JPRS ID: 8272 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

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JPRS L/8272
9 February 1979
~
- TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
P~YSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 9/7g)
,
~ U. S. ,JOINT PI~BLiCATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
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JPR5 L/8272 -
9 February 19 79 '
TRANSLATIONS ON USS~ SCIENCE AND T~CHNOLOGY
PHYSICAL SCIENCES AiVD TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 9/r~)
CONTENTS PAGE
FLECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERIlVG
Determination of the Moisture Content of Soi1 by Microwave -
- Radiometry Methads (Review)
(A. Ye. Basharinov, A. M. Shatko; RADIOTEHI~I2KA T
ELF,I~RONIKA, No 9, 1978) 1
PUBLIGATIONS
Application of Multi-User Computer Centers
(Stefan Borisovich Mikhalev, Anatoliy Nikolay~~vich
Zazharekiy; ORGANIZATSIYA ASU NA BAZE VYCHISLITEL'
NYHIi TSENTROV KOI~LIIQIVNOGO POL' ZOVANIYA, 1978) 22 4
= Operation and Maintenance of Punch Computers, Part 1, Textbook
for Technical High Schools
(N. M. Surin, T. N. Yakupova; IIC,SFLUATATSIYA
PERFORATSIONNYKH VYCHISLITEL'NYKH MASHIN, CHAST' 1,
UCHEB. DLYA TEKFiNIKUMOV, 1978) 37
- Compu~.erized Data Processing (Interdepartmental Scientific
Collection, No 24)
(N. G. Tverdokhleb, et al.; MASHINiQAYA OBRABOTKA
IlVFORMATSII ( NSEZHj'EDOMSTVENNYY NAUC~INY7C SBORNIK,
VYPUSK 24), 1977) ~+2
Calculations on Iskra Series of Keyboard Computers
- ( B. A. Ba,klan , et al VYCHISLIIVIYA NA II.F~I'RONNYKH
KLAVISHNYKH VYCHISLITEL'1VYHIi MASHINAKH RYADA "ISKRA",
i978) 50
Models and Methods of Planning the Information Support of
Autometed Control Systems
(A. G. Mamikonov, et al.; MODELI I NSF.'PODY
PROYF~FCPIRCVANIYA INFOR'~ATSIONNOGO OBESPECHENIYA r
AsU, 1978) 52
- a- [III - USSR - 23 S& T FOUO)
HOR OE'FICIAL US~ O:VLY
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CONTP:NTS ( Continued ) ~6e
Destgn, Applicati~n of InCense Elecrron I3eam
Sources
( G. A. Mesyata; RA'LHIaBOTKA I PRIMENENIYE
ISTOCHNIKOV INTENSIVNYHIi ~RONNYHIi PUCHKOV,
1976) 55
The Scattering of Light in Gases, Liquid and Solutions
( M. F. Vuks; RASSEYANI7C~ SVF~'A V GAZAKK~i,
ZHIDK~S."'YAI4i T RASTVOR/~KH, 1977) EO
Reflected Waves in Thin Stratified Media
(O.K. Kondrat'yev; tE VOLNY V _
- TONKOSLOIST7CIQi SREDA.I4i, 1976 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
i
- b -
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Ei,ECTRONICS AND ~LECTRICAL I:NCIN~~RING
~
UDC 621.371.3 _
DETCRMINATION OF THE MOISTUItE CONTENT OF SOIL BY MICROWAVE ItADIOMETRY METHOD5
_ (RF;VIEW)
Moscow RADIOTEKHNIKA I ELEKTRONIKA in Russian No 9, 197~ pp 1778-1791 manuscript
received 15 Mar 78 -
[Art~cle by A,Ye. Basharinov an~ A.M. Shutko]
[Text] A review is given of the status of theoretical and experimental work
in the area of microwave radiometric investigations of soil and subsoil. A
study is made of the physical princtples of the interrelaCianship between
radiation characteristics and moisture ^ontent and a number of other geophysical
parameters of soil which is homogeneous an.'. nonhomog~neous in terms of depth,
in the absence and presence of ve~etation. A.n estimate is made of the feasi-
bility of determining moisture characteristics by microwave radiometry methods.
Introduction
A brief synopsis of the status of microwave xadiometric investigations of soil
and subsoi~. under conditions of moistening was given in [1,2,51,52].
The ability to estimate the moi~ture characteristics of soil by microwave
radiometry m~thods is based on the dependence of the intensity, degree of
polarization and penetratin~ capacity oE the electromagnetic radiation ~f soil
and subsoil on the dielectric properties ~f the latter, which.are determined
by the amount of moisture content and featu~Qs of its vertical distribution.
Microwave radiometric investigations of moistened soil and subsoil include the
following: studying the interrelationship between radiation characteristics
in the UHF and SHF range and key geophysical par~meters, such as the amount
of moisture content, ~he density and lithology o� the subsoil, and a r.umber
of other properties; determining the influence of the parameters of vertica]
profiles of moisture and temperature on the characteristics of the microwave
- r~ldiation spectrum; obtaininp, estimates of the screening influence of vegeta-
tion covers; developing procedures for and estimai:ing the accuracy of deter-
mining moisture characteristics in different hydrogeological situations.
Let us discuss the key results achieved in these areas.
1
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~ 1. ~undamenCal k~ad3,aCion Relationships
Soi? conrains solid particles, ground waCer and a~,r. The solid particles
consisr of mineral nnd organ~,c matrer. The ma~or mass in the ma~ority of
soil consists of mitierttl matter: Particles measuring more than 3 mm in dia-
; meter are the rocky component of the soil, particles from 0.01 to 1 mm,
"physical" sand, and particles ~iner than 0.01 mm, "physical" clay. Subsoil
formin~ minerals consist chiefly of the oxides Si02 and A1203. The content
of urganic matter variea within the ranve of from one to 10 percent of the
weight of the soil. The densiCy of soil varies within the range of 1 to 2
g/cm3, and in the arable layer, as a ri.'_,~, from 1 to 1.5 g/cm3 [3,4]. Soil
moisture is non-rdentical GriCh reapect Co its quality. The following cate-
gories of moieCure are distinguiahed: securely bound, loosely bound, and
- free. The quantity of bound waCer varies from one percent in sand to 20 per-
cent and more in some clay. In the ma~ority of soil and sub~oil Chis figure
does not exceed five percent. During moistening, swelling of the ground takes
place. For example, sand can change its volume by 30 percent with an increase
in moisture from zero to 30 percent. This process depends on ~che salinity of -
- the soil mixture and the presence of organic matter. Depending on the type
of soil, the nature of its treatment, and features of the relief of the
terrain, the ground surface is distinguished by the presence of irregularities,
_ the characteristic dimensions of which vary from fractions of a millimeter ~
and dozens of centimeters (fine-structure and gross-structure irregularities)
to dozens of ineters and more (topographical features).
The dielectric characteristics of soil and subsoil are determined to a di�ferent
extent by the amount of moisture r_ontent, the density of the soil, features
of lithology, the concentration and composition of salts in the soil mixture,
and temperatcre. -
The dielectric constant of 3ry gro~ind, e' , depends on density [9,10]. Accord-
ing to data of ineasurements for aluminosilicate rocks, the following relation-
ship holds true:
ve'=1+o,5p~, (1>
where p represents density in g/cm3. For ground consisting of sand and _
clay, e's= 3 to 4, and the loss tangent, tan d, equals 10'2 to 10'3.
The dielectric constant of moistened soil and subsoil is estimated on the
basis of equations from the theory of multicomponent mixtures [11-15]. These _
equations take into account the relative volume o~ components, their dielectric
parameter~, and the shape of inclusion elements. But the majority of equations
fr~m the theory of ~nixtures give highly approximate quantitative estimates of
_ the dielectric properties of moistened soil and subsoil.
In this connection, of decisive importance in studying the dependence of di-
electric properties on moisture are representative data from laboratory
2 -
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meneuremente, .for specimens o~ sandy and clayey soil with ~ densiry of ubout
1.15 g/cm3, made in the wavebnnd from 0.8 Co 226 cm [~7J; .for specimens of
~ loamy soil with ~ density o.� 1.2 to 1.8 g/cm3, made in the waveband .�rom 7.5 cm -
_ eo 10 m(18]; �or specimens of sandy, clayey and silty sail with a density of ~
1.2 to 1.7 g/cm3, made in the 1.15 to 300 cm waveband [19]; as well a~ the data
of other studies [20,26,30]. In Pi~ 1 are represented daC~~ from Chese studies _
, for u 20 cm wave, presented in Che form of tY,e dependence of e' and e" on
the specific weight of moisture.*
E,f~
y i
u/i, o
- ?Q ~ / ~r
i
f ~
_ _._._�-4
/
/ ~i
? ~
i i..
f0 ~ a -
? i''
i F,.
i,i~
i
~
~
~ ~ ~
~ '
p o~l Q2 ~73 pa,z/cr+~
Figure 1. Dependence of the Real (e') and Imaginary (E") Parts of the
Dielectric Constant for a 20 cm Wave on the Value of the
Specific Weight of Moisture in the Soil: 1-3--averaged ex-
perimental data: 1---from [18J (density of soil, ps: (a)--
1.4 8/~~3~ ~b)--1.8 g/~m3)~ 2--from [19l ~P, = 1.5 g/~m3)~
_ 3--from [17] (p9 ti 1.7 g/cm3); 4--calculate~ values from (4) -
Key:
1. g/~m3
The measurement data show an increase in the real and imaginary parts of e
with an increase in moisture content. The slight dependence of the dielectric
constant on the degree of moistening with low moisture values (approximately
five percent maximum) can be explained by the sorption c~pacity of soil when
a certain part of Che moisture is securely bound by the surface of soil part-
icles.** With less than five percent of moisture the value of e' practically
does not depend on the wavelength.
_ *The speciPic weight of moisture, p(g/cm3) , is the weight o~ water in a
unit volume of soil. The relative moisture content, m(X) , is defined as the
ratio o� the weight of water to the weight of dry ground per unit volume of
soil.
**According to the limited data available, the bound water has an anomalously
2ow value a: e' , equaling 1.06 to 2.2 [llJ.
~
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According to Ch~ daCa o.~ [17 sand ~nd c~.ay di.~.Eex i.n absorp~i.on proper~ies
in the range o~ waves 1~onge~r than 3 cm: The absorbing capac~.ty o~ clayey _
Aoil is three- Co ~iveEoJ.d greater than Chat o~ sandy soil. ~urthermore,
a considerabl.e sA1C contenC has been observed in specimen~ of clayey soil.
- But according to ttie data o.~ [19], no dependence of absorbing capacity an the
type uf soil is ob~erved. These results show Chat the extent of absorpCion -
with waves longer than 3 cm depends not so much on the Cype o~ soil as on the ~
level of ionic ~onducCion of the soil mixture. ~
A slight temperature dependence of the dielecCric consCanC has been observed
- with a moisture conCenr greater than 1(1 ~~ercent--an increase in the real and
a lowering o� the imaginary part of e(19].
An analysis of Che applicability of the equations of the theory of mixtures
� and certain numerical calcularion results are contained in [5, 11-16]. The
, critzrion for the applicability of a specific equation for estimating the
' dielectric properties of soil and subsoil is its taking into account feaLUres
of the relative disCribution of solid and liquid phases of Che mixture wiCh
~ different moisture content values, and also the agreement of calculaCion re-
aults with measurement data. For example, in the case of dry ground a"parC-
icle-air" mixture is close to a staCistical type of component distribution. _
For the purpose of estimaCing Che value of e Odelevskiy's equation and
Likhteneker's logarithmic equation are applicable. With a moisture content _
higher than a few percent the ground represents a three-phase matrix system
- (water forms the matrix). It is possible, however, to disregard the presence
of one of the components (air) having Che lowest value of e.
Comparison with the data from experiments [17-19] has shown satisfactory
agreement with them of the results of calculations by the following equatjons:
, a) Odelevskiy's for matrix-type mixtures:
_ i-W ~
e~M=e, 1 + ,
W + e.
3 ea 8. .
(2)
~ahere e , e , and e are the dielectric constants of the mixture, water
and dry ground~ and W~s the relative specific concentration of water. ,
b) Wiener's equation, which is written di~ferently but is equivalent to ~
- Odelevskiy's equation w~th not too high values of the speci~ic concentration
of water.*
*It is proven by expanding e into a series o~ powers of W.
4 -
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c) The Brusgeman-Kh~nai equat;~on;
w Ea-e~N e. -
� ~
ea-e. e~�
(3)
d) The Brown (refraction model):
ye~�~WYe,+(1--W)ye~. -
(4)
Some calculation results are given in fig 1. Within the range of 0.05 < p <
< 0.35 g/cm~, the dependence of e' and e" of the soil on the moisture ~
content are close to linear with a slope constant of ~e/Op ti 0.7e . The
- influence of the type o� soil is manifested chiefly in the~form of~an inverse
relationship between the dimensions of particles (degree of dispersion) and
ttie length of the range of moisture values in which e practically does
not depend on the moisture content. It has been showns~1,21 that the density
_ of the soil represents a parameter of the dependence of the dielectric con- -
stant on the degree of relative moisture content; at the same time the value
of the density has a slight influence on the nature and slope of the curve ~
- �or the dependence of the dielectric constant on the specific weight of moisture
in the soil.
The data of [18,19] confirm the theoretical conclusions to the effect that
the key parameter determining the value of e is the specific moisture con-
tent.*
The brightness temperature, characterizing the intensity of radiation of a
_ semi-infinite homogeneous medium with a random distribution of temperature, -
T(z) , in terma of depth, is determined by the radiating power, K, and the
effecCive temperature, T
e
1~na~~~~~,~~ '/.a=1-~x~
~5) -
where R is the ~resnel reflection versus power coefficient, which is deter- -
mined by the dielectric constant, the observation angle, 8, and the type of '
polarization. -
*The dependence o.E the dielectric constant on the volume of organic inclusions
_ has not been studied i,n detail. Approximate estintates according to (2) to (4)
indicate a slight dependen~e of the soil's e on this parameter.
**In (S) and below subscript 1 below a symbol indicates ~ravelength. ~
- 5
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In vertical obsexvation:
4Yle~l cos a~
xa ~ , t~ ax=sA'/ei .
le~l+2yle~l c~a 2 +1
(6)
The equation for the effective value of the temperature has the form:
~ p
T~~� f T~z~'~nA 9@C ea~8-Ta0.t ~ec e~' dz~
0
where YP~ is the absorption coe~ficient:
vE~ y =
~o~mavz
n ~ v1+cg= sa-1;
cs)
_ is the value of the angle of observation, 9, in the ground; sin 6/sin 8~ _
_ ~ ?E 7+ ' -
ln the case of an isothermal medium, T(z) = T~ ,
T.=T o. ~ ~ ~ ~
The thickness of the eff ectively radiating layer (skin layer) is:
1,~~ 1 .
~9 )
The radiation polarization factor is determined by the ratio of the difference
in radioluminattce temperatures with vertical and horizontal polarization to
their sum.
An increase in dielectric constant with an increase in moisture content is -
accompanied by a reduction in radiating power and brightness temperature and
an increase in the polarization Pactor [6-8]. '~'aking into account the data =
0
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~ in [17] on Che values o.~ e w~,th di.~.~er~nr mo~:; Cuxe coneenCs, esLimaCes of
- the slope o~ rhe radiaCion versus moisture content curve equal minus 4 to 5�K per
percent of moisture and 2 to 3�K per percent of moisture wiCh a soil d~nsity
oE respectively 1.7 to 1.8 g/cm3 and 1.2 Co 1.4 g/em3, or about -0.2�K/g/dm~ _
with slight dependence on the density o~ rhe soil [1,2].*
_ Relative varia~ions in the polarization ~actor equal about 0.2%/g/dm3 with an
observation angle o~ about 60�.
The thickneas of the skin layer o.� clayey soil, according to the dnta in [17],
does not e:cceed the wavelength throughout the entire microwave range and equals
from three to seven wavelengths in the case of dry (less than Five percent mois-
ture) sandy soil.
Table 1. Calculated Values of Sensitivity oF the Radioemission Field to
Va.riations in Soil Parameters
~
e�r,c ( ^k l ~T~~ r �k l e~~ r ~x n~~~, r �x l
A~catJ ~Ga L il~M'J ~PC l~l~*'1 yy~t l:ln ~ A1' l"~ J
30 I -J 0 I 1 I �0,5 I p
i
Note: The values given in t:~is table cover conditions of variations in
moisture content within ~he rsnge of 0.1 to 0.35 g/cm3, variations in soil _
density within the range of 1 to 2 g/cm3, and variations in salinity, S, of -
the soil mixrure of 0 to 60 g/1 and in air temperature of 10 to 30�C. -
The influence of 24-hour variations in temperature, DT , at the soil's surface
on variations in radioluminance is expressed in the inversely progortional
relationship of the thickness of the skin layer to the depth of penetration oF
a heat wa~re, kT [5,40,49,50,58]. An estimate of variatio:is in radioluminance
at wavelength s a is determined approximately by the equation: _
sec 0'
- ~'L'~�r=xa0 T~ .
1=~ -I- sec A' _ . . . _
lrc
~10~
*Model calcul.ations according to (1) to (4) show the practical absence of an
influence of soil density on the dependence o~ radiating power on the moisture
_ content level expressed as a percentage of the total moisture capacity, which -
is explained by the relationship of t;~e total moisture capacity to the porosity
(density) of the soil. _
7
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In table 1 cere given aVezaged C~1CU~,a!'ed v~lues, obt~ined at IkI: AN 5S5k
[US5K Academy ox ~ciencee XnstiCuCe o~ Radio ~ngineering and ~lectronics~,
of t}.e ~enaitivity o~ the emisaion sCrength to variations ~,n soil par~meterg.
= Thc: re~ulta of experimcnCs, lahor~tory [21,22~, stationar~ ground ~6,26,34,57J,
and from on board airplanes (6,23,24,27-30,36-39~54~ and from 25z's (~rtificial
~arth sate111tesJ [5,6,25,31,32,33,35,55,56,59,H0~ in the 0.8 to 30 cm waveband
t~ave confirmed the exietence of a stable dependence of radiation ctinrncteris-
ttc:s nn the moiature conCent o:, the surface layer. The quantitative values
of tt~e slope of radiation versus moisture coutent curv~s found experimentally
. nre close to calculated estim~tea (fig "l. The differential in radio emission
levels of dry soil and soil in the state of its full moisture c~pacity in
vertical observation equals 6U to 90�K. Wi~h Che most widegpre~d density
values under field condiCiong~ 1 to 1.5 g/cm3, the slope of the radiation versus
moieture content curve is about minus 1.5 to 2.5�K per percentage of moiature
content with 3 to 30 cm waves (24,36~. The curve for radiolumtnance veraus
epecific weight of moisture is c.haracterized by a alope of about minus 0.15 to
0.2�K/~/dm3, agreeing with the calculated value. The influence of variations
in soil clenaity ie observed chiefly with emall moiature content values. _
x ~
0,9 ~
~
?
~ -
Q8 ~ �
?
~
0,7 ~ ~
~ ~
--3
t`~~ -
0,6
1) ~
0 4r q1 4~ pa,~/cM~
~igure 2. r~ependence of Radiating Power with a 20 cm Wave on the
Value of the Specific Weight of Moisture in the Soil:
1--local variations in K and p from data of syn-
chronous radiometric and contact ground measurements;
2--calculated dependence utilizing experimental data
for F i.n (17j; 3--utilizing calculated data for E by
using (4)
i~e y : 3
1. ~~v~ g/cr~
u -
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nifferetices are observed in the slope of the radiation versus moisture content
curves for vertical and hor~zontal polarization with ~n incre~~~e it~ observaeinn
angle. ~'or examp~.e, according to data of ineasurements wf.th 2.8 and 21 cm waves
(27,29J, wit}~ p ti 40 to 45� the slope for `?ertical polarization is twofold -
~m~ller thnn in o5aerving at t}~e nadir. T'he radiation polariz~tion factor
increases with an increa~e in moisture content. The slope of the experiroent~l -
ct~rv~ has been showt~, however, to be smaller than the calculated, which Cnn be
explained by the in�l.uence df irrc:~;ularities and by the vertical inhomogeneity
in moi~ature dietclbution. The radioluminance v~lue cnrrelates w:th the amourtt
_ nf moi;irure content in a layer (0.] to 1.Q)~ thick. No eignifi~:~nt spectral
differences have been observed in the values of the slope of radiation versus
maisture content curves.
~ According to experimental data in [27,29,32], daily variations in temperature
of 15 to 30�C result in vari~ti.;ns in r,~dioluminance, reaching 10 to 25�K with
1 to } cm waves nnd not exceeding 3 to 5�K with 20 to 30 cm waves.
In termy of its relatiunship to ~:HF, SHI~' and UH~ wavey, the ground surface can
be represented ay rough and locally smooth. The results of model. estimates of
ttie influence of fine-struccure irregularities according to the slight perturba-
tion method (2,40~45J have shown th~~t thc~ value of radiating power in the pre-
sence of s11Pht perturbations,
x..=1-~~~==1-( (R_-~1~)-~-n,) ~ii)
(where A represents the albedo of the perturbed surface, ~R is the degree
of reduction of t}~e specular component, R,~~nd DJ is the dispersion of the
s[ray Eield), differs from the value of = 1- R for a flat surface by
_ no more th~n 0.01 to 0.02(3 to 6�K) in t}~e observation angle range of 0 to
60�. Gross-structure irregularities, whose inf2uence is taken into account
in tht~ KirchhoCf approximation, result in considerable depolarization of the
radiation (2,45) and in a considerable increase in radioluminance of 10�K and
more, chiefly for horizontal polarization with glancing observation angles.
Features ~f the topography cau5e variations in the mean value of the brightness
tempera[ure reaching 10�K for horizontai polarization with A> 40� and A8 =
~ 20~, -
It has been confirr~ed experimentally [26] that the influence of surface irregu-
larities (tilled fields) is m:~ni,`ested chiefly with 1 to 3 cm waves, primar_ly
for horizontal polarization, in thc for~ of a reduction in the slope of radia-
tion versus noisture content curves.
The dara obtained der~onstratc: the feasib:lity of determining moisture content
for as many as 10 gradations by the microwave radtometry method.*
*Thc d:~ta c?f r~diome[ric measurec~ents make it possible to detezznine directly
Lhc specific moistur~ content or moisture content as a percentage of total
c.oisture capacity. For coc~parison of the data of radiometric estimates with
the results of ficid neasurements of relative moiswre content, values of the
con[ent of moisture by weight nust be scaled to allow for the density of the soil.
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2. ~adiation Characteristi,cs o~ Non~Uni#ormly Moi.gtened Soi1 and 5ubgoil
The nature of the dietxibution o~ moisCure content te determi,ned by r,he type
of ~oil and subaoil, by ehe level of ground watere, and, in irrigated l~nd,
by the irrigation and ev~poration cy~le: the amount of waCex po+:t~ed nn, the
irrigation period~ and weather cond~tiona. _
~
0 02 wr/c?:~ o o.P Q~ w o 0,2 a~ w o 0,2 q4 w o 0,2 v,a w
20 1~ 3? 1 ~'3
~ Kx L xx
~
g~~~ ~ i yre ~ ~ ~ ~ yrd
i
~ i t i i
KK ( rrx
yre r ~ ~ y~e
r,crr 2) r,cN z,cM r,cM z,cn
1v,1 (ptJ (Q~) (oi) !as)
o ~E ~ o o ~~~a ~~o
i i ~
_J ~ / 1
/
/
b)
t.CM Y,CM T,CM I~CM Z,CM
- 1 Q ~ !F F
Figure 3. Types of Vertical Profiles of Moisture Content in Soil and
Subaoil (a) and Approximation Functions Used (b): (al) to
(a )--dry-farming land; (a4) and (as)--irrigated land; (a2)
anc~ (a5)--high level of ground water (UGV); 1,2,3--dayg
after watering; KK--capillary fringe layer
Key:
1. W, g/cm3 2. UCV
- In fig 3a are given examples o~ typical profiles With deep ((al), (a3) ani~
(a4)) and no[ so deep ((a ) and (a5)) levels of ground water beds in dry-farming
(unvatered) ((al) to (a3)~ and irr3gated ((a4) and (as)) land. The height of
the ground W~ter rise aone (capillary fringe, I~C, zone) depends on the size of
soil particles and varies from a few centimeters in caarse-grained soil to
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5 to 10 m in cl~yey and loesg sail, ~'zo~'iJ.e (a accord~.ng to the data in
~53), is ch~racteri.atl.c o.f dry-~arming ],and in I~azakhgt~n in the gpr~ngtime.
The existence n~ vertical. inhomo~eneity of the dielecCric cottstant on account
of modification of the moisture contene with the medium~g depth resultg in ~
the nppe~rance of di,stincCive features in the radiation spectrum--the d~pendence
of 'I'Y~~ on the parameters characterizing che ~~~r.) profile:
- r.~~x,,[~~(~) l r.,Ir(~), E~c:) l,
~
� - j yu~(f) eec 0'df -
r.~ = S T t=) ~~o~ e.~ o~e � a:.
a
c12>
~or the purpase of determining the interrelationship between the effective
val~es of the radiating power and temperature, K and T, and parameters
of the moisture content profile, various model approximations are employed.
Real media are represented in the form of flat-layer structures with values
of E. which are constant within the limits of each layer; in the form of
_ structures includin~ layers with smooth re~ular and random variations in dielec-
tric properties; etc. Approximation functions are employed for the purpose of
describing prufiles of moisture content (and of the dielectric ~constant) in
tt~ese models. 5ome of them arc illustrated in fig 3b: a step function (T),
a linear (II), a broken-line (III), an expoaiential polynomial (IV) and an c
~psccin function (V) (1,2,41-49,53J. It has bcen shdwn [1~42J that the r~dia-
cion contr~~t ceused by the presence of inhomuy,eneity at depth ~ with a -
profile of type I is determined by the approximate equation:
~x~= ( i--R~t)'R~~e-~.a~ (13) -
where t~ _�r R1 is the reflection coefficient at [he upper limit; and
R2 is tfie re~~ectton coefficient for the inhomoger,eity. -
The existence of smooth transitions on E(z) exerts an adjusting effect, uhich
re9ulcs in a reduc[ion of refl~:ctions at the limi[s. According to (2,42,44,45j,
refleceion from sraooth transition layers at [he "upper layer - uniform half-
epace" limiC Which are described by funetions of type IV and V is eonsiderable
only aith a relattve thicknes~ of the layer equaling R/J~ ti 0.1 to 0.3. ~sti-
mateK of the influence of a saooth transition layer at one of the limits of
model I(cf.~ e.g.~ model V) can be obtained in an iflpedance approximation:
For che :ra7sition Iayer 3 ueter~inaCiot~ is r~ade of th~ e:fecCive value of [he
reEleccion coefficient, R f , reduced for [he mean level of The values
of Ref and are usedein (13) to esti~ate the amount of radioluminance
co~trasc.
.11
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AK followg ~orm (13), the ~,n~l,uence o,~ the mo~.~Cuxr_ cnneent o� the lower
layere can be ~G],t when the depth at whJ.~h they lie does not ex~eed the thick-
nes~ o:P the gk~,n ].xyer ~,n the uppex ground lavel ~
T1~e indlvidual sounding deptha~wieh Che v~lue~ of e,from (17j eq~al from
5 to 50 cm with 10 to 30 cm wavea for clayey soil, and from 10 eo 200 cm for
- sandy soi1, wich v~riatior~ in the mois~ure content o.f Che upp~r layer af
~rom four to 12 percene.
It has been ghown [41,58~ Chat the influence o� vertical inhmm~geneity in
E(z) ig felt chie�ly with an increase in moisture cotttent with depCh.
qr o,3 o,s io 3 6 c(?+1
i a
i
x ~i ,
�SO ~
i
_ :
/ a I
o p}I
-100 / ` ---~ip
x 1~
x
-ISO
1 TA
~igure 4. Relationship of Radi~tinn Contrast with a Wave of Approx.
30 cm to Depth of the Grbund Water Level. Types of Subsoil:
I--sandy loam; Il--loam. 1--calculated values for model I;
2--data of ineasurements in Central Asia and the Crimea
The nature of the spectrum rela[ionship of the radioluminance of vertically
polarizecl radiation when observing at angles close to the Brewster angle is
determined by the sign of the temperature profile gradient (58~.
The analytiral solution to the problem of reconstructing the moisture content
profilc with che kernel of integral equation (12) is not known. Approximate
es[ima[es of parameters of the profile can be gotten on the basis of the re-
l.~cionship between the chickness of che skin layer and the moisture content
and the r~diation's wavelength.
~or example, for the model of a two-layer medium (model I) a separate estimate
is made of [he moisture content of [he top and bottom layers. Here the number
of diEferen[iable gradations of moisture content in the bottom layer is several
tlmes less [har~ the number of differentiable gradaCions of moisture content in
_ [hc top layer.
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'Thc daea in ,fig 4, obta~.ned ~t X~k; ~I 5S51t, i],~,us~rare Che expeximental and
calcul~Ced yalues o~ r~di~tion contra~t with ~ wave n~ ~bout 30 cm, wiCh various
- depChs at which wnCer-be~ring layers lie under a layer o~ s~ndy and clayey
- ~oil. ~xampleg of ehe xealiz~Cion o.f radiolumi.nance profilea for sections
with a high ground waeer level are shown in ~igs 5 gnd 6.
yYQCInOk
c Haudonee
~ eb~coxuM yr~ 2)OmxpeimQr
Nr...._._., eoaa -
~ -+1 r-
ra 3) ` ~ -w-~... _
~ ~ .
i
~ ~ .
i 1
r ? i
I?~~K 1 r 1 ~
I ~j ~ j
1 ~ 1
$ 1~~
y~8 (cM) 5 pp -.~--30 SO
_ ~ L, rr
~'igure 5. Exgmple of Recording of Variations in Radioluminance Over
Sections with DiffECent Craund Water Levels (Moldavian 55R):
solid curve--a = 2.25 cm; dotted-line curve--a = 30 cm; radio
emission levels: A--for dry land; S--for open water
Key:
= l. Section with highest UGV 3. T
2. Open water y~
KcNC~ 1~ JoMC yQnoxMeMU~ 2)
x
Qy ~ ! X KcMCn
Q9
IO ~ iz f0 ~
4d 1 ~
~ ~ a~ q8 10 ~ ~
. / b~
30
~ 30 Z `
~ i
4 W.~ q~ ~ ~
50,. W ~ ~ SOOn _
!,x
~igure 6. ~xamples of Recording o� Variations in Radioluminance Over
Canals Without Loss (a) and With Loss (b) of ~later (Uzbek SSR).
Waves: 1--2.25 cm; 2--18 cm.
(itey on folloWing pa~e)
1.3
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r-
Key:
1. Cana], 2~ MoisCening zone
t;xperimenCs conducCed aC xR~ AN SS5R have reve~led considergble radi~tion con~ -
trc~st with UH~ waves, re~ching 10 eo 30�K nnd mor~ wiCh Che grdund w~eer level
lying at depChs of 30 to 70 cm.*
5pectrum measuremenrg of the polarizaCion fnctor have made it possible to obtain
estimat~q of parameters of the moiseure contenC profile within the limits nf
depChs of R < ~/2 (6]. -
_ In modeling the grouttd wiCh pro�ile I(fig 3b) the possibility h~s been demon-
strated of getting estimates n� the moisture contenC of the top layer and of
its thicknesa by measuring radintion characteristics at several observation
an~leq (45a.
In (53) for model II (fig 3b) a technique h~s been developed for estimating
' the moisture supply of the top layer of soil ~p to several decimeters thick
by determining the moist~re conCent at the surface and utilizing daCa on the
slope of the moiature content profile, corresponding to valueg of Che lowest
moisture capacity of the soil. -
in (26J, for the purpdse of estimating parameters of the protile, a technique
is ~uggested for tying in the value of Che "equivalenC moisture content" ob-
cained froc~ radiometric estimates with the depth of the skin layer from the
data of ineasurements with different waves.
Changes in moisture content in the process of drying of the soil are accompanied
by changes in radioluminance (figs 7 gnd 8). In fig ~ is given an example of
a change in the intenr~ity of the goil's radiation from the dat~ of ineasurements
with an 18 cm wave, made from on board the AN-2 laboratory airplane of IRE AN
SS5R. An observation has been made of the spectrum relationship of the rate
of variacion in radioluminance (cf. fig 9), occasioned by features of the
c}ian~e in moisture content at different depths.
- 3. 5crcenin~ Influence of the Vegetation Co�.?er
~'or the purpose oE obtaining quantitative eatimates of the moisture content
charncteristics of soil and subsoil in the presenee of a vegetation cover,
ic is necessary [o know the screening influence of different types of vegetation
at various stagea in the vegetation cycle. The parameters determining the in-
tensity of radiation of the underlying surface when covered with vegetation are: _
the radiating power o~ the ground surface; the radiation txansmisaion and
*These results testify firs[ to the considerable role of the capillary fringe,
which rises above the ground wa[er level, and, secondly, to the possible ex-
istence ~rithin the limits of the fringe of slight sudden changes in moiature -
content.
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t'UR di~ N' it,' [AL US~ c)NI.Y '
- re~l~ction Coe,~~iGients o~ th~ veb~t~Gipn; ~~tnd Che exCer,G to wh~.ch the ground
gur~ace ig coVered with vegetation [5]. The ~o~.l.owi,ng kypes of vegeCnCiott
cover can be di..Q~erenti~ted, Che in~l.uence o.f whi.ch ~,s cons~,derably different:
agricu].Curgl crops aC early st~ges o~ vegeeaeion and cereal and gra~s cnvers;
"broad-leaved" agriculCura~, crops (sun.�lowers, maize, beets and the like);
nnd ~ndergrowCh und Porc~st vegeCaeion. -
QHU noc~e nonuaa 1~
ao ~ z 3 4t
2
Y i~
~1 / `
i~
' /~~i
/
~ ~
~ ~ -
/
~2 1
_ l _
~ 2~
ex-X(t)-x~y~
Figure 7. Change in Radiation Contrast with an 18 cm Wave During Drying
of the Soil (Central Asia): 1 and 2--different sections of
fields
- Key:
1. Days after watering 2. K )
sukh dry
19. 07. ~S 30. OZ 75
= I;~~~
- � / 1 ~r~ / I/; ~~./,I
' ~ ~ / ~ T ~ / /
H? ///i /
j~~~ / ~
~
{ l l l~'~?�
;i11'IL~� / i//~/~' /
1~ ~
Moisture content, g/cm3
~ ~
Q1'Q: 0,1-QJ 0,3-0,4 +?L
Figure 8. Ex.~mples ~E ~toisturc Content Charts from Data of Radiometric
Estimates with a 3 cm Wave (Crimea)
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r,,, oHU 1 ~
8 1
s
s~ _
4
- ~
0
?,25 10 18 3u.i,c.y
k'igure 9. SpecCral ltelaCionship of Rgee of Change in Radioluminance
During Drying o� Soil (Ukrainian SSR): T--Cime inCerval
during which radioluminance contrast is r~~uced e-fold -
Key :
1. Tya, days
At [RE AN 555It experimental investigatioi~s were made o� the screening influence
of Chese types of vegetation cover. Some data from experimental investigations
in the 3 to 30 cm waveband are shown in fig 10. The value of the reduction
factor, for the slope of the radiation versus moisCure content curve,
- ,c(W) , on account of the influence of vegetation is determined by the equation:
~ Kv(N~~)-xo(N>>)
x(W~)-x(W,) '
~ (14)
where K and K are the radiating power of the soil when covered with
vegetation and in the absence of vegetation, with soil moisture content values
of W1 and W2 .
It has been demonstrated ChaC crops of ry~, barley and clover represent a
semi-transmissive medium in the SHF wave band and are practically transmissive
with UHF waves. Estimates of the amount of integral absorption in the 3 to
30 cm range are characterized by values of 0.05 to 0.3 nepers.
- Broad-leaved crops of the maize and cotton plant type at the ripening stage
screen a~ much as 70 to 80 percent of the radiation with waves shorter than
1Q cm and reduce by 20 to SO percenC the slope of the radiation versus moisture
- con[ent curve with a 30 cm wave.
From data of experiments over forest area~s and dense undergrowth, complete
screening of the soil's radiation has been observed with waves shorter than _
- 10 cm. This conclusion follows also from the results of model estimates.
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1,0 ~ 1
i
~ _
/ 2
4s ~ ~ _
3
0
~ 1O 2O .1, CM
I~'igure 10. Spectral Relationship of Reduction Factor for Slope of the
_ Radiation Versus Moisture Contene Curve on Account of the
Screening Influence of the Vegetation Cover: 1--rye, barley,
wheat, grass (July-August); 2--maize (Auguse); 3--hybrid
forest (July)
Conclusion
Experimental research conducted has demonstrated the promise of utilizing
microwave instruments for the purpose of deeermining the moisture conCent
characteristics of soil and subsoil in so~ving problems relating to land -
reclumation and the hydrological cycle of soil, agriculture, hydrogeology, .
etc.
The USSR Council of Ministers Central Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Service Central Geophysical Observatory imeni A.I. Voyeykov has conducted re-
search and obtained positive results from remote readings of the moisture �
supply in dry-farming lands in Kazakhstan from the data of microwave radiometry =
measurements from on board an IL-18 laboratory airplane [53].
At the IRE AN SSSR Special Design Bureau airborne microwave radiometric
hygrometers have been developed, utilizing the 2.25, 18 and 30 cm wavebands,
for IL-18 and AN-2 laboratory airplanes.
Tests of these instruments in dif�erent climate zones--in Central Asia, in
the North Caucasus, the Ukraine and Moldavia--have revealed the effectiveness
of utilizingthemfor the purpose o� determining the degree o� non-uniformity
in watering and the rate o.f drying o~ soil, for determining times for adding
fertilizers and ~or sowing, and ~or prescr~,b~ng addit~onal water supply irri-
ga[ion procedures. for determining zones with a high ground water level (up to
0.5 to 1 m), and ~or monitoring the condttion o~ water engineering structures.
17 -
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]libliography
- 1. Arm~nd, N.~,.~ Basharinov, A.Xe~ and Shutko, A.M. TzV~ WZOV MVSSO S55It,
ItADIOFTZIKA, 1971, 20, 6, 809.
2. ShuCko, A.M., Kutuza, B.G., Xakovlev, O.T., Ye~imov, A.I. and Pavel'yev,
A.C. "Radiofizicheakiye issledovaniyn planet, Itogi nauki i tekhniki,
Seriya Radiotekhnika" [Radiophysical InvestigaCions of Planets; Results
of Science and Engineering; Radio Engineering Series], 16, Izdatel'stvo
VINITI, 1978.
3. Revut, I.B. "Fizika pochv" [Soil Physics], Izdatel'sCvo Kolos, 1972. .
I 4. Rode, A.A. and Smirnov, V.N. ''Pochvovedeniye" [Soil Sciencej, IzdaCel'stvo
Vysshaya shkola, 1972.
5. aasharinov, A.Ye., Gurvich, A.S. and Yegorov, S.T. "Radioizlucheniye Zemli
kak planety" [Radio Emission of Earrh as a Planet), Izdatel'stvo Nauka, 1974.
6. B~sharinov, A.Ye. and Shutko, A.M. METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA, 1971, 9, 17. _
7. Popov, A.Ye., Sharkov, Ye.A. and Etkin, V.S. METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIYA,
1974, 10, 49.
8. Shchukin, G.G. TRUDY GGO, Gidrometeizdat, 1974, 309, 114.
9. Troitskiy, V.S. IZV. WZOV MVO SSSR, RADIOFIZIKA, 1962, 5, 5, 855.
_ 1G. Krotikov, V.D. IZV. WZOV MVO SSSR, RADIOFIZIKA, 1962, 5, 6, 1057.
11. Chernyak, G.Ya. and Myaskovskiy, O.M. "Radiovolnovyye metody v gidrologii"
[Radiowave Methods in Hydrology], Izdatel'stvo Nedra, 1973.
12. DeLoor, G.P. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden, Nerherlands, 1956.
13. Berliner, M.A. "Izmereniya vlazhnosti" [Measurements of Moisture Content],
- Izdatel'stvo Energiya, 1973.
_ 14. Tinga, W. and Vosa, A. J. APPL. PHYS., 1973, 44, 9. .
15. Wobschall, D. IEEE TRANS. GEOSCI. ELECTRON., 1977, GE-15, 1, 49.
16. Birchak, Dzh.R. et al. TZIER. 1974,. 62, 1, 115.
17. I.eshchanskiy, Yu.I., Lebedeva, G.N. and Shumilin, V.A. IZy. WZOV MVSSO
SSSR, RADIOFIZIKA, 1971, 14, 4, 562.
18. Khipp, Dzh.Ye., TIIER, 1974, 62, 1, 122.
19. Hoekstra, P. and Delaney, A. J. GEOPHYS. RES., 1974, 79, 11, 1699.
iu -
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20. Red'kin, Ii.A., Klochko, V.V., Khokh7,achev, V.~. and Babushkin, A.G.
itAJ)IO~~KNNIKA I~LEKTRONZKA, 1,975, 20, 1, 164.
21. Melent'yev, V.J. and Ravinovich, Xu.I. TItUAX GGO, GidrometeoizdaC,
1972, No 291, 14.
22. Kondrat'yev, K.Xa., Melenr'yev, V.V., Rabinovich, Yu.S. and Shul'gina,
Ye.M., DOta.. AN SSSR, 1973, 208, 2, 342.
_ 23. Cloersen, P., Schmugge, T.J. and Chang, T.C. "Proc. URSI Com. II. Spec.
Meet. htSEE," 1974, 101, Berne, Switzerland.
24. 5chmugge, T., Gloersen, P., Wilheit, T. and Geiger, F. J. GEOPHYS. RES., _
1974, 79, 2.
25. Ulaby, F.T., Barr, J., SobCi, A. and Moore, R.K. "Proc. URST Com. II.
. Spec. Meet. MSEE," 1974, 205, Berne, Switzerland.
26. I.ee, S.L. "Technical Rep., RSC-56," Texas Univ., RSC, 1974. _
27. Schmugge, T., Blanchard, I3., Burke, W. and Wang, J. "Rep. on the April
1974 Soil Moisture Flights," 1975 rfeet. Joint US/USSR Work Group, Moscow. ~
28. Schmugge, T.J., Blanchard, B., Burke, W.J., Paris, J.F. and Wang, J.R.
"Rep. NASA 'TN D-8199," Washington, 1976.
29. Schmugge, T. "Rep. X-913-76-216," GSFC, 1976.
30. Schmugg~, T., Wilheit, 'I'., Webster, W, and Gloersen, P. "Rep.-II, NASA
TN D-8321," Washington, 1976.
31. Eagleman, J.P. "Proc. 9tr~ Int. Symp. Rem. Sens. Envir.," 1974, 1, 701,
Ann Arbor, USA. -
32. Eagleman, J.P. and Lin, W.C. J. GEOPHYS. RES., 1976, 81, 21, 3660.
33. Newton, R.W., Lee, S.L., Rouse, J.W. and Paris, J.F. "Proc. 9th Int.
Symp. Rem. Sens. Envir.," 1974, 1, 725, Ann Arbor, USA. .
34. Belich, R.B., Corelik, A.G. et al. "XI Vsesoyuznaya konferentsiya po
rasprostraneniyu radiovoln, Tezisy dokladov" [Eleventh All-Union Con-
ference on Radiowave Propagation; Theses of Papers], Izdatel'stvo Kazan-
skoqo universiteta, 1975, 149. -
15. Corelik, A.G., Semiletov, V.I. and Frolov, A.V. In "Radio.~izicheskiye
issledovaniya atmos~ery" [Radiophysical Investigations of the Atmosphere],
Cidrometeoizdat, 1977.
36. Basharinov, A.Ye., Borodin, L.k'. and Shutko, A.M. In "Issledovaniye
prirodnoy sredy kosmicheskimi sredstvami" [Investigation of the Natural
Environment Grith Space Facilities], Izdatel'stvo Nauka, 1974, 3, 81.
19
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37. Armand, N.t~,, Hashax;I,noy, Boxod:~n, I~.~'. and ShuCko, A.M. "Proc.
URS2 Com. I.x. Spec, MeeC. MS~~," ~,974, ],23, aexne, Sw~,Czex~.~nd.
~ 38. Basharinov, A.X'e, et a],. "Xx Vsesoyuznaya kon,~erenrsiya ~o rasproseraneniyu
rndiovoln, 'Pezisy dokladov," Izdaee~,'stvo Kazanskogo un~versiteta, 1975,
116.
39. Borodin, L.F., Kurskaya, A.A. and Shutko, A.M. Tn "KosmiGheskiye issledo-
vaniya zemnykh resursov" [Space Tnves~igations of Terrestrial Resources],
- ~zdatel'stvo Nauka, 1976, 290.
40. Shutko, A.M. TRUDY GMTs, GidrometeoizdaC, 1969, No 50, 103.
~ 41. I3asharinov, A.Ye. et al. In "Inzhenerno-stroiCel'nyye izyskaniya"
[ConstrucCion Engineering Research], Stroyizdat, 1975, 3(39), 61.
42. Brekhovskikh, L.M. "Volny v sloistykh sredakh" [Waves in Lamin~r Media],
Second Edition, Izdatel'stvo Nauka, 1973. -
- 43. Sh~il'gina, Ye.M. TRUDY GGO, Gidrometeoizdat, 1973, No 295, 98.
_ ~
44. Kozlov, A.I. and Mendel'son V.L. VOPROSY RADIOELEKTRONIKI, SERIYA OBSHCHE-
T~1QiNICHESKAYA, 1970, No 7, 18.
45. Bogorodskiy, V.V., Kozlov, A.I. and Tuchkov, L.T. "F ~ioteplovoye izlu-
cheniye zemnykh pokrovov" [Radiothermal Emission of Ground CoversJ,
- Gidrometeoizdat, 1977.
46. Stogryn, A. RADIO SCI., 1970, 5, 2, 1397.
~7. Tsang, L. and Kong, J.A. RADIO SCI., 1975, 10, 12, 1G25.
48. Kondrat'yev, K.Ya., Timofeyev, Yu.M. and Shul'gina, Ye.M. DOKL. AN SSSR,
1970, 194, 6, 1313. ,
49. Kondrat'yev, K.Ya. and Shul'gina, Ye.M. DOKL. AN SSSR, 1971, 200, 1, 88.
50. Kondrat'yev, K.Ya., Shul'gina, Ye.M., Pokrovskiy, O.M. and Timofeyev, Yu.I.
- TRUDY GGO, Gidrometeoizdat, 1973, No 295, 86.
51. Kondrat'yev, K.Ya., Melent'yev, V.V., Rabinovich, Yu.I. and Shul'gina,
Ye.M. "Vodnyye resursy" [Water Resources], 1973, 2, 58.
52. Kondrat'yev, K.Ya. and Shul'gina, Xe.M. In "Vlagooborot v prirode i yego
- rol' v~ormirovani~, resursov presnoy vody" [The Hydrologic Cycle in Nature
and zts R~le in the Format~on o~ ~xesh Water Resources], Stroyizdat, 1973,
196.
_ 53. Kondrar_'yev, K.Xa., Rabinovich, Yu.I., Shul'gina, Ye.M. and Melent'yev, _
V.V. METEOROLOGIYA I GIDROLOGIXA, 1977, 6, 78; cf. also DOKL. AN SSSR,
1977, 233, S, 828.
20
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54. Kondr~t'yev, K.X~., Rabinoy~,ch, Xu.x., Timo~eyev, Xu,M. ~nd ~hul'g1,n~,
_ Xe.M. "Mikrovu],novoye distanxsionnoye zond~rovaniy~ o~Cruzhayushchey
sredy'~ [Remo~e Micxowave Squnding o~ rhe ~nvironment], Tn,~ormat~,on Centier, ~
Obninsk, 1975.
55. Ulaby, F.'~., De7,lwig, L.~. and Schmugge, T. RADTQ SCx., 1.975, 10, 11, -
974.
= 56. Wilheit~ T. "Rep. aC 1974 MeeC. Joint US/USSR Work Group N~t. ~nvir,,"
Greenbelt, USA.
57. Belich, R.B., Semiletov, V.I. and Frolov, A.V. In "Radiofizicheskiye
3ssledovaniya atmosfery," Gidrometeoizdat, 1977.
- 58. Kondrat'yev, K.Ya. and Shul'gina, Ye.M. TRUDY GGO, GidromeCeoizdat, 1973,
No 295.
59. Basharinov, A.Ye., Gurvich, A.S., Yegorov, S.T. et al. KOSriICH~SKIYE
- ISSLEDOVANIYA, 1971, 9, 2, 268.
,
60. Belyakova, G.M., Gurvich, A.S., Matveyev, D.T. and Mironov, B.P, DOKL. -
= AN SSSR, 1971, 201, 4, 837.
~;OPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo Nauka, RADIOTEKHNIKA I ELEKTRONIKA, 1978
8831
' cso: 8144/0552
21
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~'u~z o~~N~tr~~~r~ tr5}: ~~tv~,v ~
I'UBLICATIUNS I
AF'pLICATIUN OF MUI.TI-USI:R C0~*iPUT[~:k CENTEEt5
Minsk ORGANI7.ATSIYA A5U i~1 I3AZE VYCHI5LIT~L'NYKH T5~NTE20V KOLL~KTIVNOGO
POL'yOVANIYA (Orgattzations of Automated Control Syatems on the gasis of
Coll~~ctive-Use Computer C~~ntery) in kussian 1978 signed to press 30 Jan 78
pp 2, 3-4, 64-73, lUG-;08, 120-123, 125-127
~nt~~,~czti~n, ~~xcerpt from i.ntroduction, table of contents, bibliography,
_ and exc~~rpts from book by 5t~>fan 1lorisovich Mikhalev and Anatoliy Nikolay-
evic}~ 'l,azharskiy, $elarus', 2000 copics, 127 pages)
['I'ext) The bouk reviews onE~ of the directions for improving and increas-
_ ing the efficiency of automated co~~Grvl systems (ASU) by means of collec-
tive use of computer technology. lhere arc~ descriptions of Che principles
for creating A5U on the basis of collective-use computer centers and com-
puter networks, the structure of the hardware for such systems, and the re-
quiremen[s for information~ software, and progra~ning are preaented. Recom-
mendattons are given on designing the structure and staffing of collective-
use compu[cr centers.
The book is intended for engineering .~nd technical workers of enterprises
and scienti.fic and technical planning institutes who are involved in the
design, operation, and problems of development of ASU, and also may be used
by thost~ studying computer technology.
Introduction
f,Excerpt] It is the task of [he present work to define the basic princi- `
plus and describe ~xistinf, ~~xp~~rience in creatin~ ASU of various classes
snd levels on the basis of r;ulti-user cocnputer-information networks and to
formulate the requirements for t}~eir organization and functioning, the
hardwar~ basis, and vurio�s forms of s~rvice (organizational, information,
software, and programming), ~;s ~i foundation it uses the experience of
[h~~ Crncr:~l Scientific Res~arch and b~~~;ibn-Technological Institute for the ~
Organization :.~nd Technolo~;y of Control (Ts:1IITU) and a number of other organ-
izations whfch have crcated an ASUP [autortated enterprise management system]
and havr tak~~n parc in devcloping methodological materials for the creation
of multi-uscr computer centcrs [MUCC~ and ASU for en[erprises being served
hy r~ucc .
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The work does not claim to be a complete exposition of such a complex
topic ae a rexult of a lack of suffiCient pr~ctical te~ting of the methodo-
logical mnterinl~ which have been developed. Many queeeidng seill have not
been fittally settled. The tagk which the authors set for themselves was to
nttract ttie gttention of orgnnixntione which are designing A5U and of
minietries to the problem of creating c`'lective-u~e cc~mputer centerg and
c anputer networks which wi11 m~ke it possible to increage ehe efficiency
of auCamated Control systems,
~nble of Contenes page
Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Modern birectiona in Use of Computer Technnlogy in
_ Control Automation 5
Org~nizationgl and technological forms tor applying electronic
computer technology 5
~unction~l structure and Cechttological basis c~f computer
networks 10
Classification of computer networks 13
Hasic organizational and technological characteristics of
several foreign computer networks ~ 20
Hasic principles for creating statewide automaCed sysCems
~~S~ 24
Chapt~r 2. Bagie Conditions fdr Creating ASU on the gasis of
Multi-User Computer CenCers Zq
Basic conditions 29
Organization of efforts in creating MUCC and m~1Ci-uaer
information-computer networks [Mt?ICN] 31
5tages, atructure, and contentg of efforts in deaigning and
installing MUICN 34
Development of the technical task 34
- Development of the MtJCC and MUICN technical plan 38
Development of the MUCC and MUICN working plan 41
Installation of the MUCC and MUICN 43
Ceneral position on a multi-user computer center 45
Chapter 3. MUICN Technological Basis 49
Structure of a multi-user infonnation-computer network 49
Composition of hardware for data exchange 58
MUCC technological basis 64
Technological pror.ess of processing data in MUCC 74
Chapter 4. Providing Ini~nnation to MUICN 77
Informational characteristics of MUCC subscribers 77
Peculiarities of organizing a MUCC information base 80
Classification and coding of information gs
Documentary system for developing and managing an information
fund (IF) ~ 87
Chaptcr S. MUICN Softwarc 9~
- Ceneral 5oftware 92
Special MUCC softwarc 94
~j
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i~01s UH'!~'IC1AL IftiL�' ONi~Y
Chapter 6. Organi.zntion of E;fforts in Creating ,15U ott the gasiA
of MUICN 102
Measurea to prepare ~i MtfCC fc~r oper~tion 10~
Organizational structurc~ of an A5Up on the basi~ of a MUICN 109
Prep~ration of a subscribing entc~rprise for installation of.
an A5Up and organizatian of data tr~nsfer network 11~
l2egul~Cion of exp~nses i.tt creating an A5U on the basis of a
MUICN 114
Org~nizational and persc~nnel gtructure of a MUCC 117
Requit'ements for MUCC faCilities 12d
Literature 125
Bibliography
1. "Avtomntizirovannyye s.istemy upravleniya, Metodika proyektirovaniya
kcxnpleksov tekhnicheskikh sredstv" [Automated Control Systems. A
Methodology for ~'lanning Hardware Complexes), t~7'M 25i212~76, Mifipribor,
1976.
2. Glustikov~ V. M., Kus}~ner, i~., 5togniy, A. A., "The ~unctional
Structure of Computer Networks,"--5cientific-Production Journal
"UP[tAVLYAYU5liCHIYF. 5ISTEMY I MASHINY" [Control 5ystems ~~nd Machic~es],
"Navukov~~ dumkn," 1975, No 3, Kiev.
3, Glustikov, V. M., et al �"A Comparative Analysis of a I~umber of Large-
5cale Foreign Computer Networks~"--Scientific-Production Journal,
"UPRAVLYAYUSHCHIYE SIST~MY I MASHINY," "Navukova dumka," 1975, No 5,
Kiev.
4. Glustikov, V. M., Zhim~ri:~, b. G., Myasnikov, V. A., "The SCatewide
rlutomated System," in t.he collection "Algoritmy i organizatsiya
resheniya ekonomicheskikh zadach" [Algorithms and Organization for
Solving Economic Tasks], issue 2, Moscow, "Statistika," 1973.
S. "Yedinaya sistema EVM" [A Unified Cor~puter System], edited by A. M.
Larionova, Moscow, "5tatistika," 1974.
6. Zazharskiy, r1. N., 5[rots~:v, Yu. V., Golodnov, V. N., "Tekhnicheskoe
ohespecheniyc A5U" [ASU H3rdware], Minsk, "Vysheyshaya shkola," 1974.
1. Martin, Dzh., "Seti svyaz.t i EVM" (CommunicaCion Networks and Computers],
Moscow, "Svyaz'," 197~.,
8. "Obshct~eotraslevyye rukovndyashchiyc metodicheskiye materialy po
sozdaniyu ASUP" [Industry��Wide Master Methodological Materials on ASUP
Crer~tion], Moscow, "Staci;ctika," 1977.
` 9. Pozin, I. L., Sluherbo, V� K., "Teleobrabotka dannykh v avtomatiziro-
vannykh sistc~nakh" [Teleprocessing of Data in Automated Systems],
Moscow, "S[atistika," 197E~,
~4
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10~ "prospekty VI)NKII SS5It, Katalog Ye5 E:VM" [t~rogpertu~ di the U55It
~xhibition of ~conomtc Achievements. YeS Cotnputer Catalog~.
~ 11. "A 5ystem of bata Tranefer and a Computer Network," translated from
[:nglish, "Trudy TII~iIt" [Workg nf tlie TYI~YEt [expansion unknown~~,
No 11, Mosrow, "Mir," 1974.
12. "ASUP Standard P1~7nning De~i~idng," "Tel~hniChegkaye ~be~pe~heniye"
[Nardware~, p~rt 1., Mos~ow, "Statigtika," 1975.
MUCC Technologtcal Basis
_ Cr~xtJ The structure of a MUCC technologi~al complex is determined by
. the specifics of the collective use of resource~ and ehe work regime nf
the MUCC hnrdware nnd shduld be multi-m~chitte (~t leaar two machineg).
The necegsity of having at least two machinea in the MUC~ hardware complex
structure ia determined above all by the requirementa for reliabiliCy of
duta pracegsing. When one of ehe machinea of the Complex ia down, the
moat important jobs (with the higheat priority) are performed on the other
mgchine.
' Arising from the experience of collective ~se of computer technology in
other countries and from anulysis of the tasks performed in MUCC, first
of all financial acco~nting and statistical accountability (tasks with
large-volume files, run less than daily, and complexity of 200-500 command
bytes), technic~l-economic planning (tasks with large-volume files, run =
more than ten days apart, and complexity of 1000-5000 coc~angnd bytes), and
operational planning and regulation (re~l-time tasks, with small-volume
files, run at le~st one time a day, shifts, complexity of 500-1000 can- _
mand bytes), it is essQntial to provide for computer work in MUCC in the
following regimes:
time-sharing (for running and testing moderate-sized engineering and acien-
tific research jobs, as well as debugging all other kinda of jobs);
- bacch multi-probr�.:..~-:..r~ind ~.or :unning n~c.~ engineeriug and economic large-
scalr jobs);
multiprocessing (for large-scale jobs).
One must note that a multiprocessing regime requires the solution of coro-
plex problems in linking computers, special programming of the jobs being
run, and control of performance of jobs.
In the MUCC both local (traditional for information-computer centers) and
rer~ote data processing is done.
Processing of infoLmation in a MUCC does not in principal differ fran its
processing in an ASU with its own computer center and therefore it can be
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t~'Ult c)I~NIc>tAL U51, uNLY
carried out in ~1c:corJanCe with the recommendatiotts (li G, 12, etc.). It is
appropriate to run ~obs in ~i loCal mode of data processing in an MUCC �or
usera for whdm it is economically more profitable to tt'attsmft information
by courier than by ~ommunications lines.
In C~Beg where use of a courier for data transmisston is impdssible (it
does not provide for, for ex.~imple, timeliness requiremenes) or is eeonvm~
_ ically unprofitable, processing of data in the MUCC muqt be dotte witti a
system for teleproCegsing of cfata (5TD).
'The system for teleprocessing of data must provide for all stages of the
tectmological process of data processing, from collection and traasmi3siott
to returtt to the Use:.
According to the assumptions of the MUICN structure and the tendencies -
fot' use of the MUCC cvr~puter resources, they ~an be divided into three
types:
- MUCC fur pt'o~essittg in�ormation to coordinate the work of a group of sub-
scriber entcrprises, uncotinected with tasks for managittg individual enter-
prires (MIJCC of the first type).
- It is ~195UIflCd ttiat ~ub~cribers to the MUCC-ASUP will l~ave their own com-
puter centcrs for running enterprise ranagement jobs;
_ MUCC with a combination of the functions of processing infv rn~atiott con-
tteCtec~ with management of main subscriber enterprise and coordinating the
Work of all enterprises served by the nulti-user computer cenCer (MUCC of
thc srcond type). It is exp~cted that subscriber enterprises, except for -
thc main one, will have an A5UI' with their own computer centers �or handl-
ing tt~eir management tasks, while the A5Up of the main enterprise will
- subscribe to the computer capabilities of the MiJCC (a MUCC some of whose
subscribers have their own computer centers while others do not can also
be associated with this typc);
- :tUCC for processing information on th~ management of individual subscriber
cnt~rrprises (rNCC of the third type) . It is assur~ed that enterprises
served by the multi-user crnnputcr center do not have their own computer
centers and running of nan.3,enc~i~r, jobs for individual ones of them will
be done by subscribing to the computer capabilities of the MUCC.
It is natural that ttie cor~p~,ting power of the MUCC hardware complex is
dependent on th~ number of subscribing objects and their flows of inforc~a-
tion b~~inb processed in th~~ ~NCC.
On the basis of an analysis of the experience of creating an ASUP on the
basis of a MUCC it is possible to recor,~end three classes according to
cnpability in crcating MUCC:
_ ~ r~
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C1nHa 1~tUCC--the number oC A5UI' attnched to one MUGC ig from five to
Hrv~~n (the r~pnUility of th~ cdm~uter ~omplex la more than 0.8 million
operations per secnnd);
Cluss 2 MUCC--tlte number of A5Up attached to nne MUCC i~ from tht~ee to
five (che ~apability of the Computer Complex i~ f~om 0,~ to 0,8 millidn
dperations per se~nnd);
~lass 3 MiJ~C--the number of A5UI' attached to one MUCC ig thre~.
Tl~e recommended Mt1CC hardware comple{ config~ratidng are presented in
table 2, attd their types attd Clagseg in table 3.
The MUCC hardware ~omplex structures presented in table 2 can be used a~
approximate in designing the teChniral tasks in MtJCC planning. Along with
tliig the requitred MIJCC c~mputing cap~bility is tentati.vely determined as a
result of the totality of the size of the eanputer jabs of potential sub-
scribeYS (1).
Table 2. t{ardware Complex Variationa
for Multi-User Computer Cettters
\ 1 ~ttpoAct~o TMn taxn~ceR~x
~~San~r, i ~ ~ s , s
~ ~ _
~gAt (Gax?oae Ko~m- ~C�1()6v'~'4 1 - ~ _
~cK~d) i:C�~oso 5) ~
( G rC� 1 u:i,'t� (WO) 2 2
CC� 1035 ~
~5 EC�1u:2 2 2 3 2 1
M�4030 ~
M�so~a (10) r t
~ 11 ~,7ono,~xumtaexoe
H~NJI ~ 1 (1 J EC�501 ~(EC�5012) 4 4 10 10 ~ 4
HM11 ( j~l } CC�S(ltil t~ b 6 S ~ '
Y,'tIM (1 i~~ 15 ~F - 2) 8 8 1 i 8 4
YE3nK jb CC�6012 1 g 2 2 2 2 2
YBnJI ~ EC�6022 `~1 I I 1 1 1 ~
A1~111' L'C�i032 ~iS 3 3 2 3 2
Y31'I' A5231 ~ ~ -
YBK " `.~,fi) ~C�'UI^ " ~7 1 I I 1 1
Yf111K ~ `~:i CC�901 Z ~ ~
vi~n,,~n 73 ) c.~oo~ 7~ )
~ 32 ~1nWyulaq MauiH~iK~ ~h�~ic~:t�260. 2 2 2 3 2
Tia?cet}+34~Cnndx d~~� EL�S(133 (~.2~.J~6) 6~ GO 40 40 30
c~ue l ! (29~iu IJJJ ~0 40 ~0 40 20
ilaNCtw~~G~~ux ,1n� ~~1J~421 15
cnim r
~~y$~:tetitupHdi~ ~a~~a.~ CC�a(135 (J~J~ 1 1 1 - ~
~~1ant~p ~Kaua.~ - tia� fiC�auti0 (A7131) I 1 I I I
naa. ~ ~ 1 ~
C.icic~i~~no rotonKi~
aoNm~z Cf1dI�9O00 (A J~ I 1 1 I I
YcrpoAcroo anctamu+- i
oti~ra~o c6oP~( ~ ~ ) pi1�8901 ~Q: ~ - 1 - - - ~
[Table continued on folloWing page~
.
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N~~~ii ~~~~~~rr.t~�. ~fsi: nNt,v -
['Ts~ble 2. Cdntinued]
1?1'Itl1 ~4ii) % t:~;~9�tu:i _ ~ _ _ J
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ra ynpa~,tenNd nM?~~,~= 1'C~~(x',! ~Q - ~ - -
NNMN tt Jlbt~1111 ~n~~oao - -
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[Key on folloWing pagej
~c~
~ FOR OF'FICIAI. U5E ONLY
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- 1~'OR Ot~'1~'ICIAL U5~ ONLY
K~y :
1, beviCe 31. Ye5-g001
2. Type nf t{ardwar~ 32. Typewriter
3. Computer (besic asgembly) Kongul-260
4. Ye5-10Gd 34. ttem~v~ble t~Lglt ~I~CItS
5. Ye5-1050 35, Ye5-503~ (7.~5 tnegabytea (~9
6. YeS-1033 (Ye5-1040) m-bytes))
7. Y~5-10~5 ~6. ttemovable di~k pack~
8. Ye5-1U22 37. ~t412, it421
9. M-4030 3g. 5ele~tor Ghannel
10, M-5010 39. Ye5-4035
11. Auxiliary equipment 40. "Chgnnel-~h~nnel" ad~pter -
12. Magneti~ tape storage 41. Ye5-4060 (A7131)
13. Ye5-5017 (Ye5-5012) 42, bata enCry gygeem
1G. Magnetic diak gtorage 43. Spb-g000
15. Ye5-5061 44. Itemdte data cdllectiott device
Ye5-5056 (YeS-~052) 45. RI-8901
16. Magnetic di8k storage control 46. Multiplexorg for data transmiesion
unit 4~. Ye5-8403
17. YeS-5561 48, Ye5-8410 (Ye5-84U2)
18. punched curd input device 49. Ye5-8401
19. Ye5-6012 50. UVTL-M
20. Pun~hed tape input devire 51. (UVTL-T)
21. YeS-6U22 52. ~xCernal display group conerol
22. Alphanumeric printer unit
23. YcS�1032 53. Ye5-1566
24. ~lectrographic graphic data 54. Ye5-7064
di~plgy device 55. ~f'-4030
25. A5231 56, Ye5-7051
26. Card punch 57. It is planned that the base
27. YeS-7012 computer assembly will include
28. Punched card data entry disks with a capacity of 29
device megabytes (magnetic diak stor-
29. YeS-9011 age Ye5-5061, magnetic disk
30. MagneCic t~~e data entry storage control unit Ye5-5561).
device 58. Number of hardWare items
Table 3. Correspondence of HardW~re Canplex Structur~~
Presented in Table 2. to Various Types and Clesseg of MUCC
TRn Kel1 ~1 ~ I IG~~ce NBL( ~ I HoM KtC~Kelril
1�A 1�A 1
~ �a s�a ~
i.~~ a�~}
z.n ~�a 2
2-~1 2�i~ 6. 8. I z
2�A 3�A 10. 11, 15.18
I�A i
3�0 2�A 3,5
J�8 3�a 17, 1~. 16. 17
(Key on folloaing ,~agej ~9
~OR OFFICIAL U5E ONLY
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l~Olt 0!~'t~ ICtAL U~L ONLY
- Kc~y c
1. 'Type of Ml1CC 'l , Number of MUCC I~ardware complex
2. Clae~ of MUCC structure -
The found~tion of the MUCC hardware complex is made up of models of Ye5
_ compuCers and A5V'r [modular sygtem of C~nnputer technology], while ta meet
r~l.l the req~irement~ for infdrmaeion processing itt ehe MUICN the b~ge
models must be ~upplemented by peripheral equipment (in particular, memdry
~nd prirtting devices), teleproc~g~ing eq~ipment, etc,
The romponettts of the liardware complex are determined at the Ce~htticgl
planning stagc (1;.
The hardware complex structures presettted refleCt the peculiarities of
information processing in MUCC of various clasges and Cypes with different
purposes and characteristics of task~ and are oriented (itt composition of
deV~Ce9) toward use of b.~itCheg of applic~~tions programg. MUCC differ one
from another in productivity, cupability of organixing work with the type
of basic hardware carrier used for primary and intermediate data, the
capability of operating itt batcl~ pro~esstng and real-time modes, and orien-
tation toward apecific means of transmitting data.
To providc direct aCCesB to ttte computer for a large number of remote users
of subscriber points, in structures 1-S and 8-lb various types of subassem-
blies of data transmission multiplexors (MPD) ftrom Che YeS series o� com-
puters are used, depending on the power of Che subscriber net of users.
Th~ remaining structures (6, 7, 17, 18) are provided with UVTL-M (UVTL-T
~device for inpur/ouCput of telegraph infdttnaCion]) to attach CRT unita
from thc ASVT-M geries (~kran-M sygtem).
5tructures 2, 6, 8, 10, 13, and 18, intended for MUCC of the second type,
are able to provide for productivn control in real time, Which is attained
by using devices for remote collection, exchange, and distribution of data
RI-8901 (P-2311), linked to series YeS and M4030 computers. T'he RI-8901
mukes it possible to organize a multiplexor work regime within a radius
of 10 kr,~ of a~tomatic data acquisitioc~ devices of type FtI-7701, EtI-7501
from thc A5PI aeries placed directly in the Work places, shop, and plant
se~vices of the main enterprise. When the computer is down, the RI-8901
p~ts da[a out on punched tape, which permits data collection to be carried
out White the computcr is doWn or during preventive maintenance. Remote
collection of data at distance greater than ten km is ppssible with tele-
processing equipment from the Ye5 series.
In structures 2, 10, 11, 13 a YeS-7566 external alphanumeric display group
control unit is used; in structures 3 and the Ye5-7064 graphic display;
in scructures 6, 7, 18, ~P-4030 CRT's. The devices used are intended for
a dialo~ue connection of the subscriber with =he system for real-tfine daea
processing, with display of information on a cathode-ray tube. -
3~
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t~'0!t U1~'I~'iCtAL UyL ONLY
I~'c~r hAndling plttnciing automation tagk~ in variation pldtterg are pro-
vided for. ~b r thip purpose in ~tructureg 6, 17, 18 tJ~it~ A5~31 de-
vi~eg for eleatrographi~ di~play of gr~phiC infdrmation cgn be uged with
an M403d baae computer. 7'he~e deviceg ~dditionally catt be uged fo~ their
primary functions ~g alphanumeric prineer~ of the A~sI'U Ye5-yt~~3 type.
The mo~t pnwerful ~ystems (vari~tion~ 1-7, 9) ~re provid~d wieh ehe Spb-
g000 machine contrdl gystem for centr~lixed prepar~tic~n of a l~rge volume
_ of d~ta.
The area of ~ppli~atian of the gmall rt5010 ~omputer in ~ MUCC will be r~eher
v~ried--from gubs~riber computer CetlCerB for smaller enterpriseg ~o auxil-
iary computerg in 1~rgQ hierarChical 5y5tem5.
Use of the 5K channel matcher for Ye5 computers, intended for attaching
thr. M5010 computcr eo the central computer (models Ye5-1022, YeS-1b33,
Ye5-1035, YeS-1050, M403U), m~keg it pdssible eo empl~y the small cdm-
puter in a multi-proce~sar ~y~eem.
~he pregence of "channel-channel" adapters in the structures pregented
~rovides for the possibility of running ~ multi-procesgor system with shgred
external memory.
~or orgnnizing multi-processing of d~ta ie is essenti~l Co h~ve a du~1-
access main memory in the types of computers used.
The MUCC hardware complex structures pregented in table 2 may be modified, "
for examplc, by substituting equivalent models of canputers. One musC
keep this in mind, since, for example, certain ministriea are oriented
toward a specific type of hardware (e.g., only Ye5 canputers).
In addition to the computer hardware presented in table 2, MUCC must be
provided With desk calculators and adding machines for numeric checking
operations and simple calculations, copying machines, and also laboratory
instruments and auxiliary equipment (oscilloscopes, volt meters, amp meters,
generators, constant current sourceg, transfat~ners, ohm meters, meters for
measuring semiconductor devices, turning-milling equipment, fitting equip-
ment and instrumen[s, etc.).
The MUCC mUSt also be gupplied with office ~quipcnent. The calculation of
office equipment, organization and equipment of archives of machine daCa
carriers and documencs, job slats for personnel, development of the tech-
nical assignment for designing the building (facilities) fnr the MUCC,
calculation of the size of the faeility, matters of c amnunieations, in-
stullation of broadcnst netaorks, tia~fng facilities, and signalling equip-
ment in the MUCC, as aell as selection of auxiliary equipment are carried
out just as for any information-computer center and may be done i~ accord-
ance With the recommendacions presented in Works (1, 6, 12, etc.).
31
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~~ok c~t~t~tc;tnt, usL ortt,Y
'I'~ible 4. Mod~l I'l~nning Chc~rt fdr
Tn~tallution of tt MUCC t{nrdwure Complex
SCage nf
MUCC plan-
ning at ~ocument con-
Men~ure ~'erformer which mea- firming cncuple-
yure i~ im- tion of wnrk
pleme_nted
start end
1 2 3 4 5
1. Prelimin~ry acquaitt- Organiz~tion- I'5* PS I~rotncol
tance of customer with designer
questions connecCed with
rreation of MUCC attd aid in
selecting site
Asgignmec~t of site for CusComer " PS Ik~cision of ob-
MUCC Tp** jecC managmment
on site assign-
ment
Investigation of sitc Organization- " " AcC of inspec-
assigned for MUCC designer, tion
customer
4. Submiasion to organi- Customer " " Transmission o~
zatiott-degigner of struc- blueprints, plans
tural plans of site with of site ~ssigned
ittdication~af supporeing
power of roof for layout _
o f MtICC
5. 5ubmission to Customer Organization TP TP Technical asgign- -
of teChnical assigctment
for development of at'chi-
tectural-building and en-
gineering portions of design
6. Development of plan Customer, " " Plan of action
for installing and adjust- organization-
ing thc hardwarc complex designer
7. Completion of contract Cuscomer " " Contract
for design of project of
remodeling (constructing)
MUCC facility, sanitary and
pow~r engineering
8. Ordcr for building " PP " Confirmation of
mat4rials for remodeling receipt of order
(constructing) facility for
MUCC
*prc-planning sta~c
**Technical planning scage
j~ -
FOR O~E'ICIAL USE O?n.Y
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I~t1k ttt~ I~ I(, t AL lltil: c1NI,Y
9. Order fnr auxili~xy Cu~Cnmer Tp Tp Confirmntion of -
equipment (uir ~ondition- receipt of order
erg, ~ir fileer~, auCom~ti,c
fire exCingui~hing sy~tem
equipment)
10. Acquisititon of build- " " " Pzesenc~ o�
tng m~teri~ls for remndeling matnrials
(constructing) ~aciliey for
MiJCC
11. Acquisieion nf ~uxili- " " " Pregence df
~ry equipment (gir condi- equipment
Cidnerg, ~ir filt~rs, autd-
mgtic fire exCinguiehing -
equipment) _
12. ~reeing of area for re " PP " Presence of free
modcling of facility for MUCC nrea gnd work
frone �or re-
13. itemodelin modeling
g(congtruc- " TP " Act of comple-
tion) of facility for MUCC tion of work
nnd its handing over for _
placing of hardwar~
14. betcrmin~tion of CugComer, PP PP Report of in-
customer's possessioct of Organ3zation- spection af
hardware deaigner ob~ecC
15. 5ubmission of pre- " " " Preliminary in-
liminary requisition list veneory of hard-
for initiation of finan- Wgr~
cing and sub~equent order-
ing of hardware, auxili~ry
equipment, special furnieure,
and office equipment
16. Composition of order Customer " TP Order documenta-
documen[ation for basic tion
equipment
11. Composition of order " " " Order documenta-
_ doc~mcntation for suxil- tion
lary physical equipcnent
according tn product list
nf unien republic Clavsnab
[Main Administration for
Material and Technical
5upply]
18. Dispatch to union " " " Order documenta-
rcpublic Glavsnab of order tion
documeneation for auxiliary
equipcnene
~
33
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A'Ult Ul~'1~'ICIAI. U5~ ONLY
31. Sunding o~ MUC~ Cu~tomcr PP Acti of comple- -
5[~eC~a1~.5ty en COUrSey ti.ott of planned
~O rr~in progrtt?mnerg tt1@[18UrC8
32. Org~ttiz~tion of in- " ~p
struction of personnel in
receipt, delivery, gnd re-
cording of daCn
3:3. Org~nization d� in- CugComer, " "
gtrucr.ion for opcr~eorg producing
- of daCa reaording devices plant and
special
coursey
34. Organiz~tion oF in- Cu~tomer pp ~p
- struction for employees -
invnlved in installation
and operttCion of stand-
nrdg-referencc woxk in
object -
35. Organization of in- " pp Tp
strucrion for employces of
subdivision of computer
maintenance
Req~irements for MUCC F~cilities
[Excerpt~ In accordance with ORMM [IndusCry-Wide MasCer Meehodological
Materials] (8), the form, contents, and order of developing planning esti-
mates and performing construction and installation work is regulated by
the documents on consCruction from USSR Gosstroy, the Instruction on De-
velopic~~~ P1~n~ and E~Cimates for Industridl ConstrucCion (SN-202-76) and
other normative documentation which is in effect. _
The architectural and construction part of the MUCC plan should be de- -
vcloped by a specialized planning organization (as a rule, by industry-
wide statc planning institutes) on the basis of an assignment for planning
and direct contracts wi.th the customer.
The order of developing a MtJCC and also its composition depend on in what
- kind of building thc multi-user computer center will be installed--a new
_ one or an already existing one.
In plc~nriing a new speciul building for installing the MUCC the object tech-
_ nical-work (technological) plan is developed in its full form in accordance
with SN-202-76.
When installing the MUCC in an already existing building, as a rule, the
technological, construction, sanitary and electrical engineering portions
and estimates are developed in the plan. In this case the construction
portion of the plan envisages only the equipping of the site in accordance
3~+
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with thc eechnologicul requirementig ~nd con~~ruction norm~. Alon~ wiCh .
thi~ epeci~l uttention i~ given Co pre-planning work: inspection of Che
building with ehe aim of datQrmining Che poaeibiliCy of instglling a multi-
user computer Center in it from Che st~ndpoinC of ineeting tha requirementis
of the technological, construction, sanieary engineering and fire-prevention
norms. At the same eime ehe soundnesa of tihe atiructures (rooFs, walls,
bcams, colwnna,etc.) muat be determined according Co Cheir load-bearing
Cnp~bility ~nd rigidiey.
'1'h~~ requiremenes for the f~cilitiies and the Cechnical assignmenC ~re de-
veloped on the basi~ of the hardware :.~mplex selected, special requirements
for its installaCion and se~ndards in effect, Che structure and pereonnel
schedule of the MUCC, the space set aside, raquirements in the architec-
tural and congtruction and saniCary engineering aepects, elecCrical power
supply, lighti.ng, fire And explosion s~fety, vibrations,�communications,
rcidioficntion, and civil defense. The general requirements for computer
cetitcr facilitiies (presented, for example, in "ASUP SCandard Pl~nning De-
cisions," "HardwAre," part 1) (12) may be used, while modifications are
mf~de according to the concrete situaCion of the MUCC.
Iii construcCing buildings for multi-user compuCer centers special attention
must be paid to machine rooms. When using YeS or ASVT model canputers, the
- machine rooms must meee the follnwing basic conditions: height of the room
must be gt lenst 3 meters; heighC of doors, 2 meters, wiCh a width of at
le~st 1.5 meters; illumination at a height of 1 meter fram the floor, 190-
'l00 lux; temperuture when equip~ment is working in the r ange of +5 -+40o C;
atmospheric pressure, 760�30 mm Hg; load on the floor, up to 700 kg per
square metcr; dusC should not exceed 75 nanokg per cubic meter with parCi-
cle size no greater than 3 microns.
The most favorable working conditions are provided with a temperature of
22�2�C and a humidity of 65�5%. To atCain them, it is recotmnended Chat the
f~cility be sealed and air condiCioned, while magnetic tape and disk devices
should be set up in separate facilities with maximum p~ssible freedom fram
dust.
Thc technical assignment, as a rule, does not consider requirements �or the
facilities which contain air conditioning equipment, ventilating equipment,
~-~nd the main switchboard, the cloakroom, conference room, and supplementary
services, since they are not related to the technological subdivision of
the multi-user computer center. The planning organization selects the site
and equipment for the indicated subdivisions and plans all MUCC facilities
in accordance with the standards and requirements which are in effect.
_ In computing and allocating space among the subdivisions it is essential
to take into account the type and quantity of equipmen t, the ntunber of
employees in them, interconnections between them, and the flow routes for
movement of technical documentation and recording media.
35
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;
N'Ok U~'~ICTAL U5~ ONLS'
~'or mact~it?e rooms according to the producing plant'g technic~l Conditiong
.~nd tnkit~g into acCOUnt tt~e reyuiremen:s of the technological procegs of
procegsing informntion it i~ eseential to have areas (in squere meterg)
for the Computer;
Ye5-1033 110-120
Ye5-1030 90-110
Ye5-1022 100-110
Ye5-1025 75- 90
Ye5-1035 100-120
Ye5-1045 140-150
M-5000 50- 60.
Areas for subdivieions nf the multi-user computer center and the aubscriber
_ information point (5IP) are computed in accordance with personnel gchedules,
equipment seleceed, and space standarde recommended by standard plans for
working spaces (1, 12),
E'or locating the management staff an area of 16-18 square meeers is accepted;
for technical engineering personnel, 4.0-4.5 square meters for one workspace;
for opcrators and aide working with small computing ma~hinery and date prepa-
_ ration equiptnent an areu of ~t least 6-10 square me~ers is essential, und
in some cases even more.
In computing the areas of the MUCC and SIP, selecCing stan.dard workspacea,
and supplying them with equipment at various stages of th~~ development one
can us~. the recommendations preaented in the literature (1, 12).
In developing the tectinicul asaignment for construction of the MUCC build-
ing, as well as facilities for the SIP, it is essential to take into
account the prospect of development of multi-user information-computer
network, the possibility of expansion and replacement of equipment, etc.
_ COPYRIGHT: "Belarus'," 1978
8542
CSO: 1870
30
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~bk 0~l~'ICTAI, USl: ONLY
F'UBLICA'TION5 `
OI'ERATION ANb MAINT~NANC~ 0~ pUNCH COMYUT~~t5, F'AItT 1, T~XTBOOK ~OR T~CHNICAL
HICH SCHOOL5
- Mo~cow EKSpLUATA'CSIYA p~R~ORATSIONNYKH VYCHI5LIT~L'NYKH MA5HIN, CHA5T' 1.~
UCli~~, bLYA T~KHNIKUMOV (Oper~tion and Maintenan~e o~ Punch Computers,
~'art 1, Textbook for Technical High Schonls) in Russi~n 1978 signed to
prese 26 May 78 p 2-4~ 278-279
(Annotation, excerpe and table of contents from book by N. M. 5urin and
T. N. Yakupova~ SCatiatika, 15,000 copies, 2~9 pagesJ
('fext~ The first part of this textbook ia deaigned for studente at the
[echnical high schoole in the specialty of the "organization of machine
pr~cesaing of economic data~" and was written in accordance with the program
for [he course in "punch computers."
In the textbook primary attention has been given to describing the operating -
capabilities of these machines and the methods of programming economic data
procesaing problems. .
In addition to the student~ at the technical high schools, the book can be
useful to computer inatallation people and students in the various ad-
vanced trAining coursea. _
(ExcerptJ 'Che functioning of various levels of automated conCrol systems is
based on the effect of applying a set of technical means, the principal ones
of which are the digital computers. Depending on the operating capabilities,
the digital computers are broken down into keyboard computers, punch computers
und electronic computers.
The keyboard computers are the simplest in use. They are used when it is
necessary to perform mathematical operations, and the choice of the se-
quence of theae operations is left to the operator. The table-model keyboard
computers have become widespread~ many of which are executed from electronic -
elements and permit the performance of all of the arithmetic operations.
They include the automated invoice and bookkeeping machines with program
con[rol. Data processing on these machines includes a set of man-machine
operations coupled by a defined algorithm. The automated execution of the
opcra[ions built into the machine in a defined sequence is realized by a
~r
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~'ois c~~,a~ic:r,~t, IJSM: nrrt.v
program which h~d been eet up in advance for each ~pecific operatinn sepa~
rntely. A dis~tinguiehed feat~ire and the prim~ry deficienry of the keybnnrd
comp~ter fnr proce~eing economic data ig the manunl input of the inieial
date. 'ThQrefore when solvin~ problema with a large number of initial data
~nd when gxouping nf thi~ d~~tf? wi th re:~peCt to define~i nttribute~ ig required,
it i~ more efficienC to uge Ct~e punCh computer to compile the vnrit~ug gummary
tables.
a:
The punch computere include n 8et of defined m~chine~ de~igned fnr succegsive
execution of interrelatpd opetati_ons with regpect to preparing the machine
carrier~ of che initial data-��the p~nct~ cards~-from which thege data ere
read by automatic m~Chittes du~-ing mathematical and logical proce~sing. These
automatic machines have complc~x program control. Therefore when designing
the technological proceseing af economi.c dnta using a puttch computer the
neces~ity ariges for programmi.ng the ~~utomatic golutidn of the probletng
on apecific; nutomaCed machinefa. 'I'his is a very tedious operation req~iring
epecial knowledge. The qualit:y of ttie compiled programs and conaequently,
the efficient applicatiott of t:he machines depends to a high degree on the
deptti of knowledge of the gpec:ialistg with respect to the operating principles
_ and operating capabilities of the punch campUter.
Ttie study of the basic units ~?nd operating cnpabilities of the machines, the
procedures for worktng w{tt~ t~?em and programming techniques for solvittg
various econoroic prob).N,.s is t:he sub~ecC of the courae on "operation and
maintenance of punch ~:omputer;~." But, however deer the knowledge of the
mact~ines and their a; ~ratir~g c:apabilities, this is still insufficient for
~uccesaful development of the most efficient programs. ~ach 8tudent must
have a creative approach to tt~e search fnr Che optimal solutions when
creacing specific programs for t.he punc~i computers.
At che present time thousands of sets of punch computers are in operation
on whict~ a significant proport:ion of all of the economic data procesaing
problema are solved. The plar~ for the development of the national economy
provides for production of thc~m :also during the Tenth F'ive-Year Plan. The ~
punch computere are being continuously inproved, and machines are being
built in new version~ with imF~roved o;>erating capabilities and electronic
elements.
This textbook is designed for t}~e students at the technical high ~achools _
- to study the operating capabJlities o' punch computers. It was written as
applied to the exiating training program and consists of two parts. The
Eir~t part includes genera] i~fornration on the punch computera an3 an in-
vescigation of the operating capabilities of punch machines, controllers,
sortin~ nachines and the T-~~li tabulator.
Chapters 1-2 were written by T. ~S. Yakupova, and the foreword, general
inf~rmation and Chapters 3-14~ by N. M. Surin.
.J ~
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Contentg page -
~oreword 3
Gen~ral Infnrmatidn on Punch Camput~r~ ~nd th~ P~oce~ging of
~conomic Uata wieh Thpir Applicgeidn~ � ~..~~~~,~..~~...~..,.~..~....~~5
1. ~uneh method and baeic date procegsing procpdureg .................5
2. Clae~ification of punch Cnmputers~ ...............................12
SeCti~on One. punCh Mechi�Qg and Controllere
Chapter 1. Punch Machines ................~............................15
1.1. PD45-2 punch ...................................................15
1.2. zoyemtron-415 punCh ............................................29
1.~. P80-6/1M punch ...........................~.....................39
1.4. pA80-2 punch ...................................................51
Chapter 2. ConCrollere ................................................60
2.1. K80 (45)-6 conCrol .............................................60
2.2. KA80-2 controller ..............................................65
Section Two. SorCing M~chineg
Chnp[er 3. S80 (45)-SM 5orting Machine ................................68
3.1. Ceneral characteristic and operating principle .................68
3.2. Types of operations performed ..................................71
Chapter 4. SE80-3/IM Electronic SorCer ................................78
4.1. Cerieral characteristic, basic unite and operating
principle ....................................................78
4.2. Operating characteriatic of the jacks ..........................84
4.3. Typea of operations performed ..................................91
Section Three. T-SMV Tabulator
Chapter S. General Cht?racteristic and Control EleIDents ...............101
5.1. Ceneral characteristic ........................................101
5.2. Basic units and control elements ..............................102 _
5.3. Switching on, etarting and stopping the machine ...............114
Chapter 6. Execution of Basic Operations in the Card Cycles..........119
6.1. Compiling data from the punch cards ...........................119
6.?. Printing data from the punch cards ............................121
6.3. Inclusion of operations from the pulsator .....................126
6.4. Ceneral characteristic and operating ~rinciple of the
card control checking apparatus .............................121 -
6.5. Character control .............................................130
6.6. Exclusion of columns of characters from control and
arbitrary uae of the control check bits .....................135
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Yage
Chnpter 7. Intermedinte Cycles.....~.~ ............................~..~137
7.1. Incluginn, ex~�cuCinn, ~nd halCing of itttermediate rycle~~~...,~138
7.2. Contrbl ~f int~tmedi~te ~yC1eg .................................141 _
7.3. tnclugion of preparatory and concluding intetmediate cycl~g....145
7.4, CharnCterigtice ~nd purposeg o~ the ~acks connected with
~ exeCUtion of interm~diate cycle............~ .................147
Chepter 8. I'erformance of g~sic Operation~ in the Intermedi~te
- Cycles and After Their ~:xecutivtt in the ~iret Card Cycle .............152
8.1. 5tructure of rhe counter heads .................................152
8.2. printing out the results and tr~nefer of them from counter
to counCer.....~ .............................~...............154
8.3. Inclusinn of operfltiong from the pulsator ......................158
8.4. Enterittg the provigional ttotation ..............................160
8.5. Clearing the counters ..........................................161 _
8.6. Yerformance of operations in the first card cycle after _
completion of intermediate cycles ............................163
Chapter 9. Selectors and Universal 5witches ...........................167
9.1. General characteristic and operating principle of the
aelectors ....................................................167
9.2. Bit selectors ..................................................169 �
9.3. Auxiliary selectors ............................................174 -
9.4. Untversal switches .............................................184
_ Chapter 10. per�ortnance of Opera[ions through the Selector Contacts...18~
10.1. Addition of the results .......................................187
10.2. 5ubtraction of the results ....................................189
10.3. Two-step relays ...............................................190
10.4. Control of operations through the contacts of the two-
step relays .................................................202
Chapter 11. 5pecial selec[ors .........................................207
11.1. Two-step selec[or .............................................207
11.2. Bit selectors of the input balance ............................210
11.3. 5electors for prolonging the effect of the punching zone......216
11.4. 5electore of the inpu[ balance ................................219
Chnpcer 12. Balancing with the Input Balance ..........................222
12.1. General characteristic of the problem and balancing
principle ...................................................222
12.2 Balancing progran ..............................................228
Chnpter 13. Automatic Interval Machine ................................235
13.1. Purposc and operating pr:nciple ......235
13.2. Feeding and passage of paper in the idle and�card�cycles.....240
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I'age -
1~.3. t~'eeding and pag~ing of paper itt the itttermediaee cy~leg.......~45
13.4. p~~~in~ df p~p~r afrer entering the regultg when filling
out f~rmg of a defined gize ................~..............~.~47
13.5. pageing paper with line regtrictton~,.~,~,.~~.~....~.~~.~� 249
Chapter 14. YrnCedure for Ueveloping ~nd ~ntering program~ fdr
the 'C-5MV T~b~lator.e .....................................~,......,,255
14.1. program development and entering eequence .....................255 .
14.2. ~xample of problem solving ....................................259
Appendix .................................~.,.~.........................264
C0~'YItIGHT: Izdatel'~CVO "5tatigtika", 1978
10845
s C5U:18~0
41
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pUULICATI0N5
COMPU'C~ItIZ~b bATA pROC~55INC (INT~RD~PAItTMEN'CAL 5CI~N'CI~IC COLI.~CTION, NO 24)
Kiev MA5I~INNAYA OII~tABOTKA IN~'dRMAT5II (M~Z1~V~bdM5'TV~NNYY NAUCHNYY 52i0EtNIK,
VYpU5K 24) (Computerized Uata proce~sing (InCerdepartmental 5cientific
Collection, No 24)) in itusgian 1977 ~igned to pregs 18 Mar 77 p 2, 134-139
[Annotation and abstracts from book edited by N. G. Tverdokhleb et al.,
Cishcha ahkolg~ 1~000 copies, 142 pages]
(Textj This collection contains a discussion of the problems of improving
computerized data prde~~sing in automated control systems for industrial
enterpriee and production associatiotts, hardware~ information support and
software for sutomated enterprise and association controls gystems based on
- the integrated gyetem of computers. A number of articles are devoted to
the computer proceasing of data at the agricultural ~nterprises and branch
control agencies and nlso the investigation of the control of the activity
of the c~llective-u~e computer centerg.
_ The collection is designed for workers at the computer centers and scientific
research institutea and also specialists dealing with the investigatin7 and
introduct[on of computer engineering means and mathematical economic methods
- in vario~i~ branches of the national economy.
UDC 330.115:338
USE OF CO;iPUTERS TO COMPAF~ I:VDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION 0~ THE CEMA COUNTRIES
(Abstract of article by Sis'kov~ V. I., Mashikhin, Ye. A., Starostina, A. V.,
and Mikheyeva, G. N., p 3-13]
(Text] A study is made of the most important procedural prerequisites of the
international comparieon oE industrial production levels of the member
countries of the CEMA. A mathematical economic statement of the problem
oE comparing a give:~ unit is presented, and the technological process of
= solution on the computer is discussed. A description is present of deter-
mining the group and inclividual price indexes and dispersion coefficients.
A computer recalculation of the valuation volumes of gross induatrial
product from nation~l currency to comparable. There are 12 references.
42
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UUC 002.513.5
E'ttONL~:M5 Ot~' IN~dItMATIdN 5UI'1'O~t'T 0~ AU'rOMA"T~U CON'~ItOL $YS'T~MS
(Abetract of artisle by Kutsenko, S. p., ~nc! Ma~it�hettkov, g. V., pp 1~-~1J
(TextJ A gtudy is made of the problem~ of determining reduttda~t information
- ariging ag a rea~lt di the exigting gt~tigeiCal relations between dd~uments
nnd individual ind~xeg. An an~lysig ig made of the methods permitting ~
decrease in redundency of the input flaw, and a method is propoged for
gtatistical encoding of the in�ormatic;~ get. ~or autotnation of the d~ta
encoding and decoding procesn by a propo~ed code, algorithms are de~Cribed
in the article which cgn be exe~uted on ~ computer. There are 3 illug-
trations and 11 referenceg.
UUC 65~.7:658.5
OY~:EtA'fIV~ ACCOUNTING AT AN INbU5TRIAL ~NT~ItF'ItY5~ UND~R AUTOMATED CONTROL
SY5T~M CO~bITI0N5
(Abstract of article by Godun, V. M.~ pp 21-27j
['Text] A grouping of problems of operaCive ~ccounting at an industrial
enterprise ig presented with respect to production objects such as labor,
ob,jects of labar and means of l~bor. With regpect to each of the problems
solved in the automated production contr~l gygtem, the ligr and content nf
the machinQgrams formulated on the computer and required for oper~tive
control of the course of production in the control level secCion are dis-
cussed.
The subdivisions of the enterprise to which the machinograms are tranamitted
for making adminietrative decisione during the course of producCion are
indicated. There is one illustration.
UDC 330.115:658.5
PK06LEM5 0~ IF~ ROVING THE COMPUTER DATA pROC~SSING WITH RESPECT TO THE CO~TI~OL
OF' MATERIAL RESOURCES UNDER AUTO?iATED PRODUCTION CONTROL SYSTEM CONDITIONS
(Abstract of article by Pinchuk, N. S.~ pp 28-33~
(Text~ The neceasity for creating a control subaystem for material resources
con:�entrating the eolution of all of the problems vith respect to the con-
trol of thie type of resource Within the framework of [he automated produc-
t.!o~~ con[rol system is substantiated. The goals and problems of the func-
tioning of the eubaystem are defined. The basic means of improving com-
pucer data procesaing with respect to the control of material resourcea
under automated production control system conditiona are planned on the
basis of the syatems approach. There are seven references.
- ~+3
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_
~~~~K t~ tr. ~ ~~t. ~rsi. �vt,Y
UUC 658.5
('KUUL~:M OH C~A'I'ING A COMMUNICA'I'IUN5 NE'I'WU1tK IN TliL IIRANCt~ AUTOMAT~U CONTltOL
5Y5'C~M
[Ab~tract of article by Vesnovakiy, Yu. A., attd Galitsyn, V, K., pp 33-38j
('~extJ A etudy is mad~ of the problem~ of creating an fnformatiott network in
the branch automated control system, in particular, factors influencing the
calculation di the required ntunber of termittals attd communic~tion ~hattnels
tn the systemg with rering sigtta~g. Att analysis is presented of the exigting
methoda of calculating the demaad fox' equipment. 'The necessity for con~-
sidc~rin~ the flow of rering signals in de~ermining the ittformation loads of
the objects of the branch automated control gystem and the use of the
~~u[omated telephotte network is dernonstrat~d. A method is 4roposed for deter-
mining the probability of losing a call aa a function of the probabilities
of tiailure in the connection, tt~e number of servicing unit~ and the interval
bett~een rering etgnals. There are 10 references.
UbC 641.14
- S0~ YROIlL~:M5 OF b~T~R,~tINI~iG TNE C0~'O5ITION 0~ T~CHNICAL ME.ANS FOR TH~
ORGANI7.ATION 0~ CdMF'UT~It IN5TALLATIONS (liNb~R AUTO:tAT~U CO;ITItOL 5Y5T~M
CONDITIONS)
[Abstr.~cc of arti~le by Nikolenko~ A. G., pp 39-44]
(Text) Thie article invegtiguted the urgent problems of improving cal.culations
with reepect to determining technical raeans t~hen organizing computer inst~l-
lations. A p:ucedure is proposed for determining the optitial composition
of che technical means for the functioning of the automated control aystem.
The factors influencing the composition of the technical means and the
automated control eystem conditiong are investigated. There are seven re-
feresues.
UDC 330.115:658.5
TYi'E5 r1.~iD STRUCTURAL PRIYCIPLE 01~ ;tULTILEVEL TRA?~iSPORT PROBL~MS UNU~R
r1UT0~1T~D COtiTROL SYSTE~t CONbtTIOVS
(Abstract of article by Koretskiy, S. L., pp 45-52j
(TextJ A study ia made of the principles of simulating complex economic
systec~s--branches or groups of branches--using the multilevel transport
problems. On [he basis oC analyzin~; [he economic meaning of the models
chree possible types of structure of ihc models are distinguished. The
general atacement oE the mul[ilevel problem is presented. Accordingly,
a s[udy is made of the problem of the possibility oE solving all three
possible special cas~s. It Was established that the most general case can-
:~ot be realized using the available methods of solving thc transport problem.
I_
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Accordingly~ the conclugion is drawn of the neces~ity for modifying the
exigting method~ or development of new nneg. ttequir~nentg are nlso pre-
~~nted td whi~h (the new method) mu~t corregpottd, There are ehr~e fl=
lu9trations and ~even refer~nce~,
UbC 3~g:330,115
oRGnNtzn~ioN 0~ CoMpUT~R bATA p~oC~55iNG Wi~H ~~5p~CT md rH~ ~T~Ct~idLOGiCAL
p~pAftATION 0~ pttObUCTION
~Abetract of article by 5endayuk, M, 1,., pp 52-59)
(Text~ An ~nnlyeig ig ma~e of the exi~ting me~hod~ of inechattiz~tion ~nd
automation of the procee~eg of technological preparation df production. A
discussiott ie pre~ented of the ba~iC areae of improvement of the oxganiza-
tion of campUCer data processing Whett asgimilating new equipment. An ap~-
proach to determining the cost of products introduCed into production in -
the technolagical procese pl~ntting gtages ig inve$tigated. Itecommectdations
- are made with respect to sele~ting the procedure for ~utomatic ~olution of
the problema of technological preparatioct of produceion as applied to the
use of the integreted system of computcrs. There are six references.
UbC 338:"30.115
Pa.OC~SSING 0~ ~CONOMIC UATA WI'TH ~5P~CT TU 'CN~ T~CHNICAL-~CONOMIC pLANNING -
C~ R~PAIR PR~bUCTION IN fiN~ AUTOMAT~U CONTItOL 5Y5T~[
(Abstract of article by pisarevekaya~ T. A.~ pp 59-66~
[Texc] A study is made of some of the basic problems of technical-economic
planning of repair production in an instrument making enterprise. The
procedure and algorithms for determining the equipment sub~ect to repair,
the demand for spare parta, the size of the lot nf gp~re parts, the labor
consumption of the production program and laading of the equ.tpment, the
demand for meterial and power resources are discussed. Files and regultant
macliinograms used in the process of solving the problems of technical-
economic planning of repair production on the c~nputer under the conditic~ns -
of the autanated production control system are presented. There are tWo
� referencee.
UUC 658.50
OvE 0~ TNE METHOD5 OF EQUALIZING TH~ MACHIN~ 5HOF' LOAb BY COMPUTER
(Abscract of article by Dedkov~ V. I., pp 66-73j
(TexcJ A atudy is madc oE one of the possible methods of equalizing che
labor involved in manufacturing parts by the machineshops with respect to
nonths af the ye~r. The equalization takes place by shifting the times for
release of the parca. The determination of the labor required for displacement
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of the parte i~ made without tying it to specific partg attd product~,
which gr~atly gimplifieg the algoritfun of the prdblem~ The data obtained
make it poggible tn det~rmine the required magnitude of unfinighed production
c~t the beglnnin~ nf the planned p~ridd and the poasible magnitude o~ it for
the next ye~~'r~ plan~ '~hefe are four i11u~~ration~ and two ref~rence~. -
UbC 330,11~
pttOBL~M5 0~' Of~GANI~ING IN~OW~tATION ~'LL~:5 ON MAGN~'TI~ Ut~C5
(Abstract of article by Kurkina, I. V., pp 73-78j
~'TextJ A diecuggion i~ pre~ented of the probleme of formulation, gCorage and
uae of inform~tion fi1e~ on magnetic digce. A cinnparative charecterigtic
is preaented ~or m~gneti~ t~pe and magnetic disc etorage. An analy~i~ ie
made of the organization of the fileg on magnetic tape attd unde~ the con-
ditions of the app~ication of direct-accegs memory. mlie advantages of using
direct-accesg memory are analyzed under the conditions of an economic data
procegsing system. There are five references.
UUC 681.14
ALCOItITHM ~OEt CALCULATING TH~ 5TA~~ 0~' COMPU'TE:it 5Y5T~M5 ~Oii AUTOMAT~D
CON'CKOL 5Y5T~M5
(Abstract of article by Krivonosov, Yu. G~, 5kopen', N. M., and Vybnrttov,
Yu. pp ~8-84j
(Textj An importan[ area in che design and organization of automated control
systems ia automation of planning and design which will pettnit elimination
of routine operationa of planni^g the organizational support of the systems. -
A study is made of the statement of the problem of calculating the ataffs
with respect to the functions of the computer centers of various clasges ai
automated control systems and the algorithm for solving it. It is noted
thac the algori[hm for calculating the sta.ffs is a component part of the
automated system for deaigning automated control systems developed by the
Ts~3IITti Insti[ute. There are cwo illustrations and three referenc:es.
UDC 681.142.72
IMPItOVING TH~ ~~~ICI~NCY OE~ Tli~ CONTKOL 0~ TH~ F'RODUCTION ACTIVITY OF
co,t~trr~x c~xr~as
(Abs[rac[ of arttclp by Kulagina, V. I~., pp $4-qQj
_ (Textj A study is made of thc problems of improving the operative-calendar
planning nnd control of the production subdivisions of computer centers.
- An nnnlygis is made oE the modern state of the arc vith respect to production
activity of computer centers, the existing methods of improving operating
efficiency of its aubdivisions, and, accordingly, the construction of a
4ti
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I~UIt (1P'1~ tGIAI. U~l, nNLY
gtandnrd eyatem for o~erative~calend~~r planning in the control of the
production proc~~~~~ of Comput~r cen~ter~ proCe~~ing ecdnomic dat~ ip propd~ed
which ai11 permit the eoluti~n of thiz prob lemg nf ~pttmal ln~ding of the
equipment and pergdnnel, the cdn~truction of ~n ~fficient d~ta procee~ing
gequence ~uch that the comput~tion cap~bilitieg of the Compueer Ce~ter~
wi11 be match~d to the m~ximum to the r~quirement~ n~ the uaerg for regultgnt
inEormation. '~here are eeven referen~e~.
.
UbC 6g1.14:330.115
57UUY 0~ TH~ COLL~CTIII~-US~ COMI'UT~It .;L~iT~K LOAb $Y A p~OBA$ILI'TY MOD~L
[Abgteact of artiCle by ~kripnik, p. M,, and Tkachenko, I. S., pp 90-94J
(Text) The collective-uee comput~r center i~ inveatigated ~g a queueing
system With arbitrary dietribution lawg of the rgndom independent vgriable~
characterizing the proce~g of the arrival df d~ra and the ineengity of pro-
ce~asing it by each group of computere. The gimulgtion of the oper~tion of
the colleccive-u~e computer center is c~rried out v~ing a probability-
autom~tic model mede up of a number of groupe of computcrg~ The model i~ -
~ged to determine the dptimal ttumber of grdupg of computer~ and Cheir
number in each group far regrrictinns nn the length nf queue aw~iting the
beginning of data proceseing for each of them and loading of the computers
as a Whole throughnut the comput~r center.
The poagibility nf uBing the model tu determine the producri~n indexeg nf
the operation of the collective-use computer center in the interrog~tion-
reaponse mode ie illustrated in a specific example. There are two illus-
traciona and three references.
' UDC 681.142.33.330.115
TH~OEt~TICAL PttINCIPL~5 0~ TH~ SIMULATION METHOD
�
(Abstract of article by 5harapov, A. D., and Soyka, I., pp 94-lOlj
('fexcJ A characterigtic of the peculiaritieg of the simulation method in
aciencific regearch in the field of economics is presented. Logical principles -
~re formulatec~ for it including the logical clasaification and models, the
forms of outpute by ~nalogy as generalizations of the concept of similarity,
che necesgary and aufficient conditions of similarity. The possibility of
using similarity theorems when constr~lcting gimulation models of economic
phenomena vhich are executed on a cov~puter is demonatrated. A clasaification
of economic modele is presented. :"~;~ere are nine references.
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UllC 338.4:330.1.15
AI'I'LICA'CION 0~ MATN~MATICAL L'CONOMIC M~'THOD5 WK~N b~V~LOI'INC TH~ ANNUAL -
1'EtObUCTION F'LANS 0~ A pRODUCTION A550CIATIbN
CAbeeract of article ~y Ko~tenko, V. I.~ pp 101-110]
[Textj The furCher growCh of production vo.lumes will complicate the planning
of the produCCinn-economic nCCivity of the production associatione. We t~ave
inveatigaCed Che necesgity for applying mathemaC3c~1 economic methods and
computer engineering in pr~ctice when formulnting Che planning assignments.
By uging math~mgeical economic models, varying the different "planning
requirementg" and "playing" th~m on the model ie ie poesible to obtain a
version of the moat sCre~sed, buC aC Chc~ snme time realistic producCion _
plan and a seC of corresponding recommendations.
UDC 658.5
CONT[tOL 0~' Et~S~ItV~5 AT TH~: WAItEH0U5~5 WITH RANDOM INPUT AND OUTPUT
[Abstrac[ of article by Nasirova, T. I., Akhmedova, Kh. M., and Teymurov,
5h. Kh., pp 110-114j
(TextJ A procedure is presented fnr calculaCing the ~mount of current reserve
aC the warehouses ensuring given reliability of Che operation of the ware-
house for vnrious c~nnbinntions of input and output random variables. As an
example a study is ~made of an oil base providing for the acceptance of
petroleum producta, the placement and supply of the users of the national
economy. There are two references.
UDC 338.1:330.115
MACNINE PROCE5SING OF ZOOTECHNICAL PLANNING INFORMATION IN DAIRY FARMING
[Abstract of article by Teslenko, G. S., pp 114-120]
(TextJ A discussion is presented of the results of the investigation and -
' practical implementation of these reaults in the machine compilation of
planning documents connected with natural reproduction and productivity of
- the dairy herd. A description is presented of the calculation algorithm,
the contents of the initial data files, the conCents and forms of the output
machinograms, the purpose of peculiarities of their use.
For [he mechanization of planning calculations in animal husbandry it is
recommended that the computer engineering widespread in agriculture be used,
- which even on the basis of the punch computers and using the proposed pro-
- cedure pezmits significant facilitation of the labor of the zootechnical
workers on the farms, acceleration and significant deepening of the planning
calculations in dairy farming. There is one table and one reference.
48
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unc 3~o.ils:~sa.i -
USC OF RDCS INFORMATION TO IMi'ROVE THE ECONOMIC STANDARD5 ON THE KOLKHOZ~S
(Abstract of nrticle by Trokl~imenko, L. N., pp 120-126]
[Text] A discussion is presenCed of some of Che problems of creating clasai-
fied economic daCa for operative analysis of Che formation of producCion -
expenses at the kolkhozes based on Che computer processing of accounting
data. A study is also made of the possibility of using Che RDCS data for
production planning, in particular, fcr improving the st3ndards for ex-
pendiCures of labor and the wages for the production of individual types
of products. In order to obtain the necessary information, summary tabula-
grams are propoaed with respect to Che figures of the p roduction expenditures
in the national economic aulidiviaion section with respect to individual
periods of the operationa. This will offer the possibility of finding the
planning normatives ties to the actual expenditure normatives. There are
- two tables.
UDC 681.14
_ IIrII'LEMENTATION OF COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN PROGRAMS IN THE DISC SYSTEM OF
OPERATIONS OF THE INT~~~GRATED SYSTEM OF COMPUTERS
[Abstract of arCicle by Sme*_anyuk, V. P., pp 126-133]
[Text~ The use of the module principle both in the third generation hardware -
and sof tware advances the necessity for coupling the modules into an inte-
grated system. In this article a study is made of the ASSEMBLERA DOS/YeS
language capabilities providing for the possibility of breaking down large,
complex programs into functional modules and establishing standardized
communications between them. Specific recommendations are made, and ex- -
_ amples are presented of the implementation of symbolic and interprogram
communicationa~ the transfer of parameters and data between modules. There
_ are two references.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'skoye ob"yedineniya "Vishcha shkola", 1977
10845
C~0:1870
~+9
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- N'Uk c)1~'H'tCTAi. U51i nNLY
PUE~LICA'I'IONS
CALCULATION5 ON I5KItA 5~~tI~5 0~ IC~YgOAItU COMI'UT~I~5
Moecow VYCHI5L~NIYA NA ~L~KTRONNYKH KLAVISHNYKH VYCHI5LIT~L'NYKH MASHINAKH
ftYAUA "I5KftA" (Cnlc~l~tions on Iekra Serieg of Keyboard Computers) in Russiat~
1978 eigned to prese 28 ~eb 78 p 2, 160
(Annotation r~nd table of content~ from book by g. A. Fiaklan, A. I. Ilukhs}~tab,
M. Ye. Levit, V. A. Murzin, and L. M. Khokhlov, 5tatiatika, 37,000 copies,
160 pageyj
(Text] Tt~is book describes the operating capabi~ities of the most widesprend
models of the Iskra series keybonrd computers. The fundamentals of the input
_ l;~nguage of theee machines are classified in it, and a detailed description
is pres~nCed of the instrUCtion systems for apecific models of the series.
Meehods of solving typical problems and also Che problems of using keyboard
computers with programmed control gre investigaCed.
The book ie deaigned for specialisCs connected with the operation and
tect~nic~l servicing of keyboard computers at the computer cenCers, the
machine accounting stations and offices. It can be useful for engineering =
and [echnical workers who use computers in Che daily activities.
Contents Page
Introduction 3
C}~upter 1. General Structural Principles of the Iskra Series of
Keyboard Computers .........................................5
1.1~ Claesification of keyboard computers .............................5
1.2. Basic characteristics of the models of the Iskra series..........8
1.3. Number representation in the keyboard computers .................15
1.4. Fundamentals of the input language of the keyboard
computer and computation automation techniques ................19
Chapter 2. Input Language of Keyboard Computers for the Simplest,
Business Calculations .....................................23
2.1. Iskra-1103 and Iskra-210 keyboard computers .....................23
2.2 Iskra-111 anJ Iskra-112 keyboard computers .......................33
2.3. Iskra-114 and Iskra-1121 keyboard compu[ers .....................41
50
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I'~ge
Ch~ptcr 3. Application of Keybogrd Computers fnr 5implegt,
I~u~inegs C~1culnCi~n~...~ .................................68
- 3.].. 5lmplc~t cnl~ulationg...~......~ ..................~.............G8
3.2, percent~ge calculationg~.....~ ................~.................GB
3.3~ Calculntion~ of inean valueg..~ ................~..~~.~..........,77
3.~i. I'roportionnl divi~ion...~ .......................................79
3.5. 5cientific nnd technic~l c~1c~.:lationg............~..........~...R3
Ch~pter 4. Inpur L~ngunge o~ the Key:;,,ard CompuCers for 5cientific
Cnl~ul~tione...~ ..........................................84
4.1. 5tructural diagr~m of the keyboard compuCer .....................85
4.2. Input and repreaentation of digital data in the keybo~hrd
compuCer ......................................................89
4.3. ~xecution nf the input langugg~ nperntions of Che
keybourd computer .............................................90 -
4.4. [tules for access to the memorv registerg .......................100
4.5. Programming characteristics of the Iskra-123 keyboard
computer .....................................................105
G.G. Progr~unming characterigtics of the Igkra-124 keybo~rd ~
computer .....................................................lll
Ch~ipter 5. Applicution of Keyboard Computera for 5cientific
CalculaCions......~ ......................................119
S.l. Calculation of formula type functions ..........................120
5.2. Calculation of elementary functione on the Iekra-123
keyboard computer ............................................124
5.3. Statistical processing of raudom varigbles .....................135
5.4. Interpola[ion calculations .....................................144
5.5. Solution of equations by numerical method ......................152
_ Chapcer 6. Organization of Cumputation Operations on the Keyr~ard
Computer .................................................157
6.1. Centrulized and decentrulized use of the keyboard computer.....157
6.2. Preparation of problem for solution on the keyboard computer...158
G.3. Requirements on technical servicing of the keyboard computer...159
COE'YRICHT: Izdatel'stvo "Statistika", 1978
10845 -
CS0:1870
, 5~
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I~'Ok i~l~'1~ ICiAL USf. dNLY
['UBLICA'I'IUN5
MOD~LS ANU M~THOUS 0~ F'LANNIN(, TH~ INF'OItMATION 5UP~'ORT 0~ AUTOMAT~U
CONTItOL 5YST~M5
Moecow MOb~LI I METODY F'ROY~K'fIItOVANIYA INF'OiZMATSIONNOGO OU~5P~CH~NIYA A5U
(Modelg and Methods of I'lgnning the Infnrmation Support of AuComated
Cdntrol Syeteme) in Ituseian 1~~78 signed to pregs 17 Jan 78 p 223, 220-221
[Annotatiott ~nd table of cont~ents from book by A. G. Mamikonov, A. N. piskunov,
A,b. 'Csvirkun, Stati~tik~, 17,000 copies 224 pages]
(TextJ A etudy is made of the principlea~ models and methods of formalizing
and algorithmizing the problems of planning the information files, the
procedures for converaion of the input file~s to the required files at the
output and also the prablems for det~rmining the best versions of fmplementing
individual subeystems and the information support system of automated control
systecns. 5ome examples of using the investigated models and techniques to
solve practical problems are presented.
The book is deaigned for developers ~f uutomated control systems, scientific
coworkers, postgraduates and students ~t the institutions of higher learning
studying the problems of building information systems.
Contents Fage
Introduction 3 ~
Chapter 1. Problems and Goals of the Development of the Information
Support of Automated Control Systems .......................6
1.1. Structure and functions and information support system
(in thc example of tt~e infor~~ation retrieval system of
the metal au[omated control system) ...........................10
1.2. Ceneral problem of synthesizing the information support
system ........................................................ll -
1.3. Baeic quality characteristica of the system .................21
1.4. Baeic etepa in the problems of the synthesis of the system...,,.30
Chapter 2. 5ynthesis of Information Files ..............................35
2.1. General problem oE synthesizing infortnation files ...............39 .
2.2. Problcm of optimal organization of sets of entries in the file..43
52 -
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1'age
2.3. ~'rocedure for aynehesizing ittform~tion file~~......~~........~~.46
2,4. ~;xample of ~ynehe~izing informgCinn files......,...~......~..~.�S~
Chnpter 3. 5ynthe~i~ of ~ile Convergion procedureg.,.~ ..............�..61
~.1. Gen~ral prnblem of ~ynChesizing procedures ......................64 -
~ 3.2. M~thod of optim~l synthesis of proCeduras.........~...........~~70
3.3. ~xample of the proCedure synth~ais prnblem.~......~ .............72
Chapter 4. Selection of the principa'. ~iles fo;� er.e bgt~ B~nk..........81
4.1. Definition of the princip~l files for tl~e d~ta bank .............8~
4.2. Quality ch~racteristics nf the organir.ation of the
principal files ...............................................90
4.3. procedure for ~electing Che optimal version of th~ organiza-
tion of the principal filea .................................~.94 -
4.4. ~xample of sel~eCing the prinCipal fileg .......................103 -
Ct~npter 5. Optimization of the Basic InformaCion 5upport Subsystems
of the Automated ConCrol 5ystem ..........................108
- 5.1. Bnaic etandard optimizaCion problema.....~ .....................108
= 5.2. OptimiZation of the aubaystem for formatting the output
from the principal files .....................................110
5.3. Optimization of Che subsystem �or formaCting the principal
files from poasible input ....................................119
Chapter 6. Selection of the BeaC Version of Conatructing the -
Infornation Support System of an Automated Control
Syxtem ...................................................129
6.1. Prnblema of ~electing the best version of implementing
an information eupport model .................................130
6.2. Problema of selecting the best version of the structure
and arrangement of information support with respect to
the aubasaemblies and levels of the automated control
- syatem .......................................................150
6.3. ~xnmples of selecting the best version of constructing the
system .......................................................158
Chnpter 7. Control of the Development, Reconstruction, Operation
and Maintenance of the Information Support System........173
7.1. Problem of planning the development of the information
support system ...............................................174
7.2. Problem of optimal reorganization of the information
support eystem ...............................................178
7.3. Problems of optimizing the information support operation.......184
7.4. Problems of automating system design ...........................193
53
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F'Ott U1~1~IC1AL U5~ ~NLY
I'nge
Appendice~, 5ni'twnre ~lement~ ~or nc~~ Standard problem~ of
' 5yntk~eeizing the Inform~tion Support of Autom~ted
~ Cantrol 5y~temg~ ..............................~....~.~..198
It.l. Methods of orgnnizntion gnd ch~rgceeriseic~ of 3nfnrmnCion
fileg.,~ ...........................................~.......,.198
11.2, dptimal arrangement of the daea in the fil~~ ...................2~6 -
_ it,3~ Algorithms ~nd principles df gen~rating feedb~ck in the
flow ch~re models of the information gupport sysCems
of ~utomaCed control ~ystems .................................209
1I.4. Generation nf versions nf goluCions not comp~rable with
- respect to the vector of the criteria for estimating
- their quality ................................................214
gibliography ................~..........................................218
COpYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Statiatika"~ 1978
10845
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5~+
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~dit OH~~'ICtAL U5~ ONLY
I'UBLICATION5
UUC 553.9.12
U~5IGN, AI'pLICATION 0~ INT~,N5~ ~L~CTEtON B~AM 50URC~5
~ovo~ibirsk EtAZEtABOT1CA I pItIM~N~NIY~ I5TOCHNIKOV INT~N5IVNYKI-I ~L~K'TI~ONNYKH
I'UCNKOV i?i Ru~~ian 1976 signed to press 12 Jul 76, pp 1-5, 182-183
(An7ot~~tion, table nf contents and editor's comments from the book ediCed by
c~.A. ~iesyats, 5lbcriatt Department oE Nauka Publisher~, 1,b50 copies, 191
pagesJ
['Cext~ A series of muterials ere presented in the collecCion which gener~l-
!ze thc research nnd developmental sxperience with gener~tors of intense
rel~~tivistic electron beams, methods of designing ~he individual components
of suci~ ~;enerators are given, and inductive storage devices as well as diodes
witl~ plasma cathodes with a large em3ssion area are described. SCudies of
ttie interaction offinCense electron beams with condensed media and gases are
described, as well as the application of intense electron beams Co the crea-
tion o~ a low temperat~re plasma.
'Cl~e book is of interest to specialists in physical electronics and the physics
oc I~i~;h energy density fluxes.
T:~ble of Contents
t'.di[c~r's Comments 3
I. 'l'Iw 'I'ec}iniques of Obtaining High Power, High Volta~e Nanosecond
I~U15t!S
If.M. Koval'chuk, Yu.F. Pomalitsyn. Switchers for generators of relativ-
_ istic electron beams 6
V.M. Muramov, V.Ya. Ushakov. An investigation of the controlled ini-
tiation of discharge in water as applied to high voltage, nano-
second switchers 36
V.5. liabintsev, M.G. horotkov, V.M. Muramov, V.Ya. Ushakov. A set-up
for investigating dischargers with water insulation at 1 MV 42
V.V. hremnev, G.A. Mesyats, V.P. Reznikov. Boosting the eff iciency
of t~i~;h power, nanosecond generators which employ avalanche gas
switchers 45
55
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~Ok UI~'~'ICIAL U5~ ONLY
If.M. Kuv~~l'c:huk, V.V. Krwnnev. Ut~ th~ optimization of the par~nteter$
oE Fi Hectionalized entran~~c Cnr high volta~e pulyes wiCh a steep leading
ed~e 48
A~5. Yel'chaninov, g.M. Koval'chuk, V.V. Kremnev. A generator us-
_ i~ig tnductively coupled lon~ line~ 51
Yu.A. Kotnv, V.S. 5edoy. 5imilitude in tl~e electrical explosion of
condurtnrs 56
Ye.I. Azarkevich, V.S. 5edoy. 'Tt~e inaplicability of nettnet'~ model
_ to tl~e ~~lcul~tion oE the volt~ge ~~crdss exploding wires 59
Yu.A. Kotov, V.5. 5edoy, L.I. Cl~emezova. 'The power ~nd timewise
characteri~tics of an LC network witt~ an exploding conductor 61
N.c;. Kolganov, Yu.A. Katov. 5witching and LC network into an active
load by means oE elecCrically exploding conductors 69 _
_ II. l:lectron Sources
S.Y;~. l~elomyttsev, 5.I'. fiugayev, Ye.A. Litvinov, G.A. Mesyats. On
tl~e mc~~lianism of the explosive emission of elecCrons 76
(i.N. Abdullin, 5.P. Iiu~;ayev. 5ources of strip electron beams with
a lanc~ cross-section~~l arc~~ S1
5.Ya. 13elomyttsev, V.P. I1'in, Yc.A. Litvinov, G.A. Mesyats. On the
"gmear" effect with the explosive emissiott of electrons 93
Ye.A. Litvinov, b.I. Proskurovskiy, Ye.B. Yankelevich. An invest-
i~,ation of the processes at point cathodes, which deCermine the service
liEe c~nd stability of their operation in the explosive emissinn mode 96
C.S. Kaz'min, Yu.Ye. Kreyndel, r1.V. Shchelokov. The application of
~ pl~ism;i cc~ttiode witt~ a large emitting surface in a pulse accelerator
with emission of electrons into the atmosphere 106
- Yu.Ye. Kreyndel. Plasma electron sources based on reflective dis-
chr~rke with a hollow cathodr. 113
V.A. Gruzdev, Yu.Ye. Kreyndel'. Special features of the operation
of plasma electron sources with gas ionization in the accelerating gap 130
[II. T1~~ Action of Intense Electron Beams on Gases and Solids 141
~t.t~. tiaksht, G.A. Mesyats, D.I. Proskurovskiy, V.P. Kotshreyn, A.F.
~iiul~tt~. Ti~e action of a hi~;h power short term electrc~n flow on metal 141
Yu.I. F3y~hkov, Yu.b. Korolev, Yu.A. Kurbatov, G.A. Mesyats. The
use ~f Eas[ electron beams to obt~in a low [emperature plasma with a
Iilgh densi[y of neutral p~~rticles 153
p.I. Vaysburd, S.E3. Matlis. Thc generation of high excitation
densities in a nuclear subsystem of solids as a result of exciting =
their electron subsystem 165
- ki.M. Kovl'chuk, V.V. Kremnev. On the use of radial lines in nano-
sccond electron accelerators 175
li.M. Kovl'chuk, G.A. Mesyats, V.C. 5hpak. Obtaining high power,
subn.~nosecond beams in an explosive emission diode 176
5~
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I~:~I t cur' a Cc~mment:a
- 'L'I~e reyult~ of rc~se~hrch in high current electronics, carried out at the
iiistitute of Atmosph~ric Optics di the 5iberi~nn Uepartment af the U55it
A~~~~demy af ScienCeg, ~~t 'Tomsk palytechnical Institute and at the ~'ornsk In-
~3titute for Autnm~nt~d Control 5ygtemg and itadiocleCtronics, are ~iven in
tl~e book.
'I'he r.ollection contains article~ on te~~,.~iques of obtaining high power, nano-
second pulses, which are of indepettdenr tnterest for those ~ngaged with n~no-
se~ond pulse engineering. Ln thig sec~~~n, we would especially like tn note -
tl~e work of tt~e groUp of Yu.A. Kotov on the utilization of an LC network with
c~irrent cutoEf to obtain hi~;l~ power, nanosecond pulses. This method, in which
~in inductance is used ~s the intermediate energy storage device, permits the
devclc~pment of hi~;h power n~nosecond and microsecand electron accelarators.
Such ~~c:cel.-~rators differ from the tradition~l ones in the significantly
:;m~llcr dimensions anJ the capability of simple control of pulse width.
titucli~~s ~f the bchavior of exploding wires in an LC network on the basis of
tl~e ,i~~~,l t~al lon c,f similitudc theory and dimettsional analysis, which were
bca;u~~ in tl~c~ earlier works of this gro~p, .~re continued in this work. 5imi-
Iitude theury permit~ a reduction in the number of independent factors and
substantL~illy C~eilitates tlre interpretation of the experimental data. In
nnalyzin~; the various hypotheses cottcerning the mechanism of wire expldsfon,
it i:~ sl~own that the I~ypoChesis of roagnetohydrodynamic instabiliCies contra-
~ltcts the similitude criterin, which have been confirmed experimentally, while
tt~e liy~~ott~esis oc F.b. Bennet concerning a vaporization wave, although it is
in a~;rc~~acnt witl~ tt~c similitude criteria, nonetheless does not reflect the
experimen[al r~lationships.
- [f in the initial periods of the development of high current electronics,
basic a[[ention was devoted only to the generation of nanosecond, relativ-
istic electron beams with a high current density, now the range of requisite
beam par.lmeters l~as expanded. For example, to create high power gas lasers,
~ boch nanosrc~nd and microsecond beam with current densities from 104 a/cmZ
to 1:i/cm~ are necessary. In this case, beams with a low current density -
1�ve larbc aperture (up to 1 m2 and greater). The wide beams are also
necessary for plasm~i chemistry, for the design of injection thyratrons, high
~~uwcr switchcrs, etc.
I~~~r this reason, considerable attention has been devoted in the first section
c~f ttie collection to electron sources with a large cross-section using ex-
~~losivc~ emission and emission from a plasma. In the papers given in the
~rcond part, it is shown that by using explosive emission of electrons, one
~~.~~i now ~;eneratc pulsed elec[ron beams with pulse wldths from fractions of a
n,~n~~second ta severat microseconds. Where ca[hodes +~ith explosive emission
.~re c�m~~loyed, qucstions of cathode stability and [ne structure of the electron
- t~cams are important. These questions are also covered in this collection.
57
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I'i,i~u~~;i ~~I~~rtron yourcr~+ ~~;~i~ hc~ cmployed to incre~sc Che pulsc aidCh~. Severr~l
;~rtl~~lex nre devotcd to ,i trc~,~ttment of the ~pecial fe~tures of sources in ~
which thc~ electronv ~~re extr~~cted from a plasma of low vdltage dis~hat`gee into
a v,7cuum and r~lrified g~~s. 'Che expediency of using reflective discharge
~rom cc~ld cathodes in a m.~pnetic fi~eld in ele~erdn sources is demonstrated,
~~s a result of which it becomes pos5ible to design pulse plnsma emitters with
l,~r~e emittin~; ~urface by virtue af expandin~ the plasm~, whiEti penetraCes
into the vacuum frdm an arc derived discharge with a cold cathode. These -
researcheg provide the ba;~is for the develdpment of electron guns, which are
cffectivc itt electron beam technology, quantum eleCtronics ~nd other fields.
5ucli sources have substantial advantages over gun~ wi~h hot cathode, since
_ incandegcent components ~re not employed in them, there is tto ion bombardmettt
influence on the parameters of the beam, ~nd there existy the possibility of
re~zlizing pulge emission through rhe use of pulse digch~rge.
'1'he book contains three p~7pers dn the action of electron beams on metals,
~;~15ey and 501~cI cI~E'LCCtr~C9. ~he proeess of heating the surface of a metal
wlth ~~n electron beam I~~vin~ a duratibn dn the order of 108 s CsiCJ and with
power densiCy of 107 5� 10~ w/cmz plays an important part during elec-
trical discharge in a vacuum and in thc diodes of nanosecond electron accel-
crators. The article devoted to this question in essence repregents a con-
tinuation of the research started as early as 1967.
In tt~c article concer~iinh the action of an eleetron beam on gases in Che
presence af an electric �ield, the possibility of obtaining a low tempera-
ture plasma with hi~h density of tteutral parCicles is demonstrated. This
method oE obtainin~ a low temper~ture plasma has advantages over the well-
known c~nc~, sinee in the first pl~ce, it makes it possible to obtain a plasm~ _
.~t practic~~lly unlimited pressures and gas volumes, and secondly, makes it
po:~sible to separatly regulate the main paratneters of the plasma: the electron
temperature and [he concentration of discharge particles.
in che arcicle by b.I. Vaysburd, et al., a cycle of work is continued on the
accion oE the n.~nosecond pulses radiated by high current electron beams on
wide band diele~trics ~~nd semiconductors. The first work on the action of
lii~;i~ pc,wer t~eams on ion cryst.~l dielectrics and glass has been accomplished
cii~lnks to the facc that as early as 1969, a series of high c~rrent, nano-
~;ecoiid acceler.~tors wc_e ~~sed which were designed in the IOA [expnsion un-
known~ of the Siberi~~n Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences. These
investi~;~ltions hr~ve allowed for the detection of a number of phenomena which
.~re in[eresting in both as regards scientific and practical applieations:
brittle fracture of ionic crystals, semiconductors and glasses; fundatnental
plasma luminescence, which possesses temperature indiependence and subnano-
second flash times; a picosecond coraponent of electron-hole conductivity of
clielectrics. One can now say that a new direction has arisen in the radiation
~~f~ysi~s oi dielectrics, wi~ich is related to the study of degenerate elecCron-
i~ole plasml, the density of which is 104 109 greater than in the case of
stcaJy-state irradiation using conventional accelerators. The question of
5~
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_ th~ tran~formation of electron-~ho1e plasma buncheg into bun~hes of radiation
dcF~cts is treated far the firgt time: defecta such as vacancies, interttddal
atoms f~nd lons. Thesc buncheg are treated as a new, "heavy" componettt of a
yalid plaqma, whic}t c~n have a sub~tanetal in�1uenCe on the mechanigm of the
observed pl~enomet~a.
COE'YRICII'C: IxJatel~stvo "Nauka", 1976
8'Z25 .
C50:18~0
59
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P1J~LICATIONS
UUC 535.36
TH~ SCA'TTEitING 0~' LIG~IT IN GA5~5, LIqUIb AND SOLUTION5
Lenin~;r~~d ltAS5~YANIY~ SV~TA V Gr1'LAKii, zt{IbK05'TYAKN I RA$T'VOftAK~i in E~ussi~~n
1~~y7 yi~;ned td prexs 18 Aug ~7 pp 1-2, 5-6, 319~320
[~lnnot:~ti~n, table of contents and introduction frorothe book by M.~. Vuks
LcninE;raci University Yublishinti Nouse, 2,160 cvpies, 320 pagesJ _
['C~xt] The monograph is devoted to the basic questions of the moleculat'
tic,~tterin~; oE li~;hC. The determination of the anisnCropic polarizabilities
nf C-It, C-C, C-0 and other chemical bonds is treated on the basis of data
from ltgtit scattering, somettiing which is extremely important in th~ cal~u-
lation~ of the optical properties of macromolecules. The theory of light
scaCtering in liquid and solutions is presented, and the results of studying
chc inten~ity of light scatt~rin~ au~ its SNr~:c.ral distributian are given.
It is shuwn how based on the results of such research, one can obtaitt data
on the variau~ propertieg and the structure of liquids and solutions.
The book is useful to physicists, physical chemists, biophysicists, as well
f~s graduate students and students in the senior courses in the appropriate
specialieies.
Table of Con[ents
Furewnrd 5
CIIAI'TI:R I. Light Scat[cring in Gases 7
l. Ray 1 ~ t};h chcory 7
2. llc~nsicy fluctuations and light scattering in gases 8
3. 'I'he polarizability [cnsor 14
4. Tl~e sc~yttering of polarized light by the anisotropic molecules
oE a gas 16
5. The sc.7[terin~ of natural light ~2
~
6. The depolarization coefticient 23
7. The 4catterin~ coeEficient and the coefficient of extinction 27
Ttie experimental determination of the intensity of light
:~r.~ttcrinb in gases 30
60
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_
t~'Uk UH'1~'ICIAL U5L ONLY
~1~ L:xperimental d~ta on the depolarization coefficent of gayes
and vaporg. The optical ~ni~atropy of molecules 33
10. The valenCy and opticdl polnrixation rclatidnship 37
11. The determinatidn di the m~in polarizabilitiee df gitnple C-H
and C-C bonds 43
1'l. Polarizabi~ity anigotropy in the ~~rieg of norm~l paraffin
t~ydroCarbong. 5pecifying the pol~rizability of ehe C-C bond
more precisely 4~
13. 'The main polari~abilitieg of otl~~r gimple bonda 51
14, i'olarizability anisotropy of doutale and triple bonds 5~
15. The determination of the polarizu~ility eensor ueing an
additive gcheme ~g
CIIAk''1'LK II. Light S~~ttering in Liquids bl
1. Uen~ity fluctuatione and light scattering in liquids -
2. Approximate fot~nulas for the derivative of the diele~triC
permittivity with respect dengity 67
3. t~tnding ~7n expreseion for the derivative of the dielectric
permiCtivity with regpect Co density 69
4. Accc~unting for ani~otropic scattering df lighC 71
5. The Eine struc~~re oE a scattering line 74
6. Tlie �irst experimental investigations of fine sCructures 78
7. Two types of density flucCuations. The L~ndau-Pl~czek formula 82
N. Maktn~ the L~ndau-Pl~czek formula more preCise. Th~rm~dyn~mtr _
relationships 85
9. 'Che dispersion of gnund. The Mandel'sht~m-Leontovich formul~s 89 -
lU. The resulrs of studying gound dispersion using the Mandel'shtam-
_ Rrillouin ~pectrum 94
11. The fine strv,ct:ure of the scattering line for gases 103
12. The determina~i~n of [he scattering coefficient (low values) 105
13. The determination of the scattering factor (high values) 109
14. The determination of the scattering coefficient by a comparison _
- method 115
15. Ttie comp