JPRS ID: 8250 TRANSLATIONS ON WESTERN EUROPE

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29 JANUARY i979 CFOUO 8179) i OF i
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JPRS L/szso
. 29 January 19 79
TRANSLATIONS ON WESTERN EUROPE
CFOUO 8/79)
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BIOLIOGRAPHIC DATA k~'port No. 2. 3. Rccipient's ACCC991011
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_ 29 Janua 1979
TRANSLATIONS ON WESTERN EUROPE, (FOUO 8/79) 6, _
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JPRS L/82~0
- 29 January 1979
= TRANSLATIONS ON WESTERN EUROPE
- (FOUO 8/79) ~
CONTENTS � PAGE _
FItANCE
Air Force's 1979 Budget Outlined
_ (AIR & COSMOS, X6 Dec 78) 1
_ French Naval ,Air Arm To Receive Super Etendard Aircraft
- (Jean de Galard; AIR & COSMOS, 16 Dec 78) 5
Agave Radar of the Super Etendard Briefly Described
- (AIR & COSMOS, 16 Dec 78) 16
- First Strategic Missile Group's Security Discussed
_ (Herve Plagnol; TAM, 23 Nov 78 18
~ Launcher, Satellite Construction for Brazil Propos~d _
= (Pierre Langereux; AIR & COSMOS, 23 Dec 78)........... 23
_ ITALY .
Parliamentarians Predict Government Criais Within 2 Months
~ (Lorenzo Scheggi; IL MONDO, 5 Jan 79) 24
- Public Opinion Survey on Political Situation
(Fabrizio Colsaon; PANORAMA, S Dec 78) 30
_ Public Opinion Poll on PSI Craxi's Strategy _
(PANORAMA, 12 Dec 78) .....................a........... 37
Discussiun af Pol?. Findings
- Bettino Craxi Interview, by Pasquale Nonno _
- Split Within PSI Averted, by Filippo Ceccarelli
_ and Pasquale Nonno -
~
- a - [III - WE - 150 FOUO] -
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CONTENTS (Continued) -
Steel War Between EEC, 'Bresciani'
(Aldo Santini; L'EUROPEO, 8 Dec 78) 50
Structure of the Induetry Miniatry
(Claudio Torneo; IL MONDO, 6 Dec 78) 55 _
_ -b-
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I~OR OCI~ICLAL USL O~II.,Y `
FRAIVCE -
AIR FQRCC'S 1979 BUDGET OUTLINED
= Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 16 Dec 78 pp 39-40
[TexC] The drafC of the 1979 Defense budgeC, as we have twice analyzed
it in our issues Nos 732 and 733, was successively passed by the National ~
_ Asaembly (se~e AIR & COSMOS, No 739) and by the Senlte (see page 9 of this
issue). It thus becomes a budget in force and it seems opportune to us to
restate the br~ad lines as far as the Air Force is concarned, dealing only -
with the ma~or programs. For the benefit of the senators Jean Francou and -
Albert Voilquin have already done Chat. -
Air Equipment _
Under the "manufacturing" heading program authorizations amount to 7.015
billion franes (+32.6 percent in comparisan with the 1978 budget) and funds
= for disbursement to 4.081 billion francs (+21.5 percent). The percentage
increases are greatet~ than the average percentage increase of Chapter V. -
~ Maintaining a fleet of 450 combat aircraft involves replacement of abc,ut =
35 airplanes each y~ar. This figure, calculated on the basis of an average
service life of 18 year~ for each airplane, was establisi~ed by taking into
account retirement from service due to obsolescence of the airplanes (22 to
25 ea~h year) and the rate of attrition by accidenC (10 per year). For _
- the first two pr~gram years the number of combat aircraft ordered was 30
_ in 19i7 and 33 in 1978. The 1979 budget provides the funds to order 27
airplanes: four Mirage 2000 and 23 Mirage F-1.
~
_ Mirage 2000--this defense and air superiority air.craft has beP~;i given pri-
ority in both studies and construction. It will replace the Mirage III _
starting in 1982. The O1 prototype flew in March 1978, the 02 in September.
- The first �light of thQ 03, with a complete weapons syste.n, is planned for
next spring. A two-seat aircraft, partial2y financed by the .:.anufacturer,
_ will take part in the development program starting in 1980. It ts the first =
four production airplanes (the program luw had planned on an order for 20
_ :ilrage 2000 fn 1979) which will be ordered within ~he scope of the 1979
budget. Up to now the funds allocated to this program have been essential- -
ly for studies; under the heading of construction 957 million francs were -
committed. The question that has arisen ie whether it will be possible to _
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KUIZ U1~ LC I/1L U"I: UNI,Y `
posCpone the ordex foz the remaining 16 1ir^rnfl. Co the last 3 years (1980,
: 1981 attd ? 982) o~ th~ progr~~m lf~w. 'Chc ~uswer will bc~ ~iven nexr y~ar when
= the program law wi11 agnin be brough~ up to clate as plAnned. -
Along wiCh the eest prc+p,rnm for the aircr~f t, SNI:CPiA (Nnti~nal Company f.or ~
Study and Con~trucCi.ou ~f Airc~rat:t rnf;lnes) is continuing the developmpnl� nf
th~ M53-OS turbo-je'. whtch will equip the productton versions nf Che Mirage
2000. The 1979 buclget had provLded 155 ml_11~on frat~cs in program authuri- -
- zations and 16'l milli~n frnncs in funcl;; ~o be dist,ur.sed fnr this operation. -
The ground Cesta of Chis motor are bei.nt; y~i~pl.emented by flighC tests aboar.d _
~ a Carnvelle and a Mirage F-1.
~ Miruge F-1--ttiis air defen~e ~~:rcraft, i.n operational service since 1974, _
~ is Che present equipment ~~L three pursuit wings, ehe 12Ch based at Chambrai
(two aquadrons), Che 10Ch based at Reims (two squadrons) and the 5Ch based
at Orange (t4�~ squadrona). Estnblishnient of. a third squadron at Chambrai
- is no~.� unaer study, which might signify mainraining in service, with the
- lOth wing based at Czei'~., the Mirage IIIC until the Mirage 2000 comes along
to replace th~m.
' To the 166 Mirage F-1 airplanes ordered before 1977 Che pro~ram law has !
' added an order far 109 more to provide for, the transition between Che Mi- . -
rage IIIC and Che Mirage 2000. By the end of thj.s year 179 airplanes, nine -
of them two-seat, will have b~en orcieced (~ncludin~ 63 in 1977 and 1978);
' 23 additional, five of ChPm two-seat, will be financed out of the 1979 bud-
get. The remaining 23 wi11 be ordered between now and 1982. As far as
- deliverfes are concerned, up to now tliere have been 105; seven F-1 airplanes
wil'1 be delivered next year. The spreading out of deliveries is due to the
fact that a certain number of airpia~ies are occasionally ta~ken from the pro-
_ duction line in ordQr to meet export demands.
Jaquar--Of the 200 aircraft which have been ordered prior to 1977 by the -
Air Force, 158 will have been deliver~d by the end of this year, 174 by the
- end of 1979. The rer~aining 26 will be delivered starting in 1980.
' Alpha Jet--The program law fixed at 144 the number of airplanes of this type
- to be ordered between 1977 ar.d 1982, the ultimate objective being 200 air-
- planes. AC the end of 1977, 80 airplanes had been ordered, 33 within the ;
scope of ~he 1978 budget and 22 will be within the scope of the 1979 budget.
Six airplanes will have been deliver~d by the end of this year and 25 will _
be delivered next year; the first squadron of the Tours Base School (pursuit �
school) should be completely equipped with Alpha Jet airglanes by the end
- of autumn 19)9. For this program there are 1.050 billion francs of program
~
authorizations in the 1979 budget. -
~
- C-160 Transall--For a stated requirement of 25 aircraft, the ordering sched-
ule initially contemplated was as follows: four in 1978, 11 in 1979 and 10
in 198G. Four C-160 airplanes were actually ordered in 1978 but the 1979 -
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- budget (1.159 bil~.i.on ,francs in profiram autt~or.izations) will be able to
- finance onl.y an order for eight airplanes. Delivery of the first of tiie -
_ 25 ia planned in 1981. The condiCions Eor Etnancing t1~e three Transnll
airplAnes which the Posta and TelecommunicaCinns ministry wi11 pay bnck Co -
the Air Fozce in compensation for the four which ehe lal�ter leased to the `
_ CF,PM [expansion unknown) in 1972, are sCill under discus~3on.
_ Training Plane and New Flelicoprer--For these two aircraft, ordering of whict~ ~
, wAS contemplated in the program 1~w, no funds for manufacrure have been pro-
vided in 1979.
Air Defense Equipment
Into this category enter tt~e radar3, ground anti-aircraft defenses (Crotale
[RattlesnakeJ ground-air missiles and 20-millimeter. guns) and air-air mis-
siles and munitions.
~ Centaur--this is a homing and landing radar intended to equip military air- -
fields as replacements for the present approach radars. Six units of this
type were ordered in 1978; f~ur others will be in 1979.
Aladin--this is a mobile low altitude surveillance radar system (also use-
- able at medium altitudes) intended mainly for tactical use. The first three ~
radars of this type will be ordered within the scope of the 1979 budget.
Satrape--this altimetric radar with electronic elevation scanning will grad-
- ually replace Xh~:old supplementary equipment of the 23-centimeter warning -
_ radars. A production order for four radars was placed in 19;4. The first
Satrape radar was delivered and installed in 1977; the others will be be-
tween now and 1980.
Crotale--Sixteen Crotale sections (let us recall that it is an all-weather,
auConomous, and mobile system equipped with ground-air missiles for defense
against aircraft at low altitudes) had been ordered prior to 1978; an order
for four sections is provided in the 1979 budget. By the end of 1979, 13
sections will have been delivered. Each section comprises an acquisition
unit and two firing units, each with four missiles, plus a transport ve-
- hicle, an emergency repair unit, and a liaison vehicle. Each squadron com-
- prises two secti~ns (16 missiles). Between now and 1980 eight squadrons
, will have been established: one at Istres in 1977, two in 1978 (at Avord
~nd ~.~1pt), four in 1979, and one in 1980.
T~aenty-~n dual-barreled cannon--It is a question of a short-range defense
system. Each mount comprises two cannons. The first 40 mounts were
ordered ss part of the 1978 budget; the first 8 were delivered at the end
of this year. The 1979 budget (17i million francs) provided for ordering
56 mounts. The program law provided for 52. T'he last 56 will be ordered
~ beginning in 1980.
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Air--ciir Mi~siles-=The lug, up to 1.978, in rhe budgeCary section "Armament
. c~ttd Munitions, resulCed in ~ reduction in trainin~ Eor aerial launching
- , and u lowcred sCock nf comU~t munitions. The 1978 budger marked an upturn. ~
. Tt~at for 1979 in parr makes up for the lag (funds for disbursement increa~ed
by 32.9 percent) bi~t the Senat~'s budget analyat esCimaCes that it falls
short of about 200 million francs in program authorizations; this deficiency
is going Co aEfect, above all, the ~~cquisitian of new muniCions. In the
- 1979 budget therc are 228 million francs {~r ordering the Super 530 and
3S milli~n francs for ordering the Magic. More thnn 1 million 30--millimeter -
_ she11R have been ordered, 90 percent of them being trainin~ muniCions. -
Service Equipment and Infrastructurr_
- In 1978 efforts were deovted ro construc~i~n of equipment necessary to put
~ aircraft and new weapons syatems into operation (electrical generating uniCs, -
and facilities ~or production and distr3bution of oxygen and nitrogen). In
_ 1979 serv:,ce equipment which has more than reached the end of its useful
life will be replaced: runway sweep~:~~s, maintenance and d~-icing platforms,
and emergency runway cranes. In another area it is planned to continue the
program for acquisltion of 70 BIV (armored intervention vehicles) which
is to be spread ouC over 3 years in liaison with the VAB (forward armored
= vehicles) of the ground forces. In 1979, 36 VIB will be ordered. In 1980 .
- eight will be delivered, in 1981, 33, and in 1982, 29.
The infrastructure represents, for the Air Force, a category of expense
_ which is becoming heavier and heavier. In addition to a"support" ~nfra-
stru~~ure and a"living quarters" infrastructure, in this category is the
respuncibility for maintaining in proper condition 44 platforms (runways,
ground lighting, parking areas, taxiways, and protective shelters and hang-
~ ars) whose replacement is cyclical (three or four runways per year). ~'or _
_ these expenses the 1979 budget provirles 4.5 million francs in program
authorizations (+7.8 percent) and 395 millton francs in funds for disburse-
ment (+8.9 percent). _
Next year the runways at Cognac aad Strasbourg will be renovated; parCial .
~ rebuilding of other platforms wi11 be effected. An additional 20 hangars
and shelters will be constructed. '
In 1979, 23 million francs will be dev~ted to improvement of living condi-
tions for non-commissioned officers and enlisted men. -
The transfer into its new premises of the school at Rochefort (see AIR &
COSMOS, No 711) will be entirely accomplished in 1981. For the final seg-
ment of that operation the ~979 budget has provided 75 million francs in
program authorizations.
COPYRIGHT: AIR & COSMOS, Paris, 1978 _
11706
CSO: 3100
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~ rnnrrc~ -
_ FRENCH NAVAL AIR ARM TO ~.ECEIVE SUPER ETENDARD AIRCRAFT
~ Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 16 Dec 78 pp 21-25
[Article by Jean de Galard)
[Text] IJaval aviation makes an indispensable contribution to the perform- -
ance of the French Navy's missions, e~pecially those which affect the se-
, curity of the oceanic strategic force, massive interventians and survPil-
_ lance of the frontiers. The on-~board aircraft presently consist of
- Etendard IVM [Standard 1VM] for attack, Crusader for interception, Alize for
- patrol, and helicopters. Progressively the Etendard, daylight attack air-
craft, are being repla~ed by the Super Etendard [Super Standard], an all-
weather attack airplane whose performance, thanks to the equipment and weap- -
ons with which it is fitted, is greatly superior to that of its predecessor.
Appropriations in the 1979'budget wil]. permit ordering the last six of a
- .production run which will total 71. Twenty-four airplanes wi21 be delivered ~
next year. During the 14 months in the shipyard just campleCed by the air- -
- craft carrier Clemenceau, a number of modifications were made to render the
ship capable of puttii~g into operation the Super Etendard aireraft which
" will. carry the tactical nuclear weapon and the AM 39 air-sea missile.
The Foch also is going into the yards; it will again be operationa~. in 1981.
The Super Etendard and the aircraft clrriers aboard which they will be em- -
_ barked and from ~ahich they will be operational during the next 18 years are .
_ very much the sub~ect of the following pages.
AIR & COSMOS at this time desirias to express its warmest thanks to those ~
in the French Navy who have mad~a this possible: Rear Admiral Fatou, now
chief of the French Navy's Aeronautical Division and chief of the Central
Aeronautics Bureau, after having been commander of the aircraft carrier
group and the on-board aircraft; Captain Doniol, commander of the Foch, _
and :~is entire crew; Captain Ttiireaut, c~mmander of the Landivisian Naval
_ aircraf t base; --~d Lieutenant Commander Argouse, Cotmnander of the 11F naval -
force, the first in the French Navy to be equipped with this new type of -
sirplane, which indeed appears to be the true "spearhead" of French naval
power.--Jean de Gatard
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- t~U~t c~~~t~ ~r?n~, uti~? c~N~.v
_ ~ Vcry !)Il'f~~rr.n~ Al.rp:l~ne 1'rom tlia l:tend,ircl r.vri -
, T:xternally this is ~n ~reat similariCy between Che ~Cendard IVM and the
- 5~incr I;renclard; one wo~ild Ue 1ed to believe that the lal-ter is a rejuvenated -
' version of the former. The fact of the matter is quite differenC al:hough ~
it is mainly the pilots wt~~o.are in pc~~3ieion to appreclate the progress _
which has been achie-ved.
The difference5 have to do, on Che one hand, with a number of technological ;
improvementso.~ deta-Lls (grea~er equipment reliability and less heavy main-
tenance) and, on tY?e other hand, with Chree essential points: modified
aerodynamics, a motor with lower spec:ific fuel consump~ion, and highly moder.n _
equipment. �
Tt~e modifications relatecl to the aerodynamics are all in the direction o.f _
increasin~ ehe lif t: the tips of the leading edges have been extended to
tl~c extre~ities of the wings, the flaps have a new pro�ile and their travel
- has heen extended, and the elevator has been redesigned. _
In comparison with the Atar 8C with which the Etendard IVM i~ equipped, _
the new Atar 8K50 of ~NECMA [National Company for Study and Construction of ~
- Aircraft EnginesJ, without afterburner and with fixed nozzle,'pruvides a _
- gain in thrust on the order of S00 kilograms and more brilliant performance
_ witl~ lower specific consumption (about 8 to 10 percent) .
' Those are substantial impr.ovements which Uy themselves contribute to making
tlie :.~per Ete~~dard a~ airplane whose perfora?ance is superior to that of' the -
~ ~ter~uard IVM. But, ir? ~i~e area of equipment the aircraft has been radically
_ transformed, and the equipment installed aboard the Super Etendard vertiably . -
~ make it a figher airplane of the new generation. As a matter of fact there -
- are on~Uoard--to meiition.only the most spectacular equipment--an inertigl
navtgation and attack system, a radar (Agave).which operates in air-air, -
sir-surf.ace; and telemetry modes, and a heads up display (HUD) for presen- _
tation of pilotin~ and attack data at the level of Che pilot's eyes'. Later
= on other equipment will supplement the foregoing: a VOR/ILS [Visual o~i- .
range/instrument landing system], an automatic pilot, and an automatic �
" throttle. '
As f.or the~armament~of the Super Etendard, it is in keeping with the greatly
improved performanc~ of the airplane: the four carrying points fixed under
- the wings (two on each sic~e) can each hold 40Q--kilogram and 250-kilogram
bombs and rocket launchers. To the carrying point fixed under the fuselage
two 250-kilogram bombs or a~ettisonable tank of 600 liters or a spout -
for refueling in flight can be attached. For attack at sea Che mdst ef-
J fective weapon will be the Aerospatiale [National Industrial Aerospace
Company] AM-39 air-sea missile whose range is greater than 40 kilometer
and which is self-guided. For aerial dogfights, especially at altitudes
~ below 25,000 feet, the Super Etendard equipment with two Magic missiles ~
6.
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_ in additi~n to itQ two 30-millimeCer guns will be able to perform inter-
ceptj.ons by da.;; u~,u by night. Lnst, 1er us bear in mind that the Super
Etendard car, carry the tactical weapon. A11 of these various improvements
: of course provide very great advantages at the operaC3ona1 level; thanks
_ to increased lif~ the mass which can be ca~apulted, aC n given speed, has
gone from 10.8 to 12 tons, whicti enables the char~es carried and the f uel
= supply Co be increased, and hence rhe radius of action; with two suspended -
_ tanks of 1,100 liters (instead of 600 liters in the case of the Etendard '
IVM) thE total fuel capacity is increased �rom 3,500 to 4,800 kilograms; the
- carrying capacity for military loads (with only inCernal fuel capacity) goes
from 1,300 to 2,100 kilograms; the,approach speed r~t 7.8 tons goes from 133
Co 122 knots, which permits landing on deck with winds on deck on the order =
of 18 knots, or even ~o return Co the deck with some miii*_ary loads. Parti-
cularly in warm climates these advantages are especially significant. -
_ As far as the motor is concerned, th~e fixed nozzle solution made esCablish- _
_ ment of control a delicate mntter. Flight certification of the Atar AK50
_ for the Super Etendard was indeed issued several month~ ago. Th3.s does
noC mean that a number of necessary modifications are not still in progress
and the first airplanes equipped with the definitive motor in ehe version -
desired by the navy will be delivered only in the course of the year 1979.
These modifications are mainly concerned with pick-up at low altitudeg.
In the meantime several u~ilization restrictions will be necessary when the
airplane is placed into service aboard aircraft carriers. .
The Etendard IVM pilots have become virtuosi of the charts by using the
- compass heading and the clock as accessories. The pilots of the Super ~
- ~tendard will be practically free of navigational concerns; they wil.l only
have to exercise surveillance over it. They will therefore ;~e able to =
- devote themselves ~o the tasks of observing the sea or the te:rain or
- surveillance of the sky. As for firing.(guns, bombs, or rocket:s) it will
be effected with increased precision and effectiveness, which will reduce
_ the number of munitions to be utilized. On pages 26 and 27 [of source -
publicat{on] the reader will find addiCional information on the ensemble
of tne~e facilities, as well as on tl~e method usec~ aboard the aircraft
c~rriers to aline the inertial platform. -
- At Landivisian
_ The first two Super Etendard a;rplanes delivered to the French Navy (N~s
3 and 4 of the production run) started out in July with the Practical Evalu- -
ation Commission at Istres. Along with No 2, during that month they re- -
_ corded a total of .some 60 flight hours. They then ti~ent to the base at
Landivisian where they were assigned to the 11F naval force which, under _
command of Lieutenant Commander Argouse, is the first unit of the French
Navy to be equipped with this type of aircraf t. The third airplane (No 5 -
' of. the production run) came to the 11F in September, the fourth (No 6 of
the production run) in October, and the fifth (No 7 of the production run) _
7
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Foiz o~Ftc~nt, usti oraLV _
= on 10 November. Witt; these airpl~ne~ tlie ril.ot:; Q~ the lIH flew a total
of 100 lioura in 5epCc~mber. (7lrpianes No,~ ancf 4), 167 hourA in Ortober
tnirplaiyeg Noe 3~ ~i and 5) and 220 hdurs fn Nnvemh~~r (~~irpl2nes Noe 3,
4, 5, 6~nd 7). IC r..~n be belleved that the total number o� flying houro
effected at Landivi~i�fln frnm ~i 5epCember--the daCe tt?e first two airplanes ~
were taken in charRe--up t~ 31 Uecember 1978 by the 5uner ~tcndard pilots
of thc~ 11F will have ~~eached 600. t~ctivity in U~_cember w:Lll h~ve b~en -
~omewhat reduced becnuse of Che first trialg at sea aboard the air.craft
. carricr Foch p^rformed from the 4th to t'~c: 8th e~nd upon uhich s~r.. r~rort
on ~ubsequent pages.
The 111~ will have received its full ~ou~plement vf 12 airplanes at the end
~f the month of February 1979. Next it will be the turn of thc 1/i~ naval
force, ulso bnsed c~t tandi~�:.::an~ nnd whose first pi.lots will be trained
by t1~e instiuctors of tt~e 11P, to re~eive its 12 5uper Etendard aircraft
to replace its Crusader nircruft. This second fnrce is s~pposed to be orga~i- _
- ized in 5evL~mber 1979. In July 1980 the third force, the 17~ based at
Hy~res and up to now equipped with the Etendard IVM, will in ite Curn be
~ ~rganized. Each force includea 18 pilots, each of them flying an everage
of 18 houre per month. ~
_ As there existe within naval aviation no equivdlent to the CEAM (Military
Aircraft F.xperimentntion CenterJ, at MonC-de-Marean, of the Air ForcP it
' will be the 11P naval force which for 1 year will have to be respons_ble
for operational experimentation with the Super Etendard, that is, it is
~oing to establish the prucedures for employin~ the aircraft.
UurJr.b [t~e early period of placing tae first Super Etendard aircraft into
~crvice at Landivisian the availability ratio vae coneidered good-ron the
_ order of 65 percent. Certainly~ some equipment breakdo~+ns were encountered
buC they were neither frequent nor of long duration. While aWaiting recep~
tion of an ATEC Snapection and repair bench which AEROSPATIALE Will de2iver
to I.andivisian at the end of the year all defective equipment has been re-
turned to th e manufacturer.
The operating capability between overhauls of the SKSO motor is 180 hours.
At Landivisian, on the occasion of our visit to the base at '.he end of last
month, there Were tWO agare motors. Aeide from the mo~o~a~ the spare parts
stock, c~neiderinE the nec~ssary long lead timea, on that occasion aeemed
to be a matter of concer!~ for the cocmiander of the force.
Trnining oi t~chnicians preceded tha t of the pilots. At the end of November -
- there vere 10 pilots to have received their qualification with the Super
Ftr.ndard; these s+ere the ones vho ~~ere, several days later, to laad, for
the firat time, Super Etendard aircraf.t on the deck of the Foch. Practic-
al.ly all of them are former Etendard IVM pilots.
Technicians and pilots are making ready to reccive~ next May, a maintenance
sicnulator noW being completed at Toulouse under AEROSPATIALE superviaion.
8
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It will be plaCed into oper~tioti by tt~e technical instruction ~ection but
will Aleo eerve the pilota as n"syateme" simulator. AttoCher aimulator of .
this type will be instnlled aC Hyerea in 1980.
By ~eCer aF 198U the 11~ ia supposed to h~ve availabl~ ~ fli~ht simul~tor
coc:structed by I1~IT which will make poggible vigu~l simulation ~f nig~~t lan~1-
ing.
In the coming moathe the No 2~irplane ae ?etres will be used for perform-
ance of tests of the automatic pilot. In much simplified terma ite main _
function aill be to maintain altitude. The Super Etendard pildts will then
be able to carry out misei~ns at very low altitudeg above the sea by using
the radar.
Experimentation with Che 5uper Ecendard-AM39 comb~nation will not begin be-
= foxe 1980; it will follow that with Che Magic fnr which Che adaptation arms
witl be delivered next year at the same time as tl~e adnptation arm.a for the
400-l:ilogram bombs to the exterior attachment pointa.
~ Aboard the Foch
While the Clemenceau, upon conclusion of its modificatione in the yarda, was =
continuing~ eince 24 November, its sea trials, the Foch, off the coa?~t of
coast of
Toulon, was~ during 4 days at sea in the beginning of thie month,
_ effecting the first "homings" and catapult take-offs of a firet group of
five Super Etendard aircraft arriving for tt~e firat time directly from
- Landivislan. At the beginning of this test series it had been planned to
retrain 10 pilots for the auper Etendard, all of them alrer;dy qualifizd
for the Etendard IVM. This objective was achieved.
Landing on the deck is always a delicate maneuver involving the landing of-
ficer, the pilot. the aircraft, and the aircraft c~rrier. The responsi-
bility of the first named is very great since it is he who ultimately de-
cides--depending upon the conditions with which he is faced: presentiation of
the aircraft upon approach, motion of the platform, and force of the Wind
� upon the deck--Mrhether the pilot can land under satisfactory conditions or
vhether he should appl.y power and abort the landing. If the movements of
the platform are Freat he has available a manual optical instrument to take
th~+. place of the Tanding mirror stabilized in pitch. Auring the entire
approach phase he is in radio communication with the pilot Who must strict-
ly obey his inatr~ctions.
The Landing Officers School, ahich is dt Hyeres and Whose firet commander
ie the preaent "skipper" of the Foch, trains these officers, xho must not -
only be pilo[s themselves but must have been qualified vith all typea of
on-board aircraft in service in the naval air arm. '
To be a"qualified pilot" for any type of air~raft. there must be effected
15 to 20 seesions of aicaulated landings on a runWay, at the rate of eight
passes per session, then, aboard aircraft carriers, tWO TAG (Touch and Go)
9
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HoK c~~~ tcint, us~ orrL~~
_ nnd ~ix CAC (Catch ~ind Catapult), the latter con~istin~ ot ~ lnnding im- -
medi~tely follow~d by n catapult take-off. A"confirmed" pilot for a given
airplanc has, depending upon the deRrr_~ of t~is training, performed 30
- landin~s on deck with that type of airplnne gnd ia cnp~ble of fulfilled a11
missions without recourse to a l~nding ficld.
The firat test serie~ with ttie production 5uper ECendurd abonrd the Foch
proceeded satiefactorily deapite 2 da,~s of bad weather. The ~irat results,
- especia!ly as far ~s th~ operatione of allnemenC at sea in henvy swells
of a large number of aircrafC, were ~udged satiefactory. ~ey confirmed the
- results which had been obtqined on the ground.
The npact test sexiea will take place aboard the Clemenceau in ehe b~.ginning
_ of spring.
One of the leasons we learned in the courae of thie first Cest scries is _
that, accor~ing to a comparison dear to the heart of Admiral Fatou, thE
sailing sl~ip and the aircraft carrier have Chia in commvn: they are both
~reatly aubject to the aind....
- The Advantagea of the~Super Etendard
The modification work carried out for 14 months on the aircraft carrier
, Clemenceau had a three-fold purpose: to modernize all che ~CM (electronic
counter measuresJ equi.pment and inatall the SENIT 2; improve living condi-
tions on board; and adapt the ahip to the Super Etendard. Fur this adapt-
, atic~ tt~e ~,rorkshape had to be suitably arranged (putting an ATEC bench
intc? ~peration); likewise the munition bunkers for atorage of A!i-39 and
A.~-52 veapona; it vas also.necessary to install the equipment and reference -
systema required for uae of the inertial navigation aystem installed upoan
the aircraft.
In several months the Foch will undergo the same series of modifications,
ahich will be completed in 1981. '
During the normal lxfe of an aircraft carrier, Admiral Fatou explains, the
maintenance cqcle ig heavy. Out of a 50 to 52-month period there is about
3 yeara of availability either ae an airplane or helicopter carrier, inter-
rupted by three IPER (periodic mainteaance and repalr inspectiana), one
of vhich is on the order of 8 months, the other tvo of duration of 3 to 4
ewnths (not to weation ~he lack of availability due to maintenance as re-
quired on which is not regular). In maintenance of aircraft carriers the
operationa of catapult inspection play a very great role because theq have
utilization limitations and requirements vhich must be rigorouslq res~pected.
Each catapult muat be completely inepected (time in the shop: 5 monthe)
every 5,000 take-offe; in bet~een it receives tvo exteneive inepectiona
(time in the shop: Z1 days) every 2~000 take-offs, plus a 3-day ia8pection
everp 400 takeroffs. On the average, vith t~ catapults 40 take-offs can
be provided for each of 100 pilots per year; ae a matter of fact it must
. 10
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I
~
~Oft O~F'TCIAL USL ONLY ~
b~ t~ken into conaideration Chat not all of the 5,000 Cake-offa are usc~ble
because of opercttional needs (cali~ration, empty launches, or model launehes:
a loss more tlian 10 percent) .
= Therefore anything that makes posaible a eavingg in the use of the cata-
pu1C is conaidered an advantage; in comparison with its predecessor tl~e
Super ~tendard in thie respect provides a great advant~ge becausc of its ~
much greater autonomy. Por nn equal number of catnpult t~~ke-offs it is
- al.ways inCeresting to totalfze the maximum number of flying hours. In
this respecC the cycle of the 5uper ECendard may be close to khat of the
C~usader which is iCself greatEr than that of the~Etendard IVM. In the mat-
ter of deck sequences (landings on deck followed by catapult Cake-offs) the
catapult wYll have to oper~ee less frequenCly eince "homings" wi11 h~ve to
be effected only abnut every 100 mi.nutes (instead of every 70 wieh the
F.tendard IVM). There will aleo rer~ult less fatigue for the personnel.
_ Mother advantage of the Super Etendard, which Admiral FaCou emphasizes:
by virCue of it~ increased lift its speed of presentation upon the deck is
lower than that of the Eeendard IVM, whi:h decreases wear upon the stopping -
- cables and reduces the danger of breakage (in this cas~ only tr.e speed "
need be taken into consideration; the mass does not enter).
ti third advantage, and not the least, of the Super Etendard is that it will
be an excellent mean~ of information to the command at sea, in long distance ~
detection. It will report what it seea and localize it.
For all these reasons, specifica]ly related to the ship-aircraft combina-
tion, the ~dmiral who before 1 December comcnanded the group of aircraft
carriers and the on-board aircraf.t did ~ot conceal his satisfaction at
seeing the�Super Etendard enter into service with the French Navy.
~ ~ ` - c .:~,4.~~3,,;,y . ~
-
~ _ . ~...an
~~y-+t . ..~lr.~A''~.
�
� � r~I~. J _
_ . �r.;_-~' ~ . .f~... ..T .
- j ~
:
~ _ ~ , -
-
~
, . . . - �
iMau.
s~ , _ -~...i17~
t
- A~oard the aircraft carrier Foch on S December 1978 the Super Etendard No 6, _
carrying a mock-up of the AM-39 missile under its starboard wing, rolls to~rard
the catapult area. (Photographs pp 21-27 by Michel Isaac). `
11
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also rec;~~ive:, a 10.y cot~~er~:;us from the r~glit, while he musL content him~elf
with 1 pereent of the ~o~it~list voterc.
Alto~ether the warnin~ sigr?al.^, reves~le~i b,y all the most recer~t e.lecti.on te~ts
find a confirmation ttt~d a nro,jectivn it~ the pEu'rUii~St~r1-Uemo: kopea pol.l. Thi~
ic r.n~ther el.ement callin~ i'or reflectiot~ 3 oi' contac~ witri a body of voter~ aho
are dissati~fied with ttie way things are ~oin~ toduy,
COPYRIGHT: 197F~ Arr.oldo Nbndadori F.d i tore S. p. A,
~339
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~
36
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~Uk 0~'1~'IGIAL U5~ ONLY
tTl1LY
ptIBLIC OPIttI011 f'~LL OS~ PSI CfZAX1' S:;1'f~/~'TFX;Y
_ Di.;cua~ion of poll ~'inding~
~ Milnn pNi0Rl1M~, in Italign 12 Dec 78 pp 46, 4'l, 49-52
(l~rticle: "}io+~+ populur i~ Craxi?"~
(TextJ Up to what point has the "new course" taken by
the PSI ~Italian Socialist Party) influenced public
opinion? What is more important for ~ocialiat vntera,
polemic~ with the PCI on Lenini~m or bettcr relati~n~
xith the communists? A~'WIORAMA-Demoskopea poll anaxera
these quegLions.
- Wha~ i~ Bettino Craxi's PSI? A~till foimless nebula, an unknawn quantity
~rith :,ome a~nbiguity, a hope. This is the problematical, complex and uncertain
~jud~nent which emerges fz~om the October survey conducted by Demoskopea for
PAI'i0R11lM .
Craxi' ~ r~e~r secretariat ia de~onstrating a determination to change the
ideologicol and political action of the P3I. }iave you heard talk about this?
According to party preference
MSI PRI DP ~
DC PCI PSI IJ~ P~I PR Total
PLI
~ 29 37 49 31.6 44 47.1 26.3
I~oJ 71 63 51 68.4 56 52.9 ?3�?
37
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~OK ~)~Fic;tAl. U5F nN1.Y -
What t~re th~ movt 3mr;~rta~it 3nnovation~ itt t}?e ~':;1'~ new cour�re7 (Ttii~ ~
que~tion waa pu~ nnly tt tho;e aho havc hetsrd talk about Crar.i'~ change)
PSI member~ ar~d
sympathizers Tot~.~.
Separatiott from the cotr~nuni~t~ 26.5 ~3.3
~teturn to Sacial bemocratic position~ 2.0 5�7
Renexal of the p~rty 6.l 8.0
itefust~l to reeognize Leninism 12.2 5� 7
tlo ~n3aer 42.9 45.0
_ The uncertainty arises prim~rily from the excessively high, certuinly hi~her
than averu{,e in ~uch ~olla, number of perso~is interviewed, who, two and a
hal~ ycars t~fter Craxi took over the secretariat and 8 month~ aWay from the
Turin congress, ati11 cannot decide on fundr~ment~l aspects of the socialist
"ttex cour~e," a tnat;ter Whicti the mass media have, neverthele~s covered widelv.
i1, it: quite dir.c:oncerting, in fact Lhat 73.1 percent of the persot~s inter-
vic.~s+ed (t?nd 51 perc:ent Funon~ those who declured themselves members of or
~ympr~Lhizers With tt~e PSI );t?ould not t~ave noticed that something has changed~
not only at the to~ of the party but also its way of conducting politics, in -
its xay of facing concrete problems, of arguin~ on the political and cultural
levels (t~ee the tables published on p~~:s 1 and i~tot only this: among those
xho huve heard of the change, percent (~~2.9 percent among the philosa~ial-
- i~t3) cannot describe Ltie direction of the chunge. They cannot ~tate their -
vier?~ on the argument opened aith the pC2 on Leninist~. Some 63 percent ha?ve
no idea, Tor in3tance, of Where Craxi's policy wiLl lead the PSI. -
What can one say? In cases like thi:: the tempta~ion to bin~me the numbers is
great. But it i~ aLnos�: never Well-founded. It can be noted however, that
the validity of these po11s (v~hich the parties thetnselves usej can be verified
months later, for instance, by nesr survey~ on the same ~aodel. A nes+ check,
hence, xill come. F'or the time tein~, it i~ legitimate to ask some~+hat dis-
turbin~ qucstion~ concernin~ the interest public dpini~n has in the parties
- (and whieh recent electoral epi:odes have alrcady raised). ~,lso, ~rith regard
tio the P;SI, indication~ ean be deduced which seer~ most significant at a time
wt~en qucation:~ concernin~ the capucit;~ for influence and penetration of the
part,y cot~ccrn it:~ lca~icr~ ee Bettina Craxi interview on puge 7) .
On~ fact emer~es a3 ccrtti.in: Crt~xi's leaciership and the leadership of the
- ner~r Proup of leader~ which emerged from the Turin congress last March is not ~
under di~~u~~ioci. (see table on follosring page). Among the philosocia].ists
intervicwed almost 90 percent prefer his line to the line followed before, -
Nhich rcceived npprovct]. from 3ust burely b percent. The consensus is equall,y
evidcnt mlong thc pcople interviexed generally: ;6.9 percent prefer the
C raxi linc nnd only 13.4 percent is of the opposite opinion.
38
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~OIt O~~ICIAL US~ ONLY
Uo you thit~k th~?L the Crtixi line ic to bc pref
erred to thut d~ the previouc
r>ecret~riat7 ('The quention w~~ addrec:,pd onl.y to those wtin have henrd t~.lk
ubout the Crc~xi chan~;e).
According to the party preferred (~i)
bC NCI ~'SI MPLI~ I' DI ~~Pr TC~)1 -
For thc interest of the country
Crcixi line ~7�~ z3�5 89�8 1~~~ 7~�7 1z�5 5h�9
Previous litite 1.8 43.1 6.1 9.1 25.0 13~4
Don't knrn+ 3~�~+ 33�3 6.1 18.2 62.5 ~9�8
~or the inter~~t of the pSI
Crtixi lir : 58.9 33.3 76.6 16.7 72.7 37.5 48.9
I'reviou~ line 5�~+ 35 � 3 6.1 1b.7 9� 1 12 .5 11.8
bon't knrnr 37.5 31.4 16.3 66.7 18�2 37.5 39�3
Craxi's P5I t~ns bro~ight into discussion the Marxist-Leninis* tradition which
inspires the left, thu~ provoking an argument r~ith the PCI. Do you believe _
thut this is e. positiv~ thing whicn will lead to a clarification aithin the
left, or do ,you think it. is negative? _
According to the par~~y preferred
DC PCI PSI PLI PRI DP~Pr
- M3I~DN PSDI ~
Positive 36.8 31.6 53~5 63�2 48.0 52�9
NegaLive 9�3 31.6 15.8 5.3 12.0 23�5
Don' t knrnr 54 .4 3b . 8 29.7 31.6 40 .0 23. 5
According to the party preferred
DC PCI P3I PLI ~ DP~Pr -
M3I~DN P3DI
Lebate 29.0 14.0 36.6 36.8 36.0 35�3
A~;reement 25�9 68�4 ~�5 21.1 ~+4.0 47.1
Don't knax 45.1 1?.6 15.8 36.8 20.0 17.6
/
.
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~OR OFFICIAL U5~ ONLY
Overnll whut ia yaur ~udgment on tt~e conduct t~nd the politicu]. uctivity of
the I'SI in recent months?
'rota.l (N)
Very poeitive 1.6
~'airly positive 16.4
so-so 4g.4
Eiather negative 17.8
Completely negative 5~9
No answer 9.1 -
Calvanizfng
A p~ychologlCal effect (important in ~litics) which was anticipated, u
galvanizing effect bn the r~~~k and file and the traditional electorate can
be said to be cdnfinned. While bearing in mind, in fact, that the poll pre-
cedes the election defeat in Tr~ntina, ~ gbod 59.4 percent of the sociali~t
nympathizers interviewed are convinced that, if a vote were called today,
the PSI would improve its own positions. (~ee table on page 6). The cautious -
(t+ho believe that the result would be equal to the previous one, that is to
say the 9.6 percent won on 20 June 19?6) remain less than 30 percent. Only a
ver,y fer+ (6.g perc:ent) anticipute a decline.
Th~~ consolidation of the socialist leading groups appears to have been an
accomplished fact for some time now. Dissension and differences between the
secretary and the strongest component of the majority, the left, which have
_ recentl,y come to the surface are to a considerable extent in the nature of
the norrtwl internal dialectics of a part,y (see article on page 10)and, in .
any case, not such as to impair its compactness, at least not for the time
being. }io~ever, in order to get to the bottom of the matter in a survey of
thi~ kind, it would huve :~een necessary to sound out the periphery o~ the
parties, their interm~�j;:.ce cadres in a detailed way. The survey which ~
PANORAMA proposes instead is addressed to the t~roadest public opinion of the
nation in order to verify the political impact of t