JPRS ID: 8281 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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16'FEBRUARY 1979 tFOUO 10l79)
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JrRs L/g281
16 February 1979
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIEfVCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 10/79)
- U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
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HIULIUGkApNIC DATA
'
I, It~p~~t~ Nu,
J1'R5 L/8281
2.
J, Hrcipicnt'v Arcrsri,in
s1iEEt
4. 1 ille ,ind tiuht itlr
S. Rcpott Date
7'ltAN5LA'1'ION5 ON US5It 5CIL"NCE AND TCCkiNbLOCY -
pHY5ICAI,
16 T'ebruary 1979
SCIENCE5 ANn TECHNULOGY ,(I'OUO 10/79)
a,
7. Authur(q)
8. F'erfurming (hganit.ation (lept.
u~.
9. I'rtfurming UrKanir.,uiun Namc and AJJrrss
10, Projert/1'ask/ubtk l:nit No.-
Joine E'ublicutions Re9eSrCtl Service
1000 North Glebe Ro3d
tt, c:onccarc/r,rnnc No. `
Arlington, Virginia 22201
12. 5pon%oring OrRAnitution \rme end Addtess
13, Typc o( Keport h Pcnod
Covered
As above
14.
15. `uprlcmcnt,iry Notc+
16. AMH!fUCtY
The report contains information on aeronautics
; astronomy and astrophysics;
aCmusfheric sciences; chemistry; earth science
s and oceanography; electronics
and elecCrical engineering; energy conversion;
mal�erials; mathematical
sciences; cybernetics, computers; mechanical,
industrial, civil, and marine
engineering; tnethods and equipment; missile Ce
chnology; navigation,
communications, detection,and countermeasures,
nuclear science and technology;
ordnance; physics; propulsion and fuels; space
Gechnology; and scientists
and scientific organization in the physical sc
iences.
17. Kcy 4'orJs and Uocument Analysis. 170. Deseriptors
USSR Electronics
Missile Technology
Aeronautics Electrical Engineeri
ng NavigaCion and
Astronomy Energy Conversion
Communications
As[rophysics MaCerials
Detection and
Atmospheric 5ciences Mathematics
Countermeasures
Chemistry Mechanical Engineeri
ng Nuclear Science and
Computers Civil Engineering
Technology
Cybernetics Industrial Engineeri
ng Ordnaace
Earth Sciences Marine Engineering
Physics
Oceanography Methods
Propulsion and Fuels
17b. Wcntificrs/Opcn-Ended Terms Equipment
Space Technology
17c. cnsnrI Firia/ctoup 01,03,04,07,08,09,10,11,12,13,
14,16,17,18,19,20,21,22
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I'v12 nPPICIAL U5L bNLY
,
.
JPRS L/a2 81.
16 February 1979 `
- TRANSLATIQNS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- PNYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 10/79)
CoNrENTS pAIGE
~
CYI3CRNETIC5, COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATTON TECHNOI,OGX
Description of ASU's, 'Kuntsevo,' 'L'vov,' 'S:Lrentt-1'
and 'Pribor'
(V. I. Kostyuk; OSNOVY POSTROYENIXA AVTOMATIZIRO-
. VANNYK11 SISTLM UPRAVLENIXA, 1977) 1
- ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Microwave Radiometry Methode and the prohlem of Forest und
Peat Fires
(L. F. Borodin, et al.; RAI)IOTEKHNIKA I ELEKTRONIKA,
No 10, 1978) 12
GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY AND SPACE
_ Soyuz Vehicle's Parachute Braking System Described
(Serge Berg; AIR & COSMOS, 11 Nov 78) 28
Breakthrough in Readaptation of Cosmonauts to Gravity
Discussed
_ (Albert Ducrocq; AIR 6 COSMOS, 11 Nov 78) 32
Pf1YSICS
Numerical Analysis of Characteristics of a Gas Dynamical
Laser With Selective Thermal Excitation and Mixing in
the Supersonic Flow
(0. V. Achasov, et al.; KyANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, No 11,
1978) 38
Investigation of the Ceneration Properties of Phospbate
Glasses in the Pulse Zepetition Pumping Mode
(N. Ye. Alekseyev, et al.; KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRON?KA�,�
No 11, 1978) 45
- a- [III - USSR - 23 S& T FOUOJ
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_ CONTLNTS (Continued) Page
, A Comparative Imrestigation of Pulsed HP and DF-C02
Chenical Iasexs
(V. Ya. Agroskin, eC ul. ; KVANTOVA7U EI.EKTRONIICA,
No 11, 1978) 52 _
Hethod for Heasuring the Geometric Paraneters of Quasi-
gausaian Iaser Beaus
(D. V. Vlasov, et al.; KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, No 11, ~
1978) 63
- Sone Results of Optimizing the Conposition of Active Med3a
and the OperaCing Parameters of a Gas-Discharge Co-Laser
(G. M. Crigor'yan, et al.; KYANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, .
No 11, 1918) 68
Evaluation of the Accuracy of the Laser poppler Delocity
Neter
(I. P. Lukin; OPTYKA I.SPEKTROSKOPIY.A, Jun 78)......... 72
~
SCIENTJ,STS AND SCIENTIFIC ORCANIZATIONS
Scientific Research Seninars on Aeromechanics and Gas
I?ynamics (Director Acadeaiciaa G. I. Petrov)
(oESTNIK MOSKOVSKOGO UNIVERSITETA SER. MATPlRATT.RA _
MEKiANIKA, No 6, 1978) 77
Pt1BLICATIONS
. Hanipulating Robots, Dynamics and Algorithms
- (MAIIIPULYATSIONNYYE ROBOTY. DINAMIKA I ALGORIIHY, .
- 1978) 80
Simulation of Discrete Systems on Conp~ ,er Discussed
(MODELIROVATTIYE SL02HNYKH DISKRETNYKH SISTEM NA -
EDM TRET'YEGO POKOLENIYA, 1978)....... 83
Recordi.xig _ and Gathering Primary Information for ASI1P's
(RLGIST'RATSIYA I SBOR PERDICHNOY INFORMhTSII V
ASUP, 1978) 86
- Seminar on Stati.stical Hydroacousties
(TRUDY VOS'MOY VSESOYUZNOY SHKOLY-SFMINARA PO
- STATTSTICHESKOY CIDROAKUSTTKE, 1977) 90 _
-b-
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CONT'ENT5 (Continued)
page _
, InsCitute o[ Physics Book on Pulsed Neutron Itesearch
(TRUUY OItUENA LCNINA FTZICHESKOCO INSTITUTA
IMENI P. N. LCBEDEVA AKADF.MII NAUK SSSR:
IMPUL'SNYXE NEXTRONNYYE TSSLF.DOVANXYA, 1977).....
95
Construcrion Machinery Automat:d Control Syate,ms
- (AVTOMATIZIROVANNX'XE ST5TEMY UPRAVLENTXA
STROITEL'NXMI MASFiINAMT, 1977)
97
Volume Devoted To Work of MarhemaCician Lyapunov
(PROBLEMY KTBERNEZ'IKI, 11 Oct 77)
_
99
New Book Reviews Process of ASU Design, Evaluation
(TEORETICHESKIXE OSNOVY POSTROXENIXA AVTOMATTZIR- ' OVANNXKH SISTEM UPRAVLENTYA, 1978)
-
101 -
Gaussian Light Beams
- (GAU5SOVY PUCHKI 5VETA, 1917)
104
Principles of Construction of Automated Control Systems
_ (OSNOVY POSTROYENZYA AVTOMATTZIROVANNYKH SISTEM
UPRAVLENIYA, 1977)
.
.
107
J -
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Fon orFrcrAL vsE ortLY
CYT3LItNi:TIC5, COMPU'rER5 ANU AUTOMA'I'TON TCCHNOLOGY
' DESCRIPTION OF ASU 's 'KUNTSEVO,' I1P#VOV 'SIRENA-11 AND 'PRIAOR'
Moscow OSNOVY POSTROYENIYA AVTOMATTZIROVANNYKH SISTEM UPRAVLENIYA in RussiAn
1977 signed to press 16 5ep 77 pp 279-288 =
_ [ChapCer 8 by V. I. K.ustyuk From the book by V. I. Kostyuk, Yu. P. Zaychen-
ko, N, G. Zaytsev, N. I. Kirilyuk and R. V. Lebedinskiy; Qdited by V. I.
Kostyult, IzdaCel'stvo Sovetskoye radio, 304 pp, 37,000 copies] -
j [Text] 8.1. The ASUp "Kuntsevo"
The "KunCsevo" system was developed by Che Moscow radio equipment plant
- jointly with the Institute oF Cybernetics oE the USSR Academy of Sciences
- as a typical automatied management system for enterprises with discrete pro- duction [37.1 (which include a large portion of industriat enterprises, for
example, the instrument-making or machine-building �.secCors af industry).
The system is inCended for enterprises With tnass, large-series or small-
series production.
The developnenC of functional subsystems for the technical preparation oF
production, the scheduling of production, the supplying of production with
materials, technical-economic planning ar,d bookkeeping are among the former.
The organization of effective functioning of the ASUP "Kuntsevo" is based
on the following servicing subsystems: informatinnal servicing [49], tech-
nical servicing [60], software [50] and organi2ational servicing [37].
In rhe ASUP "Kuntseva" provision is made Eor the developQnent of the necessary
program and organizational means of construction of information-reference ar.d
information retrieval systems. The latter are intended mainly for retrieval
_ of design technological informa tion. In the information-rEference system a �
language is used in which quastions and answers are:formulated, one similar -
_ to that ordinarily used by the production specialists. In addition, a system
_ has been adopted for information coding by means of coding guides that have ~
considerable advantages over classification sys~ems because of ease of recall
and simplicity of mastering. The information-rei'erence system is intended -
for gradual transition to control from regulated presentation to plant control -
services of data in a.previously standardized form to obtain any kind of informa tion (with any depth and in any profile) in the process of develop-
ment and adoption of decisions.
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Used in solving problems of optiimum plAnning and control are methods of
- modeling productiion with diffQront dogrees oE detail and on digfQrenC ievels,
nnd olso methods of forecnsting production and evaluating thQ alCernativQ
plAnning solutions. Envisaged in the sogL�ware is the possibilitiy of solving
~ proglems of mathematical programing, mathemaCical statistics, queuing theory
and linear algabra.
- There is a possibility of conCinuous awdification and planning of plan tasks
for production sectior.s, shops, procurement services and the material and
equipmenC supply section. Included in shifC tasks are lists of producEd
parrs, of operAtions completed, with an indication of the time required for
their execution� of the oquipment used to perfozm the operations And of the
workers engaged in the performance of those operations.
. Deviations of production from the schodule and forecasts of possible vio-
lations of producCion plans, with an indication of their causes, are regu- "
larly reporCed to the production control services at the enterprise.
On the basis of inethods of decomposition (solution of a system of linear
equations) provision is made for the solution of problems in the preparation
- of summary design documentation with respect to local solutions and improve-
ments. It is interesting that in the process of preparing documentation for
neW production the documentation on solutions borrowed from other production
can be prepared without the participation of man. Prcvisions are being made
- to develop by means of computers a technology for individual types of tech-
nological operations.
Data processing is entrusted mainly to the enterprises, where all the account-
_ ing and standards data are concentrated. Through the IVTs all the documc:n-
tation of an economic-planning and technological-design Cype is being done; �
- it bears responsibility for providing all services with reliable, timely and
complete information. .
Ztie worker obtains from the IVTs shift tasks with the foremact's signature
.and also summry data on the indicators of his work. Into the IVTs from the
worker come reports (with the approval of the department of technical con-
trol) on the results uf execution of the technological operations and work. -
Simultaneously with the increase or receipt of naterial values the warehouse-
man reports to Che IVTs that the operation has been cnmpleted. The card file
on the presence, arrival and expenditure is kept in the IVTs, from which the
necessary information on all positions on the state and dynamics of movement ~
- of stocks in the warehouse goes to the warehousemen, and the prescription
= for the issuance oF values is formed. Zhe foreman regularly obtains from
the IVTs summary documentation reflecting the shift tasks and the summary
~ indicators on the Work of his sections, the expenditure of wages and incen- .
= tives in the section; upon request he can obtain a schedule graph and work -
- indicators for a definite period (shift, 10-day period, month, etc). The
shop chief has the same possibilities With respect to data on the shop.
~
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Calculations of WAgeS) matoriAl expendiCures, thQ movemettr oF product in the
, process of production, cosks, depreciation deducCions and othars are made in
tho IVTs. Only isolated unmechAni2ed operACions in nccounting are porformed
by tho bookkedper. Ever.y day (or upon request) rhe bookkoepar caci obtain
from thQ IVTs inEormation abour tha sCate of the rocords and input-outpuC
items and also Che Account:ing bAlance on the state f or the date preceding
the inqu iry.
The parsonnel card file is Also kepC in the IVTs, And all changes regArding
l the workers are recorded by an electronic computer from reporCs oE the per-
sonnel secrion.
The enterprise mAnAgemEnt cAn upon requost obtain by means of the reference-
information system information of interest to it regarding the state And
. ' trends in the development of producrion (statisCical forecasts, production
schedules, etc).
The economic and planning services of the ettterprise calculate the plan and
Analytical indicators through the IVTs in the preparation of given planning
solutions and annlysis of the program of production, marketing attd soles oF
output.
In the IVTs all the report informa tion required by the higher authorities is
prepared, and statistics are also kept of the fulfilment of their obligations
by suppliers, users and other organizations.
P.eriodically at the prescribed ~ime the IVTs of the enterprise transmits to
the GVTs OASU [main compuCer uenter af the automated control system for the
sector of industry] (over a communication channel or in the form of record-
ings on a data carrier) report data on the production and econnmic activity
oE the enterprise. At the request of the GVTs any infortnation contained in
_ the "automated card files" can be transmittied in systematized or unsystiema-
tized form. DaCa of a directive character arriving from the GVTs and IVTs
are reduced to information of the enterprise management and the decisions
made by management are reported to the IVTs.
The technical servicing of the ASUP "Kuntsevo" envisages a two-stage sCructure
of the hardware complex, consisting of an IVTs and groUp peripharals connected
- to the IVTs through da ta Cransmission equipment.
_ The IVTs is equipped with a"Minsk-32" el.ectronic computer, a device for coup-
� ling the computer with "Minsk-1560" communication channels and various service
equipment: a KSU-50 unit for perforated tapE preparation and control; RMK-80/45
_ and RM-80 punched card decoding machines; an RFM-600 K rotary electrographic
, machine for the reproduction of forms issued by the computer; a UPB [ustroy-
_ stvo, podayushcheye bumagu--paper feeding device] serving to form break lines
on paper by punching a row of holes; a BRp-2M paper-cutting machine and a
; BShP-4 sCapler; STVM-30 voltage stabilizers and air-conditioning installations.
Parallel operation of two electronic computers is assured, with direct data
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exchange betWeen the working storages, Where one machinA warks on a real =
time scale and is used for the collection and processing of da tA arriving
directly fram the ploce of its formation and a lso for the solution of more
urgent problems, and the second machine is loaded with non-urgent problems
and provides redundAncy of the first computer.
In the first ASUP line the peripheral points are equipped With production
registers, T-63 roller teletypes and FTp-p2 phototelegraphic units. Yn the
second ASUP line, RP-11, RP-51 and RP-101 production registers are insCalled
at the peripheral poinCs. Autoematic ARP-1M production registers are also
used, and electron-beam displays.
Three levels of planning Were used in the ASUP "Kuntsevo'!:
- the develo~pment of standard design soluL'ions suitable for most enter-
prises of the branch; _
- the creation of stanulard designs of ASUP for basic enterprises on the
basis of standard soluCions of the ASUP "Kuntsevo"; _
- the crention of designs for the coupling of basic ASUP.
Among the standard design soluCions are standard hardFrare for daCa collection,
transmission, processing and sCorage, stanadard methods of data processing,
standard circuits and programs for the solution of problems of control,
standard programs of system software, and standard organizational principles
of the development and introduction of ASiIP.
Standard design solutions of ASUP are being developed at eight basic enter-
prises. Being primarily developed are the structures of a technica t complex
and an information system, the functional and organizational structure, the
standard structure of an operational system, standard data tables for the
solution of problems and standard network modes for the development and _
introduction of ASUP. Expenditures on the creation of standard des igns can
amount to several million rubles, and the work can take 3-5 years. ~ Coupling_designs are individual, since they take into account specific dif-
ferences of a given enterprise from the basic enterprise. They determine
. the-specific modifications of a standard plan and measures to -bring close
together the-prodiaction and the 'functiaAal, the organizational and the in-
. formationa 1 structure oF a given enterprise to the corresponding structures
- of the basic enterprise. In that case the developnent times and the expendi- tures on planning are reduced by one-half or Lwo-thirds.
Leading institutes on control systems f or coordinatior of Work on the crea- _
tion of ASiJP have been created in each branch. They have to study the level
of inechaniza tion and automation of control Work, determine the basic enter-
, prises, develop standard design solutions and lead work on the creation of -
standard designs of ASUP.
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~ 8.2. The ASUP "L'vov"
The ASUP "Llvov," functioning ot Cha Llvov television planr, is intended to
increase Che effecCiveness of production by improving operating production
. planning, calcu].ation o� the optimum regime of the enterprise and synchroni-
zaCion of the course of producCion through Che rational di,tribution of
- avAilable resources, and also the solution oF problesns of accounting, the
provision of production wiGh materials and equipment and technical-economic
- planning. The system includes the Following subsystems [103]:
~
operating control of the mAin production;
technical-economic planning;
conCrol of the supply of materials and equipment;
- cnntrol of marketing;
accounting;
personnel managP.ment.
The,following devices are a part of the hardware complex of the first line
- oF the ASUP "L'vov": `
t-wo "Minsk-22" electronic computers, supplemented by a system of program
~ interruprion, memory protectors and supplemental commands;
device for da ta input from telegraph equipment into computer and output -
to telFgraph lines of coIImnication, assuring simultaneous operation of
30 tela;graph units; ,
device for data output on luminous display; -
current time generator for synchronization of control and accounting
with the course of the production process; _
device for coupling computer with data transmission equipment over tele-
phone lines of communication;
electronic commutator working according to a prescribed program, intended
_ f or the connection of addiCional peripherals to the computer.
The counters of the quantity of outpuC ha ve normally closed conta cts which
are connected to the stamps of the techn ical control department. During the -
marking of finished goods the contacts of the sensor close and s signal is
sent to the computer. In the sensors of the state of the equipmen+' there are
normally open con tacts which are periodically closed during movement of the
assembly shop conveyer and other equipment. Intermediate counting devices
and controls (of the control panel) and da ta transmission equipm3nt are
situated at the dispatcher points of the shops. A luminous table, register-
ing devices and some of the dispa tching equipment are installed in the main
dispa tcher point of the plant. Devices of the type of the URI-4 are installed
in the warehouses.
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In the first si.age of introduction of the ASUp sofCware system a complex of
_ pY�ograms etumbering over 50,000 commands Wasincluded. In the software of the
A-SUP "L'vov" it is possible to distingvish programs gor the solution of
economic tnsks and system progrAms [104]. The tASk of the nutomation oE
programing is reduced.. to the construction of an algorithm for the complax
processing of data in the ASl1P Which satiisFies such requirements as the
rystematic nattire of the app;.oach, flexibility and optimality of Che soluo-
'rion, depending on the specific condiCions.
_ The introduction of the first line of the ASllp "Llvov" is characterized by '
� the Fo1loWing indicators:
1) the reduction of non-productive downtimes and improvement of the rhythmic-
ity of Work of the enterprise, increase of the volume of prodtlction by
6.6 percent on the same production areas and reduction of wastage;
2) improvement of the comipleteness of assembly and reduction of the general
. level of stores through the organization oF daily recording at the ware-
. :houses of operating analysis of the movement of material values and con-
trol of the procsurcment proaess. . 'Thus, in 1.5 years of opera tion of the system the mean level of stocks has
_ been reduced by 15-20%, and this permitted the release of about 300,000
rubles of "!frozen" assets. In addition, the period of repayment of circu-.
- lating capital was reduced by 6 percent. The annua 1 saving was 468,000 -
rubles at a repayment period oF the system of 2.5 years.
~ 8.3. Automated Systems for Transport -
As examples of the application of automated systems for transport we will
examine a system of airplane seat re;;ervation and a system of planning and
- control of motor-vehicle transport. The automated systrsu "Sirena-1" is intended for the servicing of airplane
. passengers flying from Moscow airports and passengers in transit handled by
them. It assures the performance of the following functions [28]:
the sale of air tickets for 1100 flights a day;
, the taking af orders for s2at reservation and the preliminary sale of -
tiekets (for 30 days); the restoration in the computer memory of information about airplane
sea ts and the issuance of information about the presence of free seats
on non-stop and one-stop routes; _
tr.e accumulation of statistical data on passenger transportation;
the reproduction on displays of data on the gresence of seats on flxghts
departing from Moscow airports in the next 5 days; ~
the issuance of information to various.services of Aeroflot.
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FoR oFFLc, rM. uSE, octLY
Chnrcicter. lstiC ul' nn airplriiiu gtnr ruserv7l�i0n gystem ig consldr.r;iUle
, irrogularity !tI L�tte, nrr'lwil oi' recjuv4l;a ior wnrvlcu Itt cliff0ront- I,uriods of
Ctio yeEir, month nnd day. The averc~gs-, nutnbar of Inqufrios is up t0 15,000
per hour, and Che coefficienti dt lrregulnrity of the meAn number of inquir-
ies por hour iri the course bf the yanr 1.4 nboue 7. Tho waiCing time fnr an
angwer to an lnquiry musC not exceed 3 4@Cbl1ds�
An onorindus volume oL infnrmatiion must be prosorved in the sysL�em. In th7t
aase the requiroments ng regards the frequency n� ifCC@55 tiimo Co different
- files are substnnCially differenC. ACtually, the volume nf inFormat�ion
needed to service the Elow of rQquests in a reai Cime scalc (infurtkirion
abour seaCS, ratQS, distancas, cost of tiickQCs, eCc) is 2 x 106 byCes. Since
a considarable poreion of rhar informaCion changes cdntinuously, iti is i,d-
visable Co puC iL� in rho main memory witih oshnrt access rime. Information
abnuti pas 9 engers in Crarisiti and pretiminary resQrvation nf sears in a volume
of 5 x 10 byCes ahanges more rarely and Churefore is pttt on magneCic drums
and disks. Finc+lly, for the reaording of sCaCisCictil informaCion on coti-
ducCed operaGions in a volume of over 30 x 106 byCes por day, magneCic stores
are usecl.
'Ihe hardware cbmplex oC the "Sirera-1" automtCed system consists of the fo1-
lowing equipment:
~ Cwo M-3000 universal digital computers in o miximally Expandad modiPi-
caCion (Che toral capacitiy of the main maianr,y is 3.6 x 145 bytES--six
mnin memory modules nnd four read-only modules, consCituCing the ba5is
vf the coml,uter complexes);
external storage units;
inpu t-output uniCs; -
distribuCion-conversion devices;
complex of data Cransmission devices;
terminal complexes. -
Thc data processing system is so construcCed thot iC ossures high reliabiliCy
and survival of the sysCem And also adequate reliabiliCy of the resulCs of
calculations. The mean time i:o failure in the system reaches 5 yQnrs, And
noC more ChAn 1 incorrect Cicket !s issued per L00,000 sold. The doCa trnns-
mission equipment serves to connect the electronic computer with the terminal
complexes through standard telephone and telegraph channels ond physical lines
of communication. In addition, a special device in the data Cransmtssion
equipment permiCs incrensing the reliability of the transmitted information
Co 10'7. Under normal conditions the disl-ribution-conversion device assures
connecrion aith more th,an 500 users-..
The terminnl complexes include panels, reference-information displays and
telogroph equ ipnent. 1he panels are insCalled in agenc ies, a irporCs ond
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Cickat galeg pninCs in Mdscdu and nlgn Aernflor ngencies in orher ciCies.
- They prnvlde o seC nf messageg in accordance WiCh the requirements of the
user, vfgunl controi of the mesgaga dn the panel gcraen, the trangmisginn
nf mesgngas ea the Line, obtaining and monitoring the repiyy, and alsd auto-
mnCic prinring of airplnne Cickets on blanks of n special form.
In proportiion tn the nccumulnrion of experience in dperating the "5irena-)"
sysCem the range of tnsks solved With itis heip Wi11 be subsCantiaily ex-
pnnded.
The principles of oraanizntiinn nf the "Sirena-1" sysrem nnd the stiructure
oF its hordware QomplLi-x can also bu successfully uged in othsr queueing
- sYsrems WiCh gea t reservation, for exnmplQ, in rail trdnsporC, in hotels,
etic.
8.4. Facnmple of! an Autamated ConCrol SysCem fdr n 5ecCor of Industry (OASU)
Tha OASU represenCs a cambinntion of adminiseroeive nnd economicol mathe- -
moticnl methods, means of compuCer Cechnclogy and ccunmunications ahich
permit agEncias of conCrol of ministrias and deparCments to accomplish
contrnl df a secCor.
'Itie creoCion of an OASU is dictated by profound qualiCaCive and quanCitative . ~
changes ChaC hnve occurred in industry during the transition to the secCor
principle of control.
The OASU must assure the selectinn of the most corrccC, economically sub-
stantinted processes in relaCion to both problems of the long-range develop-
' ment ot the sector end the operational soluCion of problems arising in the '
coursE of fulfilment of the esCablished plan.
- It most minisCries and departments the most importanC Casks solved Within
the framework of the OASU are tasks of practical accounCing and conCrol, of
material and equipment supply, bookkeeping and analysis of economic actfvity
and tnsks of tQChnicai and economic planning. One of the principal problems
in the development of the OASU consists in the accamplishmenC of optimum
tas ks in planning on the basis of inethods of maChematicel progreming. Required
is the developnenr of economic-mathcmaCical models of the functioning of the
sector ns a whole, assuring optimizarion of plans for the developmenC of
sectors of the national economy. Needed is the developnent of an opCimum
system of Cechnical and economic indicoCors, Which Will crente the prerequi-
sieos for Work in the area of standardizaCion and unification of documenta-
tion.
As nn example Ke Will exemine the sector automated system of the Ministry
of InsCrument-Making, Automarton EquipmenC and Control Systems, "ASU-pribor"
[Avtonatizirovotutaya sistema upravleniya otrasl'yu priborosCroyeniya--
Automatec! Manegement System for the Instrument-Making SQCCor] [6].
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Foit nFFICTAL USL dNLY
= The innin rAgltS nf "ASU-pribnr" nre tagks nf long-range and annua 1 tiechn ica1
and eedndmio pinnning under the condieions of the new sygtiam oE piannicig
and aQOnomic grimulation. 7'he "ASU-Pribor" sysCam was Qdnsrructied wikh oon-
- sideratiidn uf the axistiing sCruorure and speaialization of funotiional and
prnducCldn adminisCrarions and embraces nver 280 Casks of plsnning,.aacounC-
ing and analysig, digCributied ovar 10 subsysrams of the firsC lina: long-
rtinge planning, the daveinpmanC of the seeror, technical and eeonomie plan-
_ ning, operarional contirol, contirni of materiai and equipnsnti suppiy, oontiroi
nf procuremenes, conrrdi nf marketiing, cdnrrol af finaneial aotiviCy and
buokkeeping, pldnning, accnuntng and analysis nf 1abor nnd wages, and plen-
ning and personnel records.
Tpsks in the improvemone of conerol of capitial aonsCrucrion, seientiPic
- research work, qualiCy df prqduoC, the Ceohnical serviaing oF producCinn,
eCc, ara alsn sdived in the secand line of the sysCem.
i'he subsystem "Long-rAnge plenning of the devalopment of the secCor" saives
fdur Casks: deeerminatiion of the long-range requiremenrs for produeeion by
consolidaCQd graup3; the fnrmation of alternaCives of the development of
enterprises of the subsector; oprimizaCion calculaCions of alCernaCive long-
rAnge plans of subsectors; eronomic-maChem tica l analysis of calculations -
nnd the working up of recomaaendations. The subsystem "Technical and economic planning" inciudes four Casks of pro-
duction planning: determination of the optinnam production plens of the enCgr-
prises; detsrmination of the production cApacity of the enterprises; deter-
mination of the khozrascheC indicators; calculaCion of the principal Cechni-
ca1 and economic indica Cors of the enCerprises, which are solved Cwice a -
year during the comnilati.on of plans and the approval of plans for the fol- _
loWing year.
The largest number of tasks is solved in the subsysCem "OperaCional conCrol":
monthly annlysis of fulfilment of the plans for proi'lti, labor produceiviCy,
capiCal conserucCion, very imporCant vrork on new Cechnology, the production
of consumer goods and the number of personnel. 1he levei of rhythmitity of
sales of production is analyzed every 10 days, and the fulfilmenC of the
plon for sa1QS of finished product--daily and on the basis of the resulCs
for each month.
A combinaCion of the long-range and accounCing Cechnical and economic indi-
ca Cors of producCion serves es the informational base of the system. In the _
subsysCen of provision of infonaetion, methods have been Worked ouC for the
orgenizaCion of daCa files and Cheir storage and control, Khich assure an
inCerconnected solution of an entire group of tasks. This eliminates paral- ~
lelism and duplicaCion of informotion in the files. The total volume of
information processed in the IVTs "ASU-pribor" in the course of a year amounCs
to about 183 million bits, and thaC issued by the administrnCive organization
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FUit UFFICIAI, U39 UNLY
of the minigtry--Cn aldwgC 336 million bitg. The input cfgtn errivog from
enCerpriges and ot�ganizarinng of the sectior on documenCs nf 94 forms.
SCgndardized operarlonal messages are Cransmitrad by enCerprises tio the
computier cenCer over comunicaCion lineg. The develnpmune of nev documen-
tiery fn?ms hag bean nccompanied by the exciugion of excesgive informarion. _
Thus the nccounring and atatiistiicgl reporCing hag been reduced by obour
15,000 indicaCors fn a year, end the stuomgry quorns for the eacpendirure of
maCeriaiB and geC-making parts ure noW given in documenCs in L�WO forms in-
sretld of 38. In the system 57 ciessifiers are used, including 30 local,
2 sector, 5 aii-union and 20 inCended for the ASUi'. '
Envisaged is the connec:Cion and inCerncCion ng the "A5U-pribor" Witih enCer-
prise management sysCems on a normarive bage, data flowg and tiaskg Co be
solved.
A tarduare eomplex assures accauplishmenC of the collecrion, Cransmission,
processfng, storage, issuance and depicrion of data in the sactor managtamenC
systiem and the connecCion oF the "ASU-pribor" With enCerprisas and organi-
zaCions og the sector.
'Ttinsk-:2," BESM-4 and "Ural-14" electrnnic compuCers were used in the firsC -
itne of "ASU-Pribor." The use of third-generaCion compuCers in the sQCOnd
line of the ASU permits creating for the OASU multiprocessor systems real- -
izing, along With batvh dota proc43ssing, the autamtic inpuC and nutpuC of
doCa in a line of communicaCion. In Chat case one of the procassors (or
group of processors) must be oriented CoWard baCch data processing, end the
other Cmaard the performance of funcCions requiring Work in a real time scale.
- A netWOrk of interconnected and informational points of comonunicaCion,
equipped aith users' Celegraphic installations, has been created for the
transmission of operating information Co sector enterprises. -
APD-AM telemechanical equipnent permits date transmission over Celephone
lines to a BESM-4 computer from a user who records the duta on perforaCed
tApe. The transmission is accomplished by e 7-element code at a rate of
600-1200 bauds and aith a reliability of transmission not irorse ttwn 10'6.
The coupling equipnent permits feeding dalta to the computer from a com~Cator
of Celephone coununication channels (up to 64 channels) end from dsta trans-
mission equipmenC over telephone channels (up to 16 channeis) nnd the issu-
once of data from a computar to those devices. During aork With external
channels regim8s of program inCerruption and turn off are used in the computer.
Standard-reference information is senC to the OASU by enterprises by main
in the form oF files of perforated cards (sorted and checked) together With
lists of all the parforoCed cerds printed on A tabuloCor. The nnnuai volumQ
of inpuC daCa of the subsystem of technical and economic planning ond enalysis
of econoaic activity alone is equal to 0.16 x 1010 bits.
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Pnli nrFir,r.nL USL hNLY
For vigual dqpiatiion of informaCinn, portable paqelg nf the "Ekran" type
are installad in the aquipnanC of the minigCry. '1.'hey pnrmir workers of
the organizatiion rd obCain gram tho oompurer upon requasC informAtion on
the gcraans of eiectron-beam insrruments.
0
- The soft�ware,of the "ASU-pribor" repregentis a oomplex of programs for regu.
lar use. F'or apecial eoftiware iti is necessary noC nnly Co develop programg
for the solutiion of speciEic problems buti algo tio egsure the creation of
intggratisd detia processing systens. In the developmanr of en OASU the
designar needs means of progreming: severai algorithmic languages and Crana-
larore from them, standard progrems of standard procossing procedures end -
compiling sysCems. Ths volwne of software of the firgr line of the "ASU-
Pribnr" is 210,000 commande. Therefnre in the development of the OA5U autia-
marfon of the programing mueC be used. Tha larter is anvisaged in three
directiiong: the crearion nf libraries af stiandard programs og,sCandard daCa
processing procedures, the inCroduction of univarsal algorithmic languages -
and the devalopment of seandard planning soluCions.
Wirh the intrnduction of the "ASU-pribor" in the Minpribor, optimized pians of enCerprisea, subsecCors ahd the sector as a whole are being calculated. -
Computer-creaCed alrernatiives of drafts of production plans for 103 insCru-
_ manC-making enCerprises have confirmed the possibility of increasing the
ouCput of producCion by 25 million rubles and the profit plar, by 9 million
rubles, with additional capital investments totialing only 374,'000 rubles.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 1977
- 2174
CSO: 1870
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LI.LCTItONIC5 ANU BLECTItICAL ENGINELRING
UDC 621.37/39.029.64.004:634
- MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY METEiODS ANU THE I'ROBLEM OF FOREST AND PEAT NIRLS
Moacnv RAI)IOTLKHNIKA I ELLKTRONIKA in Russian No 10, 1978 pp 2120-2131
manuscript received 29 Mar 78
[Article by L.F. Borodin, E.N. Valendik and A.S. Mironov]
[Text] A summary ia given of the reaults of gtudiea involving the use of
microwave radiometry in solving problems of the fire protection of foreats
and peat bogs. Information is given on the microwave radiation of forest
firea. By means of airborne microwave radiometera it is posaible to si.-,igle
out clegrly Che key tactical sections of a fire under conditions of heavy
amoke. Expertmentally obtained spectrum curvea are presented for the abaorp-
tion coefficient and radiating power of peat. An estimate ie given of the
microwave radiation apectra of peaC piles with latent hazardous heat sources.
A demonstration is given of the fundamental poseibility of estimating the
fire hazard level of areas covered with foreats and peat bogs by spectral
measurements of their radiating power.
Introduction
Forest and peat fires come under the heading of hydrometeorological phenomena
which are especially hazardous for the national economy, which has predetermined
the urgency of the objective of finding efficient metyiods of detecting and
mapping fires under complex Weather conditions with the existence of the masking
effecr of smoke. Under the heading of problems of first-level importance must
certainly cowe the problems of estimating the fire hazard of forest areas in -
good time and reliably, as well as the determination of sections of peat boga
and peat piles having deep spacev with r.riti~al heating.
Nodern aerospace and mobile radiophysical equipment make it possible to use
for the purpose of solving the above-menti-,ned problems methods based on the
reception of the self-radiation and reflected radiation of natural formations
in the microWave [1-2, 11-13, 191, IR [4-6, 9-101 and optical [3] bands.
- Of course, the varying conditions of irradiance of aub3ects of study have
practically no influence on the results of serospace measurements in the
microwave ba'nd. Radiowaves.in the SHF and UHF banda have comparatively good
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roti OrrrcrAL usr orrLY
penetraCing power ehrough clouds, nerosols (smdke) and grdund coverg. At _ the snme eimc definiee difficuleies are encountered in making measurementa
in r}ie miCrnwave band with high angular reeolution, as we11 ns in obtaitting
- "microwave photographg" of large areas with a good degree df detail. Let us
pd3ttti out that quiee serious is the prnblem of efficient documentntion and
analyais of microwave, IR nnd optical images of the underlying eurface, as
we11 ns maeching ehem wieh skpCch mettgurements and a map.
~
itesearch by microwave radiomerric methods on burning foreses and pene boga,
from nn board an aircraft laboratory, was begun in the oueskirtg of Mnacow
in the summer of 1912, during the eime of the nutbreak of lnrge-8CA18 �orest
nnd peati fires.
r,, f481,'X
s0o
400
JOD ~
200
0 RP 94 R 4 l 4~ d xn
T t (0,8),'K b)
300
2sn .
rso
0 42 44 46 Qd 1,0 (2 1,4 xr
C)
F'igure l. Radioluminance Temperature Profiles with an 0.8 cm Wave,
ObCained in Flights: a--over a series of burning piles;
b--over n burning peat bog; c--over a forest fire in peat
bogs. The 150�K levels are the gauge levels (obtained in
flying over a water surface).
Key : ~
1. Tya m lvminance temperature
In fig 1 are shown radioluminance temperature profiles for burning piles of
peat, a peat bog and a section of a forest in a peat bog, obtained from on
board an IL-14 aircraft laboratory in the area of Shatura in 1972, by means
QE an 0.8-cm-band radiometer. The increase in the radioluminance temperature
in the first case was 100 to 200�K, in the gecond 100 to .300�K and in the
third 30 to 70�K [1-2]. -
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The results gotten in 1972 stimulated theoretical and experimenCal studies
aimed nt revealing the radiophysical essence nnd microwave characteristics
of sources of forest and peae fires, at studying the radiophysicxl ctarac-- -
Ceriatics of peat and the soil cover, at studying the gcreening properCies _
of Creetops and smoke, und at developing remnte meehods of revealing sections
_ of peat bogs having deep gpIICCB with critic~, heaeing, as we11 as methods of
making a non-contuct estimate of the moisturi contenC of the goil cover under
, a forest Cover and in open areas, as one of the mast important characteristics
of the fire hazard of forest and peat bog arens [1-2,11-14,19].
Un the applied level this research has proven useful, first for precisely
defining the place nf radiophysical methods in the prnblem of proeecting
_ forests and peaC from Eire, and second for developing recommendaCions on
rhe future furnishing of forest patrol aircraft with radiophysical equipment
for the purpose of determining the location and key characterisCics of fires
- under conditions of heavy smoke and screening by ehe forese, as well as for
the purpose of making an ob3ective estimaCe of the fire hazard of individual �
sections of large areas.
~ 1. Microwave Radiation of Forest Fires
In the absence of fire, the radioluminance temperature of a dense forest is
close to the thermodynamic temperature of the air at the level of the treetops,
and its radiating power equals 0.92 Co 0.99 [7,8,201, i.e., differs but slightly
- from the radiating power of an absolutely black body. -
Above a burning forest the intensity of microwave radiation increases, and
the mechanism for formation of the radiation, 3ust as the amount of the increase
in radioluminance, depends on many factors, and, primarily, on the kind of fire
(low-level, high-level and underground [41).
In a fleeting low-level fire increases in the radioluminance temperature over
, the burning area are not too high, since the underlying surface does not get
to burn, and the screening influence of the treetops for microwave radiation
is considerable. Radioluminance contrast increases in sparsely wooded areas
_ and in open areas where grass and windfallen trees are burning.
- A change in the fire from a fleeting low-level one to a steady one, and even
more so to an underground one, is accompanied by a rise in the luminance tem-
peratur:,. as a consequence of a growth in the role of the radiation of the heated
soil and of the burning topsoil cover, as well as of the flames' radiation. .
_ The radioluminance temperatures of sections of high-level fires rise consider-
ably, which is related to the high burning intensity, a drastic reduction in
the screening cover of the forest and smoke, and also the presence in the
convection column above the fire of a considerable number of particles which -
_ r.ontinue to burn (pieces of charcoal, twigs, pine iieedles, and the like).
Taking into account the features of the propagation of SHF and EHF radiowaves -
in different media (depth of penetration of electromagnetic energy into the
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ground, influenne of solid carbon pareic;les on the flnme's radiatiion spectrum), _
3e is posaible to expecC an increase in radiolumtnance contrast of fires above
- the surrounding non-burning background as the wavelength is shortened in the
0.8 eo 2 cm range, which has been conf3,rmed by model esCimaCes and experimenCul -
reaults.
In [12] calculatiiona were made of the rndiaeion specrrum of the source of a
fire screened.by a layer of amoke and tireetopa. The baeic reaules were gotiCen
on the supposition that the �1ame, emoko. and ereetops represene diatincely
separate homogeneous layers filled witih particles which are small as compared
wiCh the wavelength, with known temperature and dielectric consCant. In parCi-
- cular, the complex dielectric constant of the particles fi111ng the "treeCop"
layer was selecCed as cloae to the dielectric conatant of freah water.
Att analysis of this model, eaking the results of [8] into accounC, has shnwn
- rhat the radiaCing power of the flame in Cho mtcrowave band increases with
an increase in the aize and concentration of L"ne particles and the height of
- the flame, and also with a shortening oi the wavelength aC which measurements
are made. The screening effect nf the amoke trail increases as the thickness
of the smoke layer and the size and concentration of the smoke particles in-
crease, and as the wavelength is shortened. Finally, the weakening effect of
the forest on the microwave radiation of the flames grows intensely with short-
ening of the wavelengrh and an increase in the degree of intertwining among
_ treetops.
Numerical estimates made while Caking into account the above limitations have
ahown that "fltune - amoke - treeCop" (low-level fire) and "flame-smoke" (high-
level fire) modele lead to identical results in the aense of the existence of
a radiating power maximum in the 0.8 to 1.5 cm range. Furthermore, the value
of the radiating power (with an extreme wavelength) varies in the:firsC case
within the range of 0.6 to 0.2, and in the second within the range of 0.95
to 0.4. It should be mentioned that with smoke particle dimensions smaller
than 10 microns their influence on flame radiation in the microwave band is
negligibly slight.
The screening influence of treetops was estimated on the assumption of small
(as compared with the wavelength) sizea of "f illing particles." Taking into
account the dissipation.of radiation for a medium filled with long thin cylin-
ders (needlea of coniferous trees) results in a 10 to 30 percent adjustment
in the atCenuaCion factor. In fig 2 are given examples of br.ightnesa temperature profiles for one and
- the same fire sourcQ, obtained by means of an airborne 1.35-cm-band radiometer.
The pattern in fig 2a refers to the case of flying over the source of the
fire at an altitiide of 150 m in the direction of spreading of the smoke trail.
, Here Chree areas of the source are clearly delineated: the rear, the burnt-
- out section and the front of the fire. The front of the fire eatablishes the
area with the greatest increase in brightness temperature (60 to 70�K). Then
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comes an area in which the increase in brigheness tempernture is reduced to
10 to 15'K; th3s ie the burntrout sect:ton. The increase in brightness Cempera-
ture over the rear of the fire is 20 to 30�K.
In fig 2b are given the resulte of en-route measuremenCs of brightness tempera-
ture frAm the same altitude of 150 m, bue while flying over the fire in the
direction perpendicular to the amoke trail. Here arc clearly delineated in
add3Cion two other Cactical sections of the fire--its left and right flanks.
The increases in brighCness Cemperature of these two burning areas are approxi-
mately equal to one anoCher and amoune to a value on the order of 60�K. The
burntoat section has the same characteristica ns in the case in fig 2a.
I
1) 2) 3) 4)
Trn 4~poNm IlpvQsrti /leeelti
9nvx~ ~ncHr
10 K
~
a) b)
Key:
Figure 2. Profiles of Rise in Brightness Temperature with a 1.35 cm
Wave, Gotten While Flqing Over the Source of a Low-Level
Fire: a--along smoke Crail; b-across smoke trail
1. Rear 3, Right flank
2. Pront 4. Le�t flank
f
~
The brightness temperature profiles shown in fig 2 are characteristic of steady � _
_ low-level fires, which are described by the follwir.g key traits.
The width of the intensely burning edge of the fire around its outline varies =
within the r.ange of 1 to 3 m.
- The rate of spreading of the front edge of the fire equals 1 to 2 m/min, of the
flanks 0.6 to 1 m/min, and, finally, the rate of advance of the rear edge of
the fire is within the range of 0.2 to 0.6 m/min.
The maximum height of the flames at the front edge of the fire reaches 1 to 2 m,
and 0.3 to 0.6 m on the flanks and in the rear.
The rise in the flatpes' thermodynamic temperature at the fire's edge equals
800 to 900�K. At the same time the rise in the thermodynamic temperature of
16
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the tnpenil cover tind the enil'A eurface 1ayer nC the fire's burntout eection
equn1.N 'ln to 80 nnd 10 Ca 25�K, reepactively.
Firea with theae characteristics originate, for example, in areas covered with
- dried-up standing dark conifer foresC Cimber with mosaic interapersing of
leafed and dark conifer secriona of the forest. These aectiona are char,acCer-
ized by the following suppliea of combuatible materials: topsoil cover dry
mass--0.5 to 0.9 kg/m2; deadwood trees and dead standing wood--100 to 150
m3/ha .
d T.1; K �
6+ ,
~
SO
4
20
10
)J
4
0l i 1 ...QS -
1,35 2,25 A, cn 3,4
Figure 3. Averaged Spectral Characteristics of Tactical Sectiona of
a Fire: 1--front; 2--lefC flank; 3--right flank; 4--reax;
5--burnout section
- In fig 3 are given spectral characteristics, averaged for a series of approaches,'
of rises in the radioluminance temperatures of the front, flanks, rear and .
burntout section of a fi,re. These results were gotten by averaging the maxi-
mum values of radioluminance rises recorded in flying over different sections
of the same source with different courses. The total error in measuring the
_ radioluminance contrast or the averaged data does not exceed 2�K.
In f ig 3 attention is drawn by the presence of a mnrked maximum in the radia-
tion spectrum of the fire's rear with a wave close to 1.3 cm in length.
M analysis of the dimensions of experimentally obtained profiles of the type
shown in fig 2 has shown that in many cases the size of the response fron the
front, flanks and rear of the fire at the level of the underlying surface and
17
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~

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_ at the level of 0.5 from the muxim= considerably exceeds the dimensions of
the antenna spot at the 0.5 level. This fact testifies to the fact that the
intensely burning edge of the fire, 2 to 3 m wide, is .far froia the sole factor
detersdn3ng the intensity of the pdcrowave radiution of the source of the fire.
- Judging frow the eaperiuiential BaCu, a considerable (if not the main) contribu-
tion Co radiaCion cLaracter3stics vmst be made by the burning topsoil cover and
the heuted soil.
- On the basis of the data obtained the conclusion can be drawn that it is �
posaible to use the microvwae method for the purpose of delineatin3 the out-
lines of forest fires and estimatiag the intensity with vhich they are burning
~ by means o� ahuttle flights over fires [11]. The use of uirborne microwave ,
and Iic scanning equipment trl.11 make it possible to solve the problem of charting '
' large forest fires concealed by Chick smoke vith minimal eapenditures of time.
The importance of developing effective nethods for combating forest fires
di.ctates the need to mak.e faom on board an sirplane complea remote measurements
of the characteristics of fires being nonitored and to campare their results with
- sqnchsonous quaatitative ground observations of the thermndynamic and other para-
meters of sources.
2. Microwave Self-Badiation of Peat Structures
; The problem of detecting and preventing a peat fire is closely relsted to the
~ ability to estimate the temperature and moisture content profile of peat struc-
� tures. The solutian to this problem by microvave radiometric methods as applied.
i to different types of soil and subso,il has been di.scussed in a number of papers
- (cf., e.g., [7,8,16,171).
! Of course, for the purpose of estimating the temperature and moisture content
characteristics of amedium it is necessary first of all to know its radiating -
power, K(a) , and absorption coefficient, y(X) . ^ -
- The radiating power of peat, as of other types of soil and subsoil, is a func-
tion of the dielectric properties of the medium and the roughness of the sur- _
face. In turn, the dielectric properties of the medium depend on the moisture
- content, density, and granulometric and mineralogical composition. The absorption coefficient is also determined by the dielectric properties of -
the medium. The radiating power and absorption coefficient depend on the wave-
length, viewing angle and polarization of the detected radiation.
= A dete�,rmination was made of the radiating power of peat in the 7 = 0.8 to
- 60 cm wavelength range by measuring the radioluminance temperature of an
evenly moistened and evenly heated peat pile whose dimensions were considerably
greater than the dimensions of the "spot" of the main lobe of the antenna. -
- The moisture content and thermodynamic characteristics of the pea t pile were
: monitored by contact methods [19]. The results of processing the experimental
data are given in fig 4. It follows from these curves that the radiating power =
. 18 -
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of peae with a moisture content of 40 tio 80 percent has a tninimum in tihe 10
to 20 cm range. Furthexntoxe, this minimum is more exrreme the greater the
moiature conCents
x
Figure 4. Speceral Characteristics of the Radiating Power of Peat with
Moisture Content by Weight of: 1--45 percent; 2--54 percent;
3--67 percent; 4--78 percent
~ y, Henep/H i~ .
60("
5
3
7 10 20 30 40~t'cn
Figure 5. Spectral Characteristics of Absorption Coefficient in Peat
with Moisture Content by Weight of: 1--40 percent; 2--53
percent; 3--63 percent; 4--70 percent; 5--73 percent
Key:
1. Y, nepers/m
Let us note that the presence of a minimum in the radioluminance temperature
spectrum of peat structures was confirmed during the course of ineasurements
of the microwave aelf-radiation o� peat bogs from an IL-18 aircraft laboratory
[13].
19
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20
B 0\ ~4
k x
~
6 '
� -x2
"o-.' 1
4
3
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- Tn fig 5 are shown curves characterizing the behavior of Che absorption co-
efficient of peat in the 7 to 60 cm wavelength range f13,191. These curves
_ were obtained by measuring the relative level of thermal radiocmis3ion of a
layer of peat laid onen a thin sheet of raciiotransmissive material placed above
an antenna aimed into the sk,y. The aUsarption coe.fficient was computed on tlie
basis of experimental dnta, utilizing the equations for the radiating power uf
_ a laminar medium in [15].
An analysis of the experimental spectra of the absorption coefficient in peat
_ has shown Chat, as in soil and subsoil, it increases with an increase in the
mnisture con tent of peat and with shartening of the wavelength. The inverse
value of the absorption coeff icient characterizes the depth of penetration of
an electromagnetic wave into peat, and, consequently, the ability to indicate
a change in temperature w3thin the pile. For example, it follows from the
curves in fig 5 that with a fixed moisture content of w= 40 percent the
depth of penettation of the wave increases approximately Pivefold as the wave-
length changes from 7 to 40 cm. A 40 to 73 percent incrPase in the moisture
content oE peat is accompanied by an approximately 2.51- to threefold reduction
in the depth o� penetration.
Ocie of the promising trends in seeking an explanation of the experimentally
established fact oT a reduction in the radiating power oF peat in the 10 to
20 cm wavelength range is the trend inuolving the theory of dissipation of
electromagnetic radiation in internal inhomogeneities of a medium with high
hygroscopicity. Furthermore, of interest are studies of the problem of the
dissipation o� electromagnetic radiation caused both by the structural inhomo-
geneity of peat (lumps, fibers, etc.) and by spatial f luctuaCions in its dielec-
tric constant.
Let us assume that a peat medium represenCs a laminar structure, and the di-
electric constant of each layer differs but slightly f rom the mean value.
Let us assume also that fluctuations in the dielectric constant are of a
random nature and are characterized by a correlation function of the form:
B(h) =02 exp [-h111,
(l)
wtiere o2 is ttie variance of the dielectric constant and Q is the correla-
rion interval.
With these assumptions, based on the results of [211, ir is possible to find
an equation for estimating the radiating power of an isathermal medium:
1 - r
;c =
r + 1 r 1+
2 2
20
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6'
~,l [ 1 ( 4nnl / J
~
(2)
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F'bit dFFtCtAL USL; dNLY
Nere r in the Preiine1 ref1ecCidn cae�fieient with ttio- mean r+aluo- of tt�
dielertriC Cnnsrnnr; Yi in e!e edmpano-nt af eht! absarptf.an edef.EiCiene
_ eftused by heMC 1oiines; 9, in t1ie wavelengtfi in ~~oo- epRee; itnc1 n in tlip
menn vnlue of etie modium'n rcjfracEivo index.
~
x
1 a9
0 ~
~ o
. 'e d
n ~
a7
to ?o 30 40 Sa ;,rM
pigure 6. Spertral Curveg fnr ttadiating Powor a Peae Pi1e aith
Moigture Cdneene by Weight of: 1-45 pereent; circ1es-a
experimentgl datg; 2--53 percent; triangleg--experimetttal
data; 3--78 perGettt; gquareg--experimenta1 data
?r, cN
�K id pul,ry#
D ,
$O
100 Y l
,ti, crr
Pigure 7. Temperature and Moisture Content Profileg of Co1d (1) and
Heated (2) Sections of a PeaC pile
llaving specified the moisture content and mean value of the dielectric conatant
of peat, as we1l as the values of the absarption and refraction cnefficients
corresponding to them (fig 5), it is possible, by snmpling values of 1L and
oz , to reach the point where the shape of spectral curve (2) agrees With the
experimenCal datg on the radiating power of peat. In fig 6 the resultg of Chege
calculations are given for [hree values of the moisture content of pegt.
tiere it turned out that the value of v2 (1) groWS with an incregse in the megn
_ value of the dielectric constant, which, in turn, increasea as the moigture Cnn-
tent increases. At the same time, the value of parameter R is lowered with
an increase in moisture content, which is physically explicable (bonda between
peat particles result, when weakened, in reduction of sizes of their essoeiations.)
2i
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The relnt ively great ditteCenCe In thc calCttla[ed and experitnental curves
in f ip b In the ghortWave repi.on can be expla3.ned by thc clependence, not
taken incd acCOiint, of t1tc dielectric censtant on wavelengttt.
Purtt�r expeeimental ancl tltedretical resenrch aimed at explaining Hie anomaly -
= discovr_eed In the nelf-ritdiatidn npectrum bf peat bogs hag been quite promising
frdm the vietrpnint of reCtntng motiern views on the mechittiam for the formation
df rddicithermal emission In fibroua, pnt'du8 and spangy media whieharettoti=uttifdrm
in tei-ms df deptli, including fieterngectenug media orith high hygrd$eopirity.
3. Indication df Ueep Sourre8 of 5elf=Neatfttg in Peat i'ileg -
The exiatenre of changes in the thermodynnmic temperature of a medium can be
~ esttmated from the npectrtm of variatinns In brightnesa temperature. As a
firtit appruxismtion, the brightnegs temperature, Ty.1 (a) , at the Wavelength,
Ji , ig deterrnined by the equaeion in [ 14 1:
7',~)-x(i. T9 -1 T ' [ 1 - _(1) - + T � t -4-
c ~ { (k) cf.r I
(3) -
s+herr T, 7'' anci T'-' are the values o� the ttterttodynrimi_c temperature pro-
file and~of iVs tirgt and Aecond derivativrs at ttie yurface; Y,(1) attd Y;(a)
are the values of the absorption Coefficient and its derivative at the sur=
face; and J3(71) is the remainder.
tiquativn (3) x~ip arrived at as the result oE very simple transfortas of the
enet`gy transport integral (threefold in[egration by parts) (14,19).
Prom cnu