JPRS ID: 8249 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR RESOURCES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 43
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 56
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVE~ FOR RELEASE= 2007/02/08= CIA-R~P82-00850R000100010056-8

~ l OF i _
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
~OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
- J~RS L/8249
29 ,7anuar.y 1979
~
TRANSLATIOI~S ON USSR RESOURCES
(FOUO 2/79)
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
NOTL
JpEt5 publications contain information primaril;~ from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, bue also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language "
sources are translated; those from English-language sources -
are transcribed or reprinted, with th~ original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
lieadlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
are supplied by JPRS. Processing indic~tors such as [TexCJ
or [Excerpr] in the first line o� each item, or fc,llowing the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
_ processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor- -
- mation was summarized or extracted.
- Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques- -
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the _
~ original but liave been Supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as _
- given by source. _
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government. .
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF TH IS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
819LIOGRApNiC OATA 1� Ncport N~. Recipient'~ ArceaRion
No,
SHEI~T JPRS L/ 8249 -
. I i~ le ~~n, ~~i ~t u c S. epon ~t.
- TWIN5LA1'IONS ON US5F.t 1tC5UURCES~ (FOUO 2/79) 29 Janua 197y
6.
7~ Authnr(s) 8� Nor(ormina Oraanitation Kep~.
9. Performing Oraani:uion Name ~nd Addtes~ 10. Ptoject/T~ek/R'ork Unit No.
Joint Publications Research Service
1000 North Clebe Road tt. Contr~ct/Grsnt Mo.
Arlington, Virginia 22201
_ 11. Sponsorin6 Oraaniz~tion Name and Addres~ 1J. Type of Repoct Ec Period -
Coveced _
As above -
u.
- 1S. Supplementary Notes
16. ADstr~ct~
_ This serial report contains information on energy, fuels and related equipment; -
_ fishing industry and marine resources; water resources, minera].s, timber~ and
electric power.
- 17. Key i'ords ~od Documeat Aoalysii. 17a Detsciptors ~
USSR -
Natural Resoucces -
Electric Power
Energy
Eaergy Conservation -
Fisheries -
Fuels
Minerals '
Timber
- Watcr Supply
17b. ldentiliera/Open-Ended Terms
~f4 co:nr~ F~~ia/c~o~p SC, 10, 21D, 2C, 8G, ZF ~ -
IL. Av~~laLilitr 5tatemeot 19. Security Class (This 21. no. o( Naars `
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY. Limited Number of Repon) 39
~
Copies Available From JPRS . ecur~ty Class (Th~s 22, Price
P,ae
- UNCI.AS$(FIED
~ oo� Nr~sav ~wcv. ~�rt~ vicowM�oc +~ni.~r~
THlS FORM NAY 8E REPRODUCED
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
- 1'UR U~~F'TC CA1, USI: ONLY
JPR5 L/8249 .
- 29 January 1979
- TRANSLATIONS ON USSR RESOURCES -
(FOUO 2/79) -
; ~ CoNTENTS PAGE -
ELECTR?:C POWE~t AND POWER EQUIPMENT
~ Problem Solving ~.n the InCroduction of New Equipment
- (Yu. A. Gabliya, et. al.; ENERGETICHESKOYE -
- STROITFL'STVO, No 10, 1978) 1 _
= Supplying Agriculture With Electric Power Equipment
(Ya. N. Zaro~yan; F.LEKROTEI~TIKA, Nov ?8) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
- FUELS A~iD RELATED EQUTPI~NT -
Ut~liz~tion of Fi~ced Capital in Gas Industry Drilling =
-
(N. I. Popova, V. M. Chernya'k; EKO~iOMIKA. GAZOVOY
= PROI~CSHLEI!R~TOSTI, No 11~ 19781 16
_ Factors in Role of Coal in the Long-Term Fuel-Energy Balance =
(A. S. Astakhov; ENERGETIKA, TOPLIVO--DOSTIZHENIYA
- I PERSPEICrIVY, 1977) 25
. Methods of Calculating Materials-Intensiveness in Fuel =
- Industry Reviewed _
(V. A. Bugrov, et. al.; EKONOMIKA G:~ZOVOY
PROMYSHLENNOSTI, No 11, 197Ej 30
,
- ~
- a - (III - USSR - 37 FOUO]
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
. FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONI.X -
^ ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMENT ~
UDC 658.589.011.46 -
- PROBLFM SOLVING IN THE INTRODt1CTI0N OF NEW EQl1IPMENT
Moaco~,~ ENERGETICHESKOYR STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 10, 1978 pp 84-87
_ [Article by Candidate of Technical Sciences Yu, A. Gabliya, engix~eere A. y
B. Rubinshteyn, I. A. Kirtbaya, E. A. Ovcharov, V. V. Yeremenko, L. G. _
- Nikolaichev, L. A. KosCrov] -
(Text] The existing procedure for the development of technical documentation
- w~th reapect to new equipment, the mailufacture, CeatinR and introduction of
experimental models, the preparation and diatribution of the corrected Cech- ~
_ nical documentation to the enterprises for mass manufacture and introduct�ion, ~
_ the organizgtion of mass manufacture and introduction, the consideration of
the efficie~cy from the introduction of new techni~al solutions (materials,
~roducts, structural elements, mechanisma, ~e.^.hnology, attachments, equipment,
an~ so on), the procedure for moral a*~d material incentive of the org~niza-
tions have a number of significant deficiencies, the basic ones of which are
as follows: -
- 1. The absence of deep, ~comprehensive discussion and analysls of new technical
= prapoeals on a high scientific aad technical level with the participation
of represer,tatives of all of the orgauizations which determine the results
_ of the implementation of a given technical solution on various levels and the
' organization of its mass introduction into production in the initial stage
- of formation of the plan with respect to the new equipmeat.
At the pr~eaent time the inclusion in the plan and the discovery of financing
- with r~epect to a particular topic depend quite frequently on the persistence
- of the author (a group of authors). .
= The amount of money allacated for the development, manufacture and introduction
of a new technical design, as a rule, is not confirmed by exact cs~,.,:ulations
in accordance with the exfsting Rtandards (even with a defined sarety margin).
- As a reault, significanC amounts of money are taken out of state ..irculation
- and frozen.
2. The c~executive organizations frequently are not involved in the discussion _
= of the topic in advance aad become coparticipants in the operation automatically.
1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY -
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
' Even if they are informed in advance on the neceasiCy of participating in
the work~ they are not provided winc ~lear dara not only on the problem as -
a whole, buC also epecific funcCions nnd also complexit~es which can arise
' when implementing the stated goal.
The ~iven oper~tiona do not find the necessary reflection in the plans of
the coexecutive organizations for the topic. The work is as a rule suddenly
- thruat upon them with all of the consequences of an em~rgency nature arising
_ �rom this. Accordingly, the coexecutive organizations Cry will all poasible
means to decline responsibility for the performance of work Chat they have
not a~reed on (and sometimes agreed on), referring to the absence of technical
or organizational posaibilitiea, materials, equipment, the presence of stresaed _
,tnhouse plans, and eo on. As a result, further wark on the new soluCion -
is slowed and extended over a prolonged ~eriod of C~me, and sometimes it is
even stqpped altogether.
- The absence of serious collective analyeis, personal responsibility for the `
topic and a prosp~ctive schedule for per.fo~ance of operations becomes the
cause of the fact that ordera for materixls, equipment and machinery are not _
compiled by a clearly defined time; Chat is, at the time when it ia neceasary
= to begin work all of the soexecuCive organizations (including the aupply and
- planning drganizations) are only beginning to prepare for execution of the
: design, meeting with difficulties in obtaining the necessary materials,
machinery,and so on not provided for in advance by the planning agencies and
for which the required limits are absenC. -
3. Frequently it occurs that an experimental model of the product (structural
deeign) has already been manufactured, and it does not appear possible to
introduce it inasmuch as there is either still no technical documentation or
it arrives with a great delay. As a result, the time for the introduction
of new machinery or a modif.~ed version of it is extended unreasonably, and
- the machinery becomes obsolete.
4. As a result of the absence of xhe required responaibility on Che part
of the participants, cases have been observed where the technical documenta-
- tion is incompletely corrected and eherefore it is not accepted fully by the
- next executive agents which frequently leads to a delay in op~rations.
5. The existiag system for calculating the planned efficiency and bonuses . _
_ for performing work on new techniques or equ:pment is far from perfect. The
~ total expenditures on the operations with respect to the topic and the total -
= . savings proposed in the USSR Ministry of Power Engineering ~or p$~rment of ~
= bonuses for the introduction of a new technical design have not been properly
- indicated, that is, the total expenditures in all phases of the development, -
manufacture and introduction of the new equipment can exceed the total savings
l~roposed for the payment of the bonus, and the bonus will still be paid (for -
_ ~~xample, the total expenditures have amounted to 200,000 rubles, and the
- r~avings, 100 thousand rubles; the total bonus paid is 10 thqusand rubles.
_ 2
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
~
_ ~OH OF'FICIAL USE ONLY -
In addition, there is no clear regulation of the bonus distribution among
- Che codxecutive organizations coneidering the specific contrlbution ~nd
degree of complexity of the work performed by each agent. Thi~ Aometimes
leads to the fact that bonus is paid Co all the people whu h~ive parCicipaCed
_ in any way in the indicaCed work. In this case the bonus totals are comparable
to the toCal received by the basic organizations.
6. The U5SR Minietry of Power Engineering has no single acCi~?e agency Co
control the work of i.ntroducing new techniques for equipment. The scienCific -
and tectinical council does not participate actively in this work. No one -
- bears responsibll.ity for extremely slow introduction. ,
IC must be notpd that this situation is reflected also in the course of
socialist competition inaemuch as the obligations aseumed by the coworkers,
_ divisions, btigades and organizations on the part af operaCions on new
equipment are acquiring a formal nature. For example, the obligation is
- assumed to complQte and produce the technical documenGs 10 ~iays ahead of the
planned time. The obligation is satisfied, the documents are sent for
investigation to the confirming (coordinating) inatance or plant (trust),
and the document stays there for an undefined time without review. As a
result, compiling the document ahead of time loses any meaning. The analogous
situation also occurs in the case where a plant has performed its work ~head
of time, and the introducing organization does not realize this gain in time. -
Thus, in the final analysis the obligations acquire a formal nature, and -
. socialist competition is dealt a moral loss.
In implementing the historic resolutions of the 25th Congress of the CPSU
and being guided by the principles and conclusions contained in the speech -
b1 L. I Brezhnev at the December (1977) Plenum of the Centr2l Committee af �
the CPSU and also the Letter of the Central Coucnittee of the CPSU, the
- USSR Council of Ministers, the All-Union Central Trade Union Council and the -
- Central Committee of the All-Union Lenin Young Communists League "On the
- Uevelopment of Socialist Competition for the Fulfillment and Overfulfillment
of the 1978 Plan and Intensification of the Struggle to Improve Production ~
Efficiency and Work Qualityr" the collectives of the VGPIiNiI Institute, _
- Energoset'proyekt, the Zapsibelektroset'stroy and Tsentrstroyelektroperedachi
Trusts, the Ivanovo Machine Plant, the Domodedovsky Metal Structural Element ~
Plant of the USSR Ministry of Power Engineering include a repore on the
scientific and technical cooperation and socialist competition. These col- `
- lec~ives are appearing as the initiators in the movement "for each new tech-� -
- nical solut~an, a personal accounting" ("for each new technical solution, ~n
e~fective r_amplex introduction system").
Problems of the Movament
1. The maximum reduction of time from the beginninp of the development of _
techr,i~cal documentation to the mass introduction of a new economic, advanced
tech~oi.cal solution (the technical idea).
~ 3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY .
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
FOR OFFICIAL USC ONLY -
2. The maximum reduction of the cost of operations with respect to introduc-
tion in nll phases.
3. Improvement of, the efficiency of socialist competition in the collective "
- and iLs maximum apecification. _
4. Ensurance of Che possibility of performing extra plan operations and the
achievement of savings of capital and labor expenditures as a reault of it.
_ 5. Obtaining additional savings from capital expenditures, maCerials and
labor expenditures as a result of reducing the times for the inCroduction ~
of new technical solutions.
6. Improvement of the responsibility of the leaders and executive agents -
for the operationa in all phases of introduction.
7. Improvement of the guaranteea with respect to the selection and inclusion -
in the plan for new equipment of effectively urgent and economical (advanced) -
new Cechnical ideas.
8. Improvement of the planning role in the perforruance of the operations _
with respect to the new equipment and Che creation of a united controlling
agency.
9. Improvement of the role of the scientific and technical society. -
10. Exclusion of unfounded expenditure of state means allocated for bonuses.
11. Bringing order into the method used in determining the bonuses and en-
surance of conditions under which the actual participants (organizations) -
in the given work receive the bonuses (moral and material).
Organizational Structure of the Movement
= By resolution of the USSR Kinistry of Power Engineering, above all the
- chief arganization for coordination of all operations with respect to an
area is designated (for example, the Energoset'proyekt Institute deals with
_ the problems of electric power network construction). In the future the -
introduction work will be divided into the following stages.
Stage 1. The annual collection of proposals with respect to the new technical I-
. solutions, mechRnisms, attachments, and so on from the scientific research
- and pl~nning an~ design organizations, the enterprises of the construction
industry, the construction and operation and maintenance organizations have -
� been organized (a list of organizations and reques~ form and also the sub-
- sequent formulation of the presented materials are prepared by the Ener- ;
goset`proyekt Institute). _
The working (permanently active) commission made up of highly qualified
_ specialists frcem all of the c:oexecutive organizations is created. All of the
- 4 -
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
- I~UIZ UI~I~L(:LAL USI~; ONLY
~ members of tt~e working commission constirute part of the construction section
of the expnnded ecienCific and Cechnical council of etie Energoset'proyekt
Institute. The operating commisaion cons~ders Che incoming proposals, _
- selecrs the basic ones and prep~res them for investigatinn aC the scieneif.tc
' and technic~l council wl~ere the results of preliminary analysis are investi-
gated. For a more detailed study of the proposal, the working commission =
invites its authors to the scientific and technical council.
_ In the expanded scienCific and technical council an analysis is made o� all
_ of Che proposals with respect Co new technical solutions presented by the
organizations for inclusion in the plan with respect to the new equipment
of the USSR MiniaCry of Power Engineering, and Che plan for rhe basic and ~
auxiliary topics is approved. Estimates are compiled for all the topics -
(basic and auxiliary), and the times for their executian are determined in =
- accordance with the existing normative documents (thaC is, the planned costs _
and times are noted). By recortunendaCion of the scientific and technical
, council of Che institute the basic topics are included in tlle plans for
financing operations with respect to new techniques and equipment of the
USSR Ministry of Pow~r EnginePring for the next year, and the maCerials are
- transferred to the scientif ic and Cechnical council of the USSR Ministry of -
Power Engineering. _
The scientific and technical council of the US"�,R Ministry of Power Engineering
- hears the topic presented by the scientific an~3 technical council of the -
Energoset'proyekt Institut~ and in case of approval (with the required cor-
rections) a recommendation is made to the GPTUS to include the indicated -
topics in the ministry plans for the next year. The materials must be
_ presented to the GPTUS in the third quarter of the current year. _
The indicated topic is agreed on with the leaders of the main a:lministrations
ta which the coexecutive organizations of~ each topic are subordinate (they
_ sign the personal account). The coexecutive organizations for the topic
- designate the responsible executive agents (with indication of the complete =
= list of executive agents in accordance with the given topic from each organiza- "
tion). -
- The main production-technical administration for construction approves the
presented plan with r~spect to new equipment and the personal account fox
each topic is opened up. The personal accvunts are approved by the minister -
- (deputy minister) c~f power engineering and electrification of Che USSR.
- In order to realize control of the course of the operations with respect t~ -
- the topic, the representative from among the inspection agencies is designated. -
In the case of necessity, tn` commissioct~ to the various administrations of
the ministry are entered in the personal account (for example, the Glavsnab,
and so on). After the minister signs the personal account, Che inriicated
commissions acquire the form of an order.
Before presenting the personal account for a new technical design f~,r approval
to the ministry, it is presented for sign~ture to the party committee secretary,
5
- FOR ~ USE ONLY ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
FOR OrFICIAL USL ONLY -
the chairmatt o~ the loca~. committee and the secretary of the committee of
the A].1-Union Young CoQanunists Lengue of the USSR Ministry of Power Engineerin&
Copies are made of the personal account which are distributed to all of the
coexecutive organizaCiona and the scientific and Cechnical councils, Che
- party, local commiCCees and the commitCees of the All-Union Lenin Young
Communi~t League of the USSR Ministry of Power Engineering. The original
is Cransmitked to Che minister's inspection bonrd for review of the course
~ of performance of the operattons. _
Phase 2. After receiving the approved ~ersonal account, the pl~nning org~niza-
- tion develops the socialist competition, iC develops the creative plans with
= respe~C to early compilation of the technical documents. -
- In accordance ~:ith the adopted socialist obligations, the planning organiza- _
~ tion develops Che technical documentation ahead of time. As the completion '
- of khe development of the technical documenCation approaches, the next
_ organization (plant or conatruction trust) is informed in advance that they
~ have been prepared for the beginning of their work phase.
The developed technical documentation is senC to the p1anC and to the trust.
- The document on early sending of the Cechnical documentation to the next
executive agent is forwarded to the monitoring agency--the minister's in- -
spectioa board. The personal account indicates Che early performance of the
work by the planning organization. When questions arise at the plant, the -
planning organization gives it operative assistance on the order of a creative
author's review.
' The group performing the work ahead of time proceeds with the development of
the next topic with respect to Che basfc plan for which~financing has been
provided by the USSR Ministry of Power Engineering, and so to completion of -
the entire Chematic plan. After execution of the basic thematic plan and "
- informing the scientific and technical council of the Energoset~proyekC
. Inst~tu~e of this (if there was one topic, then after complet:Con~of it) it
~s recommended that at the expense of the saved time the given group begirl
the preparation of the technical documentation on one of the.topics of the ~
- auxiliary plan for which financing has not been provided from the state ,
- budget in the current year. The group proceeds with the development of the ,
indicated topic, informs the coexecutive agents of this so that they wil~
preparefor its execution in all phases. The sequence of this work is the j=
same as in the stages of execution of the basic plan. After completion of ;
- the additional work and informing the minister's inspection of this, data is ;
entered in the personal account on the execution of the plan and the savings
of state resources achieved in doing this. ~
- If in addition to preparing the documents for the product (structural element)
it is necessary to develop (or modify) a machine (attachment) for introduction
= of the prociuct into the practice of electric power network construction,
the development of the required technical documentation and the manufacture '
6
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
FOR OFFICIAL USL ONLY
~ o� the experimenCal industrial model are carried out considering eh~t the =
me~hanism wi11 uppear in the experimental section of the route (or Cest ground) _
_ simulrAneously (or with minimum delay) with the sCructural element or produc.t.
This ia necessary in order Char the product be tesCed or be sub~ected to
- experimental industrial introducCion withouC delay. '
Phase 3. The manufacturing p1anC plans the productton of the experl.mental
- industrial models of the product or machine in advance. On development -
of sociulist compeCiCio?, in the brigade (shop) the coll~ective aims aC over-
fu1fi11menC of the plans with respect to mas~ producCipn,the creation of
tt~e intermediate producC and time reserved for the manufacture of the new -
_ product.
~ After receiving the technical documenCation with respect to the new decision,
Che plant provides for early manufacture of the product (machine) and shipment
of it to the nexC organizaCion. A copy of the shipping document to the user �
is presented to the minister's inspection board where the acr,ual times of _
- performance of ChA operation and iCs cost are recorded on the personal account. ~
- If a number of topics are being dpveloped, Che sequence of per�ot-~?ance o� the
operations, including the extra-plan operations, is retained. _
Phase 4. The construction trust also plans in advance the performance of ~
operations with :espect to Che introduetion of new techn:Lcal designs, it _
provides for Che socialist competition and the machine fleet (trust), d~irecting
the work of introduction, the basic goals of which are overfulfillment of _
the planning ia~dexes, the creation of the stock of components and time re- -
serve for experimental and the eacperimental-industrial work on the new -
- technical design. After obtaining the required technical documentation for -
the experimentql pr~duct (mechanism) the.construction trust informs the -
_ inspection board of the minister and tlte shipping organizaCion of this and
_ proceeds (calling on the designer and plant representatives if necessar~�) _
with the perf ox~mance di this phase of the work. The course of these opera-
= tions is monitored by the responsible representative of the customer (power _
_ system). The document establishing completion of operations (in accordance -
with the existing requirements) is approved by the customer and is sent to
the minister's inspection board.
The effective technical-economic indexes are reflected in the document.
It is also indicated whether a new solution to the mass introduction (limited =
or with any correction to mass introdu~tion, and so on) is recommended. It
is desirable that if possible specific ob~ects of introduction be indicated
in the area of activity of the power system during the current year and the
proposed times for correction of the technical documentation w~th respect
to the giver. objects by'~the design organizations (which ones are specifically -
indicated). The experimental-industrial introduction ends with this phase.
Phase 5. The minister's inspection board informs the scientific and techn~cal -
council of~the USSR Ministry of Power Engineering of completion of the experi- -
mental-industrial introduction of'the new technical design into construction
- 7
FOR ' USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
FO'K OFI~ ICIAL USC ONLY
prr~ctice. 'I'he aclentl.f Ic ~incl techn.ical council sums up the planned anJ ~
i~ceuul expenciitures oC time, menns nnd muterials, defines the cnat benefit
- achieved and prep~nres proposals for the udministration of the USSR Ministry
. of Power Engineering wttti regard to rewarding the participants and coexecutive -
organizations with certificates (diplomas, pennants) and money prizes (a
defined percenCage of the money savings achieved in the given phase of ex- -
perimental-industrial introduction). All of this is reflecCed (afCer ap-
proval by the administration of the USSR Ministry of Power Engineering) -
_ in the personal account. Simultaneously, the scientific and technir.ql council
of the USSR Ministry of Power Engineering designates the required icidexes
with respect to savings, the achievemenC of which must be ensured by the
coexecutive organizations (on making the Cransition to mass introduction ~
Chis list can be supplemenCed), after w~hich they will be paid a bonus for
- introducCion of the new technique or equipment (by the system exisCing at _
, the present time). ,
The savings indexes are designated beginning with calculation of the r~quired
- excess over the income of the government for each expended ruble. For ex- �
ample, the total expenditures with respect to the topic in all introducti~n -
phases (Che development of technical documentation, the manufacture of the
experimental-industrial model, ma.ss manufacture, experimental-industrial -
introducCion, mass introduction, corre~tion of documentation with respect
~ to specific ob~ects of introduction) have amounted to 246,000 rubles. The
scientific and technical council has designaCed a cosC benefit index of
5(that is, it is necessary to obtain 5 rubles of savings for each ruble
- expended by the government). Thus, in order to receive a bonus (ttie final
sum) for the new equipment the coexecutive or~anizations must present documents -
confirming that savings have been obtained which are equal to 246,000
- rubl~s x 5= 1,230,000 rut~;a. This total can include the previously obtained -
savings in the experimental-inn,strial introduction phase. -
When designaCing the total required savings the scientific and technical coun- -
cil determines in advance ~he percentage bonus with respect to the saved toCa1
and the percentage distribution of it among the participants in the work,
- Uut of the tota~ bonus (final bonus) the totai bonus paid previously after Ii
- comp~etion of the experimenCal-industrial introductian phase can be subtracted. -
= In addition, the scientific and Cechnical council of the USSR Ministry of `
-j Power Engineering must develop a system of penalties f~r the coexecutive -
organizations which have not met ~he given deadlines when performing the
- operations planned in their phase.
Phase 6. After the documents reached the scientific and technical council I
of the ~JSSR Ministry of Power Engineering confirming the achiev~nent of the
_ given indexes with respect to cost benefit, a study is made of the problem of
- paying the final compensations and the forms of moral incentive to the =
participants in the work; then the sums are found with respect to intro- _
ducing the new technical design. The prorosals of the sc{entifi~ and tech-
nical council are conridered ar~d approved by the administration. This is -
also entered in the personal account for the topic after which it is closed.
8
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
i~Uit c)F'~ICIAL U51: ONLY ~
At y,eneral meetinge vf Che collectlves everyone is iuformed of the deciaion
of the ministry administration, and tl~e bonuses~ certiflcates,diplomas,
pennants, and so on are pa~sed out.
_ fsy the totals for tkie year (considering the eniire rt1CiR~CiC plan with re~pect
to the new eqi~ipment) the USSR Ministry of I'ower Engineering determineg the
best organizntions uith regpect to introduction of new technical deaigne,
which is taken into ecco~nt wh~n summing up the results wlth regpect to _
socialist ~ompetition(wSth respect [o a11 divisions of activity) among t}~e
collective~. Wl~en an nrganixation achieves excellent indexes with respect
~ to introduction of a set of topice, it would be highly desirable to send it
a congratulatory letter of appreciation (to the brigade, the divisivn, the
collective as a whole) signed by the minister (deputy minigter), the party
committee secret~ry, the chair~nan of the local committee and tl~e secretary ~
_ of the commiCtee of r.he A11-Union Lenin Young Communi~t League of the U5SR _
Ministry of Power ~ngS.neering.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Energeticheskoye stroitr_1'stvo", 197A
10845
CS0:1822
9
FOR OFFICIAL USE O~JLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
~OK O~~ICIAI. U5~ ONLY
IiL~CTRIC, PUWEk AND POW~[t fiQUIE'M~N1' -
~
"!.~PI'LYING AGRICULTURE WITH ELECTRIC POWER EQUIPMENT
Moscow ~L~KROTEKNNItU~ in Itussian No 11, Nov 78 pp 1-4
[Ar[icle by Ya. N. Zarobyan, Ueputy Minis[er of Electrical ~quipment In- ~
. dustry U5SR: "Most Important Tasks in Supplying A~riculture With Electrical
Equipment"]
[Text] The role of the electrical equipment industry in raising the effPCt-
iveness of farm production is substantial: it forms the scientific-technical
base for electrification of agriculture, and consequently, determines the
electrical equipment ratio and the productivity of many [ypes of work, in-
cluding quite-labor intensive work, in animal husbandry and poultry farming,
plant husbandry and fuel operations, recllmation, and irrigation.
Ir~ the years preceding the March 1965 Plenum of the CC CP5U, which mapped
out the course oE action of further upgrading agriculture on an industrial
basis, our sector did a great deal of work to develop and strengthen the
rural eleccricity base. The attention of scientists, engineers, workers,
and production organizers Was focused on problems of developing and assim- _
ilating a large complex of electrical equipment intended for agriculture,
the creation and expansion of productive capacity to produce them, in order
- to increase deliveries of electrical equipment, especi;~lly complete sets of
equipment to meet the needs of farm production. '
The conversion of animal and plant husbandry to an industrial basis, increased
productton of equipment for the processing, storage, and rational utiliza-
tion oE farm goods, and also equipmen[ for feeds ~roduction--all of these -
required thac vorkers of the sector create, develop, and deliver special
electric engines capable of operating under difficult conditions in farm
facilities, also various sets of devices to run such specific processes as
- the making and dispensing of feeds, maintaining parameters of the micro-
climate, cleaning the facilities and recovering production wastes, processirg
and storing faod, feed, and seed grain, processing vegetables and potatoes,
storing fruit, supplyfng vater, and so on. It i& sufficient to note that
- [he number of elec[ric engines on kolkhozes and sovkhoaes has increased by
4.8 tiraes over 1965, reaching a total of ten caillion vith an overall capacity
of 53 miilion kilovaccs, vhile a nucnber of electric units serving techno-
logical processes has risen sevenfold, reaching 1.7 million with a total
10
FOR OFFICIAi. CS~ OI~2Y
,
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
~'OR 0~'~ICIAI. U5~ UNLY
cap~7city of 12 miilion kilowatcs. To this should be added the large number
= of speciel devices for radiation and illumination, also special electro-
_ thermol uni[s such as eleCtric heaters end heating units, water heaters, _
intra-red radiators, tubular }~eaters, and sa on.
_ At present, agriculture is getting 228 types ot elCCtric~l pquipment, in--
~luding ?53 designed for farm ugE (in 1965 such equipm~nt was not being -
produced, in 197U there were 50 types~ and in 1975--130 types).
~ Tt~e use of new types of electrical equipment is helping to substantially
boost effectiveness in farm production. Thus, the set o� electrical equip-
ment to run technolo~ical processes in livestock complexes accommodating
108~000 and 50,000 hogs and 10,500 head of cattle makes it possible to re-
duce lebor outlays to 1.5 to 2.0 m~n-days per quintal of pork and 2.5 to -
' 3.0 man-days per quintal of beef. The economic effect per complex is 9U0,000
~ rubles. Sets of non-contacC Control devices to regulate the microclimate
in livestock and poultry facilities l~elp to r~ise egg-laying capacity oy
- 6.4 per cent and livestock weight gain by 10 per cent. The ecot~omic effect
of adoption is 1,24~ rubles per device. Sets of electrical equipment to
regula[e technological processes in large-scale hothouse combines and sel- ;
ective breeding centers makes it possible to boost crop yields by 15 to 20
per cen[ and to reduce labor outlays by 2.5 by 2.8 times; the na[ional econ-
omy effect from the use of such equipment is 260,000 rubles on three hectares.
The use of OSPO-2 type irradiaters in livestock farming helps to boost the
weight gain of young animals up to 14 per cent, and the er.,onomic effect -
- per unic is 30 r~ibles.
The average annual economic effec[ from the adoption of new types of elec- r
trical equipment in agricul[ure comes to about 80 m!llion rubles.
The July 1978 Plenum of the CC CPSU focused the attention of the industrial
mii~istries on the necessity of further strengthening effor[s to intensify
agricultural production on the ba3fs of comprehensive mechanization and
eieccricificacion. Workers of the electric equipinent industry drew a single
conclusion from the decisions of the Plenum and the report given there by
CC CPSU Ceneral Secretary and USSR Supreme Soviet Presidium Chairman Comrade -
L. I. Brezhnev: it is es~ential to critically evaluate the results of what
}ias been done, to concentrate efforts on overcoming a number of shortcomings
t~otding back the rise in the power-to-aorker ratio on kolkhozes and sovkhozes, -
on resolving tasks with respect to improving the quality and reliability of
electrical equipmen[ for the farm. -
It must above all be admitted that for a number of reasons electricification--
a poaerEul fac[or in boosting agricultural Effect~veness--is still no[ being
tully utilized. Despite the fact that in the past ten to 12 years the con-
sumption of electricity in agciculture has risen aimost fourfold and today
� exceeds 80 billion kilowatt hours, the power-to-s+orker ratio on kolkhozes
and sovkhozes is subscancially lowes than in such cowparable sectors as light
and food industry. Clearly, electricity is not being utilized in sufficient
volume directly in technological processes. On most farms, the level of
11
FOR O~FICIAt. ~SE 0~'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
_
_ ~
~OIt O~F'ICIAL U5~ qNL~' -
clectrical mechanization is too low in such operetions as the cleaning of
ar~imal and poultry facilities, the making ~nd dispensing of feeds, and so
o?i.
Tv crrtain extent all of. this can be considered th~ r.onsequence of tlie
fact that farm production's electrical equipmerit needs ~re not being fully
met. Accc:ding to data of the Ministry ot Agriculture, 5nyuz5el'khoztekhnike,
and the Ministry of Land Iteclamati~n and Water ItesaurCes, agric~lture does -
not have enough electric engines of up to 100 kilowatts capacity, especially
uf the sizes 7, 8, and 9 to run farm machinery and mechanisms, switches ancl
au[omatic switch-offs designed to be impervious to dust and chemicals, electric
heaters, water heaters, lightinR fixtures, large vertical electric eng;nes
_ for pumping stations, special sets uf transformer substatians of up to 5,300
kilovolt-amperes capacity, 110 and 35 kilovolts for outside installation, and
other eq~ipment.
Thus, Lt is the priority task of our sector. to meet agriculture's need for
electrical machinery, equipment~ automation devices, wiring and cables~ and _
other products.
- This task must be resolved on the basis of improved quality indicators of -
equipment and compliance with operating spECifications. During the 9th
F'ive-Year Plan, the sector concentrated on boosting the quantity of electrical
equipment for agriculture; now~ we must focus on raising durability and re-
, liability. There are substa~tial unutilized reserv~s for this. "
The effec[ive utiliza[ion of electrical equipment in farm production depends -
largely on the level of organizatSon of the enginePring and operational
service. Frequently because of staff limitations as well as the very small
- number of specialist electrtcians beir.g sent to the farms, many oblasts and
most rayon farms lack an operations service. Because of the bos+ level of
_ operation, electrical equipment ar~~ apparatus being utflized on the farms
go out of commission long before they should, and in some cases are wearing
out. The rate at which electric engines are gois~g out of commission through-
out the country as a whole exceeds 20 per c~nt, annually causing 200 to 300
million rubles of loss to the national economy. And most of the breakdowns
are occurring in agricultural processes.
Electrical equipment industry workers have already undertaken a number of
measures to raise the operational reliability of the electrical equipment _
- designed for agriculture. The collective of NIPTIEt! [Scientific-Research,
Planning-Design, and Technological Institute of Electrical Machine Building],
for example, has developed a built-in temperature shield for asynchronous
engines. These devices reliably protect electric engines in cases of pro-
longed overload~ improper processes of start-up and braking, frequent
switch-ons, phase cutoff, jammed rotor, high environmental temperature, and
brcakdos+ns in the cooling system. For the first time~ the complex has
successfully resolved the problem of temperature protection: asynchronous
- engine--temperatur~-sensitive elemen[--protection device. Electric engines
with the built-in temperature device have ~hoan high effectiveness in oper-
ati~n. The annual national economy effect for 100,000 asynchronous engines
equipped with the devic: comes to one million rubles. -
12
POR OFFICIAL USE 0'NLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
~ H'Ok dt~'~ICTAI. U5E ONLY
Thc task riuw is to spced up the adv~rior~ of s~ries 4A engines with in-temp-
era[ure protection. 'Co do t}iis it is necessary to supply them with sets of
_ thin leads, posietors, ~nd relays. Hurther perfection of electric engines
Cor agriculture involves,improving other design appl!cetions, the use oI
iiew electrical equipment materials and tougher paint and vernisli coatings.
= fiy decision of the board ef r.l~e Ministry of Electric~: ~quipment Industry, _
a special display "Electrical ~quipment Industry for Agriculture" wa~ opened
in the Electrical ~quipment Pavilion at the VUNKh [Exhibition of Achieve- -
ments of the Vational Ecot~omy]. The purpose of tt~e exhibit is not just to
J s~~ow produc[s but also to orgnnize the ex~hange oE ideas witt~ farm special-
- ists, to take aCCOUnt of thcir criticisms and suggestions on further improv-
ing the qual:ty and reliability of electrical equipment supplied to agriculture.
- The ever-incrensing demands on quality indicators in electrical equipment,
dictated by the very technology of farm production, point up the necessity
of providing complete sets of adjustable electric drive and automatic control
devices. 5uch devices, developed on the basis of standardized circuits and -
designs using blocks based on noncontact semiconductor elements and logic
circuits, must play n special role in the technical retooling of agriculture
and the organization of production-line methods in farm outpUt.
5pecial lighting, sources of ultra-violet and infra-red radiation, and el-
ectron-ion technology devices--all 110 types of new products developed in
[he current five-year plan for agriculture--must conform fully to specifica-
tions of operation and environmental consideration. -
Collectives of electrical equipment enterprises must speed up the develop-
_ ment of a number of new products for the electrical mechanization of veget-
able farming, plant husbandry, and livestock raising. For example, the
Lutsk Electrical Equipment Plant imeni XXV S"yezd KPSS is supposed to supply
all sets of elec[rical equipment for regulating technological processes in
Angara hothouses and sets of e].ectrical equipment for grain treatment and
storage centers; Ardatov Lighting Equipment Plant is supposed to supply lamps
for hothouses; plants of the Soyuzelektromash [All-Union Electrical Machinery
Production Association] are to supply single-phase electric engines for micro- -
climate regulation systems.
It is essen[ial to speed up the industrial production of new types of elec-
- trical-heating equipment, standardized elec[ric-heating units with improved
- technical-economic indicators, heat-pump units, electric steam generators
of 160 to 400 kiloaatts capacity, water heaters with heating elements of the
enclosed type With ceramic insulation, and new desigr~s of infra-red radiators
to warm young animals and birds.
Considering the observed rise in farm outpu[ and taking account of reduced
iarm population, plans call for doublfng the power-to-worker ra[io in farm
production by 1980 (com~sared to 1975), and raising agricultural electricity
consumption to 130 billion kiloaatt hours. By the end of the llth Five-Year
Plan, integrated electrical mechanization of technological processes in live-
stock and poul[ry raising should be completed, and automation of farm
produc[io~ s}~ould be well underway.
- 13 -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
= FOEt n~~ICIAI. US~ ONLY
_ ~'he introduction of integrated electrical mechanfzation in farm production -
' will yield a substantial ~conomir effect. CalCUlations show that integrated
eleutrical mechanization of processes in liveatock raising, compared with -
par.[ial electrical mechanization reduces labor outlay~ by 15 to 20 times
per yuint~l o[ f~og weigl~t gain and by four to six times per 1,U00 eggs. -
The level of electrification in farm households will rise substantially,
~pproaching the level of household electrification among the urban popula-
tion. Plans call for more extensive aduption tif household and cultural
electrical appliances, also parti~l adoption of floor-installed electric
rang~s for the preparation of food and electric water heaters with tank
storage.
In 1978-1985, the electrical equipment industry will have to develop and
assimilate the series production of new types of electrical equipment, appar-
atuses, and devicps for agriculture. These are to include sets of trans-
former substations oE 63 to 630 kilovolt-amperes capacity and s~ctionalizing -
points for networks of 10 kilovolts based on equipmenC already in production,
a standardized series of small-size sets of 10 to 35-k~lovolt power switch-
boards of modulus design with cast insulation of epoxy compound, and sets
of devices based on integrated microelectronic elements for use in electrical
distribution networks intended for farm use. It is a1SO necQSSary to dev- T
elop and assimilate the series production of a high-frequency standardized -
elec[ric engine of 100 to 120 watts for shearing, vine-cutting, and tea
picking machines, hand-held tools for vegetable farming, orchard raising,
and livestock raising.
To create an artificial climate in livestock facilities, plans call for
. developing and assimilating the production of a series of electric heating
unies with axial and centrifugal fans of five to 100 kilowatts. Plans~
call for developing new electric water heaters and lighting equipment to -
radiate young animals and birds, and electric-heat storage devices to be
switched on during hours when energy system loads dip to warm the Water and
air in livestock sections.
In the ilth Five-Year Plan there will be a sharp increasc in volumes of �
production of power transformers and power switchboard sets, transformer
substatiori sets, voltage saftches, cable and wiring, heaters, and other
elpctrical equ~pment. This will require Workers of the electrical equip- -
ment to mobilfze all of their efforts and to effectively searcn for internal =
reserves. To resolve the tasks set forth by the party, a nwober of enterprises
will be remodeled and substantially enlarged. These include the Baku Electrical ~
Machinc Building Plant imeni L-letiye Komsomola Azerbaydzhna~ and the
Elektromashina Plant in Ulan-Ude, uhich are to produce electric engines for
. agriculture. A new electric heating equipment plant with special planning-
desig~ and technological oEfices and an experimental facility producing
- products Eor agriculture is to be built in Namangan. The plant will produce
large-capacity storage water heaters. _
The systematic approach to the development and assimila[iun of new electrical
14
FOR OFFICYAI. L'SE 01'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
.
_ 1~'UR Ul~ N IC IAL US1: UNLY
~quipment by org~nizattons and enterpris~s of the Ministry of Electr'_r.al
~quipment lndustry In collaboration with the Minist?�y of Agriculture, the
- Ministry of Land (teclamatjon and Water kesources, Ministry of M~chine
Building for nnim~t llusbandry and Fodder Production, ttie Ministry of
'Tractor and Agricultural Machfne Building, and 5oyuzsel'kt~oztekhnika will
meke it possible in the lOth and llth ri~e-Year Plans ko substantially _
boost the supply of highly-productive electrical equipmet~t to agriculture
nnd raise the level of inCegra[ed mechanization and automation of f.arm pro-
duction to a new stnge. ~
COPYRIGNT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Elek[rotekhnika" 1978
- 6854
CSC~: 1822
15
FOR OFFICIAI. L'SE Oh'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
~OR OFFICIAL CJSE ONLY
- .
FUEL5 AND RELATED EQUIPMEI~YT
UDC 658.152.1:622.24
UTILIZATION OF FIXED CAPITAL IN GAS INDUSTRY DRILLING -
Moacow EKONOMIKA GAZOVOY PROMYSHLENNOSTI in Russian No 11, 1978 pp 3-1'l _
[Article by N. I. Popova and V. M. Chernyak, All-Union Scientific-Research .
Institute of Economice, Organ~zation of Production, and Technical-Economic
Research in Che Gas Industry: "Analysis of Utilization of Fixed Productive
Capital in Drilling in the Ministry of Gas Industry") -
(Text~ The "Basic Directions of Development of the USSR NaCional Economy -
- in 1976-1980" aete forth thia task: "SubstanCially raise the level of util-
izat~on of fixed capital. Form~la~p and implement a complex of ineasures
designed to raise the output-capital ratio in the various national economy
sectors, enterprises, an~ organizationa" ("MaCerialy XXV s"yezda KPSS"
[Materials of the 25th CPSU ~ongress], Moacow, Politizdat, I916, p 168). -
This task is especially vital in the drilling of oil and gas wells, the -
most energy-intensive subsector of the oil and gas industry.
Since 1932 most of the operational drilling for gas has been done in the
Ministry of Gas Industry. In this connection, it ia of interest to examine
the utilization of fixed asaets by drilling enterprises within the Ministry _
of Gas Industry in a five-year period.
The value of fixed productive capiCal in Minietry of Gas Industry drilling ~
rose by 47 percent between 1972 and 1976, caused by a 31-percent increase
in the volume of ministry drilling during that period and the fact that a
larger number of nes~ rigs were put into production (aee Table 1). Most of ~
the volume increase (60 percent) was due to intensive production factors.
The fact that growth rates of the value of fixed productive capital ran
ahead of rates of increase in volumes of drilling wae due chiefly to the
acquisition of co,stly drilling rigs, also the organization of new drilling
- enterprises in r~mote regions of the Far North and Central Asia. The lat-
ter helped to increase the value and proportion of buildings and facilities
in the structure of fixed productive capital.
Because the drilling enterprises are engaged in production directly at the
gas fields, production buildinga constitute only a small ahare of their ,
fixed assets. But in 1976, the share reached 9.9 percent in the Ministry =
16
FOR Ol~r'ICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
I'OR OI~'FiCIAL USC ONLY
r~
~ I M~ ~ P'~ Yf N P v~ 0~ N O H H d'f Q~ M~ff
' N h~ N bl O l0 N N N oS N H �r /S O O W h N
v r
~ ~`x ~ ~
~
~ ma io ~ n~ no .~ew n�+ ao am mo o m
~MM y0/ h O tq ~f1~ OO HN OH NH OO O fi P'f ~
41~ M ~-1 N 1-/ N N
~ ~u ~(~p lVyO NH ~hp h g ~({y~ N~.1~ 8~ C~D ~ ~
, i^ PI fD iV I 1D ~ ~ M f~ ~ H M lV if) l7 K ~
I t). M If! N H ~
~d ga~~ ~o
- I e$: v ~n ~o m~n ~n ~ v~o ~ n ~ r~ a c~ n N N m ~ NN p. ~ l-~ p,
~4~~~. a~.~~ ~x tet~ E~~ o~ �A4 R o~ a-��~ a N N~
m
- ~ ~ -
~ ~ ~n(v " ~'vS ~f~ ti~S ~ ~,j p.aNd O ~p{.p~~ H N ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~'i id ~ ~ .r r~'"i ~ 'r'~i ~ ~i J.J l0 ~ O ~ q N ~ ~ -A
~ ^ ~ N ' N N M ?1 M ~ ~ ~y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~1
~ ~ _
L ~ V V 1 N N t9 N !J O ID M 1q N Yf O r N N .a m 1-~ y
q V~ b~D ~J~ m~O F~ ~rt7 1~i0 aDO~ ~ ~i~
a ~ o~ i ,
~ A M ~ .
~ t � � � � � � � � � �
;=a ~ ~ ~ ~ 1('oA ~Q N :n� ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ X l~ ffi ~3 ' ~ c~ r~ .t ~n ~o r. ao rn o r+ _
w R e-1 e-1 e-1 r-1 ~-1 ~-1 e-1 rl N N
f~'I � ~ � 4 O M 01 M N N ~~-~I N ' N ~Y
- �
v
~
i r~r0 v ~0 r N 1-~N NN r� r ~?l7 Ci
. w c~ ~ ~ ~a ~ 00 0 ~ ri?i 00 ?+O ~ ~ oo ~ ?i oo ~ ~
o ~ ~ o ~ ~
4~ ~
- 41 a� � c'^ h~ 1 H~ m?r. 1 1~i ~ ~ 1?Qi ~ Q'
~ ~ q v ~ ' Ol
~ v v o ~o o~+ o? N.r a t~ a[~ r. ; ~r a a~ o 'd
~ N M Rr lV N N PJ ~S Iff . N ls P l'~ N N~ Cj O W(7 1 W
.
~ v~ R ~R N~ a~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ N O ~
~ ti ~ n o~ r+ eo o n o~ t~ m o M M o~ ~o ~o o r+ � m of J.1 rl
~ a a~ v~ cv o+ Fo~' n oi o o~ ai .T .i'N N a~ ~ v
a P �OA ~ � 10 g ~ 10 {(1~~ n ~(~Q N~ M N b " q 4~~I G~) ~ L
~ ~ 4 ~ ~ M N M ~ {`7 ~ M ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ M N
! ~ ~ y'~ 4"~ ~
~ b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
w 88 88 88 88 $8' 88 88 88 88 8 t0.�o ~ a w a
u N N M M N M M M M M M M N~y M M N N M ~ Q~ JJ
M a ~rl CJ ~ N
. . ~
~ ~ rr ~a
~ ~ R " " ~ ~ ~o w eo c: o d .,a
~ ~t3~~ .,i3 ~Z 16 o a, o ~ aa~
N N c~�1 w a u a t~ ti h r~ a ti a a c~ ti ~y a w p w ~1 k 00 Oa~ 07 c~ 00 li ~C7 _
~ v ed W t3 M t3 4! ~ O~ _
~ ~ ~a Y'..~,'~.~01..~9~.Y'-,P'.~l: ma ~a a~a~a ~ u.-~~ ~b."~-~ a?~ ~ N M
i~r W~~r 0~ rl ~-1 r-1 vd 7.t~ r-1 Ci ~-1
L 1Q iJ ~-1 V+1 U M}~ V C J ~
0 O
N 9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~H~1-~io~4WA~?-~iHH
. t ~
9
~ 9 ~ ~d o ~ w s~ ~-1 N M~t ~1 ~O t~ CO Q~ O.-~
CJ
N M ~t V'1 ~D t~ OC O~ O ~-1 ~-1 e--1
~
- ~ v v v v v v v v v v ~ -
- H
17
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
~Ott U~'C'2r, IAL U5~ ONLY
of Gas Induetry, or 1.4 perc~enC more than in 1972. This tendency is _
chnracterieCic of mo~C of the aseociatione in Che ministry. In Ukrg~zprom
- (Ukranian Gea Induetry AseociaCion], Uzbekg~zprom [Uzbek Gas Induatry
, Aesoci~tion), Turkmengazprom (Turkmen Gas InduBrry Aeaociation], ~nd
Stavropol'gazprom [Stavropol' Gas Industry AsaociationJ, for exr~mple, the
- value of buildings rose by 2-2.5 Cimes during ChaC ppriod.
In a number of associations the increase in the value of buildings is due
to n aubetantial rise in drilling volumes and Che development of new areas;
this brings about expansion of existing production service ba~es and addi-
tionAl construction. ln 1976, for example, buildings amounted to 31 percent
of the fixed productive capiCal in Tyumengaxprom [Tyumen' Gas Ind~atry
- Aeaociation). At the same time, the value of buildings and facilities in
Komigazprom [Komi Gas Induatry Asaociation] came to 3.6 percent, because
- thie association makes use of the servicea of a centralized service base
operating independently.
'The proportion of facillties among the fixed aesets of the MinisCry of Gas
= Industry in 1976 came to 13 percent. Mor~over, Turkmengazprom accounCed
for 20.7 mi111on rublea (30 percent) of the minietry's 23.1 million rubles
of facilities. This is due to the fact that the item "facilities" includes
the value of wells whose conatruction has been completed but they have noC
been transferred to the gas field administration's balance because the `
_ field has not been prepared.
In the minietry's other aesociations the value of facilities among the
fixed capitnl atructure ranges between 0.2 and 4 percent.
The specific nature of drilling operations accounta for the substantial _
share of the asaets side of fixed capital--opereting machinery and equip-
_ ment. In the five yeara their value in the minintry rose by 43 percent,
_ amounting to 102.9 million iublea in 1976. -
Md the value of the assets side of fixed capital ia rising more rapidly
than the number of drilling rigs. Between 1972 and 1976 the number of
~ ~ drilling rigs in the aector rose by 31.3 percent, while their value roae
by 33 percent; this was due to the use of more powerful and costly rigs,
also a rise in the number of spare unite of equipment.
In Stavropol'gazprom, for example, deepite the fact that the volume of
work in 1976 declined by 12 percent compared with 1972, the value of fixed
productive capital rose by 65.8 percent and the assets portion rose by.1.7
times.
There was no change in the quantitq of drilling equipment, but because of
the aharp increase in average well deptha (from 807 meters in 1972 to 2,680
meters in 1976), rigs of the BU-80 BrD type were replaced by more poWerful
and coatly ones of the Uralmash 125-BD type.
18
- F'OR 0}FICIAL U5E ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
~
~Ok OFF'~C~I:AL US~ ONLY
' rn 'Tyumengazprom, Che amount of drilling equipmenC rose practically four-fold -
in the five years, the vol~mie of drilling roae by 5.2 ti,mes, while the value
of tt~e aseete portion of the fixe~d cnpital only doubled. In CheC region,
tt~e drilling equipment inventory has been repl.enished by inexpenaive rige of
the BU-80 B~2 ~nd BU-75 IIRD type and riga for atructural-proepecCing and
cnntinuous ~crew drilling.
In eome of ehe minisCry's asaociaCions, rutes growth in the value of fix~d
productive assets ere running coneiderably ahead of growth rakes in drilling
nperations, due chiefly to Che fact that the drilling equipment is noC be- _
. ing utilized ra~ionally. In Ukrgazprom, for example, the rig invenCory
increased by 66.7 perceY~t and Cheir v~lue in Che fixed asseta structure rose
by 86.5 percent, whil~ rhe volume of drilling rose only by 26 percent.
Drilling rig utilization deteriorated in the asaociation, confirmed by the
chr~nge in the Curnover ratio of drilling equipment, wl:ich rose from 1.5 in
1972 to 2.1 in 1976. In addition, tt~e association carries a large amount
of non-component equipment on its books, far more than it needs. With 65
rigs, f ixed asaeta include 245 mud pumps, 507 diesels, and 217 ateam boilers;
Chis accoimts for the excesaively high value of fixed productive asseta.
In Komigazprom~ the value of fixed productive asseta rose by 20.5 percent
in the five years, while the assets portion rose by 54.6 percent. The drill-
ing volume rose by 34.5 percent, but the average well depth in 1976 increased -
to 3,703 meters (compared to 3,290 in 1972); this required the acquieition
- of more powerful rigs. The drilling equipment inventory also chan$ed. In
- 1972 the aseociation had 26 rige; in 1976 it had 35. The number of rigs -
roae by 34.5 percent, diesels by 75 percent, and rotore by 83 percent.
Turkmen gazprom improved its utilization of drilling equipment. In the five
yeare, it increased the volume of drilling operations by 76 percent juat
by making ~uller use of rigs.
- The proporti.on of transport machinery in the ministry's fixed assets in
- 1976 came to 10.2 percent. In regions where drilling ie acattered and lo- -
cated far away from production basea, the proportion of tranaport machinery
is higher than the aubsector average.
For example, in Kuban'gazprom and Turkmengazprom the proportion of Cranaport
mac}~inery came to 12.7 and 21 percent, respectively. Komigazprom and Stav-
ropol'gazprom epent practically nothing on transport machinery, because '
they are served by epecialized enterprises.
The utilization effecCiveneas of total fixed assets is evaluated by the
outpu~-capital ratio. This indicator, which su~nar'.zes all production-
economic performance, depends on many factors. To determine the extent to
which certain of thea influence the output-capital ratio, uae is made of
factor analyais (A. I. Perchik et al., "Ispol'zovaniye osnovnykh fondov
burovykh predpriyatiy gazovoy promyshlennoati. Nauchno-ekonomicheskiy
obzor" [Utilization of Fixed Assets of Drilling Enterprises of the Gae
Industry. Scientific-Economic Survey), Moscow, Vt~IIE gazprom, 1976, No 10).
19
- FOR OFFICLAL USE i)NLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
t~c~it cit~ tc; ~ nt, us~; c~Nt.,v
' The in1'luence of cerCain f~cCors on Che outpuC-cepiGal raCio cun be
detPrmi'.ned by the following formulus:
increasee in rig producCivity
Q' Q�
~f ~ - ep - Sp .
- Ktiu � C + Fso Ktu ' C + Fso ' -
rise in turnover ratio
Qo Qo
~ 8P sp .
~fK Kt~ � C + Fae Ktu~- + Fso '
_ increuse in value of drilling equipment
Qo Qo
~f~ � Ktu ~ ~ so Kt~ ~vp-+ F-o-- ~
reducti~~n (increase) in the value of other fixed productive assets -
Qo Qo
ap sp
~feO � Ktu � C + Fso - K~---~-~- ,
where
Qsp , QgP represent the apecific volume of drilling operations during
the accounting and base periods, respectively, rubles per rig;
Ktu , K~u repreaent the turnover ratio in the accounCing and base =
perioda;
C', repreaent the average value of drilling equipment in the ~
accounting and base periods, rubles;
F' � F� represent the apecific value of other fixed assets in the
so 8O gcco~nting and base periods, rubles.
These fiictors exert differing influence on the output-canital ratio (Tables -
_ 2, 3) .
In the period being analyzed, the output-capital ratio for the miniatry
aas atable--1.33 rubles per ruble of fixed asaeta.
M increase in output per rig in drilling led to a 23-percent increase in _
the output-capital ratio in 1976 compared with 1912 data, due chiefly to
increas~ed drilling output per rig and the increase in the volume per meter
of drilling becauae of the increased depths and labor-intensiveness of
drillin;g operational and exploratory vells. .
20
FOR OPFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
FOCt O~rtCIAL US~ ONLY
'Tnble 2. Dynamics of IndicaCors of Fixed Productive AsseCa in Che Ministry
of Gas Induatry -
Lu~uR. noKe~et~r.e1 om~o~~u~ e~e~ononceww~~ youw~ oo -
_ (2) 5.~~._~_ """~'~�~'0 (5) (6) (7) (8) (9~) (ln)
~1~ UoMawrur l~~q'~~opor bwMr~wpa. Ityoeiur~~apav ~rup~M rerUntlep~~rnr tw~v~~upor lapro~apor Y~O~auupor typsr~~r~r
~'JOM~
197tr. t976r. t974r. I97Gr. t97tr. 29'~r~ Ib7�'r. :97Gr,(v71r, I974r. 1971r.I97Gr. I97.'r, I976r, t972o,t976r, t9'Rr,t97w~
~ 1 1~ ai ruirYeiii,F~aYyO. [fiU5J9 t~ti0B/ 19?OI ~t:f7l ~0901 50GI9 (:57[ 901I If51~ ZO~f1 7257 ;~1~t 20Y71 30005 10995 I797d 37CX7 55/16
\ ~ ~ / Cfl~MNY1,OOt~MY;~p0111M)Jh -
1 J yo.DJ6. f~lOtA i779pG 1Y90L iSG:i7 I7.I0! ~fI7/ '17J1 6!,~2 tI6:0 I:5~7 G55A i00~B IIG79 ~W72 600! I2~aH 190Ii 6901[ -
- S ~ ~ ~ tor ~~caef
~ 01po~ero eoop)loe~~M~ 7f99/ IOrial PSt7 I:C11 t~100 I1061 2~t09 IA6S 9I19 itI(3 27J7 S'11U tI5Y0 2I6(7 107/ IIIGO I9E15 i9/17
ayot~? /9048 'N9'fi //:11 :/CJ ~1197 7110 it1!4 1667 2182 4920 9B19 IR90 ;f04L /056 900 i27B 29~66195~.1
_ CL6 ROUINGIW C/pO~Yt ENNMO~! .
~ i ~~e~Nafw 7S2 3~T M ~ 10 il IS 2S 2~! IO 36 99 66 2p ~1 W 6I
r ~ O~y~N~~ I26,9 I/f,1 19~5 it,7 29~! 70,R /~9 9~3 tI,6 B,1 0,9 /,I 25,9 30~Z 9~0 If~Z 3p,G ~1~9
~ 1(~ e~t~~~~iu~M? e~ky~~iun~ t,0 i,~ t,t t,t f~1 (,1 2,9 ~ 0 2 7 ~ 1 II I B 8 I 6 4 t 2 9 3 0 4 0 t 8
ruun ~ . . � ~ ~ . ~ . ~ ~
~'o~:.M.,~ t.r~ro~.. ~l'roY^- .
~'Z~~ ~e c�.~p~, ~~.~eu ~ in ar. .
Y OA~~ O~VO~ ~ .~~~I.1-
N. Ir.~:IE. '!1l~7 'a11~0 ;ti~o~9 J7/~!1 :~A~~ (ISI~f, .170~6 '.YZ/~.~ "1~5~9 'J0~~0 27,1~9 187~I '197~4 (q2~9 20.'1~7 S'~.2 916~9 3fB,~
r2'i~ ~M~r �~ti~~ n~~~ ~f~- 1
\ ~~IH~�~,tio~ll^. ~>75 1670 I:dl 1.11f 970 IOIIG tGl9 I:NO IIF,~ 25pB 8pS9 7699 I127 I~ 1ZI2 I505 1290 16iE _
~~.~~.r~ n .n..~y. r~~ I~�
Y ~ I.~r.~l . ~ I~..
~11� ~ ~ s~~ ~I~~r~ �
~~r�~ ~~:I~G (7'N~2 Yf1.6 YGti~2 UU~! 750~0 B19~6 a7J,1 I00�s.6 i71I,1 7181,~ 711R,8 6G9,6 576~6 658~0 IiI0,6 160t 7
1 ~ ZOl2,0
~ ~w ~wu~
_ l,~j '/M`M?~ ~'1ep/4~MW en,e 7l7~9 L;1,~~1 PIS~7 IS0~0 19f1~7 S15~2 6RA~1 9U0~6 19R~7 DOII~I I3DI~I ISI~O 7I6~9 IS7~9 99G~~ 617~0 GGB~I
~.5 a'r~~~ ~n~1 :~"d~b 1/9~5 I;q~7 75Y I::N 2:7 O 2I1 0 9t9 I 1:{:! 9 1113 9 IIB 6 I60 E I07 9!i1 I 9'~h,7 I~t5,9
~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Key:
1. Indicatora 12. Value of fixed productive assets,
2. Ministry of ~as Induatry total, thousands of rublea , _
3. Komigazprom 13. In~tuding: _
4. Kuban'gazprom 14. Dril~.ing equipment
5. Stavropol'gazprom 15. Other '
6. Orenburg~azprom 16. Number ~f rigs: .
7. Tyumengazprom 17. On books -
8. Ukrgazprc~ 18. In drill{na _
9. Uzbekgazprom 19. Turnover ratio
10. Turkmengazproo; 20. Average value of drilling equip-
11. Volume of drilling ment per rig on books, thou- -
� operations in estimated sanda of rubles
prices, thousande of 21. Volume of work per rig in drill- -
rubles ing, thousands of rubles
22. Value of fixed productive assets
- per rig in ~irilling, total,
~ thousanda >>f rubles
21
FOR Or~'ICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
- I~nlt UI [~ICLAL USI: ONLY -
Tuble 3. Change in Outpu~-Capital Rati.o, Ruhles/Rubles
_ ~J.) oa~o~cyeonHe ~2~ ~oFi~i~or~ays~~oero (3) ~ roM ~I170n0 ?0 4'~aacroaaea W. _
I972 r. I976 r. ! _ n~ ! d.{o I d~~. I a~~ ! a
_ ~4~ Mg~ASnpoN ~ I 33 , ~ so =
I.~ , 0~00 0~3I -O~I2 -0~06 -O~I3
~S, HOMIdP&3IIp061 I~36 I~37 . O~OI O~OI -Q.IO -O~T2 0~22
(6) ~?da~~,rasnpoM I~67, I~45 -0,22 0~*6 , 0,;39~ -0~52 -0~25~
- t7~ c:raaportonaraanpoN ~ 3,20 I~SI -I,69 -I~42 O~b;: -I,I4 . 0~02
(8) ~e~6yprrasnpou I~42 I~46 0~04 0~63 -0~48 -0~04 ~ -0~0?
(9) T~oreeHra9npoM I~II ~ 3~23 2~I2 -0~07 O,II 0~24 I~84 ~
(10) YK~1'83IIp0AI I, ~d I, 47 -0, 5I 0~ IS -0, 49 -0 ~ I4 -0, 06 _
(1~j Ya6exruanpoM 2~20 I.45 -0.75 0,34 -0~50 -0~58 -O~OI
(12) Typxn~eqraanpo~u 0.77 0~~0 0~03 O~I9 0,04 0~00 --0,20
Key:
_ 1. A~~sociation 7. 5t~3vropol'gazprom
Jutput-capital ratio, tota7 8. OYenburggazprom -
3. By factors 9. Tyumengazprom
4~. Mi~~~stry of Gas Industry 10. Uk~r~azprom
5. Komigazprom 11. U2bekgazprom . _
6. Kuban'gazprom 12. Turkmengazprom
Factors causing changes in prices of drilling equipment, drilling rig turn- -
over, and also utilization of the inactive portion of fixed asaets have a
negative effect on the output-capital ratio.
Factor ~fK reduced the output-capital ratio Uy 0.12 rubles/ru~le. This
- circumstance indicates worsening rig utilizat3.on. The rig inventory in-
creased by 31.3 percent from 1972-1976, while the work load in the drilling,
_ process rose by only 12.3 percent; this is due to longer well constructian
time owing to the considerable amount of time the rigs are in the derrick-
= erection stage, undesgoing testing, or being moved from one aite to another.
The increase in rig value had a negative effect on the output-capftal raCio.
~ In 1976, for example, factor ~f~ reduced the output-capital ratio by 0.06 -
_ rubles/ruble compared with 1972. The rise in the average value of the
_ drilling equipment is also due to the large above-normative stocks of equip-
- ment "in dispersion" [v rossypi]. With a 31.3-percent increase in the num-
ber of rigs on the books, the number of mud pumps increased by k5 percent,
tota~ling 989 versus requirements of about 660. There was.a substantial
increase in the number of diesels--2.5 times more than needed. The number
- vf steam boilers more than doubled. The practice of keeping above-normative
_ stocks of equipment "in dispersion" led to a higher average value per drill -
- . rig and, as a result, reduced output-capital ratios.
22
� . FOR OFFLCIAL USE ONf.Y
. .
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
-
, Fok aN~~irini, usE: ~NLy~
- A S'l.l-perrent incre~ise in the v~lue of the inaCtive portion of fixed a~getg -
--~fbo--caused the output-cepit~l ratio td decline by U.13 ruble~/ruble. To
- :~uine extent the negative influenc~ of thig factor ie due to the creatlvn of
new drilling enterpribes and the extended srattering of the drilling opec~a-
rions fr~~nt, leadiny, to the neceaetty of ~dditional building and fecility
ra~i~trur.t ion, who~e vr~].ue increased by 41 perrent. At the eame eime, addi~
tioiial automotive traneport had to be acquired.
l~i tl?e Nintt~ Five-Ye~r E'lan, the volume of drilling in Kub~n'gazprom,
Slc~vr~pol.'gazprom, and Ukrgaxprnm declined; it roge in Turkmenge~prom and
'Cyun~enpazprom. There wr~e an analogous change in the output-capital ratio
i~i tl~e~e aseociatione, due to the influence of the rig productivity factor
/1f : It was negative in Kuban'gazprom, 5tavropol'gaxprom, and Ukrgaxprvm,
.~~i~ poKitive in Turkmengazprom and Tyumengezprum. M~reover, in 5tavrbpol'-
yc~xprom the ne~ative influence of this factor is due to n 3.3-fold increase
in tt~e labor-intensiveness of drilling operetione becauoe of the incre~eed
well depths; in Ukr~axprom and Kuban'gazpt�am it is chi~fly due to the de-
teriori.atiun in extensiv~ and inCengive utilizatinn of drilling equipment
during the drilling Procese: In UkzgeZprom~ despite a eubgtenCial reduc-
ci.on in drilling deptfis the schedule epeed rose only elightly, vhile in
Kub:in'guzprom it even declined by eight percent. At the ~ame time, thi~
faccor had a negative influence on the output-capital ratio in Uzbekgazprom ~
as well, c+here the volume of drilling increased. This is due to thp fact
tt~Hr. a 70-percent riae in drilling wae accompenied by a 2.5-fold increase
in ~asets over the saroe period. The increage in the volume of dri:.ling in
7'yumengazprom and Turkmengazprom ie due tc a slight improvement in the
~~tilization of drilling equipment, as ~ result of Which the drilling equip-
ment curnover factor AfK had a positive influence on the output-capital
r3tio. '
In Kuban'gazprom~ hoa~ver~ the po~itive influence of this factor vas not due ~
to r~ny improvement ia~ equlpment utilis.Ation at all etagea but resulted
merely from the fact that 16 rigs vere removed from the enterprise'e bslance
_ st?eet. in 1976, making it possible to reduce the turnover ratio artificially. ,
_ In Komigazprom, Ukrgazprom, and Uzbekgazprom the negative influence of the
drt]ling equipment turnover factor is due to the fact that despite a sub- ;
:stantir~l increaae in the rig inventory (3S, 67, and 70 percent~ reepective- i
ly), the vo2ume of d,rilling either did not increase or else increased to a -
leseer exteat. ~
In all of the ministry's essociationa, except for Tyumengazprom, the averege '
value of drilling equipment Af~ reduced the output-capital ratio; thie vas ;
- due to higher pricee on drilling equipment~ increased volumes of drilling
under complex conditions. and greater depths. This influence. moreover,
was strengthened by factors relatiag to the enterprise's performance: In-
:;dequate utili~ation of drill rig capacities~ the presence of large amounte ~
of above-nor~tive stocks of equipmen[, and othere.
1
23 �
f01t t~1~P.CI~1L USE ONLY ~
_ ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
1~~dk o~l~iC1AL U5L oNt,Y
Tt� taCt~r ia minimum in 5tavropol'gazpromo-1,14 rubleg/ruble. In
connecti.on with the transition td the drillin~ of 3,000-meter we?1s, light-
weight rig~ were written off and the inventory wa~ replenished with costly
rtge of the Uralmash-125 type, while the total number aas retatned; this _
raised the average value per riR,
- In TyumengazProm, thia factor cauaed the vutput-Cgpit~l r~tio to ris~ by
- 0.24 ruble~/ruble; thi~ Was due to the acqui~ition of li~ht-Weight and
relatively i~iexpeneive rigg di the BU-75 Bx typp . rl~e output-capitd~. r~tio
Wae negatively influenced by the ~pecific v~Iue of the inactive portion nf
- fixed a~geto. The main rea~on for thig, ae was noted, Wae the creation of
neu drilling enterprige~ and the expanaiott of existing ones. Analyeie mnkes
it poeeible to determine the baeic dir~ctions of increasing output-r.apital -
ratios in the subsector, foremost emong which is improvement ~f the utiliZa-
tion of dri111ng rigs in a11 stagee of Well conetruction.
COPYRIGHT: Vaeeoyuznyy nauchno-isaledovatel'ekiy inetitut ekonomiki,
_ organizateii proizvodstva i tekhniko-ekonomicheskoy informatuii
v gaznvoy promyahlennosti (VNII~gazproro)
6gS4
C50: 8144/0521
�
~
24
FOR OI~'FtC1AL U5E ~NLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE:2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-$
- ~oit O~~ICtAL U5~' ONLY .
I~ULL5 AND it~I.ATBD ~QUIPMENI' `
_ PACTOR5 IN ROLE OF ~COAL IN 'THE LONG-TLRM FULL-ENERGY BALANCL
Moscoa ~NERGE1'IKA, TOpLIVO D0.STIZH~NIYA T PERSP~KTIVY Cpower Enginecring~
Fu~l Progress and Prospectsj in Rusaian 1977 pp 45-49 -
(~xcerpt from article by Doctor of Econaaic Sciences, ProfQSSOr A. S. Astakhov]
[Textj The general trends of the technical-econowic development of undor-
ground coal mining on the basis of the fmprovement of existing technoingical
_ methods must be reggrded as not very praaising. The economic effect of the
technical improvcment of the existing co~l mining technology fn~recent
decades has been expended largely on the compensation of the unfavorable
_ dynamics of mining-geologic factora (in~reas~ng depth of mining, etc.). The
quality (grade and ash content) of rained coal has systematically deteriorated -
~ by measurc of the introduction of existing kinds of technology. The capital-
- output ratia of the mining industry is steadily increasing. By and large, ~
the trends of the technical development of the industry have been awre exten-
sive than intensive. It must be emphasfted that the capacities for the
developaent and expansion of machinery, based fundamentally on e~odern coal
mining tecl?r~ology, prot~ably wiil be cxhausted before the end of this century.
for these reasons radfcal changes of the very principles of the technology of
coal mining and coal utilization are now an urgent problem. In outlining the
contours of underground mfning during the first 25 years of the 21st century, ~
continuing on the busis of the improvetent of present technology is fncon- ~
ceivable. Furthermore, tmfortunately, the apecific outlines of future
technology cannot yet be clearly drawn. Two new technologfea, hydraulic
coal mining and underground gaaification, which have been tested to some
(aithough different) extcnt, are exceptions.
The Soviet Union produced 9.2 million tons of coal by the hydraulfc (ground)
method in 19~5, cwep~red xith a total of more than 100 million tons in 1952.
Hydraulic mining is being used in the Donetsk and Kuznetsk basins. There
_ were seven hydraulic mi~nes and xhree hydraulic co~plexes in operatfon in
1976. Kork was conducted in a wide range of mining-geologic conditions in
thin, moderately thick and very thfck le~vel, sloping and nearly vertical
seams. Many different systcros have been tested and are being used under a
- 25
FOR OFPICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
t~Ott 0~~'iCtAL U5~ ONLY -
variety of conditions for mining ~nd m~~h~niz~tidn of stripping, preparatory
and transport~tian nper~tfons in the mine. N~w hydraulic ~nines are being
planhed a~td built. Thus, frorn the standp~fnt of minfng operations the
hydraulic method has been adopted on en industrial scaic. In the meantime
work continues on research and development for the purpose ef imprdving _
hydraulic minin~ technnlogy and 5ystems.
'fhe basic teci~nological advantages of hydr~?ulic mfning are related to con~
tinuity, low labnr and si~plicity of the technological process. Th~:re ~re
considcrably feaer "junctions" of different processes in hydr~ulic mining
th~n in the traditional methods of mining, ahich ~harply reduces the number
of miners required. Nydraulic mining proc~sses readily submit to automation
and remote control and are promiaing ~n this resrect. The hydraulic method
does not require the presence of people and machinery at the ~utting face.
Therefore roof bracing is not necessary in most cases. 'E'he coai slurry can
be transported by gravity flow at angies of inclination excceding 3�. The
slurry can E~e transported in a cotttinuous flow from the cutting face to the
dryfng p1~nC or constnner. The use of hydraulic transport requires sub-
stantially sa+aller transportation cxcavations (including loading fncilities), -
and this reduces the volwne of the cors~es~onding c~pital mining operationr.
- Other obvious adv~ntages are the $reat flexibility of the hydraulic coai _
cutting process at th~ cutting face and the fact that it is better adapted
to tectortic changes of the sedia~entary formations within the shaft, which
often involves serious probleais when traditional long-aall technology is used.
The hydraulic ~aethod also has significant advantages Nith respect to labor
s~fety in the mine. Hydraulic Aining has a 2-3 times smaller rate of indus-
trial injury than ordinary mining technology. This is related to the fact
that there are no miners at the cutting fac~ and no rolling stock and
machinery in preparatory and trsu~sportation excavations. The dust content
of the air in hydraulic mines also is extrapely loa and does not exceed
0.25-0.5 mg/~a~. Finally, by virtue of the low labor factor, the total need
for miners in underground operations is substantially reduced by the hydraulic
- method.
The econanic advantages of hydraulic coal roining stem from its technological
advantages. In connection with fewer basic and auxilfary operations and a
reduction of their labor factor labor productivity at operating hydraulic
mines in 1975 reached 63 tons per ~aan in the Donbass and 145 tons per man
(and up to 19S tons) per month in the 1Cuzbass, or 1.3-2 tii~es higher than at _
highly nechanized mines using ordinary coal mining technology. The operatin&
hydraulic mines have a 10-15~ loNer cost (including 10 times loxer for
hydraulic transportation) than ordinary mines in the same basins under
sia,ilar conditions, and Lhe basic cost per ton of coal ~ined is 25~ loxer.
On the basis of planning data of large nea hydraulic ntines, the econamic
indices can be ioproved signfficantly fn the near future. The pianning
" indices of these hydraulic ~nines are better than those of wine5 using
- ordinary technolo~y. Tha ~peciffc capital investments of a mine with an
annual production of 3.5-4 ~illion tons are 18-25 rubles~ton, compared
26
~ FOR Oi?FICIAL USL ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
~Ott dI~'t~'ICIAL U5~ ONLY
with ~0 ~ub}es/ton, the volum~ nf mining operations is 170,000 m~, compared
with 42d,~~f~~~volume of construction o~per~tions for plgnt$ and facilities
is AOO,Ot~O m, compared with 760,000 m~ tl~e monthly~1nbor productivity per
coal miner is 144 tons, compared aith 58 tons, the cost of the coal is 3-4.5 -
rubles/ton, ~comparcd with 6-6.5 rubies/ton~ thc "reduced" cost is 6-7 rubles
per ton, compare~ with 10, oloctricity and fucl consumption is 1.5-2 times
- higher than in ordinaxy mines, but th~ amount of expended materiuls is -
sm~ll~r.
It is important to note that the hydraulic method has been tested and proved
in ~ wide range af mining-geologic conditions. The best indic~s were achicved
in modcrate and thick seams, but the technicai-economic indices are better
even aithin seams than those of traditional technology. 'Che process can be
used in all coal seams with an angie of inclination greater than 2�. Weak
- roof rocks a:nd suelling soils (in about 30~ of the coal seams in the Don~tsk
b~5in) lfmit the application of the hydraulic method. The hardness of the
coal and thc fracturing of the coal seam exert a strong influence on the _
machinery used for stripping and preparatory operations, and fracturing can
increase the productivity of the hydraulic coal mining process by a factor
of 8. For hard coal ~nd weak rnof rocks it is advantageous to use mechano-
hyclraulic extraction of the coal and rocks and reinforcement of the work
sp~ce, or hydraulic xashing after loosening of the coal seata, instead of
hydraulic cutting of the coal and control of the roof by complete collapse.
By and Iarge, the following can be said regarding the range of conditians
under which the hydraulic method can find effective application:
thc range is, in principle, quite broad;
hydraulic technolopy offers just as many different tech~ical decisions and
systems for different mining conditions as traditional methods, and therc-
fore the extensive application of this method should be preceded by exten-
sive research and development of sufficiently different~ated decisions;
hydraulic coal cuttiing has great advantages over mechanical cutting under
complicated tectonic conditions of stratification; ,
hydraulic transport of the mine mass can pmvide a better solutinn f~r two
difficult problems of the contemporary Donbass, namely a reduction of the
_ volumc of expensive capital mining operations and the elimination of labor-
- consuning multilevel systems aith different kinds of transportation from the
shaft.
~lydraulic mining is a relatively new method and has great prospects for -
tecl~nical perfection. The pressurs of the stream from the nozzle can be
incrcascd to ISO-200 1:g/cm2 for hard and soft coals. Kays of speeding up
mining under various mining-geologic conditions xill involve preliminary _
softening of the coal seam by forcing water inio the seam thrnugh special
drill holes. Hydraulic cutting of coal by means of thin streatps at a pres-
sure of up to S00 kg/cm2 and methods of breaking up rock Nith a hardness of
27
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
~Oit O~~ICIAI. USC ONtY
up td 8-10 by mc~ns of pulsating high- and suporhigti-pressure (up tn 8,000
kg/cm~ ~nd h~gher) streams, al4o app~~r to be promisi.ng, There ~rc ~r~~t
prospects for the improvem~nt of remoto-~ontrolled ~nd programmed seif-
prop~llcd (rnlling and walking) wat~r guns and for the dcvelopment of ~uto-
mated self-propelled hydraulic mining machines. Uifficult problems must be
so~ved in the area of the autumgtion of hydraulic~transportation, more
efficicnt dehydration of coal slurry and clarification of the watex ~t the
surface. Nowovor~ there can be no doubt that the porfectinn of hydraulic
mining along these lin~s will b~t successful~ which will even further expand
its rang~ of effective application. ~
Undergrnund cogl gasification differs fundamentally from all other coal
mining technologies. ThQ experin?ental and industriai development of tl~is
method has been in progress in the USSR for nearly a h~lf century. Five
underground coai gasification plants, producing about 1.5 billion m3 a~ gas -
annually, have operated in the Moscow suburbs, in the Donetsk and Kuznetsk
basins and in Angren (Uzbekistan). In spite of the long pQriod of develop~
ment, however, notable progress has not yet been achieved, either in the -
development of reliable pm cess technology, or from the standpoint of the
quality of the gas obtained and its economi.c indices.
The ecdnomic indices that have been achieved at demonstration plants are
worse than the design indices and have not been competitive with mines, even
under the best conditions. The caloric content of the gas produced by burn- _
i..s coals aith vastly different natural caloric contents (from 2,700 to
6,500 kcal/kg) usually does not exceed 800-850 kcal/m3. The unsatisfactory
indiccs were related basically to the instability of the technological pm-
cess and to extremely low capacity indiccs of the plants (from 28 to 160,000
tons of conventional fuel annually). Under these conditions, and in a _
country with vast reserves of cheap natural gas, underground coal gasifica-
tion was ignored and is usually not regarded s~s a possible competitor of
currcnt coal mining technology.
At the same time, gasification is cheaper than the production of synthetic
gas frora coal on the surface.
Most of the potential advantages of underground coal gasification, it is
believed, can be realized only after the caloric content of the gas that is
produced is increased significantly and the process is made more stable
(cxpcriments in these arcas have not yet produced positive results). Better
indices cun be achieved, perhaps, by using oxygen-enriched blasting for
gasifying deeper seams, deposited under heavy overburden. If a stable
technological process, capable of producing hig,her-caloric gas than the
traditional technology, and using solid coal, can be developed, the folloaing
potential advantages of underground gasification may be attainable: -
the complete elimination of paid labor under underground cond~tions;
a substantial reduction of the volume of wining operations and their simplifi-
cation (the construction of all facilities of underground gasification plants
- costs only 1/S of the total basic funds, whereas this figure is about 2/3 at
mines);
28
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
- ~Ott d~~ICIAL US~ ONLY
the fea~ibility of the complete automation of fucl production;
improvement of boil~r oper~ting conditions;
the convenience of using the gas as household .fuel (if,the caloric c~ntent
exceeds 4,000 kcal/m~).
Therc~ is reason to gssume that if the technological procoss cgn be developed
and the cupacity of the plants can be increased sharply thQ ecanomic indices
uf underground gasification might be competitive with traditional coal mining
mathnds, and the establishment of fuei-chemicai industrios on this basis
. might improve them even morv. But speaking of the future of underground coal
mining in the 21st c~ntury, it is, perh~ps, hard to envision anything much
difforent from the existing technologies, other than underground ggsification _
or gcochemical "drilling" techniques, ahich are analogous to it.
T1~e following general principles, on which the coal mining technnlogy of the
first quarter of the 21st century cannot but be based, may be fonaulated a�
a generalization of individual research efforts of t~e experts: the organi- ,
zation of completely automated underground processes; assembiy line techno-
logy and maximum automation~vf the entire system of processes; complete
, extraction and processing of all useful products, deposited along with the
coal or exiractable therefrom; minimum impact on the environment as a result
of the development of "effluent-free" technology. One can imagine a coal-
fuel-chemical complex, using a closed cycle for the Extraction of coal and
fox its conversion to energy, oil and chemical products, as the basic type
of plgnt that r+ill employ these technological principles. The success of
dcep coal proccssing technology and transportation of the products will
detezmine to a great extent the scope of the develo~nnent of coal mining and _
thc exploration of new fmntiers in coal mining. _
~ Of course, the final decisions will depend on the specific, as yet largely
unprcdictable pro~pECts of Soviet and aorld poaer engineering. Nowever, the
"coal version" of power engineering is deserving of prompt and comprehensive
development, since it is one of the most probable trends in the foreseeable
future.
COPYRIGKT: Unknown
7 872
C50: 8144/0320
29
FOR OFFICZAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
- I~Ok Cli~l~'CCt~L USl: ONLY
F~U~LS AND REI.AT~.D LQUIPM~NT
UDC 662.6/7:658~511.2
t~t~THODS OF' CALCULATING MAT~RIAL5--INTENSIV~N~55 IN I~'U~L INDUSTRY R~VI~W~U _
Moscnw EKONOMIKA GAZOVOY PROMY5HLENNO5TT in Rugsian No 11, 1978 pp 12-21
_ (ArCicle by V. A. Bugrov, V. 2~ Pntapov~ and Ye. P. Bochkov, VNIIKTEP _
nf USSR Goeplan: "DeCermining the MaC~rtals~InCensiveness of F'uel
- ExCraction"]
(Text~ The hiatoric 25Ch CP5U Congress posed the challenge of sharply
raising the efficiency nf public production. This is the mogC important
part of our overall economic aCrategy in the current phase of building
- communism. Reducing the materials-intensiveness of production is one
_ oE the ways to solve this problem. In the a~countability report to the
25th pnrty congreas L. I. Brezhnev pointed out: "The country's needs
for energgr and raW materials are continuously growing, and their pro-
duction is becoming mor~ ~nd more expensive. Therefore~ to avoid an
excessive increase in capital inveatment we must work for more raCional _
use of resources, which includes reducing the materials-intensiveness
nf output~ uaing cheaper and more efficient materials and using them
economically."* Although the sectora of the fuel industry have compar-
atively lo~t materials-intensiveness (petroleum and gas extraction are
capital-intensive and the coal industry is labor-intensive). an analysis
of their materials-intensiveness is interesting primarily from the point _
of view of finding intersectorial proportions for development of the
fuel-energy complex. Because the ahare of the Eastern regions in fuel
extraction is steadily groWing~ which means that shipping distance is
also groving, a comparison of materials-intensiveness With due regard
for expenditure of materials to tranaport the fuel (Which accounts
for roughly half of the total freight traffic of the country) is very
important. -
Because development of the fuel and energy sectors takes about 28 _
percent of capital inveatment in induatry~ it is also important to
compare the materials-intensiveness of capital conatruction in fuel
*"Mgterialy XXV S'yezda KPSS" (Materials of the 2Sth CPSU Congress).
MoscoW~ Politizdat, 1976, p 43.
30
FOR O~FICIAL USE Ob'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
'
r'OEt d~~'ICIAL U51: ONLY ;
~xeraeCion. Th~s we muse find ~ eeChniqu~ for deeermtning the mat~rinln-
intensivenege of exeracting and etigndporei~ng differenC types of fuel in
operationa activity and capital construcCion~
~ It is well-known tihnt the materials-intensivene~s of ouepuC ie described
- by ttie raCio of materiala expendieures to production of nutpuC for n
corregponding time period.
The following meehdd~ ~r~ ueed to determinc materials-inCensivene~s:
1. relating materials expendieureg to output in moneM
tary form (rublea per ruble of grnse or nee out-
puC);
2. relaCing expenditure of maCerials to output in _
phygical meaeuremente (ton per ton);
3. relating materials expenditures in phyeical
terms tr~ production of output in monetary form -
(tona per ruble of grnss and net oueput);
4, relating materials expenditurea in monetary
form to producCion of outpuC in physical terma
(rubl~s per ton).
_ The Methodological Instructions of U55R Gosplan for working out state
plane for development of the national economy recommend using the ratio
of materiale expenditures (wiChout depreciation) per ruble of commodity _
(gro~s) output as the index of efficiency of use of material resources
for Che sectore of phyaical production~ aseociations~ and combines.
In those industrial sectors that produce uniform typea of output~ calcu-
lations of the efficiency of use of materials are also made for the pro-
duction of output in phyeical terma.
Considering the broad asaortment of materials uaed in the extraction
_ and transportation of particular types of fuel~ relating materiale ex-
penditures in tona to the volume of fuel in natural terms, that ie~
tona, is not only economically inexpedient but also not feaeible~ ee-
pecially if We conaider the different hea+t of burning of the types~
grades~ and varieties of fuel.
Because of the breadth of asaortment of materiale used vith relatively
low expenditure norms for them it ia also inadvisable in practice to
relate n~aterials expenditurea in phyeical Cerms to extraction and
tranaportation of fuel in physical terms.
The difference in the heat of burning of particular typea of fuel and
also for coal by basins~ depoaits~ and grades make the index of ma-
terials expenditnres defined as the ratio of materials expended in
- monetary form to production of output in phyaical terms incompatible.
- 31
FOR OFFICI~IL L'SE OI~'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
F'Ult Ut~t~'iC:lAt, US~ nN1~Y
Therefore~ df nll the methnd~ congidered for Cnlculaeing th~ mgC~rials-
inten~iveneeH of Che extrnceidn gnd tran~port~rinn of diff~rent types
~f fuel, Che only acceptable one may be considered to be calculntion
of materials expendituree in mon~tgry form (without deprecintion)
per ruble o~ growth in net output.
It ghould b~ obeerved that calculating the materials-intensivenese nf
productinn of output per ruble of net oueput is not envisioned by the _
methodological instrucCions of U55R Gnsplan. HnwEVer~ determining
thi~ index would reflece the maCerigls~inten~ivenege of production
more cortrectly becaug~ it a~ake~ it pogaible to preclude Che influence
of expenditures of paet (embodied) labor nn its resulte.
Tab1e 1 below ahowa a comparieon of ehe average materials-intensiveness
of extrnction of the primnry types of fue1, natural gas, petroleum~
and conl, and changes in these figures over time.
Table 1. Materials-Intensiveneee of ExCracCing Natural Gns~ Petrolevm~ -
and Coal in 1970 and 1975 (natural gag in 1970 ~ 100X)
1970 1975
l~uel A B A B
Natural Gas 100 200 175 189 -
Petroleum 138 200 212 294
Coal 288 228 275 � 228 =
- Key: (A) For Groag Output;
(B) For Net Output.
Auxiliary materiale~ containers~ fuel~ energy, and the like~ that ia
those ob~ects of labor expended for the technological, general produc-
tion~ and economic needs of the enterprises~ as Well as tools~
furnishings, and apecial devices and items not classified as fixed
productive capital under current procedures are included in materials
expenditurea.
Materiale expenditures aere calculated by multiplying their ahare of
� the prime coat of fuel extraction by ite full prime cost. -
- The ahare of these material~ expenditures was determined on the basis
of report figures and their shaYe in other monetary expenditures,
which are about 40 percent for petroleum and naCural gas extraction,
aas detarmined by analyzing actual figurea for 1970 and 1975.
- The ahare of materials expenditures in "other finan~ial eirpenditures"
- for open-pit coal extraction ia 60 percent, while for underground
coal mining it is 30 percent; given the existing ratio betWeen open-
pit and underground coal mining (one-third and tvo-thirda respectively)~
this also averages 40 percent.
32
FOR OFFICIA[. US~ Or'LY -
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
~dit n~~ICIAL U5~; dNLY '
M~C~rials expenditureg ~or geologiCal ~xplc~ration were includpd in
other materigl~ expenditure~ noe digeributed by elementg in petroleum
- and g~~ extracCion~
Analy~is o~ Tnble 1 ghowg thaC the m~terials-inteneivenese of natur~l
g~~ and pPtrnleum extrgction cnlculaeed for growth and n~t ouCput -
ahowe c~ tendency to increase, while fdr eoal it aCays Che gam~ in Ch~
i cnlculntion for net outpuC and decreage~ by five percent ~hen Cn1CU-
lated for grosg oueput. 'The greaCest increage in the level of
marerlal~-~inCengivene~s of exCr~ction in 1975 compar~d Co 1970 figures
ig nbs~rved for g~~ (75 and 89 percent calcul~ted for grogs and uet
~ output), while the increage ie glighCly legg for petroleum (54 and 47 -
percent tiespectively).
Ueepite Che stabilizaCion nf the level of maCerfals-intenaiveness in
conl extr~ction calculated for ~;ross ouCpuC and the ~light decre~se
when calculated for net output~ thP ov~rall dimengions of the materials-
inteneivenege of coal extra~Cior; continue eo be high~~C, exceeding the
figUreg for peCrerleum and natural gag extraction by 1.3 and 1.57 Cim~~ _
when calculgted for gross ovtpuC in 1975. When calculated for net out-
_ put in 1975 the mgterials-inten~iveness of coal extraction i~ 1.21
times higher than the corresponding index for natural gae~ but 22.4
percent below the materials-intensivenese of petroleum exrracCion~
- Considering that the prices for particular types of fuel are not com-
parable and that their heat of burning differs, we believe that the
method of calculation baeed on the ratio of mgterials expendiCures in
monetary form per un~t of a atandard fuel ahould be coneidered more
cnrrect, Thie method offera an opportunity to compare the materialg-
inteneivenesa of extracting types of fuel that differ qualitatively
by heat of burning. The follo~ing coefficients are adopted for con~-
verting natural fuel into atandard fuel: 1,43 for petroleum~ 1.17
for natural gas~ and 0.7 for coal.
The materials-intensiveneas of extracting natural gae, petrole~m~
and coal in 1970 and 1975 When calculated per ton of atandard fuel
- is shosm in Table 2 below.
Table 2. Materiale-Intensiveneas of Extracting Natural Gas, Petroleum,
and Coal (without depreciation~ tm teriale-intenaiveneas of natural
gas extraction in 1970 ~ 100x).
~ Puel 1970 1975
Natural Cas 100 175
Petroleum 230 330
Run Coal 888 858
A comparison of the figurea in Teble 2 for 1975 with the figurea in
Tab1e 1 for 1975 for grosa output ~ho~+e that the differance in the
33
FOR OFFICIAL LS~ 01'LY
~ . .
- _
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
WUk ctl~ M' I(.' I Ai, tlSt: c)NLY
levcl df maCerial~-inCensivenegg of conl extrn~eion i~ 3~0 tim~~
greet~ar ;.han for natural gn~ ~nd 2~0 Cimeg Rreater than for petroleum~
The r~agon for thie ig g flaw in exi~ting average US5tt priC~g fdr
natur~l gae, petroleum~ and run coal which geCg Che average USSIt price
for run coal much higher th~n Che pric~ for naturai gas and petroleum
while it~ h~et of burning i~ significanCly low~r.
If kh~e priceg fdr Cheae type~ of fu~l w~re matched to their heat of
burnimg, the relatiott~hip amc~ng th~ mgti~rigis-intengivenese of Che dif-
fer~nt typee of fuels whpn calcul~tpd Enr ~ro~g oueput and stend~rd
fuel t~rould bp e1na~C th~ same.
Nowever, considering ehe higher consumer value of petraleum and natural
gg~ when compared to coa1, the differing efficiency for Che coneumer
of using theee typeg of fuel, different trende Cnwgrds change in prime =
cogt, gpecific c~pitel inv~etment, and cglculaeed expenditure~, and -
algo the level of aorld prices f~r petrnleum, the ratio of pricee for
petroleum~ natur~l ggg, and coal should take Chese and oth~r factore
into aCCt~unt.
The flaas in existing aver~ge U55R pric~g for natural gas, perroleum,
and coal~ and the ~pecial fe~tures of the farmaCion of net output with
~ high share of wageg in the coal industry and high profit in the
petrdleum artd gAS induatry~ mak~ the ind~x of materials-intenaiveneas
figt~red for net profit i11-auited for comparigon.
Because the prices for the particular typea of fuel todgy do not cor-
reepond to socially neceesary labor expenditurpe~ the only acceptable
n~ thod that tmkee it pog~ibl~ to put the materiale-intensiveness of
the different typeg of fuel in compatible form ie calculetion per ton
of gtandard fuel. 'Chie ~ethod ~lan makes it po~gible to determine the
comparative materiala-intensiveness of extraction and transportation
of fuel~ but this does not preclude the neceasity in the mnre diatant
future after refinemente of the price formation system of making the
calculation for gross or net output. But in this case the quality of `
the fuel muat be considered in the price When calculating materi.als-
intensivenese (eapecially for particular depoaits)~ The quality fac-
torg that muet be considered are potential content of light petroleum
producca, sulfur and paraffin cnntent~ and quality of directly dis-
tilled frertione of gesolin~ (octane rating) and diesel fuel (cetene
ratirg) for petroleum, fraction compoaition and sulfur content for
natural gas~ a~nd ash content~ humidity, eulfur content. and the trans-
pnrtation factor for coal.
Following the same methodologicel principlea~ We must calculate the
matexials-intensivene~g of fuel tran$portation~ ahich Will make it
poggible to determine the total materials-in[ensiveness of axtraction
and tranaportation With due regard for transportation of the fuel to
consumptioa regiona.
34
FOR OF~tCIAI. USE Oh'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
M'Uk (li~'1~ I(~IAi. USL' C)NLY
Lt ~hould be obeerv~d th~t the ~e~eors nf the fuel indu~ery hnve low
muteri~lg-~intett~ivenes~ o~ exCrnction but high cnpitnl-intensivenegg, _
whereag Che coal indUSCry also hn~ sub~Cgntial labor-ineensivenese~
'Thi~ is a r~~ult oi the hip,h level of m~terials expenditures Co buiLd
fuel induetry enterprises. -
Therefore, it is important t~ C81CULgC@ materiels-ineengiv~ness noC
- only for the nxtraction c~nd trgn~pdrCaCion of particular types of fuel _
- but glso for capit~l construcCion, The calculntion of mnterials- -
inCensiven~se of the exCr~Ction gnd transportatian of fuel taking into _
accdunC deprecigtion deductio~ for fixed productive capital answers _
' thig problem. Hnwever, cottsidering th~C elemenCs such ns wagea with
deductiottg for gocinl insurance, the profit of construcCion organiza-
tiong~ and the like are also reflecCed in fixed productive capital, a
direcC calculation of tt~e m~Cerials-intensivenesa of cnpieal construc-
tion should be congid~red mare corxect. We ehould observe that the
ghnre of materials ~xpenditures in CnCal capitaL inveatment for the _
development of ehe gas extra~tion~ petroleum extraction~ and coal
extr~~tion indugtries has hardly changed at all over time. Thus, in
the Eighth ~ive-Yenr Plan the ahnre of material expenditurea in
consrruction and installaeion work for the extraction of n$tural gas~
petroleum, nnd coal wae, respecCively, 59.8, 56,4~ and 56.1 percent;
in the Kinth ~ive-Year Plan the figures were 52.6~ 56.2, and 56~7 par-
cent, and in the lOth Five-Year Plan (according to calculation) they
wi11 be 61.8, 51.6~ and 59.6 percent.
The share of materials expenditures with equipmenC in direct capital ~
investments in the development of Che gas extraction, petroleum ex-
Crnction~ and coal extracCion industries in the Eighth Five-Year Plan
was, reapectively, 68.9, 65.9, and 68~0 percent, while in the Ninth
Five-Year Plan the figures were 66.3, 65.0~ and 70.9 percenC, and the
lOth Five-Year Plan (according to calculation) they will be 69.8, 66.2,
and 71.6 percent. -
The increase in the ahare of materials expenditures including equipment
nnd direct capital investmenta in the coal extraction industry when com-
- pared to petroleum gnd gas exCraction results from a higher level of
- equipment use in coal extraction.
At the same time~ of courae, as the acale of fuel extracCion increases _
an ever-larger part of newly introduced capacities will be used to main-
tain the level of fuel extraction already achieved. For this reason
. we believe it is more correct to calculate the materials-intensiveness _
of capital construction aot for the absolute growth of petroleum ex- -
traction but for newly launched capacities.
Table 3 below illustrates this point. From Table 3 we can see that the
materials-intensiveness of fuel extraction calculated for capacities
being introduced by all types of fuel is considerably lower than the
calcul~tion for absolute growth; with the same general trend toward _
35
FOR OFFICIAL L'SE Oiv'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
- rok ai~~i~~rc rn~, usis ONLY _
~ chgnge in Chig figure, the trend hns a"softer" lonk when cnlculated -
�or capaciCies introduced as compared eo growth in extraction. _
Table 3. MaCerials-Inrensiveness of Capital Conatruction in the Sectors
of Che Fuel Industry (mater~.als-intensiveness of natural gas in 1966-
1970 ~ 1QOX)
~ 1966-1970 1971-1975 1976-1980
Indexes G P C G P C G P C
- ~or Absolute Growth
Materials-Intensiveness in _
Direct Capital Investment:
Without Equipment 100 76 238 104 94 163 77 142 161
With Equipment 148 113 529 121 136 385 111 204 393
- F'or New Capacities
Materials-Intensiveness in
Direct Capital Investment: _
WiChout Equipment 43 38 126 34 33 99 32 42 101
With Equipment 64 56 259 39 48 235 45 60 24 -
- Key: (G) Gas; (P) Petroleum; (C) Coa1.
In the Ninth Five-Year Plan there was a slight drop in the materials- _
inteneiveness of capital construction, but, according to calculations~
it will rise somewhat for all types of fuel in the lOth Five-Year Plan.
The reduction of materials expendiCures for operating activity and _
capital construction to a si.ngle comparable type deserves attention, _
because only when this is done can we make sufficiently complete ~udge-
ments about aggregate materials expenditures for fuel extraction and -
creation of the material-technical base for fuel production. Because
we lack such a technique, Che authors used a procedure based on calcu- _
lation of adduced expenditures. For complete comparability in capital
_ construction we took only materials expenditures in direct capital in-
vestment, including equipment, using a single efficiency coefficient -
of 0.12 for all sectors of the fuel industry, while maCerials expendi- -
tures in operating activities were taken without depreciation deduc-
tions because a consideration of them would have caused us to count _
materials expenditures twice in capital construction. Moreover, owing
to difficulties in identifying materials expenditures for capital re-
p~ir of fixed industrial productive capital, these expenditures were
not taken into account. -
The calculated materials-intensiveness of extracting natural gas, ~
- petroleum, and coal in the country for�absolute growth in extraction _
and new capacities calculated against standard fuel is given in
Table 4 below. -
36
FOR OFFICIAL L'SE OtiLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
I
~Ult dN'I~'IC1AI, US1, ONLY
Table 4. Calculated Materl.als-Intensivenegg of f~xtrdctin~ Natural Gae,
Petroleum, and Co:~l in 1970 nnd 1975 (naturnl gas in 1970 calculated for
egpr~citie+~ l~un~l~ed = 100r).
Indexes Natur~l Gag I'etroleum Coal
- Ca].culaCed for New
Cnpacitie~
~y70 100 108.2 474~0
]975 77,5 113,1 438,0
Calcul~ted for Ab~olute
Crowth in F'uel ~x-
tr~iction
1970 210.1 183.5 830.0
1915 185~5 228.5 636.0
With the increaeinK scnle of open-pit coal extracti~n the calculaCed
mnterials-intensiveness for abe~lute growth 1n coal extraction in 1971-
1975 dropped by 23.4 percent~ while the incorporation of h ighly produc-
tive gas deposits mnde it possihle to reduce materiels-inteneiveneae in
natural gas extraction by 11.8 percent whe~~ at the eame time~it was
increasing by 24.5 percent in petroleum extraction. These trende caueed
cl~an~es in the ratios among calculated cmterial-intensivenesg for abso-
lute growth in ~iatural gas, petroleum, nnd coal from 1:0.87:3.95 in
1970 to 1:1.23:3.43 in 1975, The same pattern ia obaerved in the calcu-
lation for capacities launched~ except that the ratio among calculated
materials-intensiveness figures for natural gas~ petroleum, and coal
in 1970 was 1:1.08:4,74 and in 1975 it was 1:1.46:5.65. The change in
the ratio of calculated materials-intensivenees figured for absolute
- growth in fuel extraction and capacities launct~ed ie linked to a change
in the proportion of launched cepacities being uaed to mainCain the
existing l~vel of extraction of varioua types of fuel. In this respect -
nat~lral gas is in the best position.
'Ti~us, a comparison of different method~ of calculating the materials-
intensiveness af extraction of natural gas, coal, and petroleum en-
abled us to establiah that calculation per ton of standard fuel ia
most acceptable. We propoae that this technique be uaed to calculate
materials-intenaiveness in operating activity and capital construction
and tt~e materials-intensiveness of different aectors of the fuel
industry.
1t is better to calculate the materials-intensivenees of capital
construction for cuPacities launched.
Improvement in the development of prices for different types of fuel
will make it possible to change f rom calculating materials-intensivenas
per ton of standard fuel to calculation of material.e-intensiveneas per
ruL~le of gross or net output.
37 -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014456-8
~dit O~F'ICIAL U5~ ONLY
mrend analyeie of the mnteriala~-inten~ivenesa of the extraction oE
variou~ typea of fuel. for the country ~~v a whole has resul.ted in the
identification of trend~ c~nd rh~nges in thi~ index.
- CO['YRICHT: V~esoyuxnyy nnuchno-ier~ledovatel'akiy inatitut ekonomiki,
orKanizatsii proixvad~tv~ iteWniko-~ekonomicheakoy informat~ii v p,nzovoy
proaryahlennoati (VNII~gazprom)~
11~176
C50:8144/0520
END
38
FOR O~FICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010056-8