INFORMATION ON SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION - - 1959

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000200690001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 17
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 5, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 29, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

MAY 29. 1959,
{
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Pa 131632-68
My 29. 1959
U. S. DWP~i'1'1L 1' OF COI2
Office of Technical Ser#ices
Washington 25, D.: C.
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I1IT NATIONAL GB+OPHYSICAL COOPERATION PROGRAM--
I - XCINITIM
Table of Content$
1. Rockets and Artificial Berth Satellites
II. Upper. Ataosphere
M. 8eis8o1o6y.
Iv. Oe.snogi phy
V. Arctic and Antarctic
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CPTR'GHT
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I. ROCKETS AND ARTIFICIAL EARTH;: SATELLITES
Sputnik III: 5,000 Times Around Earth
At 0154 hours Moscow time on 8 May, Sputnik III completed its 5,000th
revolution of the Earth. Since it was injected into orbit, 358 days ago,.
the satellite has traveled a distance of 228.2 million kilometers. Despite
its great weight of 1,327 kilograms, which is about 16 times greater than
Sputnik I, Sputnik III was placed at A.-considerably greater altitude than
the first.Soviet satellite and has exceeded its predecessor's lifetime by
a great''m*rgin. Sputnik I, launched 4 October 1957, lasted 94 days and
completed?1,446 revolutions of the Earth, while Sputnik II, launched
3 November 1957, had a lifetime of 163 days, completing 2,370 revolutions.
Sputnik III's initial apogeal height was 1,880 kilometers and its
orbital period, 105.95 minutes. For its 5,000th revolution, its orbital
period has decreased. to 99.51 minutes, and its apogee has sunk to 1,275
kilometers.
The solar and chemical batteries carried by Sputnik III are still
operating, making it possible to conduct radio-technical observations of
the satellite in those periods when it'is illuminated by the.Sun as well
as when it is in the Earth's shadow. A precise knowledge of the parameters
of its orbit is necessary for geographic and time fixes conducted with
a satellite. For-'this .reason, in the Soviet Union a special automatic
measuring complex equippe-1. with latest radiotechnical apparatus was
created. The work of this complex made it possible to determine the
elements of Sputnik III!.3 orbit with an accuracy for exceeding. that
obtained during the tracking of Sputnik I.
In addition to this complex, a large number of other radio-technical
means acre used in obew ations o the satellite . , From the moment of its
launching till now, more than '80 optical stations and observatories
scattered through the territory of the Soviet Union and more than 110
such stations in foreign countries have conducted these observations.
During the lifetime of Sputnik III, more than 29,000 ephemerides
(target designations) cadre given to Soviet observation stations and
more than 23,000 to' foreign points by the coordinating-calculation
center. In this same period, about 92,500 radio bearings of the inboard
trbnsmitter, "Msyak," and 10,900 results from optical observations of
the satellite by Soviet observation stations and observatories and
3,820 results from foreign stations were obtained and processed. The
numerous photographic and highly accurate cinetheodollte observations of
the satellite art its carrier rocket are of great value.
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CPYRGHT CPYRGHT CPYRGHT
V. Iutkin, lecturer, at th Moscow Planetarium, s ys: "An enormous
quantity of varied scientific d to concerning the coo s was obtained with
the aid of tie diverse and comp ex apparatus with whic our third satellite
was equipped. Many secrets of he cosmos are already olved. For example,
investigations by satellites le to the discovery of a completely new
phenomenon of exceptional inter at. In the outer atmo phere, beginning
w?th an altitude of 500-1,000 kilometers, a unique "a Bole" around our
planet was discovered which con iota of an enormous ac umulation of fast-
moving, electrically charged pa ticles possessing ever Lee from several
thousands to hundreds of thous is of electron volts. Now with the aid
of the Soviet cosmic rocket, la nched 2 January 1959, here 'have already
been revealed two zones of such charged particles exte ling in altitude
up to 40,000-50,000 kilometers rom the surface of the Earth.' Between
the zones there id a space wher the intensity is much less than in each
of the zones. The composition f radiation in the zones is different.
In the outer zone move low crier electrons. In the i ternal zone are
particles of greater energy, ev deafly protons. Futur cosmonauts must
inevitably cross these zones of high concentration of rticles which
represent a danger to them (ele trons bombarding the s ell of the'
interplanetary rocket during b ibg produce X-rays w eh in a specific
dosage are fatal to an organism . Therefore, it is pe essary to'provide
special safeguards for the ant nsuts. Calculations s that even
comparatively thin metal walls n a rocket can reliabl protect the
cosmonaut from harmful-radiatio .
"Experiments conducted on putnik III made it pos ible,to discover
curious 'duc'ts,' the so-called radio-wave ducts,' in he ionosphere at
an altitude of 200-300 kilomete e. Entering into thee , radio waves can
encircle even the entire globe. What notable prospect are opened in
connection with this discovery or the future of radio , televisign."
The observations of Sputni of the scientific
data obtaiaed from ("Five Thousand Revolutions Around the
Earth," Moscow, Izvestiya, Pravda, and Sovetskaya Aviatsiya, 8 )by 59)
Crimean Scientific Station Builds Large Radiotelesscope
A radiotelescope for receiving 3-centimeter waves from the layers of
the Sun's corona was built at the Crimean Scientific Station of the Physics
Institute iaeni1ebedev, Academy of Sciences tS&C The device has a
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diameter of 30 meters. The telescope mirror, dug into the Earth and covered
with codcrete and: zinc, is parabolic in shape and is inclined tov rd the
south. The highly sensitive radio apparatus receives and measures the
intensity of radio waves gathered in its focus. 'It is possible to obtain
a complete picture of the radio emission of the solar corona from the
entire surface of thq Sun by changing the position of the receiver horn
according to the movement of the Stn.
Viktor Vitoi'dovich Vitkevich, chief of the Crimean Scientific Station,
states that the radio image of the Sun does not appear to be uniform. In
the image, the portions with espepially intensive radio emission are more
sharply defined that the radiation of the solar disc. A theory existed
that these portions corresponded to the solar spots, which are visible
in the usual images of the Sun. 1owever', whou the "radios'pots";were
plotted on a photograph of the solar disc, part of them did not coincide
with all of the well known sunspots, To all appearances, the portions
with intensified radio emission are connected with regions, of heightened
temperature, namely in the solar co=in. With the aid of radio images,
says Vitkevich,, he succeeded tn'detecting the "hot" portions and obtaining
a picture of the distribution Qf the temperatures,-dens itios and other
characteristics of the solar corona, i.e.,., at a considerably greater
altitude from the. surface of the chromosphere than it is possible, to do
with the usual optical ob ervationg. [A photo b acco the
article is captioned: e or the r e radiptelescopes in the world.1
CPYRGHT a diameter-30 meters. ("Radio Portrait of the Sun," S. KhlaVna; CPYRGHT
Moscow, Znaniye-Sila, No 4, Apr 59, p 42)
New Soviet Spectrograph CPYRGHT
Investigations of the physical properties of the upper layers of the
atmosphere are being conducted in the scientific-station of the Institute
of the Physics of the Atmosphere, Academy of 'Sciences USSR,, with a unique
apparatus of domestic productioli, a patrol spectrograph. The workers of.
,the station have at their disposal extensile materials which characterize
the physical processes originating in these layers of the atmosphere as
a result of obser*ations of night airglow and aurorae. interesting
informatfta o~ the luminescence of hydrogen atoms has been obtained, a 1Y
much data on aurorae observed near lbscov have been gathered. [A photo;
graph shows N. N,'Shefov inspecting the patrol spectrograph.] (Moscow,
Iivestiya, 29 Apr 59, p 6) .'
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III. SEISMOLOGY
the basis of the temperature at the 'point of origin at a :depth o' 50
of reducing the approximate course of the tempe. rature in the channel on
the channel for'P-waves, in both directions.. Furthermore, the width of
the channel, the velocity profile in it,,and the capacity for absorbing
P- and 8-waves, all' depend on frequency. The theory affords the possibility.
Study on Nature of Layers oi Reduced Velocity in Upper Areas of Mantle
V. A. Magnitskiy (Byull. MOIP otd. eol., Vol 33, 1958,?'p 15)
and others have explained the physical nature of a channel at a depth
of 50-200 kilometers by three effects, those of, temperature, phase
transitions, and variable compoditioa. MYgnitskiy points out that the
temperature effect leads to a geothermal gradient at these depths of
10 degrees per kilometer, which is too high. All descri)tions of the
phenomenon additionally encounter difficulties in explaining the fact
that the width of a channel in relation to its depth is greater for
transverse 8-waves (50-200 kilometers) than for longitudinal PLwav'es
(50-150 kilometers) and that P40d t~~+syns.ap~n . -Obsona]s~afor..variwws ,
frequency ranges. This article presents a theoretical approach which'
explains these facts.
The mantle is considered to have a..polycrystalline'structure; at'
sufficiently'high temperatures, values of which depend on frequency; the
grain bo=dAries undergo a viscous slipping relative to one another, which
cou.es the abrupt decrease of the modulus of, elastici'y with increased
temperature. It Is-suggested :.here that this effect causes the forma-
tion of a aesberg, charnel in the upper areas of the mantle.
It is shown that the 'lower edge of an S-wave channel in tho mantle
is lover than that of P-graves, i.e., the channel for.8-waves is wider than
kilometers
constant along the length of the he, channel in the -interval. depth `of. 50-200
A relationship is given which denotes that the dynamic modulus is
kilometers.
The temperature gradient?at,depths.of 50-200 kilom=ters.is found to
De on the order of 1-1.5 degree per : kilometer, which is t`io! to three time
as-great as the-adiaestic gradient at depths of 600-800 kilometers. "On
the Physical Nature ofthe Chamois (Layers of Reduced Velocity) in the
Upper Arens of the Mintsl at Depths of 50-200 kilometers,":. by Y,.' N. Zhsrkov,
Institute of the Physics .of the I arth iaeni 0. Tu. .8hsiidt; , Mbscow, Doklady
Akademdi Rauk 8888, Vol 125, No 4, Apr .59, pp.771-774),
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Study on Displacement Fields in Faulting
At present the process of the. origin of earthquakes is connected with
the interruption of the continuity of the medium at the focus. The nature
of dislocations of the media relative to the surface of the fracture at
the foci occurring at various depths and in different geological conditions
has been insufficiently studied, however. On the basis. of existing data,
it is possible to suppose that a fracture is accompanied by sliding, most
probably at the foci of earthquakes.
For.a true analysis of the processes at the focus it is necessary to
set up formulas describing the fields of displacements in different types
of faults (a fault accompanied by sliding; by separation; by a combina-
tion of sliding, separation, and the turning of one of its planes relative
to the other; etc). A comparison of the dt.spiacement fields, determined
by theoretical formulae, with displacements, observed during.esrthquakes
can serve as an explanation of the peculiarities of faults at the foci of.
earthquakes. This work attempts the construction of the dynamic field of
the displacement for different types of elastic media.
The writer has determined the field of displacement in an isotopic
and homogeneous elastic space with an Instantaneous dislocation of the
continuity of the medium and the specific displacements of the'plane of
the fault; The solution is based on A. V. Voterra'd theory of dis-
location and is linked with the determination of the tension which is
removed from the plane of the fault at the moment' of its formation.
The results obtained can be used in studying stresses and faults in the
foci of earthquakes. ("Field of Displacements Affiliated With Breaks
in the, Continuity, of Elastic Media," by A. V. Vvedenskaya, Institute
of the Physics of the Earth, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,'Izvestiya
AKademii Nauk. SSSR,, Seriya Geofizicheiksya,, No 4, Apr 59, . 'pp 516-526)
Earthquake in Kamchatka Region
An earthquake with a scale intensity of about VIII was . recorded at .
1917 hours, 4 My in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy. The focus of'the quake
was determined. to be under the bottom 'of the' Pacific' Ocean in a southeiLatern
direction from the shores of the Kamchatka peninsula. Buildings in the
city and neighboring regions were dabaged; there were one'dead and 13
injured. Enterprises and institutions are.operating normally. :.("Earth-
quake in the, Region, of Kamchatka";'.Ibscov, . Sovetskiy Flot,. ?6 my 59, p- 4)
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Use of Sound Recordings for Determining Distances While Conducting Deep
Seismic soundings at Sea
The Pacific Ocean'Staff of the Geological-Geophysical Expedition of
the Institute of the Physics.of the Earth, Acadey- of Sciences USSR, is
operating in Far Eastern USSR eaters during the IGY. It is engaged in
investip-tions of the structure, of the Earth's crust in the .transitip4
zone from the Asiatic continent to the Pacific Orean. Included in the
complex of geophysical methods of research used is the iethod of deep
seismic sounding (G82).
The region Where the soundings are being conducted occupies, a' large
area of the, ocean and the seas, and the profiles ere widely spaced and
far from shore. The length of.the profiles is, such that the observations
on then must be .conducted continuously in the course of several days.
Under-these conditions, particular, difficulties arise for determining the
positions of'. the ships detonating the charges and the observing ships.
The usual navigational ' methods are insufficiently accurate forGSZ pure
poses. Experimental operations In 1957 showed that radiogeodetic methods
could-not be used effectively because of the spacing of the profiles and
tine AeceueiV rur continuous.oDservatsone.
along the- profile are received by several seismic stations ea other ships
lying at'drift along the line of the profile. For the interpretation of
seismic data `it is more; important to. know the relative distances; from
the point ; of the explosion to 'the recording:;;shtps with a high degree of
accurocy;tbin;the.absolute location o! each ship.` In regional work at
sea, by which investigatians are described, coordinate mrthods'ofnavi-
In ' ?ooductiog GSZ at. sea , the:explosions made by one ship. moving.
gation are -sufficiently accurate (3-5 kilometers)?nor fixes.
Sound:roves.radiated through the water ran be ubsd ?ordet r ini
GSZ Mask is the Olrhotsk Sea s-ud the Prciric Ocean is 1957. The time of
ofthe dy, the Menthes, currents, etc. This method vas the basis of all
The determination of distances? according to. sound'`tsn be, ess..I combined
ng
the distancesfrom'.the,pointiof the explosion to the observation ships.
V = 1b70 ;kilo Less ;per iecond, Mss u d as :all of the operations in
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This article considers the peculiarities of the arrival of sound in
the ocean and an evaluation of the possible accuracy of the phonometric
method in determining distances. The writer proposes two methods of de-
termining distances from the explosions to the points of observation with
an error of not more than one percent,. which are based on an analysis of
the kinematic representation of the arrival of the sound and its compari-
son with observed sound recordings.
The first of these methods is based on the use of the time of the
very first arrival of the sound and the variable velocity. which is cal-
culated on known laws of the change in the velocity " of sound inwater
with depth and known bottom relief. The accuracy of determining distances
by this method under such conditions is not lose than 0.4 percent.
The second method is based on the use of the time of arrival of.the
beginning of a group. of recordings of the sound and the constant for all
of the profile velocity. For calculating the velocity by.this method it
is necessary, in addition, to know the duration of the sound pulse from
the explosion. The accuracy of this method is not lees than 0.7 percent.
In principle, the accuracy of determining the. distances by.the Pro-
posed methods can be increased still more by a more detailed calculation.
of the change in the velocity. of sound propagation with depth and by in-
creasing the accuracy of the numerical calculations.;
By the proposed methods, an estimation can be made of the accuracy
of determining distances for any region with a depth of not less. than
1.5 to 2'kilometers, in which the law for the change in the speed of
sound with depth is sufficiently maintained in a horizontal direction.
Use of' Recordings of'Sound for Determining !Distances During Deep Seismic
Sounding Operations at Sea,". by S. 'M. Zverev,. Institute of the Physics
of the'Earth, Academy of Sciences USSR; ?Moscow,. Izveetiya Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Seriya Geofizi-heskaya, No 4, Apr 59, pp 560-569)
e
erminations of the hypocenter r-of an'earthquske,' it ii suggested that
the error in determining the, location of thefocus ,depends, only on in-
accuracies in noting the arrival time of the V$ves anddoes. not depend"
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Method of Estimating Accuracy :of Determining Earthquake Jbpocenters
In considering a statistical method of estimating the accuracy in
t
d
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An estimate of the accuracy is produced by the construction of the
distribution function of the errors. [Cases for determining the hypo-
center of sin earthquake by the Vadati and Ishikawa methods are presented.
("On Estimating the Accuracy in Determination of the Hypocenters of
Earthquakes," by Ye. V. Glivenko, Institute of the Physics of the Earth,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya
Geofizicheskaya, No 4, Apr 59, pp 527-537)
Study on Selection of Frequency Characteristics for Filters Used in
Recording Seismic Signals
The principal factors determining the connection between the mode
of the spectrum and the pulse duration and between the pulse form and
the limiting frequency of its spectrum have been investigated by the
writer. A homographic method of deterrining the duration of the limit-
ing frequency itself according to a given curve is proposed.
(Gol'tsman introduces criteria making it possible to find approxi-
mately, according to a given spectrum, the initial and terminal moments
of the signal. These criteria are suitable for determining the limiting
frequency of the spectrum of a given signal. It is shown that the ef-
fective duration of the pulse is determined principally by the steepness
of the slope of the fronts of the separate extremums of the true and
virtual components of the spectrum. The limits of the frequency of the
spectrum depend on the steepness of the fronts of the separate extremums
of the signals. A general conclusion is made on the basis of the obtained
results which is useful in designing filters, particularly'high-frequency
filters.] ("On the Selection of Frequency Characteristics of Filtere.for
"
Seismic Signals,
by F. M. Gol'jeman, Leningrad State University imeni
A. A. Zhdanov; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geofiziche-
skaya, 1o 4. Apr 59, pp 549-559)
IV. OCEANOGRAPHY
Scientific Expedition on Kazan' Operating in Atlantic
ditions
The exyagingpin the ustorship le watersf of flagship Atlantic Ocean.. bordrkhos
is vo q On board
this, large seagoing fishing trawler ,, is a 'group of young scientific as-`,
sociates of the Baltic Scientific Research Institute of the, Fish Economy
and Ocean
ogrspt'y:
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The goals of the expedition, according to Ye. Prosfirov, leader of
the group, are to determine the extent of sardine reserves discovered by
the last expedition in the fishing regions of the Middle Atlantic, and
also to study the distribution and behavior of this valuable fish. After
fulfilling the first task, the Kazan' will:proceed south from the Gulf of
Guinea to the Cape of Good Hope. Here the region where another species
of sardines is found will be studied. The expedition will complete the
hydrophysical and hydrobiological studies of the waters of the equatorial
region of the Atlantic Ocean near the shores of West 'Africa, which have
been going on for 3 years. This will make it possible to fill in still
another blank spot on Kaliningrad industrial fishing charts. ("Scientific
Expedition in the Atlantic"; Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta,
29 Mar 59, P.1)
V. ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC
Scientific Station at Bukhta Tiksi Built Especial for Auroral Studies
A scientific research station was created specially for observations
of auroras during the IGY in the area of Bukhta Tiksi. It is situated
almost in the center of a large depression, surrounded on three sides by
mountains. Nikolay Ivanovich Tyabin is head of the observatory. A whole
scientific settlement has developed in this location. The site was chosen
specially because it vs far away from industrial interference. The low
station building faces the Arctic Ocean. One of the side walls, with'
narrow windows, is dir,,,~cted toward the hurricane-force northeast winds.
About 100 meters from the laboratory building is a massive metal
tripod, supporting the original S-180 instrument, i.e., a system of
mirrors with an automatic camera. The 5-180, an invention,by Prof A. I.
Lebedinskiy of Moscow State University, photographs the whole firmament
at the same time on a sensitive motion-picture film. Yuliy Nedubovich,
graduate of Kiev University, operates this instrument.
On the elevated shore of a small lake there is another, no less
original, instrument of Soviet design -- a high-dispersion, diffraction
spectrograph. With the help of this instrument, Petr Sukhoivanenko
studies the spectral composition of aurorar.
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The radar antenna is located-next to the building. With its radio
pulses it searches for the foci of auroras, which cannot be detected with
optical instruments.
One room of the station building contains a panel with numerous
buttons and miniature scales, which is operated by Andrey Smirnov, tech-
nician. He relays the photographic assignments to the movie camera of
the S-180 i!strumegt. Nikolay Blisnyuk, senior laboratory engineer,
operates the radar from another room.
The next room contains the spectral laboratory. Here Petr Sukhoi
vanenko was recently able to determine the presence of helium and hydro-
gen in the spectrum of auroras.
11 1
The group of scientists conducts observations day and night, study-
ing different processes in the auroras. The small staff'cons,istd mainly
of graduates of Kiev University, who had expressed a desire to work in a
difficult job.
The results of observations are sent to scientific institutions, of
Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev, as well as to the Scientific. Center for the
Conduct of the ICY.
used on the observations, Soviet scientists have developed an es-
sentially new theory on the origin of auroras. Even the preliminary
conclusions of Soviet scientists prompted S. Chapman, well-known British
physicist and author of one of the theories on auroras and magnetic
storms, to make.a public statement regarding'the necessity of.reviewiflg
his own theory.
The study of auroras is of great practici l importance. Many people
who admire the colorful spectacle of the auroras do not suspect that
they present an almost insurmountable obstacle in radio communications.
Fblar pilots sometimes experience great difficulties because of auroras.
Scientists have setthemrilves the. ambitious task of predicting the
formation of auroras and, even more important, turning then into an ally
rather than an enemy by using then for improving the propagation of radio
waves. ("Iysteries of Auroras;" Moscow, Sovetskaya Ross,ija, 26 Feb 59)
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Drift Station Severnyy Polyus-6
At present the drift speed of Severnyy Polyus-6 is somewhat faster
than had been expected and the ice island is quickly approaching the
sound between Greenland and Spitsbergen. During the fourth year of its
drift, Severnyy Polyus-6 will enter the sound and will probably break up
partially; however, it is expected that it will be possible to continue
the work at the drift station even then. It is assumed that the station
will cease to exist in February or March 1960, at which time the remains
of the ice island will probably be carried out into-the Atlantic Ocean.
The drift of Severnyy Polyus-6 will be longer than that of other
stations and ships. Previously the station Severnyy Polyus-4 had the
longest drift period, 1,109 days.
Three shifts of polar scientists have worked at Severnyy Polyus-6.
The staff of the fourth shift, which will probably be the last one, is
now getting ready to replace the third shift. During a 3-year period,
many interesting and important studies were made on the ice floe, pro-
viding a valuable contribution to the study of the Arctic. ("On an
Ice Island Across the Ocean";'Leningradskaya Pravda, 7 Mar 59)
Polar Scientists Return From Drift Stations
The Arctic and Antarctic Institute in Leningrad received a radio-
gram on 13 April from N. A. Belov, chief of Severnyy Polyus-7, stating
that the last group of polar workers had been evacuated from the
drifting ice floe and had arrived on Oetrov Dikson.
According to a radiogram from S. T. Serlapov, chief of station
Severnyy Polyus-6, this station was turned over to the new. staff of polar
worke-q on 12 April.
In the next few days the staff members of Severnyy Polyus-6 and
Severnyy Polyus-7 will fly to the mainland. ("To the Mainland"; Moscow,
Sovetskaya Aviatsiya, 14 Apr 59)
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Studies of Antarctic Climate
The study of the climate of Antarctica has revealed the fact that
four clearly defined climatic zones may bo distinguished: (1) the zone
of drifting ice (relatively the warmest); (2) the climatic zone of the
coast; (3) the climatic zone of the antarctic slope (from the sea level
to an elevation of 2,800 meters); and (IF) the coldest zone, the so-
called antarctic plateau, which is over 2,800 meters above sea level.
Antarctica has been called the land of ice and storms. However,
it may also be called the land of sun. At an elevation of about 4,000
meters above sea level, on the ice cupola of Antarctica, the intensity
of solar radiation is 1.81 calories per square centimeter per minute.
This is the greatest intensity recorded anywhere on the Earth. By com-
parison, it may be noted that in the temperate zones 'ti:,!b intensity is
only a little over one calorie per square centimeter per minute. However,
the sun does not produce heat, since its rays hit the surface at an
acute angle.
Ultraviolet radiation is also very high in Antarctica, because the
air is clear and there are many sunny days.
Aside from regular observations at the stations, the-following
method was used to determine the annual mean temperature in different
regions of Antarctica. The glaciologists drilled holes in the ice
and measured its temperature at a depth of 15-20 meters. The tempera-
ture of the ice at these depths was approximately equal to the annual
mean temperature of the air at the given location. For example, at
Mirnyy the ice temperature at a depth of 15-20 meters was minus 10.2
degrees centigrade and the annual mean temperature of the air was minus
10.1 degrees. At Pionerskaya, 400 kilometers from Mirnyy at an elevation
of 2,700 meters above sea level, the ice temperature was minus 39.7
degrees and the air temperature was minus 39.6 degrees.
Using the above method, the polar scientists trawling into the.
interior by sled-tractor train took measurements of the ice temperature
at depths of 15-20 meters every 50 kilometers. These temperature, record-
ings of the ice were then entered on a may. Detailed teaperature maps
of a large section of Antarctica are now available.
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 CIA-RDP82-00141.80002,00690001-7
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000200690001-7
The scientists -also established that the.loi tsspsrstuwes is Antarc-
tics are restricted to a this lays of the ataosphre, i.e., about
700-900 esters.high... Above this layer, the, air Warns up by 20-25 degrees,
and,sortirs even by 35 degrees. This is called surface inversion:
Therefore, the air: masses .oving from Antarctica to the equator do not
paeselly have such, a for teWrsture as eight be ' expected. Soistirs
coder air muses [than those from the Antarctic) penetrate thin USSR frog
the Arctic regions. Besides, the, cold air of Antarctica is and rated by
the ocesn,vster.
lseliaiasry estimates also show that the err of the atmospheric
circulation of the southern Ssaisphre is transmitted to the northern
1.ispWre sad, to a certain extent, feeds the circulation of the northern
lemisphere. This fact is wry impostsit,for the developsrat of nsthods
for long-singe Weather forecasts.
Eeaisphere, is .bad been assumed previously J'
Scientists have long known that the Southern aeiisphsee is colder
than the, Northern leaispbere. Until now this vsst:isplained by the in-
flueace of 'Antarctica- =owvsr, s contrary conclusion has now been
reached. Actually, Antarctica itself exists because the eouthernTleii-
sphsre in colder than the northern aeaispbsre. In other Words, Antsrc-
tics does not directly influence the cooling process of the Southern
Rip, 8ovot8losya Latrine, 7 1 59)
Soviet scientists have conducted exteauive'riseirch on the cliaate
of-Antarctica.,, The results-so tar obtained require careful and additional
proceseY A t s rate, the collected srtlrtsl will be balpfnl in solv-
ing the s stories , of the Sixth Contineat. ("The Chit. of Antarctica;"
* tic Imam of Met Antarctica Is Cogilsd
she r~
rt of .the Third Antarctic Sxp.ditiosa has pest ?ignificance
Th ea
tor, 't
r
lopsaa,._t of Long-distance traaosntarctic am tranrarctic
radio co uicatioii.. It hie beep establish d that In addition to the
` c i cstioae, t h o s e r ,
radio another such region south of lllsap-y
alresg7 kWpn :region. of intsmie magnetic _storis,:Which interfere with
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000200690001-7
Until now the region of last Antarctica, where the expedition operated,
vcs a blank spot on the magnetic charts. Isogonic lines, i.e., lines - of
equal. sgnetic variaticn, had been traced by dotted'lines, or hypotheti.
caily. During the traverses Into the interior and during long-distance
flights,-rgnstic observations were conducted. As a result, a Magnetic
map of East Antarctica vas compiled which differs considerably from the
previous.y existing bpothetical map. In thb future, traverses and flights
In this region will be less dangerous. ("Antarctica Is Definitely a Con-
tinent," by N. To. Ostrekin, Chief, Geophysical Detachment, Third Antarc-
tic Expedition; Leningradskaya Pravda, 8 Ibr 59)
'Approved For Release 1099/09/08 CIA-RDP8'2-00141 R000200690001-7