SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100610001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 130
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: August 26, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
26 August 1960
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted from
recently received publications of the USSR and Eastern Europe.
The information selected is intended to indicate current scien-
tific developments and activities and is disseminated as an aid
to research in the United States.
SCIENTI]LC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Biology
Radiobiology
Miscellaneous
II. Chemistry
Fuels and Propellants
Industrial Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
Organic Chemistry
Radiation Chemistry
Radiochemistry
Miscellaneous
Communications
Components
Instruments and Equipment
Materials
Wa~e Propagation and Antennas
Page
IV. Engineering 52
Automatic Control Engineering and Computers
Electrical Engineering
High Speed Photography
Miscellaneous
52
60
62
62
64
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Aerospace Medicine
Immunology and Therapy
Oncology
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Physiology
Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
Radiology
Surgery
Virology
Miscellaneous
VII. Metallurgy
Physical Metallurgy
Production Metallurgy
VIII. Physics
Atomic and Molecular Physics
Mechanics
Nuclear Physics
Optics and Spectroscopy
Solid State Physics
Page
70
70
73
73
77
82
85
91
93
94
94
105
105
l06
log
log
log
110
113
120
121
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Radiobiology
1. Changes in p$ and rH2 of Plants Subjected to Ultraviolet Irradiation
"The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the pkI and A12 of Plant
Cells," by A. P. Dubrov, Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute
of Biological Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR;'Moscow, Teito-
,logiya, Vol 2, No 2, Mar/Apr 60, pp 161-169
Research was conducted on changes occurring in the hydrogen ion con-
centration and the oxidation-reduction potential in the epidermal cells of
the skins of Allium cepa onion bulbs by the use of diachromatic dye stuffs
and fLuorochromes.
The author presents the following conclusions:
1. Ultraviolet irradiation of epidermal cells causes changes in the
pH and rH2 which depend both on the magnitude of the dose and on the time
elapsing after irradiation.
2. The oxidation-reduction potential of the cells is more sensitive
than the pH to the effect of ultraviolet irradiation.
3. The electrical charge of the nucleproteids is subjected to a severe
change, which explains, to a certain degree, the acute sensitivity of the
nucleus to the action of ultraviolet irradiation.
4. Profound changes in pH and rH2 are accompanied, possibly, by the
inactivation of the enzymatic system and by the photolysis of the cell con-
tent, which lead to the death of the cell.
5. The buffering properties of the various cell parts with regard to
pH and rH2 decrease in the following order: vacuoles, nucleolus, nucleus,
and cytoplasm.
2. Radiosensitivity of Plant Seeds Dependent'on Their Functional Activity
"The Effect of the State of Plant Cells on Their Radiosensitivity
to Gamma-Irradiation," by T. G. Mamedov, Biological-Soil Faculty
of Moscow University; Moscow, Tsitologiya, Vol 2, No 2, Mar/Air
60, pp 175-178
A study was conducted on the changes in the radio sensitivity of the
meristematic cells of the primary rootlets of the seeds of Vicia faba sub-
jected to irradiation under various functional conditions; a further study
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was conducted on the r7?ynamics of postirradiation changes in the
growth rate of the rootlets subjected to irradiation at different
stages of development.
It was found that the radio concitivity of the wetted seeds was approx-
imately 4.5 times, that of sprouting seeds 15 times, that of 3-day-old
sprouts 42 times, and that of 7-day-old sprouts 32 times that of the dry
seeds.
It was also established that the recovery of the rootlets from a de-
creased rate of growth due to low doses of irradiation (6o, 90, and 150 r)
occurs on the 5th-7th day after irradiation; but there is no recovery from
the decreased rate of growth of the rootlets subjected to high doses (270 r).
Miscellaneous
3. Conference on Biophysics Emphasizes the Introduction of Biophysics Into
Biology
CPYRGHT
"Discoveries of Biophysicists" (unsigned article); Moscow,
I zae stiya, 3 Jul 60, p 5
"A scientific conference which was organized by the Institute of Bio-
physics of the Academy of Sciences USSR, the Institute of Physiology imeni
Bogomolets of the Academy of Sciences UkSSR, and the Ukrainian Republican
Society of Roentgenologists and Radiologists convened in Kiev.
We asked one of the organizers of this conference, Prof A. A. Gorodet-
skiy, the Head of the Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute imeni Bogomolets,
to discuss the purpose of this conference.
"[Gorodetskiy said:] Biophysics is the science which stands on the
boundary line between biology, medicine, physics, chemistry, and biochemis-
try. This conference was dedicated to recent achievements in these sciences
and to their introduction into biology.
"A whole series of phenomena can occur in a millionth of a second and,
therefore, cannot be subjected to the usual methods of observation. For
example, after the action of X-rays on an organism, so-called radicals which
induce disease-producing phenomena appear. 11herefore, to combat these phe-
nomena, the process of the formation of the radicals must be studied first.
Such a study has become possible by the method of paramagnetic resonance.
This method was discovered by Soviet scientists. A special session of the
conference was devoted to the methods. of research which make use of elec-
tronics and molecular physics.
"It is known that many problems connected with the improvement of the
health of an organism are based on the regeneration CrestoratioO of tissues,
organs, and the organism as a whole. Learning to control regeneration is
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CPYRGHT
a fervent hope of man. Soviet scientists have established that radiation
injuries inhibit regeneration. This conference discussed a number of
chemical substances which decrease this harmful effect and which consti-
tute active means of combating radiation injuries. Data on this subject
were presented by Prof G. S. Strelin, B. P. Kalashnikov, and our laboratory.
"A very interesting report was presented by A. M. Kuzin, corresponding
member of the Academy of Scienccs USSR. He and his colleagues have isolated,
concentrated, and chemically identified a substance which is formed in tis-
sues which have been exposed to the effect of radiation and which then pene-
trates into uninjured areas. This research of Kuzin and his colleagues
permits us to pose the question of the possibility of preparing protective
measures (antidotes). These problems were discussed at a session devoted
to the mechanism of the action of radiation.
"In conclusion, Prof A. A. Gorodetskiy said that we biophysicists
consider that the achievements of this science form the basis for progress
in many natural sciences."
4. Irradiation of Vegetables With High-Frequency Radiowaves
"Control of Onion and Garlic Pests" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 2 Jul 60, p 4
Experiments are being conducted with the irradiation of garlic and
onions by very fast electromagnetic vibrations. The vegetables are placed
between condenser plates of a high-frequency generator. The normal para-
sites of onions and garlic -- acarids and nematodes -- and the mold fungus
which attacks these vegetables were completely killed after a 5-minute ir-
radiation with the radiowaves, according to the report.
Treatment of the vegetables can be done either on a moving conveyer
belt or after the vegetables have been packed in normal containers (weigh-
ing up to 25 kg).
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Fuels and Propellants
5. Combustion of Hydrazine Nitrate
"The Chemical Decomposition and Combustion of Hydrazine Nitrate,"
by A. A. Shidlovskiy, V. I. Semishin, and V. I. Simutin, Moscow
Institute of Chemical Machine Building; Moscow, Zhurnal Priklad-
noy Khimii, Vol 33, No 6, Jun 60, pp 1411-1413
It was established that at elevated temperatures (1800 and higher)
hydrazine nitrate (N2H4.HN03) has a lower thermal stability than ammonium
nitrate. Hydrazine nitrate flashes at 270?. Addition of potassium bi-
chromate to hydrazine nitrate lowers the thermal stability of the latter.
At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, hydrazine nitrate is not
capable of stable combustion in a tube with a diameter of 20 mm. In ac-
cordance with the general relationships pertaining to the theory of com-
bustion, hydrazine nitrate acquires the capacity to undergo stable com-
bustion at atmospheric pressure in a tube with a diameter of 20 mm (a)
after it has been heated to at least 90-100? and (b) after a small quantity
of a substance that lowers its thermal stability and functions as a com-
bustion catalyst, e.g., potassium bichromate, has been added'to it. Addi-
tion of potassium bichromate to a mixture of hydrazine nitrate with ammonium
nitrate also makes this mixture capable of burning at atmospheric pressure.
6. Effect of Additives and Impurities on the Thermal Decomposition of
Potassium Picrate
"On the Chemical Factors Which Influence the Thermal Decomposition
of Potassium Picrate," by Z. G. Szabo and J. Szava, Szeged Uni-
versity's Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Institute and Buda-
pest Mining Research Institute; Budapest, Magyar Kemiai Folyoirat,
Vol 66, No 6, Jun 60, pp 227-234
The-thermal decomposition of potassium picrate was investigated under
the most diverse conditions. It was established that in addition to physical
parameters such as the temperature, pressure, particle size, and quantity
of substance used, certain chemical factors such as an extraneous gas atmos-
phere, presence of impurities, and the degree of decomposition due to pre-
liminary heat treatment may exert a considerable influence on the kinetics
of the thermal decomposition.
The authors investigated the effects of noble gases, nitrogen, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen, and oxygen on the thermal decomposition of potassium
picrate and, using results obtained by other investigators, compared them
with the effects produced by the same substances on the decomposition of
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other explosive and combustible compounds (silver oxalate, copper oxalate)
ammonium perchlorate, guanidine perchiorate, mercury fulminate, nickel
formiate, and trinitrotriazidobenzene). The effects exerted by NH H20,
NO3, MgO, Cr203, T102 -1 V2 05, Fe2 0 , CuO, and Pt on the other tom
pounds mentioned, as established in pubished work that is referred to in
footnotes, are also considered and included in a general tabulation of
data (cf Table 5,, p 233). The table includes Data'in regard to the in-
fluence of e on the behavior of potassium picrate.
7.
Addition of Nitroalkanes to _@ P,-Dimethylvinylketone
"On the Addition of Nitroalkanes to P, -Dimethylvinylketone,"
by S. S. Novikov, I. S. Korsakova, and. N. N. Bulatova, Mos-
cow EngineAring Physics Institute; Ivanovo, Izyestiye. Vysshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedextty Khimlya I Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiya, Vol
19
pp 132-13
The addition of the nitroalkanes CH(N03), CH2(N02)2, CH3CH(N02)2,
and CH3NO2 and mononitroacetic acid ester NO2CH2COOC2H5 and dinitroacetic
acid ester (N02)2CHCOOC2H5 to f3, P-dimethylvinylketone was investigated.
The formulas, yields, and characteristics of the substances obtained are
listed tabularly.
:Industrial Chemistry
8. New Czechoslovak Ultracentrifuge
"A Czechoslovak Ultracentrifuge." by F. Einhorn, Scientific
Associate-Designer, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Mos-
cow, Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 21 (693), 24+ Jun 60, p 4
The new Czechoslovak ultracentrifuge of the UC-2 type aroused con-
siderable interest when it was shown for the first time at an exhibition
in Moscow. The ultracentrifuge in question was originally designed for
the purpose of measuring adhesion between different types of materials
and protective coatings applied to these materials. Adhesion measure-
ments of this type have become of particular importance at the present
stage of development of aviatiion and astron- autics . The methods of meas-
uring adhesion available hitherto were inadequate and not precise enough:
it was necessary to construct equipment with a maximum centrifugal force
capable of overcoming an adhesion force amounting to 60 kilograms per
square millimeter. This has now been done. The rotor of the centrifuge
developing centrifugal. forces of this order is suspended magnetically
and rotates in vacuum. Because the rotor is not subjected to any
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mechanical friction; it speeds up on direct switching in of a frequency
of 100 kilocycles, operates as an induction motor with a great slip,
and can even approach synchronous rotation if the vacuum is high enough.
In the UC-2 ultracentrifuge, a vacuum of the order of 10-7 millimeters
of mercury is reached.
The original type of ultracentrifuge designed and constructed in
Czechoslovakia had a maximum number of rotations amounting to 3.6
million per minute. The UC-2 ultracentrifuge develops a velocity of
up to 6 million rotations per minute. This means that the centrifugal
force developed in this type of equipment is high enough, not only to
tear a protective paint coating from the surface of the rotor but also
to detach electrolytically deposited coatings, the degree of adhesion
of which could not be measured hitherto.
The ultracentrifuge can be used for determining the strength of
materials. For instance, a 10-mm high-ailpy steel ball from a ball
bearing, when used as a rotor in the ultracentrifuge, can stand 1.8
million rotations per minute. When the centrifugal force is increased
further, the rotating ball is destroyed because the force applied to
it exceeds the strength of molecular adhesion.
The ultracentrifuge can also be used as a vacuum gauge. Because
the only force which slows down the magnetically suspended rotor is due
to the friction of residual gas, one can measure the friction of this
gas even in high vacuum: the slowing down of the rotation because of the
gas friction can be determined with a precision not attainable hitherto.
At present, work is being done on a magnetically suspended ultra-
centrifuge for sedimentation measurements. This ultracentrifuge will
be equipp,.:u with a concentrically located cuvette which can be observed
by means of a special television device. With an ultracentrifuge of
this type, it will be possible to determine sedimentation gradients
without the use of complex and relatively ineffective optical devices.
It is expected that the new ultricentrifuge will be used extensively in
investigations on viruses and bacteriophages, as well as for the con-
centration of materials applied in immunization, and in physical chemistry
for the investigation of molecules (specifically macromolecules), deter-
minations of molecular weight, etc.
By applying the very intense gravitational fields that can now be
developed by means of the new ultracentrifuge, it will be possible to
obtain entirely new data in the hitherto little investigated field of
structurally '.instable elements and also to advance work on the concen-
tration of isotopes and the separation of neutrons.
[SIR Note: An illustration which accompanies the article shows
the author of the article together with Academician A. N. Tupolev and
A. I. Mikoyan, Corresponding Member Academy of Sciences USSR. Accord-
ing to the caption the author is giving information on the new ultra-
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9. Application of Nitrogen Oxides in the Preparation of Modified
Celluloses
"The Application of Nitrogen Oxides in the Preparation of
Modified Celluloses," by I. N. Yermolenko and F. N. Kaput-
skiy; Moscow, sokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya, No 4,
Apr 60, p 626
For the preparation of modified cellulose, a method of incorporat-
ing reactive macroradicals into the macromolecules has been proposed, in
which the distinguishing feature is the use of nitrogen peroxide and
phosphoric acid. At temperatures of 0-10?C, phosphorus-containing fire-
proof products have been obtained.
10. Synthesis of High Molecular Aromatic Polyamides by Interfacial
Polycondensation in Acid Media
"Synthesis of High-Molecular Aromatic Polyamides by Inter-
facial Polycondensation in Acid Media," by L. B. Sokolov
and T. V. Kudim, Scientific Research Institute of Synthetic
Resins (Vladimir); Moscow, Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya,
No 5, 1960, pp 698-703
The interfacial polycondensation of aromatic diamines with aromatic
dicarboxylic acid chlorides has been investigated over a wide range of
pH values of the aqueous phase. It has been shown that polyamides of
the highest molecular weights are formed in the acid region. Investiga-
tion of aromatic polyamides is desirable because substances of this class
may be expected to exhibit a higher thermal stability.
11. Inorganic Ion Exchange on Carboxyl Cation Exchangers in Water-
Methanol Mixtures
"Inorganic Ion Exchange on Carboxyl Cation Exchangers in Water-
Methanol Mixtures," by Lou Chih-hsien, Ye. M. Savitskaya, and
B. P. Bruns, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Anti-
biotics; Moscow, Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya, No 5, 1960,
pp 751-758
The course of inorganic ion exchange on monofunctional carboxyl re-
sins in water-methanol mixtures of varying composition has been investigated.
The rate of exchange diminishes with increasing methanol content in
the mixture. In the case of the salt forms of the resin, the fall in the
rate is connected with a decrease in the specific volume of the exchangers
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in that form with increasing methanol content. The reduction of the rate
in the case of the hydrogen forms under the same conditions is probably
due to a decrease in the value of the dissociation constant of the carboxyl
exchanger. The equilibrium value of relative acidity of the medium ex-
pressed through pHp at which the same degree of substitution of the H-ions
of the resin with metal ions is attained increases with the methanol con-
centration.
12. Effect of Dispersed Aminated Bentonite in the Monomer on the
Strength of Polymethylmethacrylate
"Filled Polymers. II. The Effect of Dispersing Aminated
Bentonite in the Monomer on the Reinforcement of Poly-
methylmethacrylate," by 1. A. Uskov and T. A. Kuanitsyna,
Kiev State University imeni T. G. Shevchenko; Moscow, Vyso,-
komolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya, No 5, May 60, pp 728-730
Highly dispersed octadecylaminated bentonite was incorporated in
polymethylmethacrylate by fine dispersion in the monomer medium con-
taining the polymerization initiator (benzoylperoxide). The ultimate
dispersion of the filler to primary particles carried out in the mono-
mer medium by processing in a vibration mill and the uniform distribution
of the filler throughout the entire body of the polymer led to a considerable
increase in the hardness of the polymer in the vitreous state and to an im-
provement of its thermali stability. The resultant material is 47% harder
than pure polymethylmethacrylate, and its flow temperature is raised by
no less than 600.
13. Synthesis and Polymerization of Mixed 8-Membered Organosiloxanes
"Synthesis and Polymerization of Mixed 8-Membered Organosilo-
xanes," by K. A. Andrianov, L. M. Khananashvili, and Yu. F.
Koporshenko, Moscow Institute of Fine Chemical. Technology
imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow, Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya,
No 5, may 6o, pp 719-727
The joint hydrolysis of dimethyldichlorosilane and methylvinyldichloro-
silane yielded the following new compounds: heptamethylvinylcyclotetrasi-
loxane, hexamethyldiviriylcyclotetrasiloxane, and pentamethyltrivinylcycl-
otetrasiloxane. By the joint hydrolysis of dimethyldichlorosilane and
diethyldichiorosilane, hexamethyldiethylcyclotetrasiloxane was obtained.
The joint hydrolysis of dimethyldichlorosilane and ethylphenyldiethoxy-
silane produced hexamethylethylphenylcyclotetrasiloxane.
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The catalytic polymerization of the organosiloxanes was investigated,
and it was found that according to the intensity of their effect upon
the degree of polymerization, the organosiloxane groups in the 8- membered
rink, mime themselves in the following series:
H2 C = IIC H 5 C 2 H5C2 /
/ Si Si Si
H3C H 5 C 2 H 5 C 6 .
14. Phosphorus-Containing Polymers
"Phosphorus-Containing Polymers. II. The Application of
the Arbuzov Rearrangement for the Synthesis of Polyphos-
phonates," by K. A. Petrov, E. Ye. Nifant'yev, and I. I.
Sopikova; Moscow, V sokomolekul rn Soyedineniya,
No 5, May 60, pp 6'95--688
phosphinites not described hitherto can be obtained by the
reaction of dichiorophosphines with glycols. The reaction leads to the
desired result if phenyldichlorophosphine is employed as the dichloro-
phosphine and a 1,3-glycol as the glycol. The resulting compounds poly-
merize on heating with a small quantity of methyl iodide in a sealed tube
(per-one mol of phosphinite, 0.001-0.1 mol of methyl iodide is employed).
The compounds formed are polyphosphonates with a molecular weight of 270-
3200. The structure of the polymers has been elucidated on the basis of
their decomposition with phosphorus pentachioride, yielding phenyl- (1-
methyl-3-chloropropyl) phosphinyl chloride. The above procedure is a novel
method of synthesizing phosphorus-containing polymers.
15. Studies of Coordination Polymers
"Studies of Coordination Polymers. IV. Synthesis of Polymers
on the Basis of Aromatic bis- ( 13-D-.iketones) With Metals, by
V. V. Korshak, Ye. S. Krongaus, and V. Ye. Sheina, Institute
of Organoelemental Compounds; Moscow, Vysokomolekulyarnyye
Soyedineniya, No 5, May 60, pp 662-672
A description is given of the synthesis of some aromatic bis- (
diketones) including isophthalyldiacetophenone, 4,4'-bis (acetoacetyl)
diphenylmethane, 4, 4'-bis (acetoacetyl) diphenyl, and (3, 13, 13 , P-
tetraacetyldiethylbenzene. The compounds, have been used as the basis
for the formation of polymers containing Be, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Cd, and
Mn. The relation between the properties of the polymers and the structure
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of the original bis- ( P-diketones) is discussed. It was established that
the thermal stability of the polymers synthesized., as affected by the metal
which enters into their composition, diminishes in the following sequence:
Cu >Be'>Ni>Co>Zn>Mn >;Cd.
16. Synthesis of Polydimethylsiloxyalkylenefumarates and Their Copolymeriza-
tion With Styrene
"Synthesis of Polydimethyleiloxyalkylenefumarates and. Their
Copolymerization With Styrene," by M. A. Bulatov and S. S.
Spasskiy, Chemistry Institute, Ural Affiliate Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya,
No 5, May 60, pp 658-61,1
The alcoholysis of dimethyldiethoxysilane by low-molecular glycol
polyesters of fumaric acid containing OH-groups yielded silicon-containing
polyesters capable of copolymerization with vinyl monomers to form in-'
soluble solids.
A study of the copolymerization of these polyesters with styrene
showed-that incorporation of organosiloxane units in the polyester chain
has no significant effect on the character of the copolymerization.
17. Methacrylyltriethyl.-Germanium -- Its Synthesis and Polymerization
"Carbochain Polymers and Copolymers. 7IXII. Methacrylylyltrie-
thyl-Germanium, Synthesis and Polymerization," by H. S. Koles-
nikov, S. L. Davydova, and N. V. X3i ntova, Institute of
Organoelemental Compounds, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedinen ya, No I+, Apr 60, pp 563-566
Methacry]yltriethylgermanium has been synthesized for the first time,
and its polymer, and styrene and methylmethacrylate copolymers have been
obtained. The thermomechanical properties of the polymers have been
determined.
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18. Copolymerization of the Diallyl Derivatives of Germanium, Tin,
and Silicon With Styrene and Methylmethacrylate in the Presence
of Benzoyl Peroxide
"Carbochain Polymers and Copolymers. XXIII. Copolymerizah.
tion of the Diallyl Derivatives of Germanium, Tin, and
Silicon With Styrene and. Methylmethacrylate in the Presence
of Benzoyl Peroxide," by H. S. Koleenikov, S. L. Davydova,
T. I. Yermolayeva, N. D. Shilova, and M. B. Bykhovskaya,
Institute of Organoelemental Compounds, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedtneniya, No 4, Apr 60,
pp 567.571
The copolymers of the diallyl derivatives of germanium, tin, and
silicon with styrene and methylmethacrylate have been synthesized and
'their properties investigated. It has been shown that an increase in the
content of the organoeleuiental compound in the initial monomer mixture
leads-,to a fall in the molecular weight of the copolymer.
19. Mercurated Butadiene Rubbers
"Mercurated Rubbers. I. Mercurated Butadiene Rubbers," by
R. N. Smirnov, Institute of Mineral Fuels, Academy of Sci-
ences USSR; Moscow, Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya, No 4,
Apr 6o, pp 556-562
The mercuration of four butadiene rubbers has been investigated. A
procedure for carrying out the reaction both homogeneously and heterogeneously
has been proposed which leads to compounds of the type (rubber) OR., Hg
'OCOCii3 . Mercuration, not only of the double bonds, out also of the methylene
groups has been observed. Transition of the rubbers from the amorphous to
the crystalline state on.mercuration has been noted. Mercurated butadiene
rubbers have been found to be of low thermal stability, to electrify on
friction, to be easily subject to merhano&eVI-bal' processes, to be electrical
conductors, and to exhibit a sharp decrease in elasticity.
20. Polymerization of Isoprene by 0rganomagaesium Compounds
"Polymerization of Isoprene by Organcmagnesium Compounds,"
by Wang Fou-sung, B. A. Dolgoplosk, and B. L. Yerusalimskiy,
Institute of High-Molecular Compounds, Academy of'Sciences
USSR; Moscow, VZ~okomolekulyarnM So dineni. , No 4,
Apr 60, pp 541-5 5
Organomagnesium compounds of the types RMgX and R2Mg that are free
of ether induce the polymerization of isoprene at 80-90?C. The poly-'..
isoprene obtained under such conditions is composed almost entirely of
3,4-links. It is characterized by a reduced degree of unsaturation while
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preserving complete solubility in benzene. The nature of the halogen in
the organomagnesium compound does not influence the microstructure of the
polymeric chain. Complexing agents (diethyl ether and triethylamiue) lower
the polymerization rate and the 3,1+-links content. The vitrification
temperature of the polymers is ca. minus 100; the intrinsic viscosity,
0-75-0-95-
21. Some Coordination Polymers of Quinizarin With Metals
"Studies in Coordination-Chain Polymers. II. Some Polymers
of Quini zs,.,In With Metals.," by V. V. Korshak, S. V. Vino-
gradorva, and V. S. Artemova, Institute of ftanoelemental
Compounds, Academy, of Sciences USSR; Moscow Vysokomolekul-
yarnyye Soyedineniya, No 4, Apr 60, pp X92-2+97
Coordination polymers of quinizarin and zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt,
cadmium, and mnese have been synthesized and investigated. It was
found that the thermal stability of the polymers in question diminishes
in the following sequence:
22. Coordination Polymers Derived From Bis- (8-Hydroxyauinolyl) Methane
"Studies in Coordination-Chain Polymers. III. Coordination
Polymers on the Basis of bis- (8-Hydroxyquino].d Meths ,"
V. V. Korshak, S. V. Vinogradova, and Tr Y. Babchinii:ser,
Institute of Organoelemental Compounds, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Vysokcmolekulyarzay_ye Soyedineniya, No 4,
Apr 60, pp 198-507
The synthesis and properties of the coordination polymers of bis-
(8-hydroxyquinolyl) methane with zinc, copper, manganese, nickel, cobalt,
or cadmium are described. Mixed zinc-copper and zinc-cadmium coordination
polymers of bis- (8-hydroxyquinolyl) methane and bis- (8-hydroxyquinolyl)
methane-quinizarin polymers with zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, or m ng nese
have also been prepared.
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Inorganic Chemistry
23. Ammonium Salts of Fluoroboric Acids
"Ammonium Salts of Fluoroboric Acids," by I. G. Ryss and
Ls..,P4:,Bcgdpova, Dnepropetrovsk Institute of Railroad
Transportation; Moscow, Zhurnal. Neor anichesk y Khimii,
Vol 5, No 5, May 60, pp 102d-1035 -
A method is described for synthesizing (NH4)2 [B303F40H] by the
reaction of aam onium bifluoride (IH4HF2) with boric acid. The solubili-
ties and thermal decomposition of the salt obtained were investigated.
It was established that (NH4)2 [B30 F OH] reacts with concentrated solu-
tions of NH4F. How4ver, the produc s of the reaction cannot be separated
because they are extremely soluble in water. They apparently exhibit an
incongruent solubility. A synthesis rf NH4[HW30H] by a procedure described
resulted in the formation of a product that was not entirely pure and
I 'hrbved to be very soluble in water. The substance to which G. I. Petrenko
assigned the formula B203.lW1F.HF was found to consist of a mixture of,
(N114)2 [B303F4OH] with H3BO( and possibly ammonium borates.
The substance to which Sweinhart gave the formula (NH4)2CO (BF ).]
was found to be an inhomogeneous mixture, the principal component o
which is NH4BF4.
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
24. Isotope Composition of Uranium Found in Nature
"The Isotope Composition of Uranium Found in Nature," by
Ye. A. Isabayev, E. P. Usatov, and V. V. Cherdyntsev;
Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 2, No 1, Feb 60, pp 94-97
It was established that the relative content of uranium isbtbpes in
minerals containing an excess of actinium does not deviate from the
normal: The ratio U if U?I34 U238) in secondary minerals and
natural waters is subject to considerable variations. The analysis of
29 samples of water derived from granite massifs, indicated fluctuation
of this ratio from 0.72 to 7.8. On the average, this ratio is equal to
3 and in no case comes close to that-corresponding to a state of equi=??-
librium.
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25. Investigation of the Actinium Content of Some Minerals
"Investigation of Actinium in Natural Objects," by Ye. A.
Isabayev, U. Kh. Asylbayev, and V. V. Cherdyntsev; Lenin-
grad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 2, No 1, Feb. 60, pp 98-103
In recent years, a number of investigations of the actinium content
have been carried out on natural objects in which the relative content
of radioactive substances does not correspond to a state of equilibrium.
It was established that a ratio of actinium to radium higher than normal
is often exhibited by (1) secondary minerals'which have lost radium as
a 'result of migration, (2) recently formed secondary minerals which are
enriched with uranium, and (3) natural waters. In the majority of
objects investigated, actinium was found to be in equilibrium with decay
products (viz. radioactinium and actinium-X). phis applies to all the
objects investigated with the exception of natural waters. As distin
guished from the secondary minerals mentigned'above the natural waters,
certain primary minerals of the hydrothermal phase contain an excess of
actinium. The presence of excess actinium is presumably due to some
nuclear process as a result of which this element accumulates. The
investigation described was done with the purpose of developing a method
for the determination of actinium in the presence of thorium and of
applying this method to the investigation of anomalous minerals containing
an excess of actinium.
Two methods independent of each other were applied for the determi-
nation of small quantities of actinium, i.e., determination of Ac C and
ThC in an active deposit by means of an a-radiation analyzer and
determination of An [actimon] and Ac A on the basis of a count of delayed
pulses using an installation with two luminescence counters. By employing
this procedure, it could be confirmed that there are primary minerals
containing an excess of actinium. It was also established that among
secondary minerals, there are some in which the actinium to radium ratio
is greatly increased because of a loss of radium.
26. Working of Uranium by the Application of Pressure
"Some Aspects of the Application of Force and Deformation
in the Pressure Working of Uranium," by I. L. Perlin,
I. D. Nikitin, V. A. Fedorchenko, A. D. Nikulin, and N. G.
Reshetnikov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 8, No 3, Mar 60,
pp 219-227
7b determine the best conditions for the working of uranium by pres-
sure with the purpose of the production of sheets, rods, tubes, and other
shapes, an investigation has been carried out of the types of deformation
produced and aspects of the application of force which are involved in
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this type of working of the metal in question. The dependence on the
temperature of'-the workability of uranium by rolling and the dependence
of the average specific pressure exerted by uranium on the rolls, as
well as of the absolute widening on the degree of thickness reduction
(in the range of 10-50%) and the temperature (in the range of 400-1)OOb9C),
have been determined. Calculation of the average specific pressure of
uranium on the rolls according to A. I. Tselikov's analytical formula
showed that there is good agreement between the calculated values and
experimental data. The dependence of the stress due to pressing on the
degree of elongation (up to a factor of 54), the temperature (in the
range of 250-800?C), and the reduction of the diameter (the ratio between
the diameters of protective casings is equal to 5) has been studied.
The concepts of susceptibility to working by pressure (pressability) and
of the modulus of pressure stress are introduced. Methods are proposed
for their calculation, and their dependence on the temperature has been
determined. The dependence of the drawing stress and of the safety factor
on the degree of deformation (in the range of 5.5-34%) have been investi-
gated.
27. Formation of Complexes by Uranyl Nitrate With Ord osphorus
Compounds
"Investigation of the Formation of Complexes by Uranyl
Nitrate With Organophosphorus Compounds; Part 2," by M. F.
Pushlenkov, G. P. Nikitina, and V. G. Voden; Leningrad,
Radiokhimiya, Vol 2, No 2, Apr 60, pp 215-221
It was established that the composition of the coordination compound
formed by uranyl nitrate with the n-butyl ester of di-n-butyl phosphinic
acid (BEDBP) corresponds to the formula UO2(NO )2.2 BEDBP. The associ-
ation constants of U02(NO3)2 . 2-DBEBP (di-n-bu yl ester of n-butylphosphinic
acid) and UO2(NO3)2. 2 BEDBP have been determined and found to be equal
2 4
to 6.03 X 10
and 2.96 x to , respectively. The curvature of
in S:f (NO ] ; Ft, 3 B [HI , [TI =const.
B
in the case of TBPO (tri-n-butylphosphinoxide) is apparently due to
transfer into the organic phase of the complexes
U02 NO3 Cl 04 . 2 TBPO and U02 Cl 04)2. 2TBBPO together with UO 2 (N03) 2 .
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28. Structure of Uranyl Nitrate Hexahydrate
"The Structure of the Hexahydrate of Uran 1 Nitrate," by'
V. M. Vdovenko, Ye. V. Stroganov, A. P. Sokolov, and V. N.
Zandin (deceased); Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 2, No 1,
Feb 60, pp 24-31
By using Fourier analysis, the positions of uranium atoms in the
crystal of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate were determined. It was established
that the crystal consists of the complex cations [UO2 (H 0)e ]2+ and NO"
anions. It is proposed in connection with this that the_chemical formula
of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate be written in the form [UO -(H 0) ] (NO)
2 2 6 3 2
It was established that the structure of the complex cation in the crystal
differs little from that of the hydrated uranyl ion in aqueous solutions.
29. Coprecipitation of Trivalent Cerium With Uranium Oxalate
rr.~.r~-rr r
"Coprecipitation of Trivalent Cerium With Uranium Oxalate."
by D. N. Bykhovskiy and A. A. Grinberg; Leningrad, Radio~;:. ; .
kh ya, Vol 2, No 2, Apr 60, pp 164-174
Investigation of the regularities underlying capture,of cerium (III)
by uranium oxalate precipitated from a supersaturated solution and the
dependence of the amounts of cerium coprecipitated on the concentration
of oxalate ions, the concentration of cerium, and the concentration of
some impurities indicated that in the system under consideration equi-
librium is established with great difficulty and that for All practical
purposes the mixed crystals which form are never in equilibrium with the
solution. A distinguishing characteristic of the system studied is the
lack of correspondence between the coefficients D and X ( D)
(SIR Note: D is the crystallization factor determined by Khlopin's
formula for conditions corresponding to true thermodynamic equilibrium
between the crystals and the solution; ? is the factor from- H. Doerner
and W. Hoskins' formula corresponding to logarithmic, distribution of the
microcomponent in the solid phase under conditions when only the surface
of the crystals is in equilibrium with the solution].
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30. Extraction of Uranium With Tributyl Phosphate From Hydrochloric Acid
Solutions
"On the Mechanism of the Extraction of Uranium (VI) With
Tributyl Phosphate From Hydrochloric Acid Solutions," by
V. B. Shevchenko, I. G. Slepehenko, V. S. Shmidt, and
E. A. Nenarokomov; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 5, No 5, May 60, pp 1095-1099
Analysis of the organic phase and investigation of the dependence of
the. distribution factor on the composite of the aqueous and organic ;
phases have shown that at concentrations of tributylphosphate (TBP) in
the organic phase ranging from 0.040 to 0.734 mols per liter, uranium
(VI) is extracted from hydrochloric acid solutions by solutions of TBP
in inert solvents principally in the form of the complex U02C12. 2TBP.
31. Uranyl Thiosihlfate
"On Uranyl Thiosulfate," by A. Ye. Kaygin and N. S. Kolyada;
Moscow, Ziurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 5, No 5, May 60,
pp 1170-1171
The solubilities at 25? of uranyl thiosulfate in solutions of sodium
thiosulfate of different concentrations were determined. The'solubility
product of UO2 S2 034 at 25? was determined and found to be equal to
(3-83,j. 0.27)? 10 . Because the uranyl ion does not form complex
anions with thiosulfate, the iodimetric determination of this ion by
K. B. Yatsimirskiy and Ye. N. Roslyakova's method is impossible. '
32. Separation of Thorium by the Extraction of Thorium Phenylacetate
"Investigation by the Tracer Atom Method of the Possibility
of Separating Thorium From Some Elements by the Extraction
of Thorium; Part I -- Extraction of Thorium Phenylacetate
With Diethyl Ether; The Compound Formed by the Uranyl Ion
With Phenylacetic Acid; Separation of Thorium From Uranium,"
by I. A. Tserkovnitskaya and A. K. Charykov; Leningrad,
Radiokhimiya, Vol 2, No 2, Apr 60, pp 222-230
Phenylacetic acid had been proposed as a reagent for the precipita-
tion of thorium in order to separate it from rare-earth elements. Since
the thorium phenylacetate precipitate is soluble in some organic. solvents,
an investigation was carried out for the purpose of determining the-feasi-
bility of the separation of thorium from certain elements (Primarily
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uranium and rare earths) by extraction. The ultimate purpose was that
of developing a method for the separation of thorium from naturally
occurring materials by the extraction of this element in the form of its
phenylacetate.
It was established in the work described that the thorium phenyl-
acetate precipitate can be extracted by organic solvents without an
apparent change in its structure, i.e., it is not dissolved in the sense
that the energy of solvatation is greater than the energy of hydration.
Complete extraction of thorium phenylacetate by diethyl ether takes place
in the range of pH : 3-5 at an ionic strength of the solution equal to
2 and fixed at that level by adding ammonium chloride. Thorium can be
quantitatively re-extracted from the organic.phase with dilute (1:10)
inorganic acids. It was found that the constant of the dissociation of
phenylacetic acid is equal to (8.1 1 -04).10-5 and that the constant of
the distribution of phenylacetic acid between diethyl ether and water is
equal to 34 L 2.at 2d'and an ionic strength of the solution equal to 2.
The existence of a double uranyl-ammonium phenylacetate of the compo-
sition Uo2(C6H5CH2COO) 2 .Ce5CH COO NH4 was established. A method has 2 been developed for the separation of thorium from large amount of uranium
by extraction of the thorium with diethyl ether in the form of thorium
phenylacetate.
33. Some Properties of Thorium Pyrophosphate
':Investigation of the Solubility of Thorium Pyrophosphate
in Acids and of Equilibriums Between the Solid Phase and
the Solution in the System 'Ib 20 -.Na4 , 2, 7 2 P 7 H2O and
Th P2 07 - l (NO3)4 - 2 0," by fr. M. ~'ilinov (deceased),
Ye. N. Tekster, A. A. Kolpakova, and Ye. Panteleyeva, Chair
of Technology of Artificially Produced Radioactive Sub-
stances, Leningrad Technological Institute imeni Lensovet;
Moscow, 7.hurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 5, No 5, May 60,
PP 1149-115
The solubilities of thorium pyrophosphate in solutions of hydrochloric,
nitric, and sulfuric acid were investigated in the concentration range of
0.1-0.5 N at 200 by using UX1 as a tracer. By using the same method, the
solubilities of sodium pyrophosphate were investigated in the concentration
range of 0.02-0.2 mols per liter. The solubility in water of the compound
Na4[Th (P207)21 was determined. The electrical conductivity and pH of
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aqueous solutions of this compound were also determined. Conductometric
titration in the system Na, 207 - Th (NO ) 4 disclosed that there are
distinct and easily reproducible inflections in the conductometric curve
1. 1. 1
at values of the'ratio [P207 ] [Th ] amounting to 2; 1; and 0-7-0,8-
It was established that the solu ility of thorium pyrophosphate in thorium
nitrate solutions is greater than its solubility in water.
34. Solvent Extraction of Inorganic Substances
"Characteristics of Heterogeneous Equilibriums Formed in 'ie:
Extraction of Inorganic Substances," by A. V. Nikolayev, In-
stitute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the
Academy of Sciences USSR; Novosibirsk, Izvesti Sibirskogo
Otdeleniya Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 4, Apr 600 pp 51-63
General relationships pertaining to the extraction of inorganic sub-
stances are considered on the basis of .data obtained principally in work
with uranium, thorium, and rare-earth elements. Work on 'the subject done
by the author and members of his group is reviewed in some detail. The
paper was presented at an October 1959 meeting of the Joint Scientific
Council on Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
35? Physicochemical Properties of Chlorine Trifluoride
"The Physico -Chemical Propertes of Chlorine Trifluoride,"
by Yu. D. Shishkov and A. A. Opalovskiy, Institute of
Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Uspekhi Hhimii, Vol 29, No 6, Jun 60,
pp 761-773
Methods for the preparation of chlorine trifluoride and the physical
and chemical properties of this substance are reviewed. Me importance
of chlorine trifluoride and of halogen fluorides in general in the nuclear
energy industry as liquid agents for the conversion of uranium into
uranium hexafluoride is emphasized. The exp,'rimental production of C1F3
in Germany in World War II for use as an incendiary substance is briefly
referred to. The review is based almost entirely on non-USSR publications.
So far as USSR work is concerned, work by N. S. Nikolayev and members of
his group (including A. A. Opalovskiy) on the preparation of higher
fluorides of transitional elements by employing liquid or gaseous CIF3
receives some attention. It is stated that the interaction of V205.,wo 3,
or MoO3 with liquid C'F proceeds violently, is accompanied by a flame,
3
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and results in dispersion of the reaction products. Vanadium pentafluoride
and the hexafluorides of tungsten and molybdenum are formed. To prepare
these fluorides, one should use bromine trifluoride or iodine pentafluoride
in preference to chlorine trifluoride because the reaction is less violent
then. ClF can be applied more conveniently in the gaseous state. The
reaction of gaseous chlorine trifluoride with metallic niobium, tantalum,
and molybdenum leads to the formation of NbF5, TaF , and MoF6; respectively.
5
36. Vapor Pressure of T,0
"The Vapor Pressure of T20," M. M. Popov (deceased) and
F: T. Tazetdinov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 8, No 5,
May 60, pp 420-424
A method is described for determining vapor pressures of samples of
highly concentrated tritium water containing 83.4 and 98.1 mol percent
of T20. The results obtained in determinations carried out within the
temperature range of 12-95? C are reported. To take account of the
pressure exerted by gaseous products of the radiolysis of water and of
nuclear transformations, the measurements were carried out by a statis-
tical method at two values of the volume of the apparatus. It was found
that the boiling points of HTO and 20 are equal to 100.8 and 101.6? C,
respectively. They heats of evaporation at these temperatures are 9.9
kilocalories per mol for HTO and 10.1 kilocalories per mol for T 0, while
the standard entropies (so
298S?.16 ) of these two compounds are 19.3 and 19.0,
respectively.
37. Extraction of Radioactive Isotopes With Esters of Butylphos hinic
Acid
"Extraction of a Mixture -of Radioactive Isotopes With Esters
of Butylphosphinic Acid," by A. V. Nikolayev, S. M. Shubina,
and N. M. Sinitsyn; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, No 1, Feb 60,
pp3-5
Esters of alkylphosphinic acids are efficient extractive agents for
uranium and plutonium. L. L. Burger established that the capacity of
esters to extract uranium and plutonium increases in the sequence phos-
phates ( phosphonates< phosphinatesl 6 phosphine oxides.. In this
instance; a mixture coiitalning 6% of Ru , 46%...of rare-earth elements,
7% of Zr95 2% of Cs 137 go
, and 15% of Sr was extracted with butyl esters
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of phosphorus acids. It was established that transition from tributyl
phosphate to the butyl ester of dibutylphosphinic acid results in in-
creased extraction of radioactive isotopes from nitric acid solutions.
Consequently, the reduction of the number of ester groups in a molecule
leads to an increase of the distribution factor.
38. Selection of the Complex-Forming Agent for the Ion-Exchange Sepa-
dt'ion of Rare-Earth Elements
"The Problem of the Effect Exerted by the Size of the Molecules
of Complex-Formers and the Temperature on the Ion-Exchange Sepa-
ration of Radioactive Rare-Earth Elements," by B. K. Preobraz'res
henskiy, A. V. Kalyamin, and 0. M. Lilova; Leningrad, Radio-
khimiya, Vol 2, No 2, Apr 60, pp 239-24+2
The separation factors of all rare-earth elements have been deter-
mined when ammonium lactate is used as the complex-former. It was
established that there is an optimum size of the molecule of the crmplex-
forming substance at which the selectivity of complex-formation with
elements close to each other is greatest; heavy rare-earth elements are
best separated with lactate, while light rare-earth elements can be
separated most efficiently by using snnionium hydroxyisobutyrate. The
effect of the temperature on separation by the ion-exchange method was
also investigated. It was established that the temperature has an
effect on the selectivity of complex-formation and affects factors of
the separation of neighboring elements from each other. This is ap-
parently due to changes in the size of the interacting ions. The
investigation described was cartied out with Dowex - 50 - X 12.
39. Separation of Rare-Earth Elements by the Fractional Conversion of
Their Oxides Into Iodides
"Distribution of Rare-Earth Elements in the Process of the
Dissolution in Water of the Products of the Interaction of
Their Oxides With Ammonium Iodide," by V. K. Val'tsev and
L. K. Solov'yev, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian
Branch of the Academy of Sciences USSR; Novosibirsk,
Izvestiya Sibirskogo Otdeleniya Akademii Nauk SSSR, No
Apr 60, pp 81-86
It was established that by treating a mixture of rare-earth oxides'
containing 37% of samarium with ammonium iodide and then leaching out
the reaction mixture with water, an extracted product containing 56% of
samarium can be obtained. The method used is deemed suitable for the
fine purification of samarium from therbium, dysprosium, holmium, and
erbium.
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40. Extraction of Perchioric Acid With Tributyl Phosphate
"Extraction of Perchioric Acid With Tributyl Phosphate, " 'by
V. V. Fomin and Ye. P. Mayorova; Moscow, Zhurnal Neor a.ni-
cheskoy Ihimii, Vol 5, No 5, May 60, pp 1100-110
The extraction of perchloric acid with solutions of tributylphosphate
(TBP) in benzene was investigated. It was established that the extraction
is accompanied by the formation of HC1Q4 . 4 TBP, 2HC104. 4 TBP and more
complex compounds. The velocity constant of the reaction leading to the
formation of the first compound listed was determined.
1
41. Solvates Formed by Zirconium and Hafn m Nitrates With Tributyl
phosphate
"Tributylphosphate Solvates of Zirconium and Hafnium Nitrates,"
by G. F. Yegorov, V. V. Fomin, Yu. G. Frolov, and G. A.
Yagodin; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 5, No 5,
May 60, pp 1044-1050
It was established that the extent to which nitric acid is taken
up by tributylphosphate (TBP) within a wide range of nitric acid con-
centrations and concentrations of its salts can be estimated by using
constants of the reactions of formation of the complex compounds HNO3 ?TBP
and HNO 3 .2 Tom'. It was also established that theneare two solvates of
zirconium and hafnium nitrates -- Me (No3 )4 ? TBP and Me (NO3 )4 ?2TBP --
which form at different concentrations of TBP in the organic phase. The
dependence of the distribution factors of Zr and Hf on the concentration
of hydrogen ions at constant concentrations of free TBP and of the NO':.-
42. Method for the Production of Hafnium Carbide
"The Problem of the Prdduction of Hafnium Carbide," by
G. A. Meyerson and 0. Ye. Kreyn; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorgani-
cheskoy Khimii, Vol 5, No 5, May 60, pp 1164-1167
The synthesis of hafnium carbide by the interaction of hafnium
dioxide with carbon in vacuum was investigated. It was established that
a temperature as high as 2,0000 is required even in vacuum to eliminate
all oxygen from the hafnium dioxide. When a sufficient total quantity
of carbon is present in the initial charge, one can obtain at 22000 in
vacuum a product.'. close in its composition to Hf C. When there is a
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shortage of carbon in the charge, the content of bound carbon in the
carbide is lower than the theoretical. However, the sum of Hf ,4 C
corresponds to 100%, and the structure of the products obtained corre-
sponds to a Hf C lattice with a reduced period, which indicates that
there is a region of homogeneity in the vicinity of Hf C although some
carbon atomu in the lattice are lacking. A factor which favors the
saturation of hafnium carbide with bound hydrogen is the presence of
CO in a quantity corresponding to several millimeters of mercury pressure.
A high degree of evacuation results in the formation of carbide which
is not saturated with carbon. This is analogous to the results obtained
in earlier work on titanium carbide carried out by the authors. Under
the condition described, the complete synthesis of hafnium carbide close
in composition to Hf C takes place within a relatively short time, viz.,
one hour.
43. Ch roinatographic Method for the Purification of Technetium
"A Chromatographic Method for the Purification of Technetium,"
by A. F. Kuzina and V. I. Spitsyn, Institute of Physical
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences'USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorgani-
:cheskoy Kh:bnii, Vol 5, No 5, may 60, pp 1006-1012
A chromatographic method has been developed for purifying technetium
concentrates isolated from molybdic acid anhydride that has been irradiated
with thermal neutrons. Nitric acid solutimns of the technetium are
purified chromatographically at pH = 2 by means of the cation-exchange
resin KU-2 which is used for adsorbing impurities. By applyi.g chromato-
graphic and radiometric analysis, it was found that the original tech-
netium concentrates contained the radioactive isotopes Zn65, Zr95, W181
and CooO. It was established that by using the chromatographic method,
bne can efficiently eliminate from technetium concentrates impurities
consisting of radioactive and stable elements and isolate chemically and
radiochemically pure technetium compounds with yields reaching 90%.
44. Effect of Irradiation With Fast Neutrons on the Properties and
Structure of Some Metals and Steels
"Investigation of the Properties and Structure of Some
Metals and Steels After Irradiation With Fast Neutrons,"
by Sh. Ibragimov, V. S. Lyashenko, and A. I. Zav'yalov;
Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 8, No 5, May 60, pp 413-419
This article discusses the effects of irradiation with fast neutrons
and subsequent heat treatment on the properties of some metals. The
changes which take place in the properties of metals upon irradiation
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are explained by the formation of dcfecte of different types in the crystal
lattice. These defects disappear after the metal has been annealed at on
appropriate temperature. The kinetics and c:nc)r,;;y of activation of
processes leadini to the elimination of clefeetcs ?..nd ,etrenr thcninv of the
materials have been investigated.
[For additional information on nuclear fuels., and reactor
construa!tj.on-matefials, bee Radiochemistry.]
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Organic Chemistry
45? proved Yields of Methylethylenediphosphonates Reported
"Diphosphonates. Ii. Synthesis of Esters of Ethylene- and
Metbylethylenediphosphonic Acids," by K. A. Petrov, F. L.
Maklyayev, and N. K. Bliznyuk; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey
K. Vol 30, No 5, May 60, pp 1608-1 1E
A method for obtaining ethylenediphosphonates by reacting sodium
dialkylphosphites with dichlorethane was developed by the authors and
is described in this report.
An improved method for preparing, esters of allyiphosphinic and
methylethylenediphosphonicacids is also described. Esters of methylene-
diphosphonic acid were obtained by the addition of dialkylphosphites to
allyiphosphonates in the presence of sodium alcoholates. This reaction
had been studied earlier. However, the authors confirmed that the reac-
tion of dialkylphosphites and allyiphosphonates in the presence of alco-
holates proceeds very slowly at 90-1000C and speeds up considerably at
130-1400. They also established that the rate of this reaction depends
not so-much on the temperature as on the quantity of catalyst added.
With small quantities of the alcoholate, the reaction does not go on to
completion even when the reaction mixture is heated in sealed tubes at
130-1400. With large quantities of the catalyst, the reaction is com-
pleted in a short time, and the diphosphonate is obtained in a yield
greater than 80%. A. N. Pudovik, in 1952, reported obtaining a 51.6%
yield of the same product (Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 22, 1952) p 2052).
Esters of allylphosphinie'acid were obtained by reacting allyl bromide
with sodium dialkylphosphites. By changing the order of adding the reagents
to each other and by adjusting the temperature conditions, the authors
obtained a yield of 72.5% in contrast to the 57% reported by A. N. Pudovik
in 1952.
46. Synthesis of Haloethynesulfochioride
"Investigation of Organic Compounds of Sulfur. V. Synthesis
and Some Properties of Haloethynesulfochloride," by B. M.
Gladshteyn and L. Z. Soborovskiy; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey
Khimii, Vol 30, No 5, may 60, pp 1574-1577
A sulfochloride of the acetylene series was synthesized. The general
equations showing this synthesis are:
C-MgBr C-SO Cl C-S02C1
C2H5MgBr HC _CH -- 111 S
-O2Cl -H2O- H2O
-~ III JO C-MgBr -SO Cl -SO2 C-C
The p-chloroethynesulfochloride in the form of the hydrate was isolated
in the form of its hydrate. Its behavior in relation to aqueous ammonia,
bromine, chlorine, potassium fluoride, zinc fluoride llosway reagent and
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The dihydrochloride of the pheny;lamide of p-phenylamino ethyne
aulfonic acid 0_6U5NH-C4 C-SO2nC6Fr5] . 2HC1) was obtained by reacting
aniline with -chloroethynesulfochloride.
1+7? Preparation of Methylenephosphonates
"Diphosphonates. I. Esters of Methy-lened.iphosphonic
Acid.," by K. A. Petrov, F. L. Maklyayev, and N. K.
Bliznyuk; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 30, No
5, may 60, pp 1602-1608
The reaction between sodium dialkyiphosphites and. esters of chloro-
methylphosphinic acid was studied in detail by the authors. They demon-
strated that the middle esters of methylenediphosphinic, chloromethyl-
phosphinic, and alkylphosphinic acids al.lcylate sodium dialkylphosphites
to form the ester salts of these acids. Improved yields were obtained
for a number of known substances. The a1kylation reactions indicated
appear to be the main cause for the low yields of phosphonates and
diphosphonates in the Michaelis-Becker reaction.
Previously unknown dii,sopropyl and dibutyl esters of chloromethyl?-
phosphinic acid were prepared and characterized.
48. Oxidative Chlorophosphination of Vinyl Chloride by Met idichloro-
phosphine
"Synthesis of Organophosphorus Compounds From Hydrocarbons
and Their Derivatives. XIV. The Oxidative Chlorophosphira.-
tior_ of Vinyl Chloride With Metbyl.dicbJ.orophosphine and the
Preparation of Some Esters of. Dialkylphosphinic Acids," by
Yu. M. Zinov'yev and L. Z. Soborovskiy; Moscow, Zhurnal
.Obshchey Khixnii? Vol 30, No 5, May 60, 1?P. 1571-1573
Esters of secondary phosphinic acids which contain halogen atoms
in an alkyl radical bound to the phosphorus have not been described in
the literature up to now. In the present work, the following structural
types of alityl esters of dialkylphosphinic acids containing chlorine
were synthesized:
CH31, "Pil. (:H3\ /XR
Ci2H3C~ O C1CH=CH" O C3 H
~ /~`O
where R= alkyl, R'= CH2CH2Cl or CII(CH201)2, X= 0 or S.
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The authors describe the oxidative chlorophosphination of vinyl
chloride with methyldichlorophosphine; the acid chlorides of methyl-
dichloroethyl- and methyl-2-chloroethenylphosphinic acids were obtained.
The methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, and isobutyl esters
of methyldichloroethylphosphinic acid, the ethyl esters of methyl-2-
chloroethenylphosphinic'acid, the ethyl ester of methyl-2-chloroethenyl-
thiolophosphinic acid, and the 2-chloroethyl and 1,3-dichloroisopropyl
esters of methylpropylphosphinic acids were synthesized and characterized
after separation.
1.9. Research on Phosphorus Compounds at the Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical
Institute
"Esters of Arylsulfonimidophenylphosphinic Acids," by V. I.
Shevchenko and V. T. Stratiyenko, Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgi-
cal Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 30, No
5, may 6o, pp 1561-1565
The aui:hors report the results of a study of the reactions of
phenyldichlorophosphazosulfonaryls with sodium a]coholates and. phenolates.
A number of-compounds were synthesized and their physical properties
described, including a number of phenyldia'lkoxyphosphazosulfonaryls
(ArSO2N=P(C6H )(OAlk)2), monoalkyl esters of arylfulfonamidoph nylphos-
phinic acids ?ArS02NHPO(C 5)(0Aik)), phenyldiphenoxyphosphazosulfonaryls
(ArSO2N = P(C6H5)(OC6H5)2 and monophenyl esters of arylsulfonamido-
phenylphosphinic acids (ArS02NHPO(C6H5)(OC6H5).
50. Synthesis of Acid Chlorides of N-Dichlorophosphinylareniminosulfonic
Acids
"Acid Chlorides of N-Dichlorophosphinylarenimi.nosulfonic
Acids," by Ye. S. Levchenko and A. V. Kirsanov, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences) Ukrainian SSR;
Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 30, No 5, May 60,
pp 1553-1561
The acid chlorides of N-dichlorophosphinylareniminosulfonic acid
were obtained by reacting with PC15 the acid dichlorides of arylsulfon-
amidophosphoric acids having aryl groups which do not contain negative
substituents. These acid chlorides posses the chemical properties of
the acid chlorides of sulfonic acids and the acid dichlorides of aryl-
sulfonamidophosphoric acids, but, in contrast to the latter, they do
not exhibit acid properties.
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The aryl esters of N-diaroxyphosphinylareniminosulfonic acids are
formedtbr a reaction of -sodium arylates with the acid chlorides of N-
dichlorophosphinyl;i.eniminosUlfonic acids. The latter reaction can be
represented by the general equation:
ArSO(=NPOC12)Cl + 3Ar'ONa -4 ArSo NPO(OAr')27 + 3NaCl.
The physical and chemical properties of the synthesized compounds
are listed. Three tables accompany the report.
51. Continuation of Research on Organic Compounds of Arsenic Reported
"Some Characteristics of Esters of Dialkylarsinous Acids,"
by Gil 'in Kamay and B. D. Chernoka:l.'skiy, Kazan' Chemico-
technological Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii,
Vol 30, No 5, May '60, pp 1536-1541
The present work is a continuation of the authors' research in the
synthesis and properties of,esters of dialkylarsinous acids. Alkyl
esters of dialkylarsinic acid were obtained by the oxidation of the
corresponding esters of dtialkylarsinous acids with selenium dioxide.
The first known representatives of the alliyl esters of dialkylarinic
acids were prepared; the atomic refraction of arsenic in these compounds
was calculated. The physical characteristics of,the prepared compounds
are,listed in two tables.
52. Uns
etrical Derivatives of 1,6-Diaryllxvdre,zodithiodicarbamides
"Investigation of Unsymmetrical Derivatives of 1,6-diaryl-
hydrazodithiodicarbamides. I.," by R. G. Dubenko and P. S.
Pel'kis, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences
Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 30, No
5, may 60, pp 1437-1441
Among the substituted thiocarbanilides, pherkylthiosemicarbazides
and 1,1+-diphenylthiosemicarbazides, there have been found a number of
compounds with interesting physiological properties. With this in mind,
the authors sought to synthesize and study the various unsymmetrical
substituted 1,6-dipheny]hydrazodithiodicarbamides with the general
formula RNHCSNH HCSNHR', which are close to the above-mentioned compounds
in their properties. Derivatives of this series of compounds have not
been investigated extensively. They, apparently, should possess the
properties to be oxidized at the hydrazo bond, to react in the thiolo-
form, and to ibam complex compounds with various cations. The compounds
are of interest because they can be comparatively easily cyclized into
thiourazole derivatives.
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Derivatives of 1,6-diarylhydrazodithiocarbamide were prepared by
the reaction of 4-phenylthiosemicarbazide with the corresponding substi-
tuted phenylisothiocyanates induced by heating in anhydrous alcohol. The
reaction takes place according to the equation:
RNHCSNH[JH2 + SCNR' -- RNH
The synthesis, as described in the literature, of several substi-
tuted 4-phenylthiosemicarbazides, starting from the corresponding mustard
oils and hydrazine hydrate in alcohol, gives low yields and presents dif-
fisulties so far as isolation of,pure products is concerned. In this
work, the derivatives of 4-phenylthiosemicarbazide were obtained from
the corresponding substituted phenylisothiocyanates and hydrazine hydrate
in an alcohol-water medium.
Substituted phenylisothiocyanates were synthesized from the corres-
ponding amines and thi,ophosgene in chloroform and water.
In all, the authors synthesized 18 substituted 4-phenylthiosemi-
carbazides and 39 unsymmetric derivatives of 1,6-dipheriylhydrazothio-
carbamide which had not previously been described in the literature.
Radiation Chemistry
53. Effect of Gamma-Radiation on Butadiene Elastomers
"Tnvestigation of the Chemical Structure of Butadiene Elas-
tomers Subjected to the Action of Gamma Radiation," by A. I~
Yakubchik and V. A. Filatova; Leningrad., Zhurnal Prikladnoy
Khimii, Vol 33, No 5, May 60, PP 1177-1182
It was established that butadiene elastomers subjected to the action
of gamma radiation lost their solubility, which indicates that there has
been cross-linking of macromolecules. The chromatograms of mixtures of
acidic products of ozonolysis of irradiated butadiene elastomers of dif-
ferent types (Na-polymerized or polymerized in the presence of a Ziegler
catalyst) proved to be identical with respect to the number and type of
peaks. However, there were differences in the heights of these peaks.
On the basis-of the chromatograms which were obtained., one may conclude
that in the macromolecules of irradiated elastomers there are sections
having the same structure as that of the initial elastomers before
ittadiation. Reduction in the heights of the peak's made it possible to
draw conclusions in regard to the relative extent of the disappearance
of double bonds in sections of different structural types.
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51. Effect of Gamma-Radiation on the Electrode Characteristics of Lithium
Glass
"The Effect of Gamma Radiation on the Electrode Character-
istics of Lithium Glass," by N. A. Fedotov; Moscow, Atomnaya
Ener a, Vol 8, No 3, Mar 60, pp 262-261.
It was established that even after intensive irradiation with gamma-
rays, the sensitivity gradient and the resistance of electrodes made of
lithium glass remain unchanged. The absolute value of the change of the
asymmetry potential of electrodes was found. to be approximately 3 milli-
volts on the average. The results obtained indicate that electrodes
made of lithium glass can be used for carrying out reliable determinations
of the pH of solutions which have a high content of isotopes that emit
gamma-radiation.
55. Angular Energy- Distribution of Gamma Radiation Dispersed in Water
and Iron
"Angular Energy Distribution of Gamma Radiation Dispersed
in Water and 'Cron," by Yu. A. Kazanskiy; Moscow, Atomnaya
Energiya, Vol 8, No 5, May 60, pp 432_44o
This investigation deals with the most typical characteristic of the
process of multiple dispersion of gamma, rays, namely, angular energy dis-
tribution, a knowledge of whicl. makes it possible to calculate the reduc-
tion of the intensity of gamma radiation under conditions which: are com-
plicated from the geometric standpoint. The angular energy- distribution
in iron and water of gasimia rays emitted by b, cobalt -60 source have been
determined under the assumption that a semi-infinite geometry is valid.
It was established that the distributions exhibit a maximum close to the
energy value which corresponds to a single dispersion over a minimum
angle. It was also established that the angular distributions of interis-
ity vary according to an exponential law and that the exponential factor
changes linearly with the atomic narnber of the medium. The energy dis-
tributions of the intensity which have been obtained are compared with
the results of calculations carried out by H. Goldstein and J. Wilkins.
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56. Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Chemical Structure of Rubber-
Tike ] 1uorine-Contaihing Polymers-
it The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Chemical Structure
of Rubber-Like Fluorine-Containing Polymers," by A. S.
Novikov, V. L. Karpov, F. A. Galil-Ogly, N. A. Slovokhotova,
and T. N. Dyiunayeva, Physical Chemistry Institute imeni L.
Ya.. Kxarpov; Moscow, Vrsokomolekulyar
Apr 60, pp 485-491 nyye Soyed.ineniya, No 4.,
The effect of ionizing radiation on the chemical structure of rubber-
li1.e fluorine-conta.ning copolymers has-been investigated. The influence
of the medium on the process has been elucidated. It has been shown that
on irradiation in air,, double-bonds of the types -CF = CF -, - CH= CF2,
and CF = CI2 and the oxygen-containl.ng groups
Ci\\ , - and, - ~.+\
`0 \ OH R
as well as hydxoxyl, are formed. On irradiation in vacuum, double bonds
of-the type -,CF = CF2 appear in large amounts. The number of double
bonds in the copolymer and the degree of cross linking have been found
to depend upon its hydrogen content.
On the basis of the experimental results, a mechanism is proposed
for the formation of double bonds and radicals during irradiation of
fluorine-containing copolymers, and the possibilities of the occurrence
of degradation and structurizetion processes are indicated.
57. Grafting of Various Monomers Onto Polyvinylalcohol Films by the
Action of X-Radiation
"The Grafting of Various Monomers Onto Polyvinylalcohol
Films bv, the Action of X-,Radiation, " by I, Santo and K
Gal,.Central Chemical Research Institute, Hungarian
Acadeir of Sciences; Moscow,, sokomolekultiyarnyye
SoyedineniIa, No 4, Apr 60, pp 5 -5
The grafting of methylmethacry1~te (MA) onto polyv1zxylaicohol. film-s
(PVA) at low radiation doses (1+ ? 10 roentgens) has been investigated.
In the case of MMA, the concentration of metbrl alcohol used as.solvent
was found to exert a strong influence on the extent of grafting. An
optimal methanol concentration was found at which already low'irradiation
doses lead to a sharp increase in the extent of grafting.
Lor additional information on radiation chemist ,
see Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials.
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Radiochemistry
58? Complexes Formed by 'rt-trium
"Investigation of Complexes Formed by Yttrium; Part I-
fttrium Oxinates," by M. G. Panova, Vo-1o Levin., and No
Ye. B. Berezhneva; Leningrad, Rad?iokhimiya. Vol 2 No
2, Apr 60, pp 197-.207
The extraction of yttrium, by a solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline
(oxine) in chloroform from a 3-M perchlorate solution was investigated.
A. method has been developed for, determining the distribution factors
in such a manner that .the effect of hydrolysis on' the results of the
de?tesmi.natj,on is eliminated. At 'concentrations of ,yttrium in the aqueous
phase lower than or equal to lp-b M, this element is extracted in the
form of the simple oxinate, ?YA o At. l .gher concentrations, the dimer
(Y,A )2 is extracted predominstlyo On the, average, 005 'molecule of
undissociated 8-hydroxyquinoline er}ters into the composition of the com-
plex being extracted. By employing extra9tion methods, the asoociation
constants of the 8-1ydroxyquinoline complexes of 'atrium were determined.
They were found to correspond to?.
r r
log X 1 = .8015 - 0.1.4; log 2L2 = 14090 -, 0025; log Y,3 = 20025 0.35
Three, different methods of calculating the association constants were
compared. It was established that the "two parameter" graphic method
gives the best results, which are close to those obtained by the method
of the least squares. The graphic method is of advantage because of its
simplicity and the short time required for applying it.
59. Some Complexes Formeq by ~'t? ,pan
"Investigation of Complexes Fined by Yttrium; Part 2-
Sulfate, Nitrates, and Chloride Complexes9" by M0 C
Panova,, N. Ye.,Brezheneva9 and V. 1. Levin; Leningrad,,
Radiokhimiya, Vol 2, No 2,, Apr 6o., pp 208-214
A method has been developed for .the quantitative investigation of
the formation of complexes in solution: that is based on changes in the
equilibrium dis~ri.bution of a substance between two liquid. phases as a
result of the formation of a complex.. A method has been developed. for
the calculation of constants of complex-formation.,, which constitutes a
new variant of the "two parameter" method. The constants of the forma-
tion of yttrium complexes with sulfate, chloride., and nitrate,ions have
been determined at a constant ionic strength amounting to 3000.
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60. Electrochemical Behavior of Europium at a Mercury Cathode
"Separation. of Radioattive Isotopes at a Mercury Cathode;
Part I - Investigation of the' Electrochemical Behavior of
Europium," by V. P9:Shvedov and Fu I - Pei; Leningrad.,
Rad.iokhimiya, 'Vol 2, No 1, Feb 60, pp 57-64
On the basis of -the results described, it is concluded that the
free ions of europium, on forming because of the dissociation of the
complex in which they are contained, displace the alkali metal in the
mercury amalgam originally, formed with the formation of an amalgam of
the rare ee,rth element. The effects of different factors on the separa-
tion of europium at. the mercury cathode were investigated, including the
influence exerted by the concentration of the complex-forming agent. It
was established that, not only citric acid, but also succinic acid,
tartaric acid, and trilon B can be used as complex-forming agents 'in the
electrolytic separation of europium
D-1152-154 and Cs137 were used in the investigation described.
67 a Determination of Radioactive Strontium in Water
"Determination of Radioactive Strontium in the Water of
Open Reservoirs Bodies of Watee," by V. L. Zolotavin
and L. K. Ponomareva; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 2,
No 1., Feb 6o., pp lo4-lo6
A new method is proposed for the determination, of strontium-90 and
strontium-89 in. water when these isotopes are present in small. concen-
trations. The sodium salt of rhodizonic acid is used for the precipita-
tion of the strontium. The time required for the determination is 1052
hours, and the maximum error is ?1O%o Application of the method described
makes it possible to determine activity due to strontium-,90 down to a
strontium content of 5 x 10?']1 curies per liter, which is by one order
smaller than the smallest permissible concentration of this isotope in
water. The presence of cesium-137, ruthenium-106, cerium-144, and
zirconium-95 does not interfere with the determination.
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62., Radiochemical Investigation of the Products of Splitting of Uranium
With Protons Hang an Energy of 660 Mev
"Radiochemical Investigation of Products of the Splitting
of Uranium With Protons Having an Energy of 660 Mev," by'.
A. K.,Lavrukhina and S. S. Rodin; Leningrad, Radiokhimitra,
Vol 2, No 1, Feb 6o, pp 83-93
By carrying out'a radiochemical investigation of the products'of"
splitting of uranium with protons having an energy,of 660 Mev and using
experimental and interpolated data, the whole complex of the formation
of residial nuclear products has been clarified. The fundamental rela-
tionships underlying the formation of these products have been,estab-
lishecl. It was found thgt th fullccross-section of the splitting of
uranium equals 0.4 x 10 cm and that there'. is a relatively high yield
of isotopes possessing an excess of neutrons. It could be shown that
the isotopes whichc.are formed with the greatest yields are closest to
the line of nuclear stability. The magnitude of the ratio E n / E P
= 2.3 indicates that a considerable number of protons is emitted during
the splitting of uranium.' This phenomenon can be explained by the con-
tribution to the number of protons resulting from the fission of nuclear
products and also to the higher cross-section of fragmentation exhibited
by uranium as compared with other elements. The effect of the fission
process on the yield of products of the splitting c,r uranium is discussed.
63. Determination of Radioactive Impurities in Germanium-71
"Determination of Radioactive -'Impurities in Germanium-71
Preparations and Preparation of Radiochemically Pure
Germanium-71," by M. M. Golutvina and Ye.'A. Tikhomirova;
Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 2, No 1, Fed 60, pp 112-119
Ge71 is produced continuously by. irradiating, metallic, germanium in
a nuclear reactor. It was established that germanium-71 which is prdduced
in this manner and derivatives of this isotope which are distributed con-
tain selenium-75, antimony -124, thulium -170, and cesium - 134 as impuri-
ties. The proportion of these impurities varies. A simple and rapid method
has been developed for the purification of germanium by an extraction method.
Application of the_3roccdure described results in the isolation of radio-
chemically pure Ge .
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Miscellaneous
64. New Soviet Chemistry Journal on Kinetics-and Catalysis
Moscow, Kinetika i Kataliz, Vol 1, No 1, May/Jun 60
The first issue of the new journal Kinetika?i.Katiliz (Kinetics and
Catalysis), published by the Academpr of Sciences USSR, contains 175 pages,
has table of cpntents in Russian and English, and has a distribution of
1,200 copies. It includes 16 technical articles, a two-page editor's
preface, and a six-page khronika (news) section. Each technical article
begins with a Russian abstract and carries the author's institutional
affiliation ahead of the bibliography at the end.
The editor's preface to this first issue notes the importance of
establishing scientific foundations for the control of chemical conver-
sions as a leading problem in fulfilling the 1959-1965 plan provisions
for 100-billion-ruble development of the chemical industry and the role
of research''and development aimed at- discovery of.. regularities (laws)
governing the mechanism and kinetics of chemical reactions and methods
of regulating their direction and rate in this problem. It says, further,
that the significance of the laws of chemical kinetics and catalysis is
not limited to the chemical industry, but bears as well on power engineer-
ing, metallurgy, petroleum refining, and other?ntional economic areas;
and their role is exceptionally great in biological science, where selec-
tive catalytic action of enzymes is the basic method of controlling the
most important functions of living organisms.
The extensive and rapid development of work in the field is pointed
out. The Siberian Branch of the 4cadeny of Sciences USSR is mentioned
especially, "where the .first Institute of. Kinetics and Combustion and?
Institute of Catalysis in our country are being established."
The journal is to serve as a vehicle for original theoretical and
experimental works on the kinetics of. chemical conversions in the gas,
liquid, and solid phases,, investigation of intermediate active particles
(radicals, ions), combustion, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis,
catalyst selection criteria, structure of catalysts, catalytic processes
of practical .importance, the influence of mass and-'heat transfer on the
kinetics of chemical conversion, and methods of calculating and modeling
chemical reactors. Serious attention j$ll be devoted to elucidation of
methods of inve-stigating the mechanism and kinetics of chemical reactions.
and the structure and properties of catalysts. The work of leading foreign
(i.e., non-Russian) scientists, as well as Soviet work, will be presented.
Letters, bibliographies, conference coverage, reviews, etc.. will also-be
..
carried.
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This, is one of a series of six new- publications listed as " journals
of the Siberian Branch of the Acaden r of Sciences 'USSR. " push this
first issue is dated May/June 1960, it is advertised as . a. quarterly .
65. Forthcoming conference on Physicochemical Analysis
"Announcement" unsigned; Moscow, Zhurnal Neor~alni.cheskoy
I~imii, Vol V, No 5, May 60, 'back cover '- _ '__..__-
/11"1\ /1"1 /11 IT
."The 6th of December 1960 marks the 100th. year since the bitth of
the outstanding chemist -- the founder of physicochemical analysis --
Academician Nikolay Semenovich Kuraakov.
"This date is timed with the -calling of the Fourth All-Union Con-
ference on PIWsiQothemical Analysis in Moscow.
"Work of this conference will be conducted in plenary sessions and
the following sections :
1. General problems of physicochemical analysis.
CPYRGHT
3. Metallic alloys and semiconductors.
Ii. Silicates and inorganic polymers.
5. Organic systems.
6. Physicochemical analysis in analytical chemistry.
"The address of the organizational committee is:
Moscow V-71, Leninskiy Prospekt, 31, Inetitut Obshchey 1,-Neorganiche-
skoy Khimii imeni N. S. Kurnakova A1tadeinii Nauk SSW.".
66. Forthcoming Conference on Deep-Seated. -Processes
Untitled, unsigned announcement; Moscow, Geo~,
No i+, 1960, P 380
"The Institute of Geochemistry and Ana7.ytical.Chemistry imeni V. I.
Vernadskiy of the Acadenbr of Sciences USSR, together with other organiza-
tions, is planning to hold a conference. in the second half of November
1960 on problems-of experimental research in the field of deep-seated
processes..
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CPYRGHT
"The conference is being conducted for the purpose of explaining
the general nature of experimental research at high temperatures and
pressures directed at the solution of geochemical problems, for an
exchange of experience, and for coordination of research and the work-
ing out of the necessary organizational and technical measures for achiev-
ing further development in this field of research.
"It is planned to hear and discuss material on the following sections:
1. Information from individual organizations on the status of work
in experimental research at high temperatures and pressures and on p1p8
for future work.
2. Scientific reports on the problem (theoretical and experimental).
3. Experimental technique and material-technical provisions (instru-
ments, equipment, and materials).
"It is intended to issue printed abstracts of reports prior to the
conference and to publish a special collection after the conference."
The article is signed by the Conference Organizational Bureau at
the following address: Moskva V-133, Vorob'yevskoye shosse 1+7-a, GYeOKhI
AN SSSR, Orgbyuro Soveshchaniya po glubinnym protsessam.
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III. ELECTRONICS
Communications
67. Corrections in Current Distribution of Antenna Reflector
"Distribution of Currents on the Reflector of a Mirror Antenna,"
by L. B. Tarmakovskiy and V. L. Tandim; Moscow,` Radiotekhnika.i
CPYRGHT Elektronika, Vol V, no 6, Jun 60, pp 918-925
"Diffraction corrections in the current distribution on an idealized
reflector of a mirror antenna are studied. A relationship is established
between currents induced on the reflector by the near field of the radiator
and the radiation pattern of the radiator. The insignificance of correction
fvr curvature of the reflector for a second order surface with the source
at the focus is.ehown. Formulas are derived for the fringe current of the
circumference which describes the effect of a sharp reflector rim in relation
to the gbometry of the reflector."
68. Noise-Stability of Two Decoding Methods Compered
"A Comparison of Two Methods of Decoding Interval Codes," by
L. P. Kuklev and Yu. P. Ozerskiy; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i
Elektronika, Vol V, No 6, Jun 60, pp 894-901
A comparison is made of the noise-stability of two methods of decoding,
the coincidence method and the summing method. The comparison is made in
relation to fluctuating noise for cases of controlled and fluctuating signals,
and the error of decoding at a given signal-to-noise ratio at the detector
input is determined for both methods.
It is boncluded that, where the decoding error must be small, the
coiCncidence method is more advantageous than the summing method, and only
for comparatively small signal-to-noise ratios does the summing method
show a certain advantage.
The author expresses his thanks to Ye. I. Manayev for his assistance.
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69. Smearing in Television Image of Moving Object
"On the Resolution and Definition of the Television Images of
Moving Objects," by K. M. Shul'zhenko, Izvest. Tomsko 0 politekhn.
in-ta (News of the Tomsk Polytechnic Institute), No 66, 195d,
FP 1:23-136 (from Referati Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 8,
25 Apr 60, Abstract No 6.7
This article discusses the smearing of the images of moving objects
produced by storage-type telev.sion,transmitting tubes. The_:idea" is
intreduced of a zone of displacement "a" of the moving ducails of the
image for an equivalent exposure time. It is shown that estimates of
the variation of sharpness in relation to maximum transconductance and
the duration of the wave front coincide. A supericonoscope was used in
the experiments. The travel of the black-white transition along the scan
line was repeated with the frame frequency. On the oscilloscope screen,
the line signal with an image having moving borders was observed, and the
transient characteristic of the system during transmission of moving objects
was determined. The theoretical results were confirmed by experiment. The
lack of definition smearing facto] was found to be
i=n
a2 + E Hi, where Hi is the smearing caused
i=1
by the objective, aperture opening, and the transient characteristics of
various transmission links.
Components
70. Adaptability of DATs-50 Arc Lamp for Signaling
"Frequency Response of the DATs-50 Point-Arc Lamp," by V. A.
Parshinskiy; Moscow, Svetotkhnika, No 7, Jul 60, pp 11-13
The frequency response of the DATs-50 point-arc lamp was studied to
determine its suitability in transmission of information to a great distance
by the modulated light beam. The light intensity of the DATs-50 lamp is
2 - 3 x 107 nit, and the diameter of its light spot is about one -:-'.
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The main component of the 'lamp is a specially processed tungsten
cathode tube filled with zirconium oxide. The glass bulb iq filled with
argon at a pressure of one atm. The operating voltage at the lamp is 16 v,
and the firing voltage is from 1,000 to 2,000 v. The electric modulation
of the DATs-50 lamp is accomplished by superposition of ac current from a
sonic-frequency oscillator on the lamp's dc current supply. The maximum
practical modulation frequency of the lamp is 10,000 cps, and the minimum
about 100 cps.
It was shown that the DATs-50 arc lamp is quite suitable for informatior
transmission by modulated light beam.
71. Vavilov-Cherenkov LCerenkov7 Effect in Anisotropic Wave Guides
"Peculiarities of the Vavilov-Cherenkov Effect in Anisotropic
Wave Guides," by N. A. Khizhnyak and V. P. Shestopalov, Uch.
zap. Khar'kovsk. un-t, 1959, 102, Tr. Radiofiz. fak. (Scien-
tific Reports of lthar kov University, 1959, Vol 102, Works of
the Radiophysics Faculty), No 3, pp 69-711. (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 8, 25 Apr 60 Abstract N-6777-166)
The power losses are considered for particles which move uniformly
along the axis of a rectangular wave guide filled with a homogeneous
anisotropic dielectric having a diagonal tensor of dielectric permeability.
Expressions are obtained for the radiation field, and it is shown that,
contrary to the case of the motion of particles in an infinite medium,
the fields of the ordinary-wave component and the extraordinary-wave
component are associated through the boundary conditions produced by an
oscillatory system similar to a resonant pendulum. Because of the co-
herence of the ordinary and extraordinary wave components, pulsations
are produced. It is possible to obtain pulsations corresponding to any
submillimeter-wave range.
72. H2p Waves in Cruciform Wave Guide
"Calculation of the Critical Frequency for H 20 Waves in Wave
Guides Having a Cruciform Cross Section," by V. M. Sedykh,
Uch. zap. Khar'kovsk. un-t, 1959, 102, Tr. Radiofiz. fak.
(Scientific Reports of Khar'kov Univpr?sity, 1959, Vol 102,
Works of the Radiophysics Faculty), No 3, pp 63-68 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 8, 25 Apr 60,
Abstract No 6.7171
An equation is obtained which relates the cross sectional dimensions
of the wave guide to a natural number in the form of an infinite matrix.
The divergence of the critical frequency values (computed in the first
approximation and measured experimentally) does not exceed 1.4+ percent.
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73. Elliptically Polarized Waves in Circular Wave Guide
"The Ponderomotor Effect of an Elliptically Polarized Electro-
magnetic Wave on the 'Plane' Phase-Shifting Element in a Circular
Wave Guide," by M. A. Silayev, Uch. zap. Khar'kovsk. un-t, 1959,
102, Tr. Radiofiz. fak. (Scientific Reports of Kharkov University,
1959, Vol 102, Works of the Radiophysics Faculty), No 3, pp 25-
33 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 8, 25 Apr 60,
Abstract No 6.7172
This report considers the polarization transformation by a "plane"
phase-shifting element during the transmission of a wave with arbitrary
orientation of the polarized ellipse. The average power transmitted
during one period by an elliptically polarized H11-wave is determined.
On the basis of a quantum-mechanical notion, the angular electromagnetic
moment of the H 1-wave is established. The ponderomotor moment of the
elliptically polarized H11-wave is also determined.
74. Field Effects on a Conductor Inside a Wave Guide
"Effect of Electromagnetic Waves On a Conducting Body Inside a
Wave Guide," by M. A. Savchenko; Uch. zap. Khar'kovsk. un-t,
1959, 102, Tr. Radiofiz. fak. (Scientific Reports of JChar'kov
University, 1959, Vol 102, Works of the Radiophysics Faculty),
No 3, pp 4.3-47 (from Referati Znurnal -- Elektrotekhnika,
No 8, 25 Apr 60, Abstract No 6.7199
An analysis was made of the mechanical effects of the electromagnetic
field on a metallic body inserted inside a wave guide. Results are given
of the solution of the problem for a loop, a dipole, and a system of dipoles.
It is shown that, discounting mutual effects, the change of the mean moment
of rotation of a system of dipoles is not proportional to the number of
dipoles in the system.
75. Influence of Auto-Oscillations in Potentiometer Bridge Computing Devices
"On the Influence of Auto-Oscillations on the Precision of Bridge-
Type Computing Devices," by V. I. Sergeyev, Trudy Instituta Mash-
inovedeniya AN SSSR, Seminar po Tochnosti v Mashinostro eni a i
Priborostroyeniya (Works of the Institute of Machine Science,
Academy of Sciences USSR, Seminar on Precision in Machine Build-
ing and Instrument Building), No 12, 1959, pp 58-71 (from Refer,6-
ativnyy Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 8, 25 Apr 60, Abstract No
?L.7385)
A study is made of the auto-oscillations in a rheostat bridge circuit
with automatic drive, designed for the multiplication of two values. The
auto-oscillations are the result of such nonlinearities of the drive as a
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zone of insensitivity, a zone of saturation, and dry friction. Formulas
are derived with which it is possible to compute the probability character-
istics (mathematically expected and mean square deviations) of the alnplitud.r-~
values of the auto-oscillations. The total displacement error of the b ridu;c
circuit is obtained as the sum of the amplitude values of the auto-oscillatI..,
and a number of initial errors in the given potentiometers.
Instruments and Equipment
76. Brownian Movement and Wattmeter Sensitivity
"On the Lower Limit of Power Measured by a Ponderomotor Watt-
meter," by V. D. Kukush and V. G. Orlov, Uch. zap. Khar'kovsk.
un-t, 1959, 102, Tr. Radiofiz. fak. (Scientific Reports of Ithar' kovr
University, 1959, Vol 102 Works of the Radio physics Faculty),,
No 3, pp 59- 2 (from Referati Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika,
No 8, 25 Apr 60, Abstract No 6.70
The notion was confirmed that the sensitivity threshold is limited
by the fluctuations of the instrument pointers resulting from thermal
(Brownian) movement. A formula is given for determining the measure-
ment error resulting from Brownian movement. The error value cannot be
reduced by amplifying the small deflections of the sensing element, nor
by evacuating the instrument. A formula is given for determining the
lower limit of power measured with a specified precision.
77. Wave Guide Meter for High Power Measurements
"On the Problem of Measuring High Power Levels," by Ye. G. Bilyk,
and R. A. Valitov, Uch. zap. Khar'kovsk. un-t, 1959, 102, Tr.
Radiofiz. fak. (Scientific Reports of Khar'kov University, 1959,
Vol 102, Works of the Radiophysics Faculty), No 3, pp 35-41 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 8, 25 Apr 60, Abstract
No 6.70457
An investigation is made of the problem of measuring high and super-
high levels of very high frequency power by the ponderomotor method utiliz-
ing the mechanical force of the magnetic field acting on a membrane in the
wall of a wave guide. Diagrams are given of pressures generated at the
walls of a rectangular wave guide for various types of waves. A table
shows comparative pressures for the 3-centimeter and 10-centimeter (}; and s)
bands. The question of shortening the length of the waves in the wave guide
(slowing the propagation) is considered as a method of increasing the sensi-
tivity of the instrument. Two methods of constructing the delay system are
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discussed: the insertion of a dielectric into the wave guide and design-
ing the walls of the wave guide as a comb-structure. A description is
given of a design for a ponderomotor measuring device using a delay system
in the 3-centimeter band. A capacitance-type transducer is used to convert
the pressures into electrical values (current or voltage).
78. Radio Buoy for Sea Wave Measurements
"Measuring the Waves in Deep Water by Means of a Radio Wave-
Graph," by A. K. Kuklin, Trudy Vostochno-Sibirskogo Filiala AN
SSSR, (Works of the Eastern Siberian Branch of the Academy of
Sciences USSR), No 15, 1958, pp 27-37 (from Referativn Zhurnal--
Elektrotekhnika, No 8, 25 Apr 60, Abstract N-077-7303) The "radio wave-graph" determines the height, period., and rate of
motion of waves, as well as the wind velocity, the velezity and direction
of drift of the buoy containing the transducers for the measured values.
The transmitting section, consisting of the decimeter-wave transmitter,
transducers, electromagnetic manipulator, commutator, and timing relay,
is located in the buoy. The radio receiving and recording sections,
which are made up of an AM-signal receiver, frequency filter, high-
frequency detector, electromagnetic relay, recording device, two pulse
counters and magnetic-tape recorder, can be as much as 32 kilometers
apart. The device can operate for about 10 days without a change of
power supply jatteries7. .
79. New Soviet Aviation Instrument
"Aircraft Control Equipment" (unsigned news item); Prague,
Obrance Vlasti, 17 Jun 60, p 5
According to a brief report, a group of Soviet engineers has designed
a special electronic control unit which is scheduled to-be installed on
all Soviet aircraft in the future. The small instrument, weighing only a
few kilograms, is to be installed in the immediate vicinity of the tail
assembly and will record, fully automatically, the functioning of all
important flight instruments. Furthermore, it will have the capacity of
recording the conversations of the crew over a period of several hours.
In the event of a disaster, it would then be possible to determine the
exact causes of any malfunctions according to the special instrument pack-
age.
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Materials
80. Recent Progress in Semiconductors
CPYRGHT
"Speech Given at the Plenary Session of the Central Committee
CPSU, ]Jw July 1960 in Connection With Reports on the Execution
of Decisions of the 21st Congress CPSU Concerning the Develop-
ment of Industry, Transportation, and Introduction of the Newest
Achievements of Science and Technology," by Academician A. F.
Joffe, Director of the Institute of Gemiconductors, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Ekonomicheskaya?Gazeta, No 39 (711),
15 Jul 60, p 4
"Only 30 years ago, semiconductors began to be used in technology,
initially as,rectifiers of alternating currents and materials for photo-
cells. Since then, they have been introduced extensively into radio
engineering, automatics and signal transmission, and measurement tech-
niques, and, during recent years, into television, electronic computer
applications, the generation of power, and refrigeration.
"The time is not far away when semiconductor thermoelements and
photocells will be instrumental in rebuilding the basis of our power
industry and of refrigeration and heating technology as well. They will
also change the ratio of direct to alternating current used in electrical
engineering.
"The best-known applications are in radio engineering and rectifiers.
There is no denying that we still lag to some extent in this field, although
considerable progress has been made in scientific research and production.
"The fact that semiconductor diodes and triodes have replaced radio
tubes is sufficiently well-known. Everybody knows that the new semiconductor
devices consume many times less electric power, that they do not require
preheating as vacuum tubes do, that they can be manufactured in very small
sizes, that they are not affected by vibrations, that they are distinguished
by an exceptional mechanical strength and a long useful life, and that their
application improves computers.
"Rectifiers of alternating current, the application of which 10 years
ago, when cuprous oxide and selenium were used, entailed power losses close
to 30%, do not produce a power loss of more than 1-2o now that germanium
and silicon are used. Application of modern rectifiers solves problems
arising in the production of aluminum and other metals, in electrical
transportation, and in many other fields where direct current is applied.
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"The third field of the application of semiconductors, namely, photo-
cells, has become widely known because of the application of such cells on
satellites and space craft where radiation emitted by the sun becomes the
sole and unalterable source of power. The possibility of an economic pro-
duction of electric power by converting the energy of solar radiation with
the aid of semiconductor thermoelements is not too far removed; this will
introduce new factors into all aspects of power production.
"Because of the exceptional importance of the problem of power generation,
somewhat more detailed information on thermoelements is appropriate. The
temperature of the heat source is of decisive importance in the operation
of thermoelements. If the temperature does not exceed 300-!1.000 C, solid
semiconductor thermoelements employing bismuth telluride or lead telluride
have an efficiency of up to 8%. At the temperature of 7000, an efficiency
of 12-15% can apparently be reached.
"An efficiency in the range of 8-15% is already of great interest in
itself, specifically so far as production of electric power by the con-
version of solar radiation energy and applications in agriculture are
concerned. Moreover, still more concrete possibilities arise immediately
within the period corresponding to the current 7-year plan.
"Thermal power generators, which are still in the stage of develop-
ment, will be transferred from physical laboratories to technical appli-
cations within the following few years. However, the same thermoelements
can already be applied now on a large scale as refrigerating devices,
heaters, and thermostats. They are capable of bringing about a temper-
ature drop amounting to 80?
"Present-day refrigeration technology employs either compressors
or the effect produced by the distillation of fluids. If thermoelements
are used, the same result can be achieved by simply passing a current
through them. It is entirely feasible to use thermoelements for cooling
buildings in the summer and heating them in the winter and also for regu-
lating the temperature.
"No reference has been made to semiconductors which focus magnetic
and electric fields (ferrites and seignettoelectrics), measuring devices,
nonlinear technique, voltage regulators, and many other applications which
are characteristic for the present-day stage of technological development
and which would have been impossible without semiconductors.
"We are only now beginning the investigation of liquid and gaseous
semiconductors and are only now entering the range of high temperatures.
In connection with this, there are possibilities for further progress."
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81. Measurement of Changes in the Flux of Fast Neutrons in the Reactor
Core by Determining Changes in the Conductivity of Germanium
"Measurements of Fast-Neutron Flux Distribution in the Core of
the VVR-S Reactor by Determining Conductivity Changes in Germanium,"
by E. Aleksandrowicz and M. Bartenbach, Institute of Nuclear Re-
search of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Warsaw); Moscow, Atomnaya
Energiya, Vol 8, No 5, may 60, pp 451-452
In connection with work done at the Institute of Nuclear Research in
Warsaw on the behavior of semiconductors under the action of neutron radi-
ation, the necessity arose of determining the distribution of the flux of
fast neutrons in the core of the reactor. This was done by measuring changes
in the conductivity of single crystals of germanium of the N-type. Under
the conditions involved, the conductivity of germanium of the N-type gradually
decreases, and the germanium in the final stage changes into a semiconductor
of the P-type.
82. Experiments With Controlled Semiconductor Resistors
"Controlled Nonlinear Semiconductor Resistors (UNPS)," by 0. M.
Kudryavtsev and V. I. Pruzhinina; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elek-
tronika, Vol V, No 6, Jun 60, pp 1006-1007
By using the principle of parameter control of nonlinear semiconductor
resistors, it was found possible to create a number of simple and reliable
functional-converter circuits, such as phase discriminators, modulators,
voltage stabilizers, automatic gain controls, etc.
Due to its polycrystalline structure, a change in conductivity in the
material of a nonlinear semiconductor resistor is observed, not only in
the plane of the applied electrical field, but also in any other direction.
These properties are relatively stable in a temperature range of -60 to
+150?C and a frequency range of up to 15-20 kc.
In the example given, a controlling voltage is applied to the electrodes
in one plane and the controlled voltage to the electrodes in a perpendicular
plane. The specific conductivity depends on both voltages, and the volume
resistivity of the sample is a function of the two mutually perpendicular
electrical fields.
Results of measurements of one such sample, with the controlled voltage
maintained constant, are given in a table.
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83. Pulse Properties of Transistors
"Pulse Properties of Junction Transistors," by I. K. Tregub,
Tr. Sektsii poluprovodnik. priborov. Ukr. resp. pravi. Nauchno-
tekhn. o-va radiotekhn. i elektrosvyazi (Works of the Section
on Semiconductor Devices. Ukrainian Republic Administration
of the Scientific-Technical Society of Radio Engineering and
Electrical Communications), No 1, 1958, pp 74-82 (from Refer-
ativn , Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 8, 25 Apr 60, Abstract
No 5.3O2)
A study was made of the quasistationary pulse characteristics of
junction transistors in large-signal regimes. A circuit was devised for
plotting the characteristics in a system having a configuration with a
common emitter. Results are given of measurements for the P2B-type
triode during a variation of base current from zero to 700 milliamperes.
The pulse repetition rate of the input current was 700 cycles per second;
and the pulse duration, 30 microseconds. A graph shows the relationships
of output impedance and amplification factor to current.
It was established that, in a heavy-current regime, the collector
resistance reaches a value on the order of one kilohm; the short-circuit
current gain drops to negative values; the input impedance drops to one
ohm, and the rate of the transient processes increases.
84. Hall Effect and Transverse Reluctance in Germanium
"Hall Effect and Transverse Reluctance Studies in Germanium in
a Field Up to 400 Kiloersted," by V. R. Karasik, Moscow State
University; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 130, No 3,
21 Jan 60, pp 521-522
The strong magnetic fields were produced with an instrument described
in an earlier article by the author (Pribory i Tekhn. Eksperimenta, No 1,
1959) -,, 142). The specimens studied were single crystals of germanium
rotated on the L1117 axis. The specific resistance of the n-type speci-
mens, alloyed with antimony, was established at 3 ohm/cm at room temperature
for a diffusion length of 0.7 mm. The p-type specimens had a nearly normal
conductivity at a diffusion length of 1.7 mm. In the reluctance investi-
gations, it was established that the geometry of the specimens and the
surface condition have no influence on the measurement. For all the
specimens, the dependence of Hall emf on the magnetic field was linear.
The results obtained in the study of the transverse reluctance are not
in keeping with existing theories.
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85. Investigation of the Dielectric Losses and Polarization of
Stereoregular Polymethylmethacrylate
"Investigation of the Dielectric Losses and Polarization of
Stereoregular Polymethylmethacrylate," by G. P. Mikhaylov
and T. I. Borisova, Institute of High-Molecular Compounds,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Vysokomolekularnyye
Soyedineniya, No 4, Apr 60, pp 619-625
The temperature-frequency relationships of the dielectric losses
and dielectric constant of syndiotactic and isotactic polymethylmethacrylate
(PMMA) have been investigated. The dielectric properties of the syndiotactic
specimens have been found to be the same as those of the atactic polymers.
Entirely different are the relationships exhibited by isotactic PMMA for
the dipole losses of both types. The effective dipole moments calculated
from data on the reduced dielectric constants are in complete agreement
with the character of the changes in the dielectric losses.
86. Polydimethylpolyphenylsiloxanes
"Polydimethylpolyphenylsiloxanes," K. A. Andianov and Sun
Shu-meng, All-Union Electrical Engineering (Elektrotekhniche-
skiy) Institute; Moscow, V_ysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya,
No 4, Apr 6o, pp 554-557
On condensation of polydimethylethoxysilanes with phenyltrichloro-
silane, polydimethylpolyphenylsiloxanes of the general formula
C6 H5 CU3 C6H5
1
Si -- 0 1Si 0 - Si 0 LC'H3 0
with varying distances between the trifunctional groups in the principal
chain of the molecule have been obtained.
The properties of the polymers have been investigated, and it has
been found that with increasing distance between the trifunctional phenyl-
siloxane groups in the principal chain, the thermal stability of the
molecules diminishes.
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87. Investigation of the Polycondensation of Polyethyleneterephthalate
and Polyorganoethoxysiloxanes
"Investigation of the Polycondensation of Polyethyleneterephthalate
and Polyorganoethoxysiloxanes," K. A. Andrianov, 0. I. Gribanova,
A. G. Prelkova, N. N. Sokolov, and Sun Shu-meng, All-Union
Electrical Engineering (Elektrotekhnicheskiy) Institute; Moscow
Vysokomolokulyarnyye Soyedineniya, No 4, Apr 60, pp 521-525
The polycondensation of polyethyleneterephthalate with polymethyl-
phenylethoxysiloxanes has been investigated. It has been found that this
reaction leads to polymers with satisfactory mechanical and dielectric
properties. A study of the thermal stability of a polymer that has been
prepared showed this stability to be on a high level.
or additional information on electronic materials, see Chemistry,
Industrial and Radiation`?
Wave Propagation and Antennas
88. Theoretical Calculation of Three Wave Guide Radiators
"Investigation of Wave Guide Radiators Excited by a Relativistic
Electron Beam in the Millimeter Band," by Yu. V. Anisimova, G. A.
Bernashevskiy, A. N. Vystavkin, and L. G. Lomize; Moscow, Radio-
tekhnika i Elektronika, Vol V, No 6, Jun 1960, pp 969-980
A theoretical calculation is made of various wave guide radiators
using relativistic bunched electron beams, and an attempt is made to
narrow the discrepancies which presently exist between theoretical calcu-
lations and experimental results.
Radiation is computed in a smooth wave guide of finite length with a
rectilinear electron beam, a wave guide filled with a dielectric (Cherenkov
radiator), and a magnetic undulator. A linear accelerator, designed by
G. I. Zhileyko, served as the source of ?che bunched electron beam and
operated in the 10 cm band with an output energy of 0.5 to 5 Mev. The
radiation spectrum consisted of individual lines at frequencies which
were multiples of the bunching frequency of the beam. Radiation power
reached 10-100 milliwatts on the 10th to 12th harmonics (with a wave
length of 8-10 millimeters), and, by shortening the wave length from 10
to 2 millimeters, power decreased at an average rate of approximately
one db for a change to each successive harmonic.
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89. Suspended Antenna Device For Measuring Transient Power
"The Utilization of a Ponderomotor Force to Measure Transient
Power During the Generation of Electromagnetic Energy," by
R. A. Valitov and P. A. Aleksandrov, Uch. zap. Ihar'kovsk.
un-t, 1959, 102, Tr. Radiofiz. fak. (Scientific Reports of
Ihar'I.:ov University, 1959, Vol 102, Works of the Radiophysics
Faculty), No 3, pi) 49-50 (from Referati Zhurnal -- Elektro-
tekhnika, No 8, 25 Apr 60, Abstract No 6.7198)
A description is given of a method of utilizing the ponderomotor
force of a transmitting antenna to measure output power in the very high
frequency range. The power meter incorporates an antenna suspended in
free space by a quartz fibre and connected to the primary wave guide by
means of a loop. The rotation of the antenna caused by electromagnetic
energy is established by means of an optical indicator. The arrangement
provides a linear dependence of the angle of rotation of the antenna on
the value of the transient power. The coupling value between the antenna
and the feed line and the reactance introduced by the coupling element
remain unchanged during the rotation of the antenna. The frequency range
of the device is determined by the bandwidth of the antenna system plus
its matching elements.
90. Possibilities of Using Ponderomotor Forces in VHF Engineering
"The Ponderomotor Forces of Electromagnetic Waves and the
Possibilities of Using Them," by R. A. Valitov, Uch. zap.
Ihar'kovsk. un-t, 1959, 102, Tr. Radiofiz. fak. Scientific
Reports of Kharkov University, 1959, Vol 102, Works of the
Radiophysics Faculty), No 3, pp 15-21E (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal - - Elektrotekhnika, No 8, 25 Apr 60, Abstract
No 6.7200)
,
A study is made of the problems involved in the experimental utilization
of ponderomotor forces of electromagnetic waves in the VHF range and their
use in radio engineering. The discussion includes the properties of pondero-
motor forces in the VID' range, circuits and apparatus for measuring pondero-
motor forces, and the sensitivity curves of the reflecting and absorbing
elements of various circuits and antennas. The results of an investigation
of ponderomotor forces by various means are given, and a description is
given of the design and technical characteristics of various instruments
for measuring transient power, radiated power, the pressure exerted by
electromagnetic energy on gases, and superhigh power outputs.
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91. Effect of Gaussian Interference on Two-Channel Phase Systems
"'The Effect of Gaussian Interference on Two-Channel Phase
Systeino," by V. V. Tsvetnov, Tr. Mosk. aviats. in-ta (Works
of the Moscow Aviation Institute), No 105, 1959, pp 26-67
(from Referati Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 8, 25 Apr
60, Abo ract No 6.7590
The statistical properties of a sinusoidal signal and of gaussian
interference in two-channel phase systems are considered, assuming that
the channels are not identical, nor the interferences correlated. An
analysis is given of the first absolute law of phase distribution (law
of distribution of the instantaneous phase error without reference to
the value of the amplitude of the "signal-plus-error" vectors in both
channels) applicable to the case of correlated interferences and non-
symmetrical channels.
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Iv. ENGINEERING
Automatic Control Engineering and Computers
92. Stability of Electropneumatic Servomechanism
The Stability of an Electropneumatic Servomechanism," by
V. Ye. Saruoylov, Nekotory Voprosy Mekhaniki MVTU, 88)
(some Problems of Mechanics (Moscow Higher Technical
School, 88)), Moscow, 1958, pp 179-192 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 8, 25 Apr 60, Abstract
No .7102
An analysis is made of the stability of an electropneumatic servo-
mechanism consisting of an electronic amplifier-summator, an electro-
mechanical relay, a pneumatic amplifier with a jet tube, a pneumatic
actuator, and feedback circuits for various positions of the piston.
The load on the piston is taken up by a spring with linear characteristic.
First, an equation of motion for the servomechanism is derived and
examined, without taking into account the nonlinearity of the electronic
oinplifier and relay. It is shoim that in the absence of friction in the
piston actuator, the servomechanism is always unstable.
An equation of motion for the servomechanism is then derived and
discussed, with the nonlinearity (saturation and hysteresis) of the
electronic amplifier and relay taken into account. It is found that the
stability range of the servomechansim is somewhat reduced by the non-
linearity.
An analysis is then made of the influence of various parameters of
the servomechanism on its stability and on the nature of the self-
oscillations. It is shown that increasing the reduced mass of the piston
and decreasing the stiffness of the spring will reduce the frequency and
increase the amplitude of the vibrations and impair the stability of the
servomechanism, whereas increasing the volume of the cavity (cylinder) of
the actuator reduces both frequency and amplitude of the vibrations.
Finally, an expression is obtained for the amplification factor of
the servomechanism for the case when the variation of input singal is
infinitely slow.
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93. Balanced Transmitter for Low-Frequency Telemetering System
"Balanced Transmitter for Low-Frequency Telemetering System,"
by G. 1. Formin, Trudy Vseso zno o Nauchno-Issledovatel'sko o
Instituta Elektroenergetiki (Works of the All-Union Scientific
Research Institute of Electric Power Engineering), No 7, 1958,
pp 202-207 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 8,
25 Apr 60, Abstract No .7309
The Central Scientific Research Electrical Engineering Laboratory
(TsNIEL) developed a new balanced transmitter for low-frequency te?.e-
metering systems which is actually a modernized version of the GChB-1
type transmitter. A description is given of the operating principle-of
the GChB-1, which is a static automatic frequency controller for alter-
nating current. By means of an induction transformer and rectifier, the
measured signal (angle of displacement of the loop) is converted into a
dc voltage, which is compared with the output voltage of the frequency
meter. The difference signal is amplified by the unbalanced bmplifier
and fed to the control winding of the saturable reactor which controls
the alternating-voltage variable-frequency oscillator. The output signal
of the oscillator is fed co the input of the frequency meter. The output
frequency of the oscillator serves as a measure of the angle of displace-
ment of the loop of the induction transformer. During a change of the
measured value from zero to maximum, the frequency varies from 44 to 27
eps.
In the new version of this transmitter, the most complex unit, the
electronic unbalanced amplifier, which contains four triodes, is dispensed
with. Since the output power of the balanced signal is low, and the out-
put signal does not guarantee immediate control by the saturable reactor
at a low value of the static factor, the problem of the greatest value of
the static factor tras considered. It is shoim that the static factor can
be increased appreciably without altering the precision of the transformation.
A skeleton diagram is given of the new balanced transmitter (t.rithout the
induction transformer and power supply). The primary characteristic, the
dependence of the output frequency on the voltage of the induction trans-
former, is emphasized. The additional error resulting from the voltage
variation of the power supply amounts to plus-minus 15 percent; the error
caused by the frequency variation does not exceed 0.88 percent. The error
resulting from the plus-minus 20-degree variation of ambient air temperature
is not more than 0.85 percent; this was accomplished by using a resistance
with a lour temperature coefficient. The time required to fix a frequency
during the variation of the measured value from zero to half-maximum is
not over one second.
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~i?i . TranrJ.cnts in ilrvex,s:i.ng Synchro System
"Transient Processes in a Lour-Power Reversing Device With a
Sync'iro Rece:tvor Fed From a Dynamoelectric Amplifier With a
Cross Field," by V. M. Lorin, Izvectiya Leningradsskogo Eiel:tro-
teldlni.chesl?:o go Insttituta, (News of Leningrad Electrical Engineer-
ing Institute), No 37, 1959, pp 205-220 (from Referativnyy
Zliurnal -- Elektrotelhnika, No 3, 25 Apr 60, Abstract No 3.5692
The transient processes are considered in a reversing system with
an amplidyne having a reversing rate of 0.5 - 2.0 cycles per second. A
differential equation (fourth order with respect to the rpm of the motor)
is derived which describer; the transient processes in the system. It is
shown that the primary factor is the duration of the transient process of
the motor, which is characterized by the electromechanical constant. The
electromagnetic transient process ordinarily decays before the armature of
the motor reaches an appreciable rate of rotation. The results of the calcu-
lation of the processes of starting and reversing in accordance with formulas
given in the work are in satisfactory agreement with experimental data.
95. Electromagnetic Moment During Rotor Spurts in Induction Motors
"An Approximation Method of Estimating the Influence of Rotor
Acceleration in an Induction Motor on the Electrorrignetic
Moment Generated by It," by V. A. Shubenkov, Trudy Ural'skogo
Polite lthnicheskogo Instituta. Sbrrnik 90 (Works of the Ural'
Polytechnic Institute. Collection No 90), 1958, pp 157-166
(from Referativn Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 8, 25 Apr
60, Abstract No 3.5698)
The transient electromagnetic moment developed by a three-phase
induction motor during an abrupt change of rotor speed can differ consider-
ably from the steady-state value at the same speed. The simplest criteria
are established with which (without complex mathematical treatment) it is
possible to estimate the influence of the rate of change of rotation (or
of the slip s) of the rotor on the value M (electromagnetic moment) produced
by the motor. The solution of the problem is based on a method of calcu-
lating transient processes according to simplified universal cures (Refer-
ativnyy Zhurnal -- Elektrote ldznika, 1960, Abstract No 34794). Notions
are introduced for the relative moment ? = M/Mk; relative slip 0 = S/Sk
and relative time T = t/Ti. Here 1'11,, and Sk are statistical values of
the moment and slip; T' is the time constant of the rotor with shorted
stator. It is shown tat the dynamic characteristics of motors are the
same, if their relative initial slips and accelerations are similar.
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The rxpreasion k d d , where d = ds, serves as a
Sk d dt
criterion characterizing the degree of deviation of the dynamic and
mechanical characteristic from the statistical. With the aid of 1cm,
it is possible to establish graphically the relationship
A Mm =. 0 ? m = f (1tm)
Mk
The approximate analytical relationships are determined by the formulas
A ? m = 0.011.25 1 - 0.18, when 0 > 0
m . 0.0425 1; when 0 < 0.
It is also possible to construct approximate relationships for the
relative slips at which the maximum transient moment occurs. A formula
is also given for the joint solution of the equation A ?..= f (k ) and
the equation of the drive motion. The described method may be used for
the calculation of transient processes during dynamic braking.
96. Experimental Control Installation for Mine Elevator
"Experimental Investigation of a Control System for a Mine
Elevator With Induction Drive Regulated by an Electrical
Speed Controller With a One-Step Amplification," by G. Ye.
Ivanchenko, . Nauchnyy Trudy-; KaragAndiinskiy Nauchno-
Issledovatel'skiy Ugol'nyye Institut (Scientific Works,
Karaganda Scientific Research Coal Institute), No 3,
1958, pp 250-273 (from Refera~tiv i: Zhur.nal ?-
Elektrotekhnika, No 8, 25 Ap0, Abstract No 3.57112)
The principal parameters are given for an experimental installation.
Oscillograms of the control process show good agreement of computed and
real data.
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97. Transient Processes in Electric Drive With Powder-Magnet Clutch
"An Investigation of the Transient Processes of an Electric
Drive With a Powdered Electromagnetic Clutch," by V. A.
Mikhaylov, Nauchnyye Trudy Khar1kovskiy Gorn Institut
'('Scientific Works, I ar kov Mining Institute), No 5, 1958,
pp 97-102 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- E lektrotekhnika,
No 8, 25 Apr 60, Abstract No 3.5787)
The transient processes are considered in a drive with an electro-
magnetic powdered clutch for cases when the clutch is engaged under load
and engaged during braking. It is found that the clutch moment is pro-
portional to the slip and not to the square root of the slip. The magneti-
zation curve of the powder mixture is assumed to be rectilinear. The
acceleration diagram of the drive consists of three parts: the increase
of the clutch moment during idling of the driven shaft, the acceleration
of the clutch up to complete engagement, and the acceleration of the drive
as the motor revs up to full speed. The computed formulas produced re-
sults in good agreement with experimental findings.
98. Group Output Controller for Heavy-Duty Compressors
"Circuit Diagram of a Group Controller for the Output of Com-
pressors," by A. D. Shkol'nikov and B. F. Nipich; BPyulleten'
Tekhnicheskoy Informatsii. Tsentral'nyy Institut Nauchno-
tekhnicheskoy Informatsii Gosudarstvennogo Nauchno-tekhnicheskogo
Komiteta Soveta Ministrov KazSSR. Seriya Gornometallur iche-
s ya Toplivnaya i Khimicheskaya Promyshlennost' (Technical
Information Bulletin. Central Institute f Scientific-
Technical Information of the State Scientific-Technical Com-
mittee of the Council of Ministers Kazakh SSR. Series: Mining-
Metallurgical, Fuel and Chemical Industry), No 8, 1958, pp 8+-85
(from Refera?i,ivn Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika No 8, 25 Apr 60,
Abstract Wo 3.5786)
Since existing controllers for the output of heavy-duty piston com-
pressors are difficult to regulate and operate in a slipshod manner, a
solenoid control Circuit is proposed in which the pressure indicator is
an electrical-contact manometer with a high!.reset factor. An impulse
from the indicator through an intermediate relay is fed to the solenoid
which raises the coupling rod of a servomechanism, thereby providing
access of compressed air to the clamping device. Only one compressor
in the group is used to control the pressure, and the choice of compressor
is done with a throw-over switch. The control arrangement presented here
guarantees reliability, definition, simplicity, and sustained pressure in
the main line. Other advantages are enumerated. A skeleton diagram of
the output controller circuit is also given.
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99. Automation of Mine Elevators in Moscow Basin
"The Principle and Layout for the Automation of Multicable
Elevators With Induction Drive Under Conditions of the
Moscow Basin," by I. A. Kleushev, Mnogokanatnyy Pod"em
(The Multicable Elevator), Moscow, Ugletekhizdat, 195b,
pp 53-59 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika,
No 8, 25 Apr 60, Abstract No 3.5745)
Since the power rating of the majority of drive motors for the elevators
designed for conditions of the Moscow basin is 100-150 kilowatts, and the
maximum speed is low (2-5 meters per second), an induction drive is both
rational and economic. This article describes, for the automation of the
periods of deceleration and "pulling up to a stop," an arrangement which
provides a single-step frequency control during which the elevator motor
is disconnected from the circuit and switched over to power supplied
through a special frequency mixer with a frequency corresponding to the
rate of speed during the "pulling up to a stop." The frequency mixer
consists of a small aggregate made up of a synchronous generator (series
S or SG) rated at 1,500 or 3,000 rpm and an induction motor rated at 300
or 500 rpm, respectively. A formula is recommended for an approximate
determination of the output power of the frequency-mixer aggregate; a
skeleton diagram of an automated single-skip elevator installation is
given, together with a description of its operation.
100. Electrical Simulation of Servomechanisms
"Electrical Simulation of AC Servodrives," by L. V. Bokshitskiy
and F. M. 3hlykov; Novocherkassk, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zavedeniy, Elektromekhanika, No 5, May 0, pp 52- 1
The problem of designing reliable ac servomechanisms has become
very important since aircraft power supply has almost universally been
changed to 400 cps frequency. The analytical analysis and existing
engineering methods of calculation for the servo systems are both cumber-
some and inaccurate because the induction motors of such systems are
basically nonlinear elements.
The article describes the construction of a servomechanism system
designed at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute and the method of
simulating its performance with the aid of an electric circuit. Such a
servomechanism system incorporated both coarse and fine control servo-
motors. The oscillograph records have shown that the electric simulating
circuit depicted with a sufficient degree of accuracy the actual performance
of the servomechanism system. This simulating circuit allows examinination
of the effect of individual parameters on the dynamic performance of the
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system, such as: sluggishness of the intermediate amplifier, amplification
factor, the time constant of the stabilizing circuit, saturable reactor
time constant, the range of insensitivity of the reversing element, and
the load torque. The frequency response in the range of 0.1-;.0 cps of
the closed system were taken.
The results thus obtained agree. sufficiently well with figures
obtained during the experimental investigation of the system, and in
some degree supplemented the latter. Simulation of the servomechanism
was carried out with the MN-2 machine at the Computer Center of the Moscow
Power Engineering Institute under the direction of N. I. Chelnokov.
101. Ten-Channel Automatic Control Device
"Ten-Channel Automatic Electronic-Relay Optimizer," A. B.
Shubin; Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No 5, may 60,
pp 6211.-632
An electronic-relay device for automatic search of extremum of a
function with many variables has been designed and assembled by I. N.
Bocharov, A. V. Kalinina, R. I. Stakhovskiy and A. B. Shubin. This
automatic control device, called an optimizer, is capable of determining
the extremum of a function with as many as ten variables.
The function for which the extremum is sought and the limiting
functions are fed to the optimizer in the form of do voltage having a
range of +100 to -100 v. The optimizer can operate in conjunction with
a controlled object which supplies continuously the data on the controlled
function, or with controlled objects which supply only sampled data. The
optimizer consists of two main units: the operational unit and the control
unit.
This device was originally designed for operation in conjunction with
various electronic simulating circuits having relay controls. However,
the principles of operation employed in this device can be well extended
to optimizers capable of controlling directly various actual processes.
The automatic control of actual processes can also be accomplished by
first determining the desired extremum from a simulating circuit and
then applying the data thus obtained to the control of the actual
process. The over-all dimensions of the optimizer are 650 x 500 x 450 cm-
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102. Rumanian Computer Research Includes Studies on Machine Translation
"Computers in the Economy," by Laszlo Nemeti, deputy director
of Computation Institute (Szamitasi Intezet) in Cluj; Cluj,
Korunk, Jun 60, pp 6117-65o
Beginning with a general discussion of the practical uses of mathematics,
the author notes that his institute, the Computation Institute in Cluj is
primarily concerned with numerical analysis and related fields. This
institute consists of several departments and subdepartments
The theoretical research department is headed by Prof Dumitru Vasile
Ionescu and deals with the construction theory of functions and its appli-
cations to numerical analysis. Research works are published in the semi-
annual 400-page periodical Studii si cercetari de matematica. Although
most of the work is done on an individual basis, the department holds a
work session once each week for reports and debates.
The computer research department had no predecessor in the Cluj area
and was "created out of nothing," the author says. The first automatic
computer built in the institute will be put into operation in 1960. A
Computation Laboratory (Szamitasi Laboratorium), headed by Prof Jeno
Gergely, constitutes a subdepartment of the Computation Institute. Lascu
Bal and Ferenc Rado of the institute prepared the first Rumanian textbook
on nomography. This group also deals with the theory of programing for
electronic computers, including methods of automatic programing. Workers
in this subdepartment also deal with use of various methematical methods
in the economy and the author notes that "here, the methods.'if linear
programing are very promising."
The author lists several computation projects undertaken for specific
enterprises: preparation of tables and diagrams for gearwheel manufacture,
etc. Researchers from the institute have given lectures in cooperation
with the Scientific Association of Physicians (Orvosok Tudomariyos Egyesulete).
They have also undertaken joint studies with the Rumanian Academy's
Linguistic Science Institute (Nyelvtuaomanyi intezet) in Cluj and with
the linguistics faculty of the Babes-Bolyai Science University on methods
and problems of machine translation.
The author suggests extension of theoretical research of various areas
of probability calculation: the Monte Carlo method, information theory,
and theory of strategic games.
In the future, the Computation Laboratory will no longer perform
calculations for enterprises; this ftmction will probably be taken over
by computation centers as it has been in the Soviet Union, the article
says. The Computation Laboratory would then provide the new centers with
methods and procedures.
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Electrical Engineering
103. Voltage Level Problems in Industrial Networks
"Deviations and Levels of Voltage in the Networks of Industrial
Establishments," by G. V. Serbinovskiy, Materialy Nauchno-
tekhnicheskoy Soveshchaniya po Opredeleniyu Elektricheskikh
Nagruzok i Regulierovani a Na rvazheni a Pro shlennost kh .
Predpriyatiy (Reports of the Scientific Technical Conference
on the Determination of Electricity Loads and the Regulation
of the Voltage of Industrial Establishments), Moscow-Leningrad,
1958, pp 1.2-55 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika,
No 8) 25 Apr 60, Abstract No 3.5663)
A list is given of the abnormalities of operation of electrical equip-
ment, including illumination equipment, which cause a deviation of voltage.
A one-percent voltage increase causes a 2-percent increase of reactive
power input and a 0.6-percent impairment of the power factor. Unsatisfactory
control equipment is the main cause of deviations of voltage in the buses
of a great number of power stations and distribution stations. The voltage
deviations at consumers lines are too high because of the unsatisfactory
condition of networks, defects in the arrangement of electrical supply,
and the lag in the construction of electrical networks. One. radical
solution is the control of voltage at the consumer's intake by means of
transformers which are activated when a load is being drawn. An effective
measure would be changing the network to a higher voltage without changing
the system. A considerable role in the regulation of voltage can be played
by synchronous motors and an arrangement of capacitors providing an auto-
matic control over the power as it is drawn. Organization plans show a
lack of sufficient initiative in the search for rational schemes of power
supply and do not give sufficient attention to schemes with automatic dis-
connection of part of transformers, nor to schemes involving a linear
compensation of voltage. The basic assumptions are given for the establish-
ment of guides to the planning and utilization of equipment to guarantee
a uniform voltage level.
104. Efficiency of Combined Gas and Steam Turbine Installation
"Efficiency of Medium- and High-Capacity Steam-Gas Installations
With High-Pressure Steam Generator," by M. I. Kornev and G. I.
Moiseyev; Moscow, Teploenergetika, No 5, may 6o, pp 33-38
In the past few years extensive research has been carried out in the
USSR on the design of combined gas and steam turbine power-generating
installations with a view toward attaining higher over-all thermal ef-
ficiency than has been possible with conventional steam turbine instal-
lations. An important component of such a combined installation is the
high-pressure steam generator which generates the steam for the turbine,
and serves at the same time as a combustion chamber for the gas turbine.
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Two types of installation were studied: one generating 110 tons of
steam per hour at a steam pressure of 110 atm abs and a temperature of
540?C and the other generating 210 tons of steam per hour at a pressure
of 140 atm abs and temperature of 570?C. Although Soviet machine building
plants are now manufacturing numerous models of small- and medium-capacity
gas turbines, the production of high-pressure steam generators has not yet
attained any satisfactory level.
It was found that the combined gas and steam turbine installations
are about 10% more efficient than a similar steam turbine installation.
In addition, the combined installations save about''25% of metal in fabri-
cation and have much smaller over-all dimensions. '
105. Instability of Arc Discharge
"Phenomena of Internal Instability of an Are With a Mercury
Cathode. II. Nonstationary Processes in the Cathode Region
of the Arc," by I. G. Kesayev, All-Union Electrical Engineer-
ing Institute imeni Lenin; Mosddv, Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy
Fiziki, Vol 30, No 6, Jun 60, pp 1674-684
first part of the work dealt with spontaneous extinction of the
arc glow. The stability of a low pressure arc with a Hg cathode is further
analyzed. New data on nonstationary phenomena in the cathode region are
revealed and connected with oscillations of the discharge glow voltage are
shedding light on the reasons for the spontaneous are extinctions and on
possibilities of extending the arc's service life.?with increasing current.
106. Thermoelectromotive Force of Natural Thermocouples
"Investigation of the Mean Thermoelectromotive Force of a
Natural Thermocouple," by M. F. Semko and V. I. Bondar',
Trudy Khar'kovskogo Politekhnicheskogo Instituta (Works of
the Ihar kov Polytechnic Institute), Vol 190 Z 759p pp 19-29
(from Referativn Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 8, 25 Apr
60, Abstract No 4.69d4)
The temperature of the contact surfaces of a cutting tool customarily
is determined by means of natural thermocouple which is formed oy the tool
and the work. The authors devised a method to describe the connection be-
tween the measured thermoelectromotive force and the temperature distribution
on the contact surface of the tool.
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High Speed Photography
107. New Soviet High-Speed Camera
"Photographing a Missile in Flight" (unsigned article); Prague,
Obrance Vlasti, 17 Jun 60, p 5
According to a brief news item, the USSR has developed a high-speed
film camera capable of taking nearly 3 million pictures per second. This
camera will be used primarily to record "those events which have thus far
eluded the eyes of man;" for example, a missile in flight, or for detailed
study of explosions which occur when gases are ignited in jet engines, etc.
Miscellaneous
CPYRGHT
108. Conference on Gear Drives To Be Held in Odessa
"Information," by A. Torgovitskiy, scientific secretary of
Organizational Committee of the conference; Moscow, Vestnik
Mashinostroyeniya, No 4, Apr 60, p 44
"The Central Board of the Scientific-Technical Society of the Machine
Building Industry and the Moscow, Leningrad, and Odessa Departments, with
the participation of the Institute of Machine Studies of the Academy of
Sciences USSR, the State Scientific-Technical Committee of the Council of
Ministers USSR, the State Committee of the Council of Ministers USSR on
Automation and Machine Building, and the Ministry of Higher and Secondary
Special Education of the Ukrainian SSR are organizing an All-Union
Scientific-Technical Conference on Problems of Quality and Strength of
Gear and Worm-Gear Transmissions (gear drives). The conference will be
held in Odessa in mid-1961 at the Odessa Polytechnic Institute.
"Fundamental problems of the conference are: an exchange of experience
on increasing carrying capacity, decreasing size and weight, increasing
reliability, increasing efficiency of gear drives and reduction gears, and
an examination of problems concerning the development of a single inter-
branch procedure for computing gear drives.
"It is proposed to discuss at the conference reports and communications
which will be previously published and distributed to the delegated for
study."
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109. Forthcoming Conference on Ultrasonics in Industry
"Announcement," (unsigned article); Moscow, Akusticheakiy-
Zhurnal., Vol VI, No 2, Jun 60, p 266
"The All-Union Conference on the Use of Ultrasonics in Industry
(machine building, metallurgy, chemical, food, light and other branches)
will be held in Moscow 22-26 November 1960. Problems of technology and
equipment will be examined at the conference.
"Declarations on reports (in the form of full abstracts) should be
sent before 1 June 1960 to ,the address of the Organizational Committee:
Moscow, ul. Kirova, d. 7. Moskovskiy Dom nauchno-tekhnicheskoy propagandy
in. F. E. Dzerzhinskogo."
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110. Separatrix Estimation
"Separatrix Estimation by the Method of Successive Approxi-
mations," by V. A. Tabuyeva, Ural Polytechnic Institute
imeni S. M. Kirov; Kazan', I zvesti a lr sshikh lichebn kh
Zavedeniy, Matematika, No 2( 15 , Mar Apr 60, pp 1
A differential equation
2
d
x = f(x,d)
(1)
of the second order, equivalent to the system of differential equations
dx ~Y = f(x, Y)
d = y' dt
(2)
The function f(x, y) is assumed continuous together with its partial
derivatives on the entire xOy plane as well as satisfying the following
conditions:
f(x + 2X , y) - f(x, y) for all x, y;
f(x, y) decreases with respect to y for all x, y;
f(x1, 0) = f(x2, 0) = f(0, 0) = 0
(3)
where x1> 0, x2 0,
w(O) = 0, w(tl) - wl - ul + ivl,
where wl e r , Itll = 1. The curve(- is the boundary of the region
G and is given by the equation
F(u, v) = 0.
It is assumed that a, b, and F are twice differentiable continuous
functions, for which the derivatives of F in a neighborhood of the line
satisfy the Lipschitz condition
Fuivk(ul, vl) - F''ui(112) v2)1 K( I u1 - u2 1 + I vi - v2 I) ,
i+k - 2; i) k=O, 1, 2,
grad F1 mo > 0,
max I Fuivk) = M.
113. Families of Quasiconformal Mappings
"Concerning the Normality of Families of Quasiconformal
Mappings," by P. P. Belinskiy, Mathematics Institute of
Siberian Branch of Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 128, No 4, Oct 59,
pp 651-652
As is known (see M. A. Lavrent'yev, Matem..sborn., Vol 42, No 2,
1935, 'I. N. Pesin,?DAN, Vol 102, No 2, 1955Y, the family of normal
quasiconformal mappings of a unit circle onto itself is compact. This
property of quasiconformal mappings together with the invariance relative
to auxiliary conformal transformations allows one to draw a complete
analogy with conformal mappings during consideration of compact or normal
families of quasiconformal mappings. It is possible to raise the question
concerning consideration of all the families of mappings, analogous to
the conformal, from the viewpoint of normality. However, consideration
of the normal families without any additional limitations does not represent
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particular interest in view of the fact that a similar family may contain
a perfectly arbitrary sequence of mappings w = fn(z), satisfying only
the condition fn( z) -* 00 as n -> 00. The valuable property of conformal
mappings is that any sequence of mappings may be, with the help of normali-
zation (that is, with the help of transformations similar in the z and w
planes), reduced to compactness in the sense of convergence inside the
kernel. Quasiconformal mappings also possess this property. It " is
interesting that the inverse assertion also holds.
The rest of the article was devoted to the proof of the following
theorem:
Let M be the family of functions {w = f(z) possessing the properties:
(1) The functions f (z) are defined in the reg ons and homeomorphic mappings
are made. (2) Auxiliary transformations of the form z' = az + b and w' _
aw + b do not belong to the family of functions. (3) Every sequence of
functions w = fn(z) of the family M defined in the regions Dn with
kernel D, different from zero, may be transformed into the compact form
with the help of a. normalization of the form w' - anfn(z) + bn. Compact-
ness is understood in the sense of uniform convergence within D to the
mapping of the family. Then mappings, accomplished by the functions of
the family, turn out to be quasiconformal with deformations, bounded by
a certain nuunber q.
114. Approximation of Functions by Linear Positive Operators
"On the Order of Approximation of Functions by Linear
Positive Operators," by R. G. Mamedov, Institute of
Physics and Mathematics of Academy of Sciences Azerb-
aydzhan SSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 128,
No 4, Oct 59, pp 674-676
Let Wn(f; x) be a sequence of linear, positive operators given on a
certain space E of functions f(x). We set for each function f(x) e E
A n(f; x) = Wn(f;x) - f(x)-
It is known that the orders of approximation of functions by certain
concrete linear, positive operators has been sufficiently well studied by
a number of authors.
P. P. Korovkin in his works appearing in. DAN, Vol 114, No 6, 1957,
and Usp. matem. nauk, Vol 13, No 6(84), 1958, studied the orders of small-
ness of the quantity A n(f; x) in the case when the value of the linear,
positive operator Wn(f; x) for any function continuous on /71, f has an
algebraic or trigonometric polynomial of order not greater than n.
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In the present work it is proved that the orders of approximation of
functions by any linear, positive operators may be estimated from above
by means of the modulus of continuity of these functions. It is assumed
that all the linear, positive operators in this work satisfy the condition
Wn(l; x) = 1.
115. Extensions of J-5 etrical Operators
"On the Theory of Extensions of J-Symmetrical Operators,"
by N. A. Zhikhar'; Kiev, Ukrainskiy Matematicheskiy Zhurnal,
Vol 11, No 4+, Dec 59, pp -3-5-2-705
Let H be a Hilbert space, and let J be some conjugation operator in
H. A linear operator A with domain DA dense in H is called J-symmetrical
if A,c J A J. We say that the operator A is J-self-adjoint if A = J A ' J.
The present paper deals with the J-self-adjoint extensions of
J-symmetrical operators in H and its application to the one-dimensional
boundary problem on a half-axis.
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VI. MEDICINE
Aerospace Medicine
116. Conditions of Space Travel
"Faster and Higher," by V. V. Parin; Moscow, Zdorov'ye,
No 5, May 60, pp 1-2
The author parallels the experience of the legendary Rip Van Winkle
with that of a man who falls asleep in Russia at the beginning of the
20th Century and awakes 60 year later., He recounts a number of electronic,
atomic, and other marvels which would confront this man, after which he
discusses the conquest of space, one of the most intriguing of contempo-
rary problems.
He reviews the three critical rates of mechanical motion of bodies:
a body reaching the so-called first cosmic velocity of about 8 kilometers
per second can, under appropriate conditions, become an artificial earth
satellite; a rocket traveling at the second cosmic velocity of about 11.2
kilometers per second overcomes the gravitational pull of the earth,
enters space, becomes part of the solar system; at a speed of 16.3 kilo-
meters per second, a body leaves the solar system and goes beyond its
limits. These three speed barriers were, until recently, of theoretical
significance only. In our time, two of them have passed from the realm
of theory into that of practical application.
Space medicine, a new science born a few years ago, combines many
branches of knowledge, such as biophysics, biochemistry, physiology,
aviation medicine., geophysics and astrophysics, radiology, aerodynamics,
rocket engineering, radioelectronics, etc. Although much has been ac-
complished in space medicine, much more remains to be done.
Space medicine achieves its purpose by extensive experimentation on
animals. Many complicated problems must be solved before a man can be put
into space. Man in space.will encounter a number of conditions in the
upper layers of the atmosphere which may negatively affect the vital ac-
tivity'of.'his -orgenism. Greatly rarefied atmosphere, the absence of
molecular oxygen, and a high concentration of ozone are some of these
conditions. Barometric pressure beyond the limits of the earth's atmos-
phere-- drops to zero. The presence of ionizing radiation and the short-
wave portion of the ultraviolet spectrum must be taken into consideration.
The effects of great gravitational pull and prolonged periods of weight-
lessness must also be thoroughly investigated.
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It has been possible to simulate complete weightlessness by using
special elevators, although the condition lasts only 15-30 seconds. It
is interesting to note, however, that humans tolerated weightlessness
satisfactorily during these few seconds; and blood circulation and
respiration remained almost undisturbed. The only adverse conditions
noted were disturbances in voluntary movements, which can be prevented
by intensive conditioning.
Information obtained from the second artificial earth satellite
showed that the pulse rate and respiration of its canine passenger in-
creased during take-off and during the period of weightlessness, and
that the heart activity gradually returned to normal. The prolonged
period of weightlessness apparently did not produce any adverse and
permanent changes in the organism of: the dog.
On the basis of all data collected, scientists have concluded that
the efficiency and normal activity of a human organism is not disrupted
in any way as a result of weightlessness. A long period of weightless
ness may cause an inaccurate idea of the position of articles in space, a
sensation of falling, mild vertigo, and weakness. All these manifesta-
tions are the result of disturbance of the normal function of the organs
of equilibrium and the apparatuses of perception situated in the skin,
muscles, tendons, etc.
The steps taken to date in the study of the effects of weightlessness
of a. living organism are only the initial ones. Researchers have much
work to do to clarify what effects complete weightlessness, lasting many
days or months, could have on the human organism.
Scientists already have valuable information about the effects of
other factors, such as low barometric pressure, on the organism. A multi-
tude of reliable protective systems are being devised as aviation tech-
nology and aviation physiology make greater progress.
The effects of cosmic rays and ultraviolet and corpuscular radiation
on a living organism have not yet been sufficiently investigated.
Sufficient data on the effects of acceleration on the organism have
been collected. Experiments in which dogs were sent to altitudes of
100-450 kilometers, performed in the USSR since 1950, have made it possible
to conclude that a living organism tolerates accelerations satisfactorily
if it is placed in the cabin in the proper position. The action of G
forces can be reduced considerably if special compensating garments, which
compress certain -;arts of the body and prevent vessels from being overfilled
with blood, :::e worn.
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CPYRGHT
Obviously these experiments must be repeated. Animals returned to
earth after long periods in artificial satellites must be placed under
observation for a long time. It is necessary to establish exactly the
harmful consequences of exposure to cosmic rays in outer space. Data
accumulated by scientists suggest that this stage of investigation will
be of short duration and that brief, manned flights into outer space
will be quite possible in the not-too-distant future.
117. Simulated Space Flight Described
"A Giant Is Preparing to Jump," by Ye. Veltistov; Moscow,
Nedelya, No 12, 15-21 May 60, p 6
"The door of the altitude chamber swings shut. The pumps begin to
pump air out. The human occupant, sitting in a chair, 'takes-off' to
high altitude at t.ae wink of an eye. He fin(].. himself in a similar
situation as an alpinist advancing at a rapid pace toward the top of
Mount Khan-Tengri.... Examination of diaries of alpinists reveal that
the condition .of even the most hardened sportsmen becomes weakened as
they reach higher altitudes."
This is how the author of this article begins his story of a simu-
lated flight of a human being in an altitude chamber. He says that the
protective garment that the spaceman was wearing made it possible for him
to ascend to an altitude of 8,000 meters and beyond.
This strange performance, with overtones of science fiction, takes
place before the eyes of people who have an opportunity to watch the new
movie "Prior to the Leap Into Outer Space." The spectators can see the
face and movements of the man in the altitude chamber; after that the
scene shifts to the foot of a trainer: a special tower. Here, under the
propelling force of a catapult, a human being experiences a momentary
period of great force of gravity and then lands safely back on earth.
The future spacemen must train for the job and, like athletes, they
must exercise their bodies. Each new spaceman will strive to break the
record of the spaceman before him. Each record-breaking spaceman will
become a giant in the eyes of the entire world. Fiction has prepared the
human spaceman for this role; he will become an all-powerful individual
if he successfully lands his space vehicle on the moon and brings life to
that barren planet.
Until recently we read about the amazing condition of weightlessness
only in novels of Jules Verne and Wells and in the scientific works of
Tsiolokovskiy. Cameras now can automatically photograph animals in a
state of weightlessness.
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Experiments on animals also have helped scientists to solve the
problem of oxygen supply to space travelers. White rats have been placed
under a glass jar where they breath oxygen generated in an aquarium of
microscopic algae.
Thousands of letters, addressed "Moscow, Sputnik," have been received.
They come from both young people and people of considerable experience.
Their writers ask to be the first spacemen.
The personnel of the Moscow studio of scientific-popular films are
making films depicting the Soviet patriots who wish to be the first space-
men. V. Kapitanovskiy and V. Shreyberg, the script writers, V. Morgen-
shtern, the director-producer, and G. Lyakhovich, the cameraman, comprise
the personnel of the-studio.
Immunology and Therapy
CPYRGHT
11.8. Preparation for Gas Gangrene Prevention Developed
CPYRGH l cow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 15 Jul 60, p 2
"Khar'kov. Galina Petrovna Cherkas, Doctor of Biological Sciences
and director of the Scientific Research Institute imeni I. I. Mechiiikov,
has developed a purified, complex preparation for the prophylaxis of gas
gangrene. She has worked out a rational schedule of immunization and
revaccination with this preparation.
G. P. Cherkas is now working, in cooperation with other scientists,
on developing a complex preparation for the prophylaxis of tetanus and
botulism."
A photograph accompanying this item shows G. P. Cherkas and L. G.
Podgornaya physician-microbiologist, standing beside an electron micro-
scope in the laboratory.
Oncology
119. Neocyde -- Antitumor Preparation
"Data on the Application of Neocyde, a New Antitumor Prepa-
ration in an Ontological Clinic," by E. Katinas, Sveikatos
a sau a (Lithuania), 1958, No 10, 18-25 (from Re'ferativn
Zhurnal -- Biolo i a No 6, 25 Mar 60, Abstract No 277 5)
by A. M. Ginzburg)
"Sixty-nine patients suffering from inoperative cancer of different
localization were treated with neocyde. Thirty-two of them reported
improvement in their general condition; a rise in Rb was noted.
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CPYRGHT
Modifications in the hematological indexes caused by radiation therapy
became less expressed. The necessity for the improvement of the tech-
nology of the production of the preparation, increase of its activity,
and simplification of its applications is pointed out."
120. Effect of Cortisone on Neoplasms
CPYRGHT
"Does Cortisone Therapy Stimulate the Development of the
Neoplastic Process?" by C. C. Dimitriu and V. Beroniade,
Med. Interna (Rumania), 1954 10, No,10, 1563-j569. ($nmRefe-
rativn Zhurnal -- Biologi a, No 6, 25 Mar b0, Abstract
No 279 08., by M. D. Kunichan
"Three cases of the use of cortisone in the therapy of patients
suffering from neoplasms which led to the progressive-development of the
disease are described. Despite the numerous data on the favorable effect
of cortisone, facts are available which fail to confirm this data. The
authors point to the following: the rapid growth of neoplasms following
adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy; the more rapid development of induced
tumors under the effect of cortisone; the rapid development of metastases
under the effect of cortisone even after the development of the primary
tumor is arrested; the beneficial results obtained in the therapy of
cancer of the mammary glands by two-sided adrenalectomy, and. the rapid
development of heterogenic tumors upon the simulatneous administration
of cortisone. Cortisone therapy must be carried out under clinical
observation with control of the erythrocyte sedimentation reaction, to
be able to halt the therapy in cases in which symptoms of aggravation
are noted. The problem of the utilization of the modifications of the
erythrocyte sedimentation reaction in the course of cortisone therapy as
a test for the presence of the neoplastic process is discussed in detail."
121. Heavy Metal Content in Malignant Tissue
"Copper, Zinc, and Cadmium Content in the Organs of Rabbits
Affected With Malignant Tumors," by V. I. Goindyskiy and I. V.
Veselaya, Kiev Scientific Research Roentgenoradiologicai and
Oncological Institute; Moscow, Vprosy Meditsinskoy Khimii,
Vol 6,. No 2, Mar/Apr 60, 128-130
Rabbits were used in experiments carried out to determine the amount
of copper, zinc, and cadmium which is contained in tumorous tissue of the
lungs, liver, and kidneys, as compared with the content of these heavy
metals in normal tissue. The experiments established that tumorous lung
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tissue content of copper was 3.2, zinc, 3.2, and cadmium, 3.8 times that
in normal lung tissue; tumorous tissue content of copper was 3.5, zinc,
6, and cadmium, 2.6 times that in normal. liver tissue; tumorous kidney
tissue content of copper was 1.6 zinc, 2.9, and cadmium, 2..1 times that
in normal kidney tissue.
122. Mineral Metabolism of Malignant Tissues
"Trace Elements in Malignant Tumors According to Data From
Spectral Analysis, by V. S. Zhdanova, Nauchn. Rabot Stud.
Irkutskogo Med. In-ta(Scientific Works of the Students of
Irkutsk Medical Institute ), No 1, 1959, pp 106-108; (from
Referativnyyy Zhurnal Khimi a -- Biolo icheska a Khimi a
No 7, 10 Apr 00, Abstract No 9945, by M. Piotrovskiy
"It was shown that the iron content in malignant hepatic tissue was
only 1/85'that in normal hepatic tissue; that in malignant pulmonary tissue
was only one tenth; and that in malignant bronchial tissue was only one
third. The manganese content of malignant hepatic tissue was only 1/26
that in normal hepatic tissue; that in malignant pulmonary tissue was only
one sixth; and that in bronchial tissue was decreased by a factor of 2.5.
Nickel was not detected in malignant hepatic or bronchial tissues."
123. Antibiotic Therapy of Tumors
"Antitumor Antibiotic Preparations Isolated From Actinomycetes,"
by A. Joffe and G. Miskinute, Tr. In-ta Eksperim. Med. AN Lit
SSR (Works of the Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy
of Sciences Lithuanian SSR), 1958, 4-5, 193-205 (from Refe-
ration Zhurnal -- Biolo iyaNo 5, 25 Mar 60, Abstract No
27764, by N. A. BlyLunberg)
"Tests have been conducted on 1,741 strains of actinomycetes obtained
from 160 samples of soil from various parts of the Lithuanian SSR. Anti-
agonistic antomicrobic'properties were established in 942 of the strains.
Of 30 cultural flu:;.ds tested, 12, inhibited the growth of Ehrlich's cancer
in mice by 12-38 percent; nine by 43-58 percent; six stimulated the growth
of the tumors; three were found to be toxic. Tests conducted on 18
purified preparations disclosed that five arrested tumor growth by 66-91
percent; five by 43-52 percent; two by 20-29 percent; three here found to
be toxic. The antibacterial and antitumor actions of the preparations
frequently failed to coincide."
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124. N. N. Blokhin Discusses Cancer Research
"Cancer: a Problem of World-Wide Significance," by Prof N. N.
Blokhin, president of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR)
Moscow, 7dorov,ye, No 5, May 60, Moscow, P 3
This article is the reply that Prof N. N. Blokhin sent to'the edi-
torial office of the periodical 2dorov'ye when he was asked to comment on
the appeal made by the Belorussian SSR delegation to the UN for greater
world-wide cooperation in cancer research. The appeal was made at the
14th session of the General Assembly of the UN. Prof. N. N., Blokhin is
the president of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR and director of
the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Oncology.
In his reply, Blokhin said that the diagno3is and treatment of
malignant tumors is essentially an international problem. Almost 2 mil-
lion inhabitants of the earth die of cancer every year. Nothing con-
clusive has yet been found to explain the causes of cancer and no ef-
fective drug for the treatment of a number of malignant tumors has yet
been discovered. It is not correct to think that one specialist might
stumble accidently on some method of treating cancer. The only way any
progress can be made is through the combined efforts of scientists of
many countries, who represent various branches of scientific knowledge,'
such as oncology, biochemistry, radiology, nuclear physics, electronics,
etc.
Experience has shown that cancer usually attacks people over 40 years
of age. Cancer has become the No 2 killer. Diseases of the cardiovascular
system hold first place. The reason cancer has captured the second place
as the killer is that people live longer now, the incidence of children's
diseases has been sharply reduced, the plague, cholera and smallpox have
been completely' eradicated. These statements reflect mainly the condi-
tions that exist in countries which are well-developed economically and
culturally. The main problem that confronts the backward countries is
the control of fatal contagious diseases.
It should be pointed out that climatic conditions, geographic zones,
and living and working conditions play an important part in the incidence
of cancer. At present, lung cancer accounts for the greatest percentage
of the total of cancer incidence. Such is the case in England, France,
and West Germany. Scientists believe that smoking and, to a greater
extent, products of incompletely burned coal in the air are cancerogenic.
Industrialization is not at i-,ult here; the blame can be placed on the
poor organization of industry, which makes no provision for- elementary
human health requirements.
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Soviet oncologists az?e working together with hygienists in examining
the air of cities to isolate and remove cancerogenic substances from the
air. Blokhin referred to the new city of Agarsk. The dity was built in
such a manner that industrial establishments are separated from the
housing area by a large area of vegetation. Examination of the air around
Agarsk showed that it was free from Cancerogenic substances. Such an
arrangement can be significant in preventing lung cancer.
Interest in cancer control is increasing every year. Governments of
various countries and international organizations are beginning to be more
and more interested in cancer research. Intensive research work is now
going on in USSR, the US, England, France, and Japan. A number of effective
drugs against definite forms of tumors are already being utilized in
clinical practice. Surgery and subsequent radiotheraphy and chemotheraphy
have produced encouraging results. Greater success may be achieved if all
scientists pool their resources and work in close cooperation with each
other.
The International Union of Cancer Control has been in existence for
many years. This union periodically sponsors conferences at which spe-
cialists of various countries have an opportunity to report on results of
their experiments. The World Health Organization is also doing great
work.
Members of the medical profession were glad to hear that the 14th
session of the General Assembly of the UN approved awards for outstanding
work in cancer research. The association of scientists under the banner
of such an organization as the UN will certainly result in greater progress.
Pharmacology and Toxicology
125. Pyridine Derivatives as Ganglioblocking Preparations
"Pharmacology of Certain Derivatives of Pyridine," by
I. V. Komissarov, Materialy Nauchn. Sessii, Posvyashch.
40-letiyu BSSR (Data of the Scientific Conference
Dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the Belorussian
SSR), Minsk, 1958, 118-120 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal--
Biologiya, No 7, 10 Apr 60, P.bstract No 32759, by S. T.
CPYRGHI-Bkorodelov)
"Acute experiments carried out on dogs revealed that the iodomethylate
of the diethyl ester of beta-(pyridil-2)-ethylmalonic acid; the diiodome-
thylates of 2 -dimethylamino ethyl -5 -ethylpyridine,2-diethylaminoethyl-5-
ethylpyridine, and 2-(N-piperridyl)-ethyl-5-ethylpyridine may be of con-
siderable interest as possible ganglioblocking and atropinelike prepara-
tions, as well as respiratory stimulants."
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126. Properties of Some Alkylaminoacetyl Derivatives
"Comparative Pharmacological Characteristics of Certain
Alkylaminoacetyl Derivatives," by P. Ye. Motovilov,
Yezhegodnik. In-t Eksperim. Med. AMU SSSR ';Yearbook of
the Institute of Ekperimental Medicine, Academy of
Medical Sciences USSR), 1957, L., 1958, 180-188 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biolo iya, No 7, 10 Apr 60,
CPYRGHT Abstract No 32757) by V. S. Shashkov)
"Investigations were conducted of 35 derivatives of aniline (I),
ortho- and paratoluidines (II), 2,4&- and 2,6-xylidines (III), parani-
troaniline, paraphenylenediamine, dimethylparaphenylenediamine, benzidine
(IV), and orthotolidine (V) with the following general formula:
0
NH-//C-CH -R
2 2
CPYRGHT
in which R- Rl=CH3; N (CH3)2; NH2; NO2; R2zN(C2H5)2; NC5H10, their hydro-
chlorides with tertiary nitrogen in the amino group, and the iodomethylates
with quaternary nitrogen. Derivatives of (I) when subcutaneously admini-
stered in the form of a two percent solution have a local anesthetic effect
of brief duration (5-10 minutes). The duration of the effect of (II) is
5-15 minutes, and that of (III) is 20-70 minutes. The local anesthesizing
effect of the compounds was enhanced when the molecules were 'coupled.'
Iodomethylation reduced, and in the derivatives of (IV) and (V) removed
the local anesthesizing effect producing a blocking action on the ganglia
and neuromuscular synapses. Xycaine (analogue of xylocaine) has been
found to have the best anesthesizing effect. The ganglioblocking proper-
ties and toxicity increased with transition from tertiary to quaternary
compounds. The rapidity with which the inclusion of s35 methionine into
the proteins of the epithelium of rate takes place under the effect of
surface anesthesia caused by cocaine and xycaine is diminished."
127. Properties of Isomers of Alphaphenylethylamines
"Pharmacology of Optical Isomers of Alphaphenylethylamines,"
by T. Yu. Al'yuchenok and K. S. Shadurskiy, Materialy Nauchn.
Sessii Posvyashch. 40-lets BSSR (Data on the Scientific
Conference Dedicated tothe anniversary of the Belo-
russian SSR), Minsk, 1958, 91-92 (from Referativn Zhurnal--?
Biologiya, No 7, 10 Apr 60, Abstract No 32756, by B. A. Katsnel'son)
"L-alphaphenylethylamine (I), d-alphaphenylethylamine (II), dl-
alphaphenylethylamine (III) when administered to mice intraperitoneally
produced intoxication which was characterized by a monotypical clinical
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CPYRGI-II
CPYRGHT
picture (adyncunia, tremorrr, ataxia 3-4 minutes after the administration of
file preparations; clonicotonic convusliosn 8-10 minutes after the admini-
stration of the preparr.ttioru ; lateral position which continued fora period
of 15-40 minutes; and death caused by respiratory para~ysic which preceded
cardiac 1',uilure by 1.5-2.5 minute,. (I) was found to be the more toxic
o the preparrn,Lions on the basis of the maximally tolerated dose (200 mil-
li0rrun::3 per k:i.logrwn of body weight against 300 milligrains for (II) and
325 milligrams per kilogram of body weight for (III); (III) was found to
the more toxic on the DL 100 basis (375 milligrams per kilogram of body
weight against 400 milligrams per kilogram body weight for (I) and (II)).
In dilution of 1:50,000 the three isomers exhibited a vaso-constricting
effect, with (I) poosessi`ng the greater part of this action. In dilu-
tions of 1:25,000 the three isomers increased the tonus and reduced the
amplitude of peristlasis of an isolated intestinal ansa. When in:L?ra-
venously administered to anesthesized dogs in doses of 70 milligrams per
kilogram of body weight the preparations exhibited hypotensive action,
the duration and de th of which diminished in the following order of
the preparations: (II). (III). (I)."
128. Effect of Phenoxydiethylaminopropanol Derivatives on Organism
"Concerning Some of the Pharmacological Properties of
Phenoxydiethylurninopropcnol Derivatives," by L. A.
Yakimovich and I. I. Chizhevskaya, Materialy Nauchn.
Sessii Posvyashch. 40-letiyu BSSR (Data on the
Scientific Session Dedicated to the 40th anniversary
of the Belorussian SSR), Minsk, 1958, 287-288 (from
Referativn Zhurnal -- Biologiya, No '7, 10 Apr 60,
Abstract No 3275d, by S. T. Skorodelov)
"In experiments on mice and rabbits it was established that the
iodoethylates of phenoxydiethylaminopropanol when introduced into the
stomach arc more active as hypotensives and are less toxic than are their
hydrochlorides. The most effective of these is `AI2' (containing penta-
valent nitrogen). Its hypotensive effect in rabbits (60 milligrams per
kilogram of body weight) continues for about 3 hours and 15 minutes. The
possibility of the clinical investigation of the preparation for internal.
use as a vasodilating agent is discussed."
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129. Zirconium Toxicity Conuncnuurate With Its Solubility
"A Study of the Toxicity of Zirconium and Its Compounds
Which Are Used in Modern Industry.," by 0. Ya. Mogilevskaya,
First Moscow Order of Lenin Medical Institute imeni I. M.
Sehhenov; Moscow, Gii ena Truda i Professional 'n a Zabo -
levani a No (, Jun 60, pp 27-31
The purpose of the research described was to study the effect of
zirconium and its compounds when introduced into experir^.ental animals
CPYRGHT (rats) by various pathways. The author presents the following conclusions:
"1. The aerosol of metallic zirconium and of zirconium dioxide does
not. po: css any toxic effect, but does cause an indistinct and slowly
progressing fibrous process in the lungs.
"2. The soluble salts of zirconium (zirconium chloride, zirconium
sulfate, and zirconium nitrate) are acutely aggressive aerosols which
injure the tissue at the site of their introduction into the organism,
and exert a general toxic effect.
"3? The intensity and the nature of the effectof zirconium compounds
depend on the structure of the molecule which contains the metal, and on
the solubility of the compound.
"4. People working and coming in contact with zirconium compounds
should exercise great caution and have medical check-ups at least once a
year."
130. Thorium Intoxication Similar to Radiation Sickness in Animals
"The Problem of '.thorium Toxicity," by N. Yu. Tara'senko;
Moscow, Gigiyena Truda i ProfessiDnal'nyye Zabolevaniya,
No 6, Jun b0, pp 21-27
The purpose of the research described was to study the toxic effects
of metallic thorium and its insoluble fluoride salt on animals. Tests
were conducted qn rats subjected to a single intratracheal administration
of metallic thorium and thorium fluoride amounting to 65 mg/kg body weight
with an alpha-activity equal to 1.56:X lo'- curies; and on rabbits sub-
jected to repeated peroral.'. administration of thorium fluoride for a period
of 10 days to 28 months.
Data presented in the article reveal the. general condition of the
animals, changes in weight, hemodynamic shifts, and certain pathological-
anatomic and histologic changes.
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CPYRGHT The author presents the following conclusions:
"1. 'horium and its insoluble compounds administered to animals via
the pulmonary and gastrointestinal tracts induce changes which are similar
to tl..ose observed in radiation sickness.
"2. Thorium administered to rats intratracheally is retained in the
organism for long periods, especially in the lungs, lymph glands,, and bone
ti.-,sue.
"3. `h e effect of thorium on an organism is accompanied by a series
of functional and organic changes. Sharp vascular disturbances are
detected in the internal organs and the nervous system. The nature.of
the morphological changes, except at the site at which the substances are
administered by various methods, are identical. The extent to which these
changes are manifested depends on the duration of the life of the animal.
Zoo special changes occurring in the lungs in the form of nodules of
pneumoconiosis following the intratracheal administration of thorium
should be noted.
"t. In addition to definite, diffused injury to all the systems
and organs due to the effect of thorium, more profound local changes of
a destructive and dystrophic nature appear in the lungs, brain, liver,
and kidneys.
"5. The administration of pure metallic thorium via the lungs causes,
due to its protracted retention, changes in the kidneys, lungs, liver, and
the nervous system which are similar to those observed due to the admini-
stration of the insoluble fluoride salt. It is evident that the patho-
logical changes which are observed are based on the effect of thorium."
131. Prolonged Anesthesia Caused by Drug Combinations
"On the Pharmacology of Sodium Dimethyldithiocarbamate," by
M. V. Korablev, Chair of Pharmacology, Voronezh State Medical
Institute; Moscow, F'armakologiya i Toksikolog Mar/Apr 60,
pp 161-166
In recent years the sodium salt and other salts of dithiocarbamic
acid have been widely used in agriculture as seed fungicides and mordants.
Despite their wide use there has not been any study conducted on their
effect on the organism of man and animals. Consequently, the authors
studied the general activity and toxicity of the sodium salt, its effect
on the activity of hypnotic and anesthetic agents, and also its effect
on the peripheral blood and blood-forming organs (bone marrow).
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W;,c;r~ L ri.nLrle dru e of sodium dimethy1dithiocarbamate (DMDC) is
'i.nto the stomach, the LD50 for mice equals 1.6 3/kg, and for
rat,;, 2. L ,. /Lg. In experiments on mice this drug prolongs the
~nF: the t i.c effect of chl.o.ralhhydratc from 107 to 900 minutes, or urethane
froy 5.L"( Ko 951E minute , and of barbwnyl from 164 to 752 minutes. A
combination of sodium c? imethyldithiocarbamate with ehlorn.lhydate and
urethano LA fatal to 60-70 of the animals.
MaJ. 4:L; le intravenous administration of DMDC to rabbits in a dose of
80 :n;7/lcc; l,.rovokes 1 eucoponia, the development of which is due to inhibited
nyclob:ta:;tic huuopoiesin. In the instances of accidental DMDC poisioning,
or.c should abstain form prescribing urethane, chloralhydrate, and barbamyl.
The potentiation effoct of DMDC with respect to barbamyl might
po:,sibly be Hanle use of under clinical conditions for prolonging the state
o.L anesthe:,ia and in narcosis therapy.
132. Attei'Ept to Rer"puce :to.xicity of Anabasine
"Synthetic Analgesics," by Yu. V. Svetkin and Ya. Kamenshchik,
Bashkir State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Oashchey Xhimii,
Vol 30, No 5, toy 60, pp 1714-1715
Although anabasine exhibits a high physiological activity, its use
in pharmacological practice is very difficult in view of its high toxicity.
The authors assumed that attempts to reduce its toxicity should be directed
at decreasing the mobility of the noncovalent pair of electrons at the
nitrogen atom (by an exchange reaction in the BE groups acetylation,
alkylation, acylunidati.on, etc.). In this report they describe the con-
densation of anabasine with chio:racetanilide which led to the formation
of the anilide of anabasylacetic acid.
Pte:; iology
133. Vibration Sickness Studies
"Diagnostic Significance of Investigations Into Vibration
Sensibility During Vibration Disease," by N. B. Metlina,
Institute of :Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases,
Academy- of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow, Gigiyena Tr-.da i
Professional.'nre Zabolevani a, No 5, May 60,, pp WE
Vibration, an adequate stimulant for the vibration analysor, often
causes changes in its excitability which are accompanied by alterations
of sensibility to vibration. A new device for measuring vibration
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: n?ii;;J.i1,y, called thO electronic pallesthesiometer, permits inquiry
:into threshold and the differentiation of vibration sensibility,
on t ue 'kind, and tL.e time required for its restoration, on the other.
Studies conducted on 180 workers exposed to the high-frequency
vil rf~,tinn of pnctmwn.tic h+.umncrs, and on a group of people suffering from
vibration sickness, indicated frequent diminution of sensibility to
vib;,ntiori of varyin,, degrees. The incidence of such diminution and the
de rec of inhibition aro both ordinarily dependent on the parameters of
the vibration and the past work record of the operator. In this connec-
tion, it should be noted that disturbed sensibility to vibration can be
ob;,.rved quite often in practically healthy people who do not show any
other slnnptoms characteristic of the effect produced by vibration. The
d ~r_;rec of d.isturb._tnce in vibration sensibility depends on the intensity
of the vibration sic'.:ness. A complete inhibition of vibration sensi-
bili y can be noted in ndvanced cases. Investigation of the inhibition
of vibration sensibility by the use of the vibration test method can
reveal con::,ideruble prolongation of the period required for the recovery
of this function. These data provide evidence that, along with the
ilnn.air7nerlt of peripheral portions of the vibration analysor, functional
alterations also occur at the central end of the vibration analysor where
the f:1t.igue is at its highest.
The disturbed sensibility to vibration becomes normal with the
reverse development of vibration sickness. In well-advanced foinns,
where the process is irreversible, the changes in the sensibility to
vibration become rather stable. The proposed investigations may be used
for an early diagnosis.
131+. Clinical Data on Vibration Sickness
"Clinical Study of a Singular Form of Vibration Disease," by
A. S. Mel'kumova, Institute of Sanitation and Hygiene isaeni
F. F. Frismon; Moscow, CGigiyena. Truda i Professi, -n i1'nyye
Z, abolevaniya, No 5, irIay ()0, pp 41-45
This article discusses data collected during the course of 2-year
study of the general health of several hundred workers exposed to total
vibration during nonmechanized leveling of concrete on vibration stands.
A peculiar form of vibration disease characterized by inicrofocal mani-
festation: of nervous system impairment was noted.
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IN
135. Effect of Vibration on Sonic Tone Perception
"The Effect of Vibrations of Differnt Parameters on the
Threshold Perception of Sonic Tones," by Z. M. Butkovskaya;
Moscow, Gigiyena Truda i Professional'nyye Zabolevaniya,
No 5, May 60, pp 12 -1
The author of the article describes experiments which were conducted
to determine the influence of vibration with frequencies of 30 and 50
hertz and amplitudes of 0.4 and 0.2 millimeters on the threshold per-
ception of sonic tones.
The method of tonal audiometry was used to determine the threshold
characteristics of the air conductivity of vibrations when frequencies of
1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 8,000, 500, 250, and 125 hertz were used. It was
found that vertical vibration of 30 and 50 hertz and an amplitude of
0.4 millimeter, lasting 10 minutes, tended to raise the sonic threshold
at frequencies of 125, 250, and 4,000 to 8,000 hertz. Threshold, increase
was noted also at frequencies of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 hertz, although
instances of decrease were also noted. No changes occurred at the fre-
quency of 500 hertz. Vibration frequencies of 30 and 50 hertz and an
amplitude of 0.2 millimeter had no effect on tone perception.
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Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
136. Improvement of Public Health Service Urged
"Problems in Nutrition in the Light of the Resolution Adopted
by the Central Committee CPSU and the Council of Ministers
USSR 'On Measures for the Further Improvement of Medical Ser-
vice and Public Health Protection in the USSR"' (unsigned arti-
cle); Moscow, Voprosy Pitaniya, Vol 19, No 3, May Jun 60, pp 3-6
This article states that the resolution of the Central Committee CPSU
and the Council, of Ministers USSR once more proves that the Canmunist Party and the
Sovieet government are very much interested in the welfare and health of the Sovie t
people. A large amamt of money, made w4atl.abLe as a rem of the reduction of the
Soviet Armed Forces, is being used to raise the living standards of the
population and to improve medical service.
The material and cultural level of the Soviet population is higher
now than it was before the Soviets gained control of the government. The
morbidity rate is much lower now than it was before the revolution. Over-
all mortality is only one Fourth that in tsarist times and child mortality
is about one seventh the previous level. The average life span double
what it was before.
The resolution of the Central Committee CPSU and the Council of Min-
isters USSR noted, however, that the organization of medical service to
the population is lagging in areas where new industries have been estab-
lished, in areas where virgin soil. a, wastelands are being reclaimed, and
in areas of the Far North and in mountainous regions. The Academy of
Medical Sciences USSR, scientific research establittnnents, and medical.
intitutes are not making a great enough effort to reduce the incidence of
communicable diseases. New medical discoveries are not being put to use
fast enough, and new achievements in biology, physics, chemistry, and
radiology are not being utilized fully.
It is expected that, after the Seven-Year Plan is fulfilled, the
number of hospital beds in the country will increase from 1,532,600
to 2,1I+8,600, the number of medical establishments will increase consid-
erably and their equipment will be improved. This will require additional
appropriations. The medical. industry has been called on to produce 3.5
times as many medical preparations, medical instruments and other medical
equipment. Therapeutic and. preventive medical establishments are expected
to be well supplied with up-to-date medical preparations and equipment,,
including electronic devices and antibiotics.
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A training proCyaar has been formulated for medical personnel under-
gol._;t advanced study. It ire an improvement over the previous program.
The resolution of the Central Committee CPSU and the Council of Min-
istcrs USSR celled ai n._,dical scientists and medical practitioners to inten-
sify their efforts toward the complete eradication of such communicable
diseases as diphtheria, tularemia, and poliomyelitis, and to find ways of
effectively treating and. preventing influenza, angina, measles, intestinal
infFctions, and other diseases. The resolution appealed for continued
effort to reduce child umo.rtality, to preserve the health of mothers and
children, and to intensify the search for methods and drugs to prevent
cardiovascular diseases. The search for causes of cancer and other malig-
riar tumors must be continued.
TLe resolution placed great emphasis on the development of various
types of diet. Proper nutrition. is important for preserving health and
fc.:c prol.o;.gi:;.i; life. Studies must be conducted on proper diet for both
the healthy and the morbid organism: for infants and for old people, for
people doing sedentary work and for people whose jobs require physical
exertion, for people living in areas where the climate is severe and for
people who live in temperate zones, for pregnant women, and for the newly
born.
It is the duty of Soviet scientists to propagandize scientific pro-
gress made in. the field of nutrition. This is necessary because proper
nutrition can assure the builders of Communism in the Soviet Union last-,
ing good health and a. long. happy life.
137. Health Care Efforts of Soviet Government
"New Evidence of the Concern of the Party and Goverrarte.r,t for
the People's Health:" by P. Ponom.axeva; Moscow, Pediatriya,
No 5, May 60, pp 3...6
The author says that two major event, c.ccurred early in 1960. The
first was that the Supreme Soviet USSR approved a large additional re-
duction of the Armed Forces of the USSR anc;. the second was a decree of
the Central. Committee CPSU and the Council of Ministers USSR dealing
with measures for the further improvement, of medical aid to the Soviet
people.
Resources made available as a result of the cut in the Armed Forces
will be used to expand construction of therapeutic and preventive medical
establishments, increase the manufacture of medical. equipment and drugs,
and improve scientific research and sanitary conditions in urban and
rural communities.
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The Communist Party has always shown great interest in child wel-
fare. Child mortality is only about one seventh what it was before the
revoluCion,. The decree of the Central Committee CPSU and the Council of
Ministers USSR calls for further decreasing child morbidity and mortality.
The outpatient clinic is the principal link in the chain of estab-
lisnn::ents for the protection of children's health. The outpatient clinics
and the medical district establishments have been playing a great role in
raising the quality of specialized medical aid to children. House visits
and medical aid at home has been expanded.
The decree of the Central Committee CPSU and the Council of Ministers
USSR states that greater effort must be made to control communicable dis-
eases and the search for drugs which could pre-vent incidence of influenza
and catarrhs of the upper respiratory tracts must be intensified. Partic-
ul axly great; attention is expected to be given to the study of that group
of infections to which infants are susceptible during the first few months
of their lives. Interstitial pneumonia belongs to this group of infections.
Conditions now exist for the complete eradication of such infections
as diphtheria, tularemia, poliomyelitis, malaria, and a few others, and
for a sharp reduction of the incidence of whooping cough, typhoid, acute
enteric infections, and ascariasis.
Successful mass immunization of the Soviet population against polio-
myelitis with live virus polio vaccine produced from attenuated strains
is of international significance. It has been proved that peroral
immunization with live virus polio vaccine is harmless and is well tol-
erated. A possibility exists for the complete eradication of polio-
myelitis in the USSR.
Results of studies of the effectiveness of whooping cough and whoop-
ing cough'-diphtheria vaccines showed that the incidence of whooping cough,
among children who have been vaccinated is only one fifth that among
those who have not been vaccinated. Studies are being continued to im-
prove that vaccine.
New methods for rational therapy of dysentery and other enteric
infections have been discovered. These methods involve the use of such
antibiotics as colimycin and mycerin.
The eraclcation of communicable diseases is a national problem. and
must concern not only epidemiologists, microbiologists, and, clinicians,
but also pharmacologists, biochemists, and immunologists.
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The network of medical establishments that serve women and children
has been expanded. The number of maternity homes also has been increased
during the past year. There were 380,000 more spaces available in nurser-
ies and kindergartens at the end of 1959 than at the end of 1958. Almost
7 million children have spent their vacations in Pioneer camps and sana-
toriums for children during 1959.
The decree of the Central Committee CPSU and the Council of Ministers
USSR stressed the need for pediatricians to further improve medical ser-
vice to children.
138. Problems of Otorhinolaryngology
"Fulfillment of the Assignment of the Party and Government"
(unsigned article); Moscow, Vestnik Otorino-Laringologii, Vol
22, No 3, May/Jun 60, pp 3-5
This article discusses the resolution adopted by the Central Committee
CPSU and the Council of Ministers USSR which deals with further improvement
in medical service and public health protection in the USSR. Significant
reduction in the Armed Forces has made it possible to divert additional
resources to the health protection of the population. Otolaryn.gologists
are responsible for using the funds allocated to them to further scien-
tific research. Additional funds should help to promote investigation of
the causes of various diseases and intensify the search for effective
means of preventing and treating those diseases which affect a large num-
ber of people. These diseases are influenza, angina, cancer, malignant
tumors, and a few other diseases which are of immediate interest to
otolaryngologists. Otolaryngologists have not yet taken an active part
in attempts to devise measures for preventing a high incidence of influenza
and complications caused by influenza. The incidence of angina among
workers in industrial establishments is still high.
Oncology is a big problem for the entire medical profession. The
functional and anatomic-topographical peculiarities of otorhiztolaryngo-
logical organs, however, offer a number of possibilities which may result
in the solution of many problems of interest to members of all branches of
the medical profession.
Aid to ontological patients is given only in large cities. But even
there oncological infections are not always diagnosed rapidly enough and
there are not many places which can combine radiation and surgical treat-
ment.
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In 1953 there were 1,532,600 hospital beds available in the USSR, it
is expected that there will be 2,148,600 available in 1965. Outpatient
se.,tions of hospitals and medical aid posts in industrial establishments
will also be expanded. Therapeutic and preventive medical establishments
will be supplied with modern equipment and instruments. Diagnostic labora-
tories, roentgen, and physiotherapeutic units will also be expanded.
The system of advanced training for medical personnel will be improved.
to raise the qualifications of physicians without leave of absence from
their work.
The Central Committee CPSU and the Council of Ministers USSR approved
the expenditure of 1.3 billion rubles, in addition to rinds already allo-
cated, for construction, during 1961-1965, of public health establishments,
medical industrial establishments, scientific research institutes, experi-
mental plants, and pharmacies and pharmaceutical warehouses.
The problem commission on otorhinolaryngology, Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR, must assume leadership in solving problems of primary
importance. These problems concern angina and chronic tonsillitis,
chronic suppurative otitis and its complications, the physiology and
pathology of the acoustic analysor and voice, occupational diseases and
trauma in otorhinolaryngology, and oncology in otorhinolaryngology.
Scientific research institutes must contribute greatly to the solution
of these problems.
Otorhinolaryngologists of the USSR and of the union republics have
been called on to coordinate their scientific research. It is of the
utmost importance that therapeutic establishments be supplied with
audiometers and other modern equipment. The All-Union medical Society of
Otorhinolaryngologists and the All-Union Deaf-Mute Society of must
launch a program of training specialists in the manufacture of miniature
hearing aids and must make attempts to increase the number of hearing
aid repair shops.
139. New Work Schedules for Riveters Investigated
"A Work Schedule for Riveters in the Aviation Industry," by
T. N. Pavlova, Institute of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational
Diseases, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow, Gigiyena
Truda i Professional'nyye Zabolevaniya, No 5, May 60, pp 31-36
The author of this article states that a comparative study was under-
taken to investigate the work schedule adopted for riveters employed in
the aviation industry (an 8-hour workday with a one hour dinner interval
in the middle) and to investigate an experimental schedule providing for
four supplementary intervals in the course of the day at the expense of
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work hours. This study proved that the inclusion of supplementary inter-
vals tends to reduce unfavorable physiological changes occurring in the
organism, and contributes to a higher working capacity.
Shorter working hours for riveters and the introduction of additional
rest periods during the regular workday have been recommended for those
who use pneumatic percussion tools in the aviation industry. This is in
addition to improved working conditions, replacement of riveting equipment,
and broader mechanization of operations for this occupational group.
140. Lenin's Legacy
"To Live up to Lenin's Expectations" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Sovetskoye Zdravookhraneniye, No 4, 1960, pp 3-5
This article notes that 22 April 1960 marked the 90th anniversary of
the birth of V. I. Lenin. It says that this is the day when workers of
the entire world recall the life and work of a man whose name has become
associated with the abolition of exploitation of man by man and with the
building of a society in which workers have a real opportunity for all-
around physical and spiritual development. The people of the Soviet
Union will remember this day with a feeling of profound love and gratitude
toward their teacher and leader, the founder of the Communist Party and
the first Soviet socialist state in the world.
On the eve of his revo~utionary activity, V. I. Lenin wrote the
following: "...give us an organization of revolutionaries and we will
turn Russia inside out!" Organized by V. I. Lenin and hardened by its
struggle against its many enemies, this organization of revolutionaries,
the CPSU, has grown into a mighty force, guiding a multitude of Soviet
people in their effort, to build a classless society. In his theoretical
writings on state and govennen:,. Lenin consistently stressed the need
for demolishing the old bourgeois state machine and for organizing a
new government apparatus with a goal to completely liberate the working
class from the capitalist yoke.
V. I. Lenin said that the dictatorship of the proletariat is the
highest form of democracy, radically different from the hypocritical
and false democracy of the wealthy, exploiting minority. Lenin had in
view a proletarian democracy in which control of the government would
be in the hands of workers of a multinational Soviet Union. Relations
between nationalities have improved and great progress has been made in
economies, science, and culture in the Soviet Union. All this has been
accomplished under the leadership of the CPSU.
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llav; nr; or~;unized the Coumnznict Party and the Soviet government,
V. I. Lenin .,volve(l thcor,:tical bases for the formation of a system
of health service which is socialist in content?
In his article "The Significance of Militant Materialism," pub-
lished in 1922, Lenin t? ;rote that while science is malting great progress
and the class struggle is acute, a philosophical foundation will remain
a necessity. Natural science could not withstand the pressure of bour-
geois ideas and the bourgeois world outlook without a philosophical
foundation. A natural scientist must be a dialectic materialist. Lenin
restated this argument in his classic Materialism and L,mpirioc_?iticism.
V. I. Lenin advised all Marxists to screen all reactionary tenden-
cies and to fight resolutely against class theories of society.
When V. I. Leni.r vas the head of the Soviet state, he contributed
t,reatly to the organization of the Soviet health service. He laid the
groundwork for scientific progress and for extensive measures for the
protection of mothers, children, and adolescents. He was responsible
for the organization of health resorts, the epidemic control service,
and advocated free, qualified medical aid to all.
Soviet health service has progressed far in its endeavor to pro-
tect the health of the Soviet population. Soviet medical workers can
look forward to greater accomplis!unents if they continue to live up to
Lenin's behests and to continue c.o follow the sage guidance of the CPSU.
Radiolo y
141. Harmful Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides Formed Arcand Padm-DA Gamma Installation.
"The Formation of Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides Due to the Effect
of Gamma-Irradiation During the Operation of a Powerful Ganuna
Installation," by V. F. Oreshko and N. F. Tsikhmistrenko,
Scientific Research Institute of Sanitation and Hygiene imeni
F F. Erisman; Moscow, Gigiyena Truda i Professional'niye
Zaboleiraniya, No 6, Jun 60, pp 16-20
The purpose ct'the research. described was to define the sanitary
and hygienic working conditions in installations equipped with powerful
sources of ionizing radiations, in this case an exposed source of C060
with a total active emission of 21,000 gram equivalents of radium.
The article describes the placement and screening of the chamber
containing the source and lists the concentration levels of 03, NO`S21
and HV03 at various distances and heights around the source, in the
corridors, and at other points, and how these concentrations change
with time through oxidation.
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These studies show that harmful products (ozone and nitrogen oxides)
are formed in the chamber of the ionization source and that they exceed
the maximum permissible limits whenever the source operatr-s continuously
fc,,? any significant length of time. During the operating time, the maxi-
mum content of radiolytic products was observed close to the source at
a height of 1.5 meters.
112. Combined Radiation and 'Uterus Denervation Effects on Embryonic
Development
"X-Ray Effects on the Development of Rat Embryos Growing in a
Denervated Uterus," by N. A. Samoshkina, Labcratory of Embryology,
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Arkhiv Anatomii, Gistologii i Embriologii, Vol 38,
No 3, Mar 60, pp 53-62
The research described is a study of the combined effects of uterus
denervation and radiation on the development of rat embryos.
The author presents the following conclusions
1. Uterus denervation before pregnancy does not alter radiation
action. The data obtained on implantations and on the number of normal,
abnormal, and dead embryos under these experimental conditions did not
differ from control figures.
2. Uterus denervation performed on the. first day of pregnancy
without the additional effect of radiation exerted a noticeable effect
on implantations and on the development of the embryos: it significantly
decreased the percentage of implantations as compared with the control,
and also decreased the number of normally developing embryos.
3. The combined effect of uterus denervation on the first day of
pregnancy plus the irradiation of the rats by 200 r on the 4th day of
pregnancy led to the intensification of radiation effects, which were
expressed by an increased number of abnormal embryos to the 10th day of
development. It may be, presumed that the effect of the maternal nervous
system alleviates indirect radiation action or embryonic development.
4+. Laparotomy without uterus denervation, performed on the first
day of pregnancy and combined with radiation action on the 4th day of
pregnancy, also significantly aggravated radiation effects but to a
lesser degree than denervation.
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 ` 100061 SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
!R/ (Q fDQ V i 31V f t-TC V2 Sanitized -Approved For Release 'CM -00A
f FFORT
'2 ` OF
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1.hh3. 7ml rr`,ccl^ Safe for Storage of Radioactive Substances Described
"Prot dive Safe for the Storage of R'ldioactive Preparations,"
by A. A. Stankevich, Chair of Oncology of Giduv imeni S. M
Kirov, and the Radium Laboratory, Institute of Oncology,
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow, Voprosy Onkologrii,
Vol 6, P]o 4, Apr 60, Pp
The author describes a safe designed by the Experimental Workshops
of GIDTJV (Gosudarstvenniy Institutdlya Usovershenstvovariya Vrachey,
State Institute for the Advanced Training of Physicians) for the storage
of various radioactive preparations. The safe is simply constructed; it
is effective and convenient to work with. It consists of 16 separate
compartments arranged in four parallel layers of shelves. Each separate
compartment contains a box ('( cm thick in front, 3 cm thick on the sides
and at the bottom, and 2 cm thick at the back), and is supplied with a
long handle to remove the radioactive preparations from the safe. To
:further minimize the radiation hazarls to personnel, the doors of only
four boxes slide open at any one time.
The safe is made of steel, and is placed in a 50-cm-thick concrete
chamber, 120 cm above th- floor. Various radioactive preparations with
a total activity from Co~'0 amounting to 1.5 g equivalents of radium can
be stored in it. When the safe contains this amount of radioactive
material, the intensity of radiation around it is as follows: at the
walls of the safe, one milli r/ hour; at 0.5 meter, 0.6-0.8 milli r/
hour; at one meter, 0.5 milli r/ hour; and at a distance of 2.5 meters
the radiation is below the sensitivity of the apparatus.
The test is accompanied by several diagrams.
Surgery
144. Hungarian Blood Supply Service Used by Pharamaceutical Industry
"Healing Human Blood -- 32 Medicines Are Prepared From Blood,"
by Rozsa Feher; Budapest, Magyar Nemzet, 19 Jun 60, p 3
According to a recent article in a Hungarian daily paper, the number
of Hungarian blood donors has grown to 60,000 in 10 years. The various
Hungarian treatment institutes need 60,000 liters of blood per year. Pro-
cessing one liter of blood for tranfusion costs 300-1,000 forints. The
patient receives the blood free of charge.
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In addition to .Ltn use for transfusions, 32 medicines are prepared
from human blood, including gamma globulin and blood plasma. Most of
the medicines are prepared by the Central Research Institute (Kozpont].
Kutato Intczet) of the National Blood Supply Service (Orszagos Verellato
Szolgalat). Thrombin and fibrin preparations are used in traumatology
and surgery. Films, bioplasts, nails, tubes, and cups are formed. from
blood fibrin for surgical use.
Virology
145? Clinical Study of Poliomyelitis
"Experience in Clinical-Virological Parallels in Cases of Acute
Poliomyelitis," by R. M. Pratusevich and A. A. Roshteyn, Scien-
tific Research Pediatrics Institute and Institute of Epidemiology,
Microbiology, and Hygiene imeni Pasteur; Moscow, Pediatriya,
No 5, May 60, pp 16-20
This article offers some clinical-virological comparisons from irve;;
tigations of patients with diseases diagnosed as poliomyelitis. Result3 c!'
studies conducted on children up to 15 years of age showed that the fre-?
quency of virus isolation in paralytic (spinal) and nonparalytic forms
differs only insignificantly. In contrast to the above, the virus was
isolated very rarely (in 4.7% of cases) in older patients affected. with
isolated facial nerve paresis (the so-called pontine form). Virological
investigations made it possible to establish, in a number of instances,
the etiology of abortive and atypical forms of poliomyelitis as wel.]. :.,
of some sporadic and focal affections with serous meningitis.
Miscellaneous
146. Cybernetics Aids Medical Studies
"Electronics for the Doctor" (unsigned article); Berlin, Die
CPYRGHT Volksarmee, 7 Apr 60
"Soviet scientists have developed a 'cybernetic method' for me;]`i .~~cl
studies of particularly complex nerve functions. Psychophysiologi_st;
S. M. Braines and A. W. Napalkov, in cooperation with Engr J. A. Sebraider,
have made significant observations of animals which have developed a con-
ditioned reflex as well as the pattern of their subsequent behavior. The
scientists have attempted to obtain a mathematical generalization of this
process and to draw basic conclusions there from which will be helpful in
the construction of new electronic computing and logarithmic machine.
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CPYRGHT
"An electronic comS.r.tcr for the diuL7,nosis of diseases is of great
[rri,crr;.;i It; cons:Lrrtu of It d:Laano.;ti.c electronic apparatus which makes
IL po,,:;lblc to dcterm:Lnr_ 96 different diseases by a combination of
sympt,ornr. All symptoms have numbers which are entered on a control
desk. By pressing the corresponding keys, the physician feeds a problem
into the machine. The apparatus works with lightning speed and sorts up
to 10,000 var9ations per second in its electronic 'brain.' Once the most
precise diagnosis, has been selected, the corresponding designation appears
on a screen."
147. Evolution of Higher Nervous Activity
"Significance of Charles Darwin's Evolutionary Theory for
the Physicology of II:Lghcr Nervous Activity, " by L. G. VQronin;
Moscow, Zhurnal V hey Nervnoy Deyatel'nosti, No 6, Nov/Dec 59,
pig 799-870-)
This article says that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution revolu-
tionized thinking in the natural and social sciences. He evolved an
orderly, materialistic theory, explaining in general terms the course of
the historical development of organisms and the forces responsible for
this development. This replaced the idealistic concept of the divine
origin of life on earth, of the dissociation of the animate and inanimate
nature, and the absence of the dependence of the development of organisms
on the conditions under which they exist.
Darwin pointed out that a rich organic world developed as a result
of variations, inheritance, the struggle for existence, and natural selec-
tion. This organic world developed from primitive noncellular forms of
organisms to higher forms of life, including man. This theory became
the symbol of progressive biology despite strong objections of idealisti-
cally thinking naturalists and representatives of the church.
Darwin's theory served as one of essential sicentific prerequisites
for the subsequent materialistic theory of I. P. Pavlov concerning higher
nervous activity. The study of brain physiology could not have emerged
without the evolutionary theory and could not have been developed without
morphology and the other fields of knowledge dealing with the structure
and function of human and animal organisms.
Even though Darwin wrote more than 70 years before Pavlov developed
his theory of two signal systems, it is evident from his writings that
he understood the qualitative difference between the "Mental activity"
in humans and in animals. In describing the behavior of animals, Darwin
anticipated many of the pryncipal aspects of the theory of conditioned
reflexes. Ile observed that habits and instincts have a chain reaction
characteristic.
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wus not In a vary advantageous posit:Lon for a long time
attc:ntiorl was paid to the study of the evolution of
furict t.u~lc . Thankal to I. M. Sechenov, Ye. N. Vvedenskiy, I. P. Pavlov,
and L., A. Orbcli, this attitude toward evolutionary theory changed
dr.?autic:ally.
In analyzing the behavior of animals, Darwin felt that there is a
great gap in science. He had to operate not by means of physiological
factors, but with the aid of psychological concepts, not always to his
satisfaction. For example, in discussing dxpressions of emotion in
animals and htunano, he found them to be not only interesting, but also
needing "further study by some gifted physiologist."
This study was begun by 1. M. Sechenov 6 years before Charles
Darwin's work was published? The results of S(;~chenov's investigations,
entitled "The Manifestation of Emotions in Humans and Animals," were
published at that time.
The physiological study of animal behavior interested Darwin and led
to the founding of a new 'branch of knowledge: the physiology of the higher
nervous activity. This branch of knowledge was the first to show scien-
tific:r>1y the similarities and differences between the "mental activity"
of humans and the "mental activity" of animals, and showed that the devel-
opment of higher "mental functions" is the result of interaction between
the organism and the conditions under which it exists. Results of physio-
logical studies also showed that human behavior and animal behavior are
the result of a complex interaction between innate and acquired reactions,
that interactions bear various qualitative characteristics at various
stages of the development of individuals, and that the role of acquired,
reactions increases during the life of an individ:,al, depending on the
degree of development of his nervous system. This is evident in the
higher nervous activity of humans and animals, which is based on specific
adaptive mechanisms in the form of a highly developed first signal system
common to both, and a second signal system inherent in humans.
Thus, the physiological theory of I. P. Pavlov, based on the evolu-
tionary theory and dialectic materialism, contributed to the development
of the Darwinian theory.
A new scientific study was conceived and developed in the USSR under
the influence of the theory and teachings of I. P. Pavlov concerning
higher nervous activity, and as a result of the experiments of L. A.
Orbeli and his associates. This new scientific study is known as evolu-
tionary physiology. Evolutionary physiology, according to Orbeli, is
confronted by two main tasks: an examination of each function under
study from the standpoint of the history of its formation, on one hand,
and, on the other hand, the "verification of evolutionary theory on the
basis of physiological surveys."
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the application of evolul; i.onary principles in physiology makes
it poi,; i i; Le to understand the phylogenesis of various functions and, to
ohscrvr? th.c !aistory of their emergence.
Utilizing thin principle of research,, L. A. Orbeli revealed the
adaptive and trophic role of he autonomic nervous system, the conditions
of the interaction of afferent systems, the mechanisms of nervous regula-
tion of contracting tissues at various levels of phylogenesis, and some
phases of the interaction of the cerebrum, hypothalamus, and cerebellum.
Accorc:,ing to Orbeli, the primitive functions and their coordinated
relationships, arising somewhere In the evolutionary process, may not be
eliminated during subsequent phylogenesis, but may become inhibited by
more highly developed functions. In connection with the subject of this
article, studies of the phylogenesis and ontogenesis of conditioned and
unconditioned reflex reactions in animals at various stages of development,
conducted in the laboratory of L. A. Orbeli, are of particular significance.
The following persons have been conducting studies of the comparative
phycioi.ogy of higher nervous activity: B. I. Bayandurov, D. A. Biryukov,
L. G. Voronin, A. B. Kogan, A. D. Slonim, and others.
The quest:Lon of how the acquired reactions which form an instinct
are inherited has not yet been solved. I. P. Pavlov considered reflexes
as individual adaptive phenomena, quite plastic, and existing as long
as the conditions responsible for their formation are present. Being
a proponent of evolutionary theory, he thought that some conditioned re-
flexes may be strengthened by heredity provided the conditions under
which an organism exists remain constant. He changed his viewpoint after
experimenting with elementary alimentary conditioned reflexes in mice.
He did not reject the need. for experimental verification of the results
of his experiments on mice, however.
The problem of the inheritance of conditioned reflexes is just as
important as it is difficult. If the inheritance idea is verified,
then one of the most important storehouses of mechanisms of unconditioned
reflexes of hie-;her nervous activity will be explained.
Investigators must utilize more extensively and creatively the ob-
jective method in the study of conditioned reflexes to formulate methods
which correspond to the intricate mechanisms of higher nervous activity.
This method holds the key to the possible explanation of those enigmatic
phases of "mental activity" ir.. humans and animals about which Darwin was
thinking, and which became ever. more interesting as a result of experi-
ments conducted by I. P. Pavlov.
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'.11b . t!y]. ,i;cn~ t Lc and or_togcnQtic devclopnnent of functions are peren-
ii.i.!U.1.y 1.1.niccd by the conditions under which an organism exists. Both
thwwse j> ~r r n;,es, therefore, a.r: accoir.plished generally along similar lines.
Da,?w.i.n ca.l. k d attention to this; his followers, Muller and Haechel, for-
mulated the so-called biogenetic law. This law does not have any absolute
significanct;, and is extended to the most general features of phylogenetic
and ontoGenctic development. Nevertheless, any results of investigations
c:once.rninc the ontogenesis of functions may reveal their phylogenesis to
some extent.
For example, A. A. Volokhov showed that the formation of motor reflex
reactions in embryogenesis occurs with the same general regularity as
the formation of conditioned reflex activity in adult animals. His con-
clusions were based on results of many experiments. The results of A. A.
Volokhov'c studies confirm the view of I. P. Pavlov and L. A. Orbeli that
investigations conducted to determine the dynamics of conditioned reflexes
assist in understanding the process of the Sormation of reflex activity in
general, both in phylogenesis and ontogenesis.
Significant investigations of the ontogenesis of higher nervous
activity in humans and animals have been conducted in the laboratories
of the following people: N. I. Krasnogcrski.y, A. G. Ivanov-?Smolenskiy,
L. A. Orbeli, A. A. Volokhov, E. A. Astratyan, P. K. Anokhin, N. N.
Kasatkin, M. M. Kol'tsova, V. A. Troshikhin, A. T. Khudorozheva, and
others. These investigations aroused great interest and they have been
devoted to clarification of the ontogenesis of the signa'. systems.
Ecological aspects of the study of the ontogenesis and phylogenesis
of higher nervous activity seem to have borne results. Particular atten-
tion is being given, in the laboratories of D. A. Biryukov, A. D. Slonim,
and others to the invesi:,i.gation of animals which are related but which
live under varied conditions. These investigations advantageously supple-
ment the comparative physiological investigations of the mechanisms of
higher nervous activity, revealing the role which ecological factors play
in the formation of this activity in the processes of ontogenesis and
phylogenesis.
In conclusion, this article says that it has stressed the importance
of evolutionary theory for one segment of physiology only. It is known
that. this theory has exerted a progressive influence on physiology as
well as on all branches of biology, not to mention the fact that it has
supplied one of several natural scientific bas-es for dialectic materialism.
It is justifiable to say, therefore, that the USSR has become the second
home for the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin.
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148, Lenin's Application of Philosophy to Natural Science
"V. T. Lenin on the Connection Between Philosophy and Natural
Science," by A. Ye. Furman, Chair of Dialectic and Historical
Materialism, Moscow State University; Zoologicheskiy'Zhurnal,
Vol 39, No !, Apr 60, pp 1-il
The Soviet people celebrating the 90th anniversary of the birth of
V. I. Lenin are said to be under conditions favorable for the building
of a Communist society. The Communist society which is being established
will offer further confirmation and realization of Lenin's teachings.
Lenin's works are the fountain of ideas which light the way to human
progress and happiness the author says. Soviet scirAtists have placed
science at the disposal of Communist construction, and in trying to
solve various problems encountered in daily life, they have abp1.n ind
again found inspiration in Lenin's ideas.
All works of V. I. Lenin are important, not just his writings
which concern the development of modern natural science and discuss the
development of biological sciences. All Lenin's works offer guidance on
proper utilization of dialectic materialism and successful solution of
many concrete theoretical and practical scientific problems.
The author dwells on one of Lenin's ideas: the connection between
natural science and philosophy. First, Lenin based the uninterrupted
bond that exists between philosophy and natural science on their histor-
inal development. Second, Lenin showed that the only scientific theoreyi-
cal basis for modern natural science is dialectic materialism. And
third, Lenin paid particularly great attention to an explanation of how
natural scientists, and all other scientists, can utilize dialectical
materialism in solving concrete questions arising in the areas of their
scientific interest.
Philosophy and natural science are two sides of a single process
of cognition. Natural science is the result of human activity. People
create natural science. Furthermc:oe, all people have a definite world
outlook. People differ in their world. outlook. In character and origin,
the world outlook may be philosophical, religious, or naively realistic,
or it may consist of natural historical materialism. The world outlook
of a people is reflected by their work, in their attitude toward the out-
side world, and in their efforts to solve theoretical and practical prob-
lems. The world outlook determines the way people approach the subjects
under consideration and the manner in which they perceive the phenomena
of the outside world.
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Nat'.HcLd. science is basically antagonistic to a religious world out-
look. Ial;ural science, in our time, is usually based either on philo-
sophical materialism or on natural historical materialism.
Philosophy is necessary to natural science; if a scientist for some
reason does not make use of scientific philosophy, then he either creates
his own "philosophy" or becomes captive of a vagabond philosophy or some
other "odd" philosofiy.
The character of the philosophy of a natural scientist can be seen
in nis approach to the subject under investigation. A natural scientist-
metaphysicist who is convinced that species do not undergo any variation
does not seek in nature symptoms of their variability; when he does en-
counter them, he often finds he cannot comprehend their significance and
make correct interpretations.
Science can be genuine only when it describes phenomena in an ordinary
manner, explains them and derives from them definite general conclusions.
Correct scientific conclusions and. explanations of natural phenomena are
impossible, however, without philosophy.
There was a period in the history of society when natural scientific
and philosophical knowledge existed inseparably. Increased class antagonism,,
however, and increasing division of labor led to the point at which they
became resolved into special branches of intellectual activity. The two
sides of a single process of cognition, philosophy and natural science,
appeared to have been violently torn asunder. Contradictions which arose
between philosophy and natural science consequently asumed an antagonistic
form. Such a seemingly "abnormal" situation appears to be understandable.
In a society in which class struggle exists, everything indivisible is
dissociated and the disunited parts are pitted against each other in an
antagonistic manner: production against need, productive forces against
the rate of production, mental work against physical work, etc.
Many theoretical hypotheses were formulated twice: first by natural
philosophers and then by natural scientists. But solutions of these
hypotheses by philosophers -were often abstract in form and they remained
inaccessible to natural science, In natural science these problems were
decided with great difficulty. When. knowledge of living nature was
accumulated, the classification of vegetable and animal organisms led
biologists closer to the theory of life, but they were unable to give it
a correct, scientific form. The result was that biologists borrowed
hypotheses from philosophers, developed this theory by using their own
resources. In discussing this situation, V. I. Lenin wrote: "In our
time, the idea of development and evolution has become almost entirely a
part of social consciousness, but in a different way: through the
philosophy of Hegel. However, this idea was presented by Marx and
Engels more thoroughly and is richer in content than the current idea of
evolution."
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There are two principal trends in philosophy: materialistic and
idealistic. Internally and organiealky natural science is connected
with. materialism. Materialism, in its turn, is antagonistic to super=
ctibion and bigotry. Idealism is alien and antagonistd.e to science.
But it cannot carry on a successful fight against materialism without
taking into consideration new discoveries in natural science. But
idealism cannot be reconciled with such cornerstones of natural scien-
tific hypotheses as the idea that nature existed fiefore man came into
being, that people think with the aid of their brain, that sense percep-
tions are the result of the effect of environment on human organs of
sensation.
Idealism is nurtured by difficulties encountered by science, by its
defects, by problems that it has not yet solved. But progress in various
sciences will lead t.,erialism to inevitable victory. Furthermore, the
struggle between idealism and materialism in natural science is a reflec.,
tion of a class struggle withi4 human society.
Idealism has its roots within circles of the reactionary, exploiting
classes. It also Lis gnosiological roots. The griosiological roots of
idealism, exposed by V. I. Lenin, are very significant in the struggle
for materialism in natural science.
Vitalism and physiological idealism are one and-the same thing. They
differ in one form ?O.Aly: they parasitize different problems of biological
science. -Fbom,:thie., It._.i i;a73e~,concluded that in the struggle of idealism
and materialism, natural'sciefice cannot remain indifferent. In other
words, natural science must adhere to "partyism," must openly defend the
interests of the forward looking, advanced class of society, a class
which is carrying on a fight for a more progressive social order.
Natural science depends on philosophy. But the development of philos'
ophy is dependent on the progress. made by natural science. Therefore the'
is an interaction between natural science and phia.ooophy. Engels said
that materialism has always been forced to change its form with every new
discovery that has been made in natural science. V. I. Lenin said "Every
science has had its beginning with metaphysics. Metaphysicists-biologists
have been trying to discover the meaning of life and of what significance
the life force is. I-iMetaphysicistt#psychologists have been searching for a
soul. This does not make sense: we cannot carry on a discussion about
a soul without making an attempt to explain the mental process."
As time passed, science reached a high level of development. Con-
sequently, metaphysical materialism became helpless and was unable to
solve the philosophical questions in natural science. It is not within
the domain of metaphysical materialism to solve such questions as the
origin of life, the origin of consciousness, etc. To solve these ques-
tions, metaphysical materialism found refuge in the sublimation o' all
nature. Dialectics, developed by Hegel, was found to be superior to
metaphysical materialism in solving a number of questions. J
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The inability of natural scientists to change from metaphysical ma-
terialism to dialectical materialism led them to idealism. New concepts
of the Structure of matter, of motion, and of space and time, brought
about by new discoveries in physics, could have been comprehended from
the viewpoint of dialectical materialism only. Ignorance of dialectical
materialism is the reason that physics became a captive of idealism.
Every kind of unscientific, idealistic philosophy usually retards
the development of natural science and creates a crisis in all sciences.
Dialectical materialism only, the philosophy of the working class, offers
unlimited freedom for the development of scientific knowledge.
In characterizing the crisis that physics faced at the end of the
19th Century and at the beginning of the 20th Century, V. I. Lenin showed
that dialectical materialism could have prevented that crisis. But the
prevalent world outlook at that time was the bourgeois world outlook,
which made the free utilization of Marxist dialectics and the theory of
cognizance impossible.
A scientist studying natural phenomena, ordinarily utilizes the
world outlook of the class which he serves. He thereby expresses the
class attitude toward the phenomena under investigation. Bourgeois science
must therefore be cleansed of ideological elements before everything in
it can be accepted.
Lenin said that "Professors in economics are nothing more than scien-
tific lackeys of the capitalist class and professors of philosophy are
scientific lackeys of theologians."
The peaceful coexistence of capitalism and socialism presupposes
not only an increase in trade, but also the exchange of scientific infor-
mation. Scientific achievements in capitalistic countries cannot be
ignored. Peaceful coexistence of the two social systems is not based
on ideology. In utilizing bourgeois science, it is necessary to ignore
bourgeois ideology which has unavoidably penetrated it. Differentiation
must be made where the questicns of "pure" natural science end and
where the questions of ideology and world outlook begin.
To reject scientific achievements in bourgeois natural science is
just as harmful for Communism as to accept bourgeois idelogy. A profound
knowledge of dialectics-. materialism can guarantee the proper solution of
each individual question.
V. I. Lenin discussed two possible ways in which natural scientists
can successfully arrive at dialectical materialism. A high level of
scientific development itself, he said, will lead natural scientists to
dialectical materialism. The second way concerns studying, mastering,
and accepting dialectical materialism consciously. Conditions for
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mastering dialectical materialism exist in a socialist society only; in
capitalist countries, sufficient conditions are absent. Mastering dia-
lectical materialism will be the first step toward unifying philosophy
and natural science.
There is a discrepancy between familiarity with dialectical materi-
lism and the ability to apply it skillfully. Often, scientists, in their
attempts to apply consciously the dialectic to solve scientific problems,
make more errors than they made prior to acquiring that knowledge because
scientists attempt to apply dialectical materialism without comprehending
its essence and its creative characteristics. Dialectical materialism is
not a ready-made scheme to which natural scientific facts must conform,
but is a guiding light iur proper orientation to these facts. V. I. Lenin's
idea concerning the unity of dialectical materialism, logic, and, the theory
of cognition is very valuable in that respect.
The application of dialectical materialism to biological sciences
signifies first of all that their specificity must be considered. Profound
knowledge of problems which characterize the development of the organic
world, therefore, is an important step in the application of dialectical
materialism to biological sciences. A theory of the development of the
organic world has for biological sciences approximately the same signifi-
cance as the development of historical materialism for social sciences.
Feeble attempts to solve the problems of a general theory of development
of the organic world are one reason that successful understanding of
dialectical materialism and its application to indivii.ual branches of
biology, is being retarded. V. I. Lenin discussed all questions of
dialectical materialism and indicated how to use them, avoiding dogma-
tism, sophistication, and metaphysics.
Scientific problems cannot be solved without any attempt to utilize
dialectical materialism. In our time, scientists who have not mastered
dialectical materialism will. not be able to cope with newer problems which
Communist construction is placing before science.
149. Elections in Academy of Medical Sciences USSR
"The 14th Session of the General Assembly of the Academy of
Medical Sciences, USSR, Completed Its Work", (Unsigned Article);
Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 2 Feb 60, p 1
Election of 23 active members and 15 corresponding members to the
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR was announced. The elections for the
new staff of the presidium of the academy were also announced.
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Newly elected Active Members are: A. B. Aleksanyan, V. G. Baranov,
A. F. Bilibin, N. N. Blokhin, G. Y .. Vladimirov, M. F. Glazunov,
V.
M.
Zhdanov, G. A. Zedgenidze, A. D. Zurabashvili, V. M. Karasik, N.
Krayevskiy, A. V. Lebedinskiy, N. S. Molchanov, V. K. Navrotskiy,
A.
I.
R.
Petrov, A. I. Savitskiy, 0. D. Sokolova-Ponomareva, M. A. Topchibashev,
V. L. Troitskiy, I. N. Filimonov, L. K. Khatsyanov, A. I. Cherkes, and
M. P. C humakov .
Newly elected Corresponding Members are: M. L. Belen'kiy, I. F.
Berezin, A. A. Voytkevish, 0. V. Kerbikov, V. V. Kovanov, N. N. Litvinov,
G. M. Maruashvili, L. S. Persianinov, A. I. Rakov, S. M. Ryssf V. A.
Fanardzhyan, A. N. Filippovich, F. V. Shebanov, A. A. Shmidt, and Ye.
V. Shmidt.
N. N. Blokhin was elected president of the Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR, replacing A. N. Bakulev; V. D. Timakov and V. N. Orekhovich~ vice-
presidents; V. M. Zhdanov, Academician-Secretary. V. Kh. Vasilenlo,
G. V. Vygodchikov and N. A. Krayevskiy were elected departtipnt
Academician-Secretaries.
The above-named officers as well as V. V. Parin and G. P. Rudney
were elected to the Presidium of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR.
150. K. K. Plaude Elected President of Academy of Sciences Latvian SSR
"Resolutions of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences Latvian
SSR", by J. Magone; Riga, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Latviyskoy SSR,
No 2 (151), 1960, p 207
At yearly meeting of the Academy of Sciences Latvian SSR, held on
11 February 1960, new officers were elected. Academician Karl Karlovich
Plaude, professor and Doctor of Technical Sciences, was unanimously elected
president. Academician Petr Ivanovich Valeskaln, formerly academician-sec-
retary, was elected vice-president.
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VII. METALLURGY
Physical Metallurgy
151. X-ray Studies of Beryllium Bronze During Age-Hardening
"Age-Hardening of Beryllium Bronze," by L. Ye. Vinnichenko,
Trudy Chelyabinskogo Instituta Mekhanizatsic i Elektrifikatsic
Sel'skogo Khozyaystva (Works of the Chelyabinsk Institute of
the Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture), No 7,
1959, pp 314-326 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika,
No 8, 25 Apr 60, Abstract No 1.2091
X-ray methods weie used to investigate the changes of thermal electro-
motive force, microhardness and Hall coefficient of beryllium bronze (96.92
percent copper, 2.49 percent berillium, 0.036 percent nickel, 0.42 percent
iron) during age-hardening. A study was also made of the change of mechan-
ical properties and electrical resistance and of the effects of neutron ex-
posure.
152. G. V. Samsonov Receives Prize For Monograph On Silicides of High-
Melting Metals
"Results of 1959 All-Uhion Competitions for the D. K. Chernov,
N. A. Minkevich, and P. G. Sobolevskiy Prizes," by Eng Ye. M.
Merzhanova; Moscow, Metallovedeni e i Termicheskaya Obrabotka
Metallov, No 4, Apr 60, pp 62-64
G. V. Samsonov, Doctor of Technical Sciences (Institute of Powder
Metallurgy, Cermets, and Special Alloys of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian
SSR), was awarded a P. G. Sobolevskiy Prize of the third degree for the
monograph Silitsidy i Ikh Ispol'zovaniye v Tekhnike (Silicides and Their
Application in Technology). This monograph is the first USSR work which
systematically treats problems pertaining to the nature and prope'i-ties of
$ilicides of high-melting metals.
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Production Metallurgy
153. Cyclone Method of Smelting Found Advantageous
"Results of Scientific Activity at the Academy of Sciences Kazakh
SSR During 1959 and Current Tasks, " by Academician Sh. Ch. Chokin,
Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR; Alma-Ata, Vestnik Akademii Nauk
Kazakhskoy SSR, Vol 16, No 5, may 60, pp 12-23
"Power engineers and metallurgists of the .'academy of Sciences Kazakh
SSR, together with workers at the Balkhash Mining and Metallurgical Combine
have successfully carried out experiments on cyclone smelting of copper con-
centrates. At a pilot-plant installation, the rated output was obtained.
Experiments conducted over a long time confirmed the correctness of indexes
determined in theoretical and experimental investigations. A high efficiency
of the process was achieved. It was established that the amount of fuel
used for smelting comprises 15.3%, as compared with the 22.2% required for
smelting in reverberatory furnaces; mattes produced contain 1.4-1.6 times
more copper than those resulting from smelting in reverberatory furnaces.
"At the Ust'-Kamenogorsk Lead-Zinc Combine, a va2uum process for the
production of selenium has been introduced. Work has been conducted on the
production of rare metals (cadmium indium, etc.) from dusts obtained in
lead production. Amalgam metallurgy methods are applied for the recovery
of these metals."
154. Cyclone Method of Smelting
"The Cyclone Smelting of Copper Sulfide Concentrates," by A. V.
Tonkonogiy, I. A. Onayev, I. P. Basina, and M. I. Vdovenko,
Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR; Yu. K. Pobedonostsev, A. N.
Polyakov, V. B. Meyerovich, and M. G. Revazashv li, Balkhash
Mining and Metallurgical Combine; and I. G. Durnovo and V. V.
Tsyganov, Kazakh SSR State Institute for Design and Planning
of Nonferrous Metals Industry Establisb.aents [Kazgiprotsvetmet];
Moscow, Tsvetnyye Metally, Vol 33, No 3, Mar 60, pp 20-28
The design, construction, and operation of the cyclone furnace installed
in 1957 at the Balkhash Mining and Metallurgical Combine are discussed in
detail. This furnace, which is said to be the first of its type constructed
in the USSR, is referred to as being on a pilot-plant (" semiindustrial")
scale. On the basis of the material balance determined in operation and
other characteristics of the process, a comparison is made with the smelt-
ing of copper sulfide concentrates in reverberatory furnaces and furnaces
for smelting in the suspended state [fluidized bed], such as those in opera-
tion at Outokumpu (Finland) and Harjavalta (Finland). Some of the advantages
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of the cyclone method, according to the authors of the article, are easy
control of the extent o.:' desulfurization (also of the rate of evolution of
S02) and facility of the recovery of by-products (zinc, lead, and rare
metals). In tests conducted at Balkhash, it was established that there
is a considerable concentration of lead in the dust collected behind the
exhaust (a lead content in the dust amounting to 14.77% is reported) and
also that there is some rhenium in this dust (0.0327% of Re).
155. Pressing and Sintering Boride Powders
Pressing and Sintering Boride Powders," by Engr B. N. Babich,
K. I. Portnoy, Candidate of Technical Sciences, and Prof G. V.
Samsonov, Doctor of Technical Sciences; Moscow, Metallovedeniye
i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No 1, Jan 60, pp 31-35
It is concluded that the logarithmic relationships between the relative
volume and compacting pressure which are valid for metals apply to the com-
pacting of powders of titanium boride, chromium boride, and the solid solu-
tion (Ti, Cr)B2. These materials exhibit a high elastic aftereffect; the
observed type of relationship between the elastic aftereffect and the pres-
sure can be ascribed to the high brittleness and low ductility of the
borides. Further compacting of the boride blanks during sintering involves
flow of particles into pore spaces as soon as temperatures have been reached
at which surface tension forces exceed the [yield] strength of particles
that have passed into the plastic state. The possibility is indicated of
performing pressing and sintering operations separately instead of applying
the complex and expensive method of hot pressing.
156. Continuous Rolling of Wide Titanium (VT-1D) Sheet
"Production of Wide Cold-Rolled Sheet Made of Alloy VT-1D," by
V. F. Kalugin, V. K. Barziy, T. S. Kuzina, and B. N. Popov,
State Committee on Aviation Technology of Council of Ministers
USSR; Moscow, Titan i Ye go Splamyj Metallur i a Titana, No 2,
1959, pp 133-1
A technological process for continuous rolling of wide (1,600-2,000-mm)
sheet made of titanium alloy VT-1D is described in detail. Principal opera-
tions are as follow.
Melting ingots (400-415-mm diameter, 1,550-1,870 mm length, 884-
1,055 kg) in a tungsten-electrode are furnace.
Heating ingots in a mazut furnace to 1,000?C (total heating time,
7.5-9 hr) and forging into slabs on a 4,000-T press.
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Heating milled slabs (110 x -720 x 2,200 mm) in the 1,120-1,240?C
lone, uoaking in the 1,240-1,230?C Zone (total heating time, 1.0-1.5 hr).
Hot-rolling on a continuous ten-stand mill according to the sched-
ule: 110---'* 76.1--+ 55.01-3 35.03-> 2332 .5 -~8.04-9-5.74---~ 4.17--+ 3.47-_4
3.38. Temperature at the end of rolling, 800-740?C; speed of sheet leaving
tenth stand, 6 m/sec.
Cutting into sheets and annealing in a gas conveyer furnace at
700~C for 10 min.
Pinch rolling with 2-4% redaction.
Pickling under the following conditions: first bath with 18-20%
H SO4., bath temperature, 80-85?C, pickling time, 10 min; second bath with
18-22% H2SO4 and 1% NaF, bath temperature, 60-70?C, pickling time, 5-10
min.
Cold-rolling on a 2180 mill into 1,600-2,000-mm wide sheet with
35-40% total reduction according to the schedule: 2.25--3 1.96--), 1.90--4
1.50 --~ 1.48 --),1.45 ---1 1.39- p 1.35.
Intermediate annealing at 620-650?C for 10 min.
Cold-rolling on a 2180 mill according to the schedule: 1.35 --- >.
1.25--'%/' 1.20 1.15--> 1.10--> 1.08 --> 1.07--11.05 -~ 1.o4..,
Finish annealing followed by pickling straightening.
Sheet produced by the above process has the following properties:
tensile strength, 54.7-57.6 kg/mm ; yield point, 45.3-50.8 kg/mm2; relative
elongation, 35.7-48.3%.
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VIII. PHYSICS
Atomic and Molecular Physics
157. Chemical Kinetics of Molecules
"Spectroscopic Investigation of Oscillatory Energy Transfer in
Collisions of Complex Molecules," by S. 0. Mirumyants and B. S.
Neporent; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seri a Fiziche-
skay Vol 24, No 5, May 60, pp 51 -515
A general analysis of oscillatory energy transfer in both directions:
loss and acquisition of energy by excited molecules was carried out. Ex-
periments concerned the stabilization of excited molecules of 3-dimethyl-
amine-6-amino-phthalimide in their collisions with foreign gas molecules
and their effect on the yield of vapor fluorescence of the studied substance
during excitation at various wave lengths in a wide spectral range. It
was shown that the efficiency of collision in the sense of energy exchange
is in a monotonic relation to the value of Van-der-Waals constant of molecu-
lar interaction with foreign gases. It was established that the inverse
energy conversion of foreign gas molecules into oscillatory energy of the
tested molecules occurs with much less efficiency than the direct process.
Mechanics
158. Gas Dissociation Behind a Shock Wave
"Variation of Gas Parameters at Uneven Dissociation Behind a
Shock Wave," Yu. P. Lun'kin, Physicotechnical Institute, Academy
of Sciences USSR, Leningrad; Moscow, Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy
Fiziki, Vol 30, No 6, Jun 60, pp 622-"62~
It is suggested to add a supplementary relaxation equation to the usual
state equation of a diatomic gas for the case of uneven dissociation. The
relaxation equation is derived and a approximate solution of the system of
equations expressing the unbalanced gas dissociation behind a shockwave is
obtained.
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159. Relaxation in an Isolated System of Harmonic Oscillators
"On the Relaxation of the Vibrational Motion in an Isolated '
System of Harmonic Oscillators," by A. 1. Osipov, Moscow State
University; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSIt, Vol 130, No 3,
21 Jan 60, pp 523-521.
During an initial period (Ti) a quasi stationary Boltzmann distribution
with temperature is established, depending on the initial number of vibra-
tional quanta, and independent of the. other initial conditions. In this
process, the main elementary event during the collision of oscillators is
the exchange of vibrational quanta, whereby the whole number of vibratory
quanta remains unchanged. Once the quasi stationary Boltzmann distribution
has been established by the elementary process of the transition of the
energy of reciprocal motion into vibratory motion, the relatively slow
process of the evolution of the quasistationary Boltzmann distribution in
the direction of equilibrium (T2) begins. The distribution function, which
remains a Boltzmann type throughout, varies its temperature from an initial
to a terminal value. The establishment of equilibrium in an arbitrary
system of diatomic molecules would also follow this scheme if T 2 >>ti.
Nuclear Physics
160. Spectrometer for Nuclear Resonance
"Spectrometer for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Intermediate
Fields," by V. V. Frolov; Leningrad, Vestnik Leningradskogo
Universiteta, No 10, Seriya Fiziki i Khimii, No 2, 1960, pp
9-5
A device is described permitting the study of signals of nuclear
magnetic resonance in liquids at fields below 150 oersted. The resolving
line width of the device is 7 cycles at 35 oersted. The obtained signal-
to-noise ratio is close to the theoretical one.
161. Focusing of a Diverging Beam
"Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields for Focusing of a Divergent
Charged Particle Beam," by V. R. Saulit and V. A. Unt; Leningrad,
Vestnik Lenin radsko o Universiteta, No 10, Seriya Fiziki i
Khimii, No 2, 1 960,, pp 26-33
Focusing properties of an inhomogeneous magnetic field in one-dimenslraaal
mirror symmetry have been analyzed in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya
Fizicheskaya, 18,233 (1954); Ibid., 20, 37 k1956). The general condition
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:ibr stn a burrnt:l.onlcss focusing of a plane charged particle beam was expressed
by a nonlinear intc(,,rai equation which could be solved. A type of magnetic
field was found permitting the solution of its equations without the pre-
viously required nwuerieal integration. An example for a particular case
is presented.
-162. Measurements of Gamma Intensity
"Absolute Measurements of Intensity of High-Energy Gamma Radia-
tion by the Pair Difference Method," by I. N. Usova, Physics
Institute imeni Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki, Vol 30, No 6, Jun 60, pp 665-671
During absolute measurements of radioactive capture intensity of the
synchrotron the Physics Institute (Wmax = 260 mev), it was found that in-
tensity values obtained by the pair difference method were more than twice
the values obtained by means of a thick-walled graphite chamber. The reason
for this discrepancy lies in disregarding the photoeffect of multiple scat-
tering of electrons in converters during intensity measurements by pair
difference. By taking the above effects under consideration, values obtained
by both methods coincide within the accuracy of measurement errors.
163. Ring Type Accelerator
"A Ring Type Accelerator With a Vertically Increasing Magnetic
Field," by A. P. Fateyev and B. N. Yablekov; Atomnaya Energiya,
Vol 8, No 6, Jun 60, pp 552-553
An accelerator with a vertically increasing and constant in time con-
trolling magnetic field is described and the stability of the orbiting
particles analyzed. The magnetic system consists of elements of equal
periods, each one subdivided into two sections separated by fieldless
rectilinear gaps. The directions of the magnetic filed are opposite in
two adjacent sections affecting a change of sign of the curvature of the
orbit. The change of signs is supposed to stabilize the orbit, and the
vertically increasing magnetic field shifts the particle upwards while
keeping the perimeter of the orbit constant. It is expected that with
this accelerator design, it will be possible to accelerate electrons in
opposite directions and to realize head-on collisions.
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16)i . Electron Capture by Protons
"Electron Capture by Protons in Inert Gases," by V. V. Afrosimov,
R. N. Il'in, and Ye. S. Solov'yev, Physicotechnical Institute,
Academy of Sciences USSR, Leningrad; Moscow, Zhurnal Teklmicheskoy
FYziki, Vol 30, No 6, Jun 60, pp 705-710
Processes of electron capture by ions in ion-atom collisions were studied.
The cross-section of one electron capture by protons in He, Ne, Kr, and Xe
and the cross-sections of two electron capture in Ar in the range of 10 to
180 key were measured. It was found that the cross-section of two electrons
drops with increasing energy much faster than the cross-section of one elec-
tron capture. The angular distribution of fast hydrogen atoms and H- ions
originating from the capture of one or two electrons by protons was studied,
as well as the angular distribution of protons, scattered in Ar without
change of charge. It was concluded that a capture of two electrons requires
a closer approach of the proton with the atoms, than for a one-electron
capture. Elastic and unelastic proton scattering connected with transitions
H+ --> Ho nd H4--j H- were also studied.
165. Latest Soviet Research Reactor
"The 50,000 KW Research Reactor SM," by S. M. F'eynberg, S. T.
Konobeyevskiy, N. A. Dollezhal', I. Ya. Yemel'yanov, V. A.
Tsykanov, Yu. M. Bulkin, A. D. Zhirnov, A. G. Fi lippovr
0. L. Shchipakin, V. P. Perfil'yev, A. G. Samoylov, and V. I.
Ageyenkov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 8, No 6, Jun 60, pp
II.93-504
The construction of the Soviet research reactor SM with a neutron flux
of 2.2 ? 1015 neutrons/cm2 - sec. is described. The strong neutron flux
and gamma rays r-;i11 permit many experiments in nuclear physics, among them
the obtaining of new transuranic elements; study of properties of fissile
and fertile materials; and studies of neutron and gamma spectra and of short-
lived radioactive isotopes. The reactor has a high ratio of maximum neutron
flux to heat power, 4.4 ? 1010 neutrons/cm2 ? sec . kw. In the description
principal attention is drawn to the engineering problems in the reactor
design.
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166. Plastria Oscillations
"Oscillations of a Thin Ring-ShaEed. Plasma Pinch,in a Magnetic
Field," by Yu. V. Vandakurov, Physicotechnical Institute, Academy
of Sciences USSR, Leningrad; Moscow, Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki,
Vol 30, No 6, Jun 60, pp 711-722
Axisymmetric oscillations of a thin ring-shaped. plasma pinch without
active resistance are analyzed in a magnetohydrodynamic approximation. Al-
lowance is made for the compressibility of the plasma. The frequencies of
the pinch oscillations located inside of an ideally conducting cast are
found, as well as the oscillations of a plasma coil without a casing. In
the second case, a pinch is considered which is somewhat different from a
circular one and which gives the opportunity to vary the character of the
sideward retaining maietic field. It is shown that the presence of the
radical component of the side field in the plane containing the racial line
of the pinch leads to a deterioration of stability conditions.
Optics and Spectroscopy
167. Comparison of Classical and Quantum Theories of Light
"Coincidence of Results of Classical and Quantum Theories of
Interaction of Light With an Harmonic Oscillator," by V. P.
Gribkovskiy and B. I. Stepanov, Institute of Physics Academy
of Sciences Belorussian SSR; Moscow, Izvestiye, Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya, Vol 2i., No 5, May :i0, pp 529-533
T. P. Kravets (Trudy po Fizike [Works in Physics], (1959)) established
that the absorption coefficient, an integral in frequency, (Kravets integral)
depends neither on frequency nor on intensity of the excited light. The
results of quantomechanical computations of interaction of light with an
harmonic oscillator are presented. In all computations, the oscillator with
all its infinite coupling of energy levels is considered as an entity. Some
new results were obtained. In a dipole approximation, the quantum theory
results with respect to optical properties of an harmonic oscillator fully
coincide with results of the classical theory.
168. Soviet Achievements in Molecular Luminescence During 1958-1959
"opening Address" (Eighth Conference on Luminescence, Minsk,
19-24 October 1959), by V. L. Levshin; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fi ziche skaya,L Vol 24, No 5, May 60, p - 91
During the last year, studies dealing with the relations of luminescence
to light scattering and thermal radiation were continued. The energy trans-
formation inside the molecules and various values of relations between
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Clu,. tron motion and oscillations of atomic nuclei and the interaction of
lid tic, with a harmonic oscillator were given much attention, particularly
by M. A.Yel'yashev, B. S. Neporent, and B. I. Stepanov. Much work was
devoted to intermolecular energy transfer by means of resonance and energy
mil;.n'r3,tion by means of excitons. B. Ya. Sveshnikov and associates clarified
he role of diffusion and studied depolarization of glowing in energy migra-
ion. A. N. Terenin and V. L. Iermolayev discovered a new case
of molecular resoz ce bet-wee a tri let 1 veteadi t 1on d
lum:nescence, as well as intermoilecular energy transfer along triplet revels
of oomplex molecules. V. M. Agranovich and N. D. Zhevandrov studied differ-
ent processes concerning excitons. A. N. Sevchenko, G. P. Gurinovich, and
A. M. Sarzhevskiy established a mirror symmetry of polarization spectra.
Much work was devoted to the study of glowing of organic scintillators under
action of a and y rays and electrons. In particular M. D. Galanin and
associates studied the problem of luminescence yield under action of ioniz--
ing radiations and the reasons for their low yield.
Luminescence and absorption spectra of aromatic compounds at the tem-
perature of liquid hydrogen were studied at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
under the direc?ion of A. F. Prikhot'ko. Th-3 fine structure of these spec-
tra in frozen solutions in limiting hydrocarbons were studied by E. V.
Shpolskiy and associates. Spectra of anthracene and its derivatives were
under the investigation of A. S. Cherkasov, A. N. Sevchenko, L. V. Volodko,
and D. S. Umreyko studied and interpreted spectra of uranyl solutions.
Important results were obtained on luminescence of chlorophyll by A. N.
Terenin, A. A. Krasnovskiy, A. V. Karyakin, and V. B. Yevstigneyev, as well
as by the Belorussian Academy of Sciences and G. N. Godnev, A. N. Sevchenko,
L. A. Kravtsov, and others.
The glowing of vapors and gases and the energy transfer at molecule
collisions in gaseous medium are reported by S. 0. Mirumyants, B. S. Nepor-
ent, V. P. Klochkov, N. A. Borisovich, V. A. Tolkachev, P. A. Apanas'yeir,
and G. S. Kruglik.
V. K. Matveyev synthesized a new organoluminophor, Lumigen, whose
orange-red color of luminescence permitted the application of luminiscence
defectoscopy in the el.ectrovacuum industry for revealing leaking spots in
glass walls. The new method is more simple and sometimes more sensitive
than the usual methods of mass spectroscopy.
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1uy. Optical Properties of Water in Millimeter Ran e
"Measurement of the Coefficient of Reflection and the Dielectric
Permeability of Water in the Millimeter Radiowave Band," by N. S.
Zinchenko; Uch. zap. Khar'kovsk. un-t, 1959, 102, Tr. Radiofiz.
fak. (Scientific Reports of Khar'kov University) 1959, Vol 102,
Works of the Radiophysics Faculty), No 3, pp 81-87 (from Refera-
tivnyy Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 8, 25 Apr 60, Abstract No
6.771.11
Results are given of measurements of the coefficient of reflection,
the dielectric permeability and the absorption coefficient of water at
wave lengths of 13.6, 8.5, 6.3, and 4-3 millimeters. The measurements
were taken with a transmitter-receiver combination, both components of
which could be varied in height and inclination in relation to the re-
flecting surface,. The method is described in detail. The results show a
considerable dependence of the coefficient of reflection on wave length.
This is explained by the anomalous dispersion of the waves [by the water]
in this range. The measured values for the coefficient of reflection dif-
fer from the computed values by 3-6 percent for angles of incidence less
than the angle of complete polarization. The measured values of the refrac-
tion index and absorption coefficient differ about 5-10 percent from theory.
The good agreement between the computed and measured values of the conduc-
tivity indicates a dipole mechanism for the losses in the water.
170. Phosphors Excited by Cathode Rays
"Properties of ZnS-Mn, Ni, Cl Phosphors Under Cathode Ray Exci-
tation," by A. I. Blazhevich, A. G. Zavrazhin, and A. V. Lavrov;
Leningrad, Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 8, ND 4, Apr 60, pp 550-
553
The effect of Ni admixture on the glowing of luminophors ZnS-Mnand on tie
behavior of their attenuation curves at various content of chlorine was
studied. It was shown that an increase of Ni concentration leads to a
decrease of the hyperbolic quenching component and to the predomination of
the exponential component.
171. Infrared Quenching
"Temperature Effect on Infrared Quenching," by K. S. K. Rebane
and E. Sakarinen; Leningrad, Optika i Spektrosku i a, Vol 8,
No 4, Apr 60, pp 545-549
Data on the infrared quenching coefficient ?(T) relation to temperature
is presented for a number of phosphors. It is shown that the nonmonotonous
p (T) depends on the spectra of capture levels of phosphors and the quench-
ing action of temperature and infrared light.
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172. Luurinc!sconce of Dirunondri
Luminescence Spectra of Diamonds," by G. 0. Gomon; Leningrad,
4ptika I Spektroskoi a," Vol 8, No 4, Apr 60, pp 521-524
Luminescence spectra of various diamonds from Soviet deposits were
studied. It was found that the variety of luminescent color and intensity
is related to the variation of the absolute and relative intensity of the
blue and yellow-green components of the spectrum. The structure of the
blue ~.,omponent reuiairied mostly unchanged, while many variations were ob-
served in the ,yellow-green band in the position of the head narrow line
and in the structure of the long-wave component of the luminescence spec-
trum of various diamonds. It probably indicates stronger sensitivity of
glowi.n.j centers, responsible for the yellow-green component, to the effect
of impurities, or to other defects of the lattice.
173. Vibrational Spectre, of Germanium Dioxide
"Vibrational Spectra of Germanium Dioxide Modifications," by
V. V. Obukhov-Denisov, N. N. Sobolev, and V. P. Cheremisinov;
Leningrad, Optika i Spelctroskopiya, Vol 8, No 4, Apr 60, pp
505-510
Experimental studies of vibrational spectra of Ge02 modifications showed
that the vitreous modification of Ge02 has the same hexagonal structure as
the dissolved crystalline one. However, the sharp difference of the vibra-
tional spectrum of the insoluble Ge02 modification proves that this crystal-
line form has a different structure. An X-ray analysis shows a tetragonal
structure. The absence of a combination scattering spectrum indicates a
rather ionic character of the crystalline form of Ge02.
174. Chlorophyll Spectra
"Infrared Chlorophyll Spectra and Its Analogs," by A. N. Sidorov
and A. N. Terenin; Leningrad, Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 8,
No 4, Apr 60, pp 482-491
Infrared absorption spectra were obtained of pheophytin, chlorophyll,
Zn-, Ni-, and Cu-pheophytins as solid films and solutions in CC14 and in
? a mixture of pyridine +CC14. The introduction of a metallic atom into a
pheophytin molecule produces considerable change in its spectrum, indicat-
ing that this atom acts not only on the closest atoms to which it is directly
bound, but also on peripheral atom groups of the pigment molecule. It was
concluded that the pyridine molecule forming a compound with chlorophyll
combines directly to the central magnesium atom. The reaction of pyridine,
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transferring by means of the magnesium atom on the whole chlorophyll mole-
cule, leads to stabilisation of the ketoform of its pentacycle ring. For
the formation of a compound of chlorophyll with water, the central metal
atom in the pi Lgnent molecule is not indispensable. However, a metal atom,
particularly magmesium, activates the pigment molecule in relation to com-
plex formation with water which appears in the stability of the forming
compounds.
175. Anti-Stokes Component
"Anti-Stokes Component of the Spectrum of Combination Scattering
of Compounds With a Hydrogen Bond," by L. N. Ovander; Leningrad,
Optika i Spektrosko iya, Vol 8, No 4, Apr 60, pp 477-481
Combination scattering of light in compounds with a hydrogen bond is
analyzed. It was shown that the structure of the anti-Stokes component
should have the same structure as the Stokes component.
176. Combination Scattering of Light
"The Indicatrix of the Combination Scattering of Light," by I. I.
Kondilenko, P. A. Korotkov, and V. L. Strizhevskiy; Leningrad,
Optika i Spektroskopi a, Vol 8, No 4, Apr 60, pp 471-476
A simple derivation of G. Plachek's formulas [Rele evsko e Rasseyyaniye
i Raman Effekt (Rayleigh Scattering and the Raman Effect) 1935J) determin-
ing the relation of the line intensities of combination light scattering
to the observation angle and to thc value of the depolarization degree of
the lines is presented. The angular relation of the intensities of the
lines of the combination scattering of carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and
.chloroform was established. The obtained experimental data are in good
agreement with theory. The possibility of a new method for measuring the
depolarization degree of lines of combination scattering is indicated.
177. Bromoform Spectrum
"Frequencies and Intensities of Bromoformi in the Infrared Spec-
trum," by N. Ye. Gaponova, M. P. Lisitsa, and Yu P. Tsyashchenko;
Leningrad, Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 8, No 4, Apr 60, pp 465-
470
Results of quantitative studies of absorption spectrum of CHBr in the
range of 460 - 11,700 cm-1 are described. A comparison of CHBr3 an~ CHC1
absorption spectra shows that the integral absorption in the bands of funda-
mental oscillations depends on the degree of polarity bonds determining the
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the form of oscillations. The weakening of intensities in many harmonics
related to the oscillation of certain bonds is expressed stronger the
higher the degree of ionization of the latter. An anomalously high in-
tensity of a compound vibration should be explained by its participation
in Fermi resonance.
178. Study of Discharge in He
"Radiation of a Spark Discharge in Helium," by M. P. Vanyukov,
A. A. Mak, and V. R. Muratov; Leningrad, Optika i Spektroskopiya,
Vol 8, No 4, Apr 60, pp 439-445
The radiation of spark discharge provides valuable information on the
channel temperature and concentration of charged particles from data on the
intensity of spectral lines, their broadening and shift. It was found that
the emission of a spark discharge in He (p = 2.5 atm., V/L = 1.4.i0]?O amp
see) in the wave range of 2500 - 5500 A is characterized in the beginning
by a strong continuous background with an enhanced line He II 4686 X and
He II 3203 A. The arc lines of He appear about 0.3-Q.5 microsec later.
Photoelectric equipment with a time constant ti 5.10"0 sec and a spectral
resolution of 0.2 facilitated the research. The spark as well as the
arc lines were found strongly broadened due to the Stark effect. An approx-
imative evaluation of electron concentration could be carried out from the
width and shift of lines.
179. Luminescence of Chlorophyll
"Quantum Yield of Chlorophyll Luminescence in Various Solvents,"
by N. P. Ivanov, Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences
Belorussian SSR; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 24,
No 5, May 60, pp 613-615
The variation of quantum yield of chlorophyll luminescence was studied
in various solvents. For determining the quantum yield, luminescence spectra
were measured and compared with a sample of known absorption of exciting
light. The obtained data proved in first approximation that the type of
the solvent does not affect the quantum yield in the case of fresh solutions,
low chlorophyll concentration, and a short irradiation.
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180. Luminescence Spectra of Chlorophyll and Pheophytin
"Optical Properties of Chlorophyll Lnd Pheophytin at Low Tempera-
tures," by L. A. Kravtsov, Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences
Belorussian SSR; Moscow, Izvesti a Akademii Nauk SSSR Se ri e.
Fizicheskaya, Vol 24, No 5, May 60, pp 610-612
The effect of temperature (+20 to -100?) on luminescence spectra and
the red absorption band of chlorophyll a and pheopbytin a solutions, as well
as their relative luminescence yield, were studied. The solvents were
isobutanol and petroleum ether, which remain transparent at low tempera-
tures and have very different properties. The comparison of the obtained
results showed that the drop of the relative quantum yield of chlorophyll
a and pheophytin a in petroleum ether at a temperature of about -70? and
the formation of a protrusion on the long-wave side of the red absorption
band of these substances in the same solvent led to the suggestion that
some aggregates of chlorophyll a and pheophytin a molecules are forming
at these temperatures in petroleum ether. The new compound has its own
absorption spectrum and it do's not luminesce.
181. Twin-Focus Beta Spectrometer
"Some Characteristics of the Large Beta Spectrometer With Twin
Focusing," by 0. D. Kovrigin; Sbornik Lenin radsko o Instituta
Inzhenerov Zheleznodorozhnogo Transports Collected Articles of
the Leningrad Institute of Railroad Transport Engineers), No 162,
1959, pp 150-170 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika,
No 8, 25 Apr 60, Abstract No .7035
A description is given of a spectrometer with twin focusing and a ra-
dius of stable orbit of 500 millimeters. The measuring and stabilizing
of the megnetic field, the force of which can be varied in the range 5-200
oersted, is treated in detail. A skeleton diagram of the magnetic-field
stabilizer is also given. Electron band widths and trajectories are com-
puted, and the variation of magnetic-field topography with field strength
is discussed.
182. Hungarian Research in Photosensitive Papers and Films
"Photography Without Light," by E. T.; Budapest Magyar Nemzet,
14 Jun 60, p 5
Iii a description of a visit to the research laboratory of the Forte
Photochemistry Industry (Forte Fotokemiai Impar, a factory in Vac, Hungary),
it was reported that this laboratory, now 10 years old, has developed a
colored photo paper which is now being test manufactured. Robert Zentel,
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chief engineer, told of his trip to India where Forte products are sold.
He said that the Laboratory is now preparing a film with a sensitivity of
40 dynes, which "can take a snapshot with the light from a match." Zentel
also spoke of infrared sensitive film, color photographs of the inside of
the body as a diagnostic tool, and a photographic detection of bacteria,
but he did aot discuss the status of Hungarian research in these areas.
Solid State Physics
183. Self-Healing of Surface Defects in Copper Crystals at High Temper?z'ure
"On the High-Temperature Self-Healing of the Surface Defects of
Crystals," by Ya. Ye. Geguzin and N. N. Ovcharenko, Institute of
Chemistry, Khar'kov State University imeni A. M. Gor'kiy; Moscow
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 130, No 3, 21 Jan 60, pp 537-540
Although, depending on the initial surfacicondition of the crystal,
a surface growth in conjunction with a facet with low surface tension might
be feasible from the energy viewpoint, it is pointed out herd that if the
surface of a crystal has grown considerably, then a surface;timunition will
take place according to that process which guarantees the most rapid reduc-
tion of the surface energy. This article is devoted to the second possi-
bility, the reduction of the free surface energy of a crystal as a result
of a leveling of a surface having macroscopic defects. The data obtained
were based on a study of the mechanism and kinetics of the leveling of
purposely produced surface scratches, evenly spaced and having a definit~
geometry. Average values for the surface self-diffusion of Ds = 4 x 10-
1 x 10 , and 3 x 10 cm2/sec for temperatures of 750,, 850, and 950 deg
C, respectively, are in agreement with similar values reported in the
literature (W. W. Mullins and P. G. Shewmon, Acta Metallurgical. Vol 7) 1959,
p 163; Glostein and Rihnes [sic], Acta Metallurgical Vol 7, 1959, p 224.;
Hackerman and Simpson, Trans. Farad. Soc., Vol 52, 1956, p 638)
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IX. MISCELLANEOUS
184. New Member: of Academy of Sciences USSR
"Additions to the Academy" (unsigned article); Moscow, Pravda,,
CPYR#1 60, p 2
"A general session of the Academy of Sciences USSR was held on 10 June
1960 at the Moscow House of Scientists. The purpose of the session was to
select active members and to confirm corresponding members of the Academy
of Sciences who were elected at general sessions of branches.
"Eleven new active membere were elected to the academy after their
candidacy was first thoroughly discussed at branch meetings. Those elected
who are working in the field of physicomathematical sciences were B. P.
Konstantinov (physics) and P. S. Novikov (mathematics); in geological-
geographical sciences, Ye. K. Fedorov (applied geophysics); in biological
sciences, Yu. A. Orlov (paleontology), N. M. Sisakyan (biochemistry of
plants), and V. N. Chernigovskiy (animal and human physiology); in engi-
neering sciences, A. Yu. Ishlinskiy, B. N. Petrov, and V. A. Trapeznikov,
who are specialists in 'automatization,' and A. N. Vol'skiy (metallurgy and
metallography); and in economics, philosophy, and law, P. N. Fedoseyev
(philosophy).
"Fifty people elected rt general sessions of branches, were confirmed
as corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences USSR. Of that number,
eight people belong to the Siberian branch."
185. Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR Reinforcing Development of Cyber-
netics "On the Development of Work in Cybernetics in the Academy of
Sciences Ukrainian SSR" (unsigned article); Kiev, Dopovidi
Akademii Nauk Ukrains'koi RSR, No 4, Apr 60, p 5l~9
The Presidium of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, recognizing
the fact that research in cybernetics in the institutes of the academy
is not being adequately developed, has decreed the organization of the
following new sections on cybernetics within the Institute of Mathematics
to train the necessary cadres and create a material base for the future
Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR: simula-
tion of higher nervous activity (headed by M. M. Amosov, Doctor of Medical
Sciences), dynamics and simulation of control systems (headed by A. I.
Kukhtenko, Doctor of Technical 'Sciences).
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The basic tasks of the Institute of Cybernetics, when it is finally
organized in the near future, will be to study the theoretical principles
of cybernetics (general theory of automata, algorithms and controlling
systems, information theory, game theory, and theory of random processes),
to study the principal problems in automation of production processes
(technical and industrial cybernetics), automation of accounting and plan-
ning (cybernetic problems of economics), to study human higher nervous ac-
tivity, theory of regulation in living organisms, simulation of sensory
organs, and problems of mathematical linguistics and the theory of informa-
tion machines (including the question of automatic diagnostics).
B. V. Gnedenko, Academician of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR,
V. M. Glushko, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian
SSR, and Prof M. M. Amosov have been charged with working out the prospec-
tive organizational structure of the new Institute of Cybernetics.
The Presidium also ordered the organization as of 1 January 1960 of
the following new sections in the computation Center of the Academy of
Sciences Ukrainian SSR: automation of statistical accounting and planning
(Section on Economic Cybernetics headed by V. S. Mikhalevich, Candidate of
Physicomathematical Sciences) and technical cybernetics. V. M. Glushkov
has been given the responsibility for general direction of works in cyber-
netics in the Computation Center as well as for the organization of the new
sections.
186. Soviet, Centralized Information Service Criticized
"On the Work of the All-Union Institute of Scientific and Techni-
cal Information" (unsigned article); Moscow, Vestnik Akademii
Nauk SSSR, No 6, Jun 6o, p 124
The All-Union Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of the
State Scientific and Technical Committee of the Council of Ministers USSR
and the Academy of Sciences USSR in a short time has become the largest
scientific information institutio:i.
The institute issues the Referativnyy Zhurnal (Abstract Journal) in
the physicomathematical, chemical, geological and geographical, biological,
technical and economic sciences, the monograph series Itogi nauki (Achieve-
ments of Science), Ekspress-informatsiya (Express Information), and reviews
on the most timely problems of engineering and specific economics.
At the same time, as the presidium has noted, there are substantial
deficiencies in the work of the institute.
Referativnyy Zhurnal still does not cover a number of very important
branches of science and technology (medicine, transportation, agriculture,
the light and food industry, etc.) and does not completely throw light
on the world scientific and technical literature. A lag in the publication
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of indexes strongly decreases the possibility of practical utilization of
the Referatiynyy Zhurnal. The time lag between the receipt of sources and
the publication of information from them is still too great.
Adequate measures havc not been taken for popularizing and widely dis-
tributinL; the Referativnyy Zhurnal and the Ekspress-informatsiya, and as a
result the circulation of subscription publications of the institute is
small. The development of general problems of information are being poorly
worked out.
The presidium charged Prof A. I. Mikhaylov, director of the institute,
with eliminating in the shortest time the deficiencies indicated; with
concentrating primary attention on providing a more complete elucidation
of the world scientific and technical literature, on increasing the quality
of abstracts and reducing the time for preparing information publications
and the reference indexes to them; and with developing machine information,
first of all, in chemistry, machine building, and electrical engineering.
In the presidium's decree, a number of measures are outlined calling
for the provision of the most effective utilization of the Referativnyy
Zhurnal materials.
187. Bulgarian Research Facilities
"Sixty Scientific Research Institutes, Forty Experimental Sta-
tions," by K. F. R.; Budapest, Magyar Nemzet, 16 Jun 60, p 5
Academician T. Chernokolev, First Secretary of the Bulgarian Academy
of Sciences, gave the following information to a Hungarian reporter during
a recent visit to Budapest.
The Bulgarian Academy now has more than 60 scientific institutes; it
has 40 experimental stations; and of the 7,000 workers in these, 2,000 do
only scientific research. In addition to the academy institutes, there
are 25 research institutes belonging to various ministries. Twenty-five
institutes and 40 experimental stations work in agricultural sciences.
Significant work is also done in geological research. "So far, our re-
searchers have discovered iron ore, nonferrous metals, tin, lead, rare
metals, uranium ore, and coal," Chernokolev reported.
188. Hungarian Scientific Publications Subject of Press Conference
"1,365,000 copies of Scientific Publications -- Press Conference the
Akademia Publishing House" (unsigned article); Budapest, Magyar
Nemzet, 25 Jun 60, p 5
At a joint press conference of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the
National Federation of Hungarian Journalists, introduced by Academician Lajos
Ligeti (president of the academy book and periodical committee), Academician
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Zoltan Csuros (secretary of the committee) reported on the work of the
Akademiai Kiado (Academy Publishing House). The number of copies of
publications was 1,365,000 in 1959. Seventy periodicals are published
regularly, 29 of them in foreign languages. The Akademiai Kiado is
responsible for '68 bilingual and multilingual dictionaries and has pub-
lished them in more than 1,250,000 copies since 1951. The Akademiai
Kiado has published 150 Hungarian scientific books (20 percent of the
monographs and handbooks) in the German, Russian, and English languages.
Export of foreign language publications in 1959 was 4.5 times that of
19511.. Items to be published in 1960 will include a school Russian
dictionary in 250,000 copies and a seven-language sports dictionary.
USCOMM-DC-60793
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