INFORMATION ON SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION - 1959

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• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 11, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 4, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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Approved For Release 1 L8LM~20-WlinRip O1-7j N F U K M R T I, O N UN
BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL
~EC:EMB~R 4 1959 ~ ;;" ` - 1959
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PB 131632-95
NPbFI1ATIOrt ON SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL (iEOPHYSIGAL COOPERATION - 1959
December 4, 1959
U. S. DEPABTM NT OF GOISMGE
Business and Defense Services Administration
Office of Technical Services
Washington 259 D. C.
Published Weekly
Subscription Price $12.00 for the Series
Use of funds for printing this publication has been
approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, October 28, 1359
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NOTICE TO SUB3CHIBERS
INFORMATION ON SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOMUTION will
continue publication through 1960.
In you wish to subscribe for the 1960 aeries,. request PB 131632
Information on Soviet Bloc--International Geophysical Coo eration - 1960 and
enclose check or money order for $12 ($4 additional for foreign mailing).
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INIRNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION PROGRAM--
SOVIET-BLOC ACTIVITIES
Table of Contents
I. Rockets and Artificial Earth Satellites
II. Upper Atmosphere
III. Meteorology
IV. Seismology
V. Gravimetry
VI. Oceanography
VII. Arctic and Antarctic
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1. ROCKETS AND ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES
Book on Far-Side Photographs Published
The first scientific publication on the preliminarjr processing of
the photographs obtained from the automatic interplanetary station, the
third Soviet cosmic rocket, has been published under the title Pervyye
foto afii o'bratno storony lun (First Photographs of the Far Side of the
Moon) by the Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences USSR. The book
gives information on the layout of the automatic interplanetary station
and describes its flight, the process by which the unseen side of the Moon
was photographed, and the transmission of the'pictures to Earth. The
first photographs of the Moon's far side appear in the book and its char-
acteristics are described.
The foreword was written by A. N. Nesmeyanov, president of the
Academy of Sciences USSR. Circulation is 150,000 copies. ("First Photo-
graphs of the Reverse Side of the Moon"; Moscow, Pravda) 14 Nov 59, p 4)
Possible New Type Sputnik
A meeting of the Sweden-USSR Society celebrating the I2d anni-
versary of the October Revolution was held at the Stockholm Concert Hall
on 8 Noti ember Among the events on the program . was the showing of a film
on Russian technological progress, primarily. in the satellite field up to
and including Lunik II's Moon impact. The film included several glimpses.
of a sputnik model of about the same dimensions as the third Soviet cosmic
rocket. This new model has not yet been reported as having been launched.
In general, the film appeared to be a composite of documentaries, some of
which have previously been seen in Sweden. ("New Sputnik Type"; Stockholm)
Dagens Nyheter, 9 Nov 59, p 11)
Effect of N2 Concentr ltion on Recombination in Ionosphere
The-effect of ion-molecule interchange on the value of the effective
recombination coefficient, in the ionosphere is discussed. It is shown that
N2 concentration is a parameter determining possible change in the character
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of the recombination with altitude. ('On the Question Concerning the Ef-
fective Recombination Coefficient in the Ionosphere)" by B. A. Bagaryat-
akiy, Institute of Physics of the Atmosphere, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geofizicheskaya, No 9, Sep
59, pp 1359-1363)
Work on Atmospheric Optics To Be Coordinated 'by Subcommission on Radia-
tion
The All-Union Conference on Actinometry and Atmospheric Optics
was held in Leningrad from 28 January 1959 to 4 February 1959. The
conference was organized by the Commission on Physics of the Atmosphere,
Academy of Sciences USSR, by Leningrad State University, and by the Main
Geophysical Observatory. The conference revealed that research in actino-
metry'and atmospheric optics has advanced considerably in the USSR since
the last conference was held 12 years ago in Tartu. A total of 102 re-
ports were read and discussed. Individual sessions were devoted to the
following subjects: radiation balance and its components, brightness
and' polarization of the day and night sky, the reflecting capacity of
the Earth's surface,, * the ? theory of-transfer of radiat:Y.on in the atmosphere,
and methods of actinometric measurements. A separate group of reports
was devoted to the theme "Radiation and Design."
Those present at the conference concluded that the conference served
a useful, purpose. It provided an opportunity for scientific workers in
the fields of actinometry and atmospheric optics to obtain considerable
information about what is being done in those fields at merry institutions.
The delegates decided that it would be desirable to hold a nilar con-
ferences every year. They also decided to hold other conferences on more
specific problems. The desire was expre$sed that all establishments car-,
rying on work in the field of actinometry and atmospheric optics should
send plans and schedules of their work to the Subcommission on Radiation
of the Coamlission on Physics of the Atmosphere of the Academy of Sciences
USSR. Members of the conference directed the subcommission to make re-
commendations on coordinating the related work performed in various estab-
lishments. The conference requested that one copy of any new work con-
ducted in actinonetry and atmospheric optics be sent to the subcommission.
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The conference also charged the subcoamnission to begin work in 1959
on correcting and unifying the unsatisfactory terminology on actinometry
and atmospheric optics used in the Soviet Union. The unsatisfactory state
of the development and production of optical equipment and standards was
noted at the conference and brought to the attention of the State Plan-
ning Committee of the Council of Ministers USSR (GosPLAN) and the Main
Administration of the $ydrometeorological Service USSR (GUGMS).
Correspondence with the siIbcoammission on radiation may be addkessed
as follows: Leningrad V-164. Universitetskaya naberezhnaya, 7/9. Len-
ingradskiy universitet, Prof K. Ya. Kondrat'yevu; and Moskva G-242. B.
Gruzinskaya, 10. 'Institut fiziki atmosfery AN SSSR, Prof G. V. Rozen-
bergu. ("Conference on Actionometry and Atmospheric Optics)" by V. G.
Kastrov and Ye. M. Feygel'son; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya
Geofizicheskaya, No 9, Sep 59, pp 1435=1436)
Measurement of Nonstationary Radiation Fields
The relation between particle counting rate and its dispersion is
determined for nonstationary fields of radioactive emissions. A field
of radioactive emissions is termed nonstationary when the field acting
on the detector is a function of time. Such a condition can be caused by
either a change in the emission or absorption properties of the medium
or a change in the relative position of the emission detector and the
emitting object.
The only limitation imposed on?the function for the average counting
rate on the detector is that it be a discontinuous Poisson? process. It
is noted that this limitation is satisfactory for geophysical observations
in many cases of practical importance.
Formulas are given for calculating the dispersion for characteristic
types of nonstationary fields. Methods of choosing a time constant for
the recording devices are surveyed also. ("On the Accuracy of Measure-
ments of Nonstationary Fields of Radioactive Emissions," by R. M. Kogan
and I. M. Nazarov, Institute of Applied Geophysics, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geofizicheskaya, No
9, Sep 59, pp 1353-1358)
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Distribution of Radioactive Emanations in Atmosphere Derived Theoretically
A theoretical solution of the problem of the vertical distribution
of radioactive emanations in the atmosphere is given. The emanating sur-
face is assumed to be homogeneous, and a piece-wise approximation is used
for the coefficient of turbulence. The solution agrees with data obtained
by many investigators.
The relationship between the concentration of radioactive emanations
in the gro.id and the atmosphere is determined theoretically. The dependence
of the emanation content of the air on the "exhalation" of emanations from
the ground is also established. Satisfactory agreement with experimental
data was found in both cases.
It is concluded that these relationships will be of practical value
in making rough estimates of the concentration of radioactive emanation
in the air on the basis of its exhalation and estimates of the concentra-
tion in the ground on the basis of the amount in air close to the ground.
("Vertical Distribution of Radioactive Emanations in the Atmosphere," by
S. G. MalRkhov, institute of Applied Geophysics, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Izvestiys Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geofizicheskaya, No'9, Sep
59, pp 1344-1352)
IV. SEISMOLOGY
Study on the Excitation of Storm Microseisms
The results of an analysis of microseismic data from Far East seismic
stations for 1954-1957 conducted in the Sakhalin Complex Scientific Re-
search Institute, Academy of Sciences, USSR, are examined by V. G. Bukhteyev
and T. A. Andreyev of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
Certain conclusions based on this analysis are made relative to the con-
ditions of excitation of microseism-'c vibrations.
B. B. Golitsin, as far back as 1912, noticed that the period, of
microseisms appeared to be almost identical for different points on the
globfr. On the basis of this,* he proposed that the period of a microseism
is to some decree determined by the natural oscillations of a certain layer
of the Earth. Data gathered by the authors'are said to support this as-
sumption.
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The Par East seismic stations constantly record regular changes in
the periods of microseisms in the course of the develolnent of a micro-
seismic storm: as a rule, the storm begins with oscillations having a
relatively short period and then with an increase of amplitudes, the
periods increase. With the abatement of the storm, the periods are lit-
tle changed. Together with the growth of the absolute magnitude of the
period'in the first'half of the microseismic storm, an increase in the
proportion of the long-period oscillations in the spectrum of the micro-
seism is observed. Curves of the distribution of microseism periods with
the different stages in the development of a storm are depicted. These
show that as the storm develops the maximum of recurrence shifts toward
the long periods.
The indicated regularity of changes in periods can possibly be ex-
plained by, the fact that the period of a microseism is determined not
only by the period of the perturbing force (sea waves), but also by the
natural period of the layer of earth being oscillated.
It is now possible to consider as established that storm microseisms
are generated by sea waves. Still not clear, however, is whether the
region of microseism excitation lies in the zone of the sea near the
shore or whether microseisms are excited in the open sea. The comparison
which was made of the intensity of microseisms recorded by the Far East
seismic stations with the height of -sea waves :in the coastal zone of the
sea showed no correlation between these values. The maximum amplitude of
the microseisms in som cases is observed 6-8 hours earlier than the max-
imum*height of the waves, and sometimes lags by almost 24 hours.
At about 1200 hours on 3 March 1956, in the Kuriles, the amplitude
of microseisms decreased to 4 microns, whereas in the coastal zone of
the sea, wave disturbance with an intensity of five and a wave height
of 3.5 meters was observed. In the afternoon of 13 October 1955, in
Petropavlovsk, a decrease in microseism amplitudes from 7 to 3 microns
was observed while the intensity of wave disturbance in the coastal"
waters, at the same time, diminished over-all by one according to the
scale. This means that the wave disturbance in the coastal zone of the
sea is not the sole, and probably not the main, factor in forming storm
microseisms. The principal source of microseisms is found in the open
sea.
During the analysis of.the recordings of microseismic storms made by
the Far East seismic stations, it was found that seasonal changes in the
periods of microseisms are characteristic for some stations.
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The Magadan station recorded no microseism with a period less than
4 seconds during the'winter. The recurrence of short-period microseisms
at the Uglegorsk station in winter was only 20 percent, while in the fall,
short-period microseisms were frequently (recurrence close to 50 percent)
recorded in both of these stations. The seasonal variations mentioned are
not characteristic for the Kuril'sk station where the recurrence of short-
period microseisms in fall and winter is almost identical. The peculiarities
for the Magadan and Uglegorsk stations can be explained by the freezing of
the neighboring sea basins.' The northern part of the Okhotsk Sea and the
Tatarskiy Proliv are covered by ice in the winter and the excitation 'of' ?
microseisms there are impossible. Thus, it is obvious that short-period
microseisms (T14 seconds), which during the fall storms are frequently
registered by the Magadan and Uglegorsk?stations.. are local in origin and
are excited in the northern part of the Okhotsk Sea and in the Tatarskiy
Proliv.
There are other facts indicating that short-period microseisms are
stimulated in the Tatarskiy Proliv. Station Uglego3zsk, located on the
shore of the strait, sometimes records microseismic 'storms the beginning
of which is characterized by an exceptionally rapid growth of amplitudes.
In such cases, it is possible to establish the time of a storm's begin-
ning with an accuracy, of up to one hour. It was found that such micro-
seismic storms were registered by the Uglegorsk station in those cases
when a cyclone or cold front traveled from the continent and moved over
the Tatarskiy Proliv. For example, on 1 April 1956 at 1200 hours
Greenwich Time, a cold front began to shift from the mainland into the
Tatarskiy Proliv. The seismogram at the Uglegorsk station clearly showed
the beginning of a microseismic storm at 1400 hours. Subsequently, as the
motion of the cold front moved over the strait,,the amplitudes of the micro-
seisms in Uglegorsk diminished while a particularly rapid growth in the
amplitudes was observed at the beginning of the storm (the !-mplitude of
the storm had already reached 3 microns at 1600 hours). It was noted that'
the diffused cyclone, which was located over the Okhotsk Sea for a long
time caused no significant strengthening of the intensity-of mieroseisms
in Uglegorsk. The 1 April 1956 microseismic storm was caused by the pas-
sage of a cold front in the Tatarksiy Proliv.. Microseisms excited in the
Tatarskiy Proliv have a short period. A storm usually begins with vibra-
tions, the period of which. is less than 2 seconds, and during the max-
imum develo]Inent of the storm the microseism period rarely exceeds 4
seconds.
The formation of sea waves with a long period and height sufficient
to set a layer of Earth of considerable thickness into vibration is not
possible in the comparatively narrow and shallow strait. This is why
the Tatarskiy Proliv is the region of excitation of short-period'waves.
(''Excitation of .Storm 'Microseisms," by V. G. Bukhteyev and T. Al. Andreyev,
Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geofizicheskaya, No 10, Oct 59, pp 1510-1512)
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Problem of Determining Absolute Value of Gravity
N.P. Grushinskiy and N. B. Sazhina, in examining the problem of
determining the absolute force of gravity, make the following points.
Knowledge of the absolute value of the force of gravity is nec-
essary for referrjng.all gravimetric surveys in the world to a single
and accurate system and for obtaining correct results of formulas for
a normal value of gravity and the shape of the Earth.
At present, there is a lack of coordination in the gravitational
systems and surveys of different countries which are based on different
Initial points. and :are -incompatible . With' one another... There are ?
three absolute_. values for gravity -which are assumed on..'the
basis of . a,,, world.. giravimetkic.,aurvey- and are '.based.... on? deter-
minations made' in'. ' Potsdam, Washington," and Ibndon. ' -These .three
do not'represent'-the true value of gravity.
The Ib un, Ste, and Teddington determinations were made by use
of the reverse. pendulum method. The errors inherent at present in'this
method, even under the best conditions, limit the accuracy of the results
by several milligals. This method lost its advantage over the free-fall
msthod of obtaining g when'the technique of measuring small time-intervals
reached an accuracy of a significant figure of 8. The free-fall method
has its own sources of errors, they are, however, principally different
from those with pendulum determinations. Both methods give independent
results; the second method can, therefore, serve as a control for the
first.
Free-fall determinations of gravity are now conducted in several
places. In the USSR such work is conducted in the Scientific Research
Institute of Metrology by P. A. Agaletskiy, K. N. Yegorov, and A. I:
) rtsinyak. Two versions of the free-fall method are employed in this
work: by a method of a combination of free-fall and restricted fall
(1), and by the method of a falling rod in a vacuum (II), and also by
observations of triple quartz pendulums. An average weight value of
gravity g = 981919.3 t 0.6 milligals for a VNIIM (All-Union Scientific
Research Institute of Metrology point with the coordinates 59 55 06 N,
30 19.35 E, and a height above sea level of 3.5 meters was adopted con-
sidering only observational data obtained by the reverse pendulum method.
However, according to VNIIM determinations, it is necessary to accept a
simple value of all three methods. Then the value g will be g = 981921.2
milligals, or being reduced to the Potsdam system, g ^ 981264.5 milligals.
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Measurements for determining the force of gravity were conducted
during 1957 and 1958 by A. C. Thulin, who made motion pictures of a- fall-
ing metric rod of iridium alloyed with platinum. In setting up the exper-
iment, it is important to stabilize the frequency and duration of the
light flashes while photographing. These flashes had a duration of 0.2
microsecond and a repetition rate of 100 to 125 per second.
The resultL of this experiment arc estimated as having an accuracy
of + 1 milligal or somewhat higher. It can be considered one of the
best modern determinations of the absolute value of gravity. The most
reliable measurement of g made recently is that of Thulin. This coincides
with the results obtained at Teddington by Clark and is very close to
that obtained by Agaletskiy in Leningrad. The average deviation of g
from the Potsdam system, according to all known recent determinations of
gravity, beginning with Washington's, is - 12.4 milligals i. 1.6. Thus,
for Leningrad, a value obtained as a simple average of three determina-
tions (981,921.2] is accepted. The value of gravity in Potsdam, accord=
ing to the latest absolute determinations, is 981,261.6 milligals. The
abandonment of the Potsdam system for a new system with a value of gravity
differing from the former by 13 milligals is favored. Such a transfer
has been done before -- the shift front the old Viennese system to the
Potsdam. The difference between these systems was 16 milligals. The
final and general transition to a new system should await the'completion
of determinations of the absolute force of gravity now being conducted
in several places.
Both the pendulum and free-fall methods are limited, in the sense
of increasing their accuracy, by the possibilities of linear measurements.
The principal difficulty of the free-fall method is considered to be in
the precise plotting of marks of the rod and the origin of longitudinal
oscillations which arise in the system and :;each a magnitude of 10-E7
There is a possbility of applying a scheme of measurements in which these
effects will be bypassed. Haubrich, Rose, and Woolard (Trans. Amer. Geophhys.
Union, Vol 39, No 1, 1958) proposed a principally new modification of the
free-fall method completely excluding linear measurements, which are the
main source of errors in all cases. The value of g obtained by their
method is expressed through the velocity of light. The measurement of
length being principally a more difficult operation is completely eliminated
and with it vanishes an important source of error.
The last method is extremely promising and it is recommended that it
be applied in work for determining the absolute value of gravity it the
USSR. Indications have recently appeared in literature on the possibility
of applying the free-fe]1 method to transportable h1gh-speed instruments
(K. M. Shomandl, West German Patent No 1011153, 27 Jame 1957). Shoinendl,
for example, proposes a gravimeter design in which the force of gravity is
determined by the- interference method of a freely falling body. ("Problem
on Determining the Absolute Value of Gravity," by N. P. Grushinskiy and F.
B. Sazhina; Moscow, Ves*cnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Matematiki,
21ekhaniki, Astronomii, Fiziki, Khimii, No 2, 1959, pp 61-68)
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VI. OCEANOGRAPHY
Vityaz In Java
The Soviet scientific research ship Vitynz arrived in Tandjung Priok,
port of Djakarta, Java. The ship will remain in the port until 16 November
when it will sail for Perth, Australia. ("Brief Reports"; Moscow,
Izveatiya, 13 Nov 59, p 5)
VII. ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC
Some News on Antarctic Climate
The Main Geophysical Observatory imeni A. I. Voyeykov has summarized
the results of studies concerning the heat balance of Anarctica conducted'
by Soviet geophysicists during three antarctic expeditions.
N. P. Rusin, meteorological division chief of the observatory, who
was a member of the first Soviet Continental Antarctic Expedition and at
one time chief of the station Pionerskaya, gave the following information:
Antarctica, which has the absolute cold pole (mean annual temperature
is minus 55-57 degrees centigrade), is also the region with the largest
amount of solar heat on the Earth.
During the summer months, the central regions of Antarctica recei'e
from the sun more than 30,000 calories of heat per square centimeter in
one minute. This is 15-20 a:trcent more than at the equator and 50 percent
more than at corresponding latitudes in the Arctic. There are no low,
dense clouds in the interior of Antarctica; therefore, solar energy is
received continuously during the entire polar day.
Because the surface of Antarctica is constantly losing heat (as a
result of intense radiation and reflection), its radiation balance during
the year is negative. I1 .:uld seem that the surface of Antarctica should
ccol off continuously and reach a low temperature. However, this has not
been observed. On the contrary, a' warming tendency of the climate has
been noticed because the loss of radiation heat is compensated by the heat
coming from the upper strata of the atmosphere.
Despite the general warming of the antarctic climate; the thickness
of the snow cover in interior regions is apparently increasing. It has
been observed that the snow cover in the area of Pionerskaya is 20-30
centimeters higher per year. This is another indication of the fact that
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the level of Antarctica is gradually rising, as though it were growing.
In general, scientific estimates show that on an average the level of this
continent is raised by several meters during a 100-year period. ("News
On The Nature Of Antarctica"; Moscow, Vodnyy Transport, 24 Oct 59)
Conference on Antarctic Meteorology
The largest scientific conference on problems of antarctic meteorology
began in Moscow on 26 October 1959. Noted scientists and specialists of
the HydrometeorQiQgical Service of the USSR, scientific research institutions
of the Academy of Sciences USSR, the Ministry 'of Maritime Fleet, and higher
educational institutions are attending the conference.
-~?ssr specialists will deliver 35 reports at the conference on pro-
blems of atmospheric circulation, radiation and heat balance, physical
geography of Antarctica, and methods of observation and measurement-.
Doctor of Geographic Sciences G. Tauber, chief of the aerometeorological
detachment of the First Soviet Continental Antarctic Expedition, will give
a detailed description of the "glacier winds" blowing off the antarctic
continent, according to studies made in the area of Mira y.
Prof V. Bugayev, member of the Third Continental Antarctic Expedition,
and Candidate of Geographic Sciences Ye. Tolstikov, chief of that expedition,
gave a report on the main features of the relief of East Antarctica. Their
predecessors on the antarctic continent, 0. Krichak and S. Gaygerov, both
Candidates of Geographic Sciences, gave information on the atmospheric
circulation in the Antarctic and the Southern Hemisphere and on some pecul-
iarities of the circulation and structure of the atmosphere in the Antarctic
and Central Arctic. ("Problems of Meteorology in Antarctica"; Moscow;
Vodnyy Transport, 27 Oct 59)
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