JPRS ID: 8241 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 119
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 48
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-R~P82-00850R000'1000'10048-7
~ ~ ~ .r . -

~ 24 JANUARY i979 ~ ~ ~ ~ C FOUO ~ 5179 ~ ~ ~i OF 2
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
I-UI~ ~I-I~l(;1NL USE UN~Y
~
JPRS L/~241
G
24 Janu~ry 1979
~
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND ~'ECHNOLOGY
PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLQGY
(FOUO 5/79)
~
~
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
� FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
i
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~o~rt;
Jk'i25 public~ti;~r;~- c~nt~~in in~ormation primgrily fr.om foreign
newspapera, rrric~dirals ~nd bodk~, bue ~~l.s~ tr~m n~~ws a~cnc~~
er~nsmiygions und broudc~stg. _t~teri~ls from ~dreign-l~n~uage
sourr~s ~re tr~nsl~ted; those frnm tsnglish-1~ngu~ge 9c~ltYCe5
~re tran~cribed nr reprittCed, toith Chc nrigin~l phr~7sinR and
oeher ch~r~cCerigtic~ ret~ined.
Ele~dlines, editort.~l reporks, gnd maCeri~l ~ncl~g~d in br~ckeCg
~re ~~;ppttud by Jp~5. prncessing indicaCors ~uch as [~exCJ
- ~~r [I:xcerpt~ in the first linp o� each iCem, nr fdllowing eh~
l~at line of a brief, indicaCe how Che original inform~Ci~n was
pracessed. Where nn proces~ing indicaeor i~ given, the in�or-
m~eic~n w~s p~~mm~ri~ed dr exCrgcCed.
L'nfamiliar naca~s r~ndered phnneCically or CrgnsliCeraCed are
enclosed in parenCheses. Words or names pr~ced~d by ~ ques-
tion rt?ark and encloged in parentheses w~re not clear in the
original buC have been supplied as appropriaCe in contexe.
Other unattributed parenthetical not~s wiChin Che body of an
item originaCe wirh the snurce. Times wiChin irems are as
given by source.
'I"he contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attiCudes of the U.S. Government. ~
~"~~�:IGr~T i.r~.WS AND REGULATIJNS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
:~:~'"~R.L~i_5 REPRODUCED HEZ:c~N REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
~"'r,YS D1~BLiCr1TI0~i BE RESTRICTED FOROFFICIAL USE ONLY.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
61~LIOGRApNIC DATA 1~ krport Nu, 2� 3~ ~teripirnt'~ Ateeseion Nu,
SHEBT Jpxs L~ 8a4i
1, nli~ an ~uhtitlr 5~ Rrport Dote
'~ttAA,N5LATI0N5 dN U55~ SCI~NC~ AND T~Cl~NOLOGY - pHX5ICAL 24 Janua. 157~
5CI~NC~S AND TECNNOLOGY~ (~'OUO 5/79) e.
7~ Authur(+) 8. Nu;(urming (kganizrtiun kep~,
9~ I~erf~+rm~nK UrKanit~~iun Namr ~nJ AJd~cee 10, Pro~ect/Ta~k/Wutk Unie tio.
JoinC publicatione R~se~rch S~rvice
1000 NOrth Clebe Ro6d 11. Conts~et/Grrnt ~o,
Arlington, Virgir?ia 22201 `
11, 5pon~oring Organization 1~me and Addrese 13. 1'ype oF Repon 8t Period ~
, Coveted
Aa above
- t
15~ Supplementary Notey
16~ Abatroees
The report contains information on aeronautics; astronomy and asCrophysics;
atmospheric sciences; chemistry; earth sciences and ~,ceanography; elecCronics
and electrical engineering; energy conversion; materiaXs; maChematical
sciences; cybernetics, compuCers; mechanical, industrial, civil, and marine
engineering; methods and equipment; missile Cechnology; navigation,
communications, detection~and countermeasures, nuclear scienc~ and technology;
ordnance; physics; propulsion and fuels; space technology; and scientists
and scientific organization in the physical sciences.
17. Key K'ords and Doeument Analysis. 17a. Descriptora ,
USSR Electronics Missile Technology
Aeronautics E~,ectrical Enginp~ring Navigation and
Antronomy Energy Conversian Communications
Astrophysics Materials Detection and
Atmospheric Sciences Mathematics Countermeasures
Chemistry Mechanical Engineering Nuclear Science and
Computers Civil Engineering Technologl
Cybernetics Industrial Engineering Ordnance
Earth Sciences Marine Engineering Physics
Oceanography Methods Propulsion and Fuels
17b. Identi(irrs/Upen-Ended Terms gq~pment Space Teehnology
t~G COSATi Field/Group 01,03,04,07,08,09,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20,21,22
1!. Availability ~tatement 19. 5ecurity Class (This 21. \o. of Pages
a~Po� ~ 114
For Official Use Only. Limited " `
. ecunty Class (This 22. Ytice
Number of Copies Available From JPRS p~6~~
UNCLASStFtF.D
�011M NTIS�]! IR[V. )�~21 V3COMM�OC t~~l1�0)2
'iHLS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
F0~2 0~"FIC~AL US~ ONLY
. ~
JPRS L/8241
2 4 January 1.9 79
TRANSLATIONS ON i1SSR SCIENCE AND TECNNOLOGY
PHYSICAL SCI~NCES AND. TECNNOLOGY ~
(FOUO 5/79)
CONTENTS PAGE
CYgERNETIC5~ COMPUTEIt5 AND AUTOMATION T~CHNOLOGY
All-Union Conference on Technology of programming
~KIBERN~TIIW~ 5ep/Oct 78) 1
Sympoeium on Artificial IntelLigence~ Automation of
Mathematical Research
(KIDERN~TIIW, Sep/Oct 78) ..a 3
~L~CTRfJNICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
The Mutual Impedance of Dipole Radiatore in an Antenna ~
Array With a Multilayer Dielectric Cover
(Ye, A, Steriopolo~ G. T. Vae~ko; IZVESTIYA WZ
RADIOELEKTRONIKA, No 7~ 1978) 4
The Calculation of the Operating Characteriatics of a Channel
for Protecting Againat Cm sata].k Interference in a Doppler
Speed Measurement Set
(A. A, Yelieeyev~ et a1.; I2VESTIYA WZ RADIOELEKTItpNIKA~
No 7, 1978) 11
A S~andard Microwave Noise Generator '
~ (G, G, Petrosyan, L. P. Yemel~yanov; I'LMEI2ITEL~NAYA
TEK(1NIKA~ Aug 78) 16
CLUPIIYSICS, ASTRONOMY AND SPACE
Salyut 6 Orbital and Attitude Control Syetem Described
(Serge Berg; AIR COSMOS, 9 Dec 78) 22
, Pl1Y5IC5
Dynamic tlolograms With Stimulated Light Scattering
(A. I. Sokalovakaya~ G. I. Brekhovakikh; DOKLADY
AKADEMII NAUK SSSR~ 21 Nov 78) 27
_ -a- [III -USSR-23S &T FOUO)
FOR OFFICIAL USE O~TLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
rnx orr~rcraL us~ ornY
rgge
- CONT~NTS (Continued)
SCYENTISTS AND SCZENTYF~C ORGANxZATIONS `
Cooperation Witt? ScientiEic ~etabli.shmanti~ of the
Socialiet Counti.~~ 33
(A. A. Kulakov; VESTNIK AKAD~MI~ NAUK SSSIt, 3ep 78)
Academy oi Sci.encea Scientifi.c Coopdratiion With Scien~ts~s
in Capi.taliet and Developi.ng Countriea 46
(A. A. Kulakov; VESTNIK AKAD~Ct1tI NAUK SSSR~ Oct 78) _
Obituary of Vsevolod Vladimirovich Fedynekiy
(I2V~STIYA AY.ADLMYI NAUK SSSR, FZZIKA ZEMLI~ 62
No 11, 1978)
PUBLICATIONS
Meaeurement and Control of the P~a~Vet~rs~o~~fN~~
I~K NTRpL~+l�xee
(~e p. Yekhlakov~ L. V. , 66
PARAM~TRpV TEKHNICHESKIKH KOZIPLEKSOV~ 1978)
Crosaed-Field Microwave Amplif~.eSVERK1iVY50KOCHAST~TNYYE
(M~ B. Tseytlin~ et al.,
USILITELI SO SKRESHCHENNIYMI P~LYAMZ~ 1978) 68
Integrated Circuita of AnaloB-Digital and Digital-Analog ~
Converters ~~~~L~~~ ~~,~y ANAI,ppp_
(i,'. Ge Balakay ~ et al. ;
TSIFRUVYKH I TSIFRp-~~~~H P~~B~~VATELEY~
1978) 72
Antenna Guidance SyatemA of Satellite Earth Stations
(A, M, Pokras, et al.; SISTEMY NAVEDENIYA ANTENN
2EI~IIVYKH STANTSIY SPUTNIKOVOY SVYAZI~ 1978) 75
Heat Tranefer During Cooling of Diasociable Heat
Carriere in Atomic Electric Power Plants
(ALekea~nENIIiDISSOTSIIRIJYUSHC~IIKH T'EPLO~ ITE
EY AES, _
OKHLl1
1978) ~
Tranemiseion of Television Signals Over Coaxial Cables
(Aron Kisel~yevich Olcsman; PEREDACI~A TELEVIZIONNYKri
SIGI~LOV PO KOAKSIAL~NYM KABELAM, 1978) 82
Sube~riber Equipa?er?t in Urban Telephon A~~~SKIYE
(yevgeniy Petrovich Dubrovekiy;
USTRpYSTVA GTS: SPRAVOCHNIK~ 1978) 86
-b -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
r~n nrx~crnt, US~ dNLY
� ~UN~EN'1'S (Continudd) p~ge
The Zoyem~ron-385 AuComated E19ctronic Calculatiing Machine
(V. I. Tikhomirov; LOY~M'TRpN-385: ~KSPLAUATATSZYA~
' I'ItOGRAMMIItUVANYY~ ( ~SOIiIYA DLYA RAI30TNIKOV ~
MASH~IVOSCH~TNYKH EYUItO), 1977) 8g
Optimal Synthesie of Linear Electronic Circuite
(Artur Abramovich Lanne; OPTIMAL~NYY SIN'I'EZ
LINEYNYKH ~L~KTRIJNNYKH SKHEM, ].978) 92
Automatic Controle in Radio Receivers
(Sergey Nikolayevich Kri~e; AVTOMATICHESKZY~
REGULIR(JVKI V RADIOPRIY~I~INIKAKM~ 1978) 94
Theory of Elec~romagnetic Fie1d Coherence ~
(V. A. Potekhin, V. N. Tatarinov; TEORIYA
KOGEREPt't'NOSTI ELEKTROMAGNITT10G0 POLYA ~ 19 78) 98
Liat of Soviet Articles Dealing WiCh Compoeite Matierials
(GOSUDARSTVENNYY KOMIT~T SOVETA MINISTROV SSSR PO
, NAUKE I TEKHNIKE. AKADEMIYA NAUK 3SSR. SIGNAL~NAYA
INFaRMATSIYA. KOMPOZIT~IONNYYE MATERIALYi No 7~ 1978) 102
New Book Diacusaea Stabilization of Measuring Devicea ,
(S. S. Rivkin; STABILIZATSIYA IZMERITEL~NYKH
USTROYSTV HA KACHAYUSHCHEMSYA OSNOVANII, 23 Jun 78) 105
Breeding Spring Wheat .
(N, V, Turbin; SELEKTSIYA YARAVOY PSHENITSY, 1977) 109
-c-
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
' ~
~'OR nI~rICIAL U5~ ONLY ~
~YUEEtN~'1'ICS~ COMI'UTLtt5 AND AUTOMA'!'ION Tk~f;t~lNOLOCY
~
;
ALL-UNION CONFE1tENC~: Oi~ TFCHNOLOGY Oi~ ~'ltOGRAMMING
Kiev KIBERNETIKA ln Ru;;s~aa Nd 5, Sep/Oct 78 p 65
[ArCicle by the Program CommitCee]
[Text] The Main Ada~i.niatration of CompuCer Technology and Contirol Systems
nf the US5R SCaCe CommiCtee on Science and 'Technology, ehe Presidium of
_ Che Academy of Sci~nces Ukrainian SSR, and the InstiCute of Cybernetics
of the Academy nf 5ciences Ukrainian S~R will hold the first All-Union
Con�erence on "Technology o~ Programming" in Kiev during the sec~nd
quarter of 1979,
The goal of the conference is Co generalize exieCing methoda of program- ~
ming and to formulate recommendaCions for the industria]. development of
pro~came. The conference's Program Committee is pla:ining a broad dis-
cussion of the problems of programming technology divided into the
following sections:
- 1. Design methods which will insure high operating qualities--reliability,
stability, proof of accuracy, etc.--in assembly aystems [programmnyye
siatemy];
2. Ways and means of controlling the production of assembly systems:
organization of personnel, supervision, fixing labor norms, resource
planning, training, price-seCting, programmers' wages, legal relaCioa- ~
ships;
3. Architecture and software of modern electronic computers and their
influence on the Cechnology of programming by the broad masses of uaers;
- 4. Star:dards in programming. The technology of establishing library
holdings of assembly systems and methods of uCilizing them;
5. Program documentation and ways to produce it automatically;
6. Ynstrumental Cechnological systems of programming;
1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~OR n~FICIAL U5~ ONLY
7. The Cechnology of preparaCinn, verificaCion, etiorage, and processing
of ~laCa filea;
8. Problems in organizing the operation of modern compuCer centers.
Thoee wishing to take pare in Che work of Che conference muat aend sum-
maries o� their papers no more than one to two pages in length to the
followin~.~ddresa no later than 25 December 1978: 252207, Kiev, proapekt
40-leCiya Oktyabrya, I42/144, IK AN UkSSR, Programmnyy komitet konferenCaii
"Tekhnologiya pragrammirovaniya." The summariea of the papers muat be
accompanied by the following general information: number of Che aection
to which the paper belongs, laet name, firaC name, paeronymic (in full),
academi.c degree, place of work, position of the author(s), and address
for correspondence. Requeste to change Che wording of the sectiona pro-
poaed above or to add new onea ahould be communicated in writing. Queationa
may be addressed via telephone to I. V. Vel'bitskiy at 66-00-89 or 66-00-78.
Since the program for the conference will be drawn up from the contenta of
the aummaries of the papera, general phrases ahould be avoided when writing
them. Facts (qualitative analyses) and the substantive aspects of Che
iaporC ahould be emphasized.
The Program Committee for Che conference will communicate the results of
its review of the summaries to the authors by 10 March 1979. Papers which
are accepted by the Program Committee and put in the appropriate format
will be published in the ~ournal8 USiM [Upravlyayushchiye Sistemy i
Mashiny ] , PROGRI~I~4fIROVANIY~, and KYBERNETIKA.
COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NAUKOVA DUIrIItA", "KZBERNETIKA", 1978
CSO: 1870
2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
,
~ox nr~xciar, us~ ornY
CYHERN~TICS~ COMPUT~ItS AND AUTOMATION T~CNNOLOGY
SYMPOSIUM ON ARTIFICTAI, INTELLIGEN~E, AUTOMATION OF MATHEMATICAL RESEARCH
Kiev KIBERNETIKA in Russian No S, 5ep/Oct 78 p 141
(Text] A Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Autnmation of Mathe-
matical Research will be held in Kiev on 14-16 November 1978 by the
Institute of Cybernetica, USSR Academy of Sciences.
The sympoeium will be organized according eo the following areas of
research:
1) ways of sutoinating mathemaCical research
'l) methods of auComatic search for corollariea
3) computations for mathematical proofs
4) methods for analyzing programs
5) special systema oriented to Che processing of maChemaCical texts
It is planned to publish the materials from the symposium in issue No 2,
1979, of the ~ournal KIBERNETIKA (Cybernetics), which will be devoted to
results of Che research on artificial intelligence being carried out
within the framework of the Ukrainian Regional Council.
COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NAUKOVA DUI~Qtt~", "KIBERNETIKA", 1978
cso: ia7o
~3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
I~"nR U~P'ICTAL US[~: ONLY
1
~LECTRONICS AND ELECTRTCAL ENGINEERING
UDC 621.396.67
THE MUTUAL IMPEDANCE OF DTPOLE RADIATORS TN AN ANTENNA ARRAY WTTH A MULTT-
LEIYER DIELECTRTC COVER
Kiev IZVESTIYA WZ RADIOELEKTRONIKA in Russian Vol 21 No 7, 1978 pp 45-50
[Article by Ye.A. Steriopolo and G.T. Vas'ko, manuscript received 24 Sep 76, -
following revision 22 Aug 77]
[Text] A meChod of calculating the mutual impedance of
Che dipole radiators of an antenna array with a multi-
layer dielectric cover is analyzed, where the cover
is locaCed in the near field of the dipoles. The method
takes into account the influence o� the currents induced
in the fas~ening elements of the dipoles. Some calcula-
tion results are given. .
Phased antenna arrays (FAR) frequently incorporate dif�erent kind~ of di-
electric covers, which play the part of antenna housings and are also use~l
to improve the matching of the radiators~ Tn this case, the cover is located
in the near field of the radiaCors and can substantially ch3nge their inter-
action.
As a rule, the radiators in dipole~FARts are mounted above a conducting
screen, as shown in Figure la, and the dipoles are driven by rigid coaxial
feeders, which simultaneously play the part of posts which support the ra-
diators at a specified spacing from the screen. The posts are likewise
located in Che near field of the dipoles, because of which, parasitic cur-
rents are induced in them which participate in the overall radiation of the _
FAR. The circumstances indicated here lead to the design configurations "
shown in Figure lb, where ~he presence of the conducting screen of the FAR
~ , is.taken into account in the form of a mirror image of the radiators and the
dielectric covering them.
A problem close in nature was solved in [lJ, where the interaction of strip
dipoles, presc~d between flat dielectric layers, was treated. However, the
results oP [1] are not suitable for radiators positioned perpendicularly to
� the dielectric layer, where the currents in the support feeders are such as
in this case. Given below is the derivation of �ormulas ~ustified for both
orientations of the dipoles, and some calculation results are presented.
4
FOR OFFICIE~;. USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~
E'OIt U1~ l~' f.C I.AL U5~ ONLl'
The muCual impcdance U~:rween ~wo ~.tnear se�~..cc:s with r~n arUitrary disCri-
butiion of the curren~s is de~cr3.bed by ~he formul~ of [2];
Zmn = V!n ~0~ f rn ~0~ Ern ~u~ ~n ~u) dc1~
r�
where In(u) i.s the cur~�en~ disCriUutton in the I1-th source; Em(u) is Che
field intensiry produced by Che m-Ch rad3.ator a~ the sur�ace of Che n-th
source; A~ is Cha resonance circuit used L,y the n-th current. i
in acc~rdan4e with M~xwe11's equations, the Fielcl F.~1(u) can be written in
terms of Che vector, pot.eittial 1~m in the form:
1 ( 2 )
, iw~,,, iw~ grad div A,�~
where
`9'n = 41c ~(u) ( e-
r-{- tN~*P) du;
rm
r is the distance between the point source and the observaeion point.
In the expression For tlie vecCor potential, the function ~otp ref~ describes
the potenrial of the field re~lecCed from the dielectric cover when a spher-
ical wave e'ik~/r falls on it. To find V~ref~ ~~e write the expanslon of the
spherical wave in terms of pla~n waves, ~omething which permits the use of '
the well-known results concerning the reflection of any plain wave fz~om a
plain dielectric p~.ate: 'n
z' 2a
~~k�' 2n. etck,~+kyy~Z:~ sin 0 d0'd~
.i J ' ' ~3~
0 0
z d, �
~ ~ ~ . ?L I Id:
h
~ ~ x i~~ y .
. ~ ~ ~ y
. rj :
~ ~ _
~ ~ ~ z~`o~Fr~'ir'~:
a~'~"2~~'t~z~~~
- a ~ .
Figure 1. General view of the aperture of a dipole phased antenna array (a)
and the configuration for calculating the mutual influence of the
radiators(b) where a dialecCric cover is present.
Considering the fact Chat each expansion wave of (3) is reflected from the
dielectri;, having a coefficient of U(0), we obtain the function V~ref in the
form [3]:
5
FOR OFFICIA;.. USE ONLY
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
T~'Ott qP'FICIAL US~ ONLY
, n -
s` ~rc
'~mp ~ ln ~ f e cckx+k~u+~~iU (0) sin 0 d6 dcp =
~1
0 0
n
s` .
~ lk ~ Jo (k sin C~ l~x~ Jz) e-rh~:~:.~~o,eU (0) sin t~d0, (4 )
where J~(k sin 0~x2 + y2) is a zero order Besael function.
If the dielcetric cover ia a multilayer on~, then Che resulting reflection _
coeff icient U(0) asauaies the �orm [3]:
U (0) znx W
" ' (5)
Z X N
Here W is the impedance of free space, whi~.e ZBX [ZinJ is the input
impedance of cover, consisting of n layers. The quantity Zin is found
from the recurrent formula:
2,
x ~ ~x ~ lZn tg ~kn:dn) ~ (6) .
Z~ iZix ~ tg ~kn~n)
where Zn = Zn/ cos 0 for perpendicular polarization of the incident wave;
Zn = Zn cos 0 for parallel polarizatinn; 2n = un~ is the characteristic ,
3mpedance of the n-th iayer.
Thus, the desired ref lecCed field is �ound from formula (2) where expression
(4) is substituted in it, taking ir.~o account (5) and (6). Considering the
geometry of the antenna array (Figure lb), the resonant circuit current in
the radiators is expediently represented in the form of the sum of two linear
� currents: para11e1 and perpendicular to the dielectric cover. In this ~case,
the problem of finding the reflected field is broken down into two simpler
~ ones, in which iC is necessary t~ find only one component of vector (2).
Carrying ouC the differentiation, we obtain in the case of parallel current
radiation:
~ -t~r
E" 30t 1(x) e k-{- 13 T(x - z', r) - ~
, f { r (12:~:;)z !v
a
tw~ ~J s
e rs [(120n)z ~ k~ T(x - x', r,)J - 2ik U(6) sin 6 x
� o
~ ~ est~co~e ~
x cos (2kh cos E1) ~J~ (kr sin 0) k~sinz 6(x - x')~ ( rZ l- `
1
ZlkHease
_ (1 ~esrkrr~e _ 1) -4- (kr sin 0) sin 6 (e r - r~~, d9} dx~ (7)
6 ~
FOR OFFICIE,L USE ONLt ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
N'~it O~~LGtAI, 115~ ONtY
wll~~~ r" , ~ 1 r ~ Y ~ r ~ 1
~c (x ~ x ~ r) ~ (x x ~ (3tk k r r ~ -1' ~
~ ~
z r~ ~ 1/(x x)' .1. p~ 9Ha~
r ~-1~ - Y ) .
U i~ Che gpgeing b~':w~en di~~ol~ ~~nt~rg; x' cox~~~pond~ ~n th~ point ~ourcp;
x i~ tihe obs~rvatio?~ poin~. -
For thr. ~~~e nf perppndicul~r Curret~C rudigtion, th~ fi~ld h~s ehe �orm:
a ~_c~?,
1;' ~ - 30t r / (x) ~ k~~ ~c (a N~ r) ~ Y (z -1- H~ r~) -4-
~ -
n
2k1 ~,io ~k?~ sin E) U(C~) e~Ai�01" sin 2~1 cos 9 x ~9~
0
x cos (2kii ro~ ~in (kN cos H) dA~ dx,
wh~r~ ~ ~.r
x~~~ ~
ps (z H)~t r ~ 1~(x x )a p~~ tz -4- )'t
ro,~ 1~(z
x')=~~
F~rmulas c~n be derived for :he ?~th~~ eompon~nta of the el.ectrical intensity
~ v~ctor in a eitnilar manner.
~'orm..:.us (7j gnd (S) are ~ugtificd for an arbiCrgry current distribution in ~
ti,e .~diato1g. In thig case, the fi~ld is described by a double integral,
gomeching which rQquire~ rather voluminoug calculations, paY~gucglculations
ra~e of an nnt~nna array aith a large n~bar of rediators.
can be Bignifi~cantly simplified if we limit ourselveg to the generally gc-
cepted model of a phxsed antenna array, i.e., we neglect the influence of
the currents in the support featurea, and also take into account the fact
that cuned dipoles are aiuoles ispdeterminedhwith high accuracyebyitheifolion ,
of the currents in the p
lowing sinusoidal functioe: ain k(L - ~ x~)
~~x~�~0 sinkL ' (9)
5uch a model is inudeq~bsencerofn"blindsapots'~'einrtheiradiation ofeant~AR of
array (4], but in the a
el~ment, it yields good practical results (5].
The field of the current (9) in free space takes the form of the superposition '
of chree spherical waves, outgoing from the ends and the centnr of a dipole
( 2 ] _ ~ ~ _ 3_ e-u~~ + e r~~ ` 2cos kL c~~ ) ~
where sin kL C~ ~ Ro
' r~e ~
R~=1~(G - x)s D=~ R1 ~ Y G-{- z)a D=t Ro ~ x D=. (10)
7
FOR OFFICIkL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~OCi O~~tCIAL US~ dNLY
To Eind eh~ w~v~ refl~ae~d �ro~n the di~l~cCr~.~ cover, dne ~~n u~~ (3) -(6)
wiehauC ~hang~~, in which a~~~ Che r~guiC i~ eh~ d~~~.r~d fi,~ld direcely, ~nd
n~t g Green fun~tiun, ~~m~thin~ whi~h ~1~mingt~~ eh~ ne~d of gdd3t3onal in-
C~gr~Cinc1 opBx~Cion~ und di�fer~nCigCinn th~r~~ft~r.
~ in toCa1, th~ comp]:~t~ field produced by th~ �ir~t dipole at the sur�ace of
th~ ~~cond dip~1~ h~~ Ch~ form
30f / e'rna~ ~-rRR~ -r~a~
~11 C' si~ { R`N' R- 2cos kL e
R
a o
n
s
2fk f[Jo (kR, sin Jo f,kRs sIn -
0
2tkcos kLJo (kRo yin A) j U(0) e"rk"`�~ cos (k 2h cos 0) sin Od(~1 .
~
~ormulg (11) conCaing only a~ingle integr~l, and obviously, ia signific~ntly
' . eimpler than expreegiong (7) or (8).
- Snme of the resu],ts o� calculgtic~ng of ehe mutugl impedances based on (1),
- (9) and (11) for the case of two parallel hnlf-wave dipoles are shown in
~ Figures 2a and 2b. The grapha depict the reeigtive and reactive componenta
of the mutual impedance ag a function of the ~pacing between thg dipoles.
The different curves corregpond to the different thicknesaes of the dielectric
layer, the remaining parametera of which are choaen ag: e m 4.2, h a 0.276 a.
R~ j~?~,
6d '
~ ` 4 p y
~ ~ p 4 46 Q8
a ~ -?0 ~ b
-D Q4 Q .;~p 3 I;,
p �60
Figure 2. The resistive (a) and reactive (b) components of the mutual im-
pedance as a functioa of th~ gpacing between dipoles:
1� d = D~laaj
2. 0.04;
3. Without a dielectric;
4. 0.02.
~or comparison, s:iown with the dashed-3otted linc is the mutual impedance
in the absence of a dielectric. It caa be seen from the graphs of Figures
2u and 2b Chgt with an increase in the thickness of the dielectric layer,
the mutual impedancea initially fall off, in which case the curvea retain
8
FOR OFFICIhL USE ONLY
f
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
H'~k c)N'~tC1AL Uy~ ~NLY
,
R
eh~ir char~Crer, gnd eh~r~a?�t~r, b~ginnin~ .,e ~ va~.u~ nf d~ 0.04 a, ~n ~
oppo~te~ ~h~nge ig ob~~rv~d ~.n tha ~iz~ d� ~h~ mutual ~np~dxnc~, wh~.ch i~
c~cnnm~~ni~d by a~hi.fc o~ ch~ graph ~long Ch~ ~p~cing axie.
dH P, d8
..~,a6
. r1 , ~ s
~ ~
' _,2 ~ ~ ~ I
. ~ r ' ~
i
i ~ ~ ~
t
~ ~s I 1 ~ '
1
1 _ I ,
I ; 1 ~
; I
�SO D SO 6,epod �SO D SO Qrpod degrees
o a
(g) (b)
Figur~ P~rti~l directional patterng of the center (a) and ~nd (b) radia-
tors.
~ ~he degr~e o� influence of the dielectric cover on the characteriatica of ~ ~
a phas~~ gntenna grray nperture can be asaeased from th~ variation in the
. partiA: dir~ctional patterna of different radiators making up the FAR.
Shawn in Figuree 3a and 3b are calculated patterns for ttte c~nt~er and edge
radiators, included in the complement of an aperture ~tith a aize of 11 x ll
� dipolee. The directional paCterns withnut a dielectzic cover are indicated
with a solid line, and with the cover, by a dashed line.
For theee calculations, the d3electric cover was chosen in the form of a thin _
- glasa-textolite plgte, with g thicknesa of d ~ 0.04 71.
The dipoles in the array Were poaitioned at the cornera of a hexagonal grid
with a gpacing of 0.52 71 between the dipoles. The directional patterns Were
computed for the case of the excitation of one dipole of ~he srray (the cen-
tral or end one in the H-plane~, taking into account the currenta induced in
alI the r~anaining dipoles. The induced currents ~tere found by means of
numerically converting the mutual impedance matrix (2].
Tl~e grapha shov that the shape of the partial directional patterna in the
preaence of a dielectric plate changes insignificantly, however, a different
level is observed for the positioa of the directional pattern as a whole
With regpect to some particular cocomon clamp. This circumstance givee evi-
dence that thin dielectric plates can be euccessfully'employed to match
9
FOR OFFICI~.L USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~Ott (~~~'ICtAL US~ ONLY
r~di~tdrg whi~.~ ing~tgni~i~~nr~.y dl.~earting Ch~ir r~diatidn, ~ntne~hi.ng wh~.ch ~
~onFirm~ Ch~ w~~.1-known recnmmend~Cidng nbt~in~d ~xp~rim~n~~11y [6J.
$I~LIOGRAPNY
1. G~1ej~ J., "MuCual Imp~ed~n~~ of Li,ne~r Ant~nn~~ in ~he Pr~~~nc~ of
Strat~.~i,~d Di~~.~ctrics"~ I~C~ Tr~n~., ],966, AP�~4, Nc~ p 195.
x. M~rkov G.G.~ Snzottov D.M., "Aneenny" ("AnC~nn~g"j, Mo~cdw, Enargiyg
Publi~h~r~, 1975.
3. ~rekhav~kikg L.M., "Vdlny v$1oigCykh gradakh" ("Waveg in Layered Media"j, .
USSIt Acedamy of 5eien~ea Publishing Hou$~, 1957.
4. St~rk L., "Microwave Th~ory df phgged Arr~y Ant~nn~g", ~IE~E, 1974, 62,
, No 12, p 1661.
S. "Skaniruyughchiye antennyye ~isCemy 51?Ch" ["Microwgve Sc~nning Antenna
Systeme"J, M09COW~ SoveCakoye itadio Publishers, 1969, 2.
6. 0liner A.A., KniCtel G.H., "Phased Array Antennas", New York, 1970.
COPYttIGHT; IzvasCiya v~zov SSSit - Radioelektronika, 1978
8225
C50:8144/501
10
~OR OFFICItiI. USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
FOtt OFFLCtAL U5~ ONLY
~L~CmItONIC5 AND ~L~CTRICAL ~NGIN~EItINQ
~
itUC 611.391.292 .
, 'CN~ CALCULATION OF TH~ 0~'EttATING CHARACTEItI5TICS OI~ A CHANNEL ~OR PROTECTING
AGAINS'T Cit05S'CALK ZN'P~ttFERENCF t~ A DOPPL~Et SP~ED MEASURF~NT 5ET
Ki~v IZVE5TIYA VUZ ItAADIOELEKTRONIKA in Ruasian Vol 21 No 7, 1978 pp 84-87
(Article by A.A. Yeliggy~v, V.N. Yakovlev, A.K. YanoviCekiy, N.G. 3okolov ~
~nd G.G. C~tmanenko, roanuecript received 22 Feb 77, following reviaion,
9 Jgn 78J ' ~
~ (TextJ The operating detection characterietica of the
timewig~ superpoeition of information signals at the
input of an on�board epeed measurement set ara treated. ,
Functional curvea are plotted from the reaulta of the
analyaig. ~
In radio electronic systems, operating in an asynchronous information ex-
change mode with a frequency on the order of aeveral fractiona of a Hertz, ;
the measurement of the rat~ flf travel of moving ob~ecta ie accomplished us- ;
ing the Doppler ghift of the eign~l frequency of the i.riformation tranamission. ~
2he transmission itself takes the form of a sequense of radio pulses, the
time poaition of which contains the exchange information. As a result of ;
complete ar partial timewise auperposition of the radio pulses, caused by ~
the overlapping of the signals c~t the ayatem input, the inetantaneous fre-
quency of their additive mixture carriea disCOrted information on the rate
of motion, and the data of the metering channel ahould be eliminated from
further proceasing. '
dr Yea
_ / ? 9 4 S 6 ~No
~8~
, ~ Figure 1.
Key: 7. Fine tuning [o zero;
8. Threshold. ,
� , 11
FOR OFFICIl+L USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
, i~'t~lt tl~'t~'ICIAL U5L ONLY
Th~ m~~e prdb~bl~ ig the guperpdyCi.~n ~f Cwd intdrm~t~.~tt eran~mi.~ei~n~,
wh~r~ ehi.s gup~rpogi.eie~n i,g ehe b~~:ts E~r the eneire gub~~qupnr gn~lysi~.
Th~ cnn�3~urgti~n df eh~ rgdin engin~~ring eyge~m b~~.n~ ~tudi~d ia ~hnwn in
Figur~ l, wh~r~ Ch~ receiving devi.ce 1 tg underetood ra be ehe ene~r~ r~did
eh~nnel, oper~Cin~ in ~ lin~gr ggin rood~. ~u11-wav~ rpetif~r 4 conv~~e~ the
bipol~r vid~n pul~~~ in~oming from eh~ ~utpu~ df ~~~qu~n~y digcrimin~enr 3
i.nto unipolgr nn~~ nnd f~~d~ Ch~m Co ~dd~r-~tore 5~nd eh~n eo ehr~sh~ld
unit G. It ~~~um~d eh~t by uging "fine euning eo xern" nf eh~ fr~qu~ney
di~rriminator, Ch~ v~1ue df its crgn~iene fr.equency ~ain~ide~ wi.Ch the v~1u~
~f the freq~en~y di th~ r~did pul~~s bei.ng re~~ived, which do noe dverl~p
in rime th~ tnfdrm~ei,on pul~~ Cr~ing. Amplieude limiC~r 2 suppr~~s~g the
~ ampZirude modul~Cfon of th~ input ~ign~1 m3xeur~.
Th~ pr~g~nc~ of a muleis~ceinn nnnlin~~r chenn~l pre~lud+~g Ch~ pa~sibiliey
. nf uging ~pe~Crg1-norr~lation ~n~ly~ig of ehe pag~~ge ~f the ~ignal~ ~nd
noig~ ghrough ie, h~w~ver, the as~umprion th~e th~re i~ no r~gponge l~g in
th~ prnce~~ing ~hannel p~rmi,ts the dpe~rm~.nnCion nf Che point~ in time of
the rgndom proc~~g at the oueput of Che f~i1].-wav~ r~ctifier, whil~ th~
~dder-gtore bringg Che nutput pro~egs alo~~r to a normal proness where ehere
is ~ rether lerge number of over]~pping puls~s at the ~ystem input.
Ir ie difficult to us~ ~ on~-dimengional probability d~nsity expregsion for
the inst~ne~neous frequency of the ~e~gdy st~te normal random prncesg (1j to '
writ~ dnwn th~ compostion of thc 1~w~ governing the di$tribution of th~ in-
st~nCnneous frequency of the ~dditive mixCure of th~ two informaCion pulae
traing in the internal noise of thc rec~iv~r, and for this reason, it is
expedient to make uge of en approximating, ane-dimensional normgl probability
d~nsity of th~ form (2j
~ ~ y~ exp (1)
where A~ a.85 Aw; A w is the width of the power spectrum of the random
proces~. ~
If the trangient frequency of the discriminator is equal to c?}p, then by tak-
ing into ~ccount the lnws governing the interaction of the instantaneous
frequencies of the proceases betng ndded attd the rules for the conversion af
the prob~bility densitie~ for inerCialless systems (1), one can derive the
probabiliCy denaity for the instanta~eous values of the voltage at its output
in the following form
. ~
S V 2rt (A (1- D)~ D~ -~-m~o~) X
~ (U - Sf1 D~ ~2~
_ A
X exp ~A ~ 1- D)~ Bl32 mzom ,
where ms~~U~~!!~)rns~~'~ D~~(-1)"y~k"cosn~;
n m
n�.l
12
FOtt OFFICIl+L USE ONLY -
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
E~'Ott U~'~ICIAL U5~ ONLY
Utt i~ the ~mplie?~de di th~ ~~din pu1g~~ ~e ~lte inpue td eh~ proc~~ging Ch~nn~l;
U~Unj is Ch~ gnv~ldpe oF th~ nd~.g~ vo~.eg~~; vW (~tn~ ~.s the diep~reion of
t~i~ npprnxim~eing dieCribution of Ch~ prob~bility dengity for the ir~gt~nC-
~nedu~ ndi~~ ir~quancy; k i.:~ th~ rnCio o.E Ch~ amplitud~~ o� th~ overlapping
radio pulgey; ~ ig the di.Ef~r~nc~ in th~ in~t~ntanA~us tni.C~t~~. nh~~e~ of thp
gadid puig~g b~ing ~dded; ~p' i~ thp diff~reuee in Che insC~ntanpou~ init3al
ph~ge~ of eh~ mixtur~ of r~d~.o pulaea gnd the noi~~ volCage; S~g ~he ~lopg
of Ch~ fr~qu~ncy d3~crimin~tor characeeristic; tiA [~ld) ia the Doppler fra-
qu~ncy ~nrr~ction. ~
The firgt two in~.ti~1 pointg in tim~ uf th~ d~.~tribuCion of Ch~ inst~ntgnpoug
volt~~a v~lue~ nt the output of eh~ Eull~wave rect~fier w3th a tr~nsmiss~on
f~~eor Y fnr the rase of the joint action of Cwo superimpoeed pul~e traina
or th~ ~ation of one o~ t1~em, are defin~d by the following expressions re- ~
~pectivaly:
M~ ~U~~`~." ~'a ~~:t exp~ a' ~'f- a ~2~ ~ ~ j/21._.. ~ I' .
/ ~I
Ma (U'I~.~ n~ a1 ~ 2-~ exp~- 2~;, 91~ ~ I~l~ x
, c~
X C ~ F (
a - ~n ~ ~P r`- a
) f2~ (a 1~ ~1 1 ,
a ` 1 L \ / ~ ~3)
J
~1~ IU'I ~ a t M3 (U'] ~ �G1
Yn ~n
where c+ n i~ e gubscript which indicaCes that the given point in time is
asgacigted with the case of the action of tWO pulse trainst
a= 2yS `f n(A (1- D)3 BD~ m'Qml~ ~ s Y~A ( D I~
~x is a Lapla~e integral.
The result~.ng momentg of the di~tribution are random quantities because of
the stochastical nature of the parameters a, ~ and m2, ahich are included
in them. For this reason, we ahall first average the random parametere of
the expressiong (3) taking into account the laas governing the distribution
of the random quantities included in them. The vorking characteriatics
whtch are subsequently plotted in this way, although they are not averaged
in a strictly mathematical eenae, they nonethelesg physically yield weighted
valucg oE t~he correct detection prohability [3]. Considering the fact that
cl~e flurtuating, superimposed radio pulses of the information pulses of the
inforanation pulse trains~can have both coherent and random components, xe
shall make use of a Raysovskiy distribution of U. Only a random component
is present in the composition of the internal no~se, and consequently, Un
has a Rayleigh distribution.
13
FOR OFfICII+L USE ONLY .
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
H'n!t d~t~'tCtAt~ U5L ONLY
1.
A~~ex dex~.v3.ng Che Grunc~e~d d~,s~r~.bueion
~D'' _~v.z` . ~dr Ch~~.r r~t~,ng und~r cdndit~,ong where eh~
gy~~~m op~rnC~s i.n ~�in:tr~ rang~ of the
0,6 � pA~~~~~~ pnt~rer ~~C~.n U~/Uc, bdu~tded by values o�
~ a4 - q, we :~v~rc~ge rh~ parampe~r m with
Q2 rg~p~ct Co Che randam rgCio Un/Un ~nd
~ N~~�~ ~ C08 ~ ~ 3
2v �ir �~a �w n ' : ?
g nl ~.cxpl-as/ ~n\~wQi/~~~~1
~i ure 2~� ~ 2Q ~ Q~
~ ~-~'9 Qs
K~y. 1. Corr~Ce d~~~cCion i
- prob~bil~.ty; ~4~
2. p~T ~ �~1se t~larm
3� prob~biliCy; W~ ~lgo c~rry oue similgr ~v~r~~ing �or ehe -
t~~~~ti~pn' d$� p~rame~er a, ~gguming eh~t the difference
ph~me ~~nd the doppler sh~.�r nd nf Che re-
ceived c~rrier h~ve g uni�orm disCribuCion
_ in Che correspondin~ ineervgls. We sh~il consider two cae~s for the coef
ficient k included in thp expression for S:
n) A determinative aignal compottent und n random inCerfering pulse train, Ch~
amplitude of which i~ governed by a Rayleigh distribuCion;
b) The ampliCudes of th~ radio pulses of both pulse trains gre random end have
a ttayleigh distribution.
Omitting the intermediate tranaformations, ~n~ c~n derive: ~
2n --1 1-- exp 25 q~
~ ~~n1--nJ ~21~91~ --F(59)I - 5
~a = ?
~1 ~ (S2z - i2,) ~ 1 ~25y~ 9 arc tg SQI,
.l
where S22 and nl are the maximum and minimum Doppler shifts of the carrier fre-
quency respectively.
Taking inCo account the fact of the normalizaCion of the voltgge at the output
of the adder-sCore, we obtain rh~ following expres$ion for the correct de-
tection probabiiity of the superpostion of the radio pulses of the pulse Crains:
pcor. det. - p~~voa~ � F~U1~
t'Ae
(5 )
wherc U= a~~ T~ L / L- L~. .
a ln ~ n ~ 2 a�]'
a'~ 11~5; L is t he num ber o f pulses being added.
The Norking characterisCics showr? in Figure 2 f~or the following values of the
pnrameters were computed from the relationships derived here:
14
FOtt O~FICItiL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~'Oit O~i'tCIAL US~ ONLY
L~ 30; ma ~ 2,6 � 10'4; d1/Qi ~ 10';
(~s ~ ~ 12,5~ vw/l~A ~ 71,5.
H'rom Ch~ ~n~lygie giv~n h~r~, ou~ c~n come to the conclusion that detec-
einn ch~nnel �or the timewi~e sup~rpo~ition o< rh~ :y~ ~.."s.3 of pulg~
, tr~in~ p~rmit~ ~litntngting with g r~th~r h~.gh probabiZiey eh~ erroneoug
r~~dingg of veloc~.Cy meC~r.
BIBLIOGItAF'HY
1. 'Tikhunov V.X., "Statisticheekaya radio~ekhnika" ~"Statis~ical Radio
~ngin~ering"], Moscow, Sovetskoye Radio Publishera, ].966.
Gomzin V.N., Yeligey~v A.A.~ "Ob approkeimatsii pLotnoaCi r~spredel~niya
mgnov~nnoy ChgsCoty normal~nym z~konom" ("On ehe Approximgtion of th~
DisCribuCion Density of gn Itt~CgnCanenus rr~quency by a Normgl Diatri-
butiott"], ItADIOTEKHNIKA I~LEKTRONIKA [RADIO ENGINEERING AIJD EL~CTRONICS]!
1913, 18, No 6, p 1289.
3. Vaynshteyn L.A., Zubgkov V.D., "Vydeleniye aignalnv na fone aluchaynykh
pomekh" ["The Discrimination of Signals Against a Bgckground of Random
Interference"~, Moscow, SoveCskoye Radio Publiehexa, 1960.
COPYRIGliT: IzveaCiya vuzov SSSR - Radioelektronika, 1978
8225
CS0:8144/OS00
15
FOR OFFICIf,L USE OvLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
1~Uk c)l~l~ ICLAI. U;;L c)NLY
~LLCm~ONIC~ ANU LLLC'I'CitCAL 1,~NG2NLLitING
cmc 62i.~i7.765,8
A SmANDARD MTCROWAV~ NOTS~ G~N~;RATOIi
Moscow IzM~RIm~L'NAYA T~KHNIKA in Russian No 8, Aug 78 pp 6g-71
[Article by G. G. P~trosyan and L. I'. Yemel'yanov~
~Text) Unft excess spectral noise power density (SF'Mah) is reproduced by ~
means of a device consistin~ of two thermal noise generaLOrs. The thermostat
df one of these is m~intained at a temperature mhot - 700� K, and ~hat of the
other at room temperuture Tcold+ the excess SPMSh produced by the device is
then expressed by the formula
G = k(Thot-Tcold~ ~
where k is the Boltzmann constant; and a is a coefficient which accounts for
losses in the hot waveguide between the radiator and the output connector of
the generator.
The overall error in reproduction of unit SF'MSh consists of the following
components:
dl, the error in certification of the standard platinu.m thermocouple an3 the
apparatus for measuring thermal EMF;
d2, the error resulting from deterioration of the thermocouple in the period
between certifications;
d3, the error resulting from a difference between the r~diator temperature and
tfie temperature in the hot wave~uide;
dl~, the e:ror resulting from nonuniformity of temperature along the radiator;
d~, the error resulting from a reflection coefficient greater than zero in the
radiator;
d6, the error resulting from instability of the temperature difference
Thot '~~cold during the measurement period as a result of changes in room tem-
perature and poWer supply voltage;
16 ~
FOK O~FICiAL L'SE 0\LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
A'Ott U~I~'ICIAL USC ONLY
d~r, l;he crrnr ln determinin~y thp gt?ape of ~h~ temperatur~ c~igbribution curv~
in t;he h~~L w~~v~~uide betw~en the r~diator and the ldad;
d$, the error re~ultin~r Fr~m a difference betwe~n the t~mperature Tco1d of the ~
radia~tor and the generator output connectors ~nd room temperature;
d9, the error of d~ter~min~tion of room ~emp~rnturp;
d~~, the error in determination of losses in ~ new cold w~vegufde;
dl~, the errnr restil.ting from change in losges 9.n the cnld waveguide as a ,
result of deterioration of the material; ~
dZ~, the errar in determining changes in loss~s in the waveguide during heat-
ing tu the temperature Thot+ ~n~'
d13, the error of ine~surement of waveguide losses as a flxnction of frequency. ~
Tn order to icicrease the accuracy of reprnduction of unit SPMSh, we have con-.
structed a new therma]. generator device and have taken measures to decrease
most components of the error.
In order to decrease errors dl and d2, the thermocouples used in the thermal.
generators are certified at the same time, immediately before use, combining
them into a single block for testing. ~
In order to decrease d3, d~~ and d, the radiator is made of silicon, whose
heat conductivity is close to tha~ of inetal. Silicon has a large loss tangent
and ~ fine-grained structure, which makes it possible to decrease the radiator ~
^^nditions considerably whi~:e improving its characteristics. The parameters
~~f the KDB-10 silicon radiator are: wedge length, 70 mm; wedge width, 3 mm;
KstU - 1.01-1.03; hear conductivity, 100 W/m-deg; temperature vaxiation along
the wed~e, � 0.25� K. We give for compari~on the parameters of a silicon car-
bide radiator: wedge length, 90 m~n; wedge width, 23 am'?; KstU � 1.05-1.08;
- heat conductivity, 10 W/m-deg; temperature variation along the wedge, � 1.0�
K. Thus the thinness of the silicon sheet and its good thermal conductivity
result in more even heating.
In order to decrease error d6, the generators are of identical design and
accordingly have identical drift, so that the temperature difference Thot'Tcold
de~,ends only slightly on the ambient temperature. In addition, because of
the identical design the generators are interchangeable, making it possible to
use them alternately at the high temperature.
In order to decrease d8, an array of solid copper radiating plates with dimen-
sions 180 x 180 x 7~ are ~ttached close to the output connections of the gen-
erutors. In order to improve heat transmission between the waveguide and the
radiating plates, a layer of KTP-8 heat-conducting paste is applied.
In order to decrease error dl~, losses in the hot and cold waveguides xere
measured by three methods With different sources of systematic error.
17
FOR OFFICIAL L'SE 01'LY -
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
1~oii c~i~rrr,~ni, us?: nN~,v
' 1. Tn the fir~~ rnet;hod ~"mov~zb~e short" (~'i~;. was used, witih KgtU ca1-
cul.ated i'rc~m the breadth of the "doubl~ minimum" [1, 2]. In F'ig. 1 is
a microwave g~n~ratnr in L�hc modulation mode; 2~,nd ~ are decduplin~ iso~-
a~ors; 3 is a power regulat~r; 4 ig ~ polariLing mea,suring a~tenuator;
6 is ~ decoupl.ing attenuatinr wi~h KstU ~ 1.03; 7 is the measuring line;
8 is the waveguide under study, with the mov~bl~ short; and 9 is a super-
heterodyn~ mea~uring rec~iver or type V8-6 gage.
The measurement error result3ng from the 1.osses of ~h~ short i~s~1f was de-
creased by using a speci~.lly-constructed shor~ wi~h K~~;U ~ 1000 (k~, whose
design is shown in F'ig. 2. In th~ f3gure, 1 indicates cylindrical inserts
6.9 mm long (a quarter of the w~velength of the wav~ 3n the dialectric wave-
guide) made of flouroplastic; 2 fndicates cylindrica~l brass insets 5.8 mm
long (a quarter of the length ~f the wave in the dielectric coaxial line);
3 is the fluoroplastic plunger; and 4 is an absorbing plug of polyiron.
02 y 2 ~ 4
1?- 2 J 4 S 6 7-~N ~
, .
g r� ~r.\\
F'ig. 1. Fig. 2. ~
In order to decrease errors resulting from variation in the KstU of the short,
measurements were made at 400 points in the waveguide.
The measurement error resulting from losses in the connector between the meas-
uring line and the waveguide was decreased by careful lapping of both Con'tact
surfsces nf the flanges immediately before the measurements. The criterion
of connector quality was the sinusoidal amplitude observed while measuring
KstU of the short at several successive positions in the waveguide.
In order to eliminate errors resulting from losses at the flange and in the
measuring line, additional measurements were made by the "fixed probe" method.
For this purpose, a 1-mm openin~ wa~ drilled in the waveguide under study at
a distance of 50 mm from the flange, and the measuring line probe was attached
above it. The breadt:z of the "double minimum" was measured by a micrometer
screw which was used t~ move the short; the probe was at a standing-wave
minimum, which decreased the error resulting from shuntfng. ~
The error resulting from imprecision in manufacture of the polarizing atten-
ugtor useci to "double" the minimum was decreased by caref~l calibration in the
0-70 dB range. The calibration was done in combination with the decoupling
isoltitors; at the 70-dB point the error did not exceed � 0.05 dB. During
me~surememts the attenuator was only used at the 0- and 3-dB points, where its
error Was neglip,ibly small.
'Phc~ rem~~ir~ing ~ystematic error in the first method and in the apparatus used
to implement it Was 0, 0.006 dB/m. The random error of ineasurement xas
3n,%yn ~~:O.W2 dB/m with n= 25.
18
FOR 0~'FICI~L i!SE 01LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
I~'Uk l1r'l~'rCTAI~ 1J5~ ONLY
'1'h~ ~econd mcthnci w~3 dire~:t measurement of Induced l~s~es; ~he w~veguide
wa~ connected to a mea,suring eireuit and rem~�;c~a from it (4].
In order Lo decrease the error resul.ting from imbalance, the w~veguide length
was chosen as an exact integra~l number of half waves; at ~he measurement fre-
quency KgtU fdr th~ decouplin~ attenuators did not~ eKr.~~^~ 1.02.
mhe error resulting f.rom losses in the sdditional conneCting flange when the , -
waveguide was connc:cted into the circuit wa~ no~t elimi.nat~d but corrected for;
it Fsmnun~ed to -U.005 ~ 0.003 d'3. .
The non-excluded systematic error of the second method and the hardware used ~
to implement it was ~Z 0.006 clII/m (including the error resulting from the
flqnge The random measuremr~r+ error was 30,/1'?~ ~~O,OU2 dB/m with n= 25.
3. The third method of loss measurement was the "resonance" method. In addi-
tion to measuren,ents uaing the system described in [5~, additional measurements
were made in which one of the resonator diaphra~ns was located within the wave-
puide ucider study. T}iis made it possible to eliminate the erro.r resulting
from losses at the flange connection.
~'he remainfng systematic error in the third method and the apparatus used to
implement it was 0, 0. 003 dB/m; the random error was 3a,11 n~=0,00? dB/m
wi tti n = 25 �
Measurements were conducted on three identical aluminum waveguides. Loss meas-
urementa were ma~de at a frequency of 8,920 NIIiz (~9w ~0 mm). The measurement
i�esu7.ts ~re shown graphically in Fig. 3. The abscissa gives the distance 1
i~~on. the short plane to the mea~uring line probe and the ordinate gives the
loss N in the section of the waveguide between the probe and the short (N =
8.68/kstU~ [as published]. At first all three waveguides were studied with-
out additional treatment. Their losses were identical and are shown in Fig.
3, line 1, which is drawn through the minima of an experimentally-determined
sinusoid with an amplitude of 0.010 dB. Next one of the waveguides ~~ras heated
to 700� K for 100 hours, while another was etched in an alkali bath for 5
days. The results of ineasurement of losses in both of these treated wave-
~ guides were identical (line 2, Fig, 3)�
~,dB .
O,JS /
0, f0 /
O,OS ~ _
~ 7G0 300 5006,~N
� Fig. 3
It can be seen from the graph that the losses in the waveguide after treat-
ment decreased: the cooling constant was 0.178 dB/m in the untreated wave-
guide and 0.158 dB/m in the treated one. Next, measurements of losses in the
19
FOF OFFICTAL L'SE 0\LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
I~'Uft di~N'?CTAI~ l!S!~ Oh'I,Y
hc:f~terl wuv~guLclc werc muclF: ten tim~3 ftit interv~ls ~i' 1U0 hdurs af operution; -
the enolin~ con~tuni; rem~ined at 0.15~3 dF~/m.
'.Phe fact th~t heating and etching prnduced 3d.entica~. changes in 1.os:~es 1.e~ds
to the hypothesis that the Cf1U82 ot' th~ decrease is sinoothing of microsco~ic
qurface irregul~riti~~. With a skin-layer thickness ~ 1 micron and ~ h~igh~
of irr~gularities microna for the untr.e~,~ed waveguide, this hypotheses i~
quite possible,
The results of ineasurement of the cooling cnnstant~(~ fnr the treated wavegu3des
by three independent methoas are practically identic~,l:
- the first method gives 0.158 dB/m, the second 0.157 dB/m (after correction for
the flange), and the thira 0.156 dB/m. The calculated vr~lue for the propaga-
tio~ constant was 0.15~ dH/m (with a direct-current resistivity of 2.6 x
10' ohm-cm for aluminum [6].
C1ose v~lues of ~ i and ~ o, indicating identical resistivities to micrawaves
and 1:o direct curren~t for a 23 x 10 mm waveguide, were obt~ined by Morgan [7],
where ~ i/~ o=.l. Ol-1. 03.
In order to decre~se error d11, the waveguides in the generators were manufac-
tured of variety AMts aluminum, with a stable oxide which assures the long-term
stability of electrical conductivity.
In order to decrease error d12 we determined the temperature coefficient of
resistivity of the waveguide material by comparing losses in the waveguide
under two conditions: with the temperature along the waveguide constant and
equal to the room temperature, and with the temperature along the waveguide
not constant but conforming to a function T(x) as shown in Fig. 4. The losses
under both conditions were determined by the same method, measurement of the
movable short located at a point cori~esponding to the thirtieth minimum of
the standing wave field (the distance from the short was N 650 mm). ~'he
measurement results were Nco1d � 0.112 dB and Nhot ` 153 dB.
T ,
400
300
200
>00
~ ~ ~ ~
100 300 S00 L, MM
Fig. 4.
When the quantity Ncold~ the dependence of the resistivity of aluminum~on
temperature for direct current (Fig. 5) and the function T(x) are known, we _
crsn calculate the losses in the hot waveguide: Nhot - 0.154 dB/m. The neg-
lip,ible difterence between the experimental and calculated losses in the hot
waveguide indicates that the functional dependence of resistivity on temper-
aturc is the same for microwaves as for direct current. This result is of
consider~,ble importance, since it frees the researcher from time-consuming
20
FOR OFFICl'AL L'SE QtiLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
_ t~'~lt UN'N'ICIAI, US~ t~NLY
micrdaave m~u~uremcntn and ~n~bi~g him ~c~ u~e c~~?ta ~r~m h~ndb~~lc~ b~~ed dn
dirc~t-current m~nt~urem~ntn~
mhug the over~ll r~m~inin~ gy$tem~ti~ ~rrar of t;he ~~nernt~r~ W~~ ~~cr~~~~~ ta
� d,003 dB, regulting in in~r~~ged preei$ian di th~ g~M~h gt~nc~~rd~
o s ~
~e,
~ -
~
0 ?fA7 ,T'C
~ig. 5�
~IgLIO(iRAPNY
l. L. C,in~t~n. M~n,ur~mentg on C~ntimet~r W~v~g. Ma$coa, IIL, 196~�
2, P. J. Somlo. P~tOC. I~~~ AUSmRAL. , Vo~.. 30, No (1967
V. A. Gnl'bg; ~nd V. D. Voinov. 2'RUDY VNII~RI, No 33 ~d3), ig77�
t~. W. Larson; gnd R. ll. Hunter. YBS, USA, Technical Note No ~0~, 1971:
5. V. P. Turyanskiy; and V. M. 3okalov. TRUDY VNIIFTRI, No 33 (d3~, 1977�
Dxh. Key; and T. Lebi. Tablea of Chemical and Pt~ysical. Constaats.
CITTIL, 1g62.
7. S. P. Morgan. J. APPL. PHYS., Vol. 20 (1949), N 352�
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo Standartov, io78.
8480
CSO: 1870
21
FOR OFFICIAI. L'SE Ol1'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~~tt 01~'t~'~CIA1~ U~~ t~NI,Y
C~~tli~11Y5IGS, AS~~DNdMY ANU SI~AC~
SALYU`P 6 B~ITAL AND ATTITUDE CON'TRdL SYS~~t D~~CRI~~~
r~ri~ AiR & CUSMOS i~~ French g l~~e 7g p~ 44-45
CAreicl~ by S~rg~ ~prg]
C'Cexe~ New infdrm~eidn h~~ be~n prnvid~d by th~ Soviee p~rio~dical AVIATZIA '
t KOSMONAU'CIKA (No 11 of Nov~mb~r 1978) eon~~rnin~ the drbienl and ~ttieud~
~dntrol gygtem of th~ 5~1yuC 6 Saviee orbiting ~t~tion.
Thi~ ~y~t~m "Connn~ne~~ eo op~r~t~ ~o~n ag th~ ge~tion i~ ie~~eted inCo
t~rr~~erial orbi~ in ord~c td ~uppre~s the dis~~dered motiong of the ~tation
whirh occur wh~n th~ s~lyur 6 ig separeted from the boogt~r rocket," ~tat~g
N. Pavlov, the article'~ author.
The ~ystem inelud~g firgt of a11, g~n~org (Figur~ 1) which are sen~ing
elemenCg of the gtation which determine its pogition in space relative to
t~rr~g.rial or celestral referenc~ pointg, a~ We11 ag the angular velocities
of the ~tation's movement~ about th~ thr~e ~xeg Whoge origin ig the stgtion's
center of grnvity. In th~ case of 5~lyut 6 the X-axig ig the longitudinal
axis of the station, gnd the other tWO axes are perpendicular (Figure 2).
22
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
F~tt a~~IC~At, U~E bNLY
,
f.,.... .F
~
L~"~1 ~ , ~ ! ~ . . . . ~
3 ~ ' ~
.y.
INN1N~1 ' ~ 11NfM
NI~~~IM~ ~ ~It~A
� rc~~~~ue ~1~e~~~~~~,:
.~n.~�Ir ~~n�nK.w ~wdw N~ N~ MMNt~ ~
Ml1~M ~ M~~p~~ MN~1 M MNI~ ~N ~
~~.....Mr~Mr Mp/M~H ~M �....~~MMM~! At1~MM1
y1~11MM N1MAM~
~igur~ 1. Orbieal and ~ltitude centrol ~y~t~m of th~ Salyut 6 orbiCing
~taCion.
1. ~o1ar ~~n~or 2. longieudinal accel~ration integrator
fr~~ ~yro~eop~ unit 4. anguiar v~iocity ~~neor~
S. gt~bil~~~tioe unit 6. ~leituflp moedr eontrol unit
7. optical ~ight unit 8. v~rtical indic~tor
Shown in coneinuous 11n~~: flight r~gim~ control~; in dotted linee: pro-
grgam~d man~uver contro~g; in dot and dg~h lin~~: manual piloting controls;
and in da~h lin~g: altitude motor di~connectir,n controls.
b'~n~?d
a �r~
2
M~~~~~~~~~t
u~~~. ?is
. ~,~,r1 = x~ ;
~ ~s 41 I
/ t ~eRp~~r~
M~~ �
� 3
1
r
x
4
Figure 2. Orientation of the station in autonomous flight
(a) control by means of the IKV and solar sensor; (b) position of the atation
~ after a programmed orientatien chaaging maneuver (by an aagle a of the
X-axia with respect to the initial position, X1) 1. Direction of solar
radiation 2. eolar seneor 3. orbit of the atation
23 _
FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~dtt O~~t~tAL U5~ dNt.Y
Th~ altitud~ nf ~hE ~r~~i~n in gpc~C~ i~ d~e~rmin~d by m~~n~ d~ ~ri~ne~ti~n
~hn~or~. The ~r~ei~n i~ ~quip~ed, in p~r~i~ulnr, wieh ~n "infr~r~d indi~~tor
of eh~ verti~~a1" ~IKV); Ehi~ ~~n~or, fix~d en ~h~ exe~riae af eh~ Sglyut 6
wnrl:ing cgbin ~nd dir~~t~d ~lon~ ehe Y-gxi~, i~ ~~nsitiv~ rn in�rgr~d r~di-
~tion ~mite~d by eh~ ~~reh ~nd ieg ~emo~ph~re. Wh~n eh~ Y-gxi~ d~viet~~ from
th~ v~rtieal ehe int~nsity of th~ r~c~iv~d r~di~tion v~ri~~, which produc~~
d~vi~ti~n ~neaguring ~ignalg ~erving to aeeuat~ eh~ motorg.
The ori~nteeion of eh~ ~t~~ion updn eh~ oeh~r ~x~~ i~ d~C~ttain~d by ~~o1ar
~~n~or and an "ioni~ ~~n~or" (~~n~iCiv~ Co th~ flux of ion~ in th~ ~emd~-
pher~). It can ~l~o utiliz~ ~n~~mb1~ of "fr~~ gyro~cop~~" which tn par-
eicu,lar ~~rv~ ~n progr~mm~d m~n~uv~r~, for ex~mpi~, Co poine eh~ ~~~eion in
~~iv~a dir~ction. Th~ gngui~r velociti~~ of th~ ~t~tion gbc~ut th~ thr~~
ax~~ ar~ m~~~ur~d by gengorg (v~locity gyrogcop~~) locat~d in th~ ine~rior
of th~ working c~bin. Th~ gyst~m al~o includ~g g"longitudin~l ~cc~lar~tion
int~grator" utilizing g"h~avy gyrogcop~" to limi~ the aecelerationg during
man~uv~rg, w~11 gg ~"gC~bilization unit" ed di~connect th~ motor~ wh~n
it i~ d~~ired to modify ~h~ ~tation'~ altieud~.
The gy~t~m ~lgo includp~ a l~gic for prnc~~ging rh~ dat~ from th~ s~ngor~
upon thp bg~i~ of which ~r~ ~laborgt~d th~ connnnndg erangmitt~d to the
gt~tion'g arienCgtion and ~ltirude motorg which use liquid fu~lg from Che
g~m~e t~nkg. Th~ motors oper~te continuously ~.f the ~taCion mugt be rapidly
maneuvered through a larg~ ang~e, or in short impuiseg if rhe maneuvers ar~
liinitpd. Th~ opergtion of the nrbital and ~ltitude conCrol motors located
on the ext~rior of the service modul~ (at Che r~ar of the gtation) is con-
troll~d by "thp combined motor ~n~emble" (ODY). A group of moCOrg enables
the altitude of the station to be controlled or modified ahile two other
motorg (~lightly inclined with respect to the X-axis) provide control ~nd
modification of Lhe ~tation'g orbit. The motors of the Soyuz and Progresg
v~hicl~~ can also be used (ag hgg ~lready been done) to man~uver the gtation
ahile conserving its fuel reserve.
The control of the station's orbit and altitude can be effected in accordance
with three differen~ ~odes: active ~~~u~~~z;~cion in autonomous or manual
flight regimes and passive gtabilizetion by gravity gradient.
The aueonomous flight regime (Figure 2) can use, for ~xample, the IKV ~nd
the golar senaor. In guch case th~ Y-gxis is gligned upon the vertical and
the z-r~xis upon the gun (2a). Control is effectuated by means of the angular
vclocity ~en~org and the motor control u*~it. When the station is aligned
nlong the Y-axig and 2-axis controls ig effected by the free gyroscopes (2b).
A velocity variation of 1 meter per second results in an altitude variation
of 3 to 4 kilometerg in the orbit at the antipod~ of the point cf interven-
tion. The station also has a"Cascade" automatic system which enables the
station to be stabilized With precision during long periods With a minimum
exp~ftditure of fuel.
i 24
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
H'Uk tlN't~'[CIAL UgL nNLY
Thr mnnu~l Eli~ht rrgim~ (~igur~ 1~ uttli~rd wtirt~ th~ er~w i~ ~bogt~d Ch~
HeaCidn; !t ~~n br pl~ced int~ op~ratinn fram ~ny ef
fnur ~ammgnA po~e~ in
eh~ gt~eidn. '~hug, if eh~ mi~~ion ~ongi,~t~, fnr ex~mpi~, ~f ptio~dgr~phin~
ehp ~ar~h, th~ cogmongut mgn~uv~rg Ch~ ~t~tion upon th~ rhr~p ~x~g from ~om-
n~nd po~e No 1 by m~~n~ df ~n opt3c~1 ~i~ht uniC. Thp pilot af eh~ ~e~tion
h~~ in frnnt of him u grid ~er~~n which ~nable~ hfm rn control the e~ie~it~tion
upon ehe ehr~~ ~x~g: by me~n~ of a eontrol lpv~r he mu~~ producp thp
nf th~ ~arth upnn the gcr+~pn ~nd k~~p it p~ri~eeiy r~ymm~trical with r~gp~ce
tn eh~ r~fpr~nce ~rid; ehi~ ~uffie~~ to orl~nt eh~ ~e~~ion upon th~ v~rtical
in p1gC~.
Y �
~ x
� Z � '
- 1 m,~v~ ~ ~Mws
rveen+oR ereu ~ ~
~
I }r~,
I x
Z -
I � to ~~~n~~r~
Y ~~~~n~a Ka+n,~tKea
I
I
~igure 3. Stabilization upon the rhree axes of thp 5aZ~yut 6-Soyuz combie-
gcion. 1. photographic coverage 2. orbit
Stabilization by ~ravity gradient is utilized for certain experiments This
stabilization method has the advantage of consuming no fuel at all. Once
ehe longitudinal axig of the station ia oriented upon the terrestrial ver-
ical (Pigure 4) thig position ie automatically maintained by kinetic moments
of the forces of return Which bring the X-axis back to the vertical ~ahenever
the station deviates from it under the effects of various celestral and at-
mospheric peturbations.
25
FOR OFFICIAL U5~ ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
- ~ok o~~i~~nr, crs~ orr~Y
iiv~~.
X
i .
Y~~~~ M+tt
~ ~i
~'i Tj~lRM~pu~
MIfTd
`
� ~ ~ . . ,
~
.
.
~r,:ti .'f�~.r:'~:'.
Figure 4. 3tebilization by gr~vity gradipnt of th~ Salyue 6-Soyuz combin-
~tion. Th~ kinetic mom~ntg of th~ forc~~ ~1 and ~2 ~utomatic~lly return
the gtation to the terr~gtri~l v~rtisgl. 1. C~nter of mass of the combin-
ation 2. Orbit.
COPYRICHTs Air Et Cosmog, Paris, 1978.
11,706
CSO: 3100
26
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~dR O~~tGtAL US~ (~NLY
pHY~~CS
UDC ~~~,~75~~5
bYNAMIC !{aLdd~tAMS W~TH ST~MULA~I~ L~f}H~' 5CA~~i~N(~
Ma~~~W t~KLA~Y AKAb~hfiIl NAt.t1C SS~R in ~ius~i~n Va~ ~4~, Na 3, ~1 Nov 7~
pp ~ 3~-6 ~3
[Artici~ by A. I. :3~kolav~k~y~ ~nd a. Br~kh~v~kikh, ~hy~ie$ In~~itut~
in~ni N. L~bed~v, A~~d~r~y ~f ~~ien~~$ tJ~~~i, Ma$~~w]
~~~~rtj Wh~n lgser ~mi~sion p~~es through a liquir~ in uhieh ~emgn scatt~ring
h~ be~n ~timul~t~d, se1F-f~cu~ing af the ~$mgr?-$cgtt~red light d~v~lop~
ind~rendpntly in the sc~ttering sub$tan~e ~lor~gsic~e th~ gp~.f-focu~ing of
tihe
gtimul~ti n~; rudi ~tior~. Ir? R~f. 1~n investiggtidn W~ m~c~~ of th~ di~tri-
hutian di th~ fi~1d of gtimul~t~c1 ~~man ~c~ttering in th~ s~~ttiering ~.iquid
c~oEe t~ the regr ~nd frbnt fgces of the c~11, and the dig~ribution of the
pumring fi~1d cloge to th~ frnnt fac~. In ~,11 inv~~ti~;~ted cageg, eggreg~te~
of regions nf n~1~'-fo~~ging of light Kere ob$~rved th~t W~re not id~ntic~ to
egch ott?~r. Our gtudi~g ~hor+ed that regions of gelf-focu~ing are a1~o
ob~erved in e field of ~timul~ted M~nd~lst~m-~rillouin ~e~ttering.
According to exigting ~onc~pts, th~ presenc~ of r~gions of s~1f-foeu~ing
. sh~uld le~d to di~tortion af the agve front of light ~mgngting from ~ non-
line~r medium, inere~sing diverg~nce by mar~y times, reducing brightn~ss and
chgn~ing the distribution of intensity of radidtion. In contradiction to
this it was sho~+n in Ref. 1 that upon reaching the necet~~ary density of
pumpin~ poWer ~nd a certgin thickne~~ of the liquid laypr, the "bgeksestt~red"
:~timulat~d Rgman beam, in leuvin~ the cell differed little from the pumping
beam incident on the ce11 in th~ cambingtion of surh par~meters gs brightnesa,
dir.tribution of int~nsity and divergence. A compari~on of the given pararc?-
r.t~�r~ ir~ the r~~ af ~it~p,i~-m~d~ ~tu~pin~ in ~~f. 1~hbw~d th~?t ~ r?~~rly
t~lane w~ve i~ r~tstored dn the wgvelength of the "b~ckseattered" Raman b~am. �
t+,y unin~~ thi~ eYfcct. gnd r~tninin~g the experim~ntal setup of ~tef. 1 ahile
intrndur.inE; r~ ~hree-dimensionnl tr~n~p~renry into the stiirnui~tin~ ii~t
ln~:im, v~l.umetri r im:~!e of the trnnup~rency Wa~ produced tn the Raman-
::~~~ttrrr~t lip,ht beiun (t~c:C. 2~. tt i:; intere3ting to not. th~t the part of
..un c~l?.~ec~t fL al:.o rlrtiy~d by the end fece af a ruby rod, the image in the
cc~::c nt' ::Limulnted Mandcl3tum-Brillouin scatterfn~ being located at the satr,e
diu~unce from the cell a~ the ruby itself (Ref. 3~, while in the case of Rsman
s3CAtterinr [t f~ shit`ted clor,er ta the cell.
2~
POR OFFICI/~L USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~dlt O~~iCtAL t)51i ONLY
~I'tte ~~ur~re ~f thin p~,par id to tjt'ez,~nt expei{im~nt~~.. re$t~tb ~howin~ tl~~t
t~~c E~OG~t~~t1 ~nd trr~nbverre m~~;ni ficr~tic~n dr ~he vc~lumetri~ i~i~ge rrean-
Gtru~ted in the ~ac~e at' dtfmul~.ted ~eatterin~ ~onform ta the ~n~r~ a~
hnlogr~phy, while the ph~.qc ~.nd atnplitt~de c~i~tortiona intraduCed in~~ the
1i~ht be~tm~ by th~ m~diwn ure cdmp~n~~t~~ in the ~~e af ~timulnted gcgtterin$
ot' li~;ht prdp~~~tin~ i n th~ ~i r~ctidn appa~it > t~ th~ r~~~.imul:~;i:?$ emig~ tdn
"b~rkwr~rdc~
The u~tup di
tf1~ i.n~t~llt~tidn id ~n~lo$ou~ co t11~~ u~~d in R~f. 1-~~ `~he
~;~ctstt~rini; dtimultated in lf~uid nitr~~en, r:~rb�~n r~i~uifi~~, ~~~ton~ ~nd
pipcridtr~e b~~ m~~~ of ~~ibnt ~'uby l~.~er pt~l.~~ ~nd the ~e~dnd h~rm~ni~ df c~
ne~c~ymium l~ger~ `~he fr~que~~y ~hi~t tn the c~se a~ ~timul~?t~~1 ~~m~n
;;~~tterin~ ~+~s ~5b, ~921 ~nd ~94d etn'1 re~pe~tiv~ly. 'I~~ thre~-
~im~nsian~l ~b,jeet cdfl~isted ~r cW~ grids gepgrgted by g cert~in di~tgn~e
and adverin~ differ~nt p~rts nt' tHe ~wnpin~ be~m~ ~'he re~1 imggeg a~ th~
~~rid3 (~'i~S~ 1, 1d, recon~truc~ed in b~~m~ ~f "b~ck~~~tt~r~d" ~aman W~ve~
nnd ~timul~t~d ~I~?ndelst~m-F3ril~,auin g~~tt~rin~ ~ft~r th~ lcn~ w~r~ ~xperi=
?d
~h~h~h~l-t 1~
_ ~s . i~~~~ ~a : d
~ .
~ u~ ~h++ ~6
~ , ~~4.:~. ~ 1
+ 1 a 1 ' ~ ' ~ ilp i ~ .
, _ . t.~..
+
. f
~ lMl~ K ~ 1
n ~ ? t
~
~'ig. 1. Ui~ram of r~edn~truction of the im~g~ of an nb~~ct with sti:m~lat~d
light sc~ttering; 1, 2--trnnsparencie$ of the grid, ll--rat~ting gl~~ p1et~,
Jl--lens, K--cell with sc~ttering ~ubstance, ap, 1?~--stimulating end
scattered rad3ation; 1', ~'--images obtained by means of lens 11 in the
pumpin~ be~m; L~t, ?a+--imaqinary images reconstructed With stimulated
Mand~lstam-~rillouin scattering ~a) and stimulated ~2amen scattering (b);
ld, Zd--regl imsges rrith stimulgted M~nd~lstam-~rillouin ~nd ~tamar~ scattering
obt~ined by menn~ of lena JI
mentnlly detcrmined. 'I'he photopraphic plate Wa3 sequentially placed ~t
di Pt'crcnt di~t~~nc~~ from the cell for regi~tration of the best pl~n~ of
fncu:oini� ot' real ima~;e~;. if Lhe part of the beam legving the ce11 ;a
r~uv~~rc~, rrc cnn convince our~~~ves thut the real imege of the ob~eCt is
i'~,rmr~i tn "bar.kr.cuttercd" beumn thanks to reconstruction in the ucattered
t i i~ht dC tl~e Ucuma di ff'r:~cted on t!?e edges of the grid Wires . These recon-
::l.rUctrd he:sm~ form distinct outline~ of the ce11s (Fig. 2, right part)�
In tl?i:: c:nnnect.ion the inner fields ot' the cells remain unilluminat~d since
t~~F~y r.nrre::F~ond to the 1i~t betstn r~ea~structed in stimulated seattering
~?Ctcr ?~:~:~::in~; Lhr~up,t~ the ob~ect Without deflection. Knowing from the
28
FOR OFFICI/+L USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~'dR d~t~'~CtAL U5~ t~NLY
p ~~perim~nt the ~a.,itian and trangver~~ ~im~n~i~ng
n d� the regl im~~eg (T'i~~ 1, ~t~, ~n th~ w~v~-
_ l~n~tl~ of' ~um~,n ~.nd Mandelsttur?-grillauin ~~~tter-
in~, dn~ ~~n t'et~c~ily c~1cul~.i:e f'rdm the len~
~ fdrmul:a the p~,r~.meterg af the carregp~n~in~
QQQ img$innry im~geq tL~t, ~t) th~t ~.r~ th~ ~aur~~~,
~g it were, bf the r~~~n~tru~t~d aav~g~ it W~~
f~und th~t the im~~ on th~ Wr~v~len~th df gtimu-
~~t~d ~inmgn ~ea~t~rin~ i~ ghi~`ted rel~tiv~ to
the im~e di th~ ab,~ect in th~ pumping b~gtn ~nr~
~lt~red in trg~gv~rse s~t~l~, Wh~ret~s ~he im~~~
~'i~. 2. ni~tributidn d� t'or stimul~,t~~ M~.nd~ldt~tn-grillauin ~cgtt~ring
blg~kenin~ ~n the ~h~ta- pr~cti~~ll,y ~e~incideg with the im~ge th~
grnphic p1t~~e in the im~;e ob,~e~t on th~ pumping W~velength, ~nd h~s th~
r1~ne d� th~ ~b,~e~t grid ~tune ~ct~1e.
r~~~ngtruct~d With "bt~~k-
t~~t~tterinp"; the ri~?,t~t Aft~r ~e?l~ul~tin~; th~ sp�~ti~.l int~rferen~e
~~;?ri, r.~rre~pandn t~ ttie (~~tt~rn c~f the p~unping ~.nd the ~timul~t~d
~dverad bc~r~ ~f
~timuluted ~~ntterin~ legvin~ the ce11 fnr different
~gm~n c;r_;~tterinF! ~~itian~ of the ab,~ect. We i'ound th~t the
mat;nificntion of the recc~n~tru~tec~ imttge is
a1Wny~ such thgt the~e interferenr.e patterns ~t~in~ic~e G1os~ tc~ the b~~k f~~e
d~ the cell. W~ dbt~in~d expre~~idns for the l~ngitudinal ~nd tr~?nsverse
m~gni�i~ntion df imnges recdnstruGtec~ aith stfmulat~d g~~tteri~g [R~f. 4, 5j.
Im~e re~bn~tru~tion ~f ~n ot~,~ect r~ith ;~timulated ~aman "br~ckscutt~ring"
grtd ntimult~ted Mgndelstam-$rill~uin s~gtterin~ is describ~d by the fc~rmul~~
a~ if th~ hol~gr$m uet~e ~t~r?ding gt th~ 1oc~tion of
the bg~k (input for
pumninp, und out~ut f~r R~m~n "b~~k$e~ttering") ~perture di the e~11, �~nd ~s
if the reGOn~tructing source were pl~~ed gt the fdcus of the l~n~ thst
focus~~ the pumping rndigtion into th~ mpdium. Actu~l.ly, ~he ~xperim~nt~l
d~ta ~r~ in g~od ggr~ement uith the formul~
u i_� ~
~~'"r + 1 ,
` u. u~ l
~i)
N~li* u.\ � -9� ,
wl~~�r~~ up, v~, v;; nrc t.f~c~ ~lintnnc~s from th~ focu~ t'rc~m the r~~.l fmag~
t' t,?~~� ntr,~c�c~ (1' ) on the pum~~in~* w;~velenp,th, and �ram the imaginary
imn+~~r c,t' th~ ob,Jcct on the ~timul~ted scattering W~velenp,th (Us, re-
;,~?~�~.t.ivcly to the ~perture of the ccll (F'ig. 1), u= a~/~p. ~ormulas (1) ttre
nnnlo~,ou~ to thc~ce thnt de~cribe image recon~truction by means of ~ hologr~m
( ltef". G ~ .
'I'hc locntion of tt~e i~l:u~c oC the holof;ram c1o:;e to the outleL apertur~ of the
ccll Imf~tie~ th~t ~i::~?lr~cement of the br~cit n~rture of the ce11 relative to
~ the pur,~Jrini; int~rference ratL~rn :;hould le~d to a change in ma~;nifieaLion oF
29
~OR OFFICII+L USE OtJLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
F'U[t (lt~'t~'t.CI11L UtiL (INLY
Ll~~ ~~t~,}~~r,L r~~t~c~n~+L~'uc'Lecl aiLlt ;~tttnult?t~r~d It~~.lnt~t~ ~~lti`~ckuCtittf't`~t1~;~~~ WhEreilt~ fd3'
?.tlm~u:?~e~1 M~~nd~lEatr~m-t~ri1]ouin ~~~attrrin~, ~r~e m~.~;nit'i~fl.tinn if~ ~luayd cldr.+e
tu unlty (~tiec~ (1~), c~ur c~x~~er~im~~nt~sl mc,~~~;~~rrmeritz; fthoued th~~t th~ mn~�t~ifi-
~ation und c~t,tft dt' tt~C im~~~e wlth dic~plucement ot' the ce11 nr~ in ~;nod
~~rr~ement With the the~retic~l v~1ue~, 'Thgnk~ to the pdgsibiiity af wid~
vt~riation of
the an.velen,?th ot' the ~~~tter~d ~~mi~;~ion, it ig with gtimul~ted
fi~mun c~cntt~rin~ th~~.t w:: enn dem~nc~t,r~,t~ f3~.ti~t'flcti~n at' th~ ~?~in~ip~1 l~a~
8f' thi~lo~rttphy Por lK:~~;e~ re~oh~tructed With ~,timtaluted ~G~?t~~rit~g.
'I'he t,t~ickne~~:; ~~t' the 1~,ver tn whir.h thr interf~rence pr~ttern~ of ~timu~.~t~c~ '
:.cr~tterinr; tu~d pumpin~ ~~.n ~oic~cid~.~ i~ deter;nined by the Ngvelength ~f ~timi~-
lutE~c1 ~catterin~ and the dii~t~nce betwcen the nour~e~ bf interfertn~ W~ve$.
I� the db,ie~t ig plg~ed cltise to the fa~u~ af the l~ng, gnd ~nn~e~uently the
di~t~nce between the cdurce~ ia ,~re~t, the thi~k~e~~ a~ tt~e lt~,yer df ~din~i=
dent int~rferenc~ pnttern~~ (~e~ ~timul~t~d ~gm~n scatt~rin~ ~f nitragen)
d~e~ nat ex~eed 1 mm. G~inciden~e ~f the interfer~ttee patt~rns o~' ~~imul~t~c~
~~~tterin~; f~Na pttm~inq in ~ueh a thin ~:~yer shoWa thgt th~ $timul~t~d
uc~tteri:,~ beam~ th~t ~orm the im~~e a#' the ob~~~t ~~nnat nrig~ anly
reuult ui' t~mplifiC~ti~n of gtimulated sc~tt~rtnp, in the m~cim~ di th~ pumpin~
interf~rence pgttern, It i~ n~turt~. to ~~~ume that the~e be~cn~ ~ris~ ~ g
re~ult di' diffr~~tidn ni' the ~timul~ted g~gtterittg Wave ahos~ im~?gin~ry
~ourc~ coincides uit;h the f~cus of lens J1 in the p]:�~ne of the output aperture
of the ce11 on tunplitude (Re~'. 7~ ~d phgse hologr~ms, phg~e hologr~m~ in
the medium m$y nri~e in ~dnnection uith the char~g~ in the index of refr~ction
of th~ r~ut~~tat?ce due to the K~err effee~, el~ctr~striction and ~o forth [Apf .
8, j. Fiecon3trueti~n c~f g sh~rp imnge c~f the ob3PCt With stimulgt~d Aamt~n
oCEit.~.(,':'~(lp, huvtn~r m~~~,nifi~~tic~n ~nd poaitian corre~ponding to coineidence of
thc~ int.:rt'erence P~tterns r~f the stimul~ting nnd sc~?ttered light on~.y in the
~?lr,n~ dt' tne nutput f?p~rturr. of th~ a~11 ~haxs thgt in ar~y oth~r plgn~s
inside thc re11 there is nd effective diffractian that leads to reeonstruction
of imn~;e~ With spati~l pdsition e?nc1 magnificgtida correspondin~; to these
plgn~s, 7'he th~nry developed in ~~f. 10 n~eds rgdie~l re-examin~tion. Th~
absence of effective diffraction inside the ce11, as shoWn by our studies,
is associated With amplitude and phas~ distortion~ of the pumping beam as~ it
pa:,ses throu~ g aonlinear medium (Ref. 1, 11~. The extent of the distortions
depends on the intensity of the pumping beam.
tn ch~ cgf~e of "foz~s+grd" utimul~ted ficsmnn ~~attering as oppo~ed to "b~ck-
~.catterinr;," Lhe ima~e of th~ ob~~ct wgs recon~tructed only When the real
imuf-~~ (1) in the ~?umping beam W~ loc~ted outside o~' the cell with the
::cuttcrin~; medium. 'I'h~ uncertainty in the position of the reconstruct~d
imi~;e tn ~pnCe uithin limit~ of 30 mm, as opposed to stfmulated Raman "back-
~ratterini~," where thi;~ ~u~certainty is l~~s than 5 rm?, shoas M~'gM in the cas~
~f "for~r,?r~i" r.t.imul,~Led R~an :;catr.erinp, there is nr singl~ pl~ne of the
hr?ir?r~r:un vitnin the medtum Where t.he interfer~nce pgttPrn of the pumping beam
i;: r;x~.t. ~~t'fcctivel,y rec~n~.:t.ructed. A r.omparisdn of results s+ith "forward"
::i.im~~lf~t~d fitungn ::~stterin~?. : timulated ~taman "bnckscsttering" at~d stimula~ed
Mnrnlcl: ~~?m-Nrillr?uin ::c:?ttc~rini; shoWed t.hat in the latter tWO cases there i~
n~~.��ly CoLul r.ompen~ntton ot' ~tatic and c~ynamic inhomo~eneities in the
30
FOR OF~ICI/,L US~ ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~~dti c~~~~t~~tt,int, us~: oNt,Y
mcdiwn. ~nr inf~tan~~ th~ nh~.rpn~~g df
~he im~e ree~nntru~t~d with gCimul~t~~
Mandelatam-grillduin ~c~tterin~ id ,~ust ~ gda~ ~ th~t a� the im~ge an the
pumping ~?~v~].~ngth withdut t~~e g~t~tt~ring ~:i~uid. flar~ever, aur ~tudi~~ ~h~r~ed
thgt ~hen the ttir~ghold nf ~timulat~~ s~~tt~rin~ ig ~dn~ic~ergbly ~urp~g~ed the
~ffeet r~i' r~c~n~truatidn mqy be ~isrupted cons~qu~nGe df ~e1~-i'~~ugin~
ot' th~ gtim~.~t~d' gcattcrin~ 1igh~t, mh~r~ ~re ~ptimum v~lu~n ~f th~ co~f-
t'ici~nt ~f ~tr?plifi~~~ion ~.nd the ~ix~ of th~ r~~nlin~~r ~nntributic~n to th~
ind~x o~ r~fr~ati~n wh~r~ re~nnstruetidn df ~h~ a~v~frnnt ig ~~ir1y eff~etivp,
whi~~ s~~f'~f~~u~in~ ~f stimulated s~attering d~e~ nc~t yet di~rupt ~h~ effe~t
t~f rer~n~truc~ian~ ~
In digcunGin~ th~ Way th~t the ~h~,r~et~ri~tiG~ c~~' be~m~ ~f
~timul~t~d R~m~~
c~~~tt~red ].i~ht d~p~nd dn th~ p~,r~m~t~rs ~f th~ ~timulating las~r ~mi~gi~n,
one ~houlr~ not ~nnfuse th~ ~ffect nf a~vefrc~nt recan~truetic~n in ~timul~t~d
~~mgn ac~tterin~; aith th~ ref~~Gt of "rep~titi~ns" ~~~f~ 10j sinc~ the dis-
~ug~ic~n in R~f. 10 r~~~ in ~pplicati~n ~o the r~l~tion of
g~~~tr~1 Width ~nd
an~,,ular dire~tion~i~y af "f~ru~rfl" ~timu],~t~c~ Rgm~n gcattering arid th~
uns~hifted rdmpon~nt ~~'t~r the ~~~tt~rin~ gub~tnn~~, ~nd na ~dnsid~r~tiAn i~
r;i ven tc~ ~~robl~mu of th~ phc~nc relati~n~ in th~ stimul~tin~ light b~am
preCCdinr; the nub~tane~ With the ph~e r~l~tic~ns in the gtimul~ted ~~m~n
~catterin~ b~bun~ ~
~~canstruetion of the thr~~-dim~nsinn~l im~.ge nf th~ nb3~Ct and th~ identirsl
rernn~~ruction of the w~v~ ~r~nt with $timul~ted ~e~tt~rin~ is the only
~f~'~~t tt~r~t is common to ~timulated Ram~n an~ Mandel~trun-grillc~uin geatt~ring
[Ref. 11). ~n th~ speei~l ea~~ of ~quality di th~ W~v~lengths of th~ r~fer-
ence und recongtruetin~ beatas, recon~truction of the Wavefront of the light
in tt~e "b~ckw~rd" direction denoteg its inv~rgion: rgys of th~ r~construet~d
li~t~t beam coincide aith rgyr~ of the beam inrident on the r~11 in different
directiong. ~or $timulut~d ~aman gc~tt~rin~ the longitudina~ anfl transverse
m~ification differs upprecinbly frnm unity, th~ ~igman ~catt~re8 r~ys ~nc1
pumpinp, rgy~ do not cdincide, glthough this diff~ren~e ig sm~ll~r than in
the ~a~~ of reflecti~n from g mirror ~Ref. 2~. The images of the ob~ect that
c~re reconstructed With stimulat~d fi~man "back~c~ttering" and stimulated ~
Mandelstam-tirillnuin scattering are displaced relative to ane another and
hr,ve different acules. F'or an ob~ect located close to a lens, its imag~, and
in pnrtirulnr thc im~g~ of a glass ~lnt~ etched in hydrofluoric acid CR~f. 12]
iL ~hift~~d by y-10 cm for the inve~ti~gted media. 2'he f~ct th~t th~ dgta
rouna for ~timulnted Ruman ~CnLtering under the given conditions are iden-
Licul to ~he dntn Tound fr~r ntimult~ted Mt~ndelst~.~n-Brillouin ~cattering show$
t,t~ut tt~e mett~ud u~ed in R~f. 12 i~ un~uitsble for studying reeanstrurtior~ of
wnvel'ront in ~timulgt~d R~sm~n scntterirrg. Zn a gtriet sense, the concept
of wavePront inver~ion is not gpplicable to stimu:.~ted t~am~n ~catterfng.
The re~ults of nur rrork shoa that in sdditinn to th~ c~ynamir holograms
obtain~d by men~ of nonlinenr crystnls snd c~Ve solutions (Ref. 8, 13~,
xitri ~timuluted ~catterin~ of light one can also get volum~tric imag~~ of
three-dimensioncil ob,~ect3 that conForm to the 1a~+s of hv~ography.
31
Fo~ o~~iciw, us~ o~n.Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~
FOR OF~ICtAL US~ ONLY
R~F~R~NC~~
1~ A~ t~. Kti~ryavtn~va, A. I~ 5ok~ldv~k~,ya, M~ M. 5ughchin~kiy, ZHtJfiNAL
~;K~p~~i2M~NTAL'NtlY ~'1'~ORE~'ICF~~~KOY ~'1ZtKI, Vol 59, 1970, p 15~6; in:
"Kr~tkiy~ gaobghcheniy~ po t'ir,ike" ~~ri.~f R~port~ ~n ~hy~i~~ No 2,
1971~ P 3~,
A~ T. ~akolov~kaya, 0. L~ I3rekh~vskikh, A. D. KuBry~v~~ev~, DOE~LADY
AKA~~MIt NAC,~ ~~~u~~ Vd1 ~3~~ No 3~ 1971~ p 356~ Val 237~ Nd 3~ ~.977~
n 55`t. ~
'1'. A. Wiggir~g, T~ SniLd ~t ~1., ti'~L. dF'T., Vnl 19`~~, P 2177~
4. C. L. Brekhov~kikh, A. fi. ,:~kolov~k~yg, in: "Kratkiy~ ~oobah~h~niya
p~ Ci~ike,n N~ 12, 19~7, p 3~~
5. A. I. "~F.~1ov$kay~, d. L. Br~khovak~kh, A. D. Kudry~vt~~va, ~PT. COt~It1N.,
Vot. �.'4, No 1, 197~ P 74�
G. I~~ Kd1'ycr, K. E+c~rkkhnrt, I~. LiN, "Optich~gk�~y~ golografiyg" (Optical.
}tologrsphy~, MoncoW, Mir, 1973.
't. V. G. Sidnrc~vich, ZHUANAL TEKHNICN~SKdY ~'IZrKI, Vol 46, 1976, p i3o6;
OP7'I}CA 2 3P~KTAOSKOpIYA, Vol 42, No 4,,1977, p 69~�
8. P. A. Apana~evirh, A. A. Afanas'y~v, A. 2. Ubranovich, KVANTOVAYA ELEK-
Tp~.:iiW, Voi 2, 1975, P 2423.
y. Ya. Zel'dovich, V. V. Shkunov, Ibid., Vol. 4, No 5, 1977, p 1090.
lU/ M. M. Su~hchinskiy, "5p~ktry kombin~tsionnogo rasseyaniya molekul i
kristgllov" (Ramsn Spectra of Molecules and Crystals], MoacoW, Nauka,
1~6q.
11. 7~~. Gazenzhel', A. L. Kudryavtsev et al., ZHURNAL EKSPERIMENTAL'NOY I
'I'F:ORE'PI CH~SKOY FI ZI KI , Vol 17, No 11, 1976 , p 1 i 4 8.
1~. t~. Yr~. Zel'dovich, M. A. Mel'nikov et a1., PIS'MA V ZHURNAL EKSPERIN~N-
'1'AL' NOY I TEOfiETI CEf~iKOY ~'I ZIKI , Vol 25 , No 1, 1977 , p~+Z ~ '
1"3. A. A. $orahch, M. S. Brodin et al., KYANrT~VAYA ELEtCTft~ONIKA, Vol 4,
Ho 3, 1977, p 646.
Cc~l~Yli1~i11'C: [~dntel'ntvo "Nr~uka", "Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR", 1978
G610
~o: 8144/0570
32
FOR OF'FICI/.L U5E ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
1~'OR QC~'ICIAL US~ dNLY
3CIENTI3TS AND SCI~NTIFZC OttGANI7ATI0N5
. , . ~.11.1.~_~(~. .}'a~.~.i.i.*:~lii: hi ~C) ,~~~.rl~~tii.:'i 1.1,1 ' ~ . ~ ~i -
. 'i i.
~ ~
~.`.:"l't1.~1~~ ~~!(~i~`i)c::ltl iliili~~ ~~~i.~ ?c: ,r.I.f~til..~..i . . ' , ~ ,
�
~ . , ~ . ~ .
wc: ooi,a9 ~ioo)
COOPERATION WITN SCLENTIFIC ESmABLISHMENTS OF THE SOCIALIST COUNTRIES
Moscow VESTNIK AKAI)EMII NA1'K SSSR in Rusaian No 9, Sep 78 pp 120-129
'(Article by A. A. Kulakov, chief of Che External Relationa Administraeion,
Prasidium of rhe USSR Academy Sciences: "USSR Academy of Sciences In-
ternaCional Cooperation in 15~7: L. Cooperation WiCh ScienCific Establish-
~ m~nts of the Social3at Coun~rieA"l. ' ~
(Text] The Sov~et Union's vigorous foreign policy, the auccessea of Soviet
science and its growing orestige~~hroughout the world are promoting the
expansion and strengthening of our countiry's 3nternational ecientific ties.
Cooperation among the ecientific establishmenta o~ the aocialist nationa is
developing parCicularly rapidly, based on the principlea of prolaCarian in-
ternationaliam, supported by ide~logical unity, poliCical solidari'ty, ac-
celerating economi~ integratian and the mighty production potential of the
- brother nations.
In 1977 the USSR Acade~my of Sciences, embodying the plans specified at the
historic 25th CPSU Congresa and guided by the decisiona of CPSU Central Com-
mittee plenums and speeches by CPSU Central Committee General Secretary
L. I. Brezhnev, Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, devoted
constant attention to development of tie~ with the academies of aciences and
other scientific establishments of the socialist countries, as well as im-
provement in the forms of cooperation and improvement in its effectiveness.
The year 1977 was marked by an important event for our country and the entire
world sociallat system celebration of the 60th anniversary of the Great
October Socialist Ravolution. The Academy of Sciences and the scientific com-~
munity of the socialiat nationa extensively honored this important date.
Official meetings were dedicated to discussion of the great contribution made
by the scientific establishments and scientists of the Soviet Union toward
the genesis and development of science in the brother countries and the suc-
cesses achieved as a result of the ~oint efforts of the scientists of the
socialist community. T~aenty-three USSR Academy of Sciences displays were
exhibited in Bulgaria, Vietnam, the GDR, the Democratic People's Republic
of Korea, Mongolia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. Four and a half
million visitors to these exhibits became acquainted with the achievements
33
FOR OFFICIAi. tISE Oh'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
rok ar~icYN. us~ orti,Y
nf uur gcience in Ch~ c~ren of ~pace axploration, qugnCum al.ectronicy, ~o1.~.d-
et~te phy~ice, gcientific inatrument engtneering, computer technology~
archeology, and the d'evelopmenC o~ metallopolymere.
D~legations of the academies nf sciences of r,~e soc:Lali.eC na.tione took part
in a~ubilee 8@88~.Ot1 0� Che General Assambly of the U5SR Academy of Sciencea,
in an inCernational cheor~Cical conference nn Che topi.c "Tha Great October
Revolution and Cl;e ConCemporary ~ra," in an n11-union sc~.entific-theoretiical
conference on ~he Copic "Higtorical Experience of the CPSU in the Campaign ;
for Peace and Friendship Among peoplea," ttnd in conferencea on the L�opics
"The Great October Socialist Revolution and ehe Nntiionnl Liberation Movement
nf ehe peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America," "Z'he Great OcCober
Revolutinn and the Literary P~3ceas of the Contemporary Era," and "The GreaC
October Socialiet Revolueion and the Nationalities Question." ,
Participation by Che USSR Academy of Sciences in Multilateral Cooperation
In 1977 Che USSR Academy of Sciences and the academies of sciencea of the ;
union republice actively participated in implementarion of long-term co- ~
operation plana and programs: a comprehenaive program for further deepening
and improvement of cooperation and developmenC of socialist economic integra- i
tion of the CEMA member nationa; a coordinated plan of multilateral integra-
tion measurea in the area of science and technology for the period 1976-1980; -
a consolidaCed plan of cooperation by the CEMA member naCions in performing '
scientific and technical research of mutual interest, for Che period 1976-1980; .
programa of mulCilateral cooperation among the academies of sciences of Che
sociuli^t countries for the period 1976-1980. The USSR Academy of Sciencea ~
senC to the socialist countries more than 5,000 Soviet scientists for the
~onduct of ~oint research and participation in scientific and scientific-
organixational measures on the basis of multilateral and bilateral coopera-
tion plans, international and national congresses, confereaces, and symposia,
and accepted an equal number~of acientists from these countries to its aci-
entif~c establishments.
An important role in development of multilateral coop~ration was played by
a conference of presidents of academies of sciences of the socialist countries,
held in Moscow in February 1977. The conferees focused primary attention on
increasing the effectiveness of scientific research and further development of
cooperation in the area of the social sciences. Academy officials were
received by CPSU Central Committee General Secretary L. I. Brezhnev. In the
course of the discussion there was an exchange of views on development of
cooperation among the academies of sciences of the brother nations, further
enhancement of the role of science in accomplishing the tasks of building
socialism and communism, and on the role of the scientists of the socialist
nations in the campaign to strengthen world peace.l ~
In 1977 the academies of sciences of the socialist nations cooperated in work-
ing on 18 problem.s, including 118 topics in the area of the natural sciences
and technology, and 80 topics in the area of the social sciences.
34
FOR OFFICIAL L'SE Oh'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~dk h1~'~ICYAL U~L QNLY
At ~~dnE~ren~~ h~1d itt Sd~i~ in M~~~h, r~pr~~~t~c~eive~ ~f prab~~m ~~m-
mi~gian~ an the natur~l ~ei~nc~g di~~ugged way~ e~ imprdve drg~nix~eidn~i
fnrmg ~~op~rgtinn~ Re~oram~n~d~tian~ w~r~ ~ddpt~d dn d~t~ermining eh~ mo~e
impo~t~netnpi~ ~r~~~ for ~oap~er~eian, on redu~i~g eh~ nutnb~r df nrg~nix~-
tional meggur~~, ~er~ngeh@ning ~i~~ b~eween prabl~m ~otmnig~fan~ ~nd G~MA
~gencies, and on ~p~~ding up praetie~l adAption af ~eiantif3~ ~~~ule~.
� p~rgugn~ to th~ge r~~amm~nd~tidn~, ~ff~~tiv~ eont~~eg wer~ ~ge~bli~h~d in
p~rticul~r b~tw~~n prdbl~m commi~gion~ ~nd eh@ eorr~~pendi~g coard3n~eion
~~nt~rg of eh~ C~MA m~mb~r n~ridn~ ~n th~ prnb~.~tr~ "Hi$h-Mol~eul~r Gomp~uad~,"
"Kin~~i~g ~nd C~r~~y~i~," and "Pi~t~ning ~nd M~n~g~m~ne ~f eh~ ~conomy of
the ~~MA M~mb~r Ngtinng."
In eh~ are~ of the n~tur~l ~~i~ne~g, r~~~~reh~r~ proe~~d~d fr~m ~i~pl~
ordin~tidn of ~ci~nrifie r~~Nnrch ta int~rngeion~l d3vigion o� l~bor. A
new form of eo~per~tion h~~ b~eome wid~gpr~~d: or~~~iz~~ion of b~~~
l~bnr~tori~~, which in th~ f uture ~~n ~~rve g bgg~ fdr fdrming inC~r-
ngtinngl ~ci~neific te~mg.
'Ch~ aCCivitieg nf Chree int~rngtion~l e~nters for upgrgding quglifie~Ciong
of gcienttfic c~dreg h~ve conCinued: fih~ S. B~n~ch Mgthernatics C~nter (Poligh
ppnpl~'g RepubliG), eent~rg on prdbl~r~ of henti gnd ma~s exchgnge (USSR) and
' nn electron micrngcopy (CDR), gg w~i1 a~ an Intprnatinn~l Laboratory of
5trong Magnetic ~ieldg and Low Tempergture~ (poligh Peop1~'g Republic) and
gn Internatidn~l Information 5y~r~~m for the Social 5ci~nteg.
The lOth Conference of Repr~sentgtives of the Academi~~ of Science~ of th~
5ocialigt Nations wug held in Sofia in Novemb er. A d~legation from the
USSR Academy OE SC~EIICpS took ~ctive pgrt in Che cdnfer~nce; the d~leg~tion
wes headed by Chief 5c.ientific Secr~tary of the Presidium af the USSR Academy
of 5cienc~s Corresponding Member of the U55R Academy of Sciences G. K.
Skryabin. Academician Yu. V. Bromley preaented a paper entit2ed "The Creat
October Socialist Revolution and Implementation of the Leninigt Nationalities
Policy in the US5R."
The report of the Bulgarian Academy of 5cienc~g cooperation coordinator
for the period 1976-1977 gave good marks to the problem commiseions headed
by Soviet scientists, the International Center for Heat and Mass Exchange in
Minsk, the International Information System for the Social 5cienceg (co-
ordin~tor--INION [Institute of Scientific Informgtion for the '
' Social 5ciences] of the USSR Academy of ScienceB), and
participation by scientific establishments of the USSR Academy of Sciences in
the work of oth~r problem commissions. Representatives of the USSR Academy of
Sciences informed the conferees on progress in implementing the recommenda-
tions of the conference of pregidents of academies of sciences.
At ti~e proposal of the US5R Academy of Sciences, a recommendation Wgs adopted
on elaboration oE a long-term program of multilateral cooperation in the area
oE the natural gciences.
35
FOR OFF.CIAI. L'S~ O~LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~Ok U~~~~tAt. U5~ dNLY
`Chi~ U55tt A~adpmy d~ S~i~n~e~ prapo~ed h~ldi.n~ the n~xe, 1].~h Cnnferen~e a~
~tc~pr~a~an~tlCiveg dE Ac~d~miE~ nE Sct~enceg ic~ Ma~~~w i~ 1~79, ~nd in ~onn~~-
tian with ehi~ ~~~umpd eh~ duti~~ df G~~rdinge~r fnr 197g-1979.
C~np@e~~ia~ ~mofl~ eh~ ~0~~~1 gct~ntigtg o~ the ~oci~liat n~tiona deve~dped
~xtr~m~iy vignrougiy in iQ77. A iong-t~rm piugrgm n~ muleil~~~~~~ ca~p~r~-
einn in th~ ~r~a d~ ehe go~ial ~eir~nc~g, dig~ugg~d ~e eh~ S~aond CanE~r~ne~
~f Vie~-prp~iden~g dnd ae ~ eonf~r~n~~ ~f pre~id~ntg of eh~ ~c~d~mtr~~ of
gGi~ne~~ o~ ~h~ ao~i~li~t n~eiong, w~~ in~:lud~d g~dmpon~ne p~rt of Ch@
~r~gr~m af Mulrilat~r~i Cnap~r~tioa for i976-i~0. ;
Jnfnt wark continu~d dn g~vett probl~ro~ o� rhe so~i~l g~i~n~~~ inclu~l~d in Ch~
prngrnm, dn probl~m~ und~r ;.'t?~ tc;ricg "Study df ~urnp~~n S~curity," "Si~vic
Lingul~cic Atl~~" $nd ge~~eral otherg, a$ ~~11 a~ cdaper~tic~n wlthin the
fr~mewark of the ~nt~rn~ti~nal Infotmeeion Sy~t~m for th~ Social S~i~nce~
(MISbN).
'rhe multil~t~rgl a~op~ratinn divi~ion nf the S~ipntific Coop~rgtinn aith
5c~ci~list Countripg Adminigtr~tion ~f the USSIi Aaad~my Sci~nc~$, with the ~
participc~Cion of rh~ Council on inteYngtional Cnopergtion in th~a Area of
the Soci~l Sri~ncpg of th~ U35it Acad~my of Sci~nce~,held in Apri1 an gnnu~l
cdnf~ren~~ of r~pr~gent~tiv~g oF ~ovipt compon~ntg of prnbl~m enmmiggion~
in th~ grr~ of ehp goci~l gcienceg. Topic~ digcugg~d includpd th~ Cagks of
the coromi~gion~ in thp grea of implementing th~ long-term program of multi-
lnt~ral cooperation among the gci~nCiEic ~gtablighment$ of ehe gocialiat n~-
tiong in the ar~a of the social scienceg.
~Ct� ~ronlem commisgion~ devoted con~ider~ble a~tention to preparation for
.~nd conduct oE jubilee eventg dedica~ed to the 60th anniv~r~ary of the
Creat October 5oci~liat Revolution. A jubilee collected volume of ardcles w~ p~-
lished within the framework of MISON, entitled "60-letiye Velikoy
Oktyabr'skoy sotsiali~ticheskoy revolyutsii" (60th Mniversary of the Great
October Socialist Revolution~, containing articles by leading Soviet aci-
entists and scipntists from other gocialist countries dealing with imp~rtant
problems of Marxisc higtoriography of the October Revolution and its in-
flucnce on the world hi~torical procesg. A problem commig~ion Was es-
tnblighed, to handle the topic "The World Socialigt System," and prepara-
tions were made for the constituent ~esgion of the problem commiasion
"Patterns of Development of World Literature."
A conference was held in Moscow in October, gathering together representa-
tives of gcientific establiahments of the socialist countries~on preparation
for publication of a mass scientific-popular Work entitled "Kratkaya istoriya
vtoroy mirovoy voyny 1939-1945 gg." i~'~ Concise History of World War II, 1939-
1945~. The membership of the int~rn~tional ~ditorial board and the publica-
tion plan were approved.
Scientific eatablishments of the U5SR Academy of Sciences and the academiea
of sciences of the union republics took active part in programs of sci-
entific cooperation within the framework of CEMA. The following coordination
36
FOR O~FICIAI. i:SE 0~'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
n
~d~t d~~'~G~AL U~~ ~I~tI,Y
c~~n~hrH ~HeabliHh~d undce ~1~~ uuHpi~e~ e~ ~~~de~ny ~~ienti~i~ ~~e~bit~ho~~n.e~
~one~nu~d ap~r~tif~n~: "tte~e~r~l~ in eh~ Ae~d af gi~i~gie~i Phy~i~~" (U~~R
A~~d~my of Sci~n~eg in~eieute o~ Bi~phy~i~~); "SCudy af Ch~mie~i, Phy~ie~1,
9iologicai ~nd deh~r prc~e~~~~~ of ~h~ M~~~r ~egion~ af tih~ Wdrid Oe~~n~~
(U53R A~~d~my df S~i~n~~~ tn~eftut@ ~f O~~~noiogy); "D~v~~npm~nt of N~a
Indu~tri~l G~t~~yg~~" C~n~~i~u~~ o� C~~~iygi~ ~f ehe 5ib~ri~n D~p~rem~n~ ~f
th~~US..~tt~~�ad~n4Yt bf.;~Se~~e~~~~j~; ,~'flevgiopment~ of.: eh~ ~ei~a~ific Prinei~l~~
~nd ~i~bdr~eian df N~w indugtr~~i Pro~~g~~~ ~f W~~d-3n~, 3urf~~ing ~nd Th~rm~1
Cuttin~ af V~ridug Mat~ri~ip ~nd A11oy~" (Ukr~ini~n 33R Ae~d~my of Sci~nc~~
_ ~nr~eicue~ of Ei~~eric Wplding), ~nd "Crnup of S~i~~e~fic lt~~~~reh ~nd Ex-
p~rim~ne~i-D~~ign Proj~ct~ R~quigie~ far Dev~ioping ~~~~ou~, ~iquid and
Soiid Fu~i MHn El~ctri~ ~ow~r St~eion,~" ~USStt Ae~d~my of Sciene~~ In~eitue~
~f High T~mp~ratur~~). R~gul~r m~a~~inge of ~oune3l~ of repr~~~nt~tiv~g
and ~cientific-t~chnicai council~ on all eh~~~ probl~mg w~re heldt coordinatQd
propo~al~ w~r~ dr~ft~d on utiiiza~ion of the enc~in~d r~~uie~ ~nd an d~pp~n-
ing ~p~cialization and caap~rativ~ ~ffort~ 3n r~~e~rch.
A 1f~t oE prdbl~m~ of ehe eudrdinge~d pl~n ~f muitil~ter~1 inC~gr~tion
r=a~ur~~ by thp C~MA m~mb~r nationg fdr 1~76-15g0 wgg dr~wn up, ahich con-
e~ined 17 m~~ar gcientifie-e~chnicel prob~~m~.
Con~iderable ~ttenCion Wa~ focug~d on mutual ~xchnng~ nf ~cieneific ~nd tech-
nicgl inform~tion, increa~ing the qu~lifie~ti~ns of scien~ifie cgdre~, orga-
nixation of ~oint cnn~uleaCiong, gchool~ ~nd ~ympog3a; information bulletins
were publi~hed. T'h~ "W~lding" coordin~tion center, jointly with th~ Interna-
tional Seientific-~echnical Inform~tion C~nt~r, publighed a catalogue~ of
welding equipmgnt which i~ series-manufactured in th~ CEMA member nations.
~ The USSR Acadenry of Sci~nc~~ In~titute of High Te~pgreture~, in conformity aith
the r~~olutiona of th~.21~t ~~~sion of thg CF~lA ~xecutiv~ Committee and the
17th Session of the C~MA Committee on Scientific and Technical Cooperatioa,
drafted a long-term specific program of cooperation up to 1990 on the prob-
lem "Complex of Scientific Research and Experimental-Design Projecta Re-
quisite for Developing t~4tD Electric Po~:~� Gtatior.a." The draft plan Was dis-
cusaed at the Second Session of the Cou;; nf Repregentatives on this prob-
lem (October, Bulgaria).
Con~iderable work wa~ p~rformed by gcientific establishments of the USSR
Arademy of Scienceg on the probl~ms "Malignant Tumors," "~laboration of the
Scientific Principles of Ergonomic Standards and Requirements," "Protection
of Ecosystems (Biogeocenoges)," and "Socioeconomic and Organizational-Legal
Aspects of Nature Conservation."
Bilateral working plans have been drawn up and agreements on exchange of
specialists have been signed within the framework of the working group on
automation systen~ for planning-design and engineering in th~~ branches of
industry and conatruction.
Scientists of the USSR Academy of 5ciences are members of many agencies of ~
the CEMA committee on scientifi~ and teGhnical cooperation and are
37
FOR O~FICIAL L'SE 01LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
P'Ult UN'1~ tGi11t. U5h ONt~Y
p~rCiCi~~~ing in cre~eian ~?nd npe~~tion di th~ t;~tern~tidn~l S~.ieneifie ~nd
'C~Ch~tiC~l InCc~~tn~tldn Sygt~m t~nd !n gcienkitie prd~e~eg of eh~ C~MA ~~~r-
man~ne c~mrniggion~ en g~dlagy, ~gri~uleure, utilixatian df nedml.c en~rgy Edr
pea~e~u1 ~u~pa~p~, ~nd ~a~ ~eand~rdi~~eion.
US5R A~adremy nf 5Ci~nce~. t~iiae~ral ~nnp~r~ti~n With 5ei~nei,~ie ~:~e~bli~hments
a� th~ S~ci~li~t Cauiifrl~~
in 1977 gciect~if
iC ~~tablighm~nts df ~h~ L'SSIt !l~=~demy ~t 5~cien~e~ ~nd th~
acAdemieg af ~ci~nc~g ~f the uninn rQpublic~ did ~ gdbd d~~l nf wark dn ~
~~rrying out fiv~e-y~~r prab~em-topic p1~ns ~t ~~i~nCi�ic ~onp~r~tion with
eh~ ~cgd~mi~g nf gCieriC~g nf eh~ brnth.:r n~tiong.
S~i~neific ~oc~per~Ciott beewe~.~, ch~ USS~t A~.~d~my df ~cien~ag ~nd the Bu~~~rian
~ Acgd~my df 5ci~nc~~ w~g ~ondu~t~d in r.nnfdrmi~y wieh th~ pr~ed~~1 on Sri-
entifiC Cd~p~rgtto:~ getween th~ U35~t A~~demy of 5~i~n~eg and Bulg~ri~n
A~ndemy nf ",:~~nceg for 1g76-1g80 ~nd the problem-Tdpie ~lan for 1976-1980,
which s;~ea~fieg ~oint effdrt~ on 62 probl~mmg of the n~rur~l ~nd eocial ,
~cience~.
'Ci~a brtw~e~n 5~viet ~nd Bul~~ri~n phyyicigCg h~ve b~come gtr~ttgth~n~d. A
d~legatinn df Snviet scientigts headed by Acgdemician A. M. P~olthbrov
visited gulggri~ in September on th~ invitgtion of rhe Bulggri~n Academy of
Srienceg. Del~gation m~mbera vi~ited establi~hments of the Bulgarian Academy -
of Scienceg, 5ofia University, the Ministry of ~lectronicg and Electrical
~ngineering of the People'g Republic of Bulgaria, exchanged Work experienc~
with ti~~ir Bulgerian colleagues, and pregenred their observatione and
rCCOm.~efldatibtl8 on d~v~lopment of phy8icg in ~ulgaria. A regular meeting of
the Commission of Nistorians of the USSR and th~ P~ople'g Republic of
Bulgaria and a scientific eesgion dedicated to the centennial of the Ruagian-
Turkish war and the liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottoman yoke were held
in K~ahinev in April. A representative delegation of Bulgarian acholars was
he~ded by Academician D. Kosev, Vice-President of the Bulgarian Academy of
Scienceg and member of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist
Party.
Scientific establiahmentg of the $ulgarian Academy of Sci~nces widely
celebrated the 60th annivergary of the Creat October Socialist Revolution.
'Che Bulgarian Academy of Sciences h~ld a gci~ntific sesgion entitled "The
Crent October Sociali~t Revolution and Ite Influence on Development of
.
Social Progress, which included participation by a delegat~.on from the
USSR Academy of Sciences~ headed by Academician N. V. Mel'nikov, member of
the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Scientific cooperation betWee:n the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Hungarian
Academy of 5ciences aas carried out in conformity with the Protocol and prob-
lem-topic plan for ~cientific cooperation in 1976-1980. The plan specifies
~oint efEorts by institutes oE the U5SR Academy of Sciences and Hungarian
Academy oE Science~ on ~6 problems in the natural and social eciencea.
38
FOR OFFICIAi. L'~E 0\2Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
t~'UIt tl~~'ICtAL Ug~ ~i~tLY
Th~ ~il~~~r~i ~dmmi~~ian nf Ch+~ USStt A~~d~~ny dE S~ienceg ~nd ~h~ Hun~~r~~n
A~~d~my of ~r3~ne~~ at~ S~lid-Se~te Phygi~~ ~uec~~,~fu11y ~o~tidit~gC~d ~ai.nC
~~i~ntifi~ r~ge~rch in eh~ ~re~ of ~d1id-~eae~ phy~icr~ ~nd quaneum el~eeronice.
Th@ curr~nC ~~~~ion d~ ~h~ 3ovi~e-Nung~r3~n Commi~~ion on Coop~r~tion in eh~
5deiel SCien~e~ (S~ptember, Hunggrian ~QOp1~'~ It~publ3c) w~~ ~n import~nt
ev~nt. `i'h~ c~mmi~gion digcu~g~d ~h~ r~~uit~ ~f ~x~cution of th~ Co~~olid~e~d
Probi~erTap3c� P~f~n~~fcir Scieiteifia Coop~r~c~an ~n ~h~ Ar~g of eh~ 9oc~~1 Sei-
enc~~ and not~d ~uec~~~fui wnrk by 3avi~e ~nd Nung~rian ~choiar~ on th~
m~~ority ~f th~ ~oint r~~~~reh eopie~. Acad~mici~n N. ~edog~y~v, le~d~r
of eh~ Sovi~t d~1~g~tion, w~~ r~e~i~~d by Comr~d~ J. K~d~r, Fir~t S~er~t~ry
of th~ C~ntr~i Camtniet~~e ai' thp ttungari~n Socigli~t Work~r~' P~rey, vho g~v~
high pr~ie~ for eh~ work don~ by th~ eommiggion. ~he n~ed for a11-out d~~p~n-
ing of tie,s b~tw~en Suvi~t ~nd Hung$rian ~ocigl ~ci~nt3~t~ wa~ emph~~ized.
There wa~ eontinu~d publ3raCidn of Soviet-Nun~~rian journ~l~: four i~~ue~
of th+~ jc~urn~i PRO~L~MY UPRAVLENIYA I T~dRIi INFORMNT3II ~Probl~m~ of Conrrol
~nd Information 'i'h~ory] whre publigh~d, w~11 ag tw~ volume~ (~ight i~su~~)
of eha ~ournal SOOBSHCH~NIYA p0 K~tJ~TIK~ i KATALIZU ~Rep~rt~ on Kinetieg and
C~t~1y~i~j, and four ig~ue~ of the ~ournal MAT~MATICH~SKIY ANALI~ (Mgehemati-
c~l Analy~ig~.
The Hungari~n Academy o� Science~ officially honor~d the 60th ~nniver~~ry of
the Creat October Sociali~t R~volution. A scientific ee~sion of th~ General
Aeeembly oE the Nungarian Academy of Science~, dedicated to this important
date, was held in October. Pnrticip~ntg at the ~ee~ion includ~d a delega-
tion from the USStt Academy of Science~, headed by Academician A. M. Prokhorov~
member of the Pre~idium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Scientific ti~g berWeen th~ U55R Acgdemy of Sci~nc~e~, the State Sctence an~
Technology Committee of the Socigli~t Republic of Vietnam and thp Socigl
Sciences Committee of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Were implemented in
conformity with the Protocol on Scientific Cooperation BetWeen the USSI.
Academy of Sciences, the 5tate ~~:~nce and Technology Co~nittee and Social
Scienceg Committee of the Social3st Republic of Vietnam in 1975-1977.
Completion of construction in Hanoi of the Corabined Scientific Research In-
stitute, erected by Vietnameae organixatione on the plang and with th~
a~~istnnce of the U55K Acadecay of 5ciences, was an important event. A
delegation from the US5R Academy af Sciences, which included vice-presidents
of the USSit Academy of Sciences Academiciana P. N. Fedoaeyev and A. V.
5ldorenko, Academician A. A. Dorodnitsyn, and Corresponding Member of the �
U5SR Academy of Scienceg 0. T. Bogomolov, took part in the festive events ~
d~dicated to the official opening of the Combined Scientific Research In-
~titute. At the game time preliminary talks Were held on further development
oE scientific cooperation betWeen the A5 USSR and srientific eatablishmeats
of the SRV.
A protocol was signed in Moscoa in November on scientific cooperation in the
period 1978-1979 between the AS USSR on the one hand and the Scientific
39
FOIt OFEICIA[. USE 0~'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~ ~o~ o~r~ictn~ us~ c~t~,~
~t~~~~r~h C~ene~r dnd ~dGig1 5ei~n~eg Commi~tee df nc~: SitV nn the .
nCh~r.
~~ientif~~ ~oop~r~tinn between the AS U~~H ~nd ~he Academy af SCi~nee~ n~
the CI~R d~v~l~ped pursunnt tc~ th~ ~'t'utc~cc~1 gnd P~dbl~~r-`~dpi~ P~~n fn~ 5~3-
~ntifi~ Cnop~ratinn in ~'~~6~~980 ~n 5~ probl~,~ i;~ ~hu natur~~, ~nd ~oci~~
~ci~n~~g.
A e~nf~r~n~e hf ~~ienti~t-expere~ df Eh~ A5 t;.~Stt and CUti w~~ h~1d 3n B~r1in
in Apri1, de wt~i~h r~a~ulfig nf conpe~ati~�c ef~dct~ in 1!~75-~976 wer~ gum-
a~ rized, ~nd wdrking pldng for ~cientif~~ efc,per~tinn in 1977-197~ apr~ ao-
ordingtpd.
A c~nferene~ of e~p~rt~ Ervm A~ U35R ~nd A5 Gbtt wa,~ h~1d in Ndv~~ibirsk _
i?~ M~y, ~ledi~~ted Ca ~ndper~tinn in the ~r~~ af th~ bic~ln$ie~l ~~i~n~~g. ia
partii~ular, It w~g nnted th~e cdoper~tiun ig becdmi,n~ in~re~gi~gly divpr~i-
~i~d: ~n ~xch~~~ge nf infdrn~eic~n, r~~g~ntg gnd pr~p~racion~ ig tgking p1aC~,
~nd juit~t ~ublicnci4n~ ~nd r~portg are beiag publi~h~d. ~or ~x~mple, in
1A75-1976 jdurn~l~ ir, the USSit ~nd the GUIt as W~11 ~g is~Cern~tion~l ~ourn~lg
publi~h~d more thnn 50 ~iinc paperg produa~d by g~ientist~ of th~ USSR and
CnR, ~nd m~t~e th~n 2U jninC p~perg ~?er~ pr~~+~nt~d ~t confer~nceg.
The Gnmmis~inn of Itigtdrittns di the U5SR ~nd C~Et n.~rked itg 20th ~nniversary
in 1977. in connectidn wirh thi~ gnnivEr~~ry, Comrade Hon~cker, General
5ecr~tnry of the Centr~l Committ~~ of the 5oCiali~t Uniey p~rty of G~rmany,
aent co che commi~sion merab~rg ~ m~as~ge of greetingg in Which h~ highly
praig~r+ :ts nctiviti~s and expressEd thankg "for the scientific contribution
coward .4s~~r~h on and publicity c~: ch~ progr~s~iv~ and humane tradition~
oi our peoples, the revolutionary traditions of rhe Worker mc~vement of our
countrics, and the traditions of the fighting allian~e becWeen the 5ocigligt
Unity Party of Cermany and the CP5U."
'This cocamiseion's 'l6ch 5cientific Conference W~s h~ld in Berlin in 5eptembec~
nn the topic "The Grear October Socialigt Revolution and the World Revolu-
tionary Procegs."
The Seventh Scient~fic 5eggion of the Commigsion of Philo~oph~r~ of th~ U5Stt
and ch~ CUtt wag held in Kiev in May. One of the me~tings Wag dedicated to
che 60th attniverHary of che Cr~at October Socialist R~volution and the
development of Mnrxist-Leninist philosophy in the pogt-October era. In the
courge of the session a symposium wg~ organized, on the topic "Uialectics of
Developmenc of the Socialist Society," and a progreas report Wa~ presented
on preparation nf a~oint study entitled "Marxist-Leninist Teaching on
[deology and Phi~losophical Problems ef the Contemporary Ideological
5truggle."
The Third Sciencific 5ession of the Commi~sion of Economiets of the USSR and
GDR, on the topic "Economic and 5ocial Probletas of Scientific and Tech-
nologicnl Progress gnd Changes in the 5ocial and Economic Structure of the
Developed 5oc~alist Society" (December, Moscoa), aas conducted on a high
theoretical and a~ethodological level. Preparations were completed for a
40
FOR OFFICI~J. L'S~ 0~'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~'df~ d~~I~I11L [15~ dN~Y
~aine mond~r~ph ~ntitled "5~i~nei.fi~ ~nd ~eEhnnldgiC~1 prngr~~e~ ~nd ehe
5nei~~i~t ~eonomy."
Li~~r~ey ~~he?1gr~ af th~ AS USSR and AS ~DR ~ompieted wr~rk dn a c~~ie~tive
~tudy pnri~i~d "U~d~r eh~,~adg~ n~ ~niey. nn th~ D~v~idpm~nt +~f ~ Wnrld
Lit~ratur~--of Soci~l,igC lt~~.~3gm, ~g~7-1945~n
5ci~ntifie ~~Cab11$hmen~g nf eh~ A5 CnR ~id~ly ~~1ebr~e~d fh~ 6U~h ~nniv~r- -
~gry af eh~ Gr~ae Oeeob~r Sa~i~iige Rr~voiutidn~ ~cientifie ~olioqui~ w~r~
hp~d aieh th~ p~~eicipgeian uf ~dvi~e ~~i~ntigtg, ~nd the r~gu~ep of ~dci~1-
ig~ ~ompptitidn in hdn~r of thi~ impnrt8ne d~e~ W~re ~u~ri~~d. nffici~l~,
p~r~y end trad~ unidn org~ni~a~ion~ of ~~ientifie e~egblighrn~ne$ of th~
A~ CD~ ~~n~ eon~r~tui~tory 1ett~r~ eo their p~rener-in~eitut~~ ~f t.he A~
USSR.
SG~~ftt~~~C ei~~ bee~r~~n the U3S~ ACgdpttly Of 3C~i?tiGe ~nd A~~d~my of Scien~ce
of ~h~ t~enacraric P~op1~'~ ft~publiC df Kor~g dev~loped purgur~nt to tr.~ p1~n
of gei~ntific coop~r$tion beeu~~n the e~d ~~~demieg for 197G-~~77.
Th~ U$SR Ac~d~my af Sci~nc~g g~nt ea~ g~olog3~t~ to th~ DPRK to ~tudy the
t~ctonic~ of gedimentgry gnd d~~p-lying ~tr~t~ of th~ ~grth'g cru$t ~nd
upp~r m~ntle in eh~ Wor~d bc~~n, ~nd ~ botgnigt to fgmili~riz~ hi~~lf with
eh~ work ~E botani^.al g~rdpng, foregt-park ~nd park d~v~lopm~nt in th~ i~PRK.
~dur Kor~nn ~p~ciall~tg ~n e~ehnnlogy of p~at ~xtraction and utilization and
unod ch~mi~try and three gpecialig~g in ~atellite ob~grvation aer8 ~ent for
training to the U55it Acgdpmy of 5cienc~~. I~iv~ Kor~an gcientist8 took pare
in confer~nceg h~~d by th~ U$SR Ac~demy of Sei~nc~~.
. Conperation b~tween the U55R Academy c~f Scienc~s ~nd the Academy of Scipnces
af the Republic of Cuba took place pursuant to a five-year program of co-
operation betaeen the two acgdemieg. In May 1977 a delegation from rhe USSIt
Acgdemy of 5cience~, headed by Aead~mician V. A. Kotel'nikov, Vicp-President
of the AS USSR, vigited Cub~ end h~ld tglks With officialg of the Cuban
Acgd~my of Scienceg. A plan of cooperation in the ~rea of the natur~l gci-
pnc~g Eor 1977-1978 a~s signed. Joint pro~ecrs Will be conduct~d on 14 prob-
l~mg in coroput~r technelogy, a~tronomy, geophysfcs, physic~, ch~mt~try,
marinc biology, botany, zooldgy, geogr~phy, geology, aceenography, scientific
_ inEormation, ~nd other fieldg.
Meetingg dedicated to the 60th annivereary of th~ Creat Ocrober Revalution ~
were held at ~cientific establi~hments of the Cuban Acad~my of Sciences.
Scien~ific cooperation betWeen the US5R Acadeary of 5ciences and the Academy
of 5ciences of the Mongolian People'~ R~public Was conducted pur~u~nt ta
the Plan of Scientific Cooperation bet~+een the AS USSR and A5 I~R for 1976-
1980.
41
FOR O~FICIAL L'SE ~\'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~t~k 0~~'tGIAL U3~ dNLY
A~ in pr~vioug y~~r~, ~~int ex~editiot� ~ec~ld~s~.~1, p~le~ntnldgi~~1,
binidgi~~i, hi~edrie~l-~uleurdl ~ontinued ~~eive ap~~gti,dn~.
A jaine 5~vi~e~Mongolign scfe7tifi~ ~e~~~~~h g~dla~it~~1 expedition ~u~-
Cr~d~d ln ~ub~e~nti~~tin~ ~1tia ~xist~n~p in eh~~ ~dueh~rn p~rk c~f M~ng~li~ oE
vdl~~ndplut~nie ra~kfi c~nt~;ining ~~rbdn~ti~~g. A mod~i a~ thc�,~e~ueeur~
di th~ ~~r~h'~ ~ru~~ ~nd upp~r mantle td a lepth e~ 12b-140 km h~g b~~n
~dngtru~t~c1 fdr G~ner~i Mdngaii~. 7'hr~~ vdtume~ d~ exp~ditian r~~ule~
hgv~ b~en pu'~ligh~d. A g+cientifi~ ennfer~nr.a and exhibie ~ntitl~d
"princip~l AC~dmplighmentg d~ th~ ~xpeditic~n ~n the L~~t 1U Ye~rg" w~r~
h~ld in U1~n-~~tor in Sc~pc~mb~r.
A jdint 5ovi~e-Mangoli~n pai~untc~lo~icgl ~xp~dition ~beain~d uniqu~ ma~~ri~1g
frdm Megoaoic ~nd ~endx~ie ~ontinettt~l g~dim~nt~, which ~r~ af gr~~e ~i$-
nifie~nc~ for ~~lving probl~~g of ~ree~eeoug ac~d P~lpng~n~ bingtr~tigr~PhY
in Mongalia. tt~pr~g~ntativ~ coll~ctidn~ ~E tn~rine invert~br~ee~ (trilobiteg,
br~chi~pddg, coralg, b~yozo~n$, ~ta) W~r~ g~ther~d for gtudy of the
pal~on~ology, biogtr~tigr~phy ~nd p~le~g~ogr~phy of Mongolia's ancient land-
ma~~.
A joinr 5nvi~C-Mnngolign combin~d bioldgical ~xpediCion nr$~nized a n~w
~ p~rau~n~nt f~~i~ity in an ultraarid d~g~rt ~nvironment th~ first facility
of itg type in C~etral A~is. Work is in prngre~~ on four oth~r p~rman~nt
f~ciliti~s in a11 of Mongolia'~ natural xoneg. proposalg aere drafted on
proteccion of Wi1d ungulatea in tl~g i~'it.
~1 Sov~et-Mongnli~n historical-nultural expedition c~ntir?ued fie~d research
~etivities. Dozens of ne~ monum~ntg of N'.ongolle's gntiquity a~re diecover~d
and examined; the obtained scien~ific result~ arz tmking it posaible to
solve many key prdblecns of Mongolia's ancient gnd medieval history.
Joint projects uere alyo b~ing conducted on many probleca~ of aetronomy,
mathec~atics, phy~ics, chemistry, history, economicg, lav, literature, and
langunge.
The MpR Acad~my of Scienceg exten~ively c~lebret~d the 60th annivergary of
the Great October Sociglist R~volution; meetings Were held at the P residium
of the Academy of 5cienC~g and at scient~fic e$tablishments.-
Scientific cooperation b~tween the U5SR Acad~my of Sciences and the Polish
Academy of Scienc~s ~+as conducted pursuant to the protocol and proble~-
topic plan for sci~ntific conperation betW~en the AS USSR and the PAS in
1975-1980 ~thich specifies the cos?ducc of joint projects or coordin~tion of
re~earch on 54 problems in the natural and social sciences.
"Soviet Scienee and Technology Days" were held in Poland in April, With
chp participation oE a repr~sentative delegation from the AS U5SR, ahich in-
cluded Acadea?ician G. I. Marchuk~ Vice-President of the AS USSR~ Academicians
42
FOR t1PFICtAi. L'S~ ~~~'LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
t~'tlit tl~t~'~CIAi, U5~ dNLY
A. G. Ag~nb~gy~t~, N. G. i~~~dv, V. Vdttgnv~kiy~ V. M. G1u~hknv, Z.
S~gd~y~v, V~ D. S~ddv~kfy, V. t. S~iegyn, ~nd ~c~rrpgpc~nding m~mb~r~ of th~
A~ U59R N. A. V~tnlin, Y~. M. S~vit~kiy ~nd M. A. 5~rg~y~v.
A enngnia~idn of hi~~arl~ng thc U5~tt ~nd poli~h ~~~pl~'g it~publle hpld ~
~nnE~t~~ne~ in Mogcnw ~t~ eh~ tnpi~ "Ili~eari~~1 5fgnifi~gn~~ n~ ~h~ ~r~~E
~c~b~r 3c~ci~l3~t ~~v~iueidn. Gh~ng~~ in ~h~ 5eru~~ur~ df ~h~ W~rk~r C1~~~
af th~ U3SR ~nd PP~ in eh~ P~~c~~g of ~uildit~~ Saei~~igm ~nd ~dmmuni~m." A
eoii~~e~d voium~ of ~otne ~reiei~e$ w~~ publigh~d, pneiel~d "Kui'turnyy~ ~
gvy~ai n~rodov va~e~ehney Y~vrapy v XVI v." CCuirural ~i~g ~f eh~ P~op~@~ af
~~e~rn Europe in th~ l~th Geneuryj, and g~nL1~~ted v~~um~ ~eneie~~d "~tu~gi~,
Po1~nd ~nd th~ g1~ck 5~~ Ce~et Ar~~ in ~h~ 16th-17th C~neuri~g" a~~ pr~par~d.
A coemi~~idn of phiio~oph~er~ af the US~R ~nd p1~it re~di~d fdr pubiie~eian eh~
pr~c~~dingg of th~ S~eand ~~g~idn c~f the ~~mmi~~ion "'Ta~ki~ ~nd Dev~lopm~nE
Progp~ccg of M~rxfge-L~r~inige Phil~gaphy in rhe U~5It ~nd pptt in Light af ~hp
R~golutiong of th~ 25eh CP5U Cnngr~~~ ~nd S~veneh Cnngregg af th~ Pdligh
United Work~rg Pgrey." A r~gul~r m~eeing of eh~ cdmmi~si~n nf ~eon~migeg of
th~ US5R ~nd pRP W~g h~1d in W~rggw, gg Wag ~ theor~eic~l cdn�~r~nc~ on th~
probl~ms oE developm~nt nf relaeionshipg of go~i~li~t properCy ~nd improv~m~nt
in man~gem~nr c~f th~ n~tion~l gconda~y?.
Num~rnus ~v~nrg t~~r~ h~1d gc ~ge~biighm~nt~ af the pnligh Acgd~nry of Sei~nc~~
d~dic~t~d eo the 60th ~nniv~rgary af th~ Cre~t t~ctnb~r 5ocialigt Etevolu~ion.
A gcientific eanf~r~nce on the topi~ "Influ~nc~ of the Crp~t Oe~ob~r Socigl-
igt Revolution on R~volueion~ry Pr~c~gses in the Cont~mporary World" Wa~
held in NarBaW in N~vembpr. The conf~r~nce uag att~nd~d by ~ del~gation
frdm the AS USSR 1ed by A~~d~mici~n i. I. Mintg, uho pr~~~nt~d ~ p~p~r ~n-
titled "The Wor1d-Higtoric ~xpprience nf the Gr~e~t October 5ocialist ~tevolu-
tion."
Ssientific cooperation betWeen the USSR Acad~my of Scienceg, the Arademy of
the Socialiat Kepublic of Etom~nia and the Academy of Social and Political
Sci~nces of the ~RR Wa~ c~rried out pur~uant to a protocol cov~ring th~
period 1976-1980.
in eo~npction Wirh the earthquake on 4 March 1917, ~ group of geismologists
from the Institut~ of ~urch physics of the A5 USSR was sent to ttomania. The
US5R Academy oE 5ciences suppli~~ th~ Ftnm~niang With earthquake-recording
in~trument~ ~nd auxiliary ~quipment.
Att~chtnK great importgn~e to th~ developm~nt of scientific cooperation
b~cWecn Soviet nnd Etnm~nian scientists in the area of the social gcienc~~,
in Novecabcr che uss~ aca~~my of Sei~n~~es invited for discussion of these
m.titter~ the presidenc of the 5RR Acgdemy of Social and Political Scienceg,
M. Ceorgl~iu~and Ceneral 5ecretary C. Ionescu.
Tt~~ bilater~~l Soviet-Roranninn Commission of Ni~tori~n~ continued its activi-
ties. A regulac commission meeting Was held in Bucharest in Decemb~r
43
FOit OFFZCIAL L'SE O~LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~Ott ~~~tCIAI. U5~ dNLY
nn ehe topiC "Th~ tligtdri~~l ~xp~rien~~ di the dr.~dber tt~v~lutidn ~nd Hui1d-
fng eh~ ~aund~~idn,~ a~ 5aei~ligm in ttataani.~.'
;4Cl+~nEifi~ ~dnppr~tian beeWeen ehc U~5k A~xdem~ af 5~i~t~e~g ~fld th~ C~e~he-
glovak ACadem~ df 5~iett~eg ua~ cdtidu~~~~ pursu3n~ ~d th~ Pr~t~~ol ~n~1 ~rablpm-
'Tdpic p1~n n~ 5~ipn~if`ic Ch~;~eta~i~n B~eue~n ch~ U~Stt A~ ~nd C~~shaglav~k
A5 Enr 1g76=1990, dn 3~ ~rnbl~m~ c~~ ~h~ n~eural ~~id gd~i~l ~ei~t~c~~.
pii~~er~i preb~er: COtttifl~yNldttg ~nntinu~d thei~ ar_tiv3efeq. ReporE~ on ~dpie~
nf ~aoperatian in eh~ l~at tw~ yearg uer~ dfgCU~~~d ancl ~dner~e~ gr~~g af
r~gegrch fdr eh~ p~riud 197~-~98d were d~gi~r.:~ted ~t t~~eein~a nE thp 5ovi~t-
Gxeehnglovak c~tnmig~ion~ ~~n high-m~1ec~11~r comp~und~ (Ki~v) ~nd gingl~
~rygtal~ (Leningr~d). A ~nnferer.ee of ~ t~gm df ~xp~rt~ ~ram ~1~e U~S~t
A~ad~~y ~f S~i~n~e~ and th~ ~'=.`hd~lov~k A~ad~my o~ ~~ci~nC~s an th~ probl~m
~~Pl~~m~ Phygi~g and Physic~g o~ ~j~m~fl~~ry p~rti~i~~,~~ h~1d in t'r~gu~, gum-
m~riaed prdgre~g ta~de by gei~ntiffc ~g~~blighmen~g of ehe US5it ,~S ~nd
Czprh~oglov~k .L:, in 1976-1977 ~nd ggr~~d on g wdrkit~g plan fdr 197~. A
r~~ul~r gesaidn dE the Commig~ion ~f Nigtori~ng c~f the U35Et ~nd C~~cho~l~v~ki~
w~s h~1d in ~'r~gue.
The AS US5it Iastieue~ o~ Gpology nf dr~ Bodi~s, p~trngrgphy, Min~ralogy ~nd
G~och~tnigtry, .jotntly aith the ~eologic~l ingtitue~~ of the Cx~chnslnvgk ~nd
51nv:~k academicy of ~cien~es, publigh~d ~ volume nf cc~ll~ceed arti~le~ ~n-
titl~d "Opye korrelynr~ii n~gmatfr.heskikh i met~morfirh~~kikh pdrod
Ch~khu~lovekii i nekotorykh rayonov SSStt" (Tentgtive Correlation of Mggmatic
nnd Metgmorphic itocks af Czechagldv~ki~ ~nd 5ome Area~ of the USSIt) th~
fir~t ~~~'~~caneiel Wurk pr~genting ~ romparativ~ ~tudy of s~gmatic and
mecamur;.i~ic rack~ of mobile belts and ~r~g~ af ~n~i~nt congolidation on th~
territory of the tWO countries. This study is nf great gignificgnce for
establighing the fundnment~l p~tterns of evulution of the earth's cru~t and
upper mantle and for mineral prospecting.
The U55It Academy of 5cienceg and thg Cz~ehoglovak Academy of Science~ held
their r~gular aWards ceren~ny honoring the best ~oint research projectg
by Sovipt and Czechoslovgk scientigtg.
Czechoslovak sci~ncists extengively celebrated the 60th ~nniversary ~f the
Gregt Octnber Socialigt Ft~volutinn. A general meeting of the Cxech~~lovgk
Academy df Seienceg Wag h~1d, d~d.cat~d to this important date. mhE meeting
Was attend~d by n delegation from the US5R Academy of Scienceg, led by
Academici~n A. V. 5idorenko~ Vice-Pre~idenC of the US5R Academy of Scienc~s.
5cientifir coaper~tion betWe~n th~ USSR Academy af 5ei~nceg and the Cauncil
of the Academies oE 5cienc~s and Arta of che 5octa~ist ~ederated itepublfc of
Yu~oslaviA was carried ou~ pursuant to a protocol covering the period 1976-
1980 and a problem-topic pl~n specifying joint research on 35 problems of
the nnturnl and social sciences.
44
FOR O~FICI,~?[. L'SE O~LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~d[t O~~IG~AL U5~ a~fLY
Duriflg ~~lk~ b~ta~pn d~ipg~tiianr~ of eh~ U~3R Ae~d~my of S~i~ncp~ ~nd ch~
Couneii of A~~d~mi~g af S~i~n~eg ~nd Are~ af eh~ 31~ttY heid in Mag~oW in
M~y, tt~~ ~ubj~et m~tt~r a~ j~ine r~~~~rch a~~ gp~ei~i~d, ~nd eh~ ~cop~ of
~ai~ntigt ~xet~~ngp in 1977 u~g d~e~r~in~d.
Th~~ in 1977 coop~r~tion ~mong th~ ~c~d~mi~~ af ~ci~ne~~ of th~ ~oci~ii~e
nation~ ~ontinu~d to d~v~iop an ~~t~bl~, o~g~n3g~d b~gi~. ~ef~neific-
organi~~~ionai me~~ure~ conduce~d by th~ ~cad~mi~~ a~r~ dir~ct~d tow~~ed
improvtng organi~~eionai form~ of coop~r~tian, in~r~~~ing eh~ ~ff~ceiv~n~r~~
oE .~oine re~earch ~nd un~fyi~~ eh~ ~ffort~ of g~i~ntigt~ for solvia~ import~nt
gci~ntific end ~~chnir~i probi~mg. ~xp~n~ion ~nd ~cr~ngth~nin~ of ~ci~neific
~nop~r~tion eon~eieut~~ ~n imporeant coneribution of eh~ aead~mie~ of
~ci+~ne~~, ~ci~ntifie ~~e~bli~hm~nt~, and ~ci~n~i~t~ of th~ U9SR and th~ oth~r
~ociaii~t countri~~ toWard d~v~lopmane of eh~ Worid goci~~i~t ~y~t~m and
toa~rd ~trength~nfng ie~ unity ~nd go~id~riey.
~dOTNOT~
1. ~or mor~ d~tail on the eonf~r~nc~ of pr~gid~nr~ di th~ ~cademie~ o�
~rienceg of the gociali~t count~rie,~, ,~ee VS5TNIK AN S5~R, No S, 1977,
pp 5-70.
COPYRIC~iT: Iadatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vegtnik Ak~dpmii N~uk 5SSR", 197$
3024
CSO: 1~70
45
FOR OFFICIat. L'SE 0~`LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
~
~Ult (~l~'t~'tCtAL U5~ t~NLY
SCI~N7'I~'I'S ANb ~~I~N'I'1~tC UttGAN~~1~ONq
UDGt ~01.89 (100) '
ACADEMY d~ ~GI~NCE3 S~I~1VTIt~IC COOPE1tA'~iON W~'I'~t ~CIENTI3TS IN CAPITAT.IST
ANU D~VELUpING GOtfi~`~R~E3
- Ma~~ow V~STNiK AKAD~tI~ NAUK SSSR in ltu~~i~n No 10, OcC 78 pp 11.2-124
(Artiele by A. A. Kulakov, ~hief of th~ ~xeernnl R~iationg Admini~traeion,
Pr~~idiurr, of th~ USStt Acad~nry of Sri~ne~~: "USSR Acndemy of Sei~nce~ ~n-
t~rnation~l Coepardticrn in 1977: Cooperation With 3ei~nrific Eetablieh-
n~ntg in C~pit~li~t nnd D~veloping Countries"*)
['Cr~xe] Th~ principl~~ ~f pe~c~ful co~xi~t~nce df nt~tions With differing
social ~ygt~m$ w~re procl~im~d by thp Soviet ttepublic on th~ v~ry fir~t
dgy oE it~ exist~nc~. In the historic r~anlutions of th~ 24th and 25th
Cp5U G~ngreg~~g these principleg Wer~ raflected i~ the Peace Program and the
Program for rurther 5rruggla fdr P~are and Interna~ional Cooperation, for
the ~rE~~~aum ~nd tndep~nd~nce of P~opl~~. Thc~~ principleg are playing an
i~r.reaa.ngly fmportane rol+~ in internacion~l ~ffairs; th~ir influence en-
compasses th~ entir~ gggr~gate of international rel~tions of nations, includ-
ing the international ties of the USSR Academy of Sciences aith gcientific
estnbliehmentg in capitalist afld developing countries. These relatione ex-
perienced Eurth~r development in 1977.
Internationgl ti~g nf the USSR Academy of Science~ vere ~ffected on the -
basis nf 30 a~re~ment~ and protorolg concluded With sci~ntific organization~
in cgpitulist and d~v~loping countries, ~s Well 50 int~rgov~rnmental
ap~reementg, progran~ and protocol~ on cultural, sc~entific or gcientific-
technical cooperation.
In 1977 approxia~t~ly 2,500 scientists and gpecialists from scientific es-
tablishments of the U55It Academy of Sciences visited capitalist and
d~avelopfng rountries, and an equal nwaber of scientists and specialists from
tH~se eountries visited our academic establfshrr~ents.
5oviet ~cientists took p~rt in the activities of many important foreign
scientific forums~ including the Congresg of the International Federation of
Inforroacion Processing (Canada); the Fifth international Congress of
The firgt part of A. A. Kulakov's article appears in VESTNtK' No 9.
46
FOR O~~ICI:... li~E UNLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
l~btt f)I~ i~'tC 1A1, US~ hNLY
~connmiHC~ "E~nnomie Growth and It~~ourr~~" (J~p~n); en~ igen cdn~~~i
Conf.crence of Che int~rnr~tinnal Union for SCudy of populaCi.on problem~
(Mexico); th~ lOth Congrea~ of Che ~Aorld ~nergy Conference (Turkey); the
A~~embly of t~he Int~rnational A~~ociation of Dioeh~mi~try ~nd Space
Ch~migCry (Fr~n~~); th~ 27Ch InC~rngCion~l C~nfarenc~ nf eh~ PhygiologiC~1
Scienc~r~ (France); the 20th InCarnational Limnologica]. Congraea (Denmark);
the lith Conf~r~nce of tihe Federation of ~uropean Biochemical Societiea
(D~nre~rk); the ~.2th InCernarional Hegel Congree~ (Auetria); the 12th Inter-
national Congre~a of Lingui~t~ (Augtria); tihe 15eh Internation~l Congregg
on the f~igtory of Se3~nCe (GreaC Britain); tihe G~neral Ag~embly of Che In-
ternational Union of Social Science~ (France)~ plus other ecientific forume.
In turn ~cienCigtg from 33 capitali~t and developing countries attended
many congre~eee, conf~r~nce~ and sympoeia organized by tha USSR Academy of
Sciences. '1'hese ecientific forum~ included the Sth InCernational Congrees
on Organic Geochemi~try (Moecow); the 11th Congres~ of Che Carpatho-Balkan
Ceological Agaociation (Kiev); the InternaCional Sympoaium on Prote3ns, Poly-
peptidea and Amino Acids of the Brain (Yerev~n); an 3nCernational gympoaium
enCitled "PhiloBOphy end Social Progrega" (Moecow); ehe ~ourth Intarnational
Confer~nce on Ferroelectricity (Leningrad); the Seventh International Con-
Eerence on AComic Collisiong in a Solid Body (Moecow); a sympoeium of the
International Astronomical Union on the topic "Structure of the Universe and
the Forming of Gglaxies" (Tallin); a conference of European information and
documentation centers in the area of the soci~l sciencea (Moscow), plua
others.
An important place in the systeffi of international ties ~f the USSR Academy
� of Sciences is occupied by cooperation with U.S. scientific eatabliahments.
This cooperation is carried out both on the basis of agreements between the
USSR Academy of Sciences and U.S. scientific establishments and on the basia
of intergovernmental agreementa. .
The U.S. National Academy of Sciencea is one of the principal partners of he
the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1977 both academiea conCinued active
cooperation on coordinated pro~ecte and programs dealing with the problems
of extremely long-base radiointerferometry, solid-state physics, new areas
in bialogy, experimental psy~hology, and ion implantation in semiconductora.
New ~oint programs were specified last year: comprehensive study of promising
inorganic materials, and study of. defects in solids.
Joint work within the framework of the intergovernmental program of coopera-
tion experienced further development, particularly in the area of physics,
chemical catalysis, I~WD energy conversion, politics of science, and en- _
vironmental protection.
The second ses~ion of the intergovernmental Soviet-American commission on
cooperation in the field of energy (Moscow, December 1977) noted effective
work by Soviet and American scientists in the area of IrIIiD energy conversion,
.
47
FOR OFFICI~.:. USE OvLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
FOR OFi~ TCIAL U5H: ONLY
and seaeed that last ye~r work was completed on preparation of a~oint
basic study on the eechnical and economi.c aspects of I~4iD ener~y conversion.
The 5ovieC-American working group "5timulation of DevelopmenC of Basic
ltesegrch" completed un exchange of materi.als on sysCema of fosterin~ -
basic sci~nCific re~ec~rr.h in Che 1J55R and Ch~~ United SCates and proceeded
wiCh preparing pub~ica~icns on ~his sub~ect. Tn Ju1y-AuAust 1977 a seminar
was held in Aspen, Colorado �or the research ~ro~ip on ~oine elaboration of
- problems of the~r.etical phy~ics, entitled "~ront3.ers of Solid-State Theory." ~
A seminar on coamic X-Ray aource~ was held in Au~uyt in Protvino (USSR). ;
Joint work continued on a number of pro~ecta in the area of study of the
Wor1d Ocenn gnd environmenCal protecCi~n.
A program nf exchange af scte:~.i,~cs in the social aciences, specified by an
agreem~nt between the USSR Academy of Sciences and the American Council of
Learned 5ocieties (ACL5~ wgs succesa�u11y carried nut. 'i'he second ~oint
yession of ttie USSR AS and ACLS Commission on Cooperation in the Social
� Scienr.e~ was held in Moscow in 1977. There also occurred meetings of in-
ternaCional economisCs, specialiats on Asia problems, ethnographers, his-
torians, and psychologisCs. A program was coordinated on ~oint research in
the area of internaCional relaCions, economics, history, sociology, law,
psychology, literature, ethnography and anChropology. More than 500 sci-
entists and specialiats from the AS USSR visited the United Sta~eo in 1977, ~
and more than 700 American scientists visired our academy establishments.
Of great importance for further development of cooperation with the scientif ic
estab].'_.,hmencs of Great Britain was signin~ of an agreement on exchange of
scienri~ts in the area of the social sciences between the USSR Academy of
5ciences and the British Academy of Sciences, as well as a visit to the
USSR by a delegation from the London Royal Society, led by its president,
Lord A. Todd (September 1977). During Chis visit a new agreement was si~ned,
on scientific cooperation and exchange of scientists between the AS USSR and
the Royal Soci~ty.
A third meeting of civic leaders, representatives of science, culture and
business from the USSR and Great Britain was held in London in November
1977, at which current political and economic problems of Anglo-Soviet
re].ations, European and world politics were discussed. ~
The Sixth Session of the Joint Anglo-Soviet Commission on Scientific and
Technical Cooperation was held in Moscow in May, at which was noted the
. u~efulness of scientific ties (involving the participation of the AS USSR)
in the field of radio astronomy, structural crystallography, synchrotron
radiation, heat and mass exchange, protection of inetals against corrosion,
friction, wear and lubrication. New areas of scientific cooperation were
specified electron optics, optoelectronics, and control of complex systems.
A total of 167 scientists and specialists from the AS USSR visited Great
Britain in 1977, while 220 British scientists and specialists visited academy
establishments in the Soviet Union.
48 ~
FOR OFFICIE~L USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
1~nEt c)t~'~'ICtAL Ug~ nNLY
in Chc r.ciurgc df. ~hcip~r~itinn b~ew~~n th~ U~35tt A~dd~my ~f ~~ipn~~~ ~nd
N'r~n~l~ H~le?it![l~ c�HtubliHlim~iieb in 1~~~7, prinCip~1 ~et~ntion wg~ �neu~pd
on hon~ring eh~ pledge~ sp~~ifi.~d in th~ pr~~r~m far ~xp~ndi,ng Sovi~t-
~r~n~h cnnCg~e~ in eh~ ~r~~ df ~~i~ne~ gnd t~ehnold~y ~v~r ~ 10-y~~r period.
'~h~ principgl gr~ng of elii~ ~oop~r~tiatt innlude ~p~c~ ~xpl~r~eion~ ~tudi~~
in th~ ~r+~a of ~one~olled Cherm~nu~l~~r ~ynCh~~i~~ l~w-C~mper~eur~ phy~icg,
eamiconduceor phyeie~~ ch~mic~l c~t~lysi~, Chemi.cal phyei.c~, tha physico-
ch~micgl principl~g dE lif~, ~nformaCion ~ci~nc~, ~ci~ntif~.c 3nsCrwn~nt
~ng3n~~ring, gynchrotiron r~di~~i~n, qu~ntum electronice, and nonlin~ar
optic~.
Th~ Fourth S~g~ion of Che Working Group on Coop~r~ei.on in th~a Area of Sci-
enCific Ingtrument ~ngin~erin~ waa held in 5~peemb~r 1977, at which progre~s
. on ~oint pro~ent~ was di~au~~~d, ~nd plang for �urth~r cnoperation ware
outlined. Th~t g~me monrh a bilareral eympogium entitled "Phy~ico-
chemical Princ3ple~ of Life" waa held 3n TashkanC~ A meeting of epeci~l-
isCs participating in work on the top~.c "Dynamics of In+~eraceion Batwee.n the
NgCural Environmene and Prehistoric SocieCie~" wg~ held {.n France in Sep-
tember, at which probl~ms of paleography and ~rcheology of the Lower and
Middle Pl~iatoc~ne in Fr~nce were diacus~ed.
There was continued cooper~Cion between scientista at the IneCitute of
Petrochemical Synthesis imeni A. V. Topchiyev of the AS USSR and the French
companies (Ron-Pulenk) IndusCries and Air-Liquide on the topic "Reaearch on
the Medical and Industrial Application of PolyvinylCrimethylailane ~i1m,"
as well as with the French Petroleum Inetitute on motor fuel additives.
In conformity with the quota of the protocol of the Mixed Commission on Sci-
entific and Technical Coopera~ion, in 1977 the AS USSR aent 72 ecientieta to
France and received 109 French scienrists. On the basis of the exchanga
specified by an agreement between the USSR Academy of Sciences and the
_ National C~nter for Scientific Research, 21 Soviet scientists viaited France,
and 28 French scientiats visited academy scienCific establiahmenta.
- Scientific ties with scientists ef the FRG were effect~d last year both on
the basis of an agreement betwe~n the USSR Academy of Sciences and the
Cerman Scientific Research Society in Bonn (NNIO), and on the basis of separate
agreements on joint pro~ects.
~ .Joint rescarch continued in the field of Messbauer spectroscopy, heliomag-
netic and ionospheric observations. The Third Symposium on gamma-resonance
spectroscop,y was held in Yerevan in October 1977. The first phase of the
large-scale "Porcupine" project has been successfully completed (March 1977).
This pro,iect included, in particular, a Soviet experiment involving injec-
tion of a strean ~f xenon plasma, and a IJest German experiment involving in-
Jection of a stream of barium. It also included optical observations con-
ducted with the aid of ultrasensitive Soviet equipment carried on board a
YaK-40 ~irborne observatory. There was also an exchange of scientists with-
in the framework of cooperation on the pr~blem "Radio Astronomy." Within
the framework of the agreement with NNIO the USSR Academy of Sciences sent
' 32 scientists to the FRG and received 27 West German scientists.
49
FOR OEFICIetL USE UNLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010048-7
r~~~ o~~F~~:r,r~~~, i~sN; oNt,Y
~ri~g bcewe~n the U55tt Ar.~~demy c~f 5ci~ne~y and tt:a.liun gci~ntifi~ e~ti~bl3,~ti-
mentH experienc~d furtticr develupm~m~, At: ~.~?E: `I'hird 5~gr~ion a� th~ Mixecl
Cc~nunt~nio~ on SCientific ~ttct Te~l~nir~~l ~.".~~per.~tiott lietwe~n ~he U~5tt ~nd
Italy (Pto~c:~w, M~~y 1g~y), a"I,ung~-~~tn~;c ~ro~r~m oE Uevplopmettt ~f 5CieciCifi~
nnd ~'echni~~l C~oper~tlr~tt Coveri~i~ LI~~Ye~r I'er.iocl" wng Higtted, ~peCifying
th~ c:nnduct nf Joint re,~c~nrc~~ ott .16 prt~blemy inv~lvin~ eh~ A5 USS~t ln
arca of ehe phy~;ico~ ht~n,:~