INFORMATION ON SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION - 1960

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000201250001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 12, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 1, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

ForlReleal NG4w : WiIFSPLF L EDm5o0l-N F O R M A i' O N ON SOVIET,
Y
BLOC ?INTFRNRTiONRL GEOPMYBICR;LiCOOPERATION
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nWOgMTjgj ON BBINTERNATIONAL Q $ICAL COOPM ..=
July 1, 1960
U. S. Department of Commerce
Business and Defense Services Administretion
Office of Technical Services
Washington 25, D. C.
Published Weekly
Subscription Price $12.00 for the 1960 Series
Use of funds for printing, this publication has been
approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, October 28, 1959
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IlQFCRMATION ON IlQTERIQATICNAL OEOPMICAL COOPERATION PROGRAM --
SOVIET-BLOC ACTIVITIES
Table of Contents
I. Rockets and Artificial Earth Satellites
II. Upper Atmosphere
III. Meteorology
IV.. Seismology
V. Arctic and Antarctic
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I. LOCIOT3 AND ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES
Review of Article and Book by Be Danilin, Candidate in Technical
L3ciencea
The following are brief excerpts from a full-page article in
the popular-consumption journal Nede . The author is Be Danilin,
the author of the book that is reviewed below:
tCPYRG[IT -4 new step has been
flight space. Instead of ansatelllite with only a small airtight
cabin, we have put a giant spaceship into orbit; its cabin alone weighs
more than 2.5 tons.
"I i respect to satellites capable of carrying a man, the most
optimists computations of American scientists indicate that the test
launching of such satellites can be accomplished in that country no
aoonei' tr n in 1961. Moreover, they are talking about a cabin that
will weig only 980 kilograms. We may recall that our spaceship, put
into orbs on 15 May, had a total weight of 4.5 tons and carries a
cabin we ping 2.5 tons.
"B sides the equipment insuring an uninterrupted regeneration
of air, a sorption of carbon dioxide and exceosive vapor, the cabin
must have a reserve supply of oxygen for use in case of loss through
leakage. Within the cabin there should be special instruments auto-
matically regulating temperature, humidity, gaseous composition and
air press e. Another group of instruments should provide the cosmo-
naut with information about flight conditions and course correction
for the a ceehip.
to immense velocities of flight and the colossal distances
of interp etary travels substantially limit the possibilities of a
man in h role as a pilot on a spaceship. The speed of a man's re-
action to change in surrounding conditions requires no less than
1.5 secon during this time the spaceship will travel 12 to 15 kilo-
meters. wing at-such an immense velocity, a man cannot react in
time to t appearance of a large meteor in order to change the course
of the s eship.
? "A great heights the direct rays of the Sun are not attenu-
ated, the are almost unscattered. This leads to sharp contrasts be-
tween the haded and lighted surfaces. The absence of ordinary points
of orien ion gives no sensation of depth and makes it impossible for
a in to timete sizes distances and the relative velocity of other
bodies." rest Road Ahead, by Be Danilin, Nedelya, No. l2, CPYRGHT
15-21 May 1960, p. 2)
The following is a brief report on a small book written by Be Be
Danilin. It is entitled "The Beginning of the Space Era" (Nachalo Kos-
micheskoy Ery), is 47 pages long, and was published by the.All-Union
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CPYRGH
this publishing house.
Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Know?.edge.
It carries a pub], iuhing date of 1960, wens y inted in 26,000 copies,
and sells for 75 kopecks. It is port of a popular aeries issued by
Eras" by Boris Uteganovich Danilin, Lzdetel'atvo Znantye, 47 pp., ill.,
Moscow, 1960)
"Nauka i. Zhizn" Publishes Fascinating'ov1:]ar Article an Plight to
the Stars
The popular acierrbific perio.tcal Vaalm i Zhizn' has published
a highly interesting 3,000 woad article dealing with problems associ-
ated with a flight to the stela.
The authors, V. A. Bronshten and I. D. Novikov, members of the
Council of the Moscow Division a the A11-Union Aetrogeodetic Society,
point out that such a flight i3 ii*oasible except by means of the so-
called photo:l rocket. The principle of u*ach a rocket is then described.
They indicate that the technical yrob:4eias associated with the construc-
tion of a photon rocks, are still unsolved -- but they believe that a
photon motor can be developed and give the rocket a velocity close to
the speed of liglat.
A large part of this a ticks is devoted to a discussion of the
theory of relat'!vity as operatim- during a fl3ght to a distant star
the explanatiou in on a level suitable foe the ;jolv2a r sac ience to
which it is directed.
he titles o the sections of this ~ rtic:le are a clue to the
over-all contents : luto the Coomos -- On Rays of Light; Is It Possi-
ble to F?,y rastex? 'f'.>a;: ti tht?; What is Shco~m by the 'Tory of Rela-
tivity; Tra?rel Lr o t;ae :at=,e; lh Ua:tve se -Pram tl a Window of a
Starahip; The of 'l'ime; ? le r 43,y to Proximo. Centaurs; To the
Nebula Andromeda; When Will This Be? ("Flight to the Stern," by V. A.
Bronshten and 1. D. 11ov4ov, Nauka i Zhizn'.. No. lt?, 1960, Pp. 58-Gi )
The book is divided into the following sections: he First
Reconnoiterers of Space," "The First Artificial Satel:Ltte of the Sun,"
First Cosmic Rocket, "The it Automatic terp n ta1?y Sta-
tion," "The American Satellites and Rockets," "At the Boa of the
Atmosphere," "The Earth's Corona and N~ysteriec of the ME1 etic Field,"
and a concluding section "There Is No Limit to Daring."
This is a cov act, well. written and popular presentation of the
subject treated. It is a straightforward presentation without inclu-
sion. of extraneous material or wasted words. Its scientific and tech-
nical content has not been evaluated. ("The Beginning of the Space
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II. UPPER ATM0f3
Abstract of an Article on Advanced Soviet Research on the Earth's
Magnetic Field
A 4-page article in a recent issue of the Doiady of the Acadeny
of Sciences of the USSR is entitled "Fluctuations of the Magnetic Field
and of Current Density in the Turbulent Flow of a Poorly Conducting
Liquid." The author Is G. S. Golitsyn of the Institute of Physics of
the Atmosphere of the Acadenp- of Sciences of the USSR. This article
is devoted to the complex problem of computation of the spectrum of
the fluctuations of the magnetic field and of the spectrum and struc-
tural function of the density of the induced currents.
Readers of the Journal of Geophysical Research will recognize
Goiitsyn as the author of an article in Vol. , No. 32, December 1959,
which farms part of the International Symposium on Fluid Mechanics in
the Ionosphere. ("Fluctuations of the Magnetic Field and Current Den-
sity in the Turbulent Flow of a Poorly Conducting Liquid," by G. S.
Golitsyn, ? Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol. 132, No. 2, 1960, pp. 315-
318)
Report on the Fallin
The following is a summary of an article. appearing in the Iz-
vestiya, of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaydzhan SSE (Geological-
Geographical Series):
At 0805 hours local time on 24 November 1959 an iron meteorite
fell in the Yardymly rayon of the Azerbaydzhan SSR. Individual parts
of the meteorite have been found near the villages of .Arun,, Zhiy, and
Kergedy; the meteorite had exploded in mid-air.
The Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaydzhan
SSR organized an expedition for the study of the circumstances of the
fall and questioned witnesses; the expedition was on the spat from
27 November through 31 December 1959. The collected material is being
subjected to further investigation in the laboratories of the insti-
tutea of the Academy.
It has been possible to ascertain 'the following on the basis of
research at the site of the fall and by questioning of a large number
of witnesses.
There were very unfavorable meteorological conditions on the
day the meteorite fell. The entire region was covered. by a thick fog
and the cloud cover hung low. A small amount of snow had fallen a few
days earlier. For this reason the witnesses were unable to tell us
about the flight of the fire ball, about the point at which it disin-
tegrated, or about its trail, size, form or color. They were only
able to report the sudden appearance of a blindingly bright flash.
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Despite the presence of the thick t'og, the flash lit up a rather large
area, with a radius no less than 30 km. Pronounced acoustic phenomena
were observed at the time of the falling of the Yardymly meteorite.
A sound resembling that of thunder was heard for a period or 5 to 6
minutes for a distance of more than 60 km.
Between 24 November and 5 December 1959 five meteorites were
found in the Yardymly rayon. They weighed as follows: 11.3 kg, 5.7
kg, 5.93 kg, 360 g, and 127 kg.
On the basis of the information collected from the residents of
Yardymly rayon and the surrounding area, and on the basis of our in-
eestigation of the sites at which the five meteorftes fell, the fol-
lowing preliminary conclusions may be drawn:
1) Before disintegration the meteorite moved in a direction
from southwest to northeast on an azimuth of 225-2300. Confirmation
of this is the orientation of the sites at which the meteorites fell;
they are oriented from southwest to northeast. It may be added that
the angles at which the meteorites struck the surface are rather
great -- 600 in one case and 80-850 in the other cases.
2) Although the flight of the fire-ball, was not directly ob-
sery+ed, on the basis of the great radius of visibility of the light
flash and the audibility of the sound effect we nay conclude that the
disintegration of the meteorite occurred at a relatively great height
(10 to 20 km).
3) The disintegration of the meteorite occurred between the
villages of Yardymly and Arus, in any case, to the southwest of the
point at which three of the meteorites fell.
4) There is a great probability of finding several other mete-
orites.
5) The ellipse in which fragments were scattered would appear
to be 8 x 1.5 km in size, with its larger axis oriented from southwest-
to northeast (see map, not reproduced here).
6) The Yardymly meteorite is a typical iron-nickel meteorite
but with the original coalescence of minerals and numerous inclusions
of graphite.
7) In the direction of meteorite travel they have a conical
shape, a smooth surface, and are covered to a considerable degree by
a black layer as a result of fusing; at the opposite end the meteorite
is granular.
At the present time work is continuing in the scientific insti-
tutions of the Acadeur of Sciences of the Azerbaydzban SSR on the
study of the meteorite, including its morphological, structural and
geochemical properitee, its mineralogical and chemical composition,
its residual magnetism, etc.
With our current interest in the mastery of space the se en-
tific study of meteorites such as the Yardymly meteorite is becoming
of extraordinary interest. Meteorites are the caly form of matter
arriving at he Earth's surface from outer space and serve as a ]ney
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to the unravelling, of many natural phenomena; they supplement the in-
formation which we have gained from the first artificial earth satel-
liteo and cosmic rockets. ("On the Falling of the Yardymly Iron Mete-
orite," by M. A. Kaohlcay, 0. F. Sultanov, T. A. Eminzade and V. I.
Aliyev, Izveotiya Akademii Nauk Azerbaydzhanokoy SSSR, Seriya Geologo-
Geograficheakikh Nauk, IQo. 1, 1960, pp. 169-17i )
Meteorological Report on Atmospheric Fronts in Western Antarctica
The following is the substance of a Soviet report appearing in
the May 1960 issue of Metearologiya Gidrologiya.
As we accumulate new facts about the development of atmospheric
processes over the interior continental regions of Antarctica the na-
ture of the changes in weather in those regions is becoming increas-
ingly leas mysterious although the general picture and many details
of weather formation still rennin unclear.
Three circumstances make it impossible for weathermen to analyze
processes over the continent with the oame degree of assurance as it
is done for the coastal regions of Antarctica: 1) an ignorance CC the
orography of the region; 2) an absence of a sufficient number of mete-
orological stations on the continent; 3) the existence of a permanent
deep near-surface inversion which makes synoptic raps almost useless
for the so::rtion of analytical problems.
There is too little aerological data for the solution of a num-
ber of problems of Antarctic meteorology, including problems in the
prediction of weather.
It has seemed important to establish whether weather changes in
the interior continental regions are of a frontal character or not.
During the vInter of 1958 more than a few data were accumulated on
the basis of which we nay draw the preliminary conclusion that the
principal weather changes on the plateau around the pole dc, have a
frontal character. At the same time it must be noted that there are
a number of thiags'that are unclear in this frontal interpretation of
atmospheric processes over Antarctica.
At the same time it is difficult to dispute the reality of the
existence of atmospheric fronts and their Influence an the weather of
the interior regions of Western Antarctica.
The article gives a detailed description of processes in Western
Antarctica during the period 25 July through 31 July 1958; Figure 1 is
a vertical cross section of the atmosphere over the station Amundsen
during this period. Fronts are no obvious that there can be no ques-
tion of their existence. In this period the two atmospheric fronts
that are described in ' some detail are not the only ones discernible,
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others were present, especially aloft, as described in the final para-
graphs of the text. ("Concerning Atmospheric Fronts in Western Ant-
arctica," by P. D. Aotapenko, Metearologiya i Gidrologiya, No. 5, 1960,
pp. 23-26)
Abstracts ofMArticlen from the Iateot "Meteorologiya i aidrologiy"
(a) The ?&ctral Albedo of Natural Under3,YSurf Surfaces
This 3,000 ward article, 8 pages in length, points out that the
investigation of the spectral albedo of natural underlying surfaces is
still in its initial stages; there is a great need for a substantial
improvement in the methods of measurement and long-range accumulation
of experimental data before the reflective properties of natural under-
lying surfaces have been well studied. Of exceptional interest is the
problem of the albedo in the infrared region of the spectrum -- a prob-
lem that has resained almost totally unstudied.
The various kinds of underlying surfaces are considered -- soils,
barren lards, vegetation, snow and water. The artici.e represents a re-
view of over existing knowledge of this subject, not an original or spe-
cific contribution.
The bibliography is made up of 31 items (all referenced in the
text); there are 2 tables and four graphs. ("The Spectral Albedo of
Natural Underlying Surfaces," by K. Ya. Kondrat'yev, Metaorologiya i
Gidrologiya, No. 5, 1960, pp. 46-53)
(b) On the Influence of Condensation Heat Release on Vertical
Currents
The methods and equations proposed in this 8-page article make
It possible (for a given thermobaric field in the atmosphere) to com-
pute the momentary values for vertical velocity and condensation in a
cloud -- provided that we know the boundaries of the cloud bl and b2.
It should be remembered, the author warns, that bl and b2 nay change
during the prediction period. Therefore in order to use this method
for prognostic purposes it is necessary to have a further development
of the numerical prediction of the height of the cloud cover. A knowl-
edge of change in the height of the cloud cover snakes it possible to
predict precipitation in much the same way as for the numerical predic-
tion of pressure. ("On the Influence of Condensation Heat Release on
Vertical Currents in.tbe Atmosphere," by R. L. Kagan, Meteorologiya i
Gidrologiya, No. 5 s 1960, PP, 3 -10 )
A Method for the Solution of a System of Equations for Short-Range
Weather Prediction
A 4-page article in Vol. 132, No. 2, of the Do~2tlai of the Acad-
engr of Sciences of the USSR is devoted to a method for the solution of
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a full system of etIuntiona for the short-range prediction of weather.
The author is I. A. Kibel', Corresponding Member of the Academy of
Sciences of the UOSR, an associate of the Institute of Applied Geo-
physics. ("Finite Differences Method for the Solution of a Full Sys-
tem of Equations for the Short-Range Prediction of Weather and Quasi-
Geoatrophic Ratios," by I. A. Kibell, Dokia of the Academy of Sci-
ences of the USSR, Vol. 132, No. 2, 19 06 , pp. 319-322)
Latest Report on the Weather- Ship "A. 1. yoyeXkov"
The following is a summary of a feature story appearing in the
Soviet periodical Znanlye-Sila:
Two special weather ships were built in 1959 for the making of
all-around meteorological observations at sea.
The first Soviet weather ship -- the "A. I. Voyeykov," is sup-
plied with apparatus for sending radiosondes and meteorological rockets
to great heights,. In the autumn of last year it made its first voyage
along the route Odessa-Singapore Vladivostok.
In the Red Sea the temperature of the water is about 22 degrees
even at a depth of two kilometers, that is, 18 to 20 degrees higher
than at these same latitudes and at this same depth in the Atlantic
and Indian oceans. This., the -xorldts greatest accumulator of heat,
was of interest to scientists even in the last century. However, it
was not then possible to get precise data about the thermal balance
of the Red Sea. Now, with modern apparatus available., the meteorolo-
gists on board have made measurements of temperature, ?nunidity, and
wind velocity from the surface of the sea to the very peak of the mast;
at the same time they have measured the incoming and outgoing radia-
tion. These observations, made on the firs' voyage of the "A. I.
Voyeykov," made it possible to determine how much heat comes from the
Sun, how much is expended in the evaporation of water from the surface
of the sea and how much heat is lost due to scattering. It has become
clear that an overwhelming part of the Suns heat is expended in evap-
orating the water of the Red Sea -- to the extent of 17?mm'per day.
Expressed differently, if there were no inflow of water, evaporation
would dry up the Red Sea in 300 yearsl
There was a brisk and favorable wind in the Gulf of Aden. The
ship had entered into the Arabian branch of the Indian monsoon. During
the time of the summer Indian monsoon strong southwesterly winds pre-
vail in the vicinity of Socotra Island and on the Somalia coast. These
winds, driving the surface waters from these coasts, cause an upwelling
of cold water from the depths, thereby forming the Somalia cold current.
On entering the zone of the Somalia Current it became noticeably
colder and the air became completely clear; even the clouds of the up-
permost levels disappeared -- those usually observed at a height of 10
to 12 km. The question arises : is it possible that the influence of
the Somalia Current extends to such heights? In order to answer this
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important meteorological problem it will be necensury to visit the
area repeatedly.
Throughout the year there is ra zone of low atmospheric paesoure
over the equator; this extends upward to the stratosphere and even to
the ionosphere. The stability of thir zone and its ter1 itarial con-
stancy have remained unexplained up to the preseirt time. There is
still no answer to another problem: is the equatorial zone a favo.'-
able one for stable ascending currents, that in, foa? the development
of a cloud cover in depth? If it is, how can we explain the arid
conditions on equatorial islands situated in the midst of the oceans
here? And how ce,n we explain a number of other phenomena observed at
the equator which are nonconforming with theories of the general cir-
culation of the atmosphere that have gained credence?
Weather ships can accomplish more than research -work alone.
Far from the shores of the Motherland, equipped with radar , tel emttr ic
and other modern technical devices, they will send out information Eaid
warnings, thereby safeguaudix g life fror: the onslaughts of raging ca-
tastrophes. They can supply information to ships at sea about the
tracks of cyclones, typhoons and storms, thereby it.lfilling the role
of "breather, bureaus afloat," ("Weather Ships.." by R. Usmano r, Zaianiye -
Sila, No. 5, 1960, p. 42)
CPYRG
Conference an Seismology Held in Rut inn Pct%ml.e13 Relnxhl:.c
"The Acac.ent of Sciences of the Rtunataiaua People's Re
microseismic observations. The compilation of seismic maps
and the working out of a common method for making and genera
seismic scale for the determination c the intensity c eazb
by the conference t xpresnes the need for t'ae development of
quakes occurring in the Cespathiane and Ballmns. A resolut:t
experience in studying local lair-intensity :3e rt;`~t t takes in t
Union. This experience can be used in. the Investigation of
skit', I. A. Nerseao;r auad D. A. IGltaxina spoke on the:L' ma:av
tion of Rumania. Vie Stet ,scientists Ye. A. I =Mali.n, S.
of earthquakes o y also exhibited a matp of the s eisw1c re
the Rumanian acientints G. Petras::u, i. Cavea, and Others, d
cases of Individual earthquakes and pa:esente.. tb! results off'
on the development of a method for dete:=::ning the ero9.cente:'
garia, R=ga_ry, Poland., the USSR and (77Pchor,7.ovskis.. in the
of Seismicity in the C.arpath?.ians and Ballmro. Taking pcz't
Terence, beuides Rtusenian sc?entisto, were representatives
sponsored iv Bucharest the First Xt te:cnatio1 a1 Confext:ace o
untitled and unsigned article in Nauka i Zhiznt, No. 4
CPYRGHT
b lic has
the study
the con-
am Bul-
reports
ac J.bed
and .46oei
ionaliza-
'B of
Soviet
n adopted
tm1xieO.
11aslzes
sizing
th
1960, :P. 80)
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V. ARCTIC AND AN'T&flCTIC
Diurnal Variation in the Intensity of Cosmic Rays at Tikhaya Bay
A collection of articles pertaining to the high latitudes was
published in 1959 by the Arctic and Antarctic Scientific Research In-
stitute of the Main Administration of the Northern Sea Route. The
title of thin publication wau "Problems of the Arctic and Antarctic."
One of the articles, abstracted below, is entitled "Diurnal Variations
in the Intensity of Cosmic Rays at Tikhaya Bay."
Diurnal variations in the intensity of the meson component of
cosmic rays constitute an important group among the variations in in-
tensity of cosmic rays of extraterrestrial origin. A detailed study
of such variations can reveal the nature and basic properties of the
polar corpuscular streams that cause many geophysical phenomena. How-
ever, temperature variations in the free atmosphere, also having di-
urnal variability, substantially distort the initial variations. Con -
sequently, states the author, it is important to correctly evaluate
the influence of temperature on these diurnal variations.
Taking into consideration the great variability of meteorolo-
gical factors in the high latitudes it seemed useful, continues the
author, to measure the variations of the initial intensity of the cos-
mic rays from the influence of atmospheric effects. This was done,
based on data collected at the observatory at Tikhaya Bay. This sta-
tion is situated at 800191 N, 520481 E, geomagnetic latitude 710301.
An automatic ASK-2 ionization chamber at that station was in constant
operation from December 1952 through September 1955.
The principal result of this work, forming the basis for this
8-page article, was the derivation of the diurnal variations in the
intensity of cosmic rays during the warm and cold seasons, based on
the recording of the meoor, component at Tikbaya Bay during the period
indicated above. The results show that these diurnal variations in
the initial intensity of cosmic rays do not have a seasonal march,
that is, for both seasons the amplitude and phase of the diurnal wave
are identical after correction for temperature.
The results of this research, in which several different methods
were used for the processing of the data, confirm and partially supple-
ment earlier derived conclusions drawn in respect to the character of
the diurnal variations in the intensity of cosmic rays in the high
latitudes. In this work radiation errors of the radiosonde were not
taken into account; after these have been eliminated it is possible
that there may be small modifications in the results. ("Diurnal Vari-
ations in the Intensity of Cobmic Rays at Tikhaya Bay," by I. 0. Kon
stantinov, in the book "Problems of the Arctic and Antarctic," Lenin-
grad, 1959, pp. 41-48)
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