INFORMATION ON SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION - 1960

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000201240001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 30
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 16, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 24, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

Sanitized --A Ni c -d~.i~lE ~- P~~rb~1RU0020~ R f7 T._I 0. IU V Y T'?
BLOC I NTERNAT IONAL GEOPHY I GAIL: ' COOPERRTI O.N
1960'. OF
 'y3ed
Cioi'Y
PB 231632.. U4
xNTc MATION ON-SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL CEOIIIYSICAL COOPERATION . 1960
Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001f5
June 24, 1960
U. S. Department of Commerce
Business and Defense Services Administration
Office of Technical Services
Washington 25, D. C.
Published Weekly
Subscription Price 412.00 for the 1960 Series
Use of funds for printing-this publication has been
approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, October 28, 1959
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
INTPRNATIONAL O PHISICAL COOPffitATION PRO(mAM --
5OVIfT-aoc ACTTVITIM
Table of Contents
Pa ?
I. General
1
II. Rockets and Artificial-?Earth Satellites
2
III. Meteorology
20
Iv.
Geomagnetism
24
V.
Glaciology
25
VI.
Seii0ology
27
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
Academician V. Ambartsunyan Awarded Gold Modal by T:nglish Society
The Royal Astronomical Society of England awarded its gold modal to
Academician V. Ambartsumyan, president of the Academy of Sciences
Armenian SSR, for his work in the fields of theoretical and stellar
astronomy. ("Academician V. Ambartsumyan Given Gold Medal"; Moscow,,
Pravda, ]1 may 60, p 4)
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240,001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
17. ROCKETS AND ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES
TA_ its on the Launching of the Soviet Spaceship
The foiling dispatch appeared on the front page of Pravda on 16 May
1960 and on the front page of Izvest a on the following days
Scientific-research and experimental-design work has been carried on
in recent years in the Soviet Union for the preparation of a flight by Man
into cosmic space.
The attainments of the Soviet Union in the creation of artificial
earth satellites of large weights and dimensions and the successful testing
of a powerful rocket-carrier capable of putting a several-ton satellite
into a given orbit, have enabled us to proceed to the creation and initial
testing of a spaceship for prolonged flights by Man in cosmic space.
On 15 May 1960 the Soviet Union achieved the launching of a spaceship
and its placement in an earth satellite orbit. On the basis of data that,
has been received, the spaceship, in accordance with advance computations,
has been put into a nearly circular orbit at a height of about 320 kilo-
meteira above the Earth to surface; thereafter it was separated from the last
stage of the rocket-carrier, The initial period of revolution for the
spaceship was 91 minutes. The inclination of its orbit to the plan of the
equator is 65 degrees. The weight of the spaceship without the last stage
of the rocket-carrier is 4 tons 5110 kilograms. Aboard the spaceship there
was an airtight cabin carrying a weight equivalent to that of a man. It
also carried all the necessary equipment for a future flight by,a man and
also various apparatus whose weight, together with the power sources, was
1,477 kg.
The launching was intended for the tooting and checking of the systems
aboard the spaceship that provide for Its safe flight, flight control and
return to Earth. It was also to check the necessary conditions for Man in
space. This launching has laid the beginning for the complex work of detel-
oping dependable spaceships that insure a We flight into space by Han.
On receipt of the necessary data from the spaceship the airtight cabin
weighing about 2,5 tons will be separated from the ship. No provision ii
made in this launching for the return of the airtight cabin to the Earth;
after the cabin has been checked for its reliability of operation and after
it has been separated from the spaceship it and the spaceship itself will
begin their descent on cos and from the Earth and will cease to exist on
entering the done layers of the atmosphere,
The spaceship carries a "Signal" radio transmitter operating on a fre-
quency of 19.995 me with both telegraphic and telephonic modes of transmission.
CPYRGHT
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
In addition to the "Signal" transmitter., the spaceship carries
special radio apparatus for the. transmission to Earth of data on the opera
tion of the instruments it carries and for the precise measurement of ele-
ments of the orbit. The powering of the scientific and measuring apparatu
of the satellite is accomplished by means of chemical and solar batteries.
The processing of the first data received from the spaceship has oho
that the apparatus it carries is operating normally. Ground stations are
making regular observations of the spaceship.
The spaceship passed over Moscow at 0611 hours. The Soviet spaceship
passed over Paris at 0738 hours Moscow time. It passed over Leningrad at
0743 hours. At 1036 hours Moscow time the spaceship flow over New York.
The spaceship can be observed visually in the vicinity of the city of
Vladivostok on 15 May at 2112 hours moving, in a southeasterly direction.
The following dispatch appeared on the front page of Sovetskaya CPYRGHT
Aviatelya on 24 May 1960 in an article headlined "0n the motion o the
Soviet paceship"s
At 1800 hours Moscow time on 23 May 1960 the Soviet spaceship com-
pleted 134 revolutions around the Earth; during this period it has travelled
5.7 million kilomerera. The spaceship has now been moving in a new orbit
for a period of five days. The airtight cabin., having been separated from
the spaceship., is presently moving in an orbit that is close to the orbit of
the spaceship.
The data previously announced in respect to the new orbit have been
fully confirmed by the results of direct measurements. The period of revo-
lution of the spaceship is 91&.25 minutes; the apogee and perigee are 690 and
306.5 km, respectively.
The "Signal" radio transmitter installed on the spaceship, operating on
a frequency of 19.995 mc, is continuing to operate normally, transmitting to
the Earth information about pressure, temperature, and the operation of the
instruments situated aboard the ship.
Valuable data have been received as a result of the processing of the
great quantity of telemetric information transmitted from the spaceship. In
particular., important new data have been received in respect to the proces-
ses connected with the shifting of the spaceship from one orbit, to another.
These data demonstrate that it is possible to control the motion of
satellites.
The telemetric information from the spaceship is still being received
and processed. Recently received data indicate that conditions in the
cabin are still such as to insure the life activity of Man.
CPYRGHT
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R00020124OQ '---IRGHT
The last stage of the rocket-carrier, continuing its movement in its
former orbit, had completed 137 revolutions around the Earth by 1823 hours
on 23 May. At the present time, it in therefore possible to observe
separately the spaceship, freed of its cabin, and the last stage of the
rocket carrier.
On 24 May the spaceship and the last stage of the rocket carrier can
be visually observed before snnriee from 50? to 58? N. and after sunset
from 609 to 70? S.
("On the Motion of the Soviet Spaceship", Sovetskaya Aviatsiya, 2 May
1960, p. 1)
The following article had appeared on page 2 of Sovetskaya Aviatsiya
a few days earlier:
The planned program of research on the flight of the spaceship was
terminated on 19 May 1960.
In accordance with the program, an order was given on 19 May at 0252
hours for the activiation of the braking apparatus and the separation of
the airtight cabin in order to bring the spaceship down from its orbit.
The braking apparatus was activated and the ship was thereby atabi
used during the time of operation of the propulsion apparatus. However,
as a result of the malfunction of one of the inatrvmente in the orienta-
tion system at this time the direction of the braking jet deviated from
the computed direction. As a result, instead of a decrease in the veloc-
ity of the ship there was some increase and the spaceship moved into a new
elliptical orbit lying almost in the former plane, but having a consider-
ably greater apogee.
The separation of the airtight cabin from the spaceship was accom-
plished; during this time a normal operation of the system of cabin
stabilization was recorded.
As a result of the first launching of a spaceship, a aeries of very
important scientific and technical problems was solved.
-- The reliable take-.off and flight in space in accordance with a
given program was checked for the powerful rocket-carrier; this insures
the accurate putting of a spaceship into an orbit close to a circular one.
-- In the process of flight there was achieved a reliable control of
the spaceship and its orientation over a period of several days.
-- The received teli+enetric measurements show that in the course of
the entire flight the air conditioning and thermoregulation systems of the
ship operated normally and provided conditions such as necessary for the
future flight of Man.
-4-
CPYRGHT
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R0002012400dE'RGHT
-- Communications with the spaceship by telegraphic means were normal.
Communication by telephone during relaying of surface station transmissions
through apparatus aboard the spaceship was disrupted due to radio noise
causing great distortions.
-- Special radio apparatus, designed for the transmission of commands
aboard the ship, the control of the flight orbit, and the transmission of
telemetric information from aboard concerning the systems on the ship,
successfully fulfilled its assignment.
-- The operation of the self-orienting solar batteries transpired
normally.
-- All the basic apparatus designed for the accomplishment of a
descent has been designed properly and can insure the accomplishment of
this task.
The received information on the first flight of the spaceship pro-
vided important new data for the accomplishment of a future controlled
flight by Man into the cosmos and showed the correctness of the basic
thesis assumed during the creation of the spaceship. The result of this
work enables us to proceed to subsequent stages of testing.
At the present time the spaceship and the airtight cabin situated
nearby are moving in an orbit with a period of revolution of 94.25 minutes.
The perigee of the orbit is 307 km and the apogee 690 km. The angle of
inclination of the orbit to the plane of the equator is 65 degrees.
The last stage of the rocket carrier is continuing its movement along
the former orbit.
The radio transmitter "Signal", installed in the spaceship, is con-
tinuing to operate normally, transmitting to Earth information about the
operation of the eyatema and in4trnmentu_
(Sovetskaya Aviatsiya, 21 May 1960, p. 2)
"Pravda" Reports Spaceship Observed and Photographed Over Tashkent
Tashkent, 16 May. More than 100 photographs of the third artificial
earth satellite have been taken by workers at the station for photographic
observation of satellites of the Tashkent Astronomical Observatory. And
yesterday morning, scarcely having heard the radio report of the launching
of the spaceship, the chief of the station, Abdusalyam Latypov, began to
make his equipment ready.
HT
Sanitized - Approved For Release CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
CPYRGHT
The preliminary data received in advance as to the time of the
passage of the spaceship over Tashkent made it possible to hope for
successful photographs,
The spaceship appeared at 0148 hours, rather high in the sky'above
the horizon, for a period of four minutes; it was clearly visible. 'It
was successfully photographed and the film wad developed. The ,station
workers were delighted when they saw on the film the clear trace of the
apaceshill amongst the atars.
("Spaceship -- High Above the Horizon", Pravda, 17 May 1960, p.
Soviet Scientists and the Soviet Press Hail Soviet Achievements in Space
The entire world is once again applauding the grandiose victory of
Soviet science and technology. A large spaceship has been put into orbit
for the first time in history. It weighs 4 tons 540 kilograms, which is
three times heavier than the last stage of the third Soviet cosmic rocket.
Aboard the ship is an airtight cabin containing a weight equivalent to that
of a man and all the equipment needed for future flights by Man into the
cosmos.
The beginning has therefore been laid for the practical tests that
will precede the flight of Man into universal space.
One involuntarily recalls the witty answer of N. S. Khrushchev in
answer to an American correspondents "When do you plan to shoot a man onto
the Mood". "We do not intend to shoot a man", answered Rikita Sergeyevich,
eto shoot is the same as to throw away"'.
Teo, the Soviet Union, which is alien to the frivolous pursuit of
scientific and technical sensations, is approaching the problem of inter-
planetary flights with all due historic responsibility.
Such flights will be made. Hut they will be made only when science
and technology have insured the complete safety of the traveller and pro-
vided for his safe return to Earth.
The first rcconnoiterera of interplanetary highways were the Soviet
artificial earth satellites and cosmic rockets; it was they that brought
us invaluable new information about the immediate surroundings of our
Earth. It is sufficient to recall the discovery of the radiation belts
around the Earth, the peculiarities of solar radiation, the intensity. of
cosmic rays, the degree of danger from meteorites, and mart' other such
things. Medical-biological investigations have already been made by using
experimental animals -- dogs sent up in cosmic rockets. These dogs '"flair"
at heights up to 470 km and returned to Earth safely. To be aure, these
CP~tGHT
Sanitized - Approved For Release CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001WYRGHT
flights lasted only 15 to 20 minutes. But in the astonishing experiment
in the second satellite with the dog I'Layka", it is well known that the
animal lived for a whole week. An analysis of the resulting data showed
that "Layka" withstood well the difficult conditions of flight in a state
of weightlessness.
But we cannot mechanically apply the results of our experiments with
animals to Man. Animals do not comprehend where they are flying or why.
Man, on the other hard, has reasoning and a consciousness. The state of
a man's nervous system is directly reflected 4n all his physiological
functions. That is why a completely new field of knowledge, space medi-
cine, has been so actively developed in recent years.
The basic tasks of apace medicine are the study of the influence of
cosmic flight on the health and working ability of Man in order that there,
in the expanses of the Universe, Man can work safely and with his full
energies. The living organism must be protected from the influence of a
complex of cosmic rays, Roentgen rays, ultraviolet radiation and corpuscular
radiation. We must find means in order that Man may not be hindered by the
absence of molecular oxygen, by low barometric pressure, and by excessive
cooling or heating. The overloads arising during acceleration or decelera-
tion in flight, and especially the state of weightlessness, are factors of
very great importance.
Safeguarding the safety of the cosmonaut requires the proper solution
of many technical and medical-biological problems. The most important
obstacle, if you please is Man himself -- the "fragility" or his body. Man
should have at his disposal such ships and such instruments ,a will insure
his safe return to Earth or rescue under emergency situations. A spaceship
entering the dense layers of the atmosphere without a decrease in velocity
would be heated to a temperature of 2,000 to 3,OOt; degrees and this would
result in a rapid fusion and disintegration of the ship's body. That is
why the matter of the return to Earth truly remains one of the most diffi-
cult problems to be solved. It is possible that it will be necessary to .
decrease the velocity of the ship in the rarefied layers of the atmosphere
and over a long segment of the route.
Automation is being used more and more in modern aviation due to in-
creased in speed. Space navigation with velocities on the order of eight
or more kilometers per second will require still more automation. Never-
theless automatic apparatus in apace will never be able to replace Man
completely.
The new achievement of the Soviet people -m the heavy spaceship -- will
undoubtedly provide answers to mare' still unsolved prrblema involving the
survival of Man in space. The flight of this spaceship enters into the his-
tory of astronautics as one of the last steps before the penetration of Man
into the Universe.
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
It is important to bear in mind the general purpose of those cosmic
flights. One sometimes hears or reads that in the far distant future,
when conditions for life on the Earth have become less favorable than they
are at the present time (possibly because they Sun will give less heat and
light) humanity will migrate to other worlds, closer to the Sun. Unfor-
tunately some persons seriously regard the problem of flights it:to the
cosmos an a preparation for such a future evacuation of humanity to other
worlds. Such viewpoints are sheer nonsense. The Earth has always been,
is, and always will be the best of world for Man. And this is not because
there are no other planets in the Universe suitable for life. There are
doubtless a countless number of habitable worlds in the infinite Universe,
but the life of Man is swat closely and undieruptedly connected with living
conditions on the Earth. This is where Maw developed, became a rational
being, created a magnificent culture and civilisation, and travelled the
difficult route to the new Socialist organization of society. Man is build-
ing Communion over a considerable part of the world and there is no reason
for him to change his Mother Earth for ary other planet.
Flights into space are not being made to distract people from the imple-
mentation of a better life on Earth. No, we will never be "Moon-men" or
"Martian", The fact is that the scientists of the Earth have now approached
that stage in the development of science when marV problems of primary
importance can no longer be solved by remaining at the bottom of that ocean
of air that surround our planet? We must carry various kinds of scientific
apparatus and instruments beyond the limits of the Earth?s atmosphere. We
have a single purpose -- the discovery of new laws of nature and new secrets
of the Earth and sky; this is so Man will be able to better organize his life
here on Earth.
Socialist society, victoriously advancing toward Communism, is creating
the most favorable ?onditions for the progress of science. It is stimulating
the rapid devolopment of all its diaciplinee; it is opening up space for the
growth of the gifts and talents in which our people so abound.
The Americans have launched 19 artificial earth satellites. But the
largest, placed in a polar orbit, weighs only 770 kilograms. An American
attempt to launch a 2-ton satellite was a failure,
Another American failure was th3 unprecedented provocation of the
United States, piracy in the air space of the Soviet Union. Incidentally,
the Americans $re trying to keep secret the data pertaining to the last of
their artificial satellites, asserting that they were not launched in accord-
ance with the program of the International Geophysical Yearo Now, after the
Powers adventure, it is becoming clear what "program" these American'"invosm
tigations of cosmic space" arc, being conducted under.
CPYRGHT
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
PRGHT
Our country has pioneered the way intr. Sr Ace for all of humanity and
is pursaing exclusively peaceful scientific goals. The time is approach-
ing when we will be able to speak of the cosmic future of' humani by ..- an
inevitable stage in the continuing progress and eiolution of human society.
The brisk development of astronautics is already setting a course for the
penetration of Man into space,, for the time being for scientific research.
The following aphorism of K. E. Tsiolkovskiy is being widely quotede "Our
planet is the cradle of reason., but -.t is impossible to live in a cradle
forever".
The mastery of space will occur at a more rapid pace when there is a
triumph of peace and friendship between peoples. That Is why the coinci-
dence of the launching of the Soviet spaceship and the beginning of the
Paris conference of the chiefs of the four great powers is so deeply
symbolic. There is every reason to believe,, as K. E. Tsiolkovakiy has
said, that "humanity will not remain forever on the Earth., bat ... at first
will timidly penetrate beyond the limits of the atmosphere and then conquer
all of circumsolar space". Whatever be the new discoveries brought to us
by the new spaceship,, flying on wings created by the labor of the people of
Socialism, they %rill always be evidence of the most magnificent creativity
of the human mind
'--("Man Conquers the Cosmos",, by I. 5hevlyakov (Chief of the Scientific-
Methodical Section of Moscow Planetarium), Pravda,, 16 May 19609 p. 4)
Remand Comments on thee Spaceship - Excerpts from the Soviet Press
The following is the substance of comments made by Academician A.
Elagonravovs
The tremendous Soviet spaceship is continuing to move in its orbit.
We should take special note of the constant increase in the weight of these
reconnoiterers of space. This is evidence of the continuing increase in
the power of Soviet rocket technology.
This increase in the useful payload of the rockets is continuing to
open up new possibilities for the expansion of a program of scientific
resea;?ch.
In a majority of cases., it is true, scientific research in space, with
all its complexity, is successfully being accomplished without the direct
inter~ention of Man. It is often necessary to react to external influences
with a speed which the sense organs and brain of Man cannot satisfy. In
such cases the operation of automated devices is even more perfect than
would be the actions of Man. But a flight by Man in space is nevertheless
of extraordinarily great importance to science.
The direct intervention of a man will be necessary in all casee.which
it is impossible to foresee in advance. Flights that are manned will there-
fore substantially expand our possibilities of knowing the cosmos.
-9-
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
The firu'b questions always asked by foreign reporters let "When will
the Soviet IhAon bend a man into space?". This is because everyone believes
that the first traveller in space will .be a. Soviet citizen aboard a Soviet
spaceship.
It is presently difficult to pin down a definite time for the accom-
plishment of the first travels into space, but the time is not too fAr off.
("Route into the Cosmos", Academician A. m.agonravov, Pravda, 17 May 1960, p? 3)
The following are the summarized remarks of Prof. 0. Pokrovekiys
The weight of the payload of satellites and cosmic rockets is an ex-
tremely important technical index. But by all criteria the Soviet cosmic
rockets far surpass the rockets developed in the United States. Soviet
rocket science, technology and industry outstrip tho United States, despite
the fact that the leading capitalistic groupings in that country are making
mad efforts, striving to overtake and outstrip the USSR in the development
of space rocketry.
In their research the scientists of the United States have not gone
beyond the limits first established in the Soviet Union; moreover, they have
been unabla to duplicate the solution of the moat difficult problems (the
delivery of a flag to the Moon and photographing of the far side of the
Moon). Now a new stage has begun in the study and mastery of space. Sci-
entific requirements and technical feasibility have led to the need for
sending a man into space.
The acceleration imparted to a spaceship by the rocket carrier as it
rises from the Earth to put the spaceship into orbit should be relatively
mall in order not to cause harm or difficulty to the cosmic passenger.
It is an especially difficult problem to provide for the safe return of
space travellers to the EartL. Firstly, it is important to provide for the
necessary changes in directian and velocity of flight in space; this can be
accomplished by the use of an appropriate jet motor. Secondly, by means of
one type or another of aerodynamic brakes it is necessary to out. down the
velocity of the ship Ia movement as it enters the denser layers of the atmos-
phere. The braking should be quite smooth and mot cause vibrations or over-
loads that would be intoloivabla for man. Thirdly, the inside of the cabin
holding the passenger should b,, protected from the excessive heating caused
by the interaction of the spaceship with the surrounding atmosphere on pass-
ing through it at high velocities. Fourthly, provision should be made for
the descent of the spaceship at a precisely dt-fined point on the globs; this
requires unusually precise isianeuver:'ng during the descent and approach to
the Earth. It is also necessary that the landing be made smoothly, without
jolts which could injure the occupant and make the sensitive apparatus
inoperative.
Sanitized Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
Change in velocity during the flight and subsequent maneuvers associ-
ated with the landing are accomplished with greater ease and safety the
smaller is the weight of the load returning to tho Earth. The cabins on
the spaceships will be detachable specifically for this reason. Only the
cabin will return to FArth, not the entire spaceship.
It is important to protect the cosmonaut from the influence of currents
of high-energy particlos and short-wavy radiation. It is essential that the
flight path in the cosmos not pass through zones in which high-energy parti-
cles are concentrated. However, those regions are quite safe which lie
directly above the denser layers of the atmosphere, The Soviet spaceship is
making its flight in this part of cosmic space.
In general, the departure of a manned spaceship into the more distant
regions of apace can be accomplished only from the polar regions; this makes
it possible to escape the influence of the radiation belts situated in the
plane of the equator. A cosmic flight by Man should also be made in periods
of lessened solar activity when the Sun's surface is not undergoing those
powerful outbursts that are accompanied by the emission into space of radia-
tions and currents of high-energy particles that are dangerous to Man.
A period of lessened solar activity is row beginning. Inasmuch as such
phenomena are subject to a periodic regularity, studied in detail over a
period of decades, we are sure that the period of lessened solar activity
will last for the next few years. It should be exploited for the first
flights by Man into outer space.
In this period Man should make an intercontinental flight through
cosmic apace. Such a flight could serve as the beginning of hypersonic
transport by means of rockets. Rockets, for example, could cover the route
between Europe and Antarctica in one hour.
Flights with a landing on the Moon, and then on Mars and Venus, could
probably be accomplished later.
("The Cosmos Avaits ManJ", IV 0. Pokrovakiy, Proawshlenno-Ekonomicheekaya
0azeta, 20 May 1960, p. b)
The following is the full text of another feature article:
The launching of the new Soviet spaceship, weighing !i tons, is of
Immense eig-iificance for the continuing study and peaceful mastery of cosmic
apace. A sa+ellite of such a size can hold a man and a great number of
scientific Instruments for the making of various astronomical and geophysical
observations; they will give much valuable data about the properties of the
space surrounding the Earth and about cosmic bodies.
CPYRGHT
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R00020124&GHT
A total of 2J years have passed since the launching of the first
artifioi,Al earth satellite. But 'what immense successes have since been
attained by Soviet rocket teohnologyJ Used for peaceful purposes, it is
assisting people in the mastery of the immense spaces of the Universe and
the penetration by the human mind and scientific genius into the infinite
depths of the cosmos. It encourages and inspires Man in his struggle for
mastery over nature.
Today marks the opening of the conference of heads of states of the
four great powers. The reactionary forces of the United States have greeted
this conference by sending an air pirate into the peaceful skies of our
country for the purpose of espionage. But they failed. The uninvited guest
was forced to "land" -- which was not his wish! The imperialists have
learned an object lesson and received an important warning for the future.
The Soviet Union, on the other hand, has greeted the summit conference
by the launching of a giant spaceship which Is making its flight in the
interests of the progress of all humanity. The spaceship on its first
revolutions around the Earth has already passed over Moscow, Paris, New York
and London. This is a symbol of mutual understanding and friendship between
nations. Let the voice of reason and progress triumph in the forthcoming
negotiations of the chiefs of statel And when they agree on full and und-
vereal disarmament, all the successes of modern science and technology will
be fully and exclu:tevely directed to peaceful goals, to the advantage of all
the people. We can then imagine with what gigantic steps humanity will move
to the peaks of science and progress.
("To the Peaks of Kmwledge", A. Mikhaylov (Correepondin Member of the
Academy of Sciences of the USSRR), Pravda, 16 May 1960, p. 2)
The following are excerpts from an article by Ye. Fedorov, Corresponding
Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSRs
The interplanetary flight of man will be of special significance in the
study of the cosmos. The illustrious successes of Soviet rocket technology
have made s;'ch a flight possible and have made the solution of this problem
the order of the day. Immediately after the launching of the first artificial
earth satelli'e a torrent of applications poured into the Academy of Sciences
of the USSR and its institutes from enthusiasts offering their services and
even their lives for flights into the cosmos. Inc!dentally, among them were
more than a few applications from citizens of foreign countries.
A spaceship of large size and weight is a prime necessity for such a
manned flight. It should have apparatus for the renewal of oxygen and for
the maintenance of temperature within a given range, a food supply and adapta-
tions making it possible to ingest food and water under conditions of weight-
lessness. There must be apparatus for dependable two-way radio communications.
Man mast be reliably protected from overloads while the ship is being put into
orbit and during its descent to Earth, as well as from the harmful influence
of cosmic radiations.
CPYRGHT
-12-
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R00020124000YP5YRGHT
Change in velocity during the flight and subsequent maneuvers associ-
ated with the landing are accomplir-hnd with greater ease and safety the
smaller in the weight of the load roturning to the Earth. The cabins on
the spaceships will be detachable specifically for this reason. Only the
cabin will return to Earth, not the entire spaceship.
It is important to protect the cosmonaut from the influence of currents
of high-energy particles and short-wave radiation. It is essential that the
flight path in the cosmos not pass through zones in which high-energy parti-
cles are concentrated. However, those regions are quite safe which lie
directly above the denser layers of the atmosphere. The Soviet spaceship is
making its flight in this part of cosmic space.
In general, the departarn of a manned spaceship into the more distant
regions of apace can be accomplished only from the polar regions; this makes
it possible to escape the influence of the radiation belts situated in the
plane of the equator. A cosmic flight by Man should also be made in periods
of lessened solar activity when the Sun's surface is not undergoing those
powerful outbursts that are accompanied by the emission into apace of radia-
tions and currents of high-energy particles that are dangerous to Man.
A period of lessened solar activity is now beginning. Inasmuch as such
phenomena are subject to a periodic regularity, studied in detail over a
period of decades, we are sure that the period of lessened solar activity
will last for the next few years. It should be exploited for the first
flights by Man into outer space.
In this period Man should make an intercontinental flight through
cosmic apace. Such a flight could serve as the beginning of hypersonic
trareport by means of rockets. Rockets, for example, could cover the route
between Europe and Antarctica in one hour.
Flights with a landing on the Moon, and then on Mars and Venus, could
vrobably be llched later..
("The Cosmos Awaits Mans" by Go Pokrovskiy, Prorgyehlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 20 May 1960, p. 41
The following is the full. text of another feature article,
The launching of the new Soviet spaceship, weighing lj tons, is of
Immense significance for the continuing study and peaceful mastery of cosmic
space. A satellite of such a size can hold a man and a great number of
scientific instruments for the making of various astronomical and geophysical
observations; they will give much valuable data about the properties of the
space surrounding the Earth and about cosmic bodies.
CPYRGHT
Sanitized Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
r
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R00020124000bPYRGHT
Much marginal fir extraneous material is included and the article,
written in sketchy termo for a popular audience, contains nothing to ex-
pand our knowledge of Soviet space technology.
"Automatic Apparatus in Space", by cadvAtician V. S. Kulebakin, Sovetskaya
Aviatsiya, 20 May- 1960, p. 2)
Full Text of an "Izveetipa" Feature Article of May 17
On 15 May the Moscow radio announced to the entire world the news of
the new and remarkable victory of Soviet science and technology -- the
launching of the world's first spaceship in an earth satellite orbit.
A report from TASS fills us with pride of our great Motherland which
steadfastly continues to maintain superiority in the peaceful competition
of world science and technology in the investigation of cosmic apace.
The still short history of these investigations conaiste, in eesenco,
of a listing of a series of Soviet victories, each of which is a "first" of
its kind.
This new creation of Soviet science and technology is not only char-
acterized by its unprecedented size and weight -- 4 tons 540 kilograms.
The mathematical processing of observations made after the first days of
revolution of the new apace ship have shown the exceptional accuracy of its
launching -- the full coincidence between its preccmputed and actual orbit.
Radio communications are operating reliably; its signals are being reliably
received in a great number of countries; the airtightness and the tempera-
ture of the cabin are being maintained completely. The cabin is equipped
with all the apparatus necessary for the maintenance of the conditions
necessary for the life of Man. The ship was supplied with complex apparatus
permitting it to be separated from the cabin in response to a radio command
from the Earth.
In the present flight of the new giant satellite no provision has been
made for the preservation of the airtight cabin during its descent to the
Earth -- it will cease to exist on entry into the dense layers of the
atmosphere.
Thus, the flight of the new satellite is the most important preparatory
atop before the last stage in the conquest of apace -- the actual flight of
Man in the space surrounding our planet. It has now become clear that this
great achievement, converting Mania immemorial dream into reality, is
virtually at hand.
In the illustrious list of Soviet victories in the mastery of cosmic
space there clearly stand out features characterizing our science as an
integral part of our entire Soviet form of life. This above all involves
strict planning and the following through of individual stages of research.
14
CPYRGHT
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
Each stage introduces new attainnonts and Ito results are considered when
preparing for new research to follow.
Secondly, there is the extremely close relationship between science
and technology -- the results of oxporimental and theoretical investiga?.
tione and mathematical computations are rapidly converted into metal, into
technical products, in whose manufacture there is a constant working con-
tact between scientists and engineers.
There is still another characteristic feature -- the high degree of
Soviet humanism, manifesting itself in the most careful preparation of the
decisive stage -- the flight by Man into space. We recall the indicative
answer that was given to this question by N. S. Khrushchov in answer to an
American correspondent about when the USSR intends to "shoot" a man onto
the Moon. "We do not plan,.to shoot anyone", replied Nikita Sergeyevich...
"to shoot is the seine as to throw away". Precisely because Soviet science
is alien to the spirit of adventurism, this last step will be taken only
after the final perfection of all details guaranteeing the complete safety
of flight for Man and his safe return to Earth".
The launching of the first spaceship on 15 May was a substantial step
in these preparations.
On the eve of the forthcoming long-awaited flight by Man into space
it is useful to look around at that which has already been accomplished by
biological and medical science and soberly evaluate what still remains to
be dons in order to insure the full safety of the future pioneers of space.
Is biological and medical.science ready to answer the question of the
possibility of a flight by Man into space?
Great and complex problems are being answered by a new science that has
developed literally in the last few years -- cosmic biology and medicine.
This science developed at the meeting point of many scientific and technical
disciplines, such as biophysics, biochemistry, physiology, pathology, avia>
tion medicine, geophysics, astrophysics, radiology, aerodynamics, rocket
technology, radio electronics, and others. Space medicine is still very new
but this lends a special charm to space biology because of its newness -- a
source of creative ideas, daring quests and methodical ingenuity for the
people devoting themselves to this branch of science.
In the solution of problems associated with the cosmic flight of Man,
cosmic medicine proceeds along the proven path of development of medical
science as a .hole -- through a groat preliminary stage of experimentation
on animals, carefully conducted by taking into account all the attainments
of modern science and technology.
CPYRGHT
15
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
Despite its newness, space biology has already developed its specific
methods of roeearch. This is because of the radical difference between the
conditions for conducting cosmobiological experiments and the experimental
conditions for other biological sciences.
In the experiments in cosmic physiology, from the moment when an
animal is placed in the airtight compartment of the rocket, the possibility
of any participation by the experimenter in the further course of the experi-
ment Is completely excluded. Everything must be foreseen in advance, every-
thing insofar as possible should be automatically recorded.
During flight in the up-,..r layers of the atmosphere and beyond its
limits, Man will have to deal with a great many factors that are unusual
in their intensity or qualitative peculiarities.
Letts enumerate the most important of them.
The most significant is the high degree of rarefaction of the air --
an insignificantly low barometric pressure, the absence of molecular oxygen,
and in a certain layer of the atmosphere, high concentrations, of ozone.
Beyond the limits of the 11artb'a atmosphere -- zero barometric pressure.
Man is also threatened by various kinds of radiant energy during a
flight in space. Above all we should mention the cosmic rays and other
forms of ionising radiation, the short-wave part of the ultraviolet ppectrum
which is absorbed by the ozone layer around the Earth and which therefore
does not reach through to the Earth's surface.
Small complications of living conditions within the cabin of the space-
ship introduce sharp changes into the conditions of heat exchange between
the organism and the gaseous mixture within the cabin and between the cabin
and cosmic "Co.
The airtightness of the cabin will be threatened by meteorites which
move at immense velocities and which therefore possess an immense penetrat-
ing capacity.
In the time lapsing between the take-off of the rocket and the moment
when it attains its maximum velocity, the organism will be subjected to the
influence of extremely considerable positive accelerations. Such consider-
able accelerations of the reverse sign will be operative at the time of
landing on the Earth or on another heavenly body.
A series of changes in the course of many physiological, functions will
be caused by the influence of prolonged weightlessness.
In respect to the biological influence of some of these factors we al-
ready have available completely adequate data, accuenlated, in particular,
CPYRGHT
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
ter the field of aviation physiology. Certain protective measures have been
developed. Included among these measures are numerous reliable systems of
which cosmic physiology has made use of the principle of airtight cabins
and pressurized suite.
The influence of many other factors on the living organism, such as
cosmic rays, ultraviolet and corpuscular radiation of the Sun, a prolonged
state of weightlessness, and intensive and prolonged accelerations, have
still not been adequately studied.
A brief state of weightlessness has been achieved in the course of a
parabolic flight aboard rapid aircraft. In its duration it is not in any
way comparable to that state which is of interest to cosmic physiology.
In respect to the influence of accelerations on the organisms cosmic
physiology has accumulated rather considerable data. However, these data
are very far from covering all ranges of intensity and duration of action
of accelerations necessary for the solution of the problems of cosmic
medicine.
Investigations that have been made, in particular, experiments with
shooting dogs in rockets to heights of 100-200-450 km; these were begun by
Soviet scientists in 1950, and the historic experiment with the flight of
the dog "Layka" on the second Soviet artificial earth satellite enabled us
to solve part of these problems.
In the experiments with lifting animals in rockets there were
also successfully tested various systems of rescuing them in emergencies.
Finally, the experiment with "Layka" demonstrated that an animal, without
harm to his condition, can exist for a rather long time under conditions of
the dynamic weightlessness which penetrates into the apparatus as it makes
its motion in orbit around the Earth. To be sure, this experiment requires
constant repetition.
We also need experiments with prolonged and careful observation of all
the functions of animals returning to the Earth after a prolonged stay on
artificial earth satellites. This is necessary in order to precisely estab-
lish whether there are any harmful after effects from the action of cosmic
rays on the organism. These rays In space are of considerably greater in-
tensity, than at the Earth's surfacs. During the course of such experiments
mart/ other problems will be solved as a by-product of the main investigation.
Precise solutions to these problems are necessary in order to insure the
safety of the first astronauts.
After the technical solution of problems associated with the control of
the flight of the cosmic rocket and after safe methods have been developed
for its return to Earth, we come to the problem of the flight of the first
manned spaceship. We should prepare for this in advance.
-17-
CPYRGHT
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R00,0201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R0002012400?FPa8RGHT
The cosmic pilot will be subjected to oxtremely severe demands: a
prolonged stay in an insulated cabin of limited size and the absence of
customary surroundings (complete silence, the blarknees'of the surround-
ing star-studded space without any depth-sensation, eta.). The pilot
must watch the readings of numerous instruments and for this his reactions
must be rapid and clear. The accustomed rhythm of life in disrupted (the
absence of a change from night to day). Al]. this, if the selection of
personnel is not accompanied by well-devised training, can cause changes
in the functioning of the nervous sytem and can even cause psychic
derangemente.
Problems of the regeneration of air, supplies of food and water and
the like, may be regarded as more or lose solved for cases of relatively
brief cosmic flights. On long flights to distant heavenly bodies, for
example, it is physically Impossible to establish on shipboard a suffi-
cient supply of food, even in the form of fantastic super concentrates, or
oxygen in cylinders, or water. The only solution to the problem is the
development of ways permitting us to transform the spaceship into a kind
of microcosm with its own cycle of circulation of elements, with the re-
generation of oxygen, the absorption of carbon dioxide, and the creation
of nutritional substances by means of photosynthesis.
This is not a problem of the immediate future, but neither is it a
matter of the far distant future.
The experience accumulated by scientists enables us to expect that
this stage will be successfully overcome in a relatively brief time and
medicine and biology will not lag behind technology which is ready to put
into the hands of humanity such spaceships as will insure the reliability
and safety of the flights.
The first spaceship in the history of humanity is circling over the
Earth, making revolution after revolution with the rhythm imparted to it
by the will of Soviet scientists and engineers. The signals of the radio
transmitters of this ship are being received all over the-world. In these
signals, however, there is no information about airdromes, rocket bases,'
and industrial targets of those countries over which our new '"starlet" is
passing, nor are there recordings of the radar signals of radar stations
in those countries. Our spaceship, carrying the flag of peace and scien?
tific progress, is threatening no one, is not violating the sovereignty
of any country, and does not encroach on the secrets of ary state. It is
not necessary to comment on the difference between the peaceful aspirations
of the great Socialist power and the provocative escapades of the unrelent-
ina partiwanf of the cold war..
j./ ("Great Eve", by V. Parin (Active Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences
of the U ), Izveetiya, 17 May 1960, p? 3)
-18-
Sanitized.-Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
Czechoslovaks Publish Space Exploration Schedule
CPYRGHT
In a throe column "popular science" review of rocket experiments and
CPYRGHT space flight plans,, with the emphasis on the Soviot "spaceship" of 14 M
CPYRGHT
that it is realistic to hope that man's first fli t Into stwoe will
the foil n schedule, noting that ore ? s every hope that it wi'.J. be
realizable". CPYRGHT CPYRGHT
realized within Derhngs one or two a " In conclusion, he publi Shea
"1961 man will circle Earth for several hours or days with the
aid of an artificial satellite.
"1962-1963 -- man will circle the Moon; the first space traveller
will land on the Moon.
"1965 -- systematic observation of Mare and Venus with the aid oi'
automatic interplanetary stations.
"1970 -- mar, will circumnavigate Mars and Venus.
"1975
The following caption accompanied a photo of a man in earphones
standing before a shortwave radio receiver and a portable tale recorder-
Czechoslovak Observatory Receives "Spaceship" Signals
Uj Szo, 21 May 1960, p. 8 CPYRGHT
the first space travellers will land on Mars and Venus."
("Towards Human Space i t", by Patrik Marquart, engineer: Bratislava;
Geophysical institute of the Czechoslovak Scientific Academy learned of
"Workers at the Panska Ves ionospheric observation institute of the
every Soviet sputnik launched so far. In our picture, Miroslav Jiskra
observatory has Again successfully.fulf?.led its task as in the case of
receive the clearly' audible signals of the spaceship. The Panska Ves
Jiskra, a technical worker at the observatory, was among the first to
the launching of the Soviet spaceship from radio news broadcasts. Miroslav
~s uar W wFviw.J sv L.V04,iis.v; LIV Vigaw.uurv; ara-Ua3AoV ; UJ Sze, .LO May CPYRGHT
1960, p. 1)
records on magnetic tape the signals sent from the Soviet'npac? Ahdp
19-
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
III.. MET!ORC,u00Y
The Coagulation Growth of Hailstones
w n
This is a brief summary of a recent 9.-page article on the problem of
artificially influencing a cumulus congestus cloud cover for the purpose
of aterting hail. The successful solution of this problem depends to a
significant degree on our concept$ of the formation and falling of hail.
The present article makes an attempt to compute the coagulation growth
of cloud particles -- basic in the process of formation of shower precipi-
tation and hail. These computations were made by taking into account the
peculiarities in the development of cumulus and cumulus congestus clouds as
we observed them in 1955-1959 on the Alasan and *l'brus expeditions. Using
there amputations a method is proposed for the prediction of hail processes.
Existing theories of the formation of precipitation from cumulus con-
geetue clouds leads to certain conclusions not confirmed in reality. Our
investigations show that:
a) in cumulus and cumulus congestus clouds one observes a growth in
the velocity of ascending currents (w) with height to some maximum value
( ) to a level sl, after which the velocity begins to drop. The maxdmum'
vaalue for the velocity of ascending currents in developing cumulus congestus
and thunderstorm clouds, on the basis of data from 18 experiments, does not'
exceed 27 ai/seo; the mean maximum velocity is on an order of 7-8 a/sec (Fig. 1).
In cusulns clouds one also observes the same distribution of velocities of
ascending current with height.
The value for the mean maximum velocity in cumulus clouds is 34 x/sec.
Measurements have shown that the mean level of maximum velocities
for the indicated types of clouds in the Alasun' Valley and in the Elbrus
region is situated at an elevation of 2,500-3,500 a from the level of the
point of observations (14,500-5,500 a above sea level), that is, in the
middle or near-top part of the cloud.
b) Microphysical research conducted with a trap has enabled us to sake
axle qualitative' conclusions about the distribution of cloud drops by sine,
depending on the height above the base of cumulus and cumulus congestus clouds.
In the lower part of the cloud most drops have a radius of 6-loft,
and there are 200 to 1,500 particles per 1 ca3.' In the lower part of the
cloud there are also *giant" drops with RIO-6O ? . In the middle and
near-top part of the cumulus congestus cloud, situated 4bole the sons of
maximum vertical velocities, the sises of the irdi 4dual grope attain
0.10-0 g/cm3.
1400-600 F,t ,while the water content is about 20,20-11
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000201240001-5
c) Radar investigations of processes of fulling of shower and hail
precipitation show a fall from one hearth for a period of 10 to 20 minutes.
Shower precipitation lasting 40 Minutes or more car, be caused by the suc-
cessive passage of several hearths over the given point.
Thus, the formation and falling of shower precipitation and hail is
not a prolonged and continuous procaae.
The formation of hail, can be predicted for oouveotivcs clouds of
irrtramass origin.
A necessary condition for the forration of hall is the development of
cloud peaks to the level of natural crystallization (from -120 to -16?).
For the prediction of hail conditions radiosonde data for the atmos-
phere are used to determine the temperature stratification, the height and
thickness of the cloud and the curve of velocities of ascending currents
necessary for the determination of the dimensions of hailstones by using
equations 20 and 11 (not reproduced here) during fall to the height of the
zero isotherm, In computing the final dimensions of the hailstones reach-
ing the Earth's surface, corrections are made for the thawing of hailstones
below the zero isotherm in accordance wjIh data in Table 2.
The maximum possible =ouvit of procpitati.ozi was computed which coin
fall from flouds of an intramass origin in dependence on the velocity of
the rising currents,
Table 3 shows data characterizing the relationship between the amount
of precipitation Q and the maximum velocity of the vertical currents WMo
.. The results enable'us to study the possibility of 'influencing cumulus
congestus clouds for the purpose of averting hail. As a result of such a
review we have come to the conclusion that the only method guaranteeing
cessation of the growth of hallstov)s in the contin^.al crystallization of
the entire wapercooled part of the cl(,nz, The episodic influence of
crystallizing material on the supercooled part of the drops of a developing
cumulus congestus cloud whose peak has a temperature of -60 to -120, can
lead to the formation and falling of hail which would not have fallen had
the process Iran spired under natural conditions. It should be noted that
due to the amp