ACTIVITIES OF THE NII-160 VACUUM TUBE PLANT AND PICTURE TUBE LABORATORY AT FRYAZINO

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00457R013300500007-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 7, 2006
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: September 3, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

FEB 1952)
(St.
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CLASSIFICATION
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SECRET
SECURITY INFORMATION
25X1
t
INFORMATION REPORT REPORT
CD NO.
COUNTRY USSR (Moscow Oblast). DATE DISTR.
3 Sept. 1952
SUBJECT .Activities, of the NIL-160 Vacuum Tube Plant and NO. OF PAGES 19
Picture Tube Laboratory at Fryazino
25X1
DATE OF
NO. OF ENCLS. 3
INFO.
(LISTED BELOW)
PUCE
SUPPLEMENT TO
ACQUIRED
25X1 REPORT NO.
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STtTES, WITHIN THE MEANING OF TITLE 18, SECTIONS 793
AND 794. OF THE I1.S. CODE, AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISGION OR REVE-
LATION OF ITS CONTENTS TO OR RECEIPT BY AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS
PROHIBITED BY LAW. THE REPRODUCTION OF THIS FORM IS PROHIBITED.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
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PRODUCTION OF THE NII-160 VACUUM TUBE PLANT
2. This plant housed the machinery' for the mass production of all receiver type
vacuum tubes, and picture tubes, klystrons9 and detectors manufactured at NIT-160.
The plant was transferred to Fryazino from Tashkent during World War II. Practically
all of the departments of the plant were operated three shifts per day, six days per
week. 5ee Enclosure A for a detailed layout of the Vacuum Tube Plant9 and Para. 3
of this report for the type of equipment9 hours of operation, number of employees,
and type of product manufactured by various sections at this factory2 The following
is a list of vacuum tubes mass produced it this tube plant.
(a) Picture Tube ACR-1
(Identical to and copied from the British tube.) Mass production of this
tube started in 1949. Normally the plant
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ARMY
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was to tool up and actually produce the tube during the
first year production was assigned. The second year was
devoted to producing the tube in quantity without regard ,
to rejects, and the third year was the time that the quality
should be stressed. The 1951 norm required that 1000 '
usable ACR-1sbe produced. To get this number it was
necessary for 15 to 20 tubes to be produced per day, six -
days per week. The great wastage of the tubes was prin-
cipally due to bad cathode materials, and to the fact that
the screen material deteriorated rapidly due to contami-
25X1 nation by gas used in sealing the tubes. 1
25X1 I 125 tubes per day was the maximum number of
ACR-1's that could be produced with the equipment in-
stalled in the tube plant in March 1951.
(b) Picture Tube ACR-10
(Identical to and copied from the British tube.) Mass pro-
duction of this tube started in 1949. 2000 of these tubes
were designed for production in 1951. 'Rejects of these
tubes were normally about 30%; however, in July and August
of 1951 the rejects were 100%01
was told to remedy the bad screens that were causing 100%
rejections. !the screens were very dull due
to the fact that gas, used to seal the tubes, was entering
the tube when the bases were being sealed to the neck of
the CRT. The gas was entering due to the fact that the
25X1 composition of the gas changed daily. Therefore it was
Impossible to adjust the torch to make certain all of the
25X1 gas was burned at all times. The hydrocarbons injected
25X1 into the tube in this manner caused a rapid. deterioration
of the screen material when the. tube was heated in the
25X1 evacuating process.
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(c)
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1 After this incident?production was-re-
sumed at the normal rate. I Ivery few ACR 10
tubes were produced in 1949 and 1950.
Picture Tube VCR-1
(Identical to and copied from the Britieh tubeo) Mass'pro-
duction of this tube started in 1949. 1000 to 1200 good
tubes were scheduled for production in 1951, The reject
rate of these tubes was approximately the same as that of
the ACR-1 tubes, These tubes as well as the ACR-1 and
ACR-10 tubes were delivered to an unknown office named .
".90H//b/4 aohYg "a They were picked up by Soviet army
officers (golden epaulets) and three or four Russian
women not in uniform0 or details of acceptance tests
of these tubes see paragraph 3, point 11, followingj
(d) Seven-Inch Kineecopes
25X1 Mass production of this tube was started in 1949.
Ian average of 600 tubes is being produced weekly
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during 1952. This estimate is based on the fact that 89
25X1 tubes were produced on the 13th of Marvell 1952 and 130 were
produced on the 14th of Ma'rch 1952. 1 'these tubes
25X1 were being made for use in civilian receivers, since the
25X1 Quality was too poor for use in military equipment. 1 I
many more of those tubes could be produced
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without expanding any of the plant's facilities, since
there are 12 pump stands available for use three shifts
per day; however, the stands are not operated every day.
Instead they are operated for two shifts about four days
per week as glass envelopes become available.
Twelve-and Sixteen-Inch Kinescopes
A total of 150-200 of these two types of tubes are produced
each month.
1 The delivery of glass envelopes determined
the number of he tubes produced. These tubes,
are also made for use in civilian TV sets.
Cr) Klystrons
These tubes are being mass producethl
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75 klystrons were being produced in ever
hour
period
n January 1q51.
In February 1952 the klystron
department was moved down to the first floor,where there
was about four times the amount of floor space. The move
was completed as rapidly as possible, and entailed the moving
of all the old klystron-producing equipment as well as the
installation'of additional eqipment. Two pump. stands capable
of producing a total of 75 klystrons in a 24-hour 'period
were moved,as was glass-to-metal-sealing equipment. An
argument arose during the move. The argument was between
? the pumpmeister in the new klystron department and the
pumpmeister in the old department, and came about because
? the new department pumpmeister wanted eight pumps rather
than just the two that were previously used for klystron
production. The new klystron department was in mass pro- 25X1
? ductiqn in March 1952. 50 25X1
employees worked in the new department and 20 employees
worked in the department when it was upstairs. I 5X1
24
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Soviet
Dip' Ing Inara Grigor-Ila Nostrina was a technical expert
for cathodes and worked in bah fhe old and new departments.
She is also at aspirant for "Candidate".
Receiver Type Vacuum Tubes
Various types of octal base, small size vacuum tubes were
produced in area five ?IFee paragraph 3, following, fora
detailed description o the equipment and number ofper-
sonnel in this departmenf7. I I 25X1
two or three times 25X1
each week single boxes 70 cm/ 70 om/ 70 cm full of
vacuum tube re ects. These boxes were taken outside and
the contents were emptied on a large scrap heap.
the reject rate ran as high as 50% in some instances and
was generally due to poor cathodes. I 125X1
the reject rate was never below 20 to 25%. On one occasion
25X1 picked up a box that fell off the scrap
1125X1
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tktiokEh it. paaSed? but of the, intitte, Thiz box Ion-
tained. seveml hundred
(h) 'Detectors
Thiel-department was. installed IL the latter pt ot.
.950
OtPIOy'ed.-appr6ximately 50 woi,kers in Mareh 192.0AQ pro-
Alticed Stall dete6tors. All the, eeramic tubo fceze
deteetora wer stamped-oOt by three, hyd:oaulle pregs
jr td 1n Aroa seeotia fl or /iee Enclosure r.,AY,
The'tubez-were 7-10 nmlong?x 5-6 diameter and ,htd
a. 0,5.m. ti71.1s1k wall. WirC6A for uae in these. detctorss,
25X1 :tjre t10climled of -11 gre,Ite in Ares 27.
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(1) Super Isont,soorms, imase Orthioonsan& Dark Trace F1ctura25X1
Tu ea
These nre ewhed1,11ed. tor pro19...1-1 in 1.952Ihewever$
PLANT LAYOUT, 4AalliNEJ -.AND LOOR OF THE Nil 160 7,V,17114 TUtE
3. The following is a list of the aatiNities and. resouret of
various deparents# laboratorienr.i room located tz.
vacuum tube product-1bn building of NH 1.60, /These areaa
can be physically located by' referring to. EnAosure (071
Aret No I This area was the office of the Asaistant ChL
of. the.Radio Tube Develcpment Laboratory. Sovi?
Engineer rj).ustin It contained the normsl.
equipment a aiThiso used as a conference 'z,,00m.
for engineers assigned to this Laboratory; Arkin.
(Soviet)., Dr. Mie (German)1 Krue-er Caerman07
Fischer (Germi6)17 This -iabore7tbry. ilam under the
.urriiThtion of the chief of the instit.%:te,
Devvatkov, even though it wail physically located
ITT5iibe plant. -
Area No 2 This area was the office of Soviet Engineer Ratep-
?
her ,who waz1 chief of the Radio Tqbe Devolvpmiiii?
reratory. Three secretaries and Mr, .Raenberg
worked in this office.
Axmielacu
ea No 4
This area was the *fe of the direntor of the 25X1
entire vacuum tube produotion fcory., 1 25X1
same there
in the Virst part of 1951. The old dLrectcr of the
tube plant waa a SovIet n '104; Klepkv
Five pumping stands were lu thil room, They were
used .by the radio tube Oevelopment lhboratory and
had-nothing-to do with the MASS produotn.
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tubes, haoA-cT:)R.r,g,tvl.
pe.iit 10 mm per
?Ar ItTo "-.7h4,te wre 10 teot stsda 1oez&r'...... in
tk?i!6t tands tniiA to tbe
thst 'fiYere de :r well
rejoetc-4 tlibn that -had 'been. --podueed. ?
teat ve.. new .nna
a.....,,mmaqudatAng5Cat one The ?otAtr fner
f17,1,,:- W.Q.Y.1 older- mashAnee *ndt1tihando ae
Thz?maWaina wTa to:
,r,t,Arlarat?1120..cand 11.re-Ite of tli-le; v414,,mve
tubea,i Thim laborvto77 retpailaiblv spot .
toating .14:nd 1.11,4:411.':.!--?-t.qbeil- in 06.36 prodlAtionp as
well aqiin',1ew tUb08, I Ithe 25X1
Labozatory 1...$ not ,lanfined. to 1fL tii7 the
tubes. -Pmett?produt4 at NIT 160,q, lyot ai 25)(1
.some mat by-ther !,iqhter. 25X1
has been sent to Movositif..,.-- '4?-tr.10118 (),.taerbtle to
:the produotlor. i.,rao7;m tnbee- 1 1
Area yo 2,3b,
Area No
a'he Taln aeatiy 11.11f3 fc,p the proion of
receiver type vaeuom trIbt.were lwlatod t;his area.
F.,1:Tiere were 15-20 aisembl line,41aoh of which was' .
'manned by 1Q-14 r vin g be..:7tn were stexted to
be i.nstalled In jamaary 1951 an by Ma2h.. 1952 approx--
tmately eight-sueh line Were In 'poraticn. I
amombly f;..trin sat on. only Q-ne side of tte 25X1
Thin seotton w.se opaTated Urt,eflt, shift* per dal;
sIX deTz Pew 46c;kN .however, the third altrt wt a 25X1
a 'reduced so.ale and not all atlfwJAbly' lines were
manned durit.)4: this shift
Eleven automatte salityz msehlnes '0,Tere 1tAlle1 in
this area, These maohines were uSed tor the masa' -
produtien of resolver type 7aelaum tubes awl were' in
rlontinua;1 uoe eotwk*t when brok,Ftn There were
two different types of maohinsa, One typt
-ivvoyAratly 1,5 meters-la diamter difteren
seTttons of oporation amved in stepb oounter-
cloaltwien 4.ireettor at 5 to 7 ioond 1nter7a1s* used
gas to weld the glass. he to 'the llsok of the ,elass
erYslopel high rx,e(0.1eney to seal the tube.?4d
vlagnttc devico to 6,-WIVX0 the oon.-at lea.aqi, The
other, aleometio selex 7.vp. one wet,ar
mettr. and iderticml. to the 1,,5 11-raltwlei4
mashirle except it -hcA no 'mak:me/in .ror.
contaet leada,, I Isos of this tladilnes21
wer,z of Oerman or:!.gin.), tome wert Soviet oopies of
German mashinmand perhaps mome .vers Amtran matillta*S0
the Soviet-made maeihines Nere mantertured at
the OKBM building at NIX 160, Thi: bplio&P tied -
on thq fact that Mr, Palme
r, t in chart.,
or JabM.p nad made thse sealx r07, Tele. -
innk,bri during the Vurtbpipwr6-,the 04BM had the
oaoWnarT arid apace to nako 6ushotine Ttit?fwe was
to5t.trq stand lotated noar. methiner;.
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Area No
W-616"
6a
Area
No8
Area No a
Area No 10
Area No 11
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k.ae? '25)0
tests made on the ee 'stands eaealuted of sherte,'
emiseion continuitvsand other mwriml checks_
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11===T
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that 20A to 25% rejects were the absoeute
minimum. Bad oathodec wer the cause of most of 25x1
these rejects. The.aerman technicians Ganswindt.
and Buettner worked in this room in the-Mit
part-a-17gge
This area was aseigned to Isekts 34 and an used
as offices for the nine e5esies 34 engineers as well
as for the Soviet engineerl I 25)0
in charge of vacuum tube production. The
equipment installed in this. area consists of normal
office equipment.
This area served as a steee room for grids cathodes,
anodes, and glass bulbs. It was open three shifts
per day and had four people working each shift. [7]
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This area was assigned to the picture department.
There were two double doors which separated this
area from the ?ewe 34 area. The purpose of these
doors was not security, but was to keep that out of
the tube mass production area. Area No 6 was used
as , repair shop for the repair of pioture tale
vacuum pumps. There were two lathes and a bo.
machine,,
machine, for fabricating small parts, located ,
this room.
Area 9a is the ante-room to the office of the chief
of the picture tube department. There were five
people in this office. One of the girls was respon-
sible for seeing that everyone was on time. Area 9b,
is the office of the chief of the picture tube de- 'ea
partment, Mr. MaChaunech (phonetic). He was not a 1
technical man9iii3EiVrated by the fact that he
wanted to seal tubes with ax rather than melting
the glass together. This Incident came up one time
when rejects were high due to poor sealing equipment.
An elevator that never worked. Used for the atorage
of chairs.
(23 employees worked in this area on the day shift.
There were a taw less working on the second and
third shifts.) This was a room where ACR No 1 and 25X1
VCR No 1 picture tubes were tested. There were
two English.manufactured test sets for testina thektal
tubes.
each set was abou
long, 3 feet widepand 3 feet high.
the equipment was delivered to the USSR oometime
during World War II. The inscription on the sets
was in English. The only test indication known to
me was a scope patternpas shown: ./sseeses?
*0\1
feet
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This room also oontained delete for the ohief of the
Pule)? stande (room 12 ) and deeks for 2 OTK inspection
men and a military aeceptanoe seam for accepting ACR
No 1 and VCR No 1 picture tubee. Thin room was a
responsibility of the OTK (Seeeese of,Teohnical Cantrol)-
and was in no way"Under the eontrol of eithee the
chief of the picture tube laboratory or the ohlef of
NII 160. 5ee paragraph entitled "Qualitk Control",
page 16 ot this reportafor more detei1e.7
Are No This area howled the iconoscope test stands for the
ACR No 13 VCR No Land ACR No 10 picture hams gee
12 A and B on Enclosure (AV. There was one stand
for testing the ACR No 1 and VCR No 1 tubes and one
for testing the ACR No 10 tubes. Both of the test.
stands were made at NII 160, were very simple in
construction, capable of testing only one .tube at a
timeeand used for testing heaters, anodes,and focusing
of the picture tubes. Also installed in this area
Lies 12 g were two stands deeigned to age the cathodes
of completed kinescopes, ACR No 1 tubes, VCR No 1
tubes, and ACE No 10 tubes. Each machine was operated
by two operaLesrs and was capable of handling 10 ACR
No 1.or VCR ?lc 1 tubes at one time; however, five of
these tubes were usually all that were aged at one
time. It took approximately 30 to 40 minutes to age
each batch of tubes. The second machine was capable
of handling 18 tubes at one time; however, usually 25X1
12 or 18 were normally handled by the two operators.
Again 30 to 40 minutes were required for the handling
of each batch of tubes. EThketch fise 12 D and licr
shows the German test stand a designed to oalieate25X1
measuring instruments. Theme never did work
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which two girls worked to attach tube bases to the
picture tubes is also shown LT2 g. There were two
small ovens on each table to helpth M accomplish,
their work. There were two pump stands for the ACE
No 1 tube and one pump stand for the VCR No 1 tube
.gee 12 0 and g. Each stand can pump five tubes
? simultaneously during a 6-to 8-hour period. The
pumps, both pre-pump and final pump, were made at Nil
160 and were operated by two pe'**le at each stand.
? There were also 12 or 16 pump stands for the pumping
of kinescopes ff.2 7, There are two preliminary
pumps and four fin1 pumps for each group of four
pump stands, as indicated below,
There wer
as snown
ithr 3 or 4
zu
above di
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Removable ovens capable of
maintaining a 410? 0 temp-
erature during the final
evacuation of the CRrel.
These evens were oper0,0
at 370' 0 to keep from dam-
aging the screen materials;
however, I I the
r suiting poor vacuum de-
finitely shortened the life
of the tube.
CRT's being evacuated
Preliminary Pump Stands
Final Pump Stands
of these machines. Each are
gram.
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nett& pumps were Soviet copier of the pumps taken
tothe USSR, from the Germ .n F-nrnseh. Televit plant.
All the pumps in use were made at NII 160 and used
oil, The preliminary pumps-were capable of
uating a tube to 10-3 mm of mercury in approeemately
4sminrtes and were considered to be excellene pumps.
The .final vacuum pumps were 'supposed to be eale.to
evacuate down to 10e7 mm of mercury, 25X1
25X1 I It was impossible for them to do 50s28x1
These pumps were always breaking down. It took
approximately 4 hours to evacuate each batch of tubes.
Each pump had to be removed and-cleaned eath-week. E]
eem I Ithis was due to the poor quality of oil used -
and the dirty working conditions surrounding the tube
assembly area. The Soviets designed a liquid air 25X1
evacuation pump in the fall of 1951. It had not been
installed' but was expected to re-
duce the evacuation time even though it was designed'
to evacuate only to 10-7 es io the presently used
oil pumps. pour oil type vaceum pumps Zee 12 g
designed for evacuating the AOR No 10 ebuse appear on
my sketch. All teohnleal details of these pumps .
arceidentleal to the one previously mentioned gee
dsseription for 12 27. There was an,Americanemade
automatic sealing machine designed for the seali
of CRT's /Fee 12 10% 25X1
it25X1
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was anenored in the eemeet floor of the tube plant
lin 1949. It was 3 meters in diameter,
could accommodate 7-inch? 12-inch, and 16-inch
iconoscopespand had 15 different full automatise
processes of sealing the tube. It was never e e into
operating condition by the Soviets. They work.,.i on
the machine during July and August 1951 trying es
get it in operating condition; however, they did not
succeed. It was impossible for them to regulate the
heat properly. The tube envelopes would either melt
too much or the glass welds would break. The Soviets
never tried to operate the 'machine after August 1951;
however, I !they will try to get it operating.
The working area assigned the glass blowers is shown
L ee 12 I?They were responsible for the repairing
of all the glass tubes of the picture tube pumping
standva They also sealed the ACR No 1 side connection,
Two automatic machines for welding the glass evacuating
stems to the glass envelopes of the AOR No 1, VCR No 1,
ACR No 10, arid kinescope tubes were employed Wee 12
L and 117. Each machine could accomodate only one tubis
at a tIme and required 5 - 7 minutes per tube. They
were old Telefunken machines. One of them was used
three shifts per day, exclueively for kinesoopes,
while the other was used for the remaining type tubes.
The latter was also operated three shifts per day, six
days per week.
Area This area served a. a supply room for hand tools and
administrative supplies, It was manned by one Soviet
girl on a one shift per day basis.
Area No 14 A large glass blowing shop which operated three 6-man
shifts per day. All glass stems of the CRT's and the
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g.Iasa faces cf the CRT's were welded in this area
except for the ones needed foe, the. ACR No 10 tubes.
The-ACR-Na 10 tubes were one paeoe envelopes end
were net made it NII 160e To accomplish the aeking
Of all the 'picture tube envelopes were two oe three
horitlettaliy-operating machines. At these b,aches
the aide connections were made for the- CRTs in
addition teethe repair of CRT glass envelopes. There
Was some extra space in this room which is believed
tobeaear-tarked for the production of envelopes for
the super, iconoscope and dark trace tubes.
Area No 15 There were three large electric ovens installed in
this room. . These ovene, which were made at NII 160,
were used for the annealing of gl ss tubes. Glass
tubes were also stored in this roomswhich was manned
by 2 men per shift on a three-shift per day basis.
Area No 16 The CRT envelopes were t,lancid with flouric acids,?
were dried, and then the aauadag material was applied.
Pour people worked on each -of the three shifts per
day. The tubes were first washed with distilled
water furnished bya small distillation plant 276 pg.
Next,the tubes were washed with flouric acid and -
then once again with distilled water. The aquidag
was then polled manually with a brush while the -
envelope was slowly rotated by a machine. -Next,the -
rotating machine /76 A.77 was used to heat the envelope
to 350? C and to Hold_ it while warm air was blown
Into the glass to remove the aquadag gases. The
machine was 2 1/2 to 3 meters in diameter an eeuld
process 10 to 20 envelopes in a 10-minute pera 4
Areas No These two areas were remodeled in February 1952.
17 & 18 Previous to the remodeling the screen materials were
applied to the ACR No 1 and VCR No 1 envelopes. This
was accomplished by hand and consisted of placing some
wax in the tube, heating the wax, and shaking the
tube in a circular fashion until an even coating of
wax was deposited on the inside surface of the face
of the CRT. Next, the luminous material was placed in
the tube and shaken. Finallyethe girl teak A- metal
arm, which held a small cotton ball, and wiped off
the edges of the screen._ After February 1952 ma-
chinery was installed in this room. I believe that
screen material was to be applied to the ACR No
ACR No 100 VCR No. 10 and to kinescopes. The ACR No
/0 screen spraying equipment was transferred from Nil
602 I7Omment: Actually NII 637. This equipment
cons-Listed of a table designed tb hold the envelopes
while a nozzle sprayed the screen material on.
Area No 12 Twenty employees worked on each of the three shifts,
operated by thie section, Assembly of the electron
guns for all picture tubes produced at NII 160 was
accomplished in this reom. There were three assembly
lines with small welding machines installed at 25
separate places. Forms were used to correctly align
the various grids and anodes that made up the electron.
gun. .Twelve girls worked on the assembly of eleetron
guns for kinescopes on a full time basis, while four
girls worked on the assembly of guns for oscillograph
tubes on a part time basis. In addition, part of
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25X1 Area No 20
Area No 21,
this area' was used for the storage of all the in-
diViduiei-parte ef the taboo( eeeduood at NII 160.
Th664 parts'were-stored in eve :uated metal bore
eVory night. These etocks were replenished c
tonth;With a'fiveeweek upply being on hand
the'bieginning of each month. The exception 'e
this rUle was the supply of coated cathodes. Thee
were' sally delivered daily; however, appreximately
105,000 eftted eathodes were delivered in January
1952. These were all sealed in evacuated Jars. and
stbred for later use. I 25X1
these had been made up during the cold dry winter
petziod and wore to be used in tubes produeed during
thilestmater Months. This was done due to the fact
that the cathodes produced in the summer months
were not any good since they wereeliroduced in a non-
regulated room. The dampness and heat of the summer
months caused as much as 90 of the cathodes to beeem
rejected.
I-7 the lumieons screen materials
for pietuee tubes were made 'here and in the small
block house attached to this area. Pipes PO cm in
diamtter lead into this building, A strong odor
of H4S was always prevalent. I loll of the25X1
luminous material 'used at NII 160 was,precipitatedeexi
in this area.
25X1 I 1 Areas 21, 220 231and 24 belonged to m:,38
and Tselelh 38 was responsible for the producti of
all grids, cathodes, platesete" used at NII -0
Tselth 38 was always a. bottleneck in the final 1_,
deletion of tubes One example of this was the tole-
struoting of a cathode machine in January, 1951. A
German and his son (Tiotheiltnm) constructed a machine
2capable or forming airraffUEli 10,000 cathodes within
a 24-hour period. There was only one cutting blade
for this machines and no other one could be obtained
even though the Germans repeatedly asked for another
one.' Finally the blade broke and there were no
oathodee made at 71014 34-for an eight-day peripd.
Area No 22 Eight girls operated five hydrogen over. and three
metal strip treating machines in this area. The
five hydrogen ovens were 1 1/2 meters long and 7 cm
in diameter. They were used for the heat treating of
metals that were to be made into grids, anodes, etc.
The three wire treating machines were uso'd for clean-
ing wires for use in making 1,11011Um tube vide.
ier.s.LB223. Ten Soviet wpmem worked in this room. They placed
individual cathodes in a machine which was capable 25X1
of dipping 100 cathodes per hour. There were,8 or
10 of these machines. This process was Imposed to
be secret.
25X1
25X1
Areas No
25X1
lapproximately 24
the day shift.
irls worked hare on
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worked by people assigned to these rooms or not.
Area NO 26 This teeth" was attached to Isekh 33 when the move
teek Dla'be in February 1952.
25X1
waS-Concerned'With the research of lUminous screen n
materials prior to the move.
Area No 21 This -was the room in which the German Dr Sith121,111914
had his-offioe. Dr Schloemilch was practtalir------
exiled to this room in January 1951. There were *
three hydraulic presses located there as well as a
small water distillation plant and a wire cleaning
machine. All of this equipment was used for the
production of detectorsa ee paragraph 2 h abov75x1
A total of 9 people worked in this area on the day
shift.
Area No 28 This area contained 8 cathode spraying machines
which were operated by 10 to 12 girls per shift on a
three-shift basis. Two of the devices held 20
picture tube cathodes while the coating material was
sprayed on manually. Six of the machines were auto-
matic and were used for the spraying of receiver type
vacuum tube cathodes. Each of these six machinee
was capable of spraying and drying 20 cathodes
every two minutes. Ten to twelve girls operated
these machines.
Area Ntali Cathode pastes were prepared in this room by a
number of employees. Barium, aluminum oxides, and
strontiumwere pulverized and treated in this room.
Cathode pastes were the end products.
Area No 32 This room contained a large machine for the pre-
cipitation of barium and strontium. It was either
a former Telefunken machine or a copy of it, as a
photograph of this machine is contained in a book
written by a German named Wa er. This machine was
not in continuous operation. d?llodium (a binder
for cathode pastes) was also made in this room.
Drying Closets and viscosity testing scales were
part of the equipment used in this process. The
German scientists who worked on the second floor of
the tube plant were afraid that the material in this
room would be the cause of a big fire due to the tact
that the collodium wool was stored in a dry state.
Five girls and 3 chemists worked in this area.
altEAgal The office of the chief technical engineer of the
tube plant was located in this room. His name was
Korolenko (spelled phonetically). All technical
drawings and production procedures were made up in
this office. ?A total of 7 engineers (Soviets) and
8 girls worked in this room on a one shift a day '
basis.
Area No This area housed a small construction office where
31a machines were designed for use in the mass production
of vacuum tubes. Five members of the OKBM moved in
here when the Germans departed in 1952.
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Area No Dispensary and hygiene rooms.
Area No 33 efer to paragraph 2 f above for Soured's know-
edge concerning the production of klystrons in
this area2
RtallsLILt Detectors were made in this area. The entire area
was occu ied by work benches and testing benches.
25X1' 1 this room belonged to Tlakh
37. The
ceramic sleeves and wires made in Dr Schloemilehis
office were delivered to this room. Production
probably started late in 1950 because at this time
the windows opening onto the hallway were painted.
Approximately 50 employees entered this area six
mornings every week.
Area No 35 this area contained large metal lathes, metal planing
tables, milling machines, boring machines, and die
making machines. Approximately 20 people worked on
the day shift. Areas 35, 361and 37 all belonled to
the same department 25X1
Area No This area contained 3 very large stampihg machines,
approximately 15 small stamping machines, and eight
hand-operated folding machines. The 35 to 40 people
that worked in this area during the day shift, and
the unknown numbers that worked on the other two
shifts, were responsible for stamping out all mag-
netron cavities used by NII 160, In addition they
pressed out aluminum tubes 10 am long, 2 1/2 to 3 em
in diametersand 0.3 mm thick as well as brass cups
cm in diameter and 5 cm deep.
Area No 37 This area contained many small work .shops responsible
for receiving, storing, issuing?and cutting various
types of metal rods and sheets. They also operated
a large tool crib.
Area No 38 This area belonged to eeekil 38 and housed the equip-
ment that stamped out metal sockets, electrolytically
plated CRT anodes,and polished CRT anodes. There
were four large vats for plating metals.
Areas No Contained offices of some dimartTent heads and 3D eng-,,x1 & ineers I 4')
Area No 41 ,This area was occupied by a glass pressing shop which
employed between 50 to 55 workers. Glass bases for
vacuum tubes were made here as was the base lead-in
wires that were fitted into these bases. Small glass
tubes were cut from longer glass tubes. There were
from 15 to 25 automatic stamping machines located in
this room, this shop may have made 25X1
glass bases ror vacuum tubes manufactured at other
plants.
Area No Belongs to treekh 38 and employed 50 girls and 8
mechanics. It contained American, German, and Russian
grid winding, cathode stamping,and wire cutting
machines. Al] of these machines made small parts
which were used in the eonstruetion of the receiver
type vacuum tubes made at 160,
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ea No Small precision lathes and work benches installed
in this room were used for the making of parte for
small production machines assigned to zeal* 38.
Area No Approximately 7 mechanics worked in thle area oper-
ating various cutting machines and similar eqUipmente
The room for chief of Tsekh 38 is located in this
area.
PICTURE TUBE DEVELOPMENT? AT NII 160
4. During World War II a laboratory
sponsored by Telefu ere was located at 37 25X1
25X1 Planufer Strasse, Berlin, and wa concerned with the develop-
ment of dark trace picture tubes. The I boratory was moved to
Neuenhofen near Neustadt on the 011a River,where it remained
until it was dismantled by the Soviets. During this time the
dark trace tubes were worked on as well ae was research on a
eaRT capable of showing two different colored blips at the same
time. (The difference in velocity of electrons striking a CRT
screen determines the amount of penetration of the electrons;
therefore, if a cascade screen Is made of two materials, that
give off different colors when excited, it was thought possible
to be able to use this system for identifying friendly and enemy
aircraft. This system was never endorsed by the Soviets.)
the development of the following type picture tubes
worked on at NII 160 lin the Soviet Union:
(a)
The AglAp_j, INE_N9 Land ACR No 10
Picture tubes were being produced in a NII 160 laboratory
at the rate of 30 per month of each type in October 1946.
One of these three tubes was given the Russian nomenclature
440-2474,however,1 L The first work 25X1
done on these tubes by Germans at NII 160 consisted of re-
placing the poor grade mica supports in the tube with
ceramic supports. This substantially reduced the number
of rejects. Laboratory production of this tube was dis-
continued in late 1949, at which time the tubes went into
mass production at the NII 160 tube plant.
(b) The first six months at NII 160 were spent in remodeling
the laboratory, converting the prodUction of electron guns
for picture tubes from hand-made to machine-made processes.
(0 Dark Trace Tube
,--------.
? In the spring of 1947 'assigned the task of developinfem
25X1 screen materials for a dark trace tube to be used for pro-
jecting an image 1 meter square. This work consisted
25X1 mainly of a repetition of work in Germany.
1---ltime was spent trying te eevele efficient ways of coating
25X1
"Imm0 screen of the tuba. Much difficulty was experienced
in evaporating a smooth layer of cadmium chloride on the
plat, Slow progress was made on this problem until Nov-
ember 1948.at which time the Soviet Chief of the Dark Trace
Laboratory gave orders to develop and make ready for pro-
duction a dark trace tube formerly developed at OSW. This
tube was given the Russian nomenc1atureAmcse7 (the 10
is thediameter of the screen in cm, the Russian L means
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ray or beam, K means kinescope, the Russian P designates
PPI, the T designates dark tracepand the number 1
signifies that this is the first series of this type tube.)
25X1 the pressure for early production of this
tube was a result of the Soviets'having developed and
started production of a radar set designed to use this tube.
Laboratory models of this tube were operating by January
1949. By the end of 1950 this dark trace tube had been
developed to a place where it was more sensitive than those
graphed on Page 670,Volume 22 of the MIT series of books
25X1 published in 1948.
a r ue s 25X1
25X1 added sensitivity to the use o more pure screen crystals.
Also by the end of 1950 the norm was set at 12 good tubes
per month. To obtain this norm it was necessary for 100
tubes to be made monthly. Approximately 50 of these 100
were rejected by the 'NII 160 Dark Trace Laboratory. The
? remaining 50 left NII 160 by truck and then approximately
two weeks later the Germans in the laboratory were notified
how many of that 50 had been acceptable. F Fthe 25X1
dark trace tube Is scheduled for mass production in 1952. -
The dark trace tubes made at NII 160 were tested using a
test stand copied from the one described on Pages 666 and
667 of Volume 22, MIT Radiation Laboratory series books.
25X1 The exception to this equipment was that an at
tube, manufactured by NII 602 L
25X1I was used for recording decay time rather than
the pen and ink recorder described in Volume 22.
sketehed the test stand set-up:
25X1
Candensar lens
Mercury Zamlo
haler A"
erri,s4 /Ware
A = A removable mirror. When
in place the tube picture is
projected onto a ground glass
plate.
10-44Vcroscope
Poork
B A removable ground
glass plate. When removed
the picture on the CRT
screen is projected onto
a regular screen.
The long glow tube from NII 602 zyTII 617 worked on 10 KV,
had a cascade type screen,and a good af er-g1ow of 20 to 25
25X1 seconds. I lit was a copy of an American 5FP7. This
tube was delivered in the summer of 1950. I lit was 25X1
serially produced rather than mass produced. I 25X1
25X1 I Ithe dark trace tubes (10 LKFT1) were to be used as
PPI) plans position indicators for one meter square screen
25X1 projection. I la set utilizing 50 KV was
to have been perfected in 1951 and that screen projections
of 4x 4 meters would be possible with this new tube. This
information is based on hearsay, 25X1
25X1 1.J many design problems 25X1
entailed by this additional voltage. The German engineers
tried to dissuade the Soviets against this new tube.
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(d) 'map Orthicons
In 'the beginning of 1950 the Bildsenderoehren oicture
tranamitter tubg laboratory started the development of
image orthicons. The chief of this laboratory was a Soviet
who returned from having studied the CBS system in the
Uni.ted States. He claimed to be closely associated with
Mr ldmaitkof CBS and was a very industrious engineer. F-1 25X1
25X1 the first series of 10 laboratory tubes were pro-
uce y the last of 1950. L__
25X1 these tube!25X1
were scheduled for production, in
March 1952.
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
(e) 7, 12 and 16-inch Kinet222.2es
Kinescope development was started in January 1947. By
1949 the 7, 12,and 16-inch kinescopes had reached such
a state of development that they were removed from lab-
oratory development status and were transferred to the
tube plant for mass production. I I 25X1
these tubes were designed and produced for civilian tele-
vision sets. 1 Ithe tubes were 25X1
of very poor quality and had a low development priority.
(f)
(g)
Metallic KinescuftE
In the summer of 1950 the German engineeroMr Werner Ilugej
was asked to survey all American electronic publications
for the purpose of determining whether or not metallic
kinescopes could be made at NII 160. Mr Kluge 25X1
scanned all of the literature, and then informed the Soviets
that the NII 160 effort should be directed toward making
24-inch glass kinescopes rather than metallic kinescopes.
In January 1951 the Soviets ordered the laboratory to
start making a small metallic kinescope. I un 25X1
March 1952 the necessary machinery for the production of
small metal cones needed in the production of metallic
kinescopes had been completed. The tube being made was
a copy of an RCA metallic kinescope which was obtained
and_analyzed in 1951. 25X1
25X1
Rectangular Kinescopes.
Rectangular kinescopes were to be developed in 1948;
however, it was never possible to get any to work properly,
so the project was dropped. It was first impossible for the
glass bulbs to be made; consequentlypthe bulbs were obtained
from Osram in East Germany. Finally the entire project was
discontinued due to poor picture definition.
(h) Memorx Tube
In January 1950
forced to vacate part of the area
or the development of dark trace tubes.
Tnis area was assigned to Soviet Engineer Astrin and two
other Soviets. One of the other Soviets aiiIiiiid there was
a major who wore gold epaulets with red borders. Later in
1950 two Soviet female technicians, Marozinacua and Marina
Olenikova,were assigned to this secret rinifory.1
25X1
25X1
About once
1
every two or three days a tube covered with a clor would
be carried out of this room
and thus 25X1
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Out-Of the tube plant. The tubes appeared very similar
t6 the ACR No 1 tubes; however, I
'they were two-gun memory tubes.
The results of
this survey were submitted to the Ministry through normal
NII 160 channels and were to be included in 1950 pro- '
duction plans. Later on 1 I the
Ministry wasn't Interested in any such plansplowever, two
Soviet engineers arrived in January 1950 and received the
results study.
) Modified ACR No 1
25X1
25X1
In July 1951,1 'German glass blower 25X1
had just received a group of ACR No 1 envelopes that had
very thick glass for the side connection (high voltage
connection for the aquadag). I 25X1
1 modified ACR No 1 tubes were being
made and that 30 KV was being used for the high voltage
tension rather than the normal 2 KV, they 25X1
were all laboratory produced and not more than 50 were
made each month.
INSTITUTE NO 602 L.63..7
25X1 6. there is a Soviet institute located in Moscow
that does work which parallels the picture tube development done
at NII 160. The main difference between the two institutes is
that the Moscow institute is completely Soviet manned and is
concerned only with military applications. the 25X1
institute is called NII 602 and is located in Moscow near the
vicinity where Leningrad Shosele becomes Gory Street, L I 25X1
25X1 I 'German engineer Dirbach worked in
1 25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
institute for a few weeks in 1947.1
this was NIS 632 rather than NII 607
___jcascade CRT's were made at NII 602 537. 25X1
'the testing of ACR No 1, VCR No Land AUR No 10 tubes at
NII 160. 1
INII 602 z6327 was interested in the de-
velopment of aluminum backed screens for CRT' 25X1
25X1
25X1 all research on
s ?ype screen cou e done better at NII 02 zs337 than at
25X1 NII 160, the two-gun memory tubes developed at
25X1 NII 160 were delivered to NII 602 /6327 for testing.
gaggTY 2.2FI.014
7. There were six 0Th (seAiton of Technical Control) men assigned to
the NII 160 tube production plant in 1951. I Masse men 25X1
were under the jurisdiction of the 0Th office in Moscow; however,
25X1 they were not under the jurisdiction of either the
chief of the Tube Production Plant or the chief of the Institute.
After picture tubes were made they were inspected by employees
of NIS 160, after which they were inspected by the OTK men.
Then in the case of ACR No 1, VCR No 1, and ACR No 10 tubes a
military inspection team conbisting of a Soviet officer in uni-
form, two Soviet engineersaand two or three Soviet women would
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inspect thetubeivin'the presence of the OTK men. All rejected
tubes-Wer6-retUrned to the-OTK men,who then returned them to
the factory inspectors.
TECHNICAL LITERATURE.
25X1 8. the publishing of the Radiation Laboratory series
of books on radar enabled the Soviets to span twelve years of
progress in the electronic field in a period of three years.
25X1 I 'had tried for two years to design an efficient
means for testing the resolution, sensitivity;and after?glow
time of dark trace tubes. I 'unable to get satisfactory 25X1
25X1 results until Volume 22 of this sPries And n9pied
the test equipment described in Chapter 18. I sur- 25X1
prised to find that the tests listed in Volume 22 actually
worked out in practice as they were outlined in the book.
R. The MIT series in English was available to Soviet engineers
in the spring of 1949 and was used by the Germans as well as -
the Soviet engineers. Soviet translations of the MIT books
were available for purchase in the first part of 1950 These
were generally literal translations and contained numerous
errors. There were instances where two Soviet books contained
the information that was in one MIT book. An example of this
is the information contained in Volume 22 of the Radiation
Laboratory series. This volume is divided into two parts and
a Soviet book is published containing each of these parts.
Each of the Russian volumes costs approximately 12 rubles. All
American technical publications were available for issue by the
Institute library within two months of the date of publication.
Any foreign publication desired by NII 160 engineers could be
'obtained through the Moscow Lenin Library in the event the book
was not in the NII 160 library.
DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY BUILDING
25X1 10.
a sketch of the third floor of this building
on which the following is shown ,03e Enclosure (kg%
Area No 1 Cathode Ray Tube Screen Puparation Room
A. A work table used for people to put screens on
CRT glass envelopes.
B. A drying oven for drying the screen meterials.
Area No 2 Screen Settling Room
A. A table used to place trays for the precipitation
of the screen materials.
Atts2.1.2 Washing Room for Cathode Ray Tube Envelo es
A. Washing machine for washing CRT envelopes.
B. Exhaust ventilator.
C. Work bench.
D. Heat generating equipment.
E. Drying machine.
F. Storage cabinets.
Area No 4 Office of Department Chief(awircu4
AmE112_5. Outer Office of the De artment Chief
Area No 6 Secret Area Where Memorz2(1211EzmUln22112211
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- 18 -
Area No 7 Dark Trace Tube Laboratory
25X1 Area No 8 Dark Trace Laboratory
A. Work bench for the assembly of iconoscopes.
B. Engineers' desks.
C. Wooden partition.
D. Dark trace tube test stands.
E. 30 KV power supply.
F. Iconoscope testing machine delivered from NII 380.
G. Tempering ovens for treating glass envelopes.
H. Tempering ovens for treating glass envelopes.
Area No 9 Electron Gun Assembly Room
A. Spot welding machines.
B. Electron gun assembly work benches.
.Area No 10 Assembly Room for Iconoscopes
Area No 11 Dark Room Where Photo Cathodes and Oxide Cathodes
were Tested
Area No 12 Envelope Sealing
A. Sealing machines for iconoscopes.
B. Sealing machine for dark trace tubes.
C. Sealing machine for iconoscopes.
Area No 13 12......aricRoon
Area
No
14
A. Iconoscope test stand.
Glass Blowing Shop
A. Horizontal glass welding maehine. Used to weld
CRT necks to the face of the CRT.
Area No 15 Glass Blowing Shop
A & Work tables where glass blowers repaired CRT
B. envelopes that were not properly made by the
machine in Area No 14.
Area No 16 Kinescope and Dark Trace Tube Pum Room
A & Kinescope pump stands (8 stands).
B.
C. Pump stands for dark trace tubes and secret tubes.
D. Heating oven for annealing CRT glass envelopes.
E. EVaporation stand for coating aRT screens made
in the laboratory.
F.& Laboratory pump stands for iconoscopes, super-
G. iconosoopes;and image orthicons.
H & Newly developed teit pump stands for decreasing
I. pumping time.
J. Glass treating machine.
Area No it Transmitter Picture Tube Laboratory of Talanow
A. Work tables for 2 Soviet technicians.
B. Office of TalanoT.
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- 19 -
C. Glass blowing equipment.
D. Pump stands for evacuating transmitter picture
tube envelopes.
Area No 18 Transmitter Picture Tube Laboratories
The equipment in this room was moved to the 4th
floor. ee Enclosure (C)...t7
Area No 19 IconoscoRLIaboratory
Area No 20
Area No 21
Area No 22
Areas No
A.
B.
C.
D.
Testing stand for image orthicons.
Electron guns assembly tables (image orthicon guns).
Photo Cathode work table.
Engineers' tables.
Laboratom (unknown)
Four Offices
(Soviet Engineers Talano, and Vogelsohn had their
offices in this area.)
Secret Laboratory
in January 1951 it was being re-
constructed.)
Secret Laboratories
(No details known)
sketches of the fourth floor of this building
on which the following is shown gs'ee Enclosure 017:
Sketch 1 (I
Sketch 2
an
lthere was a kinescope teat stand and
engineers' lecture room in this area.)
Laboratory for Picture Tube Screen Materials
Item 1 - Exhaust flues for carrying away gases.
Item 2 - Work areas for the mixing of various
chemicals used in preparing the screens.
Item 3 - Chemical scales.
Item 4 - Heating room for heating various chemicals.
Item 5 - Dark room containing equipment for the
spectral analysis of various materials.
Item 6 Engineers' desks.
ENCLOSURE: (A)
ENCLOSURE: (B)
ENCLOSURE: (C)
NII 160 - Vacuum Tube Plant(as of March 1952)
Development Laboratory Building, Institute 160,
Third Floor Plan (as of January 19511
Development Laboratory Building Institute 160,
Fourth Floor Plan
Th tl may be a garbled version
of Marchinskaya.
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SeCreVT- SeCURITY 1 L) ORMA'T ION
25X1
DEVe.LOPMEWT
LA,BORATORY IBLOG.
imsTiTt.Yre IGO
pok.)(2.714 p-LooFe.
Test Stet -r Kinescope
Sketch O. 1
- 4 -16--
10-- 8-/C
0o-re I AR dims are in niefers,
and are apprOK,
Skek 92
secrzel-
ncl o su.re C,
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33
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A
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Nit 160 - VACUUM TUBE PLANT
co of Mar t k 1552
SECRET
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Enclosure (A)
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