateral rcdistribution of previous parts of the crust; 3) progressive growth -
of the continental crust in space and in time, but irregular on different
parts of the earth's surface; 4) recognition of the important role of hori- -
zontal movements in the formation of the structure of mantles of the crust
in addition to vertical movements, such that the amplitude of horizontal
movements ultimately is many times greater than the limit of vertical dis-
placements; 5) irregular manifestation of these two categories of tectonic
displacements; 6) directed periodicity and phasing of the structural develop-
ment of our planet, affecting it simultaneously, but manifestcd ~iifferently
in many of its segments and even hemispheres.
Aspects of the creation and evolution of the continental earth's crust in
the early Precambrian are examined and the role of lateral tectonic dis-
placements during the process of its development is demonstrated in this
book. The mechanism of the formation of the granitic-metamorphic bed and
of the continental crust of the ancient platforms is cornpletely explained by
136
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w~y of an~lysis of the e~rly Prec~mmbrian tectonics of cert~in structur~l
~l~ments of the foundution of thc ~ast ~uropean and Siberian pintforms. '~his
i~ the first exp~ri~n~~ in the extensive upplication of a nea p~rinefple nf _
� structural analysis, dev~loped during comrilation c~f th~ t~ctdnic mgp nf
_ L'urgsia (peyve~ et gi, 197b), tn ~ariy Precambrian formations. -
The first part of the book pertains to an~lysis of the stru~ture ~nd hi~tdry
nf the form~tion of the rontinent~l crust di th~ B~ltic shield and th~
eastern pgrt di the aussian plgte. This pdrtion is anglyzed in the section
written by N. A. 5htreys, A. 5. Novikov, A. A. 5ave1'yev, G. L. Goroshenko
and V. P. Martynova "On the Bed 5tructurc of the Baltic Shield," in ahich
an attempt is made to apply to an analysts ~f the tectonics of the Baltic
shield the principle of the $tage by st~ge development of the continent~l
crust of Phanerozoic folded zones, and in which is ~lsn proposed u funda-
mentally new scheme of the structural zoning of the shield, which explains
the close rel~tionship between phenomena of granitoidal magmatism and
lateral structuring. It is shoam by example of an analysis of the 5veco-
karelian segment of the Baitic shield that its formation occurred during the
process of the progressive buildup of the tranitic-metamorphic layer of the
earth's crust, both in space and in time. The stages of development, marked
within the mentioned segment of the plate, which occurred at different
times the oceanic, followed by a stage of transition to the continental
("island arc"), turned out to be next to each other, which undoubtedly
was the result of their lateral convergence. Narrow strips of oceanic
cross sections of imbricate-upthrust structure often are traced in zones
where plates of different ages join together. Some features of the tectonics
of the riftogenic structures of the Svecokarelian segment are also described
and their space and time relations with the continental crust are analyzed. _
The Sveconorxegian province occupies a special position among the tectonic -
elements of the Baltic shield. Modern data contradict wid~ly held notions
of the Archean-Svecofenian age of development of its continental mantle and
subsequent regeneration in the Gotskiy (early Riphean) stage. The second
part of the monograph: "The Structure and tlistory of the Formation of the
Continental Crust of the Sveconorwegian Province of the Baltic 5hield,"
written by A. S. Novikov and Sv. A. Sidorenko, pertains to an examination of
these new materials on the geology of southern and central Sweden and of
southern Norway and to a generalization of the results of field excursions
in Sweden. Thc authors show that the southwestern fringe of the Baltic
shield exhibits all the elements of the formation cross section that are
inherent to the continental, transiti~nal and oceanic stages of development
of the earth's crust. The examined segment is unique because an abbreviated
type of crustal cross section formed there. Much importance is attached to
the fact that the strongest manifestations of granitoidal magmati~m are
linked in time with bed-upthrust structuring, each ti~e preceding granitiza- `
tion and ultrametumorphism. These conclusions, derived on the basis of geo-
historical analysis of the structure of the Sveconorwegian province, agree
satisfactorily, by and large, with isotopic geachronology data.
137
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Th~ third p~rt, writt~n by K. A, Klitin, "Th~ Nistory nf th~ ~orro~tfon df
th~ ~nrth's Crust df Scnndingvin in the Riph~gn [3nsad nn n~tn o~ isntopic
G~oehronology," de~1s with a g~n~r~lizatidn nf d~t~ from numerous determ~-
nations of ages of inetamorphic and magmatic rocks by the Rb/5r and U/Pb
methods in diff~rent 1~bor~tories grnund thc wnrld, It is shown th~t thc
carth~s crust in w~stcrn S~~ttdinavia was formed over n period nf m~ny
hundreds.of millions of y~~rs, ~mbrar.ing the e~rly ~nd middie Riphean. ~Th~
genchronoiogical bound~ri~s of the form~tian of m~tamorphic rocks g~ b~~k
to 1.~ a~td 1 billidn years; th~ 850-900 million ye~?r ~evel of the massive
~ppearance of potassic and normgi grgnit~s is ~lso identified. 5ome aspects
- of the relations betwcen geosynclinal form~tions and rdcks of the melano-
~r~tic bas~ment are discuss~d in the work.
The study of S. V. Bogdanova and a. A. Ggf~rov "'1'he ComposiLi~n gnd Structure
of the ~oundation of the ~astern Part of the aussian Plate and 5ome ~eatures
of the ~ormation of the Continent~l Crust in the Carly Precambrian" (P~rt
Four) is the first study of the history of the formation of the continental
Grust of the foundation of the eastern part of the Russian plate, Major
differences in the evolution of endogenous processes in the Archean middle
massives and linear late Archean-early Proterozoic folded zones are disclosed
on the basis of a thorough analysis of the composition and features of for-
mation complexes and of the petrophysical characteristics and structural
relations of early Precambrian foimations of the most fractured Volga-Ural
region. Early Archean volcanogenic sedimentary strata are found to have
played a special role in the development of the Archean massives, and deep
upthrusts, which split massives and linear zones, also played an important
role. A geological-geophysical zoning of the eastern part of the Russian
plate is presented.
The second part of the book "The Tectonics and History of the Formation of
the Continental Crust of the Siberian Platform" consists of two sections.
The first "The Tectonics and Major Stages of the Development of Conti-
nental Crust of the Southern Part of the Siberian Platform in the Early Pre-
cambrian" belongs to A. M. Leytes and V. S. Fedorovskiy. The authors
reanalyze the structure and important stages of the formation of the earth's
crust of the Aldanian shield. In the continental crust of the Aldanian
shield, which formed up until the Riphean, they identify formation complexes
and structures of a protometamorphic granulitic basitic layer at the 3.5-3.0
billion year level, the melanocratic b~sement and sedimentary volcanogenic
mantle of which were subjected to granitization and regressive remetamorphism
_ in the early Proterozoic. The complexes and structures of the formation and
development of the granitic-metamorphic strat~un are represented by zonally
_ metamorphized series of riftogenic troughs, formed by the oceanic, transi-
tional and continental stages. In the complexes of the transitional stage
are identified sedimentary volcanogenic "island arc" series, sedi-
mentary strata of the protocontinental basement, slope and shelf and
internal depressions of the protocontinent, as well as massives of granitoids
of plagiogranitic gneiss und granodiorite-granite formations, and volcano-
plutonic series, combined with late molasses, are found in the complexes of
138
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the continentgl stage. 'Ch~ ma~n t~ctonic irr~gular~ti~s of the e~r1y -
Prdterozdic, ahich coroprise ~"pratocnntinent-oc~an" system, in south-
eastern 5iberia ar~ id~ntified. A later~l seri~s of structures in that
system, inciuding an internal protocontinental tr~ugh~ protocontinental
shelf, slope, foot, island arc and oceanic r~gion, attd ~ laternl series of
th~ corresponding met~mmorphiz~d prim~ry sedimentaxy and sedimentary-vo~cano-
genic formations, is identified and ~nulyred. It is shown that no primordial
~continent~l crust nf the Phanerozoic typ~. existed in sdutheast 5iberia. The
first mnture continental crust ~ppeared there only by the beginning of th~e _
~iphean, 1.6-1.6 billion years ago. It is explained that its formation
occurred during stages analogous ta those established by an analysis of the
proeesses ~f development of the continental crust of geosynclinal folded
systems nf thc Phanerozoic. This provid~s new opportunities for correlating
the processes and complexes of the Pre~ambri~n and Phanerozoic, which is -
essential for the development of a unified theoretical model of the develop-
ment of the continental crust.
In section two "The Structure of the Foundation of the 5iberian Platform and
Certain Features of the bevelopment of Its Continental Crust," R. A. Gafarov
_ and Yu. I. Prozorov, on the basis of generalized geological and geophysic~l
materials, present a tectonic zoning of the Siberian platform, which, from
the standpoint of mobilism, gives an idea of the stage by stage development ~
of its foundation. Large segments of two ta?pes of lithospheres are found.
The first type of segments, which have a muture continental crust, are con- `
fined to its fringes. The second type of segments, made up primarily of a
granulitic-basitic protometamorphic stratum, comprises the central part of
the foundatf~on of the Siberian platform.
M~jor questions of theoretical tectonics, aimed at explaining the general
principles of the formation of the continental crust of the ancient platforms
in the deep Precambrian, are examined in the monograph in new light. The
solution of many such problems would require the analysis of voluminous
comparative material on the foundations of the ancient platforms, located
outside of our country. Even a cursory examination of the t~ctonics of
these platforms indicates that each of them, and so~ae of them taken together,
possess specific and unique structural features. The ancient platforms of
Gondwanaland are particularly important. They, as is known, have folded
zones of the Riphean, which not only extend along the edges of the platform,
but within them as well. 1'here is reason to believe that an analysis of the
tectonics of the platforms of Gondwanaland, along with data on the tectonics
of the platfonos of the Northern Hemisphere, will provide an answer to the
question of the principles and periodicity of the development of the conti-
nental crust in the earth's entire Precambrian annals.
Table of Contente
Introduction (N. A. Shtreys) 3
Part One
Structure and Problem of the Continental Crust Formation of the
Baltic Shield and the Eastern Part of the Russian Plate 9
].39
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Un the n~ppc ~tructure u~ the g~itic shield (N, A. 5htreys,
A. 5. Novikov~, A. A. Savel'ycv, G. L. Gornsh~nko, V. p. Martynov~)
Intrnduction
- Sv~~oknr~li~n s~gm~nt 12
Wolddsersko-~g~t-Kar~lian plat~ 1~
Gimol-K~i~v~lign plate 14
Kuhmo-Isalmian plat~ 15
5vekdf~ni~n pl~t~ 18
Pohj~nmao plate 24
_ W~sterbotten (Western Hothnia) plate
Dcstructive forms of th~ Svecokarelian allochthone 25
Conclusion 3U
Structure and History of ~ormgtion of the Continental Crust of the
Sveconorwegian ProvinCe nf the Baltic Shield (A. S. Novikova,
Sv. A, 5idor~nko) 30
- Introduction -
5veconorwegian segment 33
Pregothian gneisses of the south-western Sweden, Varberg series
Gneiss complexes of the Kongsberg-Bamble region of southern
_ Norway 36
Gneisses of the Bua series and Amal-Kroppefjall granitoids 38
- Daslandian 40
Telemark formation 42
Elements of tectonics of the Sveconorwegian segment 46
5vecokarelian segment of the region of central and south-
eastern Sweden SO
Conclusion S4
History of Formation of the Scandinavian Earth's Crust in the
_ Riphean Time According to the Isotopic Geochronological Data
(K. A. Klitin) 55
Introduction
Sveconorwegian segment 56
Telemark massif 59
Pregothian massif 63
More-Romsdal gneiss massif 65
Conclusion 68
Composition and Structure of the Basement of the Eastern Part of
the Russian Plate and Some Peculiarities of Formation of Its '
Continental Crust in th~ Early Precambrian (S. V. Bogdanova,
R. A. Gafarov 71
Introduction
_ Stratigraphy and a formational section of the major structural
- clements of the basement of the eastern part of the Russian plate 73
Complexes and stages of forroation of the continental earth crust
in the early Precambrian gg
Deep faults and structural relationships between complexes of
the basement of the eastern part of the Russian plate 105
' Conclusion 107 ~
140
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P~rt 'I'wo
Tc~tonics ~nd ~ifstory of ~ormatinn of thc~ Continentgl Crust of
th~ Siberian platforn~ i~g
Tectonics nnd thc princip~l St~ges of ~ormntinn of the Cnntinentgl
Crust of tha Southern part of the 5iberian Platform in the ~arly
pre~nmbrian (A, M. Leites, V. 5. N~dorovsky) 109
Intrnduct~nn
Complexes and structur~s of the egrly stage 114 .
Melgnocratic b~sement
Mel~nocratic basement (primary earth's crust) and analogs of
_ formntions of the oceanic stage, not differ~ntiated 121 ~
Complexes of highly metamorphosed sedimentary-vnicanogenic
mantle of the primary egrth's crust a74
Complex~s and structures of the later stag~ 130
Complexes of the oceanic stage 131
_ Complexes of the initial stag~ of opening the oces~nic
_ stru~tures 132
Complexcs of the transitional stage 134
Volcano-plutonic complexes and late molasses 152
5ome aspects of tcctonics of the Aidanian shield 15S
Conclusion 168
Structure of Bnsement of the Siberian Platform and Some
- Peculiarities of ~ormation of Its Continental Crust (R. A.
Gafarov, Yu. I. Prozorov) 170
Introduction
Regional geophysical characteristic of the Precambrian folded
- complexes of elevations of the Siberian platform basement
(Aldanian shield, Anabar massif) 171
Complexes of the early stage 1~2 -
Complexes of the late stage 176
Tectonic subdivision of the basement of the Siberian platfono 179
= Charsko-Aldanian area 180
Vilyui zone 181
Olenek area 1$2
Anabar-Baikalian area 185
Tunguska area 188
Deep faults and structural relationships between complexes of
the Siberian platform basement ig2
Conclusion
Bibliography 193
_ COPYRIGHT: Izdatcl'stvo "Nauka", 1978
7812
CSO: 1870
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PtJgLICATI0N5
PROCBLbINGS OI~ 6th ALL-UNION S~MINAR ON STATISTICAL HYDROACOU5TIC5
Novosibirsk TitUDY SH~STOY V3~SOYUZNOY SHKOLY-S~MINATtA PO STATISTICH~SKOY
GIDROAKUSTIK~ (Proceedinga of the Six~h All-Union 5chool-S~minar ott
StatisCical Hydroacoustics) in Rusgiatt 1975 eigned Co pregs 20 June 75 pp 2,
388-390, 379-387
~Annotation, Cable ~f contenta, and bibliographic list from book, N. G.
Zagoruyko, V. V. O1'shevskiy, and S. V. Pasechnyy, editors, Izd-vo In-ta
Matematiki SO AN SSSR, 700 copiea, 390 pagee~
(Text] This volume contains the proceedinga of the 6th Al1-Union Seminar on
Statistical Hydroacoustica, organized by the Hydrophysics Council of the
Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Institute of t4athemntics of
the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Acoustice
Institute, Kiev Polytechnic InstiCute, and the All-Union Scientific Reaearch
Institute of Applied Phqsical and Radio Measurements. The seminar was held
at the latter institute in September 1974 in the tawn of Mendeleyevo,
Moskovskaya Oblast. The papers contained in this volume deal with problems of
mathematical description of random fielda and signals, statistical measure-
ments, problema of modeling, and the results of experimenCal investigations.
The materials in this volume are of inCerest Co specialists working in the
area of hydroacoustica, radio engineering, instrumenC analysis of random
processes and fielda, as well gs etudenta in these areas of specialization
at higher educational inatitutions.
Contents Page
O1'shevskiy, V. V. M~odeling in Statistical Hydroacoustics 3
Taradanov, L. Ya. Some Features of Hydrophyaical Madeling 25
Ka;~tyug, A. A., and O1'shevakiy, V. V. Some Mathematical Aspects
of Modeling in Statistical Hydroacoustics With the Aid of a Com-
puter 33
Genis, V. I., Oboznenko, I. L., and Taradanov, L. Ya. Optimization
of Conditions of Experimental Investigations in Hydrophyaical
. Modeling 45
142
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Vgyeman, I. ~nd L'vov, K. P. Digitgl Modeling of Re~ponse ttunc-
tiona for Complex Signals, U~ilizing a B1'F Algorithm 54 -
O1'~h~vekiy, V. V. and Pattfilov, V. A. lligital nadaling o� Seg
R~verberntion 59
Kirilov, Ye. V.~ bl'ehevekiy, V. V. and 5~vinov, Y~. A. Digital
Modeling of a Selective Eneemble of g Non-StaCionary R~ndom
Proceee 66
bokunin, A. Ye., KovCunenko~ S. V., Saprykin, V. A. and Cherepkov,
N. I. Application of General Harmonic Analysig in Hydroacoueticg 74 -
5hCaCland, B. S. Problems of Nonlinear Fi1CraCion~ Interpolation
and Lxtrgpolation for ltandom Fielda 84
Levin, V. M. Lesunovekiy, V. P.~ and Maelov, V. K. Application of
Meth~ds of Multivariate SCatiatical A~nalyeis in Hydroacouatic ~
- Diagnosis gl _
Ioffe, M. I. On Criteria of Markovian Nature of Acouetic Random
Procesaes g7
Tomashpol'skiy, Yu. V., Rybin, A. I. One concept of an Intergral
Function of Rayleigh's Elliptical Distribution 103 -
Belousov, A. A., and Belous, V. V. On detetmining the correlation
Flinction of Amplitude-Modulated Random Interference by the Method
of Sign Congruence 106
Geranin, V. A. KPF Equivalent of the Wiener-Khinchin Theorem for -
a Non-Homogeneous Non-Stationary Random Wave Field 109
Krukovskiy-Sinevich, K. S., and Mikhaylovakiy, V. V. Influence
of Diecretization of Quantization on Che Characteristics of a
Digital Quadrature-Correlation DeCector 112
Krukovskiy-Sinevich, K. B. Synthesis of Hydroacoustic Signals in
the Area of Strong Correlation of Velocity-Delay Indeterminacy
Function 111
Dronkin, E. I., Krukovskiy-Sinevich, K. B., and Mrachkov~kiy, 0. D.
On the Magnitude of the Mutual and Generalized F~nction of Un-
certainty 137
Belousov, A. A., Vol'f, V. M., Galanenko, V. B., Gatkin, N. G.,
Kovalenko, L. N., Kovalenko, L. S., and Pasechnyy, S. V. Func-
tions of Uncertainty of Certain Types of Complex Signals 140
143
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~ ~OEt n~~2CIAL US~ dNLY
Paderno, V. I., and Rom~novskaya, I. R. ~vglugCinn of the Pulg~
Ch~rgcCerieCic Curve of a HydroacouaCic Channel 148
KudryaHhov~ V~ M. AcouetiC ~ielde in Wgveguide~ WiCh ~ StaCi~ticul- _
ly lineven Surface 154
Kudry~vt~eva, 0. P. and O1'ehevskiy, V. V. ~nergy Chgracteri~eic~
of Se~ IteverberaCion from g Scateering Layer Taking YnCo Ancoune
the InfluQnce of Reflec~ing Boundaries ~,69
KudryavCseva~ 0. P. and Ol~shevakiy, V. V. Energy CharacCeriatica
of S~a-F1oor Reverberation Taking YnCo Account rhe in�luenc~ of
R~flecting Boundaries 179
Belousov, A. A. and Belous, V. V. IntenaiCy of Multiple 5ea-I~loor �
Reverberation 185
Novikov, A. K. Classif ication of Acoustic Noisea on the Basis of
Their Probability Representationa 190
Dragan~ Ya. P., and Yavorskiy, I. N. Description of the Rhythm of
Sea Swell lg~
Vaydruk, E. S., Narodnitskiy, G. I., and Paritnkiy, A. S. Amplitude
Characteristics of Surface ScatCering During Local Radiation 207
Anan'yev, A. B. Some Statistical Characteristics of Non-Stationary
Narrow-Band Gaussian Interference 212
Geranin, V. A., Prodeus, A. N., and Shotskiy, B. I. Sea Reverbera-
tion Spectrum as a Non-Stationary Random Process 22p
Gatkin, N. G., Kovalenko, L. N., Krasnyy, L. G., and Pasechnyy,
S. V. Optimal Detection of Multiple-Wave Signals 225
Artemenko, E. A., Geranin, V. A., Karnovskiy, M. I., Prodeus, A. N.,
and Simonova, G. D. Spectral-Correlation Analyais of an Antenna
Situated in a Non-Homogeneous, Non-Stationary Hydroacoustic
Field
23 7
Chaykovskiy, V. I. Detection of Signala and Spatial Localization of
Their Sources on the Basis of Spectral Analysis 242
Derzhavtn, A. M., Bespalov, L. A., Sokolov, 0. L., Borenshteyn,
0. Yu., and Strochilo, A. G. One Method of Determining the Co-
ordinates of a Local Noiae Field Source 251
P'yanov, V. M. Investigation of the Interference Resistence of a
Standard Detection Circuit in Receiving a T~o-Component Signal
With a Narrow-Band Noise Component 25S
144 _
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Nakhmaeon, G. S., gnd Pavlov, V. V. On D~tectiion of Signals With Un-
known Parametere on a Reverberation I3ackground 263
Libenson, Ye. B. On the Response ParameCers of a Matched ~ilt~r
WiCh Combfned Consideraeion of Doppler Velocity and Acceleration
- of Motion App~.icable to Wide-Band ~'M 5ignals 2~0
Gerasimenko, 0. N., ~ray~nik, V. P., and Pgsechnyy, S. V. Stabiliza-
Cion of a F'alse Alarm in HydroacousCic Detection CircuiCs 277
~ Brezhnev, B. P., Duboveta~ V. D.~ and Balagin, V. V. Suboptimal
Detection of Hydroacoustic Signal Echoea on a Computer 288 -
- Kurzenev, V. A.~ and Perov, V. P. On Che Posaibility of Ueilizing
_ a Generalized Crieerion in Problema of SCatistical Hydroacoustics 295
Belonozhko, G. N. and vi'shevskiy, V, V. Survey of Methoda of
AdaptaCion in Problems of Statiatical tiydroacoustics 298
Sidorov, Yu. Ye. Algorithma of Proces$ing Sonar Information Under
Conditions of A Priori Uncertainty 320
Gatkin~ N. G., Kalyuzhnyy, A. Ya, and Krasnyy, L. G. Nonparametric
Methods of Processing Hydroacouatic Information 32g
Tarasenko, F. P. On the Possibility of Employing Methods of Non-
parametric Statistics in Sonar 346
Vagin, V. P., and Petukhov, V. D. Algorithms of Signal Recognition
With Incomplete A Priori Information 348
Krasnyy, L. G. Optimal Detection and Differentiation of Signals
Under Conditions of Limited A Priori Information 351
Lbov, G. S., and Kotyukov~ V. I. Sequential Procedure of Identifica-
tion in Hydroacoustic Investigations 361
Gol'dman, R. S., Nikolayev, V. V., and Titov, M. S. Diagnosis and
Classification of Marine Ob3ects With Utilization of Test Theory 366
Solov'yev, D. K., and Krasinskiy, P. Ya. Suppression of Antenna _
Radiation Pattern Side Lobes With a Method Based c~n Change of
Aperture Size on a Time Axis 3~2
145 -
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- Liat of Papera Published in the Preceding Five Volumes of Proceedings
of Che All-Unton Seminar on Statistical Hydroacous~tic~ (1970-1974)
Proceedings o� ~he First All-Union Seminar on Hydroacoustics.
Izdatel's~tvo Nauka, Sitierian DeparCment of ttle USSR Academy of Sciences,
Novoaibirak, 1970.
Contents Page
O1'shevskiy, V. V. 1~lathematical Models and Statistical Descrip-
tion of Hydroacoustic Signals 3-33
- Dendebera, N. D. Method of Canonical Representation of a Random
- Field with Arbitrary Spatial Characteristics 34-38
Paperno, A. I. Investigation of the Spectral Characteristics of
- Sea Reverberation During the Movement of Acoustic Antennas 39-45
Shotskiy, V. I. Correlation Function and Reverberation Spectrum
of FM and Tone Pulses 46-50
Paderno, V. I., and Paperno, A. I. Influence .~f Movement of a
IQarrow-Band Acoustic Signal DetecCor (Radiatc:r) on Signal
Frequency SpecCrum With Signal Propagation in an Underwater
Sound Channel 51-54
- Aleksandrov, I. A., and O1'shevskiy, V. V. Statistical Descrip-
tion of Several Types of Non-Gaussian Processes in Hydro-
acoustics 55-73
.Klyachkin, V. I. On Hydrodynamic Excitation of Elastic Shells 74-97
Tsvetkov, E. I. Problems of Statistical Measurements in Hydro-
= acoustics 98-112
Zufrin, A. M. Methods of Measuring Current ~oordinates of Signal -
Sources 113-154
Gatkin, N. G. Pmcessing of Hydroacoustic Information With Gaussian
Non-Stationary Interference 155-180 _
~ Avetisov, G. Sh. A Specialized Digital Computer for Correlation
Analysis 181-185
Zagoruyko, N. G. Image Recognition Methods and Possibilities of
Their Employment in Hydroacoustics 186-193
Kurilov, B. M. On a Parametric Representation of Quasi-Harmonic
Signals 194-195
Gadi, T. N., and Kotyukov, V. I. Formation of an Informative
System of Signal Recognition Criteria 196-200
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Proceedinge of the Second All-Union Seminar on 5C~Ci~tic~1 HydrogcoueCiCe,
Nnuka~ 5iberian Depart~nent ef the U55It Academy of Sciencee~ Novusibirsk,
19~1
Kudryashov~ V. M. Wave Modele of Hydroacouetic pields in Wave-
guides With Statiatic~ily Uneven Soundariee 3-31
Voytsekhovekaya~ S. A., Kaydanov~ Yu. L.~ end Saprvkin~ V. A. The
_ Problem of Pield RepreaenCation by Che Sampling Method 32-52
Bardyshev~ V. I.~ Cerehman, S. G.~ Velikanov~ A. M.~ and
~ Kryghniy~ V. I, Investigi?tion of the RelaCionship Between
Ocean Underwater Noiae gnd Wind Velocity 32-59
_ Klyachkin, V. I. On Cheracterietic Functionals of Severnl Hydro-
acouetic Pields 60-90
Ugoakin, C. I. StaCistical Properties of Radiation Fielda of
Elastic Syetems 91-102
Zufrin~ A. M. Adaptive Methode of Measuring Coordinates of 5ignal
_ Sourcee 103-13Q
O1'shevskiy, V. V., and Tsvetkov~ E. I. Problem~ of Theory of
St$tiatical Measurements in Hydroacoustics 13~.-140
Ceranin, V. A., Corbenko~ V. S., Mironov, N. A., and Pasechnyy,
S. V. Analysis of Accuracy of Measuring a One-Dimensional
- Density of Probability of a Non-SCationary Random Proceae 141-146
Gorel,ova, G. V., and Malyshev, N. G. Determination of Errors of
Stationariaation of Non-Stationary Random Processes 147-151
Novikov, A. K. Mutual Spectrum Analyzera 152-171
;
_ Strelkov~ A. M, Generalized Model of a Signal Detector.
Analysis and Synthesis of DetecCors of Signals of A Priori
Un~cnown Shape 172-191
Paderno, V. I., and paperno, A. I. Esticnating the Velocity of
- Scatterers by Measuring the Frequency Spectrum of Sea
+ Reverberation , 192-196
Yemtl'yar~enko, I. V., Libenson, Ye. B.~ and Paperno, A. I.
On Pluctuationa of Envelope Sea Reverberation With Long Tone
Pulses
197-199
Nal'gachev, V. B., Rokotov~ S. P., and Shilovich, I. I. ~r_
relation Characteristics of Reverberation
200-204
� 147
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t~ox n~~rcinr. us~ oN~.Y
~ Gergnin, V. A. An~lysi~ of Non-qtgeionury ltandnm ProCee~es 205-220
Geranin~ V. A.~ Goncharnv~, A. Ya., Mironov, N. A., and
Prodeug, A. N. 221-228
Volo~hin~ C. Yg. 5nmp prnblea~e of Th~ory of HierarchiC
Recognition Syseem~ Applied to Processing of Hydrog~nugtiC
Signale 225-246
Makhonin~ G. M.~ Urlichenko, A. N., gnd Rizhov, V. p. Methods
nf Meaeuring 5ignal/Noise Z47-262
Gatkin, N. G. Space-Time Optimal Processing for a Signal
With F1uCtuaCing Amplitude 263-210
Lbov~ G. 5. On Optimization nf PuncCioning nf Nydroacougtic
Meaeurement SysCems 2~1_Zg2
Trokhan, A. M. Inveatigation of Che CharacCeriaCics of Tur-
bulence by Optical MeChoda 2g3_29~ -
Kraenyy~ L. G. Detection of Signale Under Conditions of Incom-
plete A Priori Information on Che CorrelaCion Function of
' Interference 298-304
Reznik, A. M. Some Questiona of Measurements in the Problem of
Recognizing Sound Imagea 305-313
Yudenkov~ I. P. Characteriatica of Clipping Detectora With
Correlated Interference 314-324
Proceedings of the Third All-Union Seminar on Statistical Hydroacoustics.
Izdatel'stvo VNIIFTRI, Moscow, 1972 `
Gulin, E. P. On Correlation Characteriatics of a Wave Field of a
N~n-Monochromatic Radiation Source in Media With Random Para-
meters
4-20
Calanenko, V. B., and Karnovskiy, M. I. Correlation and Direc-
tional Properties of Pields of Non-Stationary Inhomogeneous
Sourcea 21-30
Blok, A. V., and O1'shevsk~y, V. V. On the Influence of the
Parameters of Radiated Signals on the Frequency and Time
Characteristics of Sea Aeverberation 31-45
O1'shevskiy, V. V. Statiatical Characteristics of Sea Re-
verberation With Mutual-Correlation Processing 46-60
148
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- Ynkovlev, A. N. Reeult~ nf ~n ~xperim~nCnl investig~tion nf
Stati~Cical Ch~rgcteristice of ReverberaCion Signal~ in a
River 61-68
Kudrygehov, V. M. On th~ Problem nf NeaCures of a Wgve Model
of a Sound Pield in a Shgdow 2one 69-76
I1'ichev, V. Y. A StaCistical Model of Origination and Occur-
rence of Nydrodynamic Cavttation and AcoueCic-Hydrodynamic
Phenomena ~7-100
Lesunovakiy, V. P., and Khokha~ Yu. V. On Noise Modulation
buring Hydrodynamic CavitaCion 101-108
Malyehev, K. I. 0~ Transmission of Hydroacouatic InformaCion
Under Conditione of MulCiple-Wave PropagaCion 109-116
Gatkin, N. G. Optimal Methods of Space-Time Procesaing of an
Additive MixCure of Determined and Random Signals 117-135
, Galanenko, V. B., Karnovekiy, M. I., and Kraenyy, L. G.
SCatistical Malyais of Itandom AcousCic Pielde 136-14~
J Galanenko, V. B., Gatkin, N. C., and Krasnyy, L. G. Optimal
Space-Time Processing of Signals in a Cauasian Interference
Field 146-156
Cerat~in, V. A. Past Fourier Tranaform and Possibilitiea of
; Its Utilization in SCatiatical HydroxcousCics 157-194
Makhonin, G. M. One Method of Procesaing Hydroacouatic Signals 195-206
Zufrin, A. M. Adaptive Methods of Measuring Current Coordinates
~ of Signal Sources 207-229
Idin, V. V.~ and Kakalov~ V. A. One Method of Estimating the
Interference ResiaCance of a Wide-Band Signal Detector
Under CondiCions of a Non-Stationary Interference Pield
230-237
O1'shevskiy, V. V. Problems of Planning Experimental Investiga-
tions and Statiatical Measurements
238-255
Gol'dshteyn, G. Ya., and O1'shevskiy~ V. V. Problems of
, Evaluating the Effectiveness of Scientific-Technical
Proposals
256-262
Rozenberg, V. Ya. Classification of Random Processes and
Their Transformation Operators
263-280
149
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Al~~hchenko, 0. M., gnd Yud~nkov, I. P. On Amplific~tion nf g
Receiving Mtenna Array in g MulCiple-Compon~nt InCerference
~ield 281-283 _
Ryzhov, V. P. Appl3caCion of the Coneolidation Method for
Proceeeing Signals Under Cond~.+;ione of 5ignific~nt A priori
Uncertainty 284~291
Rogozovsk3~?, 0. A. On Congtructing Optimal I'olyhara~nic 5ignal
DetecCdi's WtCh Non-R~yleigh DistYibuCion of Harmonia Ampli-
tudea 292-301
P'yanov, V. M. Interference ResieCance of an Optimal ~cho Signal
Detector in Detection of an Bcho Signal 302-309
Kabakov~ L. S. The Role of Memory in M~ltiple-Frame 53gna1
betection 310-314
Voloehin, G. Ya. One Method of "Multiplying" HydroacousCic
Signal RealizaCions 314-321
_ Gershmakh, S. G. Prikhod'ko~ V. P.~ and Svet, V. D. A
Statistical Method of EsCimating Non-Linear Distortions
in Hydroacoustic Syatems and Communication Channels 322-327
Votaekhovskaya, S. A. Statistical Characteriatics of an
Acoustic Field Arising as a Result of the Formation of Ice
Cover Fractures 328-337
Polyanskaya, T. V., and Skipa, M. Y. Models of Hydroacoustic
Signals Formed in the Vicinity of the Sea Floor 337-343
Yemel'yanenko, I. V., Libenson, Ye. B., Paliy, A. F., and
Paperno, A. I. Some Reaults of Experimental Inyestigations
of Sea Reverberation During Radiation of Complex Signals 343-347
_ Proceedings of the Fourth All-Union Seminar on Statistical Hydroacoustice
(SG-4), Izdatel'stvo of the Siberian DepartmenC of Che USSR Academy
of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 1973
Tsvetkov, E. I. Systems Engineering Methods in Statistical
Hydroacoustics 3-13
Zayezdnyy, A. M. Classification of Signals Propagated in a
Water Medium, Based on Processing Them According to Struc-
tural Properties 14-22
_ Solodovnikov, V. V., and Birgokov, V. F. Optimal Processing
of Non-Stationary Random Hydroacoustic Signals 23-32
,
150
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~ox ~~ricinc, us~ oNLY
Yud~nkov, I. p. Some InC~gra1 R~1eCions C~nnecCed With Ord~ring
- ttandom VecCor Compon~n,e 33-35
O1'~hevekiy~ V. V.~ and Pe,,evin~ V. F. The Influence of Un-
predicCed WgCer Medium Abgorption Compon~nt on the Mutual Cor-
relation of lteference and Ueeful Signale 36-46
Ol'shevekiy~ V. V., and SpiCeyn, Ye. I. Modelg of Hydroacoustic
Ch~nnela and Signgle and Their CorrelaCion ChgracC~ristice 41-59
Geranin, V. A. 5pecCral Representation of Non-Stationary R~ndom
~ Proceeses 60-75
Kudrvashov, V. M. The Problem of Forming Sound Fields Under Con-
ditions of Formation of Shadow Zonee 76-83
Moroz, T. A. Correlation Characteristi~s of Sea ReverberaCion
From a Sound-Scattering Layer 84-92
Petrov, V. V. Hydroacouseic Signal Diecretization 93-95
Vakar, K. B., and Rzhevkin~ V. R. Phyeical Principles of Modeling
Signals Under Conditions of a Complex Acoustic Field Structure 96-104
Vakar, K. B. Kirillov, Ye. V., and Ovchinnikov, N. I. Energy
Characterietica of Long-Range Reverberation 105-109
Kakalov, V. A. Measurement of Glancing Anglea of Multiple-Wave
Signal Components 110-121
Dem'yanovich, V. V., Karlik, Ya. S., and Semenov, V. V. Reaults
of Experimental Investigationa of Vertical Angular Sound Field
Spectra 122-129
- Chuprov, S. T. The Problem of Optimization of Signals in Cor-
relators With Con~unicationa Via Hydroacouatic Channels With
Parameters Changing on a Time Axia 130-138
Gulin~ E. P. Propagation of a Modulated Noise Signal in a
Multiple-~lave Channel with Conatant Parameters 139-147
Aleksandrov, A. P., and Vayndruk, E. S. Some Local Character-
- iatics of Ultraeonic Scatter by a Surface-Adjacent Aerated
Sea Layer SJith Vertical Probiag 148-157
Vayndruk, E. S., and Paritskiy, A. S, Peatures of Surface
Reverberation During Local Sea Wa~~~e Irradiation 158-167
Gatkin, N. G. Algorithms ~f On~imal Space-Time Processing of
Randor~ Fieids 168-200
151
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Catkin, N. C., Gc~rbenko, V. 5.~ zalixnyak, 5. N., Kr~~nyy, L. C.~
and 5hner~ I. I. DetecCion of Nni~e Sign~l~ in a I~ield of
Dietributed and Locnl Interference 201-212
Bozhok, Yu. D., Gatkin~ N. G.~ Karnov~kiy, M. I.~ Kra~nyy~
L. G., and Paeechnyy 5. V. The Function of Un~ertginty in
OpCimal 5pgae-Time 5igngl Proceeging ~13-220
~aCkin, N. G.~ gnd P'y~nov~ V. M. In~~rference ItesieCgnce of
Optimal DeCectors for ~ Twd-Component Signal 221-227
P'yanov,'V. M. CharacterieCicg nf Detection of a Standard
Channel When Receiving a Twro-Component 5ignal 22g-234 -
Catkin, N. G., and Kran~renko~ V. L. Signal be~ection in Che
Pres~nce of Non-Gausaian Ineerference 235-240
Taradanov~ L. Ya. The Problem of CompuCing Correlation Func-
tions o� Echo Signals From a Circular Cylinder of Finite
Height 241-243
O1'shevskiy, V. V. and Pivovarov, S. L. AccumulaCion of F1ucCuat-
ing Pulse Signals With Differing Probability Distributions 244-250
Vorob'yev, V. I. Application of Spectral Malysis for
Processing Hydroacoustic Signals 251-255
Orlichenko, A. N. Algorithm for Signal Detection in Noise
of Unknown Intensity 256-264
Rokotov, S. P., and Yablonskiy, Yu. M. Comparative Analysia
of the Interference Resis.tance of Several Types of
Manipulation in Transmitting Telemetry Information by a
Hydroacoustic Channel 265~270
Reznik, A. M. A Systems Approach to Constructing Dynamic
Models in Hydroacoustics 271-280
Libenaon, Ye. B. Some Output Response Characteristics in a
Hyperbolic Frequency Modulation Signal Proceasing System 281-290
Vaysman, I. B., and L'vov, K. P. I~futual-Correlation Process-
ing of Narrow-Band Signals on the Baeis of a Fast Fourier
_ Transform 291-293
_ Paderno, V. I. and Romanovakaya, I. R. Effectiveness of -
_ Evaluation of an Unknown Parameter in a Problem of Hydro- -
acoustic Measurementa 294-299
152
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Karpov~ N. V., ~nd Yardshenko, V. V. On Diminiehing Che Influence
- of Multiplic~tive InCerfarence by ~mploymenC of Automatic Gain
Control 300-304
Karpov, N. V., and Pe~hkov, V. P. On Error~ in Megsuring 5~~na1
Characterietice buring Conservatton With Magnetic Recording ~
Devices 305-312
Shilovich, I. I., Zemekov, A. M., Makarenko, Yu. P.~and Li,
P. Ya. Proceasin~ Some Non-5Cationary Processes on a Digital _
Computer 313-321
Miroahnichenku, V. S.~ and Ponaa~orenko~ V. K. Increaeing Ac~
curacy of Computing Moments of High Ord~rs of itgndom Proce~ses
With a Finite Range of Velu~s 322-327
Proceedinga of the Fifth All-Union Seminar on SCatiatical Hydroacoustics
(SG-5), IzdaCel'stvo 50 AN SSSR, Novosibirek, 1974
Klyachkin, V. I. Functional MeChoda in Sratistical HydroacouaCica 3-25
Novikt~v~ A. K. Synthesis of an A Posteriori Madel of a Random -
Proce~a A~ccording to Che Statistical Characteristics of a
Selected Ftrnction 26-30
Paderno, V. I., and Romanovekaya, I. R. Some Resulta of In-
vestigation of Frequency Characteristics of a Multiple-
Wave Hydroacoustic Channel 31-35
_ Kudryashov~ V. M. Acouatic Fields in a Waveguide With a
Statistically Uneven Surface 36-50
Gulin, E. P. Some Characteristics of Modulated Signals During
Propagation in Media With Random Parameters 51-60
~ Gulin, E. P. Pulse Signal 5pectrum in a Multiple-Wave Channel 61-72 -
Malyahev, K. I. Influence of the Frequency Relationahip of the
Spatial Attenuation of Sound on the Correlation Receiving
of Wide-Band Signals 73-76
Yeliaeyevnin, V. A. Frequency Correlation of a Wave Propagating
in a Turbulent Medium, in the Case of Intense Fluctuations 77-81
Slimelev~ A. B. Average Umov-Poynting Vector of a Sound Field
During Scattering on a Rough Surface 82-g6
Antonov, V. P., Morozov, T. A., and O1'shevskiy, V. V. Results
and Problems of Investigation of Statistical Characteristics
of Sea Reverberation 87-106
153
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~ N.
K~py1, Ye:'A. On 5ound Sc~eC~ring by Che O~egn Surfg~e With
5ma11 Qlancin~ Ang1~g 107
Grachev, N. N. Sc~CGering of Wave~ on ~ SCgeigticnlly Rough '
Curvilinear Surface in tAe Immediate zone 1U8-11U ~
_ bregan, Ya. P., and Yavorakiy, I. N. bietortion of Hydro~cougtic
5lgnals With Reflection Nrom the Sea Sur�ace 111~112
- Blank, V. K., and Ioff~~ M. I. Appltcation of Theory of Markovian
Procesees in Acouatic problema 113-115 -
Kovtunenko, S. V.~ Levin~ E. A., Saprykin, V. A., and Cherepkov~
N. I. The Problem of RepresentaCion of HydroacouaCic Signals 116-119
Geranin, V. A. Spectral-Corr~lation Structure of ~onCinuoua In-
homogeneous Non-Stationary Wave Fields 120-128
Taradanov~ L. Ya. Some CorrelaCion Propereies of Echo Signals 129-136
Gubarev, V. V., and Khusn~itdinov, G. N. Application of Com- -
puter Modeling in Theory and Practice of Statistical Data
,
Processing and Statistical Meaeurements 137-143 _
Bogotov, V. K., Mironov, I., and PereverCkin, S. M.
Preliminary Analysis ot StatisCical Properties of Realiza-
tion of Random Non-Stationary Processes 144-147
Beapalov, K. A., Derzhavin, A. M., Sokolov, 0. L., and Kuz'min,
V. A. Reasonable Selection of Criterion of Investigation of
Inhomogeneity of a Noise Field by Diapersion 148-151
Libenson, Ye. B. Evaluation of the Function of Uncertainty of
Wide-3and FM Sip,nals 152-156
Qvchinnikov, V. P., Pakhomkin, B. I., Ryzhov, V. P., and
Filatov, K. V. Experimental InveaCigation of the Spectral
Characteristics of Sea Reverberation in Studying Complex
Signals ~ 157-161
Mtoshin, V. A., and Kropotov, S. V. Evaluating Hydroacoustic
- Signal FilCer Spectral Malyzer Error 162-165
Zalesskiy, V. V., Kogan, S. L., and Lykhov, I. P. The Qptimal
_ Form of Carrier Signal Modulation in Hydroacoustic Measuring
Systems 166-168
Morozov, V. P. Utilization of E~ection Characteristics in
Examining Cavitation Phenomena 169-171
, 154
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Komarov, V. A.~ gnd S~menov, V. p. Effici~nt Di~tribuCion of
Trnnemiesion Energy Between 5paced Channels WiCh Binary No-
Redundancy Information Coding ~ .172-173
Godziashvili, Yu. G,, and Usoakin, G. I. Influence of the
P~r~net~rs nf g MulCich~nn~l Mea~uring Syetem o~? Evaluation
of Space-Averaged Noise Field Yntensity 174-178
Kgndelaki, D. V., and KuzneCsov~ G. N. SCaCietical Characteristica
of Occurrence of Hydrodynamic Cavitaion 179-182
Geranin, V. A.~ Novikova, T. T., Prodeus, A. N., Somonova, G. b.,
and Stremekiy. The Influence of Non-Gauseian CharacterisCica ~
on Accuracy of 5pectrometry of 5tationary Random Procesaes 183-187
Karavayev, V. V., and Saznnov, V. V. Theory of Measurement of
Wav~ Field Parametera in a System of Non-Ideal Coherent
Detectore 188-190
Perov, V. P., and Solodovnichenko, M. B. Stationary FiltraCion
of Non-Station~ry Procesaea 191-192
Mtoshin, V. A., and Rubichev, N. A. Evaluating the Influence
of Non-Stationarity of Hydroacouatic Signals on Error in
Measuring�Their One-Dimensional Laws of Distribution 193-194
Furduyev, A. V., and Chuprov, S. D. Some Characteristics of
Noise Field Sources in the Ocean 195-202
Artemenko, E. A. Accuracy of Measurement of Several Probabili-
ty Characteristics of Hydroacoustic Fields 203-207
Galybin, N. N. Determination of the High-Frequency Portion of
the Spatial Spectrum of Sea Swell With the Aid ,^f Deep-Water
Explosions 208-210
Petrov, V'. V. Kalmanov Filtration Methods 211-230
Krasnyy, A. G. Principles of OpCimal Adaptive Proceasing of
Hydroacouatic Information 231-244
Gatkin, N. G., Kovalenko, L. N.~ and Krasnyy, L. G. Adaptive
Detection of Signals With Unknown Parameters 245-249
Bozhok, Yu. D., Gatkin, N. G., Krasnyy, L. G., and Pasechnyy,
S. V. Quasioptimal Method of Detecting Signals in a Multiple-
' Component Interference Field 250-255
Gerasimenko, 0. N., Ovsyanik, 4. P. and Pasechnyy, S. V. Deter- -
mining Parameters of the Non-Stationarity of Random Processes
in the Presence of Pulse Interference 256-260
155
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Knrlik, Yn. 5., Koval~vc?, A. P., ~nd Semenov, V. V. Interference
Reeist~nce of Plane pha~ed-Array MCennae in Receiving ~ Mu1C~.p1~-
Wgve Signal Under CondiCions of AnisoCropic InCerference 261-26~
Danilova, Ye. A., and 01'shevskiy, V. V. Correlation Proceaeing
of ~cho Sign~l,s With Random Central SpecCrum ~requency, Taking
Into>�A~acoun~ the Influence of Noise and 'tteverberaCion Inter-
feret~ce ' 268-274
Yemel'yanenko, I. V., Libenson, Ye. B., and Paliy, A. P. Some
Characte~iaeics of ReverberaCion Interference ar Matched
Fi1Cer Output 27,5_277
O1'shevskiy, V. V., and Pivovarov, S. L. Signal DeCection on a
Background of Noise and ReverberaCion Interference WiCh
Quadraeure Detection 2~g_28p
Krukovakiy-Sinevich, K. B. QuasiopCimal Reception of a Slowly
FluctuaCing Echo Signal With Velocity Averaging 289-294 -
Ovchinnikov, V. P., Ryzhov, V. P., and Filatov, K. V. Some
Algorithms of Quasioptimal Processing of Frequency Modulated
Signals 295-298
K~ravayev, V. V.~ and Sazonov, V. V. Theory of Frequency
Aperture Synthesis in Sonar 299-301
Balagin, V. V., and Brezhnev, B. P. Isolating Useful Hydro-
- acoustic Echo Signals on a Computer With Utilization of -
"Fast" Algorithms 302-307
Nakhmason, G. S. Accuracy of Evaluating a Signal Parameter on
a Background of Reverberation and Correlated Interference 308-310
Gol'dman, R. S., and Titov, M. S. Diagnosis and Classification
of Sea Ob~ects With Utilization of Test Theory 311-315
Romanenko, Ye. V. Some Featurps of Dolphin Sonar 316-331
Borisov, I. K., Kovtunenko, S. V., and Saprykin, V. A. Aural
Perception of Acoustic Information 332-338
Zayezdnyy, A. M. Metrological Fundamentals of Processing Hydrn-
_ acoustic Information According to Its Structural Properties 339-350
Kaptyug, A. A. An Adaptive Procedure of Plotting an Efficiency
Indicator for Measuring Systems 351-355
Kaptyug, A. A. Axiomatics for an Adaptive Procedure of Plotting
an Efficiency IndicaCor for Measuring Systems 356-366
156
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Vayemgn, I. B.~ and L'vov, K. P. Performing g HilberC Transfor.m
on a nigital Cumputer Utilizing BP~ (~xpan,~ion Unknown~ 367-3G8
Golovnnov, M. A., and Spitsyn~ N. I. InvegCigation of Che
M~xiinum Accur~cy oP ~'hgge Meaeurt,ng l~vice~ WiCh bietort~d
_ Structure of Received S~ignala 369-373
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157
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PUBLICATIONS
AUTOMATIC CONTROY. SYSTEMS IN 3pAC~
Moecow TRUbY VII t~ZHDUNAROUNOGO SYMpOSIUMA IFAK PO AVTOMATICHBSKOMU
UP~AVL~NYYU V PROSTRANSTN~ (V CHETYR~KH TOMAKH) TOM 1(Worke of the 7th
InCernational IFAA Sfmpoaium on AuComatic ConCrol in Space (in 4 volumes)
Volume i) in Rueaian 19'I8
('Tnble of ConLpa~ts .fxom boo1C]
~Text) CONTLNTS Page
Preface 5
Skall, J., and Moore~ J. (LSA) "Role of AuCOmatic Control
in Interplanetary Flighta of the Future" 7
Fourne, M. P. (France) "Technical-Economic Optimization for
Space Projecta in the Diatribution of Functions Between
KLA [apacecraft~ and Ground Control Center" 49
Houaerman, V. (USA) "Control Requiremente for Space Transport
Ships in Conducting Experiments" 57
_ De Bra, (USA) "Control Requirementa in Space Experiments -
Concerning the Theory of Relativity" 65
Petrov, B. N.; Lopatin, V. I.; Mitroahin, E. I.; Vasil'yev,
V. A.; and Pavlenko, A. I. (USSR) "Stochastic Terminal
Control of Space Transport Shipe" 69
Nikolayev, Yu. A.; Teryayev~ Ye. D.; and Shamrikov, B. M.
(USSR) "Digital Stabilization System for Recoverable
Spacecraft" 76 _
Bakhrami, K. A. (USA) "Control System for the 'Mariner
- Jupiter - Saturn' Spacecraft" 81
158
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peCrov, B. N.; Sheremee'yevekiy~ N. N.; Danilov-Nieueov~ N. N.; and
Veynberg~ D. M. (USSR) "Electromechanical Syetem for Orientation _
and 3tebilixation of Autonomous Modulee and Light Space Stiatione" 89
Solodobnikov, V. V.; Dmitriyev, A. N.; and Gridnev, G. F. (U93R)
"Identification of ConetanC and VaYiable Paramete~s for Flying
Craf C by Pro3ection Methode" 95
Petrov, B. N.; Viktorov, V. A.; Lunkin, B. V.; and Sovlukov~ A. S.
(USSR) "To the Queation Concerning Measurement of Oxygen _
Suppliea in the Life Support SyeCems of Spacecraft" 102
Aleksandrov~ A. D., and Teaturyan, K. T. (USSR) "ProjecCion
_ of an Adapt3ve Syaeem for Improving the Piloting Charac-
Cer ietica of Space Traneport Ships" , i~g
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'etvo "Nauka"~ 1978
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~
159
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PUBLICATIONS
C ri~
MAGNETIC RECORDING IN DATA TRANSMTSSION SYSTEMS -
- Moscaw MAGNITNAYA ZAPIS' V SISTEMAI~i PEREDACHI 2NFORMATSII (Magnetic Recording
in Data Tranamisaion Systema) in Rusaian 1978 s3gned to .pres~ 19 Sep 77 pp 2-4,
303-304
- IAnnotation, Foreword and Table of Confients trom book by Maksim Vladimirovich
Gitlits, Izdatel'8tvo "Svyaz 7~000 cop~es~ 305 plges]
_ [Text) The book is devoted to problema of using magnetic recording apparatus
(PM2) in data proces~ing and transmission systems. The relationship between
the fideli~y of various methods of recording and the design parameters of
the apparatus is analyzed and relations which determine the requirements on
the recording systems are presented.
The book is intended for engineering-technical personnel engaged in develop-
merit and operatfon of magnetic recording apparatus and will be useful to
- students of WZ's..
Foreword ~
_ The v~igorous development of science and technology at the modern stage of
the scientific-technical revolution, penetrati.on of man into space and into
the ocean depths and careful study of the ~atural resources of our planet -
lead to creation of large volumes af information, the need to transmit large
information flows over rommunications channels and to present it in a form
suitable for perception by man or processing by machine. Special information
systems are being developed to receive, transmit and process data, the
number of which includes audfo and television broadcas~ing complexes, com-
munications and telemetry systems, the information subsystems of ASU and
so on.
The type of transmitted signals varies repeatedly during data transmission
over long and especially ultralong distances, communications channels dif-
ferent in capacity require matching and problems of matching the rates of
reception, processing and storage of the received information occur. Z'he
enumerated problems and many others cannot be fulfilled without storage
devicea, as which maqnetic recording apparatus (AM2) are used. Modern AMZ
are complex devices which include large radio complexes and whfch provide
the capability of their functioning. One can say without exaggeration that
auch moderri trends of scienc~ and technology as cosmonautics, computer
160
Ti/~D nTTT/~r ~.n...
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~ox oF~rcYnt. us~ n~,Y
technology , telemetry and control and erienti~i~ inetrunw~:* building would
- be impoeeible Nithout AMZ.
Meqnetic recording ie being developed nt the juncture of many sciences
eleatronics, precieion mechenics, eutomatica, phyeice and chemietry. The -
complexity o! internctiion o! ind:~viduni AMZ eubaeeembiies ie deter~ained by
- this on the one hand and the co~q~lexity of analyzinq the phenomena occurring
~ durinq the record-p2.ayback proce~~s is deterniined on the other hand. This
expleine the lact thati specialiets of different profile are involv~d in
developaient of A.+9Z, moreover, thoae who, for example, are enqaged in desiqn
of the tranaport mechanism or in development of the recording carriers, _
due to the inevitable apecializatiion, do not always hav~e a aufficiently
clear idea of Wt?nt requiraments the selected method of eiqnal convereion
plncee on the AMZ gubassemblies beinq developed by them. Due to this spe~
cie~lization, the main publications in the field of magne~ic recordinq are
devoted to individual aspects of recordinq theory nnd technology, While the
developers of the apparatue axe usua~ily interested in the problem of how
variatton of the parameters of individual blocks or subassemblies of the
AMZ affecta the resulting characteristics of the system as a whole, wfiat
requirements should be placed on the AMZ subassemblies in order to provide
_ the required metroloqical characteristics of the apparatus with minimum
expenditure of fur~ds and ~o on.
The users of AMZ are in an even more conSplicated position. In solvinq the
- problem of the applicebility of the AMZ in the designed system, they are =
forced to use the complex of indicators given in the certificates for the _
AMZ such ae amplitude-frequency characteristic, nonlinear distortions, ~
ccefficient of velocity fluctuations and dynamic range. Ha+ever, from the =
- oonstunere' viewpoint, of qreatest interest is analysis of how much the
. signal is dietorted by a given ariterion durinq reoording-playback and ha+ -
these distortions are reflected in the resu~ting metroloqical characteris-
- tics of the complex as a whole. If one takes into account that even the
saa~e apparatus may be "accurate" or "inaccurate" as a function of the type
of output siqnal processing, the causes of many failures and even of the
bitter disappointments experienced by specialists who attempted to reqard
the AMZ ae a"black box" and to use haphazardly the taken apparatus in
- developed data proceseing and transmission systems, become clear. It is
also no accident that AMZ very fzequently are the qreatest "bottleneck"
- in large radio complexes and therefoxe limit their capabilities.
The purpose of this book is to attempt to "build bridges" first between
:;he developers and users of AMZ and second between the developers of indivi-
~ral AMZ snbaaaemblfea and thoee Who cvmbirie theae snbaaaea~liea fnto a
unified complex ar?d to shaw which parameters of the system and in Whnt
manner they affect the fidelity of magnetic recozding with different
raethods of inessaqe processfnq.
Systerars are analyzed on the exaa~ple of AMZ used in data transa~ission and
pzxessinq systems. However, where it was possible and logical, the author
attemptQd to reqard the system in general form without indfcation of its -
specific designation. _
- 161
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ry..
The outiline is constructed so that the reader has no need to refer to other
eourcee aith syatematic reading of the booke to study one or enother impor-
tant problem, aithough the previously described materiais are ou~lined as
~compnctly ee poeeible.
However, the fact thati readers mey have questions for which they ~re unable
to find a direat ar~swer in the book is inevitable, since tts framework is
limited and the topic is very brodd. In theee cases it is useful to refer
to the special litereture, a very detailed biblioqraphy of which ie pre-
- senteci et the end of the book. `
The useful advice, reoonnnenflations and friendly aupport of t. Ye. Goron,
V. G. 1Goro1'kov, 0. V. Poritskiy, A. I. Vichea, Yu. V. Skalin and mar~y other
colleaques and comrades at Work rendered invaluable assistance to the author
during work on the manuscript, to ahom the author feels it is pleasant duty
to expre~a deep gratitude. A. I. Viches made materials on measurement of
the channel characteristics, partially used in the appendix, available to the
- author. The author is grateful to the scientffic ed~.tor of the book V. A.
Vatsenko and the reviewer N. N. Slepov, whose labor and useful advice oon- -
tributied to a si ificant de
, gn grae to improvement of the vontents of the book. ,
Contents paqe LL
Forew~ord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Main notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ~
_ Chapter 1. Data Transmission Systems and ~?pes of Siqnals 6 ~
1.1. Block diagram of the data transmission system (SPI) . 6 _
1.2. Signdls in the SPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
= 1.3. Analyzing data tranamission fidelity . . . . . . . . 21
: 1.4. Amplitude analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.5. Spectral analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3?
1.6. Correlation analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.7. Determinfng the parameters of pulsed processes 36
Chapter 2. Maqnetic Recordinq Apparatus in SPI . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.1. Desiqrnation of magnetic recordinq apparatus in SPI . 37
2.2. Predetector and postdetector recording 43
2.3. The channel and magnetic recording channel 47
2.4. Direct recordinq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5. Modulation recordinq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.6. Diqital recordinq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.7. Adaptive methods; of recordinq . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.8. What characteristics of AMZ must one know? 81
= Chapter 3. Static Characteristics of the Record-Playback Channel 83
3.1. An idealized recordinq-playback channel 83
3.2. Effect of static defects of heads and technoloqical
tolerances for manufacturing accuracy on the wav~e
characteristics of the channel . . . . . . . . . . . 86
162
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3.3. Effeat of i.r~accurate settinq of the head on the
wave charec~eristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.4. Amplitude and wav+e characterietice of the reocrdinq
ch atute 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4
- 3.5. Pulee charncteristice of the record-playback channel 104
3.6. Correction of the wav~e (frequency) and puise charac-
teriattc of the through channel . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Chapter 4. Dynand,cs of the Recordinq Carrier Tranaport and Its
Relationship to the Transmission Factor . . . . . . . . . 123
4.1. Nature of fluctuations creat~d by the carrier during
traneport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3
4.2. Relntionship of the statistical characteristics of
flucttutione of the design paraa~eters of the channel
to statietical characteristica of the tranamission
factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.3. Structural noise of magnetic tapes and vontact noise _
of reoording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 -
4.4. Velocity fluctuations and time errors 140
. Chapter 5. Passaqe af Continur;::. Signals Throuqh the Rscord-Piayback
Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.1. Effect of linear distortions of the channel on con-
tinuous signal parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
- 5.2. Fluctuations of continuous siqnal amplitude caused by
- passaqe of them through the record-playback channel . 154
5.3s Phase and frequency fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . 158 ~
- 5.4. Effect of correction of amplitude-frequancy charac- _
teristic on the value of phase fluctuations 171
- 5.5. Combination noiae and distortions . . . . . . . . . . 173
Chapter 6. Passaqe of Pulsed Siqnals Tfirouqh the Reoord-Playback
Channe 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6.1. Matchinq pulsed siqnal spectra to channel parameters 179
6.2. Methods of pulse shapinq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
- Rsquirements on shapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
~?pes of ahapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
6.3. Threshold ahaping and problems of ineasurement and
discrimination of the lenqths of square-wave pulses . 187
6.4. Threshold shaping in pulse detection problems 193
6.5. 2ero shapinq of the derivative . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.6. Passaqe of complex pulses through the record-playback
ch anna 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Chapter 7. Maqnetfc Recordinq Fidelity in Amplitude Analysis Problems 211 -
7.1. Effeot of noise on the infora~ative parameters of a
siqnal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.2. Analyzinq fidelity in problems of ineasuring physical
values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.3. Effect of channel noise on the probabilfty characteris-
tics of the signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
163
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7.4. Aepecte of reproduced signal distribution 229
7.5. Increaeipc~ recording fidelity when using adaptive
eystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Chapter 8. Mqqnetic Recording Fidelity in 5pectral and Correlation
Analyeis Probiems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
8.1. Spectrnl and correlation characteristice of the
reproduced eignal during direc~ recording 234
, 8.2. Effect of distortiona of the aiqnal spectrum on the
reault of epectral analysie . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
8.3. FM recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
8.4. Speoific errors of spectral analysis in cyclic ~
� recording devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Chapter 9. Dependability of Digital Magnetic Recording 251
9.1. Main problema which occur during analysia of digital
- recording dependability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
9.2. Detern~ininq the permiesible density of recordinq by
parallel code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
= 9.3. BVN-recording channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
9.4. Phase recording channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
9.5. Factore affecting the dependability of diqital
recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 �
9.6. Methods of ineasuring and analyzinq dependability 269
9.7. Dependability of BVN-recording . . . . . . . . . . . 274
9.8. Increasing recording dependability . . . . . . . . . 280
9.9. Dependability of phase recording . . . . . . . . . . 282
Appendix. Measurfnq the Operating Characteristics of AMZ 288
Biblioqraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz'", 1978
6521
CSO: 1870
_ ~ ~ _
_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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PUBLICATTONS
COI~UTATIONAL METHODS AND PROGRAHQ~fING
Moacow VYCHISLITL'L'NYYE t~TODY I pROGRAMMIROVANIYE XXVI (5BORNIK RABOT
NAUCHNO-ISSLEDOVATEL'SKOGO VYCHISLITEL'NOGO TSEN'TRA M06KOVSKOGO UNIVERSITETA) ~
(Canputational Methods and Prograaming, 26: Collected Papere by the
ScienCific-Reaearch Computer CenCer of Moacow University) in Russian
1977, signed Co preas 28 Sep 1976, pp 2, 191
_ 1,Annotation and table of contents from book edited by V. Y. Voyevodin end
V. A. Morozov, Moacow Univeraity Preas, 2,740 copies, 191 pp/
LText/ This collection consists of rwo parts. Part One contains papers
dealing with analysis of the problems associated with the effect of rounding-
off errors and data in the principal problems of linear algebra: The solution
of systems of equations, the ~omputation of eigenvalues and singular numbers,
eigensubspaces and root aubspaces, etc., as well as with the construction of
algorithms for the solution of the Cauchy problem for ordinary differential
equations, for the optimization of the selection of nodes at spli~e inter-
polation, and for methods of computing multiple integrals. Part Two contains
papers dealing with research into methods for the solution of weakly stable
and incorrect problems arising in Che solution of contraction-type equations,
extremal problems, the Cauchy problem for a quasilinear parabolic equation,
etc.
The collection is designed for scientific workers, upperclassmen, and graduate
students majoring in computational methods.
Table of Cantents
Page
Part 1. Numerical Methods for the Solution of Problems of Algebra and
Analysis
The Asymptotic Theory of Perturbations in Problems of Linear Algebra. 3
V. V. Voyevodin.
Conversion of Reference Values on Variation of Step in Multistep Methods 17
for the Solution of Ordin$ry Differential Equations. V. M. Berlinkov.
165
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I'ag~
SoluCion ~rrnr L~timeteg for Syatema of Linear Algebraic
~quatione. V. V. Voyevatin. ~4
Uniform Distribution of Fractional Partg. V. V. Voyevalin. 27
Computer OperaCions From a Mathem~Cici~n~s Stendpoint.
V. V. Voyevodin end G. D. Kim. ~1
Investigation of a Clage of Diacrete Distributiong. -
V. Ya. Galkin and M. V. Ufimtsev. 36
Computation of ~nCegrals of Rapidly Oscillating Functions.
Ya. M. Zhileykin and A. B. Kukarkin. 57
Computation of Multiple Intergals. Ya. M. xhileykin and
Yu. I. Fedoseyeva. 68
Numerical Solution of the Cauchy Problem for Ordinary Linear
Homogeneoua Differential Equations With Large Integration
Segments. S. F. zaletkin. gl~
Accuracy of ~lemenCary Computer Operations in the Floating- -
- Point Mode. N. A. Ismailova. 89
Part 2. Methods for the Solution of Weakly Stable and Incorrect Problems
Optimal Regularization of Linear Operator Equations With
Itandan Noise. M. V. Aref'yeva. 93
- Method of Quasisolutions in Incorrect Extremal Problems.
F. P. Vasil'yev. 119
Smoothing L-Splines of One or Many Variables. V. P. Voyewdskfy. 127
Solution of Incorrect Cauchy Problem for a Quasilinear Parabolic
Equation. N. L. Gol'dman.
A Packet of Macromodules for the Solution of Problems of Mean
Squ:ire Approximation of the Functions of Several Variables.
M. K. Samarin. 155
~66
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P~ge
Sel~ction of Nodps at Interpolation of Functions by L-Splines.
A. I. Grebennikov. 168
_ Minimization Algorithms. M. V. Kalinina, Ye. b. Myakisheve,
T. D. Naeushchnova, V. S. Orlov and T. L. Rudneva. 176
COPYRIGH'r: Izdatel'ervo Moekovskogo univeraireta, 1977 ~
- 1386
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167
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PUBLYCATIUNS
~
_ PHYSICS OF STRONG DISEQUILIBRYUM PLASMA
Moscow FIZIKA SIL'NONERAVNOVESNOY PLAZMY( Physica of Strong Disequilibrium .
Plasma) in Russian 1977 aigned Co preas 17 May 77 pp 1-4, 346-347
[Annotation, table of contenta, and preface from book by A. A. Ivanov, _
Atomizdat, 2,200 copies, 352 pages]
[Text~ This book examinea the phenonema and processes studied in plasma _
physics in solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear synthesis. The -
, author devotes principal aCtention to description of linear and nonlinear
condiCions of plasma i,.stabilities and their influence on plasraa containment~ -
- and heating. The author discusses in detail problems which arise when
heating plasma with powerful beams of electrons, as well as possibilities of -
initiating a thermonuclear reaction with a powerful laser pulse.
' This book is intended for specialists in the area of plasma physics as well
as graduate students and upper-division undergraduates in the corresponding
areas of apecialization.
Contents Page
Preface 3
Chapter 1. Electron and Ion Beams in P3asma 5
1.1. Quasineutrality of P1aQ:aa 5
1.2. Collisions in Plasma 6 -
1.3. Collisionless Kinetic Equation 8
1.4. Instabilities of ~old Plasma 11 _
1.5. Beam Instability 14 -
- 1.6. Current Instability in Plasma 17
1.7. Influence of Thermal Spread on Plasma Stability 18
1.8. Ion Beam Instability in Plasma 23
1.9. Kinetic Effects 25
1.10. Boundaries of Hydrodynamic and Kinetic DescriFtions 31
" 1.11. Quasilinear Approximation 33 -
1.12. Self-Similar Solutions 39
1.13. SynC'~tsis of Self-Similar Solutions 44
168
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1.14. Limita of App].icability of One-Dimeneional Self-
~ Similar Theory 48
_ 1.15. Stationary ElecCron Iieam In~ecCion InCo Plaema 50
1.16. Interaction of a Monoenergetic Electron Beam With Plasma 53
1.17. InteracCion of a M~onoenergetic Electron Beam With Denae
Plasma 55 -
1.18. Numerical Modeling of InCeracCion Between Beam and
Dense Plasma 57
1.19. Experimental Investigatione of Beam Relaxation in Plasma 65 -
1.20. Three-Dimensional Relaxation of an ElecCron Beam in
Plasma 69
1.21 RelaxaCion of a Low-Density Ion Beam in Plasma 84
1.22. 1t~o-Dimenaional Numerical Modeling of Interaction of an
Electron Beam With Colliaionless Plasma 95
_ 1.23. 'I~ao-Dimenaional Numerica~ Modeling of InteracCion of an -
Ion Beam With Colliaionless Plaema 98
_ 1.24. Low-Frequency Oscillations of Plasma in a Magnetic Field 101
1.25. Integration by Tra~ectories 106
1.26. Quasilinear Relaxation of an Ion Beam in a Plasma Con-
fined in a Magnetic Field 112
Chapter 2. Confining Plasma With Magnetic Fields 118
- 2.1. Plasma Trap With Magnetic Plugs 118
2.2. Channel Instability 122 _
2.3. Effect of Stabilization of Channel Instability 127
2.4. Drift Instability of Plasma When k,~pi�1 130
- 2.5. Drift Instability when klpizl 138
2.6. Ion-Sonic and Cyclotron Instabilities of Inhomogeneous _
Plasma 146
2.7. Derivation of a System of Quasilinear Equations for an
Inhomogeneous Plasma 151 -
2.8. Initial Stages of Quasilinear Relaxation 155
2.9. Diaplacement of a Wave Packet Into the Region ~l~l>1 156 -
2.10. Propagation of Noise in Wave Number Space 160 .
2.11. Plasma Equilibrium in a Magnetic Field 163
2.12. Stabilization of Drift Instability in Traps With
Minimum ~HI when Te�Ti 164
2.13. Stabilization of Instability of a Slightly Inhomogeneous
Isothermal Plasma in a Trap 169
2.14. Quasilinear Relaxation of the Unstable Function of
Particle Distribution in a Field With Minimum IHI 174
2.15. Stability of a Plasma Column 182
Chapter 3. Interaction ^P High-Frequency Fields With Plasma 188
3.1. Basic Terms and Qualitative Appraisals 188
3.2. Integration by Tra~ectories in a High-Frequency Field 196
3.3. Universal Drift Instability 201
3.4. Drift-Temperature Instability 202
169
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3.5. DrifC-Dissipative InaCabiliCy 205
3.6. Diacuasion of Results in StabilizaCion by MagneCic-
Sonic Waves . 208
3.7. Parametric or Disintegration Inseabilitiea 209
3.8. Disintegration InatabiliCy of Mngnetic-Sonic Waves 215
3.9. Methode of Theory of Weak Turbulence and Diai.ntegraCion
- Instability 221
Chapter 4. TurbulenC Iieating of Plasma 228
4.1. Wave Interaction 228
- 4.2. Nonlinear Wave-Particle Interaction 237
4.3. Abnormal Resistance 250
4.4. Nonlinear Plasma Movement 258
4.5. Colltsionless Thex~mal Waves 264
- 4.6. Beam Heating of Electrons in a Probkotron 277 -
_ 4.7. Heating of Electrons by Cyclotron Renonance 282
Chapter 5. Laser and Beam Heating of Solid-Target Plasma 293
5.1. Powerfu]. Beam of Relativistic Electrons in Plasma 293
, 5.2. Cooperative Deceleration caf a Power Beam of Relativistic
- Electrons in Plasma 305
5.3. Compression of Matter by Laser Radiation 314
5.4. Effectiveness of AbsorpCion of Power in a Target 324
S.S. Mechanism of Transfer of the Energy of Langmuir Oscil-
lations to the Electrons in a Plasma 327 -
5.6. Effectiveness of Laser Heating 331
- Bibliography 335
Alphabetic Sub~ect Index 343 _
Preface
This book represents an attempt to encompass a number of interesting
_ phenomena and processes studied by plasma physics, both from a scientific
= and applied aspect. The rapid development of plasma physics, caused by
- an attempt to create a controlled thermonuclear reaction, led to the
- development of new methods of investigation in theory and experiment, `
- methods which have made a substa:ztial contribution to some areas of both
physics and chemistry. In pa~tticular, study of instabilities of plasma
- and their nonlinear conditions has proven to be very impartant for areas
which at first glance seem far removed from one another, ar~as such as
astrophysics and solid-state physics, high-~emperature chemistry and
problems of controlled thermonuclear synthesis, gas discharge physics and
the problem of magnetohydrodynamic energy conversion, gas and solid las.:~rs,
powerful relativistic electron beams and accelerators.
,
170
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Mnny etudies have been wrieten on e11 ~hes~ problems~ but th~y nre frnquenely -
oE nn excec~eively ppnnialtaad naturu, whi1.Q there h~?e be~n no book which wou1J
- unify Che above-enumerated problams~ which ~~senrially involve one and th~ -
eama phyeical basis. Thie impedes the developmene of general concepts on -
plaeroa physica and leads Co narrower specialization of investigaCors working
in the varioue areas oF pla~sma physics. Therefore publication of ~ bonk
_ such as this aeems quite timely.
At the dawn of developmenC of pl~sma phyaics, theory and experiment were
separated from one another to a greaC degree, eince theoretiical research was
being conducted chiefly within the framework of linear approximation, while
experiments for the most parC involved measurement of parameters of
developed nonlinear conditions of a given insCability. Aa theory developed
methods were created which make it possible to investigate nonli~ear
or collecCive effects in plasma~ which could be more reliably compared wiCh
experimenCal results. This does not mean that the role of linear approxima-
tions in plasma theory has diminished. Linear theory makes it possible not
only to determine the threaholds of instabilities buC also Co predict the
influence of unstable oscillations of sufficiently great amplitude on
aver~ged system characteriatics. One more important method of studying
phenomena in plasma has been developed in the last decade numerical
modeling, which has proven to be an extremely important addition to theory
and occupies and intermediate position between experimental and theoretical
investigationa.
Thus in order to avoid fragmentary coverage, and, as already mentioned, ex-
cessively narrow specialization, we shall describe the phenomena in plasma,
not dividing them into linear and nonlinear, utilizing thereby the most
adequate methods.
~ Elementary processes in plasma (Coulomb collisions, collisions between
electrons and ions on the one hand and atoms and molecules on the other, _
and collisions of neutral particles) have been fairly thoroughly studied
[1, 2], and therefore they are not specially described in this book.
Various approaches have been utilized in describing phenomena in plasma;
the method of investigation is deacribed in a fair amount of detail, but
without excessive detailing, which the reader can find in already-pub-
lished m~nographs. Principal attention is focused on the interaction of -
electron and ion beams with a fully-ionized and weekly-ionized plasma,
the interaction of high-frequency fields with plasma, the problem of plasma
confinement and stabilization in magnetic traps, the problem of turbulent
heating of plasma, and the interaction of powerful laser radiation with
. plasma.
In describing these phenomena, the author discusses the conditions of
realization and the present situation principally in the area of controlled
thermonuclear synthesis.
171
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,
'1'he ~uthor would like Co exprese hi.s profound thanks Co a11 partic~panCs of
the aeminrtr held by Academician M. A. Leontovich, aC Che Atomic Energy
ZnatiCute imeni I. V. KurchnCOV, with whom he hae discussed on numeroue
occaeions the problems presented in this book, as well as Co T. K. Soboleva =
for her asaisCance in preparing the m~nuscript �or publication.
COPYRIGHT: Atomizdat, 1977
- 3024
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i -
172
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_ PUBLICATIONS
- LASER EMISSION IN A TURBULENT ATMOSPHERE
- Moscow LAZERNOYE iZLUCHENiYE V TURBLENTNOY ATMOSFERE (Laser ~.ssion in a
_ Turbulent Atmosphere) in Russian 1976 signed to prese 29 Nov 76 pp 1-6,
276-277
[Annotation, Table of Contents, Preface and introduction from book by A. S.
Gurvich, A. I. Kon, V. L. Mironov and S. S. IQimelevtaov, Izdatel'stvo Nauka~
1,400 copies, 280 pages]
(Text] The phyaical bases of the effect of atmospheric turbulence on laser
emisafon are considered in the book. Main attention is devoted to solution
of problems related to determination of the mean inten~ity and intensity ~
fluctuations in laser beams. The effec~ of turbul~lnce on the phase fluctua-
tions of light waves and distortion of spatial coherence is considered.
Methods of determining turbulence parameters by laser emission fluctuations
are outlined. Along with theoretical investigations of electromagnetic
wave propaqation in randomly inhomogeneous media, data on atmospheric tur-
bulence and on methods of describing turbulent fields are presented in the _
book. Results obtained by approximate numerical methods are presented.
Experimental data and generalizations of them, required for practical appli-
- cations in design of laser systems, are extensively represented. The outline
- relies to a significant degree on oriqinal results obtained by the authors ~
durinq the past 10 years. .
The book is intended for a wide range of readers specialists in electro-~ -
maqnetic wave propagation in the atmosphere and in random media, qeophysicists
and designers of laser systems. It may be of interest for teachers and post-
graduate students.
Contents Page
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 1. Field Structure of the Refractive Index in the Atmospher~ 7
1. Random and determined functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
- 2. Structural functions and their spectra . . . . . . . . 9
3. Correlation and spectral function:~ of random fields 18
173
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a 4. Z'he refractive index in the atmosphere s 24
5. Turbulence kinematics and the field structure of tem-
perature and the refractive index . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6. The micrometeorology of the surface layer of the _
atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7. Optical properties of turbulence in a free atmosphere . 48
Chapter 2. Theoretical Methods of Investigating Light Propagation in -
a Turbulent Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
l. Method of sma11 disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~8
_ 2. Parabolic equation and method of smooth disturbances . 1~0 _
3. Amplitude and phase �luctuations of light waves in a
turbulent medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~4
4. The Huygena-Kirchhoff inethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
_ 5. Markov approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Chapter 3. Phase Fluctuations and Disruption of Coherence in Laser
Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
1. Phase fluctuations in light beams . . . . . . . . . . . 86
_ 2. Disruption of coherence in laser beams 95
3. Effect of atmospheric turbulence on the operation of ~
optical hetarodyning systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . ].O1
Chapter 4. Mean Radiation Intensity in a Laser Beam :L06
1. A coherent light beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :106
2. Mean intensity in beams on an inhomogeneous path ;112
3. A partially coherent beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4. Effect of the dimensions of optical systems ori formation
of light beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Chapter 5. Random Displacements of Light Beams in a Turbulent Medium 123
1. Derivation of the main formula for random displacement
of a beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2. Disnergion of clisplacements of the center of aravity
of a light beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 -
3. Correlation functions of beam displacements 133
4. Vibration of laser beams during propagation in the -
- surface layer of the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Chapter 6. Fluctuations of Radiation Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . 144 =
_ 1. Calculations of fluctuations of the logarithm of inten- ~
- - sity in restricted beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
2. Approxir,~ate calculations of strong fluctuations 159
3. Probability distribution.of intensity fluctuation; 177
- 4. Experimental i,nvestiqations of intensi~y fluctuati.ons . 186
5. Random spatial intensity surges . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Chapter 7. Averaging Effect of Transmitting and Receiving Apertures . 217
1. Effect of the receiver on intensity fluctuations in
plane and spherical waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
- ~ 2. Frsquency spectrum of fluctuations of total luminous flux 224
~ 174 ~
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3. Fliakerinq of noncoheren~ sources of finite artquler
dimeneions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
4. Averaqinq tluctuatione in a spatially reetricted beam
by an elongated objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
5. Flickering of imr~ges in the focal plane of the objective 235 -
G~ Experimental inve~tiqationa of the avoraqinq effect of
the receiving aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Chapter 8. Optical Measuremants of Atmoepheric Turbulence Parameters 248
1. Measuring the atructural characteriatics of fluctuations
of the refractive index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
2. Amplitude measurements of the turbulence spectrwn in the _
dissipation range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
3. Phese measureu~ents of the turbulence spectrum in the
energy range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Preface
Considerable attention ha~ recently been devoted to investfgations of laser -
emiasion propaqetion in t}~e atmosphere with regard to the potentfally
poasiba.e applications of laebr technoloqy. The effect of random inhomo-
qeneitiee of the refractive index, caused by atmospheric turbulence, may -
in some ~asea be a factor which limits the capabllities of systetns utilizing
laser emission. The inhomogeneities of the refractive index caused by tur-
- bulence are reflected in laser emission parameters to a qreater degree, the
higher the "quality" of emission, i.e., the less its angular diverqence,
_ the qreater its spatial and ten~oral coherence and so on.
A number of monoqraphs is devoted to problems af electromaqnetic and aound
wave propagation in a medium with randan inhoatioqeneities. However, the
results of nwnerous investigations carried out during the past few years
are not reflected in them. Further developa~ent of the principal aspect of "
the considered problem was achieved in some of these papers, which made it
possible to apply theory to the case of significant fluctuations of the
- radiation field, important to practice. Moreover, experimental investiga-
- tions were carried out, the results of which permit one to find a number of
universal functions ~ahich cannot yet be obtained by calculation. Finally,
there is a large qroup of papers in wh~.ch various parameters of laser beams
prUpagated in m turbulent atmosphere are calculated. The ~ost signiffcarit
of the enumerated new results have been entered in the proposed m~noqraph.
~ It shou~d be noted that many of the results presented in the book can be
used without special difficulties for analysis of electromagnetic and
sound wave propaqation in other randomly inhomoqeneously ~:dia (for example, -
sound waves in the atmo~phere and ocean, radio waves in the ionosphere,
_ interplan~tary medium and so on).
The material the book mainly relies on investiqations carried out at the
Znstitute of Physics of the Atmosphere of the USSR Academy of Sciences and
at ~he institute of Citi~s of the Ata~osphere of the Siberian Department of
the USSR Academy of Sciences.
175
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Chapter 1 of the book was writtien by A. S. Gurvich, Chaptera w, 5 and 7 _
_ aere arititen by A. I. Kon, Chepters 3 and 4 were written by A. Y. IGon and
S. i~melevtisov and Chaptere 7 and 8 were written by A. S. Gurvtch arid
V. L. Mironov. Sectioiis 7 0� Chapter 1 and 6 of Chapter 7 were written by
V. L. Mironov.
Introduction
Turbulent fluctuations of the refractive index lead to distortion of the -
light waves propaqated in the atmosphere. This phenomenon has long been -
knoam to astronomers since it limits the opportunities to observe astronomi-
cal objectis by uaing large optical instruments. StuS~? of fluctuation inter-
ference occurring during light propagation in the atmosphere has now become -
espe~ially timely with reqard to the extensive use of lasers in dptical
communications lines, range-finder and qoniometric devices and in a number -
of other appliCations. Turbulence disturbs the coherence of laser emission
and in some cases limits the capabilities of using devicea in which co-
herence is employed (for example, in formation of pencil light beams). In-
tensity fluctuations occurring during light propaqation in the atxnosphere -
cause extensive fading of aigr~als in comnunications lines. Since the atmo-
sphere is essentially always turbulent, the possibility of interference
due to the optic~~l inhomogeneity of the atmosphere must be taken ~nto
account when desi5r?ing optical devices and the system ~arameters must be `
selected so as to attenuate this interference to the maximum extent possible.
_ in those cases when interference limits the maximum capabilities of optical
systems (for Qxample, resolution), technical requirements may be formulated
on the basis of the actually achievable characteristics of the systems when
they are operating under atmospheric conditions. -
Inveatigation of wave propagation in a turbulent medium was bequn in the
� USSR by A. M. Obukhov and V. A. Krasil'nikov. Investigation in this direc-
tion subsequQntly continued to be developed actively in the USSR and the
results are outlined in two monographs: that of L. A. Chernov (1958) and
V. Z. Tatarskiy (1959), later translated into English. References to these
monographs are contained in almost all publications (both in the USSR and
abroad) devoted to wave propagation in a medium with random inhomogeneities
of the refractive index. The second monoqraph of V. I. Tatarskfy "Wave
Propagation in a Turbulent Atmosphere" (1967) has also now been translated _
- into English. Along with the mentioned monoqraphs, a large nwnber of eac-
perimental and theoretical papers devoted to investigation of laser emission
fluctuations during propagation in the atmosphere is published annually,
especially abroadf specifically, the special issue of the joumal 1tADIo
SCIEN:.^E was publiehed in 1975.
The published monographs are mainly of a theoretical nature and they are
outlined at a level not always accessible to enqineers. Moreover, the
experimental material on laser measurements is not generalized :n the
published monographs since similar experiments had simply not been conducted
_ by the moment of their writinq. Individual special problems are naturally
considered in articles published in journals.
176
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Deapite the f8ct that the proposed monograph is devoted to description ~~f
light propagation processes in the ataasphere, problems related to molecular
abaorption and ecatterinq on the aerosol are no~ considered in it. These
problems compriae the contents of V. Ye. Zuyev's monograph "Atmospheric
Traneparency for Vtsible and Infrared Beams," published in 1966 and where
they are rather fully outlined. Moreover, the fluctuation phenomena caused
by turbulence moy be coneidered independently in most cases and they are of
independent intereat.
_ The proposad monograph generalizes and conaiders from a unified view the now
" available experimental data on fluctuationa of the parameters of a light
wave propagated in a turbulent atmosphere. The boak is primarily addresaed
to radio enqineera, radio physicists and optical specialists and should per-
mit one ~o calculate fluctuation interference durinq operation of optical
syatems with laser emiesion in the atmosphere.
The theoretical basis of the proposed book is the generally accepted
K,oLnogorev-Obukhov theory o� turbulence and the theory of light pro~aqation
in a turbulent atiacsphere, developed by V. Tatarskiy. The main results
of theory required both to understand the phyaical pattern of the vonsidered -
propagation processes and to carry out engineerinq calculations are outlined ~
in the book. -
- The greatest attention in the book is devoted to experimental results obtained ~
during the past few years with laser light sources. The main data obtained
during the past few years by the authors and by collectives of research
associates of the Institute of Physics of th~ Atmosphere of the USSR Academy
of Scienaes and of the Institute of Optics of the Atmosphere of the Siberian -
Department of thQ T1SSR Academy of Sciences on investigatian of phenomena
related to "stronq fluctuations" are outlined. "Strong fluctuationo" occur-
rinq on rather long runs were first investigated in ~,rork carried out at IFA
[institute of Physics of ~the At.mospheze] of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
There is still no sufficiently developed theory which describes "strong
fluctuations." However, concepts of similarity and approximate methods of
calculations made it poasible to systematize the numerous experimental re-
sults for thi_s practically important case and to obtain rather simple empiri-
cal relations and graphs suitable for engineering calculations. -
Considerable attention was devoted to the calculation of the rcwean intensity
fn laser benms and to analysis of defocusing caused by turbulence. A reduc- -
~ tion of coherence due to turbulenae is rather de `
pendably calculated for
practically any possible conditions of propagation in the atmosphere, which
_ has been oonfirn~ed by numerous experiments.
Problems on determination of random wandering of beams due to turbulence and
also on fluctuation of the luminous flux throuqh receiving apertures of finite
dimensions are of important significance for practical applications.
Developn~ent of theoretical and experimental investigations upon interaction
of turbule~~ce and light waves made it possible to sol.ve the problem of remote
~ sounding of turbulence by met~ns of coherent radia~ion.
177� .
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~o~ or~rctnr, us~ ox~.Y
The resulte of investigatiione o� both Sovieti ar~d foreign epecialista orir'
fluctuatiiona ocourring during lighx propegation in a turbulent atmospher~, `
publiahecl in the presa, were used extensively in ~he book. ThB outline of
tt?e re'~f~~s of experiments ana theoretical calculations ie directed not only -
toward ~~loping a concept of t1~e s~atie of the problem, but also permits
one to utilize these data for engineering pxactice.
In view o� the fact thati data on turbulence and �ield s~ructure of the
refractive index in the atmosphare is contained in special inves~igatipns
intended for hydroengineers and geophystciate, a chapter on the structure
of tiurbulence, the typiaal values of i~s intensity and methods af deter-
mininq parametera responeible for the occurrence of fluctuations in a ligh~
- wave is included in the given monograph.
COPYRIGHT: IzdAtel'stvo "Nauka", 1976
6521
CSO: 1870
178
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PUBLICATIONS
UDC 539.171:539.171.2:539.128.5
USING ELECTRONS TO STUDY NUCLE'i
Moscow ISSLEDOVANIYE YADER ELEKTRONAMI in Russian 1977 signed to press
17 Jan 77 pp 1-4, 207-208
[Annotation, Table of ConCents and Preface from book by I1'y~q Semenovich
Gul'karov, Atomizdat, 1800 copies, 208 pages]
[Text) The book deals with the study of nuclei by the meChod of scatter-
ing of high-energy electrons. Examined in greatest detail are processes of
elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons by nuclei with excitation of
discrete levels, and particularly giant resonance. The author discusses
electric and magnetic scattering, scattering by isotopes, and processes that -
accompany elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons. It is s:iown that
the method of electron scat~ering is preferable to photonuclear reaction
methods for studying giant resonance in nuclei. Nuclear models are briefly
_ discussed. Other problems are also considered radiation and dispersion `
corrections, methods of ineasuring the spectra of scattered electrons, quasi-
elastic scattering with prompt neutron knock-on. -
The book is intended for advanced students, graduate students, physicist~
working in the field of the atomic nucleus, and those who are interested in
, the latest advances in nuclear ph�~sics.
' Figures 52, tables 2, references 255.
TABLE Oi~' CONTENTS
~ Preface 3
Chapter 1. Elastic Scattering of Electrons by Nuclei 5
.
- 1. Scattering of Electrons by a Point Nucleus. Mott Formula 6 _
2. Scattering of Electrons by Nuclei of Finite Dimensions.
Form Factor of the Nucleus 8
- 3. Models of Charge Density Distribution in Nuclei 12
179
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4. Model-Independent Meehod of An~lyzing ElasCic ScaCtering 24
5. Improved I3orn Approximnrion 27
6. High-Energy ApproximaCion 28
7. Phase Analysis 31
- 8. Magnetic ScaCtering. Rosenblueh Formula 33 -
9. Quadrupole Scattering 41
10. Elastic ScatCering of Electrons by Isotopes 45
11. Analyaig of Che Radii o� Nuclei 52 -
12. Proceases that Accompany Elastic ScaeCering o� ~lectrons by
Nuclei 59
13. Methods of Measuring Che 5pecCra of ScatCered Electrons 69
'f;
Chapter 2;: Excitation of Discrete Levels of Nuclei 75
14. Form Factor of Elastic Scattering of Llectrons and Transition
Density 77
15. Helm's Phenomenological Model 81 _
16. Form Factors in the Shell Model of the Nucleus 85
17. Calculations Based on the Hydrodynamic Model 89
18. ~iodel-Independent Method of Data Analysis. Transition Radius of
- the Nucleus 97
19. InelasCic Scattering of Electrons by Isotopes ' 101
~ 20. Partial-Wave Analysis of Inelastic ScatCering of Electrons by
_ Nuclei 103
Chapter 3. Investigation of Giant Resonance in Nuclei 112 -
- 21. Monopole and QuadrLOOle Giant Resonances in Nuclei 113
22. Investigation of Giant Resonance in Nuclei with Electron
Scattering 120
23. Models of the Nucleus that are Used to Explain the Mechanism of
Excitation of Giant Resonance 122
- 2:. Results of Measurements and Theoretical Interpretation 130
25. Integral Characteristics of Giant Resonance in Nuclei with
A 60 146 _
_ 26. Magnetic Giant Resonances in Nuclei 152
Chapter 4. Quasielastic S~attering of Electrons by Nuclei 157
_ 27. Differential Cross Sections of the Reactions (e, e') and
- (e, e'p) 158
28. Results of Measurements and Interpretation 164
Conclusion 179
- Appendices 183
A. Charge Density Distribution of Nuclei of the ls-lp and 2s-ld
- Sh~ll and Fermi Charge Density Distribution 183
180 .
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~ B. Radiation CorrecCions for ElecCron ScatCer~.ng 187
C. Form Factora of Nucleona 189
References 192
PREFAC~ ~ _
This book dPals with invesCigation of Che strucCure of atomic nuclei by the -
- method of scattering of high-energy electrons. The earliest research on
- nuclear atructure was done in Che United States, and then in the Soviet Union,
France, West Germany, Canada, Japan, Italy and the Netherlands. Research
- resulta are presented chiefly in ~ournal articles, and therefore it is
necessary to collect the accumulated maCerial in a single book to facilitate
the study of the rapidly developing field of nuclear physics.
This book exa?nines problems relating to processes thaC arise when elecCrons
interact wiCh nuclei. The atudy of r.u~lei by elecCrons is one of the
effective methods of studying the structure of nuclei since the nature of
interaction of the electron with the nucleus (elecCromagnetic interaction) is
well known. When an electron interacts with a nuclear field set up by
nucleons and their currenCs, scattering of the electron is not accompanied
by atrong distortion of the nucleus. If consideration ia given to radiation -
and dispersion corrections (the latter are associated with virtual excitation
of intermediate states of the nucleus), such interaction is elasCic scatter-�
ing. In the case of inelastic scattering, we know only the lepton part of
the vertex in the diagram that describes the interaction of the electron with
the nucleus. The advantage ~f using electrons as compared with photons is
that in the case of real photons, the momentum q transmitted to the nucleus
is determined by the e~tergy e transferred to the nucleus, whereas in the
case of virtual photons (electrons), different values of q are admissible.
This enables us to study the matrix elements of the distributions of charges
and currents in the nucleus in a large interval of transmitted momenta.
Chapter 1 examines elastic scattering of ~:lectrons by nuclei, which is one of
the precision methods of ineasuring the radius of a nucleus and the charge _
- density distribution in nuclei. By studying elastic scattering of electrons -
. by nuclei we can explain the influence of neutrons on charge distribution in
nuclei. This chapter also examines sca~ttering of el~ctrons with consider-
ation of the magnetic and quadrupale a?.~ments of nuclei, as well as the =
processes that accompany elastic scattering of electrons by nuclei (radiation
and dispersion corrections). Methods of ineasuring the spectra of scattered
_ electrans are considered here also.
Chapter 2 deals with excitation of discx�ete levels of nuclei, which may take
place with inelastic scattering of electrons. By an~~lyzing measured form
factors, ona can determine many characteristics of nuclei in the excited
state redu~:ed probabilitiea of transitions, vibrational parameters,
transition rac;ii and so forth.
181
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_ Chapter 3 ie devoted to one of Che url,;ent problems of nuclear physics
inveatigaCion of giant resonances in nuclei. An examinaCion is made of
electric (dipole and quadrupole) and magnetic giant resonances in nuclei.
The main feature of the method of electron sca~Cering is the possibility of
- measuring Che form facCOr of giant resont~nces as a function of the trans-
mitted momenCum. The m~chanism of thia excitaCion is explained by using
different modela of nucle�l: Goldbarger-Teller, Danos and Greiner, the shell
model and others. This same chapter give~ Cine results of ineasuremenCs made
by the method of inelastic acattering along wirh.their theoreCical inter~
pretation. -
in Chaptex,4 an examination is made of quasielastic scattering of electrons
- by nuclei. By investigating quasielastic scattering we can study the mamentum
distribution of nucleons, determ~ne their binding energy and get an idea of
Che correlation between nucleons. An examinaCion is also made of reactions
(e, e'x) in which the sc,attered elecCron and Che knock-on particle from the
nucleus are simulCaneously~ registered.
_ The conclusion conCains a brief discussion of the outlook for using electron
linacs on high energies to study the structure of nuclei.
The author is sincerely grateful to Profpssor G. Ya. Umarov for conCinued
~ interest, support and atCention in the work, and also to reviewers Candidate
of Physical-Mathematical Sciences S. F. Semenko and Yu. I. Titov for their
many vs,luable comments that were conducive to improvement of the conCent of
th~~ buok. -
COPYRIGHT: Atomizdat, 1977 ~
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= 182
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I
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PUBLICATIONS
STATICS AND DYNAMICS OF ROCKET ENGINES
- Moscow STATIKA I DINAMIKA RAKETNYKH DVIGATEL'NYKH U5TANOVOK (Statics and
. Dynamics of Rocket Enginea~ Part I) in Rusaian 1978 Vol 1 pp 220-221
- [Table of contents from book by Ye. B. Volkov, T. A. Syritsyn and G. Yu.
Mazing, Mashinoatroyeniye, 221 pages]
[Text] Contenta Page
Introduction 5
Section I. Static Characteristics of Liquid Fueled Rocket Engines
Chapter 1. General Engine Characteristics 7
1.'. 'LhRD [liquid fueled rocket engine] classific:ation and
schematica 7
- 1.2. Engine characteristics 13
1.3. Characteristics Af an engine raithout generator gass
~ reheating 19
1.4. Optimum engine chamber presaure with a displacement
injection system 22
1.5. Engine chamber pressure threshhold wiCh generator gas
. ~
reheating 25
Chapter 2. Analysis Methoda and Calculation of Static Characteristics 34
= 2.1. Operating mode perturbations 34
2.2. Analyais methods and calculations of the influence of
perturbations on the engine's characteristics 39 -
Chapter 3. Static Equatians for the Engine Assemblies 42 -
3.1. Engine chamber and gas generator equation 42
3.2. Pump equations 44
3.3. T~irbine equations 46
3.4. r'uel lir;~ equations 49 '
3.5. Pressure tank equations 52
- 3.6. Gravitational characteristics 54
183
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_ C!~apter 4. Static Engine Characteriatics 55
4.1. General aolution 55
4.2. Model of an engine ayatem with a fuel diaplacement syatem.... 57
4.3. Model of an engine without gae generator reheating........... 61 -
4.4: Engine with gas generator reheating (achematic G- Zh)....... 63
4.5. Engine with gas generator rehearing (schematic G-G)......... 66 .
4.6. Engine characterietic generalizations 70
4.7. Time threahhold for engine syatem operation 73 -
Chapter 5. Sratic Analyaie of the Qperational Precision of an
- Engine.,.~., 77
5.1. D3~etribution laws for the parameters of the operational
procese 77
5.2. Static characteristics of precision 81 _
_ 5.3. Efficiency conditiona of the engine 84
5.4. Regresaive analyais of precision 91
Chapter 6. Engine Adjustment 97
5.1. Problems and methods of adjustmenC 97
6.2. Individualized adjustment 100
6e3. Static adjustment 108
- 6.4. Comparison of the methods of adjustment 109
S~cction II. Static Characteristics of Solid Fueled Rocket
Engines -
Chapter 7. Oper.ational Characteristics of RDTT [solid fueled
rocket engines] ill
7.1. Solid rocket fuels and basic RDTT schematics 111
7.2. Empirical law of the combustion veiocity of solid rocket
fuels undar static conditions 115
_ 7.3. Law for ar.tering the surface combustion of the grain _
' by time 119
7.4. Determination of the operational parameters and character- -
istics of RDTT under zero-dimensional problem definition... 123 _
7.5. Determination of the operaCional parameters of RDTT under
single-dimensional groblem definition 128
7.6. Determination of operational parameters of RDTT with the
_ grains of a graduated variation of the transfer section.... 135
c;hapter 8. Anomalies in the Operating Parameters of RDTT in the
Areas of an Assigned Mode 138 -
8.1. The relationships of anomalous RDTT operating parameters
in the areas of ar. asaigned regime for a zero-dimensional
variant 138
8.2. The relationships of anomalies for RDTT operating para-
meters in the areas of an assigned mode in the case of
a single-dimen,~ional solution 142
� 8.3. S~slection of optimum values pi and ~k 147
~84
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Chapter 9. Factore Which PerCurb the Operating Mode of RDTT......... 153
_ 9.1. General eurvey of perturbing facCora 153
9.2. Influence af overloading on the RDTT operating regime........ 154
9.3. Nozzle er~sion 158
9.4. Perturbationa in the operating regime of RDTT and ita
resultant characteriatica connected with the entrain-
ment of heat ahie;,ding materials 161
9.5. Calculating heaC Zr~saee and the incompleteness of fuel -
combustion 163
Chapter 10. The Influence of the Initial Grain Temperature on
Che Characterietics of RDTT and Adjusting the Engine 168
10.1. Dependence of the RDTT characCeriatica on the initial
grain temperature 168
10.2. Objectives and media for adjuating RDTT 171
10.3. Adjuatment of RDTT nozzlea for cnnstant preseure 113
10.4. Adjustment of RDTT nozzlea for constant thrust 176
10.5. Adjuatment of RDTT for constant conaumption 178
_ 10.6. Reasone for the irregularity of the grain temperature
field and the time of its compensation 180
10.7. The influence of irregularity of the grain temperature
field on the RDTT operating mode 183
Section III. Static Characteristica of Hybrid Rocket Enginea
Chapter 11. Schematics a~Yd Characteristics of the Operating
Processes of Hybrid Rocket Engines 190
il.l. Schematics of hybrid rocket enginea 190
11.2. GRD [hybrid rocket enginea] fuel combustion 196
11.3. GRD chamber equations.., 200
11.4. Equations for liquid f,sel aystems 202
Chapter 12. Static Charac2eristics of GRD 206
. 12.1. The influence of external and interal factors (perturba-
tions) on the operating parametera of G:c,D 206
12.2. Adjusting hybrid rocket engines 215
Bibliography 218
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185 -
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PUBLICATIONS
COMPUTER'HARDWARE FOR STATISTICAL MODELING
Moscow VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA DLYA STATISTICHESKOGO MODELIROVANIYA (Com-
_ uter F.quipment for Statistical Modeling) in Russian 1978 ~igned to press
_ ~9 Aug 77 p~ 2, 8, 308 3~,0
[Annotation, excerpt from introduction, and table of contents from book by
V. N. Chetverikov, E. A. Bakanovich, ~nd A. V. Men'kov, Sovetskoye Radio,
" 11,250 copies, 312 pages] -
[TexC] This book deals with problems of building controlled probability
elements and controlled probability converters, which constitute the prin-
cipal structural elements of stochastic machines and models. The authors
examine questions pertaining to selection of the parameters of these devices,
evaluation of the accuracy of their operation, etc. The authors select the
most expedient structure of a stochastic model for investigation of complex
systems, describe the circuitry of the principal component units of the
model and present modeling results.
This book is intended for persons dealing with development of probability
devices, control ~ystems, as well as for undergraduates and gracluate students
- at higher educational institutions.
[Excerpt]. Introduction
This book consists of an introduction and six chapters.
The first chapter deals with examination of various aspects of implementation /
of the method of statistical tests on a general-purpose computer. This
chapter also contains information on methods of forming flows of random num-
bers on a computer.
The second chapter examines the structural features of existing experimental
models of stochastic and analog computers which implement methods of
- statistical tests: models of queuing systems, models of ri~~twork systems, etc.
The third and fourth chaptezs deal with investigation of uncontrolled and -
_ controlled probability elements, with principal attention focused on analysis
, of originaZ circuitry of probability elements.
186
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The fifth chapCer presenta results of inveatigaCion of conCrolled probabi].i- -
ty converters, both original (recenCly developed by the auChora) and ones
utilized in experimental models of stochaseic devices. `
. In the sixth chapter the authors examine the rational structure of a
sCochasCic model for examination of complex syatems, subatantiate the ex-
- pediency of constructing aggregated stochastic models and describe unique -
aggregated atochastic devices.
Knowledge in the area of prob abi~.ity theory and compuCere at the college _
_ 1eve1 is adequate for reading this book.
- This book is intended for persons working w~th the development of probability
devices, control systems, as well as for undergraduates and graduate
- students at higher educational institutions.
Chapters three through six can be read independently of the first two chapters.
Contents Page _
Foreword 3
Introduction 3 -
_ Chapter I. Method of Statistical Tests
- 1.1. Essence of Methods of Statistical Tests 9
I.2. Types of Random Realizations 12
I.3. Forming of Random Events and Discrete Random Quantities 16
I.4. Forming of Continuous Random QuanCities 18
~ I.S. Forming of. Random VecCors and Random Fun~tions 21
I.6. Methods of Forming Multidimensional Distributions 24
I.7. Application of the Method of Statistical Tests for
Solving Determined Problems 29
I.B. Utilization of the Method of Statistical Tests in Design- -
ing Complex Systems 36
Chapter II. Stochastic Computers and Models
II.1. Built-In Stochastic Models of Queuing Systems 43
- II.2. Stoc.hastic Models of Network Systems 47
II.3. Specialized Probability Computing Devices 48
Chapter III. Equal Probability Units, Equal Probability Unit
Correction Circuitry _
,
- III.1. Classifications of Methods of Constructing Equal-
Probability Units 53
III.2. Equal Probability Units With a Non-Autonomous Source -
_ of Primary Random Process 61
III.3. Equal Probability Units Based on Isolation of Equal-�
Probability Amplitude Zones 67 ~
187
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III.4. Equal Probability Uni:s Bas,ed on Isolation of TemPoral
Equal Probability Zones 72
III.S. Method of Conatructing Equal Probability Un~iCa Based on
Recording Equal Probability EvenCs 78
' III.6. Forming Random Equally-Probable Binary Numbers by
Translating Pulse Sequence According Co Module 2 83 -
III.7. Classification of Methods of Constructing Equa1-
Probability UniC Correction CircuiCry 94
III.8. Basic MathemaCical Relations 102
III.9. .Analysis of Correction Circuits Based cn Translation
b.y Module 2 108
III.10. Analysis of a Method of Combining Direct and Inverted
- Representations 116
III.11. Analysis of the Neumann-Tocher Method 120
III.12. Correction CircuiC With Cyclic Shift Register 126
Chapter IV. Controlled Probaliility Elements
IV.1. Primary Random Pulse Flow Generators 129 -
- IV.2. Binary Noise Source Poisson Pulse Flow Generators 135
IV.3. Methods of Controlling Intensity of Poisson Pulse Flows 138
- IV.4. Flow of Infinitely Shor~t Pulses. Basic Terms and
Definitions 143
IV.S. Controlled Probability Gate of the First Type 146
IV.S. Controlled ProbabiliCy Gate of the Second Type 160
IV.7. Controlled Probability Gate of the Third Type 166
IV.8. Controll?d Probability Gate With Input Delay 172
IV.9. Correlation-Dependent Events Flow Generator 183
Chapter V. Controlled Probability Converters
V.1. Classification of Probability Converters 187
- V.2. Controlled Probability Converters Based on Disjunctive _
Forming of Probabi'lities 191
V.3. Method of Logical (Machine) Forming of an Output
Alphabet 197 -
~T.4. Controlled Probability Converters of the Recurrer~t ~
Type (Variant of Determined Quantization) 200
V.S. Mathematical Model of Controlled Probability Con~
- ver~er Operation (Variant of Random Quantization) 217 -
V.6. Controlled P:obability Converters Based on the Prin- -
ciple of Conduct of Flows of Random Tests 234
V.7. Controlled Probability Converters of. Series Graf -
Stochastic Machines 248
V.S. Matrix Controlled Probability Converters 251
V.9. Controlled Probability Converter of the EASMU Electronic
Stochastic Analog Machine 254
188
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~
, ~ , '
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Chapter ~I. 5tructure of an Aggregated 5tochastic Nbdel _
' VI.1. Principal Mode1 Speclfications 257
VI.2. Measur~ng Equipment of Ag~regat~d 5tochastic ModEl 260
- VI.3. Structure of t~odel Base Unit 268
VI.4. Utilization of the Principle of Clustering for Con-
structing Modela of Complex Systems 271 ~
- VI.S. Modele of Multichannel 5ystems 276
VI.6. Some Results of Modeliug 283
bibliography 299 `
Subject Indes: 301
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "SoveCskoye radio", 1978
30 24
CSO: 1870 ~
189
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