JPRS ID: 8213 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR MILITARY AFFAIRS

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ii JANUARY i979 CFOUO 2179~ ~ i OF i

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srRS L/ezL3
Jan~gry ~9~9
, ~
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR MILITARY AFFAIRS
(FOUO 2/79)
.
U. S. JOINT PUBLICAZIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
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.IE'RS publiCat~~~~~, cureain information prim~rily from foreign
newsp~~tpers, rr~rir~c':r.al.s ~nd books, but rals~ Lrom news a~enr}~
tr~nsmi~sivns n~td brondcasts. i~~CCY~~L5 from foreign-l~n~;uag~
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~re transcribed or reprinted, with the ori~inal r'~rttslC;~ ~.?nd
other ch~racecristics retained.
Headlines, edttc+ri,;l reparts, ac~d m~7Cerial enclosed in brttckeCs
are ~~.;pc,li~~:1 by JYEt5. ~'rocessing indicntors sueh ~s [TexCJ
;~r (~:xcerpCf in the firse line of e~ch item, or fallowing ehe
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m~Cion was summ~rized or exCrncC~d. .
i'nfamilier n~mes rendered phnneeicnlly dr tr~nsliCerared are
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nriginal bue have been supplied asappropriaCe in cnnCext.
Other unaetribuCed parenehetieal notes within the body of ~n
iCem originaCe witfi the source. Times within iCems~are as
given by source. ~
7'he conCents of this publication in no w~y represent Che poli-
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BIBL106RAPNIC DATA Rcport No~ 2~ Recipient'b Accean un Nn,
SNEET JPRS L~e2i3
~ U u an ~,u c it e S. epatt ate
TEtANSLA'1'ION$ ON USSR MILITAItY AF'FAIIt5, (FOUO 2/79) ~
6~ _
7~ Au~hnrf+l 8. Pertormin6 qra~nization Rept.
No.
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JoinC Publicetiona Reeearch Service
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Covered
As above
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1S~ Supplementary Nocei
16~ Abst~~ete
' The r~pore contains information on the 5oviet military and civil defense
establishments, leadership, docCrine, policy, planning, political aFfairs, ~
organization, and equipment.
17. Kcy wocds and Daumenc An~lysi~. 170. Desetiptors
USSR
Military Organizations '
Military Facilities
' Military Personnel ~ .
17b. I~Irntif~rta/Open�1?nded Terms
17c. c ~?,n'f~ I~frw/GrouP 15C
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JPRS L/821,3
~ ~ ].l January 19 79
~ TRANSLATIONS ON USSR MILITARY AFFAIRS
(FOUO 2/i9)
CONTENTS PAGE
History of M{1.i~ary Topographera Bketched ~
(B. Ye. Byzov; GEODEZIXA I KARTOGRAFZYA, J'u]. 7$) 7.
Zhi~tomi.r Radioelectxonic Air Defens~ School
(Nikol.ay Yakovlevich Golova.nov; ZHITO1~t3K0YE
~ KRASNOZNAMENNNOYE Il~NI LENINSKO(~0 KOMSOMOLA, ~977) a
Book Diecuases Method.ology of Military-Scientific Cognition
(T. Ye. 3havrov, M. I. Galkin; METODO?,OGIYA VOYENNO-
NaucxivoGO po�~varr.nra, i977) i~
Book Describes Ar~r Operati.or~s in Great Patriobic War
(A. I. Radziyevskiy; ARM~'YSISIYE OPE~tATSII, 1977) � . � , . � � 29
' a' IrII - USSR - 4 FOUO]
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vnc: 623.~i
HISTORY OF MILITAR'.( TOPOGRAPHERS SKETCHED
Moscow GEODEZIYA I KARTOGRAFIYA in Ruasian No 7, Jul 1978 pp 1-6
- [Article by B. Ye. Byzov: "Glorious Path of Military Topographars"]
[Text] Thia country's geodetic community extenaively ~
celebrated the 60th anniversary of the Soviet Army
Military Topographic Service (MTS).
During the years which have passed since its establish-
ment the MTS, succesafully performing ita tasks in the
� area of topographic-geodetic support of the USSR Armed '
Forces, has made an enormous contribution toward aarto-
_ graphic study of the territory of our homeland.
Lt Gen Tech Trps B. Ye. Byzov, Chief of MTS, discussea
in thia article the gloriaus road traveled by our military
topographera.
The Military Topographic Service celebrated its 60th anniversary oa 8 May
1978. Its formation and development are inseparably linked with the hiatory
of establishment of the Soviet Army, in the ranks of which the Military
Topographic Service has traveled a great road and at all stages of which has
honorably performed its assigned tasks, has made and is continuing to make
a worthy contribution toward the cause of atrengthening the defense capabil~.-
ty of our humeland.
In the span of six decades generations of military geodesisCs, topographers
and cartographera have come and gone. Each contributPd its own glorious
pages to the fighting and labor chronicle of the Military Topa~raphic Ser-
vice and to the cause of improving the thoroughness of topographic-geodetic
coverage of our country's territory.
We offer warm greetings and congratulations to all veterans of the Military
Topographic Service, who have made a great personal contribution to ita
development and topographic-geodetic support services for the military, all
military perscnnel, workers and engineei-technician personnel who th~ough
their daily exemplary labor are doing their part toward increasing the combat
readiness of the Soviet Army.
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The mgmory o� thos~ milyC~ry geode~igrg, topogrnphers gnd cartiographers
who g~ve eheir liveg fighCing for the �reedom and ind~endence of our home-
land w~.ii remain forev~er in the hear~a Qf our people. The~.r courage, ,
steadfxgtness and unswerving will to carry out their mil~.t~ry duCy under ~
any and A11 conditiotte consti~ute a vivid expreasion of their total dedica-
tian to the sociali,aC homeland and the cause o� the Communist Party. ~
The revolueionary fi.ghCl.ng and lnbor rraditions of tihe military topographere
were born during the Civil War years. Under the extremely difficult condi-
- tiona of that tiime, miliCary ~opographers noC only performed tasks perrain-
ing tio topographic aupporti for Red Army combat operations but also '
frequenCly fought the enemies of Che Soviet Republic with weapon in har.d.
A high degree of courage and valor was d;isplayed by the personnel enrolled
in the firsC Petrograd Military Topography Course in defending the cradle
of the R.evolution against the White Guardises and in~Cerventionists, as wpll ,
as in putting down the counterrevo~utionary mutiny at ICronshCadt. We are ~
proud of the fact th~t maps produced ae ChaC time by military topographers '
_ and cnrtographers were exCensively utilized by the founder o~ the Communist
Party and our state, V. I. Lenin, who dir~cted ehe defense of the young .
Soviet Republic. Many maps and atlases ~.~roduced by the Military Topographer '
Corps are preserved in the V. I. Lenin office and quarCers museum in the
Krem].in. ,
Up to Che spring of 1919 the Military Topographic Service was the sole or-
ganizttCion in Che Soviet Republic per�orming Copographic-geodetic and
carto~raphic services. On 15 March 1919 V. I. Lenin signed a decree order- ~
ing establishment of the Higher Geodetic AdminisCration (VGU, now the USSR
Council of Ministers Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography), which
signaled the beginning af organization of a civilian topographic-geo~ietic
and cartogrgphic service in this counC~y.
After the Civil War came to an end, during the years of peacetime construction
and particularly during the first five-year plans, Che Military Topographic
Service ~~ndetwent development and improvement togeCher with all Soviet Army
arms and services. Of ~reat importance in its further developmenC and ~
mobilizati~n of personnel for successful accomplishment of assigned tasks
was the military topographers congress held in April 1924. In those years
military geodesists and topo~raphers performed importanC tasks connected
with elevation measurement on Che Trans-Siberian Mainline and linking the
levels of the Baltic 5ea and Pacific Ocean, as well as topographic surveys
in border areas, in the site areas of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly and the
Dneproges construction pro3ect, and participated in high-mountain ex- "
peditions of the USSR Acader~; i~ Sciences and in establishing Cogether with
enterpr~~es of the Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography an
astro-g~eodetic network over a considerable portion of the territory of the
USSR.
Considerable work was performed t~ improve the equipment and organizational
structure of MTS units; motorized topographic detachments, geodetic units
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and g scienri~ic r~se~rch ingtiCut~ were egtia~].ished. Trgining of of�ice~c
~ c~dres was improv~d. In 1925, at Che initiative of ~he t4i11eary Topograph~.c
Adminiseration and eh~ Main AdministraCion of Geodesy and Cgrtography, an
ofE:tCial pexiodical.�,~as eet~blished for Soviee geodesieCs and Copographers
the ~ournal G~ODEZLSZ', Che EinesC traditiona of which are being continued
~oday by the ~nurngl GEODE~IYA I KARTOGRAFIYA. From i924 through 1932 mili-
~ Cary enginesr-geodesiats received Craining at the Moscow Institute o�
Geodesy, Photo~raphic Aerial 5urvey and CgrtogYa~hy ~ngineere, and beginning
in 1932 at Che Military Engineering Academy imeni V. V. Kuybyshav. -
13y 1941 the Military ~'Topographic Service CoseCher with the Main Administra-
tion of Geod~sy an~:~, Cgrtography had accompliahed the impnrtiant work nf
producing topo~rap'~ic maps of the border areas of Che USSR. They were un-
ab:Le, however, to compleCe large-scale surveys covering the entire country,
and ie w~s neceasary to produce maps of g numbeY of areas during the harah
years ~f Che GreaC Patriotic War.
The Gre~C PatrioCic War was the gre~tese rest �or the Soviee sCaCe and its
Armed Forcey and for the entire 5oviet peop~e. The road eo victory was
trying nnd dif�icult. In batCles of unprecedented scale and intensity
against the ag~ressive bloc of fascist states, our people and their fi~hC-
ing men, under Che direcCion of the Communist Party, gained a world-his-
toric vici:ory.
The Military Topographic Service, which provided topographic-geodetic data
aud cartographic materials in support of 5oviet Army combat operations,
also passed with flying colors the severe test of the war, particularly in
the iniCial period. During the years of the Great PatrioCic ~1ar MTS units,
~ointly wiCh the enterprises of Che Main Administration of Geodesy and
CArCography, surveyed and ground-reconnoitered an area in excess o� 5 mil-
lion square kilometers, produced tens of ehousands of original topographic
and special m~ps, and printed approximately 900 million copies of maps for
, the military. Military geodesists and topographers, working ~ointly with
the artillery topographic service, determined approximately 200,000 fun-
damenCal peodetic points. Working jointly with the Air Force aerial photo-
topographic service, more Chan half a million aer3al photographs were
photoinCerpreted. For purposea of troop control, the topographic services
of the fronts prepared a large number of reconnaissunce, relief and coded
maps, river and lake maps, as well as many other special maps and graphic
combat documents. Throughout the entire war ~ITS officers performed a great
dPal of work in the area oi ~Loop topographic Craining.
We have a great deal of respect for all milit�ary geodesisC~, topographers
and c~rtographers, workers and employees, all Chose who bore on Cheir
shoulciers the brunC of Che labor involved in topographic-geodetic support
of Soviet Army combat operations, those who by their selfless service
to the party and our socialist homeland made a concrete contribution to the _
common c~ause of victory over the bitterest enemy of mankind German
fascism. We should mention in particuiar the personnel of the topographic
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service~ of tihe Eronts, which were headed by ehe most ~xper~.enced of~icera ~
~nd genergl officere of tih~ MT5: A. M. Aga~.akov, A. N. Ardayev, S. P.
Bogankov, V. A. Vasil'yc~v, I. G. Dorofeyev, L. L. Ivanov, I. I. Martynov,
A. B. Migunov, M. 5. Mondrus, S. S. Nikonenko, Yu. M. Orletgkiy, A. M. ;
_ Serdobi,nCsev, V. G. 5tepanov, Ya. Sokolov, V. Yg. Tereshchenko, K. N. ~
Kh~rin, and other~, as well ae the peraonnel of the General Staff MiliCary
Topographic Admi.nisCratiion, headed by Lt Gen Tech Trpe M. K. Kudryavtsev. ;
The Communise Parey and SovieC Government highly eaCeemed the military and
labnr accomplishmenta o~ the personnel of Che Mili~ary Topographic Service ~
during ehe Great Paeriotiic War 23 units were decorated, and Chousands
of officers, noncommissioned officers and enlisted personnel received
decorations and medals.
The wealth of experience acquired by the Military Topographic Service 3n
the GreaC Patriotic War is being exCensively utilized in peaceeime �or ,
further development and improvement of topogr~phic-geodetic support ser-
vices for the Soviet Army. On tihe basis of a critical analysis of this ex- ~
perience, Che requisite praceical conclusions have been drawn, direcCed ; -
toward prompt and uninterrup~ec~ supply of topographic-geodeCic data and
cartographic materials eo the troops and staffs.
In the postwar years the Military Topographic Service has taken part in ~
producing, ~ointly with Che Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography, :
a 1:100,000 scale map of the USSR and particularly its northeastern regions,
and in projects to establish an astro-geodetic network for the Soviet Union,
with the scientifically-subsCantiated layouC and program of execution of
whi.ch handled by eminent Soviet geodesist, Corresponding Member of the
Academy of Sciences USSR Professor F. N. I~rasovskiy. This network, unique
in scale and nccuracy, serves as a fine foundation for the conduct of a11
subsequent tapographic-geodetic and cartographic work and for solving basic
sci.enttfic problems of geodesy.
Geodesists and torographers are called pioneers, and this is clearly
~ustified. Performing tasks assigned by the homeland, they are among the
first Co reach the cloud-towering heights, to cross the Caiga and the
burning sands of the deserts. And it is not surprising that many geographic
features have been named in honor of geodesists and topographers. In 1.952
_ a large team of military topographers was awarded the USSR State Prize for ~
producing top~graphic cnaps ~f high-mountain areas in the Pamirs. They in-
clude V. M. Vasilevskiy, N. Ya. Gamaleyev, A. I. Kozlovskiy, Ye. N.
- Kanovalov, V. G. Kustov, A. I. Makarov, A. K. Makarov, A. P. Makovskiy, '
A. S. Mel'nikov, D. F. Svetovidov, A. I. Simenyuk, and V. M. Grushnikov.
In 1947 the scientific council of the USSR Geo~raphic Society awarded mili-
tary topographers N. Ya. Gamaleyev, A. K. Koshkarov and P. N. Rapasov the _
P. P. Semenov Grand Gold Medal for discovery, survey and determination of
the height of Victory Peak.
A ma~or contribution toward solving many practical and theoretical problems
during this period wag made by officers and general officers M. K. Kudryavtsev,
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A. S. Nikol~yev, I. A. KuCuxov~ F. Ya. Geraeimov, Yu. V. Sergovgkiy, V. G.
Stepnnov, I. I. Mare'ynnov, D. A. Popov, B. G. Afanas'yav,N. N. Mineyev,
V. G. Dmitriyeveki.y, M. R. Kuroah and oChera, as wel~. as the follawing
eminenC scienCists: Honored Scientista and ~ngineers G. V. Itomanovak.iy,
A. N. Lobanov, A. V. Mazayev, lloctors o� Technicgl 5ciencea N. A. Urmayev,
N. P. Lavrov~ P. A. Gaydayev, B. A. LiCvinov, F. F. Lysenko, N. P.
. Makazov~ V. P. Morozov, and many others. ~
In con~nection with tihe rapid advance of the acieneiftc and ~echnological
revo~.ution, furnishing of modern wegpons and combat equipment to the army
and navy, as well as qualitaeive changes in Che composition of the
Armed Forces, new and h3gher dem~nds are being made on topographic-geodetic
support of tironps and combat readiness o� the Military 7'opographic Service,
and it is b~coming necessary to revise and refine previous views and to ~
find a differenr solution to many problems. 'Phe tasks of the Military
Topagraphic Service have changed substantially and become more complex,
, and ie now plays a greater role and has greaCer responsibility in matters
of comprehensive and fu11 support of troops and seaffs with r.opograhic-
geodetic data and cartographic materials. Totally new kinds of geodetic,
~ photogrammeCric and cartographic equipment are b eing developed, and ad-
vanced methods ansl processes of performing special ~obs are being developed
and adopted. A signiFi.cant contribution toward thia has been made by SCate
Prize winners B. G. Afanas'yev, V. I. Korablev, N. N. Mineyev, I. Ya.
Pleshakov, A. A. Khoman'ko, G. ti. Uatinov, the officers and general officers
of Yhe Military Topographic Administration and Military Engineering Academy
imeni V. V. Kuybyshev, chiefs of the topographic services, commanders and
off3cers of topographic units.
- Modes of troop support are tested and impraved, possibilities of shortening
the time required to ob tain and procesa topographic-geodetic data are
sought, and.training of MTS units for operation in a complex situation is
improved in the course of command-staff, tacCical special tactical exercises.
The Military Topograhic Service today possesses everything requisite for suc-
cessfully accomplishing its assigned missions. MTS units and establishments
contain well-trained cadres who are dedicated to the Communist Party and
socialisC homeland. More than 90% of officer personnel are Communists and
Komsomol members, while more than 60% possess higher military and special-
ized education. A mr.~or contribution toward Craining cadre officers
of the Military Topograhic Service is being made by the Leningrad Higher
Military Topographic Command School and the Military ~ngineering Academy
imeni V. V. Kuybyshev. Graduates of the Moscow and Novosibirs:; Geodesy,
Aer.ial Photographic Survey and Cartography Engineer institutes are doing a
fine job in MTS units and a~ MTS enterprises.
The Afilitary Topographic Service is accomplishing many practical and sci- `
entiFic tasks pertaining to establishing and updaCing geodetic networks,
producing topographic maps, developing new instruments and modern processes
in close conCact with the Main AdminisCraCion of Geodesy and Cartography
and its scientific research and production subdivisions.
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~ox o~r~cr~. ust~ ornY
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i.
Implementing the re~ol.utiona of the 25th CPSU Congr~ss, the persnnnel of the .
Milirary Topographic Service ar~ working very hard and with a high degrea
of responyibiliCy ~.n 1978. A speci~l role in accompllsh~.ng all tasks ia ~
plgyed by party-poliCicnl work and Che efforts of party, Komsomol and trade '
' un~.on nrgan3~aeions in mobilizing the pexsonnel of MTS units for succesa�ul,
high-qualiCy nnd efficient accompl.ishmenC of the combat and political
training program, apecial pro3ecCs, and indoctrinaeion of personnel in a
spirit of deep ideological conviction, Soviet patirioti~sm and proletarian
inCernationalism, as well xs constant readiness to defend th e interesCs of
~ our socialist homeland. ,
Mili~ary topographers are celebrating their 60th ann3versary with new suc-
cesses in combat Craining and in accomplishing gssig::~d tasks and socialist ~
pledges.
The high praise for the military labor o� the defenders of the homelgnd con- ~
tained in the CPSU Central Commititee message of greeCings in aonnection
with the 60Ch anniversary of Che USSR Armed Forces and 3n speeches by Leonid
" I1'ich Brezhnev during his trip to Siberia and the Far East and aC the 18th ~
Komsamol Congress have generated a new upsurge in political and labor ac-
tiveness by military personnel, civilian workers and employees of MTS units.
- For a number of years now 16 enterprises have mainCained Cheir title of
Conununist labor collectives, while 5 units have been awarded the title of
Excellent Labor Organization and ProducCion Enterprise. Worthy examples of
j a Coromunist attitude toward labor are shown by senior technician-cartographers
A. I. Bogatova, who had met her own personal five-year plan target by the
60th anniversary of the USSR Armed Forces, Ye. I. Ushenina, V. A. Shapovalova,
S. A. Struchalin and many others, who have complered four annual targets
each. Excellent, stable performance in training and labor has been shown by ~ _
the units under the command of N. N. Voronkov, G. F. Shapovalov, E. K.
Shurpitsl:iy, B. S. Gavrilov, G. L. Lyakhin, A. G. Pavlovskiy, and others.
Ia connection with Che 60th anniversary of the USSR Armed Forces, a large
number of Military Topographic Service officers and warrant officers have ,
been awarded decorations and medals. One of the best MTS units was awarded
the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. These decorations attest to recogni-
tion of the contribution made by the personnel of the Military Topographic
Service toward increasing the combat readiness of this country's Armed _
Forces. At the same time they oblige us to work even better, tirelessly itn-
proving ~:~e quality and efficiency of all our work, not resting on our .
laurels but concentrating attention on new tasks and unresolved problems. ;
"Strengthening and improvement of the army and navy," states USSR Minister '
of Defense Mar SU D. F. Ustinov, member of the CPSU Central Committee {
Politburo, "is a complex, all-enc~mpass3.ng, Innovative process, in which
there can be no place for stagnation. That which was new yesterday today
becomes a routine achievement. Herein lies the essence of the dialectic of
military affairs." ~
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The CommuntsC party and 5ovieti Government are doing everyehin~ necessary ~o
preserve peace and the secur~.ty of peoples. The entiire world ie aware o�
the beneficent influence of ehe peace-seeking foreign policy of Che Leniniat
partiy and the vi~orous activitiea toward this end by CP5U Central Commi.ttee
General Secreeary f;omrade L. I. Brezhnev, Chairman of the Presidium of the
US~R Supreme SovieC. There etill exist in Che world, however, forces of
reaction~and aggreasion, forces which are vigorously in operation, opposing ~
d~tente and disarmamenC. Theae �orces are maintaining focal points of
tens~.on, a~e inciCing miliCary conf~.icts, and are escalating Che arms race.
Under theae conc~itiona Che CPSU CenCral Commi~Cee and Soviet Government are
devotin~ constant attention toward strengChening Chis country's defense
c3pability and n level of Armed Forces combaC readiness guaranteeing an im-
mediate rebuff Co any uggressor. It is the du~~; of militsry topographers
promptly and fully to provide the troopa with tiopographic-geodetic data and _
carCographic ma~terials, to work persistently to improve the means and
methods of accc~mplishing the tasks assigned the Military Topographic Ser-
_ vice ar. the present atage, and tu improve organizaCion and discipline.
For 60 years the Military Topographic Service has honorably carried out its
duty to the homeland, succeasfully accomplishing its assigned tasks. Mili-
tary topographiers, ind~ctrinated in a spirit of total dedication to the
Communist Party and the Soviet homeland, are making and will conCinue to
make a worthy conCributi.on to the cause of increasing the combat might of
the USSR Armed Forces and strengthening the defense capability of our aocial-
ist staCe. -
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", "Geodeziya i kartografiya", 1978
3024
cso: s~44/o~+95
7
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ZHITOMSR RADIOELECTRONIC AIR DEFENSE SCHOOL ~ ,
Moscow ZHITOMIRSKOYE KRASN02NAMENNOYE IMENI LENINSKOGO KOMSOMOLA ;
:i~? Russian 1977 signed to press 1 Apr 77 pp 1-4, 230-232 . ~
_ [Annotati~n, table of contents, author's introduction, and conclusion
of book by Nikolay Yakovlevich Golovanov] ~
[Excerpts] Title Page% ~
Title= ZHITOMIRSKOYE KRASNOZNAMENNOYE TI~IENI LENINSKOGO ~
KOMSOMOLA (the Zhitomir Red Banner ~Radioelectronic ;
Air Defense School] imeni Leninist Komsomol) ~
Publisher= Voyenizdat
Place and year of publication~ Moscow, 1977 �
i
Signed to Press Date= 1 April 1977 ;
Number of Copies Published~ 30,000
~
Number of Pages% 232 ~
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Annotation~
The book contains a discussion of the history of one of the country's
oldest military schools--the Zhitomir Hi~her Command Red Banner Air
Defense School. imeni Leninist Komsomol, the graduates who have performed !
glorious feats in defense of the motherlarld. The author places great
attention on illuminating the work of the teaching staff and of the ~
school's party and Komsomol organizations in the education and indoctri- i
nation of officer cadres, ;
;
The book is intended for a broad circle oi readers, especially for youths ~
who dream of becoming officers in t1:e National Air Defense Forces.
Table of Contents ~
~
Author's Introduction 3
8 -
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~11Apt~~ 1 � Comm~ncl~ra-antiiairer~fc ~CC~1~.~3$y?i11E3fl � ~ ~ � � ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ � � ~ ~ ~ � � ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~`t1l It~d A~tr?y 8W7~1~~~ ~.ti$ ~ammandetis~.~~~~~�~�1~~�~~~~~~~~~~~1~~~~1~~~~� ~5
Mf)~COW~p@~fi0~~~f~~Jr@V~~~Op01~ ~~~~~~~~~~1~~~~~~~��A~~~�1~~~~~~~~~1~~~��
ttKKA ~Work~rs' ~?nd Peasants' R~d Army] Antiiaircr~ft Artillery Sc~ool . 22
V~ZUlitip~~9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~����~~�~~~~1~~~~1~~~~1~~��1~~~~1~~~~1~~~~1~~~~1 3~
S~v~stop~l' AritiairCr~ft Artil].~ry School~~...~ 41
011 ttl~ @VQ of war.......�~�~��~~�~~~~�~~~~~�~~~��~~�~�~~~~~~~~~e~~~~~� ~17
Chapt~r nU~~.lp. C~le ~El~~B O� ~~V@1"~ C@8~8~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~�~�~~~~�~
_ In defense Ot Jr@VA9r.0(~0~.~ �~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~�~~��~��~��~~~~~~~~~I~~~�I S3
t1~ep ~aiChin ~tl~ COUtltirY. P~trovak-Ufa �~~~~�~~��~~~~~1~~~~1~~~~~~~~~~ Sg
In t~lE first battles �~~���~�1~~~~1~~~~�~~~�1~~�~�~~~�1~~~~1~�~~1~~~~� 6~
~~~~':lF'3~ Of til'1Q C8p1~$~. �~���~I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~��~~~~~1~~~��~~~~1~~~�. 66
'The c~adl~ of Che revolu tion is inviolabl~ 70
D~~enders o� Odessa 7Z
- The le~endary 365th Battery 74
U~f~nding railroad junctions 79
~~'1~' tl$~~~.@5 ~t Voron~xh a0
At SCalingrad 82
The command~r of th,~ ~~Young Guards" 85
The ~xperience of t~a,r--into the trainir~ process 91
The t~~ttery imeni SUZA [SevasCopot' Antiaircraft Artfllery School]
~t the fronC 105
Yassy 109
Liber~tion of the Baltic area 113
The schooi is awarded the Order of Che Red 8anner 118
On the Berlin axis 122
ChapCer 3. Beneath peaceful skies
The first post-war years 128
Assimilation of nea equipmenC 136
Military indoctrination 143
Ties LO troop units 148
Chapter 4. True to traditions
Based upon a new configuration 152
Communists in the forefront 156
The cause Khich you serve 171
For quantity and mastery in sports 176
They serve in model fashion in troop units 179
Chapter S. To new heights
To the ranks ot the highest 184,
Imeni Leninist Komsomol 193
Ideological Cempering . 195
~ The school�s SOth anniversary 201
The year of the Leninist jubilec 204
Creatcd by the people--to defend reliably 210
They were Che first 215
TO riCN heights 22~
Conclusion 230
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~ H'0[t O~I~tCIAL U5~ AN~t.Y ' i
Author's InC~oduc~idn
[Text] This book is the tal~ o� eh~ Zhitomi~ High~r Command Red Sanner
~adio~l~ctronic Air U~f~nse School i~n~ni I,~ninisC Komsomol and its ~lorious �
pa~C which ~indg it~ rdot~ in the ye~~g af th~ Civil War, of Che school's
~e~iviti~g dw~in~ ehe ~trug~l~ tie build seGi~li~m in ~h~ USSR, ef ~h~
hiseori~ d~ed~ of its ~raduates d~rin~ the y~ar~ of severe tiests, of Che
post-war d~velopment of one of the Sovi~t A~n?y's oidest forge~ o� of�fcer
cadt~s.
Ar~hi.vxl documents, memoirs, and matArial~ from school students ov~r many , ~
y~ars serv~d ng tt~~ basis for tihis book. ~he names of many prevfously
unknown heroes and meritorious graduates of the school were discovered in -
the process and numerous documents and photographs were collected.
A C~mbat Glory Museum ha~ been set up at ~he sehool. When he visited tl~e :
school in 1970, MSU i. I. Y~kubovskiy, t~SSR first d~puCy minist~r of defense,
wrote the following in Che visiCor's r~gister= ..the valuable materials
coll~ct~d in ~he school's Combat Glory Museum, constLVCtion of a memorial to
th~ gradu~t~s who fell in baCei~ for th~ moCh~rland, and Che earth soaked
_ with the blood of the troops from the hero-citfes Chat has been laid here
with lov~, give witness to the fact Chat th~ scY,ool sacredly reveres the
memnry of the heroic deeds of iCs graduates."
Army Gen 5. M. Shtemenko, Nho graduated from the school in 1930, wrote=
"with great saCisfactfon, emotion, and joy several years ago I visited my
old school where I began my military path almosC 50 years ago. It was Chen
called the Sevastopol' Mtiaircraft Artillery School. Much water has flowed
over the dam since that time= nefther the ~qu ipment nor the peo ple are Che
same, ~verything has changed just as our mo~heriand has changed unrecognizably
during these yegrs. It is a joy and pleasuxe to recognize and see progress
everywhere, including the growth and improvement of Che school. It noW trains
first-class commanders aith an engineer's education Who knoW the complex ,
eq~aipment Co perfection, equipment aba.it Which we Were unable to even dream."
6~ith na prr.tense of having fully depicted the glorious history and combat
Lraditions of the school, the author strived to Crace Che more ~mportant
events in the chronicles of its military affairs from its day of birth until
the present.
'The author expresses sincere appreciation to :taj Gen Arty Ye. Ye. Poluektov,
chi~f of the school, Cols V. F. Burlachenka and F. V. I1'in, chiefs of the
political section, Col M. M. Shashunov, former secretary of the school party
committee, Bngr-Col p. A. Zyukanov, and Col B. P. Nabokov, deputy chiefs of '
the school, v. M. Plitenchuk= to the veterans of the school, and to its
~raduates ~rho provided assistance in the collection of materials linked aith
the activities of the Zhitomir Red Banner School.
io
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~oR o~~~ct~t, us~ ornY
Gonelusion
The Zhitomi~ ~ed Bann~~ Schdol has erained officer cadres for Ch~ Arm~d
Forc~s for appsoximaCely 60 yea~s~ Iti has cov~red a glorious combat path
durin~ this time. From ite aa118 came a large pleiade of military commandare
Whc mad~ a~ignificant contributS.on to the d~velopm~nti of militi~ry sffai~~,
~~peciaily in th~ developm~nt and combat employm~nC of antiiaircrafti artiillery
and of the SAM ~roops.
Thousands ot the school'g students con~inue to s~rve in troop units and
m~ny h~v~ become general~. And, reg~rdless of. whe~e a graduate of th~
srhooi serv~s, r~~ardless di the posC h~ occu pi~s, he aiw~ys with great
warmth and sincerity recall~ his old school, which providpd him the cred~n-
tials for the long snd difficult military 1ff~, Which indoctrinated in him
love for the motherland and for the turbulent but honorable and interesting
military prof~ssion.
F'rom day to day, from year to year, the school'~ collective lives and labors.
Cnming in to r~plac~ the graduates a~e nea youths Who have dedicat~d their
lif~ to the difficult and responsible profession of officer.
Great and responsible missions face Ch~ school at Che contemporary stage.
Thes~ missions have been stipulaCed by the general policy of our Communist
Party and th~ decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress.
Being continually concerned about improving the defenaive capabflity of the
Soviet state, the party is guided by the behests of the great Lenin. His
words "any revolution is only worth something if it is able to defend itself"
have become ~he true program of CPSU activities in the field of military
organizational developtnent.
And even if today ou r army possesses new more improved equipment than it did
50 plus ycars ago, even if the tactics for conducting battle have unrecognizably
changed, the spirit of the glorious veterans, their paCriotism, courage, and
military ability, their unforgeCtable deeds and feats performed for the ~lory
for the beloved motherland, for the glory of the Combat Banner of the units `
[chast'] ahere the school's students serve live eternally in the hearts of
their young heirs--the studenCs and officers of the 2hitomir Red Banner, tiho
are prepared at any moment to come to the defense of the great conquesCs of
OcCober.
COPYRIGHT= Voyenizdat, 1977
786J
CSO= 1801
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BOOK DISCUSSES METitODOLOGY OF MILITARY-SCIENTIFIC COGNITION ~
Mo~cow METODOLOGIYA VOYENNO-NAUCHNOGO POZNANIYA in Rusaian 1977 pp 1, 2, ~
429-432, 3-7, 8, 87, 128-129, 203-204, 310-311; 425-428
(Book edlted by Army Gen I. Ye. Shavrov, Co1 M. I. Galkin]
~ExcerpCs~ Title Page:
Title: METODOLOGIYA VOYENNO~-NAUCHNOGO POZNANIYA (The MeChodology of
Military-Scientific Cognition)
Autliors: Army General I. Ye. Sha~~ror, Colonel M. I. Galkin, et al. '
Publigher: Voyennoye izdatel'stvo Miniater8tva Qborony SSSR
Place and year of publication: Moscow, ~.977
Signed to Presa Date: 19 May 1977 ~
Number of Copies Published: 18,J00 _
Number of Pages: 432
Information on Authora:
A group of authors of the General Staff Ac~de~y? of the Armed Forces USSR imeni �
K. Ye. Voroshilov: Professor and Arnry General I. Ye. Shavrov; Honored
Scientist of the RBFSR and Doctor of Military Sciences, Profesaor, Major _
General I. I. Anureyev; boctor of Military Sciences, Professor, Major General -
N. I. Reut; Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Docent, Colonel V. K. Abramov;
Doctor of Military Sciences, Professor, Colonel I. N. Vorob'yev; Doctor of ~
Philosophical Sciences, Professor, CGlonel M. I. Galkin; Doctor of Philoso- ;
phical Sciences, DocenC, Colonel V. T. Login; professor, Colonel V. I. Morozov;
Candidate of Military Sciences, Senior Scientific Fellow, Colonel I. V.
Rybolovskiy; Candidate of Philosophical 5ciences, Docent, Colonel K. V. �
Spirov. .
1~2
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Mnot~tion
The book di~clo~eg ~p~cial features in the ~mp].oyment o� MarxisC-Leniniet
methodology in miLitary-ecieneific cognition which are determined by the
epecific nature of war and the conditione Ear ite reflection in militatiy
knowledge. The central place in the book 3~ occupied by an analyeig of the
characterieti~ featiureg 3n the etudy of ineterial and epiritugl asp~cta of
war, thelogicalfun~tiion~ of rhe laws and categor3es of dialectics in miLitiary-
~cientific coguition, the eseence of mi.l3tary prac~ice and ita role in im-
proving military theory, and other important quesC3ong~ Th~ book also con-
tain~ recommendations to increase the effecti.venees of mil~tary-ecientific
- studieg. A critici~m of rh~ metihodological basea for bourgeois military
concepts i~ provided.
The work is intended for off3cer~, generals, and admirals of the Armed ~orcea
and for all readera who are interested in the methodology o� scientific c~g-
nieion.
TABLE 0~ CONTENTS
Page
Yntroduerion 3
S~CTION I. THE ~SSENCE OF THE METHODOLOGY OF MILITAR'~t-SCIENTIFIC
COGNITION
Chapter I. Marxiam-Leninism--The Methodological Foundation ~f
Military-Scientific Cognition 9
. 1. The concept of the methodology of military-ecientific
cognition -
2. Objectivity and party spirit in military-acientific
cognition 18
3. Marxist-Leninist philosophy--the theoretical basis for
fiethods of military-scientific cognition 21
4. Criticism of the methodological bases of bourgeois
military theory 30
Chapter II. The Content and 5pec3al Features of Military-Scientific
Cognition 43
1. The essence and basic trends in military-scientific
cognition -
2. The special feature~ of war as an abject of cognition and
conditions for its reflection i:~ military-scientific
knovledge 51
3. The level and basic featured of the contemporary stage of
military-scientific knowledge and thefr effect on the
process of military-scientific cognition 58
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Ch~ptar ~II. Th~ Cr~at3ve Nature o~ Mfii~~ry-Sciene~fic Cogn~.tion 68
1. Methodological baeee of m~li.eary-scient~fic creativ~.ty - ;
2. The creative nature of tha mil~i.tary-ec3entif3c reaearch
procees 74 ~
3. The come~nd~r'~ ~x~~r~,viey in a anmb~t gieuatiion and weys of `
molding ~.t 79 ~
S~CTION II. T:'3 BASIC PROBLEM OF PHILOSOPHY AND MILITARY-SCIENTIFIC
COGNITION '
i
Chapter IV. The Materialieti~c Approach ro an Underatsnding of War ~
and its Regular Lawa 88 `
1. The struggle of mater3aliem and 3dealism in the development
of military thought - '
2. The ma~erialistiic approach to the etudy of war 101
Chape~r V. The Dialect~cs of the Cognition of Material and Spiritual
Factors in War 108 ~ :
1.. M~~~rial ~nd $piritual factorg in war and their relationship.. - .
2. A materialistic approach to an underatanding of the relation-
ship between man and technology in war 112
The effect of material and apiritual factora of war on the
forme and methods for the conduct of military operations 119 '
SECTION III. TNE DtALECTICAL PATH OF MILITARY-SCIENTIFIC COGNITION
Chapter VI. M1litary Practice and its Role in Military-Scientific I
Cognition 130
_ 1. The corter.t of military practice, its special featurea and ~
basic types -
2. The role of military practice in molding the thinking of
command personnel and their combat skill 137 ~
3. Military practic~ a3 a gnal and the basis of military-
_ scientific cognition and development nf Soviet military
science 142 '
Chapter VII. The Sensual and Logical A~pects of Military Scientific ;
Cognition 154
~
1. Sensual cognition and its forms. Special fe~tures of sensual
cognition in a combat situation -
2. Logical cognition and its form.s. The co~ander's thinking in a ~
combat situation 161 :
14
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ChapCar VIiZ. '~ruth ~.n M~lieary-3c~~nti~ic Cognition 179
1. Ob~ect~,ve truth of mili~ary-BCientific knowledge--the ~eosr
imporeant condieion for succ~es in practical mil~tary
- activity -
Z. Special featur~s of rhe relarionehip of th~~relative and ehe
~b~oiut~ ob3~~e3~eiy trv~ ~~i~t~ry ~owiaage 186
' 3. Military practice--the crieQrion of tYUth in military knowledge. 190
~ 3ECTI~N IV. TH~ MLTHODOT.OGICAL FUNCTION OF D?ALECTICS IN MILITARY-
SCIENTIFIC COONITION
Chapter IX. Dialectice as ~.ogic and rhe Theory of Military-Scientific
Cognition 205
1. Thg unity of dia].ectica, logic, and the thaory of cognition
and its manife~tation in military-ecientific cognition -
2. 1'h~ comprehergivenes~ of examination of military process~~e 212
3. Cognition of military proceseeg in their change gnd development. 219
Chapter X. The Methodological Function of the Basic Lawa of Dialectica
in Military-3cientific Cognition 229
1. The dieclosure of contradictione, their development, and
methode of reaolution in the very essence of military proceesea. -
2. The unity of quanCitative and qualitative analysea in military-
gcientific cognit3on 242
3. Dialectical negation in military-ecientific cognition,
continuity in Che development of military eheory 256
~ Chapter XI. Categorie~ of Dialectical Materialism as Reference Points
of Military-$cientific Cognition 269
1. Gontent and form -
2. The ahole and the part 272
3. Eseence and phenomenon 277 ~
4. General, epecial, individual 2g1
5. Cauae and effect 286
6. Necessity and chance 290
7. Poasibility and reality 294
Chapter XII. The Relationghip of Pormal ar.d Dialectical Logi~ in
Military-Scientific Cognition 297
1. Formal logic and ita relationship with dialectical logic -
2. The laae of logical thinking and their role in military-
acientific cognition 301
~5
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3ECTION V. FORMS AND M~THOD3 0~ DEYELOPMENT Ok' M?LITdRX-SGZFNTI~IC ~
~
tQ~10WLED0E '
,
Chepter XIII. ~orma of Developm~ne of Military-3c~enti~fic Knowledge, ,
Logical Sequence of the Reaearch procese 31~
Definiti~oe and formuX~tion o� a militiaryr-ecientiif3c problem -
2~ Discovery of facte of m~litary real3ty, their explanat~.on end
gen~ral~,zation 317
3. Formulation and substantiatian of a~military-acientiific
hypothesi~ 323
4. The conseruction of mil~ta~ey ehenry gnd determinaCion of ways
for its practical realization 329
Chapeer XIV. Employmenc of Ganeral Scient~fic Meehoda in M3litary .
Rsaearch 337
1. Observation and experim~aat -
2. Andlysie and synt~iesie 341
3. Co;aparis~n and generalization, ascent from the abaeract Co
thF, concrete 344 ~
4. Historical and logical methods in military-ecientific cognition 352
S. The method of ~xpert eatimates 358
6. SyPCema approach in atudies 362
Chapter XV. Mathematicgl Methods in Military~Scientific Study 372
1. Moet important fields for the employment of mathematical
methoda in military affairs -
2. Employment of probability theory in military affairs 375
3. Employment of queueing theory in mtlitary affairs 384
4. Employment of mathec~atical programming in military af~airs 390 '
5. Employment of game theory in military affaira 394
Chapter XVI. Special M~thode of Military-Scientific Study 398
,
1. Troop and experimental tactical exerciaes -
2. Command-post exercisea 404
3. The solution of tactical quickie proble~s, the conduct of
field trips (reconnaissance) 414
4. Range and troop tests 419
Conclusion 425
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INTRODUCTION ,
A characteristic feature of the contemporary era ie the unprecedentedly awift
development of acience and ita increesing influence .on all aepects of the
materigl and epiritual life of society. The r.o1e of science ia especial.~,y
growing under socialism. It~ accelerated development is one o� the chief
factors in the succe~eful accomplishment of tasks for commun~st con~truction.
"�~�mhe sc~entific and technical revolution finds Che direction which meeta
the inrereete of man and society only under the conditions of socialiem,"
stresses L. I. Brezhney in .the aummary report of the Central CommitCee CPSU
to the 25th Party Congress. "In turn, the final tasks of the eoc~al revnlu-
_ tion--the building of a comm?unist society-~can be accomplished only on the
basis of the accelerated development of science and technology."*
ScienCific and technical progress is also exerting decisive influence on all
' fields of military affaira, on all component elements of military arC--
strategy, operational art, and tacCice, on military organizational develop-
ment and meaeures coaducted in the Armed Forces to maintain their high level
of combat seadinesa, and on the methods for training and indoctrinating the
troo~s.
In strengthening the military might of our motherland, the Communist Party
is constan*.ly guided by V. I. Lenin's instruct3ons to the effect that a modern
army cannot be built without science and that it is impossible to control
troops and attain victory in modern war without reliance on military-scientific
~ knowledge. The auperiority of Soviet military science and military art was
one of tliesmost important conditions for the victory of the Soviet Armed Forces
over fascism in the Great Patrioti.c War of 1941-1945.
The contemporary period of military organizational devplopment is characterized
by the heretofore.unprecedented intensity of renewin~ the mean:, o~ war, the
appearance of qualitatively new types of weapons and equipment, and searches
for thoge forms aad methods of strategic, operational, and tactical actions
which no army of the world ever employed. New methods for the conduct af mili-
tary operations and new ways to improve the organizational structure of the
Armed Forces, meChods for their combat .training, and to increase combat readiness
*"Material,y XXV s"yezda KPSS" (Materials of the 25th CPSU Congress], Moscow~
1976, p. 47.
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muet be ~found and eub~ti~nei~x~d th~or~t~.c~lly befor.Q becom~ng the properry o�
military pr~ctice. A11 this. led to a sharp increase in ehe role of mi~ieary
acience which has become a mo~t imporeane factor ~n tihe combati might of ehe ;
armed forces, whil~ ~c~~nti~~.c control. of ehe tiroops is the decisive condi� ~
tion for tfie atCainment of viceory. i
~
Th~ proces~ of the continuous convergence of sci~ntif~.c: and prsctical activity
by militgry persom~el now ~ccurring. The making of decis3ons for a battle ~
or ~p~ration, the organizatian of Gh~ cooperation of tihe troops and their sup-
port, improvemenC of th~ �orms and methods for field, air, and aea training
o� the personnel, and their ideological indoctr3naeion and psychological '
training are more ~nd more aesuming the nature of scien~ific activity and re-
quiring the appllcation of research meChoda with necessary rel3ance on the
1~teat gchi~vement:s of science. Timely today as never before are Cha worda '
of V. I. Lenin to the effecC that "for us acience has not remained a dead
leteer or a styl3sh phrase... so that sc~.ence actually became pgrt of our
flesh and blood and wag fu11y and genuinely ~ransformed into a component
el~ment df ovr wny of 1ife."*
PoinCing to the aubstantial changes in the nature of pracCical acCivity under
the influence of scientific and technical progress, L. Brezhnev noted in `
the summary report of the Central Committee CpSU to the 25th Party Congress:
"The revolution in science and technology requires basic changes in the sCyle
and methods of administrative activity, a decisive struggle against aluggish- ;
ness and routinism, genuine respect for science, and the ability and desire
Co congulC and take it into consideration."** This instruction also pertains
completely to military ~ctivity. Without considering the achievemente of
contemporary mil3tary science, success of all types af practice in the combat
and political training of the Armed Forces' personnel is now impossible.
The increase in the role of military science and intensification of its in-~ ,
fluence on all aspects of the practical activity of generals and officers a:~e
now occurring simultaneously with an acceleration in the rates of its develop-
ment, the change in the content of military-scientific knowledge itself, and
complication of the process of miliCary-scientific cogniCion. Under these
conditions, the question of increasing the effectiveness of military science
arises with all urger~cy. It is called upon to provide the greatest results
with the least expenditure of material resources and time and to solve the
urgent problems of military affairs effectively.
A mandatory condition for the effectiveness of military science, obtaining i
results from military-scientific studies, and their rapid introducCion into '
the practice of military organizational development is the further elaboration
of the methodology for military-scientific cognition and, on this basis, the
improvement of general and special methods for the solution of theoretical and
practical problems of military organizational development. ~
* ~
Lenin. V. I.~ "Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy" [Complete Works~, Vol 45, p 391.
**"Materialy XXV s"yezda KPSS," p 48.
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~OR 0~~'ICIAL U5~ ON~.~Y
War i~ a~p~ci.a~. ob~~ct of cognition~ Algo ~p~cific gr~ the condiC~.ong under ~
wh~.ah th~ d~v~lopmenti of mi~.itary theory occurs gnd practi.cal deci~ions are
mad~. Th~ contenC c~f contemporary mi~.~.eary science aleo has a substantial
influence on Che proc~ss of military-scientific cognieion and the research
m~thods which nre employed. Becauae of this,mil~.tary-gcientif~c cogniCion,
theoret~cal weii es practical, is a apecific form of scientific cognition
which differa substantially from other typ~s of cognitive activity. ThereW
fore, the ~mployment ot the general propositions of Marxiet-Len~.nigt meehod-
olagy in rhe developm~nt of m~.~itary-sciene~.fic knowledge has itg own pecuLigr-
ities wh~:ch are refl~cted ~.n the content of the /methodology of military~
gcienCific cognition/ (3n bold�ace].
The eff~ctivenesa of military science is determined not anly by the depeh of
elaborntion of the methodology �or milieary-sc3~ntific cognit3on, but also
by ehe degree c?f its ggsimilation by milit~ry pereonn~l. The latter is
esp~cially important gince now not only are academ~.es and scienCific research
instituti.ons taking part in r:iliCary-scienti�ic studies, but also m~.liCary
digCricCS, ~11 operational and troop staffs, political organs, and virCually
nll generals nnd officers rpgardlesa of ~he posts which th~y occupy. .
Knnwl~dge of the m~thodol.ogy of milieary-scientific cogniCion and thp genergl
and epecial research methods is now another decisive factor for the success-
f.ul prgctic~l aativity of gll commanders, st~ff officerg, and political organs
in controlling the troops in batCle, organizing combat and political Craining
in the uniC~ and subunits~ and improving their combaC readiness.
The Central Committee CPSU is constantly directing the leading scientific and
military pereonnel toward Che maatery of Marxist-LeninisC methodology for the
study of the phenomena of war, toward the creative soluCion of urgenC problema
in military affairs, and toward the improvement of the Armed F'orces' combat
capabilities.
The book which is offered r.o the reader disclases the special feaCures in
employing Marxiat-Leninist neChodology in the process of military-scientific
cognition boCh in the develc?pment of military theory (theoretical m�litary
cognition) as well as in thF commander's esCimate of the combat situation,
adoption of the decision fo~ combat, ~rganization of cooperation and combat
support, and the maintenance of constant high combat readiness of subunits,
units, And large units (prnctical military cognition~.
The central place in the work is occupied by an analysis of the characteristic
features in the study of the mnterial and spiritual factors or war; the dis-
closure of the essence of military practice and its role in improving military
theory, the relationship of the sensual and logical aspects of co~nition, and
empiric~l and theoretical knowledge; the disclosure of the logical function of
the laws and categories of dialectics in mtlitary-scientific cognition and .
the content of the forms and methods for development of military-scientific
knowledge; and criticism of the methodological bases of bourgeois military
theories. Special .~ttention was devoCed to questions of the commander's
~9
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~
cr~aCivity ~.n a comb~t gituation ~s the mns.ti importi.~nt conditiion for the ~
aCCainment o� success in comb~e. The book containg spec~.Fic recommendationa `
for increaeing the ef~ectivenesa o� mi.litary-scientific studiea and the solu- `
tion of practical tasks by commandera~ politica]. organe, ~nd sta�fe in the _
procegs of the combat and political training oP the troops and their control ~
in a battle nnd operation. ;
In wrieing the monogr~ph, rhe au~hors relied on the clasaical worka o� Marxism-
Leniniam, the guidance documents of the CPSU, and the instruce3.ons of the
Soviet MinisCer o� Defense on nombaC and politica~. Craining and military-
sci~ntif~.c work in Che Armed Forces. They ue~.lized the experience of scien- ;
tific gtud3es which has been accumulated among the troopa gnd in the military
educational institutions. Uae was also made of published works such as, for
example, "Marksizm-leninizm o voyne i armii" [Marxism-Leninism on War and the
Army] (five ed~.t~.ons),"Meeodologicheskiye problemy voyennoy teorii i praktiki" ~
(MeChodological Prnblems of Military Theory and Practice] (two editiona),
"Filosofskoye naslediye V~ I. 1.enina i problemy sovremennoy voyny" [The Philo-
sophical Heritage of V. I. Len~.n and Problems of Contemporary War], '
"Mgrksistsko-leninskaya metodologiya voyennoy is~orii" [Marxist-Leninist
Methodology of Military Kiatory], and others in which questions on th3s aub-
,~ect are examined to one degree or another.
The hook is intended for generals, admirals, and officers of Che Armed Forces, ;
students and cadets of military-educational instiCutions, and for all readers
who are interested in the methodology of scientific cognition. .
The group of authors expresses its sincere gratitude for valuable advice and
assistance to Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences,
and Professor I. D. Andreyev, Colonel General A. G. Shurupov, Admiral A. T.
Chabanenko, LieuCenant General I. S. Shiyan, Lieutenant General V. F. Mernov,
Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Ma3or General S. A. Tyushkevich,
and Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Colonel V. A. Zubarev.
;
SECTION I. THE ESSENCE OF THE METHODOLOGY OF MILITARY-SCIENTIFIC COGNITION ~
The Marxist-Leninist methodology of scientific cognition equips military per-
sonnel with an understanding of the essence, principles, and methods of
cognitive activity and provides a scientifically substantiated approach to
the study and solution of problems in military theory and practice. Its ;
employment opens up the most expedient ways for military-scientific study
and an analysis and evaluaCion of military events which have taken place. -
It helps to consider the effect of various factors on the course of combat :
operations and to disclose the reasons for victories and defeats in war.
The complex and dynamic nature of the developn.znt of contemporary military
affairs does not tolerate a stereotyped, mechanical approach to the solution .
of theoretical and practical problems. Scientific methodology teaches us to
see all ptienomena in their development and continuous change and in an in- '
separabl~ connection with specific conditions. It discloses the essence of
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~Ok OF~'ICIAL US~ ONLY
crearive Chinking of mi1~.Cary pergonne~.~ ehe capnbillties and ways for scien-~
tific ~oresight of mi.1~.CarX eventa,, and Che r~la~ionehip b.etween the creative
thoughC of people ~nd compuCex eechnology which ia used in miliCary affaira.
The role of Marxis~C-Len~.nis~t methodology in the correct evaluation of bourgeois
~ m3.litary acience and digclosing its~ socio-political essence and react3onary
ro1~ ~.s great. To know the protialile enemy means knowing not only his weapons,
equipment, presumed methods for tlie initiation and conduct of war, serategy,
gnd Cactice, but als~o the mebhodolog3cal bases for the cognit3on and pracCical
acCivity of his military pera~onnel.
SECTION II. THE BASIC PROB'LEM OF PHILOSOPHY AND MILITARY-SCIENTIFIC COGNITI01~
The basic problem of philosophy as an ideology and methodology of cognition
is the problem o� the re~.ation of consciousness to being and of thoughC to
m~trer. It~ firsC aspect consists of determining which is p~imary--the spiriC
or nature, matter or consciousness. Materialistic philosophy recognizes matter
and being as primary and, as secondary, consciouaness as the result of the
influence of the ob~ectively existing External world on a sub3ect. Idealism
accepts as primary Che idea and consciousness, considering them as the only
reliable reality.
Followingthis, a materialistic solution of a basic problem of philosophy by
Marxism-Leninism is the initial methodological precondition for explaining
the maCerial bases for th~ outbreak of war, the methods for its conduct, the
ob3ective nature of the regular laws for their development, and the disclosure
of the relationship of material and spiritual as well as objective and sub-
~ective f.actors in the development of military Cheory, in the aceomplishment
of practical tasks of the combat and political training o� the troops, and in
making a decision in the course of combat ope�rations. .
The experience of military organizational development shows thaC realization
of the methodological function for a materialistic solution of a basic problem
in philosophy in military-scientific cogniCion is a task which is not only
important but extremely complex. This is explained by the facC Chat in the
processes of war the material and spiritual factors do not exist in isolation,
in pure form, but are combined with each oCher in the most varied manner. ,
Furthermore, the ties between them in military activity are extremely flexible
and have many levels and aspects and they may be manifested differently de-
pending on the specific circumstances. AC the same Cime, only the consistent
development of materialism in military-scientific cognition gives military
personnel the capability not to permiC sub~ectivism in tt~e solution of
theoretical and practical problems, in dir~..^ting the training of the troops,
and in controlling them in battle.
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. ti i
,
SECTION Z~Z. THE DIAL~CTICAL ~'ATtI 0~ MILTTARY-SCIENTI~'IC COGNITION
The paCh to truth is. complex gnd unique in its speci~ic manifestat~.on. The
developmenC of military theory and the improvement of cogn3.tive capabilities
o� commanders� and staff officers are also occurring in their spec3al ways. ,
Altihough many reasons, conditiona, and circumstances lie ati the basis of ;
these procesges, the main one is� miliCary practice. Practica~. m~.litary ~
activity comprises the basis and ma~.n goal of mi~.itary-scien~ific aognition,
se~ps fortih as the criCerion of truth in scientif ic knowledge, and serves as
n true index of its effectiveness. Therefore, it is necessary Co begin tihe
diaJ.ectical path of military-scientific cognit3on w3th a d3sclosure of the ;
cantent of military practice and an explanntion of its special features and
the effecC of various types on rhe development of military science, the im- ~ .
provement of military personnel's cognitive capabilities, and the molding of
methods for Croop conCrol in peacetime and in baCtle.
The reflection of the real processes o� war and the preparation of the country
and the Armed Forces for it is the dialectical unity of sensual and rational
cognition. On the basis of live contemplatiion, the commander obtains data '
on the external phenomena of battle, the combat situation, and the actions of .
the troops. Abstract thought provides the opportunity Co disclose the essence
of these heterogeneous processes and to establish the regular laws which form
their basis. To make practical decisions, it is necessary to have knowledge
of the regular laws of battle as well as of specific data on the situation
which has actually developed in the course of it and the co~~diCion of friendly
and enemy subunits. The special features of combat situaCLons and the con-
ditions in which the development of military theory occurs determine certain
specific features of sensual cognition and abstract thought of military
personnel.
The immediate goal of military-scientific cognition consists of obtaining
objectively true knowledge which is necessary for the success of practical
mil~tary activity. Truth itself is the dialectical unity of the absolute and
the relative. The specific nature of military science as knowledge about
futu:e war, ~ust as knowledge of a comoat situation, determines a certain
complE~xity in obtaining the ob~ective truth and the special features of the
relationship between relative and absolute elements in it.
The dialectical path of military--scientific cognition reflec~s not only the
general regular laws of the cognitive process, but also the specific nature
of their manifestation in the development of military knowledge. It is
inherent to the cognitive activity of military personnel at all stages of.the
development of military affairs.
Under contemporary conditions, this process has become considerably more com-
plicated and acquired new, specific features. The significance of theoretical
thinking of military personnel has increased and the receipt of empirical
material which predetermines the development of military-scientific knowledge ,
has become more difficult. The revolution in military affairs caused the
necessity for the development of fundamentally new theoretical views and
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~Oit O~FiCiAL USIi Ot~LY
conc~ptg, th~ truth of ah3~ch ie ia diffia.uie to ch~ck on thn bg~i~ of p~ace-
etm~ military preeeice. Ali rhi~ r~quir~d ~ furth~r impYOVemene 3n th@ eriter3a
of truth in militery th~ory. 'Th~ expignation of eh~ ~pec~.ai feaeur~s in the
di~l~atice of d~vplopment of contemporary militsry-scieneiEic knowledg~ ie a,
n~~~g~ary condition for incregsin~ the eff~ctiven~~g of mtlitary-acientifi~
seudi~e ~nd rh~ adoption of well-grounded d~cigions in the courge of practical
militgr~� activiry.
S~CTION IV. TNE METHODOtOGICAI. FUNCTION OF~ DYALECTIC3 IN MILITARY-9CI8NTIFIC
GOGNI'TZON
bial~ctical materia~iem ia the teachi.ng about the gen~ral C3e and intercondi-
tionaiity of th:: phpnam~na nf reality; the moet complete and profound e~aching
of dev~lopmene ahich i~ devoid of of bia~; teaching ~bout th~ r~lativiey of
human kn~wl~dge which givea u~ Ch~ reflection nf perpetualiy developing mattex;
and the gcience of the univergal laws of thQ mov~ment and d~velopment of nature,
humnn goci~ty, end thou~ht. Neith~r a congi~t~nt mateYialistic underetanding
_ of nature and soci~ty, nor logic ae a teeching ebout thought which graeps ob-
~ective truth, nor a gci~ntific theory of cognition are po~~ible withaut
dial~cticg. 1'. Eng~i~ c~11ed diaiectic8 ou~ b~~t tool of labor. Und@r new
hi~toricnl cor~uitione, V. I. Lenin characterized iC as th~ "living ~oul" of
Marxiym.
Uialectics hgs univeregl, g~neral s~gnificance, but its concreCe manifestaCion
depends on the apecific nature of one or anot~~r field of ob~ective reality.
In pointing out the characteristic featurea af th~ dialectice and logic of
"Capital" by K. Marx, V. I. Lenin etreased that "the dialectics of a bourgeois
society is only a apecial case of dialectics for Marx."* Wh~n F. Engele wrote
his note~a on the dialectics of nature, he had in m~d not the special dialectics
~ of nature but namely the epecific feature of the dialecticg of dev~lopment of
natural processes. The epecial featurea in the manifestation of dialectics in
one field or another of ob~ective r~glity aiso deteratin~ the apecific n~ture
of its employment in Che procese of cognition.
7'he specific features of wgr also determine a number of peculiarities which
characterize the dialectica of its ties and relations, functioning, and de-
velopment. We can speak completely about the dialectice of war as a special
case of dialectics. Thie specific nature of the dialectica of uar also causes
thc special fratures of its cognition in a theoreCical plgne as We11 as in
the courae of accomplishing practical tasks.
Dialectical analysis of Che proce~ges of war alaays played an tmportant role
in th~ development of milicary-scientific knowledge but it ig especially
necesHary now when old th~ories are collapging und~r the influence of acien-
tific ~nd technical progress, a decisive reevaluation of iten~ of importance
is taking place, and a requirement for searchee for new militery-theoretical
concepts is felt with special acuteness in military art. The guccesgfu~
*Lenin. V. I.. "Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy.' Vol 29, p 318.
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Foc~ o~~F~ctni, us~ orn.Y '
'
~ccdmpii~hm~ne ~f eh@~~ t;~~.k~ i.~ impo~~ibl~ without eh~ maBeery of dialectical
mac~riali~m by miiitsry p~r~onn~1 and their ~bility to ~mpioy iti ~n ehe ~ccomp- :
li~hm~nt of th~oreti.cAL and practical ta~kg.
T1~~ mnatery? of dial~ctica~ materiali~m by military p@raonnel and development
of thc 8bil~ty ta employ it ~n ~he coura~ of cogn~t3ve and praceica! military
~ctivity i~ g,~ing1~~ in~~par~bly ine~r~d~neeeed prae~~~~ Ta ehink diale~tical-
iy m~nne thinking in accordance with the laws of ob~ect~ve r~aliey. 3uch�tihink-
ing enn be d~veloped 3n the proee~~ of co~n~.tion and pracei�~ by the trial and
error m~thod. Th~ purpoge of thp con$ciou~ ma~tery of dialeceic9 here also
eon~i~~g of r~ducing thi~ p~th ~nd forming the iog~c of the thinking proceas
which permi~a avoid~ng ~rrors in the accompli9hmene of theoretical and prac-
tical t~sks.
Th~ ~ccompli~hm~nt nf thi~ task i~ Qap~c~ably neceasary at mil~tatry ~ffair~'
cont~mporery gtag~ of d~velopment. This is d~termin~d by the increase in
eh~ inrerconnection of all aep~ct~ of w~r, the expaneioa of its inCeraction
wi~h nll formg nf ~oci~~y'~ lif~, ~nd th~ rap~d qual3tetive changes which are
occurring in the d~velopm~nt of the materidl and technical meane of war. ~
Under th~se conditiong, only ~cientific dialectical tihought provides the op-
rortunity to become oriented in a~ituation quickly~ to perceive what is new !
in good t~me, to discov~r trends in development, to foreaee the course of
f~rthComing ev~fl and to ineroduce ~H~ ~eh~.evement~ of military science
e:fecCively intn the prgctice of training the Armed Forces.
SEC'fIUN V. FORMS AND METNODS OF DEVELOPMEN~ OF MILITARY-SCIENTII~IC KNOWLEDCL
5cipnce move$ in n constant contradiction betaeen an inexhaustible wealth of
,
. propertiea, tiee~ and r~lationa of the ob~ect which 3t studies and the degree ~
of their reproduction in Che system of theoretical knoaledge. At the conCem- '
porary stage of so~iety's development, military science is one of the moat
mobile sciences. This feature is caused not only by the extreme variety of
tiea and relations of the military reality reflected in it, but also by the
rnpid retes of its development in connec,tion with the dynamic reproduction
of the material and technical m~ans of war.
The development and improvement nf military-scientific knowledge and military
theory ar~ accompliahed in the course of ~cientific reaearch activity ~f
military personnel. The increase in the rnle of ~nilitary science and military-
cheoretical knowledge with necessity requires an increase in the effectiveness
of gci~ntific investigations and the most rapid introduction of their results "
into the practice of the Armed Forces. ;
As t~egards its content, at the contemporary stage of development of military
affairs military-scientific study is one of the most complex typ~es of creative
activity. M~ndatory conditions for its success are a scientific world outlook,
Marxist-Leninist methodology, creative ability~ intuition, dialectical flexi-
bility in the thinking of military personnEl, and their profound knowledge of
military science and the prospects for the development of military affairs.
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~OR 0~'F~CIAL US~ AI~Y
The d~v~iopm~nt of ~ci~nc~ i~ e cre~Giv~ proe~~~, ir~ ~nrichm~nt wieh n~w
knoaledg~ wh3ch n~v~r ~r3~~s ~udd~nly nr, wh~~ ~.g mor~~ in compl~t~d ~orm.
, The receipC of n~w knowi~dge i~ not a aimultaneou~ aet. Ir i~ a complex
procese which h~s a certain logic~l sequenc~ corr~~ponding ro the progreaeive
nature of ehe dev~~opment in rhe forms of ecientif3c knowiedge. In turn,
~grh of thQm alen has ire own logic of development. The logic vf scienttlic
inv~~tiga~ion i~ a logical eequence of research activity, the observance of
' which should ~n~ure th~ mo~t ~ffective ~olution of a ecientific problem.
'iM~ forn~ for ehe e~tablishment of new knowiedge ar~: ~cientif~.c problem,
scieneific fact, hypoth~s~.s, and theory. The~.r cr~at~.ve d~v~lopmene and en-
richm~nt also d~termin~ the logical aequence of the proce~s for military- ~
gCi~ntific etudy: definition and formulat3on of the milit~ry-gcienCi�ic prob-
lem; diecov~ry of the fact~ of military reality, their explanation and gener-
a1lz~eion; formulat3on and eubstantiation of a military-ecientific hypothegig;
conerruction of a military theory and determination of w~y~ for itA pr~ctical
r~~lization. The observance of this ~equ~nc~ atCaches hgrmony and purpogeful-
ne~~ Eo regearch ~cCivity.
Re~earch ~~ctivity requires the employment of not only th~ general dialectical-
mgterialisCic method, but also special general-scientific m~rhods to obtain
~nd accumular~ empirical material, its theoretical generalization, ~nd the use
of $pecial me~hode which are determined by the specific nature of military
. science's development.
- Military per~onnel's knowledge of the logical g~quence of res~arch activity
and the magtery of inethoda of gcientific invegtigation are on~ of the most -
important prerequisites for th~ successful development of military science.
~ CONCLU5ION
A considerable complication of the process of military-scientific cognition
and the development and improvement of military theory is presenCly taking
place. Military theory as the basis of posgible combat activity can fulfill
iCs predesCination if it reflects correctly the objective regular laws of war
and diecloses the trends in the development of military affairs. Objective
knowledge of military processes in the cours~ of military operations is also
a most important prerequisitQ for the commander's adoption of optimum decisions.
The acceleration of rates of development of military-scientific knowledge, thp
increbse in the significance of the solution of basic and spplied problems of
militnry science, and the specific nature of the correlation between military
theory and practice with necessity require not only further improvement of the
traditional methods of military-scientific research, but also the development
of new nnes whose employment would provide the opportunity to achieve the
greatest results with the least expenditures of inen, equipment, and time. ~
5uccess in the uccomplishment of this task depends greatly on the methodologi-
cal arsenal oE the military personnel.
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Fd~t ~~~ICtAI, U~~ ONI,Y . ~
;
;
An~ly~i~ of ~h~ merhodoiogy of mi~.i,tary-~ei~neific cognit~.on ~nd 3te Aigni-
f~,canep in the dev~lopm~n~ of mii3,tarX ~c3~nrific kaowiedge gho~a the necea- ;
~ity Eor a~ureher elaboration of inerhodolo~3c~1 probl~ms ~,n mil~,tary eci~nce ;
on th~ basi~ of Che contemporary achi~vement~ o� Marxi~ti-Leninist philosophy
end ehe lev~l of m~lltary-~ci.entific knowledge winc ~onsideration of the ;
~perifir n~tur~ ~f th~ir i~prov~m~ne. ~
Th~ ~tudy conducted by the authora provided rhe opportuniey not only to ~Qt ;
forth the contiene of ~h~ bases of inethodology ~or military-~cientif~c cogni-
tion, but also to di~close tho~e prob].em~ rhe ~olut3on of which wi11 con- ;
tribuCe to an incr~~s~ ~n the effect~.vene~~ of Che cognitiv~ aceiviey of
generals and officere. ;
The ptioblems which w~re put forward by the inv~gCig~Cors in Che couree of
soLving variou~ ecienttfic tasks are not eomething ~xternal in relatiion to .
the work which Chey accompliehed. The value of an investi~arive work is de-
t~rmine~i not only by the problem~ which are solved in it, bur also by the ;
degree to which it dir~ct~ scientif~.c investigation toward the solution of
new problems. The party teach~s ug consCanrly to see unreaolv~d problema and �
to concentr~t~ our atC~ntion on their disclosure and elgboration.
Th~ increase in the eignificance of res~arch activity by military personnel
and it~ continuous complication require a comprehensive analysis o� the
. proces~ of military-scientific research in irs complete form--from the defini-
tion of the scientific problem to the introduction of the results of its solu-
tion into the practice of the troops' combat training and the iecrease in
their combat readinees.
Creat experience in scientific research work has now been accumulated. There-
fore, an urgent necessity exists for its generalization and propagation. The
successful accomplishment of this task will be furthered by the elaboration
of special methodological problems in scientific research which reflect the
special features of the contemporary stage of military-scientific knowledge.
Ti~~ conversion af military scfetice into e baaic scier�ce signifies that one of ~
the most important directions in military-scientific study ie the analysis of
the basic laws of war, disclosure of their mechanism for operation, and the
revealing of the forms for their manifestation in various types of contemporary
wars. For this, there is a requirement for the thorough working out of such
methodnlogical problems as the correlation of the ob3ective laws of war and
the laws of military science, Che essence of the mechanism for the operation
of a law, the effect of the requirements of the ob~ective laws of war on the ~
practical activity of the Armed Forces, and so forth.
The combination of the basic and applied levels of knowledg~ in the content .
of military science engenders a number of new methodological problems such as
establishing the difference in the methods for obtaining them and the direction
of theoretical knowledge's influence on applied elaborations.
26
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Th~ incre~~~ in eh~ ~igni.fic~nc~ of foY~~i~ht in eh~ d~v~iopm~ne of ~rm~m~nE~
and th~ m~~hnd~ of waging war i~ cau~in~ th@ nec~~~iey for ~~ureh~r improv~-
ment in eh~ m~thod~.for for~ea~ting, tti~ di~~io~ur~ oE eh~ corr~iaeion of
quantit~e3v~ and quaiie~tiv~ an~lyei~ ~n the forQC~~ting precQ88, and the
~~tabli~hmene of c~pabilitiee to for~c~~e ~h~ futur~.
The d~~ree of ~ff~ctiv~ne~s o� miiitary=sci~nt3fic ~tudi~~ d@pend~ gre~~ly =
on eh~ cr~aeiv~ e~p~bilieie~ of th~ r~g~~reh p~r~onn~i. Co~~equ~nC~y, the
cl~rific~tioa of eh~ meahanism for cr~et~ve ~ci~nt~fic ac~ivity and w~ys for
th~ moiding ef the crea~3ve thought of g~nerai~ and oEfi.c~r~ 3~ one of the
mn~t import~nt m~thodol~gical p~oblem~ r~quiring ~olueion.
The cantro~ of troop~ in b~te1~ r~quir~~ that eomm~nd~rg and gt~ff offie~r~
have ~pecific cognitivp capabilities. 'i'hi~ circum~tane~ det~rminee th~ nec~~-
~ity for eh~ working out of two ina~perably ~nt~rconnect~d meehodoiogicai
prabl~mg: th~ thinking logic of the commander in ehe coUr~e of making an
~sti.mat~ ~f the gituatidn and making ~ d~ci~~on; aad ehe pgycho~ogy of th~
thinking proce~~ ie a d~ng~rou~ ~nd guddenly ~hanging ~~~u~~ion.
'I'he eiaboration nf u m~thodoio~y of military-~cieneific eogn~.tion may hav~ a
gubst~ntinl ~ffect on incr~asing th~ ~ffectiv~n~9~ nf regegrch activity only
~n the ca~e where miliCary personnel gre maatering it. 2t should be ~aid
th~t cnnaid~rable work has been accomplish~d in thi~ dir~ctinn, eapecially
recently. Mor~e works on various problems in the logic and m~thodology of
military-ecientific cognition have begun to be published on the p~g~s of our
military presa.
It would be degirable to devote more attention to this qu~estion. This p~rtaina
especially to the necegsity for publishing ~+orkg on increasing the ~ffective-
ness of military science and the re~vlts of military-gcientific studies, and -
to the broad exchange of work ~xp~rience in this direction. The study of the
logic and methodology of scientific cognition and the methods for the accoaip-
lishment of research tasks must become a component pgrt of higher military �
education.
The improvement of the system for training and indoctrinating military personnel
is now being accomplished in the direction of strength~ning the reseaYCh ~nd
cre~tive element and ~xcluding the molding of st~reotyped, unori~inal thinking.
Truining is not only nnd not go much the memorizir~g of r~ady ltnoal~dg~ g~ it
is dn independent apprnach to the assimilation of the material being studied.
Training is, first of all, the malding of creative thought on the b~gis of
knowledge which has been obtained. Td teach mean~ to giv~ kn;.wl~dge and to
develop the trainees ability for its improvement as well as to shape the
investigator's skills.
'fhe socialist nature of our system and the Armed Forces, thc leadin~ role of
the CPSU~ a dialectical-materialistic world outlook, and a scientific
27
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methodoiogy ~r~ creat~ng ~1~ n8c~eea~y pr~condition~ �or th~ eucn~~~fu1 ~
accompli~hm~nt of taakg ~n m3litary-~c~.eneific cognieion end ~or ~ncr8~~- ;
ing ehe effacti~,venese of milieeYy ecience as we11 aa ehe quel~ty of m~i~tary- ~ 4
�cientific ~eudi~e.
i
COPYRIQt~Ts Voyeni~d8e, 197'~ ~
i
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;
BOOK DE3CRIBE3 ARMY OPERATIONS IN GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
Moecow ARfi~Y3KIYE OPBRATSZI in Rueeian i977, pp i, 2, 255, 253-254, 3-5, 252
[Sook edie~d by Army Gen A. I. R~dziyevakiy~
~Exc~rpts~ Tit1e Page:
Tit~e: ARMSYSKIYE OPBRATSiI (Army Operat~one. 8xamplee from the
Experienc~ of the Great Patriotic War)
Author: Army G~neral A. I. Radz~yev~kiy, editor
Publieher: Voyennoye iadatel's~vo Ministerstva Oborony 33SR
P1ace and year of publication: Moscow 19~7
Signed to Prese Date: 22 August 1977
Number of Copi~~ Publiehed: 20,000
Number of Pages: 255
Information on Authors:
Authors: Lieutenant General U. K. Slepenkov; Colonels: V. V. Chervonobab,
G. I. Carbuz, B. A. Kiselev, N. N. Loginov, Ye. A. Bryuzgin, V. I. Levykh,
Yu. V. Ueovich, M. G. Gushchin, Z. Ye. Gudym, I. I. Pivovar, V. G. Antipin,
A. M. Sazanov, P. D. Sverdlov, Ye. A. Brynskikh, R. M. Portugal'skiy, B. P.
~rolov, Ye. P. Milenin, A. M. Suprunenko, V. S. Kirilenko [deceased], F. F.
topatin, G. V. Luzgin, A. A. Romanov, V. P. Khrabrov, V. I. Starostin, V. I.
Chernougov; Captain lst Rank V. I. Pchelkin; Lieutenant Colonels: P. P.
Ivanov, V. I. Abaturov, A. A. Popov, N. M. Romanichev.
Mnotation
The book presents the most instructive examples which disclose the combat
composition, operationgl formation~ selection of the direction for the main
effort, employment of the combat arms, aupport of combat operations, and
other important questions concerning offensive operations of combined-arms
armies.
~
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Exampl~~ aF d~funaive o~~rae3.on~ ar~ ua~d to ex~m3ne th~3r duraCion, m~thods
for ae~uming th~ defen~ive, atructure of the defene~a, organ~zaeion of e~ti- ~
tank defense~ m~neuver, and other elemen~a of the prapaYation and conduct nf !
operaeione. ~
i
Th~ boak i~ int~nded far officer~ and ~en~r~1~ w~ll far ~tud~n~a and
cader~ ~n higher miZ~.tary educational in~Citutions. '
TABLE OF CONTENTS !
~
i
Page ;
: ~
FOREWORD 3 ~ ;
Ghaptar 1. ~ i
OFFEN3IVE OPER4TION 6
L. CombaC composition of the combin~d-arms army 7 ;
2. Scope of army offenaive operations 9 ~
3. Work methods of the army commander and eta�f when making '
the decision for an operation and assigning miaeions to
the troopg il ;
4. Selection of the direction for the main effort and the
maseing of inen and equipment 16
5. Organization of cooperation and control 23
' 6. Operational formation of the army 30 '
7. Planning the employment of Che combat arms and aviation
ie the offensive 33
8. Preparation of the departure area for the attack and the
procedure for its occupation by the troopa 45 ,
9. Breakthrough of the enemy's prepared defense 49
10. Commitment and combat of the second echelons and the army
mobile groups 61 ,
11. Repelling eneury counterattacks 71 ;
12. Completion of the enemy's destruction by the 13th Army in
~ the course of the Chernigovako-Pripyat' operation of 26
August - 30 September 1943 79
13. Pursuit of the enemy 83
14. Meeting engagement 89
15. Assaule crossing of water obstacles 93 ;
16. Forward detachments in offensive operations 98 i
17. Employment of airborne assaults 103 ' ~
18. Sea assault landing operations 105
19. Combat operations at night 111
20. The capture of large cities 116
21. Attack in the mountains 122 ~
22. Attack along a seacoast 135
23. Employment of smoke. Some problems in operational
camouflage and concealment 139
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Chapter 2
DEFEN5IVE OPERATION 154
24. Combat compoeition o~ the army and indicators of a defeneive
oparation 156
25. Aesumption of the defense by the combined-arma army 159
26. Struceure of the army's defenae 166
27. Organization of ehe antitank defense 170
28. Masaing of inen and equipment on direction of expected enemy
blowe in army defene~.ve operationa 173
29. F3ght3ng the enemy on the approachea to the defense 1.76 ~
30. Conduct of the counterpreparat3on 178
31. 3trike of enemy troops in front of the forward edge of the
battie area [FEBA] 181
32. Fighting for the main (�irst) de�ensive zone 184
33. Maneuver of inen and equipment in the tactical depth of the
defenee 188
34. Shifting the main ~ffort Co a new direction in the course
of an operaCion 193
35. Launchin~ counterattacks 197
36. Arary combat operations in encirclement and on breaking out
of encirclement 204
37. Defense of a large city 213
38. Defense of water obetacles 221
39. Defense in the mountains 224
40. Defenae in the Polar Region 228
Chapter 3
REDEPLOYMENT OF FO1tCES 236 -
41. Redeploymentof the28th Arnry from the Brest region to the
Muriampol' region -
42. Redeploymentof the 56th Army in preparing the Berlin operation 240
43. Redeploymentof the 28th Arany in the Zagan area 244
44. Redeployment of the 8th Army of the Leningrad Front from
Oranienbaum to Leningrad 247
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f~
FOR~WORD
The exploit of ~he Soviet people in the Great Patriotiic War ie immortal. It
11ves and wi11 11ve forever in the gratefui memory of tihe peoples who were
saved from the brown plague of fascism.
1'he Soviet people, who logt more than 20 million l~.vea o� their ciCizens in `
Che struggle against fascism, know whgt war is and the innumerable disastiers
which it brings Co people. Nor can our people forget tihae after the end o�
Wor1d War II the fires of war repe~tedly blazed in As~a, in Africa, in the
Near East, and in Latin America. The party and the Soviet government con- .
stantly remember thia and gre ateadily implementing the beheste of V. I.
Lenin concerning the strengthening of the combat might o� our motherland's
Armed Forces. "No one should have any doubt," the General SecreCary of the `
Central Committee CPSU, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev, pointed out at the 25th ~
Congress of the CPSU, "that our party will do everythiag so that henceforth, ~
too, the glorious Armed Forces of the Soviet Union will havQ all the necessarq +
means for the accomplishment of their imporCant mieaion--to be the guardian
of the Soviet people's peaceful labor and the bulwark of universal peace."*
. In rhe years of World War II, the armies of the warring states received ~
considerable experience in the conduct of operations, campaigna, and the ~ar ,
as o whol~. Especially great experience was accumulated in t;ie years of the
Great YatrioCic War by the Soviet Armed Forces which conducted their opera-
tions under the most varied conditions. Many of the operations which were
conducted became cla~sics oE miliCary art and~ despi.te the fact that more
than 30 years have passed since the end of the ~aar and military art has marched '
far forward, the experience of World War II even now is one of the most im-
portant sources for elaborating contemporary military theory and for training
military personnel. This experience must be used; one must lc~arn to delve '
into the depth of the phenomena which occur in military affairs and make bold- '
er use of the conclusions of science in his activiCy. In order to employ the
experience of the GreaC Patriotic War in the accomplishment~of practical tasks
now, it is necessary to make an especi~.lly attentive and careful selection
~ Brezhnev~ L. I. "Otchet Tsentral'nogo Komiteta IQ~SS i ocherednyye zadachi
_ partii v oblasti vnutrenney i vneshnev politiki" Report of the Central Com-
� - mittee CPSU and the Immediate Tasks of the Parr.y n the Field of Domestic
and Foreign PolicyJ. Moscow, Politizdat, 1976, p 100.
32 ~
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of wh~t hae noC losti ~p~eif~.e v~~ue for ehe mi.~it~ry ~re of ou~ tiime and
permit~ ue Cn ~xtract l~~~on~ ~or Ch~ fu~u~e.
Our victdry 3~ naGural beceuge tihe ~ceions of the Armed Forces undar Che
1~nd~rehip of tha party w~re ~upported by th~ enrire economic migh~ of the
Sovi~r gt~Ce~ IC wae a v~ct~ry of rh~ Sovi~e ~aondmi,~ ~y~Cem g~ g whnl~ gnd
th~ w~r ~conomy in part3cular. Th~ SovieC gy~rem provided Che be~e form~ for
orgenixing the economy noe only for th~ accomplishment of naeional econam~.c
t~~k~ i.n peacet~me, but ~lso for th~ mobil3z~Cion of a].1 the economic cap~-
- bilities of the country in ehe period of war. Overcoming Che colo~sai diffi-
cult~~s of the war year~, the Sov3at economy gupplied tihe front wiCh ev~ry-
thing neces~ary for v~.ctory--we~pon~ ~nd ~mmunit~on, Eood and uniforma.
During the years of the Gregt Patri.otic War, Soviet indugery produced 137,000
airplgne~, 104,OOb tankg and self-propelled ~rtiillery mounta, and 488,000 guns
--mor~ of the~e typeg of weapons and combat equipment than wag produced 3n
f~~ci~r Cermany.*
The Sovinr economy noe nnly made up the combat 1ogg~s in ~quipmenti and w~apong,
but it al~o seeadily increased the retes of output of miliCary product~.nn. It
wgg primgrily this which engured the guccess in ehe operat~.ong of the Soviet
~ Army fn ~he years of th~ Gre~t Pgtriotic War.
In our time, when the cnngtant efforC~ of the Connnunist PaYty and the Soviet
geate are direcCed toward the gtrengthening o� peace, toward curbing the armg
rnce, and tnward strengthening positions of goci~ligm and of all forcea which
are stepping forCh for the freedom of peoples and social progress and for
the mutually advantageoug collaboration of a11 states, we should not forget,
ae wa~ pninted out by member of the Politburo of the Central Committee CPSU
and Minister of Defense of the USSR, Marshal of the Soviet Union D. F. Uatinov,
in his congratulations to the Military Academy imeni M. V. Frunze in connection
with the graduation of its students, that the reactionary circles of the
capitaliat countries are trying to discredit the policy of peaceful coexistence,
~re continuing the arms race, and are interfering itt the internal affairs of
other peoples. This obliges the socialist countriea to keep their armed
forceg in constnnt combr~t readiness.
The goal of the work, "Armeygkiye operatsii," is to show by means of specific
examples what is most instructive in the organization and conduct of army
operations in the last war.
The first chapter of the work presents examples from the offet~aive operations `
of the armies which opernted in the direction of front main effnrts. As a
rule, thcse armies had a considerably gregter reinforcement by artillery and
especially by tank and mechanized large units. The prepararion of offensive
operations discloses the content, procedure, and work methods of army commanders
*
See: "Istoriya Ko~mnuni~ticheskoy partii Sovetskogo Soyuza" [History of the
Communist Party of the Soviet UnionJ. Vol 5, book 1, p 644.
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and the~r ~CA�f~ ~nd Ch~ ch~.efg of eh~ enmbat ~rmg ~nd ~p~ei~1 ~roops in the
matter of organizing rhe coop~rgrion of the combat arm~. The are o� organiz-
ing control and cooperation ie ehown primar~.~.y ~n ibs rigid centrali.zaC~.on
wh~.ch i~ combined with tihe init~ative and creativitiy of subordinate commandere
~nd ~C~f�~, nonrrete definition of mies~.ona, the~.r peraietent accompl.ishment,
and br~.ng~ng the direct~leadership of the army commander (commander) and
chi~fg gr a11 echelons gs Weii as eheir staffg closer to the troops. ~
The gecond Ch~pter seCs �orth in deCail tihe defense of our troope under various
conditions gga~nat super~.or enemy tank and motorized infantry �orcea. Its
bgsis wes the f~.re of art~llery and tanka in combinaCion with engineer obetac-
le~, the stubborn retention of occup~.ed poaitiuns, and the broad maneuver of
men and equipment ro threatened directione. Enemy ~anks were the moat dan-
gerous targQta on thP battlefield. The difficulty in combating them, self-
propelled ~rtillery, infantry combat vehiclea, armored personnel carriers,
and ather grmored targetg 3a increasing ~.mmeasurably under contemporary con-
ditions. CombaCing enemy armored ob~eeti~ will be dif�icult gnd strained and
� will be one of Che most important missions of the troopa in a battle and opera-
tion. A11 large uniCs and unita of the Soviee Army must be ready for i~.
Thc third chapCer is devoted to the redeployment of eroops.
Concluding Paragraph
By now, decadeg arP separating us from that historic day ~f 8 May 1945 when,
in the Berlin suburb of Karlshorst, representatives of the German high com-
mand signed the act of unconditional surrender oF fascist Germany's armed ~
forces. During this time, tremendous sociu-political and economic ahifta
occurred in the world which changed the di3position of forces in Che interna-
tional arena in a fundamental manner. Postwar scientific and technical prb-
gress changed the face of ehe armed forces of the world's main states. The
changes in the means for the conduct of war entailed ~ust as considerable
changes in the organiz~tion of armed forces and in the methods and forms for
the conduct of armed conflict. At the same time, contemporary military art
cannot develop wiChout considering the experience of the last war. The con-
temporary propositions of Soviet military science in the field of the armed
forcea' organizational development, the development of military theory, and
the training and indoctrination of :he troops depend to a considerable degree
on the richesC historic experience. The combat experience which was acquired
by the Soviet Armed Forces in World War II is the inestimable wealth of our
people. Its profound study will contribute to the development of the military
horizon of the Soviet Army's officers and generals.
COPYRIGHT: Voyenizdat, 1977
6367
CSO: 1801 ~
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