SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100580001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 127
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 7, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 8, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
8 July 1960
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
' "
l~.
Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription $28.00 ($4 additional for 'Mr
foreign mailing). Single copy $2.75.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted
from recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern
Europe, and China. The information selected is intended to
indicate current scientific developments and activities and
is disseminated as an aid to research in the United States.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Astronomy
Page
II. Biology 2
Mycology 2
Radiobiology 2
Miscellaneous 4
III. Chemistry
Fuels and Propellants 6
Insecticides 12
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials 12
Organic Chemistry 21
Physical Chemistry 22
Radiochemistry 24
Miscellaneous 26
IV. Earth Sciences 30
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V. Electronics
Communications
Components
Computers
Instruments and Equipment
Materials
Wave Propagation and Antennas
VI. Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Marine Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
VII. Mathematics
Differential Equations
Differential Operators
Motor Diads and Tensors
Numerical Analysis
VIII. Medicine
Bacteriology
Coutagious Diseases
Epidemiology
Immunology and Therapy
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Physiology
Page
31
31
32
33
34
36
40
6o
64
75
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Public. Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
Radiology
Surgery
Virology
Miscellaneous
IX. Metallurgy
Physical Metallurgy
Production Metallurgy
Miscellaneous
X. Physics
Low Temperature Physics
Nuclear Physics
Miscellaneous
XI. Miscellaneous
Page
1o4
119
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I. ASTRONOMY
1. Radiation by Shock Waves
"Some Comments on Radiation by Shock Waves in Cosmic Conn-
ditions," by S. A. Kaplan and I. A. KLimishin, Lvov State
University; Moscow, Astronomicheski Zhurnal, Vol 37, ;
No 2, Mar/Apr 60, pp 201-203
The heating of gas before the front of a shock wave by radiation
from the latter is studied by means of the theory of light scattering
in a medium ,with moving boundaries. Formulas for calculating the
distribution in the heated zone are given, and the width of this zone is
found. Formulas describe the increase in radiation intensity before the
exit of the wave to the surface, due to the leakage of radiation
through the overlying layers.
2. Astronomic Application of a Vacuum Prism
"Compensation of Refractive Effects by Means of a Vacuum
Prism," by L. A. Panayotov, Main Astronomical Observatory,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Astronomicheskiy Zhurnal,
Vol 37, No 2, Mar/Apr 60, pp 336-3 1
The poss~.bility of the utilization of a vacuum prism for astro-
metric purposes is considered. The expediency of this proposition for
the study of refraction in various conditions of astromettical obser-
vations is shown. The use of a vacuum prism in photographic astrometry
will permit the compensation of differential refraction and atmospheric
dispersion. The main requirements posed for the device and technical
possibilities of their fulfillment are considered briefly.
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II. BIOLOGY
Mycology
3. Hungary Experiments With Gibberellin
"The Career of a Mold Fungus," by Erzsebet Toth; Budapest
Magyar Nemzet, 1 May 60, p 4
This article describes the discovery, in 1926, of a growth-
stimulating fungus by the Formosan plant pathologist Kurosawa, and it
describes the European research thereon, beginning in 1950, which de-
monstrated the hormonal effect of gibberellin. Treatment of spraying
of seed with gibberellin is described as being especially beneficial.
in the growing of corn and as improving the quality of flax and hemp.
In 1960, a greatly increased area in Hungary is being devoted to such
experiments on flax and hemp. The Phylaxia State Vaccine Production
Institute (Phylaxia Allami Oltoanyagtermelo Intezet) is now producing
experimental quantities of gibberellin in crystalline and liquid form
for research institutes and state farms. Gibberellin is also being used
to improve grapes, tomatoes, tobacco, and fodder crops.
Dr Gabor Ubrizsy, Kossuth Prize-winning scientist and director of
the Plant Protection Research Institute (Novenyvedelmi Kutato Intezet),
was asked when large-scale production of gibberellin would begin. He
noted that the economy of its use must first be demonstrated; spraying
one cadastral yoke (1.42 acres) now costs more than 2,000 forints. The
institute is now experimenting with ultrasonic and radiation treatment
of the fungus to increase its production of effective material.
Radiobiology
4+. Cell Radiosensitivity at Various Phases of Mitotic Activity
"On the Disturbance of Cell Division During Various Stages
of Frog Development Under the Effect of Roentgen Rays," by
V. I. Kheysina, Chair of Histology and Embryology, Lenin-
grad Medical Institute imeni I. P. Pavlov; Moscow, Tsito-
logiya, Vol 2, No 1, Jan/Feb 60, pp 3-8
The author discusses the subject of cell radiosensitivity during
the various stages of cell division under the effect of 2, 1,000, 10,000,
25,000, and 100,000 r and presents the following conclusions based on a
literature survey and his own research:
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1. After X-irradiation by 1,000 r doses, the mortality of the
embryos is determined by their age -- the earlier the stage of embryonic
development, the sooner the embryo dies.
2. Mitotic activity is preserved in all of the embryonic rudiments
in the neurula after irradiation.
3. In only the decapitated tadpoles, mitotic activity is decreased
3-4 hours after irradiation in all the tissues except the neural tube.
4. Mitotic activity in the corneal epithelium and in the tail skin
of the 5-7- and 30-day-old tadpoles was completely suppressed 3 hours
after irradiation.
5. The preservation of mitotic activity in the neural tube of only
the decapitated tadpoles and the mitotic activity in all the tissue in
the neurula can be explained by the absence of specific differentiation
in these tissues.
5. Solubility Fluctuations of Thorium and Its Compounds in Certain Media
"A Study of the Behavior of Metallic Thorium and Certain of
Its Compounds in Different Media," by G. B. Bokova; Moscow,
Gigiyena Truda i Professional'niye Zabolevaniya, No 1,
Jan Ob k, pp 9-50
The purpose of this research was to study the behavior of certain
practically insoluble thorium compounds (thorium fluoride and oxide) and
metallic thorium in biological media (water, lactic acid, blood plasma,
and gastric juice) and also in certain solvents (0.3% hydrochloric acid
and 0.22% sodium carbonate) with a pH close to that of biological media.
Results of these experiments were determined by the colorimetric
method and the physical emanation method with an Sg--IM electrometer.
The data obtained make it poss_ble to consider that the activity
which was determined by the emanation method can be ascribed, not only
to thorium X, which is the parent substance, but also to thorium ions.
The author discusses the solubility fluctuations for these compounds,
with pH and duration of contact with solvents as significant factors.
Data are presented in the form of two tables and discussed.
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The following are the general conclusions:
In various media, the solubility of metallic thorium is in-
creased with a decrease in the pH of the solution. In 0.3% hydrochloric
acid and in gastric juice, it is increased with an increase in the dura-
tion of contact with the solvent; but this phenomenon was not observed
in the case of blood plasma.
The behavior of thorium fluoride was analogous to that of
metallic thorium under the above-mentioned conditions.
Data obtained on the behavior of thorium oxide, thorium fluoride,
and metallic thorium in solutions indicate that the solubility of thorium
fluoride in 0.3% hydrochloric acid and in gastric juice is greater than
that of metallic thorium; but in plasma and in lactic acid their solu-
bilities are practically identical. However, the solubility of thorium
oxide in these media is less than that of the above-mentioned compounds.
Miscellaneous
6. Work of Hungarian Agricultural Research Institute Reviewed
"Theory and Practice in the Work of the Agricultural Research
Institute," by Sandor Rajki, Candidate of Biological Sciences;
Budapest, Magyar Tudomany, Feb 60, pp 71-76
This article was written on the occasion of the tenth anniversary
of the founding of the Agricultural Research Institute (Mezogazdasagi
Kutato Intezet) in Martonvasar. This institute was originally under the
Ministry of Agriculture, but was taken over by the Hungarian Academy of
Sciences in 1953. It now works on three "Academy chief-tasks"': the
genetic and biological examination of breed, species, and family hybrids
and of heterosis phenomena; the scientific analysis of the bread grain
problem; and the study of how to increase the fodder base. Most of the
research is concentrated on wheat and corn. The institute has produced
four state classified endogamous hybrids of corn: My 5, My 1, Mv39, and My 40.
The author asserts that the hybrid corn work done at Martonvasar is as
good as any in the world. In 1959, one third of Hungary's corn area was
planted with My 5. In 1961, Martonvasar hybrid seed corn will satisfy
all of Hungary's needs. In addition to increasing yields, the institute
has taken the initiatLve in developing techniques for full mechanization
of corn production. The author discusses corn and wheat experiments in
considerable detail, noting that Italian wheat types (San Pastore, For-
tunato, R 16, etc.) had proved to be very valuable as base stocks and
that tests of Soviet wheat types (Bezostaya 4 and Skorospelka 3 b) had
begun in 1959.
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CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT The author writes:
only a true theory coul
we have devoted great a
Our vegetative hybridiz
material for a scientif
Buds from one plant wer
of the host plant devel
had a vegetative hybrid
the stand of Michurin g
We have produced in Mar
plants which tangibly p;
genetics and refute wit
"From the beginning, it was clear to us that
be the basis for successful research. Therefore,
tention to the development of Michurin genetics....
Lion research had as its goal the providing of
c recognition of the 'mechanism' of inheritance....
grafted to another.... If the characteristics
ped in the seed generation of the graft, then we
The vegetative hybrid incontrovertibly proves
netics regarding the essence of inheritance....
onvasar vegetative hybrids of eggplant and tomato
ove to everyone in Hungary the truth of Michurin
facts the imaginings of formalistic genetics...."
In the period 195+-1959, 24 researchers from the institute took 47
study trips to the Soviet Union, China, Poland, East Germany, Czecho-
slovakia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Yugoslovia, the US.. Austria, and Italy.
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Fuels and Propellants
7. Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide From Elements in Silent Electric
Discharge
"Physicochemical Investigation of the Electrosynthesis of
Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide From Its Elements; Part 1 --
The Kinetics of Electrosynthesis of H 2 0 2 ," by N. I. Koboze,
I. A. Semiokhin, and V. G. Sindyukov, Moscow State Univer-
sity; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 34, No 4,
Apr 60, pp 773-751
As compared with other methods for the production of hydrogen per-
oxide, the direct synthesis of this compound from the elements in a
silent electric discharge has the following advantages: (1) hydrogen
peroxide of a high concentration can be obtained directly; (2) a product
can be synthesized which does not contain any impurities that lower its
stability; (3) production of hydrogen peroxide by this method starts
with a cheap raw material (water) and requires very little labor; fur-
thermore, the process applied is simple and can be subjected to automatic
control. The physicochemical data pertaining to- the synthesis
of hydrogen peroxide from the elements in a silent electric discharge
which are contained in this ari,.L,:le and will be published in subsequent
articles were obtained in work carried out at Moscow State Universtiy
in 19147-1950.
The effects of the reactor temperature on the yield and concentra-
tion of hydrogen peroxide synthesized in a silent electric discharge
were determined. At 8? C hydrogen peroxide with a concentration of 80%
was obtained. It was established that increasing the temperature from
minus 350 C to plus 8? C has practically no effect on either the yield
or the concentration of hydrogen peroxide whereas a further increase of
the temperature from plus 80 C to plus 62a C results in a sharp drop of
both the concentration and t1 . yieldof hydrogen peroxide. The yield of
hydrogen peroxide is 60.5% at minus 350, 59.4% at plus 8?, and 1.3% at
plus 620. The experiments in question were carried out with a mixture
containing 96.5% of H2 and 3.5% of 02.
The energy of activation of the formation of hydrogen peroxide in a
silent electric discharge was calculated and found to be equal to 1,200
calories per mol. This low value of the energy of activation corresponds
to values obtained for the photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide,
which indicates that activation by a silent electric discharge is similar
to activation by ultraviolet irradiation. The temperature factor of the
-6-
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velocity of formation, of hydrogen peroxide in a silent electric discharge
was found to be 1.09, which is in good agreement with the value of 1.04
determined by A. L. Marshall for the photochemical synthesis of hydrogen
peroxide from the elements in the presence of mercury vapor (cf Journal
of the American Chemical Society, Vol 4+9, 1927, p 2763).
It was established that with an increase in the velocity of gas flow
through the reactor, the yield of hydrogen peroxide passes through a
maximum. When the velocity of flow is decreased, the total consumption
of oxygen in the reaction and the consumption of oxygen for the formation
of water increase.
8. Vapor-Phase Nitration of Cyclopentane Hydrocarbons
"Investigation of the Process of Vapor-Phase Nitration of
Cyclopentane Hydrocarbons; Part 3 -- Nitration of Propyl-
cyclopentane," by M. A. Peredreyeva, Ya. I. De:tisenko, and
S. S. Novikov, Chair of Chemistry, Artillery Engineering
Academy imeni F. Z. Dzerzhinskiy; Ivanovo, Izvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy -- Khimiya i Khimicheskeya
Tekhnologiya, Vol 3, No 2, Mar 06 , pp 312-315
The work reported in this paper is a continuation of an investigation
on the vapor-phase nitration of cyclopentane homologs. In the preceding
paper of this series, results obtained in work on the nitration of methyl-
cyclopentane and ethylcyclopentane were described (Ya. I. Denisenko and
M.-A. Peredreyeva, Izvestiya Vysshikh Ucheb kh Zavedeniy -- Khimiya i
Khimichesku.ya Tekhnlogiya, Vol 2, 1959, 0. In this instance the
nitration of propylcyclopentane with concentrated nitric acid in the
vapor phase was investigated. It was established that the principal ?
product of the vapor-phase nitration of propylcyclopentane is the secondary
nitrocompound 2-nitro -l-propylcyclopentane. A small quantity of the ter-
tiary nitrocompound 1--nitro-l-propylcyclopentane is also formed. The ef-
fects of the reaction temperature, proportion of reacting substances,
time of contact, and other factors on the yield of nitrocompounds were
studied. It was established that the optimum conditions for obtaining
the highest yield of nitrocompounds are as follows: a reaction temper-
ature of 3850, a molar ratio of propylcyclopentane to nitric acid amounting
to approximately 2.5, and a time of contact of about 1.2-1.3 seconds.
Under these conditions a total yield of nitrocompounds reaching 76% is
obtained.
The secondary nitrocompound that has been isolated is an oily liquid
which is colorless on being distilled in vacuum and gradually becomes
yellow as a result of exposure to light. Its boiling point is 103? at
12 mm and 131? at 4o; rim. It has a characteristic odor which resembles
that of nitroparaffins. It is readily soluble in concentrated caustic
solutions and reacts with nitric acid, giving the distinct' coloration
that is characteristic for secondary 7 nitrocompounds.
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The tertiary nitrocompound, which has a boiling point of 98? at
10 mm, is a colorless oily liquid with a weak odor resembling that of
camphor. It is insoluble in caustic and does not interact with nitric
acid.
The amines corresponding to the two nitrocompounds and other deriva-
tives of these compounds were prepared and characterized. The amines
are colorless mobile liquids which can be distilled at atmospheric pres-
sure without decomposition.
9. Review of N. A..Ragozin's Book on Jet Fuels
"Reaction Engine [Jet] Fuels," by A. N. Stekhun; Moscow,
Khimiya i Tekhnolo i a Topliva i Masel, Vol 5, No 3,
Mar 60, pp 67-69
Reaktivnyye Toopliva (Reaction-Engine Fuels) by N. A., Ragozin,
Gostoptekhizat, 1959, reviews briefly the physical and chemical proper-
ties of USSR and non-USSR reaction-engine fuels from the standpoint of
the application of such fuels in aviation turbojet and turboprop engines.
The book is subdivided into 20 small sections. The first section deals
with methods of producing, jet fuels. The specific characteristics of
combustion in a jet engine form the subject of the second section. The
following three sections compare individual types of USSR jet fuels with
foreign fuels, particularly those used in the US and England. This com-
parison is of importance, because Soviet jet planes have to be refueled
abroad and foreign jet planes are refueled in the Soviet Union. A section
entitled "Fuels for Supersonic Velocities of Flight"deals with actual
problems involved in the selection of fuels for supersonic flight and
means of increasing the thermal stability of such fuels. The development
of supersonic aircraft requires the solution of an important technical
problem, viz.., that of producing fuels which have a high thermal stability
so that no sediment is formed in the lines supplying fuel to the engine.
Under the action of the high temperatures (150-200? C)-'.to which fuels .are
heated in supersonic aircraft during flight, the fuel oxidizes with the
formation of resinous substances and insoluble sediment which may clog
the fuel supply lines. The author gives the necessary information on
the thermal stability of fuels, methods of increasing this stability,
and procedures for determining it.
The book pays particular attention to one of the principal opera-
tional characteristics of reaction-engine fuels, namely, their behavior
at low temperatures. This includes a discussion of methods for the
determination of the points at which turbidity appears and crystallization
begins. Determination of these points serves as a means'of determining
the filterability of fuels at low temperatures and making certain that
there will be unimpeded passage of these fuels through the fuel supply
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lines at temperatures below zero. USSR fuels can be used safely down to
minus 600, so that aircraft equipped with reaction engines can be oper-
ated at all geographic latitudes of the USSR under conditions prevalent
in the winter. As far as low-temperature stability is concerened, USSR
fuels of the grades T-l. TS-l, and T-2 are superior to the British fuel
JP-IB (DERD-2482) and the French fuel Air-3405, the congelation points
of which (i.e. the points at which crystallization begins) may be as
high as minus 11.0 degrees, according to specifications.
Problems pertaining to the presence of water in the fuel and the
formation of ice crystals in them are discussed in sections 13-15. Much
other information of value is contained in the book: the author has suc-
ceeded in condensing a considerable amount of interesting factual material
so that it can be presented on the 119 pages of the book. However, it
would be desirable to have more information on the following subjects:
prospects of the development of reaction-engine fuels, specifically fuels
for supersonic aviation; the characteristics of new fuels developed out-
side of the USSR; standard fuels; the periods of time during Vhich reac-
tion engine fuels can be stored; expansion of the supplies of reaction-
engine fuels by using products of petroleum cracking stabilized with
antioxidants and metal desactivators; fuels for ram jets; ways of in-
creasing the heat capacity of fuels by utilizing high-calorie elements
[i.e., by the addition of elements with a high heat of combustion]; and
the toxicity of reaction-engine fuels.
10. Solidified Liquid Gas
"Solidified Gas," by I. Il'inskaya; Moscow, Prom shlenno-
Ekonomicheska a Gazeta, No 37 (645), 27 Mar 60, p 1.,
cols 5-7
liquid gas is a cream-colored porous mass resembling
cheese in appearance and consistency. When ignited with a match, it
burns steadily, slowly, and evenly. The flame is extinguished instantly
when one blows on it. Briquettes of solidified liquid gas can be cut
with a knife. The internal structure of the briquettes resembles that
of a honeycomb: it consists of cells with dimensions of 5-50 microns
separated from each other by solid partitions. The cells are filled with
liquefied gas.
To produce this fuel, liquid butane is mixed with urea-formaldehyde
resin, polyvinyl alcohol, casein, and glycerin. These substances form
the cell partitions or walls. Under the action of formalin, the films.
forming the cell walls soli4ify, thus sealing in the gas. In this manner
a briquette is produced which has the appearance and properties of a
solid. Five percent of the briquette consists of the solid film and the
rest of the fuel.
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The method of producing solidified liquid gas that has been described
was developed at the Institute of Mineral Fuels of the Academy of Sciences
USSR. The work in question was done at the Laboratory of Chemical Treat-
ment of Solid Fuel under the direction of Prof B. Losev, who is head of
this laboratory. The gas briquettes have a high heat content. To bring
a liter of water to boiling, only 4-5 grams of the gas are required.''
The solidified gas has a lower specific gravity than any other fuel. It
can be conveniently transported and stored.
According to Losev, a special vibrating stand was erected to test
the behavioral the mm fa-2 during transportation. This stand simulates a
railroad flatcar in motion. The fuel briquettes were stacked up on the
test stand up to a height of 2.5 meters. Results of tests which have
been carried out in this manner indicate that the solidified liquid gas
fuel can be transported over distances of thousands of kilometers.
One of the advantages of solidified liquid gas fuel is that no
storage facilities are required: the briquettes can be placed under a
shed or stored in the open after being covered with a tarpaulin. They
can be stored underground or on being submerged in water. The solidified
gaseous fuel remains unchapged under any climatic conditions and burns
in any weather. The solid briquettes can be easily converted into liquid
fuel by means of a press. The recovered fuel is superior in its proper-
ties to the analogous liquid fuel [i.e., liquid fuel rather than liquefied
gas recovered from briquettes].
Supplying of gas to settlements in newly opened virgin lands and
areas in the Far North, Siberia, and the Far East will be greatly facili-
tated by application of the new fuel. Transportation to distant regions
and storage of the fuel there will be considerably simplified: no stor-
age tanks or tank cars will be required when this type of fuel is used.
Submerged storage facilities can be created in seas and oceans. The
required quantity of briquettes fastened by means of an anchor can be
stored under water without containers. Ships will not have to come into
port to refuel: they will be able to obtain the necessary fuel in a bay
where a submerged refueling facility has been established.
Application of solidified liquid gas eliminates the most inconvenient
aspect of all internal combustion engines,. namely, the necessity of using
a tank filled with liquid fuel. Instead of a fuel tank, automobiles,
tractors, and planes will have small regenerators. The briquettes will
be fed into these regenerators by means of screw conveyers. From a re-
generator of this type, the liquid gas will be conducted directly into
the carburetor of the engine. One advantage of these regenerators con-
sists in the fact that their rate of output corresponds to the velocity
of the operation of the engine and is automatically controlled by the
engine.
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The new fuel was found satisfactory in actual use in the Antarctic.
Trials by members of a scientific expedition to the Kara-Kum Desert de-
monstrated that the briquettes can be used at temperatures of 750 C,
when iron drums filled with gasoline burst because of the high pressure
that develops inside by-reason of the great heat.
At present solidified liquid fuel is not yet being produced on an
industrial scale; it can be obtained only in small quantities from the
Institute of Mineral Fuels of the Academy of Sciences USSR. Neither
Gosplan RSFSIV nor the Main Administration of the Gas Industry USSR was
able to say when the new fuel will be produced. Until recently the
Groznyy Cracking Plant produced solidified gasoline by Losev's method.
It was planned to produce liquefied gas briquettes at the same plant
as well. However, production of the fuel briquettes was discontinued
thppp: soap and artificial ice are produced instead at the plant depart-
ment"designed for that purpose, which has been reconstructed to take
care of the new production.
11. Preflame Transformations of Methane Hydrocarbons
"Preflame Transformations of Methane Hydrocarbons in an
Internal Combustion Engine," by V. G. Gavrilov, Ye. I.
Gulin, A. P. Pesnikov, and A. K. Tarasov, Leningrad State
University; Leningrad, Zhurnal Prikladnoy Khimii, Vol 33,
No 2, Feb 60, pp 1+21-1+2
1 1,
Investigation of the preflame transformations of methane hydrocarbons
of normal and iso-structure in the series C6-C8 under actual conditions
encountered in an internal combustion engine indicated that in the'.temper-
ature ranges of 150?-3000 and 2500-4000 the principal process that takes
place is decomposition of the molecules of the hydrocarbons. It was
found that under the condit~pns investigated iso-hydrocarbons are gener.;-
ally more stable with respect to molecular structure than normal hydro
carbons analogous to them. It was furthermore found that the relative,
facility of the oxidation of hydrocarbons is closely related to the dei
gree of decomposition of their molecules under the conditions investi-
gated. Quantitatively insignificant transformations of hydrocarbon...
which do not exceed 1% during compression for a. period of 0.015 second
still determine the subsequent course and type of total combustion of the
fuels.
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Insecticides
12. Insecticides Prepared at Lvov State University
"Synthesis of Acyl Derivatives of 0,0-dibutylthiophosphoric
Acid," by S. P. Olifirenko, N. I. Zemlyankiy, and A. M.
Lylyk, Lvov State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey
Khimii, Vol 30, No 2, Feb 60, pp 579-580
In their search for new insecticides the authors sought to synthe-
size several acyl derivatives of 0,0-dibutylthiophosphoric acid, inasmuch
as there is no information in the literature on these products.
Using the results obtained earlier by Russian and Polish investi-
gators of organophosphorus compounds and applying methods developed by
these investtigators,'the authors succeeded in preparing the sodium salt
of 0,0-dibutylthiophosphoric acid. Afterwards they reacted this sodium
salt with the acid chlorides of dibasic acids (succinic, glutaric, and
adipic) and benzoyl chloride. Four previously unknown acyl derivatives
of the acid were obtained in the form of yellow oils. The physical
characteristics of these acyl compounds are listed in one table.
The authors report that these derivatives are insecticidally active.
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
13. Application of Biogeochemical Methods of Prospecting to Locate De-
posits'of Metals Used as Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction
Materials
"Experience Acquired in the Application of the Biogeochemical
Method in Prospecting for Deposits of Rare Metals," by M. F.
Kuzin, Ministry of Geology and Protection of Mineral Resources
of the USSR; Moscow, Razvedka i Okhrana Nedr, Vol 25, No 11,
Nov,59, pp 16-20
Results of investigations which have been conducted indicate that
biogeochemical methods can be applied in prospecting for deposits of rare
metals. It was established that elements such as thorium, niobium, zir-
conium, and possibly tantalum accumulate in plants in considerable quanti-
ties. It was discovered that aspen trees [Populus tremula) grow to a
gigantic size and accumulate up to 0.1% of thorium in their oversized
leaves when the trees are located in the vicinity of deposits of thorium
and rare-earth elements. In the presence of large quantities of beryllium,
rare-earth elements of the yttrium group, and lithium, certain plants
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proliferate and are found in unusually large quantities. Some plants
are stunted in areas adjacent to rare-metal pegmatite occurrences and
characterized by an increased content of lithium in the soil.
The most urgent tasks of biochemical research from the standpoint'p',
of prospecting are simplification of methods so that their application1
will become less expensive, testing of different methods under different
geochemical conditions, and initiation of experimental biogeochemical
work in regions where marshy plains overgrown with taiga (Northern
Siberian forest) or moraines and other allochtonous deposits are preva-
lent, i.e., in regions where conventional methods of prospecting do %
not ordinarily lead to satisfactory results.
14. Photocolorimetric Determination of Uranium With Arsenazo Reagent
"Photocolorimetric Determination of Uranium With the 4rsenazo
Reagent," by V. I. Kuznetsoz anf I. V. Nikol'skaya, Institute
of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 26, No 3, Mar 60,
pp 266-269
A method for the photocolorimetric determination of tetravalent
uranium with the arsenazo! reagent has been developed by the authors..
This method is desqribed in detail. A procedure for the coprecipita-
tion of gamma quantities of uranium with crystal violet thiocyanate
has been improved by adding trilon B. which makes the precipitation of
uranium more selective.
15. Possibilities of Applying Nuclear Fuels in Form of Glass Fibers
Reviewed-in Czechoslovak Periodical
"Nuclear Fuel in the Form of Glass Fibers," by K. Luustig,
Sklar a Keramik, No 2, 1959, pp'53-54 (from Steklo i Ke-
ramika, Moscow, Vol 17, No 3, Mar 6o, p 42)
To increase the length of service and reduce the cost of nuclear
fuel elements, it is proposed that these elements be made of glass fibers
containing oxides of uranium, plutonium, or thorium.
The principal advantages of nuclear fuel in the form of glass fibers
are as follows: chemical stability; thermal stability and heat resistance
which make it possible to operate reactors at temperatures up to 10000 ;,
extensive possibilities of varying the content of fissionable material
and using different types of fuel; suitability for different types of re-
actors; facility of continuous removal of fission products by the liquid
coolant and of the replacement of fuel elements; and simplicity and low
cost of production.
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Information is given in the literature on the possibility of prod-
ucing for this purpose glass fiber that contains 50% of U03. The glass
may have the following composition (in percentages by weight): 29% of
8io2; 1.9% of A1203; 5.18% of B203; 50% of U03; 3.3% of Cao; 10.13% of
Na20; and 0.46% of K2 . The coefficient of thermal expansion of this
glass is 118 X 10-7.
Uranium-233, uranium-235, or plutonium-239 can be introduced into
this type of glass. Glass fiber containing uranium-235 aas already been
tested in nuclear reactors.
-It has also been demonstrated that fibers for nuclear reactors can
be made of glass containing up to 40% of thorium dioxide. In glass fiber
containing 40% of thorium dioxide, 90% of the absorbed neutrons partici-
pate in the transformation of thorium into fissionable uranium-233.
This is due to the fact that the other components of the glass have low
effective cross-section of the capture of thermal neutrons.
Fuel elements consisting of glass fibers have a considerably greater
thermal stability than metal fuel elements. The softening point of spe-
cial glass fibers for nuclear reactors may be several hundred degrees
higher then the melting point of plutonium, which is 640?. Furthermore,
glass fiber. exhibits a superior stability to the action of oxidizing and
reducing gases and does not dissolve to any appreciable extent in boiling
water.
The stability of glass fiber fuel elements to intensive irradiation
with neutrons is quite satisfactory, as has been shown by experiments.
There is no deterioration or melting of the glass fibers as a result of
exposure to neutron radiation. Reduction of the diameter of the glass
.fibers has no effect on the stability of the fibers to intensive radi-
ation.
However, with increasing doses of irradiation the tensile strength
of the glass fibers decreases, at first significantly and then, after
further exposure to the action of neutrons, to a relatively minor extent.
The lowering of the tensile strength as a result of irradiation is due
to a loosening of the structure of the fiber surface.
Glass fiber containing fissionable materials is also used as a source
of high-energy radiation to be employed in carrying out some chemical
processes. Glass fibers employed in radiation chemistry have a diameter
of 1-10 p and contain up to 50% by weight of uranium-233, uranium-235,
or plutonium-239.
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In nuclear reactors serving for power production one can use glass
fuel elements having the shape of fibers, rods, tubes, etc. with a
diameter of 10-1000 }i . These fuel elements are cheap. A.prerequisite
to the successful application of glass fibers as nuclear fuel is low
flow resistance, because otherwise an undesirable drop of pressure may
result in the reactor.
16. Extraction With Mixed Solvents.
"The Extraction Capacity of Mixed Solvents.," by V. M. Vdovenko
and A. S. Krivokhatskiy; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Khimii, Vol 5, No 2, Feb 60, pp 95-497
The question of additivity in the extraction.. of substances from the
aqueous phase by mixtures:- consisting of two organic solvents is discussed
on the examples of nitric acid and uranyl nitrate. Nonadditivity is
explained by the formation of mixed solvates of the substance being ex-
tracted.
17. Mass Transfer During Extraction With Tributyl Phosphate
Investigation. of Mass Transfer in Packed Columns During
Extraction With Tributyl. Phosphate (Extraction and Re-
Extraction of Nitric Acid),". by A. M. Rozen, S. M.
Karpacheva,.S. F. Medvedev, Ye. P. Rodionov, and L. F.
Kiseleva; Moscow, Khimicheskaya Promyshlennost, No 7,
Oct/Nov 59, pp 627-630
The specific characteristics of extraction with tributyl phosphate
in packed columns.were investigated. The relationships established are
expressed in mathematical terms and illustrated by tables and graphs
which accompany the article. It is pointed out that tributyl phosphate
diluted with other solvents is being used extensively at present as a
very efficient extracting agent, particularly in nuclear technology
applications.
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18. Interaction of Thorium Nitrate With Phenylacetic Acid
"Physicochemical Investigation of the Interaction of Thorium
Nitrate With Phenylacetic Acid," by K. N. Kovalenko and M. N.
Tarasova, Rostov-na-Donu State University; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 5, No 2, Feb 60, pp 385-392
The system formed by thorium nitrate and phenylacetic acid in
aqueous solutions was investigated by the methods of electrical conduc-
tivity measurements, determination of the pH, and measurements of the
surface tension of the liquid phase of the system.' It was established
that thorium nitrate reacts with Phenylacetic acid under formation of
a difficulty soluble salt of the composition?06H5CH2C00)-4 Th. The
formation of no other compound was detected.
19. Separation of Rare-Earth Elements by Method of Continuous Electro-
phore619
"Separation of Rare-Earth Elements by the Method of Continuous
Electrophoresis; Part 2 -- Separation With the Use of Ethylene-
diaminetetraacetic Acid," by V. P. Shvedov and A. V. Stepanov;
Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 2, No 1, Feb 60, pp 65-67
It was established that as compared with citric acid, ethylene-
diaminetetraacetic acid is a better complex-forming agent to be used in
the separation of lanthanides by the method of continuous electrophoresis.
The condi ions are given under which a mixture of the radioactive iso-
topes Nd17 > Pm 147 > and Eu152-154 can be separated. The mechanism of the
electrophoretic separation of rare-earth elements with the application
of complex-forming agents is discussed.
20. Basic Chlorides and Hydroxide of Samarium
"The Basic Chlorides and Hydroxide of Samarium," by N. V.
Aksel'rud and V. B. Spivakovskiy, Institute of General and
Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR;
Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 5, No 2, Feb 60,
P 347
The composition and equilibrium ionic activities of basic chlorides
of samarium and samarium hydroxide were determined. Among the basic
chlorides the well-defined compound Sm (OH)2C1, which has the greatest
tendency to form, was subjected to the most detailed investigation.
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21. Separation of Radioactive Isotopes of Rare-Earth Elements by
Chromatographic Method
"Separation of Some Radioactive Rare-Earth Elements by a
Chromatographic Method," by G. B. Maslova, P. P. Nazarov,
and K. V. Chmutov; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 5, No 2, Feb 60, pp 357-365
The use of lactic and pyrophosphoric acids in the separation of the
rare-earth elements La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, and Y was studied. It was estab-
lished that the application of pyrophosphoric acid ought to be of prac-
tical advantage in the chromatographic separation of rare-earth elements.
The complexes formed by rare-earth elements with lactic acid were in-
vestigated. By applying the methods of potentiometric titration and ion
exchange, the stability constants of the lactic complexes of some rare-
earth elements were determined.
22. Separation and Concentration of Elements of Yttrium Group by Means
of Complex-Forming Agents
"Comparison of Different Complex-Forming Agents From the
Standpoint of Their Application in Preparation of Concen-
trates of Elements of the Yttrium Group," by D. I. Ryab-
chikov and N. S. Vagina, Institute of Geochemistry and
Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I. Vernadskiy, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neor anichesko Khimii,
Vol 5, No 2, Feb 60, PP--35-6-35d
Acetic, malonic, tartaric, lactic, citric, and nitrylotriacetic acid
were investigated in regard to their suitability as complex-forming agents
for the separation of elements of the Ho-Lu fractioa. It was found that
lactic and citric acids are the most suitable complex-formers among those
studied.
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23. Thermal Decomposition of Carbonates of Rare-Earth Elements of
Cerium Subgroup
"Thermal Decomposition of Carbonates of Rare-Earth Elements
of the Cerium Subgroup,", by M. N. Ambrozhiy, Ye. F. Luchni-
kova, and M. I. Sidorova, Saratc-, State University imeni
N. G. Chernyshevskiy; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 5, No 2, Feb 60, pp 366 ,
The decomposition of the carbonates of lanthanum, cerium, praseo-
dymium, neodymiwr, and samarium was investigated by the thermographic
method. It was established that the carbonates can be arranged according
to the following sequence of cations as far as their thermal stability
in concerned:
Pr < Ce < Sm. < Nd < /!' La
24. Method for Synthesis of Iodides of Tantalum and Niobium
"Synthesis of the Iodides of Tantalum and Niobium by the
Interaction of Ta Cl5 and Nb Cl5.with Al 2 16-and Si 14,"'
by L. A. Nisel'son and I. V. Petrusevich, Moscow Insti
tute of Nonferrous Metals and Gold im*ni M. I. Kalinin;
Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 5, No 2,
Feb 60, pp 249-254
A thermographic investigation was carried out of the halogen exchange
between aluminum and cilicon iodides and tantalum and niobium chlorides.
It was established that the reaction with niobium-pentachloride starts at
a lower temperature and is accompanied by a greater development of heat
than the corresponding reaction with tantalum pentachloride. It was
found that by applying the reaction of a, halogen exchange mentioned
.above, one can easily synthesize Ta 15 and a niobium iodide the compo-
sition of which corresponds to Nb;1 4.5-4.8. The application of alumi-
num iodide gives better results than silicon iodide.
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25. East German Institute of Physical Methods of-Separation,
"At the Institute of Physical Methods of Separation (German
Democratic Republic)," by H. M. Zhavoronkov and K. I. Sako-
dynskiy; Moscow, Atomnaya Enprgiya, Vol 8, No.l, Jan 60,
pp 81-82
The Institute. of Physical Methods of Separation at Leipzig (Director
U. Muelenpfordt) is the principal GDR center of research and develop-
mental work on stable isotopes. This institute was organized in 1955.
It was visited by the authors of this report in September 1959' on the
invitation of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin.
The institute consists of six subdivisions: the Division of Experi-
mental Separation 'by Distillation (directed by E. Krehl); the Division
of Experimental Separation by Methods of Chemical Exchange (directed by
K. Wetzel); the Division of the Theory of Separation Methods (directed
by G. Vogt); the Theoretical Division (directed by G. Voigt); the Ana=lytical Division (directed by.' G Birkenfeld); and the Division of the
Application of Stable Isotopes (directed by H. Huebner).
The problems which the divisions concerned with separation are
called on to solve comprise those involved in the production of concen-
trates of the stable isotopes of hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, and
oxygen. Installations for the separation of stable isotopes by distil-
lation and chemical isotope exchange have been constructed at the insti-
18
?tute. 0 and deuterium are produced by the distillation of water in a
packed column; the concentration of heavy oxigyen that is obtained reaches
.4%-and that of deuterium--7%-.--Td prepare concentrates of N15, isotope ex-
change between oxides of nitrogen and nitric acid is applied. By using
this method, an enrichment of up to 10% of N15 is achieved. Experiments
have been conducted on the bnrichment of C13 by the distillation of parbon
tetrachloride. It was established in connection with this that very pure
carbon tetrachloride does. not decompose in steel equipment.
Expansion of the production of stable isotopes is planned for the
near future. This expansion will be accomplished by installing new equip-
ment with a higher capacity. Among the new types of equipment installed
will be one 'for-producing B10 concentrates by distillation involving iso-
tope exchange between BF3 and the complex compound of boron trifluoride
with anisole. At the Division of Experimental Separation by Distillation,
interesting work has been conducted 'concerning the effect which the rough-
ness'of the surface of the packing has on the effectiveness of the packing.
Optimum values for the roughness of the surface have been established at
which the effectiveness of the packing is arpproximately 20%'greater [than
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GPYRGHT
Of great importance is the work done at the theoretical divisions,
the task of which is development of a theory of separation processes and
calculation of separation factors by quantum-statistical methods. Work
has been completed on the calculation of these factors for chemical iso-
tope exchange by a number of carbon-containing compounds. This work is
being done with the purpose of finding systems with the highest separa-
tion factors. An interesting investigation has been completed on the
calculation of the efficiency of a nonadiabatic distillation column.
More than 30 tagged compounds have been synthesized at the Division
of Application of Stable Isotopes.
The Analytical Division *has three mass-spectrometers. One'of them
(of the NS-l type) is used for the determination of deuterium concen-
trations, another (of the MI-1305 type) for the determination of ratios
of isotopes contained in,solid substances, and a third for conducting
mass-spectrometric isotope analyses. Work is also being done on the
development of new mass spectrometers for special applications, e.g.,
one with a high-frequency filter. Different types of ion sources are
being investigated. Of great interest is the use of an electron photo-
multiplier for the determination of the intensity of spectral lines.
The Analytical Division conducts work not only for the institute,
but also for all organizations in the GDR which-require analyses of this
type.
26. Book on Uranium Processing Reviewed
"Uranium Production Technology," by C. D. Harrington and
A. E. Ruehle, reviewed by Prof B. N. Laskorin; Moscow,
Novyye Knigi za Rubezhom,, Seriya B. Teknika, No 5, May 60,
pp 33-36
Prof B. N. Laskorin's review of the book Uranium Production Tech-
nology, by C. D. Harrington and A. E. Ruehle, Princeton, Van Nostrand,
1959, concludes as follows:
"Systematic data on the chemistry and technology of obtaining ura-
nium compounds with purity high enough for applications in nuclear re-
actors are presented for the first time in technical literature. The
greatest value of this work lies in its rather detailed description of
American industry's experience in the field of production of metallic
uranium and its compounds of high purity, as well as in a brief descrip-
tion of the most important recent developments to improve these processes.
"On the whole, the book is of great interest to a wide circle of
chemists and metallurgists. Translation and publication of this book in
Russian is highly desirable."
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Organic Chemistry
27. Synthesis of Diaj1ylphosphatexanthogenates
"Preparation and Properties of Dialkylphosphatealkylkantho-
genates," by M. S. Malinovskiy and Z. F. Solomko, Dnepropet-
rovsk State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey HI'himii, Vol
30, No 2, Feb 60, pp 652-653
Mixed anhydrides of dialkylthiophosphoric and xanthogenic acids of
S , S
the type (R'O)2P" -C-OR'' have been studied on previous occasions
as insecticides. On the other hand, the dialkylphosphatexanthogenates
0 S
with the general formula (R'O)2P~ -S-C-OR have been little studied.
The authors synthesized dialkylphosphatexanthogenates from diaL'cylch-
lorophosphates and:.potassium alky]xanthogenates by the reaction:
10 S -KCl 4P0 S
(R'0) 2 P \Cl ~ + KS-C.-OR" -------- ' (R'O) 2 P S C'~--OR", where R`
=C6H5, n-C3H7, iso-C3H7; R' ? = n-C3H7, iso-C3H7, n-C1 ,H9, iso-CjH9,
n-C51111, iso-C5H11, CH3 and C2H5.
The obtained substances are yellowish oils with a weak odor; they
are insoluble in water and readily soluble in the majority of organic
solvents. Tlie properties of the synthesized substances are listed in a
table.
In all, 19 previously unknown diallcylphosphatexsnthogenates were
prepared.
28. Cyclic PDiketone Derivatives Synthesized
"Chemistry of Unsaturated Nitro Compounds. VI. Synthesis of
Derivatives of Cyclic P-Diketones," by V. V. Perekalin and
K. S. Parfenova, Leningrad Pedagogical Institute imeni A. I.
Gertsen; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Bhimii, Vol 30, No 2, Feb 60,
pp 388-393
The authors claim to be the first to have carried out the reaction
of cyclic -diketones; dimedon, indanedione-1, 3, and 2-phenylindanedione-
1,.3,.and 4-hydroxycoumarin (which is closely related to them) with a
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number of aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic unsaturated nitro compounds.
A general method was found for synthesizing the various nitro and amino
derivatives of cyclic P-diketones. The possibility was shown of the
direct heterocyclization of several nitro products by their reduction to
derivatives of pyrroline.
The authors developed further the concept concerning the optimum
acidity and the maximum electron density as conditions for the successful
reaction of compounds containing methylene (and methyl) groups with electro-
philic reagents.
Cyclic P-diketones and their derivatives are important as pharmaco-
logically active compounds(anticoagulants) spasmolyties, drugs with an
activity similar to that of atropine) and insecticides.
29. Isomerization of Certain Barbituric Acid Derivatives
"On the Isomerization of o-Carboxy- and o-Carboxydimethoxy-
benzalbarbituric Acids," by Ye. I. Chukhina, Second Moscow
State Medical Institute imeni N. I. Pirogov; Moscow, Zhurnal
Obshchey Khimii, Vol 30, No 2, Feb 60, pp 662-665
The authors found that as a result of the condensation of
o-aldehydobenzoic or opianic acid with barbituric acid in pyridine, the
acid benzal forms of barbituric acid are obtained, just as by condensation
in an aqueous solution.
Mutual isomerization between o-carboxy-benzalbarbituric and phthalidyl-
barbituric acids and carboxydimethoxy benzalbarbituric and meconylbarbituric
acids was established. The acid form is converted into the lactone from
upon heating in an ammonia-alcohol solution, but the latter is isomerized
back into the acid form in an acidic aqueous solution at room temperature.
Physical Chemistry
30. Relation. Between Energy of Formation of Molecules From Free Atoms
and Structure of These Molecules
"Relation Between the Energy of Formation of Molecules From Free
Atoms and the Structure of These Molecules, Part 3," by V. M. Tatev-
skiy and Yu. G. Papulov, Moscow State University; Moscow, Zhurnal
Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 34, No 4, Apr 60, pp 708-715
It is brought out that any attempt to represent the energy of for-
mation of molecules as a sum of bond energies and energies of the inter-
action of bonds is based on a trend of thought which is full of inner
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contradictions. Mathematically, treatment of the energy of molecules
from this standpoint leads to equations which do not give anything new
that is not contained in the equations of the first and second methods
proposed by the authors in parts 1 and 2 of this investigation (Zhurnal
Fizicheskoy IChimii, Vol 311., No 2, Feb 60, pp 241-258; No 3, Mar 60, pp 11.89-
504; see Scientific Information Report No T-46). It is demonstrated that
attempts to correlate bond energies with so-called electronic charges lead
to equations which represent experimentally established relationships in
a less accurate manner than the equations of the first and second methods
proposed by the authors. It is pointed out that the concept of electronic
charges of bonds, as employed by G. V. Bykov (of Izvesti,a Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No U, 1956, p 1342), must be regarded
as purely formal and devoid of physical meaning; attempts to correlate
the number of "effective charges" with bond energies conflict with quantum-
mechanical concepts and equations.
Formulas derived by the first method, which correlate the energy of
formation of alkane molecules with their structure, also represent in a
satisfactory manner regularities pertaining to diverse physicochemical
properties of the substances in question other than the energy of for-
mation (e.g., molar volume, molar refraction, heat of evaporation, log-
arithm of vapor pressure, mean magnetic susceptibility, change of thermo-
dynamic potential on formation of one mol of the substance from the ele-
ments) after the physical meaning of the constants has been changed
appropriately. The results obtained can be explained on the basis of
concepts in regard to types and species of C-C and C-H bonds introduced
earlier by V. M. Tatevskiy (of Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 74, 1950,
p 287; and Vol 75, 1950, p 819)
Equations based on concepts underlying the first method have been
derived not only for alkanes, but also for other hydrocarbons (alkenes,
alkynes, polyenes, all,ylcyclanes, alkylbenzenes, and condensed aromatic
hydrocarbons) in work done by V. M. Tatevskiy and Yu. A. Pentin. The
:method could be expanded to cover compounds of the composition expressed
by the formula CnH2n+2-ICXK, where X is a monovalent substituent group.
This indicates that relationships arrived at by the first and second
methods can be formulated not only for hydrocarbons,, but also quite
generally for molecules of other organic compounds.
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31. Possibilities of Application of Rhenium as Catalyst
"The Catalytic Properties of Rhenium; Part 2 -- Dehydrogenation
of Cyclohexane," by A. A. Balandin, Ye. I. Karpeyskaya, and A. A.
Tolstopyatova, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Izvesti a Akademia Nauk SSSR -- Otdeleniye Khimich.-
eskikh Nauk, No 9, Sep 59, pp 1529-1535
Catalysts consisting of rhenium deposited on activated carbon were
investigated. The dependence of the activity of such catalysts and of
the energy of activation of the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane on the
content of rhenium in the catalyst was studied. It was found that the
best catalyst, with which the smallest energy of activation is obtained,
contains approximately 30% of rhenium by weight.
32. Optical Properties of Aerosol Particles Investigated
"Experimental Study of Light Scattering by Coagulating
Aerosols," by 0. M. Todes, V. F. Fedortsov, and A. A.
Chekunov (Leningrad); Moscow, Kolloidnyy Zhurnal, Vol 22,
No 1, 1960, pp 90-96
The effect of coagulation on the optical properties of aerosol,'
particles has been investigated by the authors. The expression a-
was derived to describe the changes in these properties on coagulation
of the particles in a confined space and in an aerosol cloud dispersing
in the atmosphere. The dispersion of the cloud in its movement in the
atmosphere at some distance from the source has been shown to lead to
only slight changes in the optical properties of the aerosol particles.
The theoretical equation (given above) was confirmed experimentally.
Experiments were conducted with aerosols of sulfuric and phosphoric acids
and fuel oil fumes. The wave length of the light subject to scattering
was 0.55 and 3.1 ? . The initial aerosol concentration was varied from
3.1 to 0.08 g/m .
Radiochemistry
33. Investigation of Bubble Layers" y Means of Gamma Rays
"Investigation of Bubble Layers by Gamma Ray Transmission," by
Ya. G. Vinokur and V. V.-Dil'man; Moscow, Khimichetkaya Promy-
shlennost, No 7,'Oct/Nov 59'p-pp-619-621
In the investigation described, it was establ'shed by passing through
a gas-liquid bubble layer gamma rays emitted by CoOO that the total gas
content by volume in the bubble layer can be determined by this method,
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which does not involve any necessity of disturbing the layer. Changing
the thickness of the walls or of other parts of the equipment within
practical limits does not affect the precision of the determination. It
was found that the method of transmitting gamma rays makes it possible
to determine the gas content by volume in the bubble layer in any cross.
section of this layer and also to establish precisely the true height of
the layer.
34. Book on Radiochemistry Reviewed
Osnovy Radiokhimii (Fundamentals of Radiochemistry), by I. Ye.
Starik, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow-
Leningrad, 1959, 459 pp, price 21 rubles .80 kopecks, reviewed by
T. V. Malysheva; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 8, No 4, Apr 60,
CPYRGIHI1598
"This book is of 'bpecial interest, because it was written from the
standpoint of ideas advanced by V. G. HIilopin, founder of the Soviet
school of radiochemistry, whose student and co-worker I. Ye. Starik has
been for a great number of years.
"Starik's monograph gives for the first time a systematic treatment
to laws governing the behavior of radioactive isotopes from the stand-
point of results obtained in investigations dealing with the behavior of
substances present in instgnificantly small concentrations.
"The author of the book regards radiochemistry as an independent
science which forms the theoretical basis for work on the utilization
of nuclear energy and the application of radioactive isotopes as tracers.
Particular attention is paid to problems pertaining to methods of determi-
nation and methods used in investigation. Detailed treatment is given
to the state in which microquantities of radioactive isotopes are present
in liquid, gaseous, and solid-phases. Systematically arranged data are
presented on the distribution of microquantities of radioactive isotopes
in heterogeneous systems.
"A special section of the book deals with the electrochemistry of
radioactive substances, a field which is of great importance from both
the practical and the purely scientific point of view.
"An extensive bibliography is given at the end of every chapter.
"The book will be of use to investigators working in the field O'
radiochemistry and in adjacent fields of science. It can be used as a
manual by students and aspirants."
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Miscellaneous
35. USSR Conference on Organophosphorus Chemistry
"The Chemistry of Organophosphorus Compounds and Their
Application," by Academician B. A. Arbuzov; Moscow, Vestnik
Akademii Nauk SSSR, No, 3, 1960, pp 103-105
The Second Conference on the Chemistry and Application of Organo-
phosphorus Compounds was held from 26 November to 1 December. 1959 in
Kazan'.
The chemistry of organic derivatives of phosphorus has attracted
much attention from investigators in recent times. There are many reasons
to explain the intensive interest being shown in this individual field
of organic chemistry. Such fundamental questions related to the theory
of organic chemistry as tautomerism, intramolecular rearrangements, the
addition to multiple bonds, and others have been studied on these compounds.
The discovery of the powerful physiological activity exerted by a
number of classes of organophosphorus compounds has elicited intensified
attention toward them by physiologists, medical specialists, veterinarians,
agronomists, toxicologists, entomologists, and other representatives of
the biological sciences.
Year by year the use of organophosphorus compounds grows in many
different fields of industry. These compounds are being used as extract-
ing agents for recovering and separating rare earth elements, plasticizers,
high polymers, hardeners, valuable additives to lubricating oils, and
flotation reagents. Very recently an entirely new field of use for organo-
phosphorus compounds has arisen: the synthesis of phosphorus-containing
polymeric materials possessing important characteristics.
The variety of interests being shown toward organophosphorus com-
pounds is mirrored in the work of this conference, which attracted more
than 400 chemists and other scientific personnel from 11 cities of this
country. The conference was divided into three sections: chemical,
physiological activity of organophosphorus compounds, and plant protection.
In all, 122 reports were delivered at the conference.
B. A. Arbuzov reviewed the course of the development of the chemistry
of organophosphorus compounds during the past 5 years. He noted great
progress in this field. The results of studying ways of synthesizing
organophosphorus compounds, which until recently were of theoretical
interest only, have become the basis for industrial processes by which
organic derivatives of phosphorus are produced. Attention to phosphines
and heterocyclic compounds containing phosphorus has intensified. The
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use of various physical methods to investigate the structure of organo-
phosphorus compounds is being expanded. These compounds are being used
for synthesizing other organic compounds which do not contain phosphorus
5olypeptidea, earotinoia_7. Examples of organophosphorus compounds
exhibiting physiological activity presented by the speaker were: insecti-
cides which at a concentration 1 x 10-6% ensure complete destruction of
fly maggots, and compounds which possess antitumor activity. In con-
clusion, the speaker noted the great contribution of Soviet researchers
in the chemistry of organophosphorus compounds.
Using organophosphorus compounds as an example, M. I. Kabachnik
treated the central theoretical problem of modern chemistry, the effect
of the structure of the molecule on its reaction capacity. Whereas in
the past this effect has been considered only from the qualitative stand-
point, it can now be estimated quantitatively by using Hannnet's equation
(with certain limitations). Using a vast amount of experimental material,
the speaker analyzed the question concerning the correlation betireen the
ionization constants of various acids of phosphorus and their structure.
He showed that when the values corresponding to the sigma groups bound to
pentavalent phosphorus are knowU, the ionization constants of oxygen acids
of phosphorus and also its monothio-acids can be calculated with great
accuracy. The applicability of.Hammet's equation for solving problems
concerning the effect of the nature of solvents on the equilibrium
constant of pentavalent phosphorus acids was discussed.
The possibility was demonstrated of quantitatively estimating the
effect constituents will have on the velocity of reaction;; and the
equilibrium points corresponding to several types of organophosphorus
compounds.
In a review paper, Ye. L. Gefter devoted much attention to the use
of organophosphorus compounds for the industrial production of high
polymers. The presence of phosphorus in polymers makes them nonconirustible
and in a number of cases increases their heat resistance. Polymers which
contain phosphate groups are excellent ion-exchange resins, i.e., cation
exchangers with a high selectivity. Some organophosphor.us compounds can
be used as polymerization catalysts.
The report delivered by M. Ye. Mikhel'son, E. V. Zeymal', and N. K.
Fruyentov reviewed the chemical mechanism of the interaction of organo-
phosphorus compounds with cholinesterases in connection with the fact
that basically the physiological activity of the class of compounds in
question is determined by their capability to inactivate cholinesterases.
Several rules correlating this capability with the structure of organic
derivatives of phosphorus can be understood by starting from the distri-
bution of electrons in the molecules of such compounds. A vast amount
of experimental material indicates that the physiological activity of
organophosphorus compounds is due to transformations which they undergo
in the organisms and their distribution between various organs and various
parts of the cell.
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At the chemical section of the conference attention was paid to the
problem of tautomerism of organophosphorus compounds (T. A. Mastryukova,
S. T. Ioffe, V. S. Vinogradova, and V. A. Gilyarov). The results of
synthetic investigations found expression in many reports on the prepa-
ration of organic derivatives of various types (A. V. Kirsanov, N. N.
Mel'nikov, I. F. Lutsenko, A. N. Pudovik, G. Kh. Kamay, B. A. Arbuzov,
V. S. Abramov, A. I. Razumov, and others).
In contrast to the first conference on organophosphorus compounds,
a great number of reports concerned the synthesis of organophosphorus
compounds capable of polymerization and polycondensation (V. V., Korshak,
M. I. Kabachnik, T. Ya. Medved', G. Kh. Kamay, Ye. V. ICuznetsov, and
G. M. Vinokurova), and the preparation and/or production of polymers
from them (V. V. Korshak, G. S. Kolesnikov, and others). P. I. Sanin
reported some interesting data on the use of organophosphorus compounds
as additives to lubricating oils. A. I. Kreshkov and M. G. Voronkov
investigated the synthesis of compounds containing phosphorus and silicon.
A special session of the chemical section was devoted to the synthesis
of ethylenimine derivatives of phosphorus, especially those exerting an
antitumor effect and their biological activity (A. A. Kropacheva, S. I.
Sergiyevskaya, L. Kh. Protsenko, and N. P.. Grechkin).
At the sessions of the section on the physiological activity of
organophosphorus compounds a great deal of time was devoted to the study
of interrelationships between their chemical structure and biological
activity (V. A. Yakovelev, Yu. S. Kogan, I. A. Frankova, G. F. Rzhevskaya,
I. V. Zaikonikova, and L. S. Afonskaya), and also to the effect of organo-
phosphorus compounds on neuromuscular transmission (N. K. Fruyentov, IT. N.
Asekritova, V. V. Mozzhukhina, I. M. .Rakhmatullin, and V. X. Sirotkin).
At a separate session the use of organophosphorus compounds for treating
glaucoma (V. M. Krasnova, Z. M. Osipova, and G. I. Timinskaya) and the
use of such compounds as birth-stimulating agents (L. V. Chugunova and
M. A. Korchagina) were discussed. Special interest was evinced toward
data on the use of organophosphorus compounds for treating experimental
trichotosis of animals (I. D. Neklesova). The reports heard indicated
that the study of the effects of organophosphorus compounds on biological
objects has been considerably expanded in the recent past.
The investigation of the cholinergic system of insects and the
mechanism of insecticidal action of organophosphorus compounds received
much attention at the section for plant protection (A. K. Voskresenskaya).
Some interesting data were reported on the biological action of organo-
phosphorus compounds both on pests of agricultural crops and on plants,
as well as the microflora of soils (A. M. Alekseyev). The use of these
compounds will have important results for the protection of grain crops
and cotton (P. V. Sazonov and Ye. N. Kozlova).
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The resolutions of the conference stressed that the chemistry of
organophosphorus compounds is undergoing a period of intensive growth
in the USSR with particular emphasis on the chemistry of phosphorus-
containing high-molecular compounds. The complaint was voiced, however,
that the introduction of these valuable compounds into industrial pro-
duction is very slow and only culminates in practically applied results
in a few rare cases. The participants at the conference acknowledged
the need to call scientific conferences on the chemistry and application
of organophosphorus compounds at least once every 3 years.
The conference recommended expansion of research in the fields of
biochemistry, physiology, and toxicology of organophosphorus compounds.
36. Hungarian Chemical Industry Research Reviewed
"Several Industrial and Scientific Achievements of the Inorganic
Chemical Industry and Coal Chemistry Research," by Gyorgy Koranyi,
Doctor of Chemical Sciences; Budapest, Magyar Tudomany, Apr 60,
pp 217-22IN
The author traces the history of postwar Hungarian research in
industrial chemistry, beginning with the founding in Veszprem of the
Heavy Chemical Industry Research Institute (Nehezvegyipari Kutato Intezet)
in 1949. In 1952, the author ,,.rites, the researchers moved into one of
the most modernly equipped research buildings in Europe. Research facili-
ties have continued to expand. Ire 10 years, the government invested 50
million forints to aid research. Iii its first 10 years,. the institute
developed and completed 180 research projects. Industrially realized
achievements save the economy an estimated 5.5-6 million forints annually.
The institute cooperates closely with the appropriate faculties of the
Veszprem Chemical Industries University.
The author discusses various achievements of the institute's first
10 years, including work on artificial fertilizers, paint pigments, and
insecticides and processing of coal and peat. In cooperation with the
Mining Research Institute (Banyaszati ICutato Intezet) and under the
direction of the Coal Survey Committee (Szenkataszter Bizottsag) of the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the institute prepared a chemical survey
of Hungarian black coal and of some of the more important brown coal.
The author, discussing by-products of coal processing, writes: "Re-
searchers of the institute developed an internationally unique process
for extracting germanium and pyrocatechol ~imultaneousl~7; this process
will soon be realized industrially." The author then discusses the
institute's work on protection against corrosion. Some of this work
was done in cooperation with the Paint and Lacquer Industry Research
Laboratory (Festek- es Lakkipari Kutato Laboratorium). The institute
maintains nine atmospheric corrosion test stations in areas with differ-
ent meteorological characteristics.
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IV. EARTH SCIENCES
37. Magnetic Field Fluctuations in Turbulent Medium
"Magnetic Field and Current Density Fluctuations in
Turbulent Flow of a Conducting Fluid," by G. S. Golitsyn,
Institute of Physics of the Atmosphere, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Vol 132, No 2, May 60, pp 315-31
The intensity of magnetic field pulsations in turbulent motion of a
fluid was determined by the value of conductivity and turbulence intensity
of the fluid. Some theoretical results were applied to the ionosphere and
permitted evaluation of the altitude up to which the effect of the terrestrial
.magnetic field on ionospheric turbulence may be neglected. A derived equation
permits a rough evaluation of pulsations of the terrestrial magnetic field
near the. surface produced by the turbulent flow of the lower ionosphere. .
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V. ELECTRONICS
Communications
38. Three-Dimension Television
"Experimental Installation for Three-Dimension Color Tele-
vision," by V. Dzhakoniya; Moscow, Radio, No II., Apr 60,
pp 29-30
Stereoscopic color television equipment was developed and built for
experimental purposes at the Television Laboratory of the Leningrad Electri-
cal Engineering Institute of Communications imeni M. A. Bonch-Bruyevich
under the direction of Prof P. V. Shmakov.
The three-dimensional color -television images are obtained by utiliz-
ing the principle of separate transmission of two images televised from
two different points. These two images, called a stereo-pair, differ
from each other by some horizontal parallax. These stereo-pairs, when
properly reproduced at the receiving end of the installation, will form
a realistic three-dimensional image. The transmission of left and right
frames of the stereo-pair is carried out either simultaneously on the two
channels or on one charnel in sequence. A "scanning beam" camera is used
at the transmitting end of the installation, which is designed for sequential
transmission of stereo-pair frames and simultaneous transmission of the tri-
color television image. Two scanning tubes are used at the receiving end,
which operate in sequence. Switching of the scanning tubes can be actuated
either after each frame, after each field, or after each line. Masked
color television tubes were used to obtain a color stereoscopic image at
the receiving end.. Matching of the left and right image was accomplished
with the aid of a semitransparent mirror, and the separation of the
stereo-pair was accomplished with the aid of a polarizing film. The films
were mounted in front of the tubes in such a manner that the planes of
polarization are mutually perpendicular.
The first stereoscopic color-television was demonstrated on 10 December
3.959. A fairly realistic three-dimensional effect was obtained.
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39. Improving Efficiency of Time-Division Multiplexing
"Improving Efficiency of Time-Division Multichannel Systems,"
by G. A. Levin, B. R. Levin, V. I. Ayzenberg, and V. S. Rozanov;
Moscow, Elektrosvyaz', No 5, May 60, pp i0-16
In modern multiplex communication systems utilizing time-division of
channels there exists a certain possibility for more 6fficienv utilization
of interval duration. In existing multichannel, pulse-modulation communi-
cation systems, the duration of the channel interval is constant and is
independent of the level of the transmitted *signal. The change of channel
interval duration in compliance with the instantaneous values of the trans-
mitted signal can, therefore, be utilized to increase the number of channels
in the communication system. Thus, to increase the efficiency of the pulse-
modulated, multichannel communication system, the former practice of constant
channel interval duration must be repudiated.
The information parameters in this method are represented by the time
intervals separating the channel sequence pulses. This method of information
conveyance is called the pulse-interval modulation system. The pulse-interve
modulation method is applicable to telephone communications, as zreLl as to
other systems of communications.
The author is planning to publish another article on 1--he- ,,;iii., ject of
pulse-interval modulation in the near future.
Components
110. Focusing of Electron Beam in Traveling-Wave Tube
"Optimal Focusing of Electron Beam at the Impu't-Wave-Guide
Junction in a Traveling.-Wave Tube With Periodic Magnetic
Field," by A. L. Igritskiy, Leningrad Electrical Engineer-
ing Institute imeni V. I. lil'yanov; Leningrad,Lhurnal Ted,.-=?
nicheskoy Fiziki, No 4, Apr 60, pp 413-423
A method .for calculating the trajectory of electrons in the junction
region of the input wave guide in a traveling-wave tube is presented. A
new method for decreasing the electron-:beam wavines in the region of the
junction is explained. It is claimed that this method is far superior to
the presently used method.
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The study of focusing of the electron beam at the junction with the
input wave guide in a traveling-wave tube has resulted in the development
of a new method for determination of the optimal configuration of the
magnetic field at the junction with the input wave guide. The study also
revealed that the magnetic field in the junction region can act as a
"transformer" of the transverse section of the electron beam, permitting
a decrease, an increase, or constancy of the cross-section of the beam
at the output of the Junction region.
A method for calculating the size of the electromagnet needed to
maintain the desired magnetic field in the junction region is presented.
Computers
11. East German and Czechoslovak Computer Work Described
"Construction and Use of Analogue Computers in the GDR and
Czechoslovakia," by Istvan Fenyo; Budapest, Magyar Tudomany,
Feb 60, pp 95-96
This article describes a trip to East Germany and Czechoslovakia
taken by the author, under the auspices of the .Hungarian Adaiemy of
Sciences, to study the theory of and construction methods for analogue
computers. He found that Hungary was behind these two ccu cries in con-
struction, use, and theory of analogue computers. He blames this backward-
ness, not on lack of ability, but on lack of interest and support.
He spent most of his time when in East Germany in the Institute for
Machine Calculation (Institut fur Maschinelle Rechentechnik), which belongs
to the Technical University (Technische Hochschule) in Dresden and which
is led by Professor Lehmann.. This institute takes up four complete floors
and has nearly 50 workers. The author describes it as being very. well
equipped. At. this institute, they are building two fast-operating digital
computers (both almost completed) and one slow, small-capacity machine for
didactic purposes. Among the analogue computers, the author found "molt
interesting" an algebraic equation solver designed and built by H. Adler,
who was trained in the Soviet Union. The elements so far completed can
solve eighth degree equations. It is built on the transformer principle
and can define roots with a precision of 3 decimal places. Another analogue
computer is being built in the institute which can solve equation systems
with 10 unknowns.
Another faculty of the Dresden Technical University has built an
electronic integrator which has been produced in several units for
industrial enterprises. A faculty in the Illmenau electrotechnology
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college has developed an analogue, purely electronic, differential analyzer
named the, "EARL" which makes possible a fast solution of linear and nonlinear
differential equations. The operation time of this machine is 25 and 100
microseconds per operation. It uses a repeater, and the result curve
appears on the screen for a cathode ray tube. This college is also develop-
ing a differential analyzer for a German optical factory.
The author praises the teaching practices of the Dresden Technical
University where students are encouraged to use the calculators and com-
puters put at their disposal. CPYRGHT
It was the author's impression, after visiting Prague, that: C zecho-
s ov is is even ahead of the Germans in this field." And he adds: I
is impressive merely to list the machines which , can',,..be.', _geen . in the
Cybernetics and Automation Institute; they have two digital computers of
their own construction, an electromechanical differential analyzer, an
electronic differential analyzer, a partial differential equation solving
net, a transformer equation system solver, and three different kinds of
machines delivering stochastic processes.... Some of these are produced
for industry, and all are in operation."
Instruments and Equipment
!2. Frequency Characteristics in Infralow Frequency Range
"Device for Determining Frequency Characteristics in the
Infralow Frequency Range," by A. A. Vavilov and A. I. Solodo-
vnikov, Leningrad Electrical Engineering Institute imeni
V. I. Ulyanov; Leningrad, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zavedeniy, Priborostroyeniye, No , 1959, pp 19-27
Theoretical and experimental methods for analyzing the dynamic
frequency characteristics of various automatic control systems have
recently become of great practical significance.
At the Chair of Automation and Telemetering of the Leningrad Electri-
cal Engineering Institute, a new instrument was designed capable of determin-
ing with high precision'the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the
first harmonics for various systems of automatic control, operating either
with direct current or with 400-500-cycle carrier frequency. A low-frequency
oscillator and a measuring circuit comprise the basic components of this
device. The measuring circuit consists of an input unit (for checking
the sensitivity of the instrument), a frequency modulator, a voltage'
amplifier, demodulators, frequency dividers, rotating transformers, and
null-type phase end amplitude meters.
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The capability and specifications of this instrument are as follows:
it is capable of determining first-harmonics frequency characteristics
for every component in the system; the low-frequency oscillator voltage
varies from 0 to 100 v; frequency of sinusoidal oscillations and modulation
frequency of the carrier frequency at the oscillator output are 0.02-50
cycles; input resistance of the measuring circuit is one megohm; the ranges
of voltage measurement at the input and output of the investigated system
are 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 250 v; and instrument error in determining the
first-harmonics frequency characteristics with respect to phase is 1-20
and with respect to amplitude is 2%. The power requirement of the instru-
ment, when fed from a 220-v, 50-cycle power line, is about 350 w-
43.
Improved Method for Measuring Phase Differences
"Measurement of Small-Phase Differences of Two Sinusoidal
Voltages," by R. G. Karpov, Ryazan Radio Engineering Institute;
Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 1, Jan/Feb 60,
p 57-58
The author proposes a device and method for measuring small-phase
shifts which eliminate to a great extent many of the errors inherent in
oscillographic measuring instruments.
The two voltages being examined (input and output voltages of an
apparatus) pass through decoupling cathode followers to two circuits
which shape short pulses at the moment the sinusoid passes through zero.
Two sequences of pulses are obtained which are then mixed and led to a
modulator tube. To the deflection plates of this tube are applied sinu-
soidal voltages, shifted in phase by 900, from a standard audio generator.
The frequency of the generator is then increased until the bright markers
on the screen of the circular scanning tube coincide, giving = Tst 3600,
T
where T is the period of oscillations of the standard generator and T is
the period of the -voltage being studied.
i4. Instrument for Studying Low Frequency Processes
"Instrument for Measuring Spectra and Correlation 'IT-anctions
of Low-Frequency Processes," by V. A. Zverev and Ye. F. :!rlov,
Scientific Research Radiophysics Institute of Gorkiy State
University; Moscow, Pr. ibory i. Tekhnika Eksperflnenta, No 1,
Jan/Feb 60, p 50-57
The instrument based on the principle of optical multiplication and
integration is used to measure spectra and correlation functions of random
low frequency processes.
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The device consists of a light source which illuminates two parallel
film strips on which the signals are recorded. The light passes through
the film to a bank of photoelements, the current through which is thus
proportional to the amount of light admitted through the films. A
measuring device and oscillograph are used to observe and record the
correlation functions and signal spectra.
Materials
1+5. Effects of Nuclear Radiation on the Generation of Current by Semi-
conductor Couples
"Investigation of the Generation of an Electromotive Force
in the System Uranium-Semiconductor Irradiated in a Nuclear
Reactor," by Yu. K. Gus'kov, A. V. Zvonarev, and V. P. Klych-
kova; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 8, No 1, Jan 60, pp 72-75
Thermocouples consisting of U308 and a metal oxide functioning as
an n-semiconductor (BaO, Ti 02, MgO, and A1203) were investigated. U308
functioned as the p-semiconductor. Gold or copper was used as material
for the p-semiconductor electrode, and magnesium or titanium, as that
for the n-semiconductor electrode. The methods used for preparing the
thermocouples (vacuum sputtering, etc.) are described. To establish
whether or not the fission of uranium has an effect on the generation of
the electromotive force, a couple in which the uranium oxide had been
enriched with U235 to the extent of 10% was compared with a couple in
which natural uranium was used. Aluminum oxide was employed as the
n-semiconductor in both cases. It was found that the use of enriched
uranium resulted in an effect 15 times greater than that produced by
the couple with natural uranium. In addition to the semiconductors
mentioned above, oxides and sulfides of beryllium, nickel, molybdenum,
tungsten, zinc, and copper were investigated qualitatively. Generation
of an electromotive force was observed with all of these semiconductors.
The best combination proved to be that consisting of iI308 and magnesium
oxide. The calculation carried out indicated that 0.01% of the energy
generate.' by splinter elements formed by the fission of uranium is trans-
formed into electric power in U308 -MgO couples.
16. Thermomagnetic and Galvanomagnetic Effects in Indium Antimonide
"Thermo- and Galvanomagnetic Effects in Indium Antimonide," by
D. Eh. Amirkhanova; Baku, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Azerbeyd.zhanskoyY
SS eriya Fiziko-Matemaiticheskikh i Tekhnicheskikh Nauk:, No 1,
Apr 60, pp 45-56
This paper reports results of an investigation of the longitudinal
and transverse Nernst-Ettingshausen effect and galvariomagnetic effects in
p- and n-InSb in the range of 77-100?K at magnetic field strengths up to
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2600 Oersted. The dependence of the thermomagnetic effects on the
intensity of the magnetic field in the impurity conduction region for
p-InSb is explained on the basis of a two-hole model. The fact that
phonon involvement (dispersion by phonons) exerts an influence on the
thermomagnetic effects in the vicinity of 770K was established. On the
basis of the theory of thermomagnetic effects in the case that uE/c
1, the obtained dependence of the Nernst -Ettingshausen field; on', the
temperature both in the region of impurity conduction end intrinsic
conduction is explained. It is shown that in the temperature range
investigated, the current carriers in InSb are dispersed chiefly at
acoustl^, vibrations of the crystal lattice.
47. Procedure Which Eliminates Formation of Twins During the Growing of.
Aluminum Antomonide Crystals
"Twinning of Aluminum Antomonide," by M. S. Mirgalovekaya and
I. A. Strel'nikova; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 5,
No 4, Apr 6o, pp 985-986
When single crystals of semiconductors are grown from melts, there
is often formation of twins. Twinning is undesirable because the formation
of twins affects the electrical properties of the semiconductor crystals,
making them unsuitable for use in electronic. appliance. Irve~tigation
of twinning in AlSb crystals crystals established that when crystal growth
is in the Lil] direction, there is almost always formation of twins.
Twins also form when the crystal is grown in the /1'127 direction. If the
crystals are grown in the llj direction, twins as a xiile do not form...
This result is in agreement with E. Billig's idea to the effect that single
crystals of silicon which are grow. by drawing from a melt should be pulled
out in such a manner that there is a minimum angle between the LI117 :planes
and the direction of the growth of the crystal. The conclusions made with
respect to the growing of Al Sb crystals apparently also apply to Ga Sb and
In Sb crystals.
48. Dependence of the Vapor Pressures of Zinc. and Cadmium Sclenide, on
_.__
the Temperature
"Saturated Vapor Tensions of Solid Zinc and Cadmium Seleriidea"
by 1. V. Korneyeva, V. B. Sokolov, and A. V. Novo, :!.ova,., Moscow
State University; Moscow, ZJa.urnal Neorganicheskoy, lalinii, Vol 5,
No 2, Feb 6c, pp 24.1-5-.N45
The temperature dependence of the vapor tensions of zinc s l::aide
and cadmium selenide was determinated. On the basis of the data determined,
the optimum conditions for the deposition or 'ilins of these compounds by
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evaporation in vacuum can be found. These two compounds are used for the
production of luminescent screens, photoresistances, etc. The compounds
in question are sensitive to X-rays and to alpha and beta radiation. They
may prove of importance in work on the transformation of nuclear energy
into electric energy, in the development of solid photomultipliers, and
in the construction of selenium rectifiers containing intermediate layers
of cadmium selenide.
49. Investigation of the Structural Changes in Some Magnetic AlloyL
the Method of Determining the True Heat Capacity
"Investigation of the Structural Changes in Some Magnetic
Alloys by the Method of Determining the True Heat Capt - ity,"
by Yu. D. Tret'yakov and K. G. Khomyakov; Moscowt Zhurnal
Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 5,1 No 2, Feb 60, pp 410-414
The temperature dependence of the true heat capacity of the magnetic
alloys ANKO-1 and ANKO-2 was determined after hardening and tempering.
It was established that the tempering of the hardened alloys is accompanied
by a number of exothermic and endothermic effects. An attempt is made to
explain the nature of these erfects.
The composition of ANKO-1 is 18% Ni, 10% Al, 12% Co, and 6% Cu
(balance consists of Fe), and of ANKO-2, 20% Ni, 9% Al, 15% Co, and 4% Cu
(balance consists of Fe).
50. New Semiconductor Compound
"A New Intermetallic Semiconducting Compound," by Ya. A. Ugay
and T. N. ViguL?ova, Voronezh State University; Leningrad, Fizika
Tverdogo Tela, Vol 1, No 12, Dec 59, pp 1786?1789
At chemical interaction of Na with Sb, the intermetallic compound
NaSb is formed simultaneously with NagqSb . By analyzing the properties
of this compound, its constitutional ~iiairam, and the scheme of formation
of chemical compounds, the conclusion is made that NaSb is a Semiconducting
compound with a forbidden zone of 0.9 ev.
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51. New Semiconductor
"On a New Semiconducting Compound in the System In-Sb-Te,,"
by N. A. Goryunova, S. I. Radautsan and G. A. Kiosse,
Moldavian Affiliate, Academy of Sciences USSR; Leningrad,
Fizika Tverdogo Tela, Vol 1, No 12, Dec 59, pp 1858-1860
The results of investigations of the section InSb-InTe in the ternary
system In-Sb-Te are reported. A new compound, In4Sb Te , was revealed o
having the structure of rock salt and a lattice period 'o; = 6.128 + 0.003 A
Preliminary tests of the electrical properties of the new compound indicated
its semiconducting character. The substances (5 alloys) were synthesized
by fusion of 99.99% pure components in evacuated quartz ampules at 720-
750?C-
The authors cite the absence of mention of compounds of this type in
previous literature on the subject and state that great interest is attached
to the fact that on the basis of two compounds with different crystal lattices,
a third compound is formed which has another high form of symmetry.
52. Fluctuations of Conductivity in ire
"Temperature Dependence of Low-Frequency Fluctuations of
Conductivity in Germanium," by M. I. Kornfeld and D. N. Mirlin,
Institute of Semiconductors, Academy of Sciences USSR; Leningrad,
Fizika Tverdogo Tela, Vol 1, No 12, Dec 59, pp 1866-1868
To clarify the nature of low-frequency fluctuations of conductivity
in semiconductors (the "excess" noise), the temperature dependence of
this phenomenon was studied on a single crystal of ?ei anium. It was
found that the highest intensity of low-frequency f~.uctuations occurs at
the temperature range corresponding to the transition from impurity con-
ductivity to the intrinsic conductivity of germanium. The clue of low-
frequency fluctuations increases -caith applied voltage much faster than the
linear law.
53. Photoconductivity of CdS
"Influence of Mechanical Surface Treatment on the Aspect of Fine
Structure of Spectral Curves of Photoconductivity in Cadmium
Sulfide Crystals," by Ye. F. Gross and B. V. Novikov, Physics
Institute, Leningrad State University; Leningrad,, Fizika Tverdogo
Tela, Vol 1, No 12, Dec 59, pp 1882-188+
Tests were conducted to find the influence of surface treatment of
CdS crystals on the spectral distribution of photoconductivity at a temper-
ature of 770K. It was found that even at slight surface treatment, the
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maxima of photoconductivity shift, forming false maxima; the long-wave
false maximum broadens and shifts lengthwise with further surface treat-
ment. Simultaneously, the -,ralue of photoconductivity in the short-wave
region decreases noticeably. The general photoconductivity decreases
with more surface treatment. An explanation of this behavior may be
found by considering the nonphotoactive exciton annihilation and enhanced
recombination of charge carriers in the vicinity of the defective surface.
54. Electric Properties of p-Ge and Si
"Influence of Deformation on the Electric Properties of
p-Germa.nitun and Silicon," by G. Ye. Pikes and G. L. Bir,
Institute of Semiconductors, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Leningrad, Fizilca Tverdogo Tela, Vol 1, No 12, Dec 59,
pp 1828-1840
Using the previously deduced analysis of the energetic spectrum of
holes in a deformed lattice of the germanium type (ibid., No 11, 1959),.
the variation of conductivity, Hall's constant, and the resistance in a
magnetic field at uniform deformation are computed by the authors.
Wave Propagation and Antennas
55. Automatic Recorder of Antenna Directivity
"Device for Plotting and Automatic Recording of the
Directivity Pattern of a Superhigh Frequency Antenna"
by Ye. A. Vorob'yev, Ye. A. Petrov, G. G. Tennison, and
N. N. Filipov, Leningrad Institute for Precision Mechanics . ,1
and Optics; Leningrad, Izvestiya Vysshikh Vchebnykh Zavedeniy,
Priborostroyeniye, No 4, 1 559, pp 152-15
In 1958-1959, the authors of this article developed a device for
taking (with a high degree of precision) an automatic recording of the
directivity pattern of superhigh frequency antennas. The device is capable
of recording an antenna directivity pattern having a main lobe width of
only a few, minutes.
In this device, the tested transmitting antenna is fixed rigidly on
a horizontal table of a rotating stand, which permits changing the inclination
angle of the main lobe in a range of + 150 in the vertical plane. The
antenna is rotated in the horizontal plane at a rate of 10 per min. At
some distance from the stand is located the recording unit of the device,
consisting of a receiving antenna with an atte.nuator, first detector,
instrument amplifier, second detector with cathode follower, and an im-
proved ink recorder. The recording tape moves at a variable speed of
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60 to 20,000 mm per hr. The speed of carriage movement along the full
width of the tape can be adjusted to 8, 2.15, and one sec. The scale of
recording on the tape can be varied from 1 to 330 degrees per mm, depend-
ing on the directivity pattern of the tested antenna.
The described device is very convenient in conducting multiple record-
ings of directivity pattern for adjusting and tuning experimental antennas
both under laboratory and field conditions. The error of directivity
pattern recording does not exceed 10.
56. Field Intensity Indicator for Circular Wave Guides of Large Cross
Section,
"Field Indicator for Circular Wave Guides," by M. V. Persikov,
Yu. N. Kazantsev, and A. I. Kozelev; Moscow, Elektrosvyaz', No 5,
May 60, pp 38-44
Extensive research has been conducted recently on propagation of
electromagnetic waves of H11 and H01 mode in large circular wave guides,
the dimensions of which are considerably greater than the wave length.
The principal disturbances in long wave guides with large cross section
are the formation of parasitic waves. Before such wave-guide lines can
be practically utilized, it is necessary to determine the field propagation,
not only along the axis of the wave guide, but also in the direction trans-
verse to the axis.
The transverse field intensity indicator used in this investigation
consisted of a circular wave-guide section with special couplings at
both ends and provision for rotation of the whole joint about the longi-
tudinal axis, while maintaining a tight junction between current-carrying
surfaces. Longitudinal movement of the joint section is provided by an
expanding coupling, operated with a micrometer screw. In a 50-mm circular
wave guide, the coupling aperture for the indicator is 6 mm in diameter,
and in 18-mm circular wave guides, the coupling aperture is 3 mm. in diameter.
The cavity resonator is executed in the form of a bent section of a standard
rectangular wave guide with two tuning plungers.
The described indicator permits determining distribution of field
along the transverse section of the wave guide close to its metal surface
for a system with one or several modes of propagating waves. Utilizing
the method of harmonic analysis, it is possible to determine the modes of
waves in the wave guide, provided th(dr total number does not exceed 8.
With the aid of this indicator, it is possible to measure the coefficient
of reflection from the nonuniformities of the wave guide, if the level of
the parasitic waves is about 40 decibels below the level of the operating
wave.
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Electrical Engineering
57. Magnetic-Paste Insulation
"Magnetic Paste for Electrical Machinery," by V. A. Troit-
skiy, Power Engineering and Automation Institute, Academy
of Sciences Uzbek SSR; Tashkent, Izvestiya Akatemii Nauk
Uzbek SSR Seriya Tekhnicheskikh Nauk, No 1, l960, pp 19-26
Recent improvement in production methods for synthetic resins has
been favorably reflected in the manufacturing technology of electrical
machinery. The introduction of these new resins will manifest itself,
not only in improvement of magnetic and insulating properties, but also
in radical. changes of design in electrical machinery. It is possible
now to prepare a high-grade magnetic paste on the basis of the new
synthetic resins. Such a magnetic paste upon drying will change to a
magnetic plastic, which serves as a magneto-dielectric material-with
good insulating, water-proof, and acid proof properties.
The magnetic permeability of such a material varies over a wide
range, depending on the method of preparation. A magnetic paota was
prepared from a mixture of iron powder and BF-2 glue at the laboratory
of Automatized Electric.-Drive of the Institute of Power Engineering and
Automation, Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR. The dependence B -it f (:4i) Ms
almost rectilinear, i.e., the paste is saturated with difficulty even
when its magnetic permeability is considerably poorer than that of the
steel. These pastes have very low eddy current losses, anti their mag
netic permeability depends on the grade of powder and resin used and on
the pressure applied during their casting and solidification.
The production of miniature and small-size electric machinery has
been tremendously simplified by the introduction of the map etic in?
sulating paste.
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58. Electromagnetic Powdered-Metal Clutches for Automatic Speed
Controls
"Reversing System for an Automatic Speed Control Utilizing
Electromagnetic Powdered-Metal Clutches," by T. A. Glazenko;
Moscow, Elektrichestvo, No 4, Apr 60, pp 21-26
The linearity of performance characteristics, low magnetizing power
requirements, fast response to acceleration, small dimensions, and weight
make electromagnetic powdered-metal clutches highly desirable in systems
of automatic control.
The article discusses the problem of calculating the static and
dynamic characteristics of a reversing system for speed control with
the aid of electromagnetic powdered-metal clutches. The powdered--metal
clutches for servomechanisms and automatic control pystenis generally
operate under conditions of slip. The ratio of torque to magnetic flux
(or induction) in the gap of the clutch is somewhat erratic, which is
explained by the mechanical hysteresis in the powdered-metal composition.
The reversing system of an automatic speed control utilizing a powdered-
metal electromagnetic clutch is made up of the following units-. driving
motor, actuating 'mechanism, tachometer, two excitation windings for the
two powdered-metal clutches, and a common amplifier. Experimental in-
vestigation was carried out with two systems of automatic controls in-
corporating electromagnetic powdered-metal clutches, one controlled with
do signals and the other with ac signals. The low moment of inertia
of the driven section of the 'powdered-metal clutch is explained by its
construction in the form of a hollow cylinder. The clutch excitation
windings are sectionalized and are tapped !:o 3 sJi.p rings. The connec-
tion of auxiliary windings through germanium diodes permits elimination
of separate transformers and rectifiers, which would.otherwise be re-
quired since the power supply is drawn from a 4-OOR'cycle source.
The rated torque at .the clutch is 14 kg -. cm, and the speed of the
driving section of the clutch is 1,070.rpm. The time constant of the
clutch-winding; excitation is 0.0075 see. The range of speed control
is 1 to 50~
Electromagnetic. powdered--metal clutches are recommended for use in
servo systems and speed,-control in the case of slowly fluctuating l.oadz.
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Marine Engineering
59. Use of Flaps to Assist Rise of Hydrofoil Ship Onto Its Foils
"An Approximate Determination of the Inertial Characteris-
tics of Hydrofoil Ships," by V V. G. Pavlenko and A. M. Poly-
nin, Novosibirsk Institute or Engineers of Water Transport;
Novosibirsk, Izvestiya SibirskogoOtdeleniya Akademii Nauk
SSSR, No 2, 1960, pp 22-29
The most important characteristics of the inertial properties of
a hydrofoil ship, from a practical point of view, are the path and time
of fse'onto the foils (up to the separation of the hull from the
water) and the path and time of deceleration to full stop, when the
screw is stopped or reversed.
Much less depth of water is required for the ship riding on hydro-
foils than for the ship at rest on the water. The dimensions of the
deep-water portion of a hydrofoil anchorage depend on the path of the
ship as it rides up onto the foils when starting and as it lowers onto
the hull when coming to a stop.
The basic method of determining these paths is considered here.
The effectiveness of using flaps.to speed the rise onto the foils is also
discussed.
Mechanical Engineering
60. Inertia-Induced Motion 6f Gyroscope on Vibrating Platform
"Influence of the Inertia of the Cardan Frame on the Mo-
tion of a Gyroscope Mounted on a Vibrating Platform,"
by D. S. Pel'por, Moscow Higher Technical School imeni
N. E. Bauman; Leningrad, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zavedeni Priborostroyeni e, Vol 2, No 5, 1959,?PP 58-
62
Laboratory tests on gyrocompasses for so-called vibrational stability
have shown that the natural rate of precession of a gyroscope mounted on
a vibrating platform depends on the position and layout of the instru-
ment on the platform. Such tests have also shown that the natural rate
of precession of a gyrocompass is essentially influenced by the angular
vibrations of the platform, which practically always occur in real
vibration stands, although the'amplitude of these vibrations generally
does not exceed several minutes of are.
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If a gyroscope which is locked in a Cardan suspension represents
an absolutely rigid system, if its center of gravity coincides with the
point of intersection of the axis of the Cardan suspension, and if fric-
tion is absent in the bearings, then the forward motion of the platform
on which the gyrocompass is mounted will have no influence on the laws
of its motion.
The angular motion of the platform, however, forces the Cardan
frame toward the angular motions and, through the reactive moment
originating in the Cardan suspension, produces a forced motion, the
precession of the gyroscope (Pel'por, D. S., Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey
Shkoly, No 3, 1958; No 4. 1958).
If the frequency of the angular vibrations of the platform is
close to the frequency of nutational vibrations of the gyroscope, then,
in accordance with'a formula given here and in keeping with experimental
data, the rate of precession produced by the inertia of the frame of
the Cardan suspension'reaches a very considerable value, even when the
amplitude of the vibrations of the platform are on the order of several
minutes of arc.
61. Tilt of Gyroscope During Nutation
"On the Question of the 'Tilt' of a Gyroscope on a Cardan
Suspension During Nutation," by S. S. Tikhmenev, Moscow
Higher Technical School imeni Bauman; Leningrad, Izvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebn kh Zavedeni Priborostro eni e Vol 2,
No 5, 1959, pp 63-.7
Neglecting the moments of friction in the axes of the suspension,
the author presents'a method of calculating particular angular moment
during nutation in a rectangular system of coordinates representing the
Cardan suspension. The rate of 'rotation of the system around this axis
(in the direction of the axis of the suspension) of the outer frame of
the rectangular Cardan suspension, determined on the basis of the formulas
given here, coincides fully with the rate of "tilt" (word originally used
by V. N. Drozdovich, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniyy Priborostro-
eni e, No 3, 1959) of a gyroscope determined by Professor Pel'por
Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey Shkoly, No 3, 1959).
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62. Stability of a Heavy Gyroscope During Veering
"On the Stability of a Heavy Gyroscope During Veering," by
V. N. Skimel', Kazan Aviation Institute; Leningrad, Izvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Priborostroyeniye, Vol 2, No 5,
1959, pp
-71
The problems of the relative motion of a gyroscope are of particular
interest, since a rigorous solution of them is becoming more and more
necessary. The motion of a heavy gyroscope in the axes of inertia (La-
grange case) has been investigated fully. This article presents an at-
tempt at a rigorous study of the stability of, the equilibrium position
of the axis of a heavy gyroscope during veering: The fixed point of the
gyroscope moves at a constant rate along a circumference lying in the
horizontal plane.
63. Influence of Vibration on Clockworks
"Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Vibration
on the Running of Clocks," by Z. M. Aksel'rod, Leningrad
Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics; Leningrad,
Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniv, Priborostroyeniye
Vol 2, No 5
1959, pp iiO-90
A description is given of laboratory equipment and a method of study-
ing the influence of vibration on the running of clockworks. The various
factors which govern the influence of vibration are discussed, as well
as the types and degrees of influence on the various parts and functions.
The results obtained are considered applicable to the development
and improvement of new types of clockworks which must operate under condi-
tions of vibration.
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VII. MATHEMATICS
Differential Equations
64. Potentials for Semiharmonic Equations Analyzed and Generalized
"Concerning the Potentials for a Semiharmonic Equation
of the Fourth Order," by 0. I. Panich; Moscow, Matemati-
cheskiy Sbornik, Vol 50 (92), No 3, Mar 60, pp 335-368
The theory of boundary value problems for semiharmonic equations
and also for elliptic systems has attracted the attention of mathe-
maticians during the recent past. This is not difficult to understand
if one takes into account the great theoretical and practical significance
of these problems; it is,sufficient, for example, to mention the problems
of hydrodynamics and the theory of elasticity.
In the work of I. N. Vekua, "Concerning Metaharmonic Functions"
(Trudy Tbilisskogo Matem. In-ta, Vol 12, 1943, pp 105-166), an exhaustive
theory of the simplest problems for semiharmonic equations was given;
for example, it was required to solve the equation
m m
u+aA u+ a0 u+ .+a u-0
2 .m -
for the boundary conditions
is m o' Auis ; 01' A2 I S = 02, ..., m-luI
The functions G0,01,42 -... 0,_1 are given. As was proven' in the above-
mentioned work, the solution of this problem reduces to the solution of
m Dirichlet problems for equations of the form
2
Av-kiv0 - (i_1) 2, ..., m),
2
where ki are the roots of the characteristic equation
m-1 m-2
pm + al p + alp + ... + a _ 0.`
m
Analogously, the boundary value problem
reduces to m Neuman problems for the equations
Av-k1 v _ 0
M-1
ao u
an is m-1
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For the case of two independent variables, I. N. Vekua gave a
general theory for linear boundary value problems based on the methods
of the theory of analytical functions and on the theory of singular in-
tegral equations with kernels of the Cauchy type. The fundamental works
in this region are the monographs of I. N. Vekua (Novyye meto resheniya
ellipticheskikh uravneniy [New Methods'of Solving Elliptic Equations J,
Gostekhizdat, Moscow-Leningrad, 19+8) and N. I. Muskhelishvili) (Si -
rn a Integral 'nn a uravnen3 [Singluar Integral Equations], Gostekhiz-
dat, 19
The concept of a generalized solution, introduced by S. L. Sobolev,
proved to be extremely useful. The introduction of this concept permitted
one to widen the class of functions in which a solution was sought and
permitted one to apply the methods of functional analysis to the theory
of differential equations. The fundamental idea of this course is pre-
sented in the monograph of S. L. Sobolev (Nekotoryye rimeneni funk-
tsionalno o analiza v matematichesko fizike Several Applications of
Functional Analysis in Mathematical Physics]. Izd. LGU, Leningrad, 1950.
However, in the author's opinion, the problems concerning the ex-
istence of solutions in the classical sense and concerning methods of
obtaining these solutions are not without interest. Of special interest
is the transfer of the methods of the theory of potentials to equations
of an order greater than the second. Until recent times, only for a
small circle of the problems considered were potentials successfully
found, with the help of which the corresponding boundary value problem
led to regular integral equations of the Fredholm type of the second kind.
To the works of this group belong, for example, the work of F. K. G.
Odqvist, "Concerning Boundary Value Problems of the Hydrodynamics of
Viscous Fluids" (Math. Zeitschr.. Vol 32, No 3, 1930, pp 329-375), in
which potentials for a linearized Navier-Stokes system were found;
linearization was conducted by means of a simple rejection of the non-
linear terms. C. W. Ossen, in his monograph on hydrodynamics, Neuere
Methoden and Ergebnisse in der H o amik, III (Recent Methods:-and.
Results in Hydrodynamics, part 3), utilized integral equations of the
Fredholm type of the first kind when he investigated the problem con-
cerning solvability of these equations.
In more recent times, Z. Ya. Shapiro, ("First Boundary Value
Problem for Elliptical Systems of Differential Equations," Matem, sb.,
Vol 28 (70), 1951, pp 55-78) and Z. Ya. Shapiro, ("On One Method of
Reducing Boundary Value Problems for Systems of Differential Equations
of the Elliptic Type to Regular Integral Equations," Ukr. Matem. Zhurnal,
Vol 5, No 2, 1953, pp 123-151) proposed a general method giving the pos-
sibility of finding potentials which are especially adapted for a given
boundary value problem and with the help of which the problem leads to
a regular system of integral equations of the Fredholm type of the
second kind.
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At the conclusion of his work, Ya. B. Lopatinskiy cited an in-
tegral representation for the so-called first boundary value problem
for the biharmonic equation
A u 0, u1 _ f , 9-Ij 1 = f,,.
The integral representation has the following form (in the three-
dimensional space):
u(P) & If ?(Q) cost 8 P Q as +~3JjA(Q)cos3: 8 P Q?
S . R P~ Q) Q .21f S , (P. 0.) dS!
However, this system appearing in the work of Ya. B. Lopatinskiy, "Con-
cerning One Method of Reducing Boundary Value Problems for a System of
Differential Equations of the Elliptic Type to Regular Integral Equa-
tions" (Ukr. matem. zhurnal,.Vol 5, No 2, 1953, pp 123-151), was not
presented exactly; the author indicates specifically how this inaccuracy
occurs. It is necessary to note that the meAtioned'inaccuracy does not
lessen the value of.Lopatinskiy's work. The method of finding the potential
proposed by Z. Ya. Shapiro and developed by Ya. B. Lopdtinskiy is very
valuable and opens a large perspective.
In the pre at paper, the biharmonic potentials introduced by Ya.
B. Lopatinskiy for the three-dimensional case, as well as their analog
for the planar case, are studied. Thereafter, the results are generalized
for an arbitrary polyharmonic equation of the fourth order. The problems
concerning the limiting values of these potentials, of their normal de-
rivatives of the Laplace operators, and the normal derivatives from the
Laplace operator are investigated.
65. Result of Differential Equations Transferred to Inte
"Concerning the Growth of Solutions of One Class of Systems
of Integral Equations of the Volterra Type.," by E. I. Gol'-
dengershel', Odessa Pedagogical Institute; Kazan', IzvestiY'a
Vysshikh Uchebnykh zavedeniy Matematika No 6 (13), Nov Dec),
pp 3b-43
M. A. Rutman, in his works "Operator Equations in Partially Ordered
Spaces and Several Qualitative Theorems for Linear Differential Equa-
tions With Partial Derivatives," (UMN. Vol 12, No 1, 1957, pp 234+-238)
and "Investigation of the Growth and Boundedness Criteria for the Solu-
tions of Several Systems of Linear Differential Equations-With Partial
Derivatives" (Tr. III Matem. s'ezda. Vol 2, 1956y pp 118-119), proved
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000100580001-0
that the order of growth of the solutions coincides with the order of
growth of the right sides and the boundary values for a wide class of
systems of linear differential equations if the right sides and boundary
values have sufficiently great orders of exponential growth.
The purpose of the present work is to transfer this result to one
class of systems of integral equations having the form:
'D (2 2)- 11 K1 (xl, x2)
0