SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100560001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 138
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 3, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

 AFD&v
FIE
COPY
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PB 131891 T-47
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
3 June 1960
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription $28.00 ($4 additional
foreign mailing). Single copy $2.75. .d.G1y A16, V
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted
from recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern
Europe, and China. The information selected is intended
to indicate current scientific developments and activities
and is disseminated as an aid to research in the United
States.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Biology
Radiobiology
Miscellaneous
II. Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Fuels and Propellants
Herbicides
Industrial Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Insecticides and Fungicides
Isotopes
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction
Materials
Organic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Radiation Chemistry
Radiochemistry
IV. Electronics
Communications
Materials
Wave Propagation
3
3
10
10
12
13
14
15
24
26
32
36
43
45
45
46
50
a _
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Pane
V.
Engineering
53
VI.
Mathematics
57
VII.
Medicine
61
Aviation Medicine
61
Bacteriology
64
Contagious Diseases
'
65
Hematology
-
66
Immunology and Therapy
67
Nutrition
73
Oncology
73,
Pharmacology and Toxicology
75.
Physiology
81
Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
85
Radiology
87
Surgery
.
92
Veterinary Medicine
93
Miscellaneous
94
VIII.
Metallurgy
Physical Metallurgy
101
IX.
Production Metallurgy
Physics
io6
109
Mechanics
109
Nuclear Physics
109
Optics and Spectroscopy
120
Solid State Physics
126
X.
Cybernetics
129
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CPYRGH
the year-round, could be set up
1 sources."
1. BIOLOGY
Radiobiology
1. Cotton Seed Oil Yield Increased by Radiation
Moscow, Ogonek, Vol 38, No 3, 17 Jan 60, p 21
"The presowing gamma-ray treatment of cotton seeds increases the
cotton yield and the oil content. By virtue of this process, Uzbekistan
is capable of producing thousands of tons of additional cotton seed oil
annually."
Miscellaneous
2. Soviet Plan Combines Solar Power and Electric Lights for Siberian
Gardens
.ms of vegetables coulcL be produced on one
;kited land. 'Vegetable factories,' operable
in Siberia throw the use of 'chea a ner
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
"A Vegetable Factory on One Square Meter," by Istvan Vig;
Budapest, Magyar Nemzet, 13 Mar 60, p 5
Soviet research aimed at year-round vegetable gardens in Siberia
has reportedly caused a "great sensation" in Hungarian scientific circles,
according to a Hungarian feature story, the first half of which is based
on a lecture given by Abram Joffe, Soviet physicist, at the Academy of
Sciences USSR "on use of the energy of the sun and on the"biophysical
problems of plants." The Soviet scientist, who has devoted "almost three
decades" to this research, reported that through the use of :"gb,s?-and vacuum
semiconductors" a large percentage of solar energy can be converted into
electricity. Thus, the sun becomes a cheaper energy source than coal,
petroleum, or water power. He also reported that he had suceeded in
determining the light intensity, spectral component, and heat, water,
and food needs for the growth of various plants. Froni'this research, he
concluded that climate is not of decisive significance from the vieipoint
of plant production; the existence of an energy source is decisive. He
reported that tomatoes could be grown 2-2.5 times as fast as is now done.
Tn one year, nearly 100 kilogr
square meter of electrically li
The second half of the article is based on an intervic'r with an i1n-
named Hungarian biologist who was asked to cor ent on Joffe'a work. This
commentator, noting that Hungary wan not erluinpc~d to do such w?ror}:, dcncribacL
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wn:l.ec?t i.ve light
"Furiiarian biologists have seen phyto
'L'fintrya,zeir Institute in Moscow. Thes
ITwhich temperature, moisture content,
trolled at will. In these large eham
are the optimum conditions for plants
rowth experiments being done in the Soviet Union.
?rons (ritotron) opera? ng in the
are conditioning :apparatuo'.in
it movement, and 1:ght can be con-
ers, the biologist's' examine what
"
CPYRGHT
The Hungarian commentator noted that plants grown in the open use
only 1-2 percent of the sun's energy but that the use of semiconductors YRGHT
CPYRGHT will permit conversion of more than this into electricity, ese 'lane
will be realized if not in a few years, then 10-20 In closing,
? e commentator describes related research throughout the world and notes
that Hungarian researchers at the Tihany Biological Institute (Tihanyi
Biologiai Intezet) of the Hungariari:.Academy of Sciences are experiment-
ing with algae, "which use 10-20 percent of the sun's energy."
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II. CIICPMIISTRY
Anal: ?tical. Cheinirtay
3. Determination of Traces of Carbon Monox:i.d.a thj ydro en
"Determination of Traces of Carbon Monox:i.cio in Hydrogen,"
by Gheorghe Ciuhanclu, Toxicological Laboratory of the In-
stitute of Hygiene, Timisoara; Bucharest, Studii Si Cer-
cetari de Chimie, Vol 7, No iN, 1959, pp 56571
An alkaline solution of silver p-sulfaraidobenzoate is rapidly reduced
at room temperature by carbon monoxide but much more slowly by hydrogen;
a deeply colored colloidal solution of silver is obtained.
At 0 0 C hydrogen completely losed, its capacity to reduce the solution,
whereas carbon monoxide reduces it as before.
By passing a stream of hydrogen through such a solution, chilled by
ice, carbon monoxide down to a limit of 0.0005% can be determined.
Fuels and Propellants
4. Combustion of Liquid Fuels Containing Emulsified Water
"Water and Flame," by A. Merkulov; Moscow, Prom shlenno-
Ekonomicheska a Gazeta, Vol 5, No 46 (6510, 17 Apr 0,
P
Liquid fuel containing 30-5016 of 'grater cannot be used when the water
occluded in it is in the form of sheets or layers. The water, on getting
into the nozzle of the burner, extinguishes the flame. Mazut, tars, and.
other fuels containing water have hitherto been regarded as waste materials.
Hundreds of thousands and even millions of tons of waste fuel of this type
accumulated at petroleum refineries and bulk plants for crati.e petroleum.
This waste fuel was often poured onto the ground, forning ~7a?(.z~el.eun lakes.
Scientists were called on to solve the problem of finding a useful
application for this waste fuel. A group of scientists at the Institute
of Mineral Fuels, Academy of Sciences USSR, consisting of Prof B. Kan-
torovich, Doctor of Technical Sciences; V. Ivanov and L. IQaotuntsev, Candi-
dates of Technical Sciences; and L. Rapiovets, Z. Frenkena, G. Lebedeva,
and P. Nefedov, Scientific Associates, undertook to solve this problem.
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Thcne scicntinto c;o'tabiished that if the fuel in which the water is
cozitai.nc:?cl in 'the form of layerri or sheets, is subjected to eniul'3ification
?hy paooinu the fur,:L through different typos of equipment (dispersers or
colloidal. mii.10 or by treating the fuel with steam, air, or ultrasound,
thi;, fuel is converted into an emulsion of water in the organic phase.
When the water has been dispersed in the fuel in the form of minute
droplets, the fuel burns in any type of furnace as effectively as pure
mazut, although it may contain tip to 50% of grater.
Th ring the combustion of liquid fuel containing emulsified water)
droplets of water having a diameter of 1-?3 microns expedite combustion
by giving rise to minute explosions. These explosions take place because
of the difference between the boiling temperatures of the water and mazu't;.
This phenomenon contributes to an intensification of the combustion process,
so that the fuel is consumed completely without even the formation of any
soot?
The results of experiments which have been carried out in this field
are being applied on an industrial, scale at present. For instance, 'the
application of water-in-fuel emulsions at the Kulebaki Metallurgical Plant
Zlmer_i Kirov7 considerably increased he efficiency of the operation of
open-hearth furnaces and heating furnaces.
Fuel that contains dispersed -,rater was burned with good results in
locomotive furnaces as well. On ships of the river fleet ind at petroleum
bulk plants of Rosglavneftesbyt ZR-SFSR Main Administration of Petroleizii
Supp1y7 not only ina zut containing -,rater, but also waste fuel obtained by
cleaning barges and tanks was burned. Emulsifying the water contained in
these fuels yielded good results in all cases.
It was established that by using the procedure described, one may de-
contaminate waste -,raters of factories and plants, so that these ira,,ers ar.?~
not released. into reservoirs, thus contaminating them.
The scientists have developed another vay of utilizing fuel in which
water has been dispersed Interesting experiments -,rerc carried out on
the burning under high pressure of different fuels containing Seater that
has been dispersed in it. By-using the mel;hod of pressure combustion,
it was possible to burn fuel containing up to 90% of water. It i:,ras co-
teblished that combustion J.n pressure cha~~hers~ 'L'ook place with a very
high rate of heat liberation, -,riz., one excr~c:~l:ing by a factor of 1,00C
the rates obtc.Lnco. irhon coT.ibii,:tion is cerr:,.c 1 out in c)rCt:tna.-ri ! 1sL'i'.wci:: 1.
This opens up root economic iLbrticu.1ar1y c' ..^.r C'..-~
] tion o 0?:rcr iG concerr:'3'1 ~ir u sin .r' :L CUnt.:,aY.l? ? ?)
s n { l'
oss..ble to i~ericra ce stcc n di1 ec Lly :1.n ti ,Li.?' ?ac 'u 1 ..
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Water-fuel emulsions can be converted into technological gas in con-
junction with the production of valuable chemical raw materials, specifically
ethylene and propylene.
Effects of Diffusion and Thermal Conductivity on Chain-Thermal
Propagation of Flames
"On Chain-Thermal Flame Propagation; Part 3 --.Effects of the
Coefficient of Diffusion and Thermal Conductivity," by L. A.
Lovachev, Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Otdeleniye Ehimi-
che Nauuk, No 3, Mar 60, pp E 4.2-
A relationship has been derived which expresses the dependence of
the rate of flame propagation on the coefficient of diffusion of the lead-
ing active center and the thermal conductivity; it has been applied for
calculating ratios of the velocity of flame propagation in three methane-
oxygen mixtures, one containing nitrogen (a mixture with air), one con-
training argon instead of nitrogen, and one containing helium instead of
nitrogen. The theoretical ratios of the velocities of flame propagation
were found to correspond to the experimentally determined ratios.
Sensitivit to Pressure Impetus of Mixtures of Organic Substances
With Liquid Oxygen
"Sensitivity to a Pressure Impetus of Mixtures of Organic
Substances With Liquid Oxygen," by Engr Z. B. Basyrov; Moscow,
Kislorod, Vol 12, No 6, Nov-Dec 59, Pp 13-23
On the basis of an investigation of the sensitivity to a pressure
impetus of mixtures formed with liquid oxygen by organic impurities
originally present in the air from which this oxygen had been produced
and subsequently contaminating this oxygen, it was found that all of the
mixtures/ in question are more explosive than nitroglycerin. The pressures
applied were close to those encountered in the operation of air-separation
equipment for the production of oxygen. it was established that mixtures
of acetylene with liquid oxygen which have been diluted with carbon dioxide
and mixtures of cracking as with liquid oxygen which have been diluted
with the same inert component have the same sensitivity. The lower con-
centration 'limits of explosibility have been determined for mixtures of
pure hydrocarbons with liquid oxygen. It was found that when the lower
concentration limit has been surpassed to even a very small extent, a
much smaller initial impetus is needed for bringing about an explosion.
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The initiation of an explosion in mixtures by a pressure impetus
apparently takes place as the result of an adiabatic compression of gas
occlusions. This is indicated by the fact that sensitivity to a pressure
impetus takes a course parallel to that of the temperature of spontaneous
ignition in the gas phase.
The most dangerous condition encountered at air-separation instal=
lations is accumulation in liquid oxygen and in the air of difficultly
soluble organic substances the presence of which leads to separation into
layers. Under these conditions the composition of the mixture may easily
surpass the lower limit of explosibility.
The experiments which were carried out demonstrated that?tthe assumption
if regard-to,. the exclusive role played by acetylene in all explosions of
air separation equipment is erroneous. When mixed with liquid oxygen, all
organic substances that get into the air separation equipment are equally
dangerous.
Data are given in the article on the minimum pressures necessary for
bringing about explosions of mixtures of liquid oxygen with solid acetylene,
solid ethylene.. liquid propylene, liquid methane, liquid propane, solid
butane, P-28 oil, solid spindle oil No 12, solid light hydrocarbon fractions
(homogeneous and nonhomoafneous mixtures), sd'lid.,. (.aeetallieByde, :' olid,_-
dichioroethane, solid acetone, and gas carbon black.
7. Kinetics of Interaction Between Ammonia and Ozone Dissolved in Carbon
Tetrachloride
"Kinetics of Interaction Between Ammonia and Ozone Dissolved
in Carbon Tetrachloride," by S. I. Papko (Moscow), Second Moscow
State Institute imeni N. I. Pirogov; Moscow) Zhurnal Fizicheskoy
I4iimii, Vol 34, No 2, Feb 60, pp 387-394,
The rate of interaction between ammonia and ozone has been followed
by several methods. It was found that the rate is very high in the in-
itial stages and then falls abruptly. Over 50% of the ozone reacts during
the first 0.08 sec. The interaction of ammonia , and. ozone in.. :,carbon
tetrachloride is not of a chain character. Retardation of the reaction
takes place owing to evolution of water and the formation of ammonium
ions not subjected to oxidation by ozone.
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8. Thermodynamic Investigation of Process of Gasification of Liquid
.Oxygen
"A Thermodynamic Investigation of the Process of Gasification
of Liquid Oxygen," by S. M. Rips; Minsk, Inzhenerno-Fizicheskiy
Zhurnal, No 2, Feb 60, pp 41-45
The behavior of oxygen phases (liquid and vapor) in a closed,-4con-
tainer (Fig 1) is considered. It is shown that as heat is supplied to
the system, the latter reaches a state of "crisis" (Fig 2) which is ex-
pressed in the reversal of the evaporation process and in the occurrence
of reflex.
The reflux involves an increase in the v eight of the liquid phase
and a decrease in the weight of the vapor phase which may, in certain
cases, lead to the deformation of the container.
Therefore, to ensure correct operation conditions it is necessary
to provide a very definite "specific charge" of the container (depend-
ing on temperature). The "specific charge" will prevent the reverse
process and the accumulation of the liquid phase, and is theoretically
determined in this paper.
Movement of Fine Particles in Twisting Stream
"The Movement of Fine Particles in a Twisting Stream,"
by M. A. Gol'dshtik, A. K. Leont'yev, and I. I. Paleyev,
Polytechnic Institute imeni M. I. Kalinin (Leningrad);
Minsk, Inzhenerno-Fizicheaki Zhurnal, No 2, Feb 60,
pp 17-2
A solution is given of the problem of the movement of small particles
in a twisting liquid stream.
The area of flow is divided into two zones with distributed speeds
determined by relationships (1), (2), and (3). An exact analytical solu-
tion of the problem is found for the first zone. For the second zone,
by the method of conjugation of asymptotic representations of the solu-
tion for long and short periods, an approximate analytical solution is
obtained.
A sample calculation is given (Fig 2 and 3).
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10. Phase and Volumetric Behavior of Solutions of Acetylene in Acetone
"Phase and Volumetric Behavior of Solutions of Acetylene in
Acetone," by D. S. Tsiklis, A. N. Kofman, and L. I. Shenderey.
Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 33, No 9, ..Sep '59
pp 2012-2016
The solubility of acetylene in acetone has been measured at temper-
atures ranging from -40 to -800-C and pressures up to 1 atm. The volumes
of the solutions under these conditions have been measured. It has been
shown that the solubility may be expressed by the Krichevskiy-I1'yinskaya
equation. The heats of solution of acetylene in acetone have been calcu-
lated.
11. Application of Principle of Corresponding States to Viscosity of
Gases at Atmospheric Pressure
"The Application of the Principle of Corresponding States to
the Viscosity of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure, by A. A. Tarzi-
manov, All-Union Heat Engineering Scientific Research Institute
imeni Dzerzhinskiy; Minsk, Inzhenerno-Fizicheskiy Zhurnal, No 2,
Feb 60, pp 73-17
The temperature relationship between the viscosity of gases at 1 atm
is investigated, using the principle of corresponding states and the
system of variables
Apr - 2kr and E' - T/T , .
The results of an analysis of experimental data (Fig 1-3) show that
the viscosity of most gases is described by a single curve (deviation, as
a rule, is not more than 2 - 60/o ).
The viscosity of gases is calculated according to Formula (3), where
C1 - 5,l5.10-7; C2 - 0.88. In this case, for the calculation of viscosity,
it is sufficient to know only Tkr, Vkr and the molecular weight M of the
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12. Kinetics and Mechanism of Methane Oxidation
"The Kinetics and Mechanism of Methane Oxidation; Part 1 --
Basic Macrokinetic Laws," by L. V. Karmilova, N. S. Yenikolop-
yan, and A. B. Nalbandyan; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 34, No 3, Mar 60, pp 550-558
Kinetics of methane oxidation in a quartz stable surface vessel is
studied. The relation between maximum rates of initial products con
sumption and reaction products accumulation is shown. The effective
activation energy is found to be 43-t kcal/mole. The over-all reaction
order appears to be 2.7, and the reaction orders with respect to methane
and oxygen, 1.62 and 0.96, respectively.
13. Relaxation Mechanism of Propagation of Burning in Heterogeneous
Exothermal Systems
"Relaxation Mechanism of Propagation of Burning in Heterogeneous
Exothermal Systems, Part 1," by-Z. I. Fur (Leningrad), Institute
of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 34, No 3, Mar 60, pp 611-617
The proposed hypothesis relates the rate of propagation of burning
in heterogeneous exothermal systems (powders, thermitea, etc.) to the
rate of heat transfer in the condensed phase. It rests on a new con-
ception, that of the elementary layer, serving as parameter .of ,the
system. The existence of an elementary layer follows from the structure
of heterogeneous systems.
The chemical kinetics are accounted for indirectly through the flash
point TV and the temperature TG of the primary reaction products in the
reactiop layer adjacent to the condensed phase.
The equation obtained for the rate of propagation of burning has
been compared with experimental data for two systems, very close agree-
ment being obtained between theory and experiment.
The hypothesis satisfactorily explains qualitatively and in the cases
under consideration quantitatively the effect of the dispersity of the
system on the rate of propagation of burning.
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Herbicides
14. Synthesis of Arensulfoacid Esters of Aryloxyethanols
"The Synthesis of Herbicides. II. Arensulfoaeid Esters of
Aryloxyethanols," by 0. Kh. Vlasova and S. I. Burmistrov,
Dnepropetrovsk Chemicotechnological Institute; Kiev, Ukrain
skis Ihimicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol, 25, No 6, 1959, pp 760--
The purpose of the research was to study new herbicides. The previ-
ously unknown arensulfoacid esters of aryloxyethanols with the general
formula ArOCHpCH2OSO2Ar' (where Ar ? phenyl and various derivatives of
phenyl and Ar ? p-halophenyl, phenyl, tolyl, or carbomethoxyamidophenyl)
were obtained by reacting the acid chlorides of sulfonic acids with aryl-
oxyethanols in dioxane in the presence of alkali according to the general
equation:
ArOCH2CH2OH + NaOH + C1SO2Ar' --- ArOCH2CH2OSO2Ar' + H2O + NaCl.
Arensulfoacid esters of aryloxyethanols are colorless crystalline
substances, insoluble in water and readily soluble in organic solvents.
These esters can be used for identifying axyloxyethanols since they
crystallize readily and possess sharp melting points. The esters can
be used for introducing aryloxyethyl groups into amines and phenols.
The aryloxyethyl iodides are obtained in excellent yields by reacting
potassium iodide with the esters in acetone solutions
Ar0CH2CH2OSO2Ar' + KI -+ ArOCH2CH2I + KOSO2Ar'.
By reacting potassium fluoride with the esters, only a small yield
of the corresponding aryloxyethyl fluorides is obtained.
Data on the composition of 21 newly synthesized substances and their
physical properties are listed in two tables.
Industrial Chemistry
15. Effec\of Structure on Thermal Conductivity of Polymers
"Effect of Structure on the Thermal Conductivity of Polymers,"
by L. N. Cherkasova; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 33,
No 9, Sep 59, PA 1928-1932
The experimental findings allow generalizations to be made concern-
ing the nature of the change in thermal conductivity of polymers in the
crystalline and amorphous states. Polymers completely in the amorphous
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state have a tendency to increase their thermal conductivity with rise
in temperature. In the crystalline state they lower their thermal con-
ductivity on approaching the melting temperature. Above the temperature
corresponding to complete melting of the crystals the change in the thermal
conductivity coefficient obeys the correlations of the amorphous state.
16. Polycondensation of Phosphinyl Dichlorides With Dihydroxy Compounds
"Investigation in Organophosphorus Polymers. Part 9 -- The
Polycondensation of Phosphinyl Dichlorides With Dihydroxy
Compounds," by V. V. Korshak, I. A. Gribova, and M. A.
Andreyeva, Institute of Organoelemental Compounds, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya,
Vol 2, No 3, Mar 60, pp 42-7-7-32
The polycondensation of phosphinyl dichlorides with hydroquinone in
nitrobenzene solution and with diethylene glycol in dichloroetha.ne was
investigated. The duration and the temperature of the reaction were found
to affect the yield and intrinsic viscosity of the polyester. The degree
of the reaction considerably increases with rise in temperature and in
the concentration of the reactants.
The kinetics of the polycondensation were obtained by following the
evolution of hydrogen chloride in the process of the reaction.
17. Synthesis and Polymerization of Axyiphosphosphonitriles and Alkyl-
phosphonitriles
"Synthesis and Polymerization of Arylphosphonitriles and
Alkylphosphonitriles." by V. V. Korshak, I. A. Gribova, T. V.
Artamonova, and A. N. Bushmarir_a. Institute of Organoelemental
Compounds, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Vysokomolekul
yarn a Soyedineniya, Vol 2, No 3, Mar 60, pp 377-385
The reaction of diaryl- and dialisylphosphotrichlorides and ammonium
chloride in organic solvents has been investigated. Various products have
been shown to form, depending on the conditions of the reaction. At 175?
and excess ammonium chloride, octaphenyltetraphosphonitrile is formed.
Based on the results obtained, views have been expressed as to the reaction
.mechanism.
The polymerization of the phospIonitrile derivatives has been studied
over the temperature range 320-500? on the example of octaphenyltetraphos-
ph.onitrile. Under these conditions a mixture of tri-, penta- and hexamers
is obtained, as well as a product insoluble in organic solvents and softening
at 350..!,.50?,
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Inorganic Chemistry
18. Chemical Stability of Boron Carbide
"The Chemical Stability of Boron Carbide," by T. N. Nazarchuk,
Institute of Powder Metallurgy, Cermets, and Special Alloys,
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganiche-
skoy 1(himii, Vol 4, No l2, Dec 59, pp 2665-2 9
The chemical stability of boron carbide in concentrated acids and
mixtures of concentrated acids at room temperature and elevated temperatures
was investigated. The resistance of boron carbide to the action of dilute
acids was also determined. It was established that boron carbide is rela-
tively stable in acidic solutions. In acids diluted in the ratio of 1:1,
boron carbide has insignificantly low solubility. Treatment of boron
carbide with acids brings aluminum and iron, which may be present as im-
purities, into solution. However, it is not possible to eliminate acid-
soluble impurities completely from boron carbide even by treating this
compound twice with acids. It was established that boron carbide is re-
sistant to the action of caustic alkali solutions both at room temperature
and elevated temperatures. Oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide and
bromine do not impair the stability to caustic alkali.
19. Phase Components of System Ce 02 - Zr 02
"Investigation of the Phase Components of the System Ce 022
Zr 02," by S. N. Guyev, S. I. Alyamovskiy, and E. S. Volzhen-
kova, Institute of Electrochemistry, Ural Affiliate of the
Academy of Sciences USSR; Mosco;-r, Zhurnal Neor anicheskoy
nimii., Vol 4, No 11, Nov 59, pp 2571-257
The structure and ceramic properties of the system Ce 0 Zr 02 have
not been investigated adequately hitherto. Only a few investigations on
the stabilization of zirconium dioxide by the addition of cerium dioxide
have been published. Under the circumstances it was of interest to in-
vestigate the structural characteristics and some ceramic properties of
the system Ce 02 - Zr 0 . Oxide systems as a rule exhibit semiconductor
properties. Investigation of the system mentioned from this standpoint
may furnish definite data with regard to that. The phase components of
the system including solid solutions at 15500 were investigated in some
detail with regard to their composition, the crystallographic character-
istics of the components, etc. It was established that the structure of
the solid solution of zirconium dioxide in cerium dioxide (cubic phase)
is distinguished by imperfections.
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The preaenoe of holes at crystal lattice nodes made vacant by the ions
Ce 4+ and 02- is most likely. The holes show a statistically random
distribution. It was also established that samples containing 70 mol
percent of Zr 02 have the greatest hardness and exhibit the greatest
mechanical strength.
20. Ternary System Consisting of Fluorides of Sodium, Potassium, and
Calcium
"Fusibility Diagram of the Ternary System Consisting of
Fluorides of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium," by 0. A.
Bukhalova and V. T. Berezhnaya, Rostov-na-Donu Engineering
Construction Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal Neor anicheskoy
Khimii, Vol 4, No 11, Nov 59, pp 2596-2599
The system Na, IC, Ca// F was investigated. It was established that
the congruently melting compound KCa F determines to a considerable extent
the characteristics of the ternary system.
Insecticides and Fungicides
21. Soviet Researchers Propose Method for Production of Heptachlor
"On Preparing the Insecticide Heptachlor," by S. D. Volodkovich,
L. G. Vol'fson, L. M. Kogan, N. N. Mel'nikov, and Yu. N. Sapozh
kov, Scientific Institute of Fertilizers and Insectofurgici'des;
Moscow, Zhurnal Prikladnoy'Khimii, Vol 33, No 1, Jan 60, pp 227-
233
The authors have developed, a method for preparing heptachlor, which
consists of the condensation of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with pentadiene
and then chlorination of the product of this reaction (chlordene) with
elemental chlorine.
The optimum conditions for the formation of chlordene in CC14 were
determined and found to be a 10%.excess
of C5H6, a temperature of 80-85? C,
continustibn of the process for 30-40 minutes.
The following conditions are recommended for the chlorination of
chlordene: the use of diatomaceous earth activated by heating at 1200
for 1-2 hours and regulation of the reaction temperature so that it should
not vary by more than 5?. The content of heptachlor in the reaction
products obtained by this process amounts to about 70%. The yield of
heptachlor is determined by the over-all amount of chlorine introduced:
within a definite range, it does not depend on the rate of chlorine
addition or the duration of chlorination.
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22. Researchers Study Shale Tars as Wood Preservative
"Research on the Fungicidal Properties of Shale Tars," by
G. Ye. Shaltyko and L. I. Pshedetskaya, Leningrad Institute
of Engineers of Railway Transport imeni B. N. Obraztsov;
? Moscow, Zhurnal Prikiasinoy Khimii, Vol 33, No 1, Jan 60,
pp 212-215
The results of the investigation demonstrated that Baltic shale tare
and shale oils of different types, when-.used for impregnating crossties,
possess low toxicity toward the wood-decaying fungi Coniophora cerebella
and Merulius lacrymans and consequently should not be used without the'
addition of other substances as oil antiseptics for preserving wood by
impregnation with them.
Isotopes
23. Separation of Oxygen Isotopes in Process of Electroynthesis of Ozone
"Separation of Oxygen Isotopes in the Process of Electrosynthesis
of Ozone," by I. A. Semiokhin, G. M. Panchenkov, V. K. Korbvkin,
and A. V. Borisov, Moscow State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Fiziche-
skoy I4iimii, Vol 33, No 9, Sep 59, pp 1933-1938
The separation of oxygen isotopes has been accomplished by the method
of chemical exchange under electrical discharge conditions. An apparatus
has been devised, convenient for determining the coefficient of once-
through separation of the isotopes, and experiments have been carried out
on the multistage separation of oxygen isotopes in the electrosynthesis
of ozone. The steady state in the isotope exchange between oxygen and
ozone has been shown to be established within one second. This bears
evidence to the high rate of redistribution of the isotopes under,electri-
cat discharge conditions. The enrichment of the ozone in the ozonizer
with 010 isotope practically does not depend on the ozonizer's length
and on the methods of the ozone accumulation and of the tests taken.
Under one-stage experimental conditions in reactors of different lengths
with gas space lnn wide the values of the coefficients obtained at 200 C
and 750 mm Hg were found to be 1.08-1.10.
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Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
24. Leaching-out of Radioelements From Minerals
"Methods For Determining the Extent of Leaching-out of
Radioelements From Minerals," by K. F. Lazarev; Lenin-
grad, Radiokhimiya,'Vol 1, No 5, Oct 59, pp 603-612
Investigation of the leaching-out of.anumber of radioactive isotopes
(Th,.U,'RdTh,,ThX) and rare earths from monazite with solutions.of dif-
ferent composition made it possible to establish the following relation-
ships:
(a) During the leaching-out of radioelements from a mineral, the
atoms of the element being leached out (Th, rare-earth elements) and the
atoms used as a tracer for this element and introduced into the system
from the outside (U X1, Eu152-154) become mixed completely. This makes
it possible to investigate with the aid of radioactive tracers processes
which take place during the leaching-out.
(b) The distribution of radioelements between the mineral and the
leaching-out solution takes place according to the law of distribution.
Methods are proposed for the determination of the quantity of radio-
active isotopes present in capillaries and at defects of the crystal
lattice of minerals.
25. Effect of Diluents of Extracting Solvent on Hydration of Uranyl
Nitrate
"The Hydration of Uranyl Nitrate in Solvent-Diluent Mix-
tures," by V. M. Vdovenko and Ye. A. Smirnova; Leningrad,
Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 5, Oct 59, pp 521-529
It was established that addition of benzene, carbon tetrachloride,
or chloroform as diluents to extracting solvents (diethyl ether, dibutyl
ether, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, or isoamyl butyrate) reduces
strongly the capacity of the solvent to extract uranyl nitrate. The
degree of reduction of the extracting capacity depends on the nature of
the diluent that has been added. It was futthermore established that
the degree of hydration of uranyl nitrate drops with an increasing content
of the diluent in the solvent.
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26. System UO (NO) 2 -MOH - H 2 2 0 -H.0
2 3
"Investigation of the Solid Phase in the System U02 (NO3)2
MOH-H2O2-H2O,"' by A, M. Gurevich and L. P. Polozhenskaya;
Leningrad, Rad` imiya, Vol 1, No 5, Oct 59, pp 567-572
By applying chemical and X-ray diffraction analysis the following
compounds were identified and their presence in the system U02(N03)2-MAH
H202-H20 (M = Na,K) was established for the first'time:'
Na2LT209. x H20; K2U209. x H20; Na2UO5. 4 H20; Na6U2013. 13 H2 ; and
Na U 0 3 H 0. It was found that the composition of the solid phase
8 4 22a 2
depends not only on the molar ratio of components, but also on the abso-
lute contents of uranium and caustic alkali in the system being investi-
gated. The lower limits of the concentrations of uranium and caustic
alkali were established at which formation of the compound Na 2 OU . 4 H 2 0
still takes place. It was established that a complex mechanism operates
in connection with the formation of the solid phase. Formation of this
phase follows a stage during which easily soluble complexes are formed.
It was shown that the temperature exerts a significant effect on the
composition of the solid phase, which separates as a result of the decom-
position of soluble compounds.
27. Hydrolysis of Plutonyl Nitrate
"Properties of Nitric Acid Solutions of Plutonyl; Part 1 --
Hydrolysis. of Plutonyl Nitrate," by M. Ye.'Krevinskaya,
V. A.'Nikol'skiy, B. G. Pozharskiy, and Ye. Ye. Zastenker;
Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 5, Oct 59, -- 548-553
The reactions taking place in the course of the hydrolysis of
plutonyl nitrate were investigated. The equilibrium constants of the
individual stages of these reactions (five constants) were calculated.
It was found that the assumption in regard to the low tendency of the
plutonyl ion toward formation of complexes with nitrate ions at low
concentrations of nitric acid made by R. E. Connick, M. Kasha, W. H.
McVey, and G. E. Sheline (cf. The Transuranium Elements, 14B, Paper
4.20, New York, 1949) is incorrect.
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28. Formation of Complexes by Plutonyl in Nitric Acid Solutions
"Properties of Nitric Acid Solutions of Plutonyl; Part 2 --
Formation of Complexes by Plutonyl in Nitric Acid Solutions,"
by M. Ye. Krevinskaya, V. D. Nikol'akiy, and B. G. Pozharskiy;
Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No ~, Oct 59, pp 554-561
The complex ions formed by plutonyl in nitric acid solutions were
investigated. It was established that the ions PuO (NO )_- and Pu 0
3 33 2
(NO3)3 (H2 )3 are formed. The results obtained indicate that there
is gradual replacemegt of the water of hydration of plutonyl nitrate
tetrahydrate with NO ions.
3
29. Preparation and Properties of Plutonyl Nitrate
"Preparation and Properties of Plutonyl Nitrate," by M. Ye.
Krevinskaya, V. D. Nikol'skiy, B. G. Pozharskiy, and Ye. Ye.
Zastenker; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1
562-566 No 5, Oct 59, pp
When nitric acid solutionslof plutonyl are evaporated the hexahy-
drate of plutonyl nitrate Pu,02 (MO3)2 .6H20 crystallizes in the form
of hygroscopic crystals of pink coloration. If the hexahydrate is kept
above phosphorus pentoxide, 3 molecules of water are lost and the tri-
hydrate of plutonyl nitrate is formed. When the salt is heated to 1300,
4 molecules of the water of crystallization are eliminated and there is
successive formation of tetrahydrate,,trihydrate, and dihydrate of
plutonyl nitrate. When the hexahydrate is kept at 1500 for 76 hours,
there is formation 6f anhydrous plutonyl nitrate. Comparison of the
absorption spectrum of anhydrous plutonyl nitrate with the spectra of
the hydrates showed that the most significant changes take place when
the first two molecules of water are added to anhydrous plutonyl nitrate.
The changes connected with the addition of the third molecule of water
are less pronounced. Ad.ition of the three remaining molecules of
water results in still less significant changes. This is explained by
the fact that the first two molecules of water enter into, the outer
sphere of the complex. Accordingly, the formulas of plutonyl.?.ziitrate
and its hydrates can be represented as follows:
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Pu02 (NO3)2 -anhydrous plutonyl nitrate
[Pu02. 2 H2 (No3)2] - plutonyl nitrate dihydrate
[PuO2. 2 H2 (No3)2] . H2 - plutonyl nitrate trihydrate
[PuO 2 . 2 H 2 0 (NO3)23... 2 H2 - plutonyl nitrate tetrahydrate
4PqO2. 2 H2O (NO3)2] . 4 H2 - plutonyl nitrate hexahydrate
When the concentration of nitric acid is raised from 2 M to 8 M, the
solubility of the nitrate in nitric acid drops from 271 grams per kilogram
of solution to 137.6 grams per kilogram of solution. . The solubility of
plutonyl nitrate in 12.91 M nitric acid becomes smaller in time. This
is due to formation of the complex Pu 02 (NO 3)2.HN03'.nH2Q, the solu-
bility of which is lower than that of.plutonyl nitrate. When plutonyl
nitrate is kept exposed to air in the presence of moisture, there is slow
reduction of the plutonium to the tetravalent state and then the tri-
valent state.
30. Stability to Radiation to Ion-Exchange Resins Used ocessing of
Nuclear Fuels
"Radiation-Chemical Stability of Some Ion-Exchange Resins
to the Action-'of XiRays and Gamma Radiation," by V. A.
Nikashina, M. M. Senyavin, and A. V. Gordiyevskiy; Moscow,
Khimicheskaya Promyshiennost', No 7, Oc-%,-Nov 59, pp 573-575
Ion-exchange resins can be used for the recovery and purification
of nuclear fuel. By employing ion-exchange resins. in nuclear techr4ology,
one may successfully carry out such processes as the separation and con-
centration of individual heavy elements (plutonium, U-235, and.U-233)-, and.
individual fission-products belonging to the group of rare-earth elements.
Ion-exchange resins-are also of use'in the decontamination of large quanti-
ties of water containing radioactive wastes. Because ion-exchange resins
are used in work with radioactive substances, the stability of these
resins to the action of ionizing radiation is of importance. The following
USSR ion-exchange resins were subjected to investigation from this stand-
point: KU-1, a sulfonated phenolformaldehyde resin which functions as a
cation exchanger; KU-2, a sulfonated cation-exchange resin derived from
a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymerizate; and KB-4, which is a product of
the saponification of a copolymer of methylmethacrylate with divinylbenzene
and contains carboxyl(COOH) functional groups.
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It was established that ion-exchange resins, jtist like other high
polymers, undergo, under the effect of radiation, Frocess.es d deterioration
and cross-linking which compete with each other. The radiation-chemical
changes in aliphatic resins were'found to be more thoroughgoing than
those taking place in aromatic resins. Functional groups of the cation-
exchange:resine investigated were found to be qualitatively stable, al-
though their quantity drops when the dose of radiation is increased.
Among the resins investigated, KU-2 was found to be the most stable to
the action of radiation.
31. Electrolytic Separation of Europium
"Electrolytic Reduction of Europ,ium,," by D. I. Ryabphikov,
Yu. S. Sklyarenko, and N. S. Stroganova, Institute of Geo-
chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neor anichesko Khimii, Vol I+, No 12,
-Dec 59, pp 2682-2687
The chemical processes were investigated which take place in aqueous
solutions when europium acetate is subjected to electrolysis in the
presence of potassium citrate and the europium is isolated in the form
of its amalgam. The effect of the initial acidity of the electrolyte
on the yield of europium was investigated. Furthermore, the effects of
the quantity of potassium citrate, of the initial concentration of
europium, and of the temperature on the yield of :europium were deter-
mined. The results obtained were compared with those pertaining to
ytterbium and samarium. As compared with ytterbium and samarium, euro
pium can be separated electrolytically. with relative facility. A high
yield of this metal is obtained without great difficulty.
32. Double Salts of Zirconium and Hafnium Chlorides With Chlorides of
Alkali Metals
J
"The Thermal Stability of Compounds Formed by the Chlorides
of Zirconium and Hafnium With Chlorides of Alkali Metals,"
by I. S. Morozov and Sung Yin-thou; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorgan-
icheskoy Khimii, Vol 42 No 11, Nov 59, pp 2551-2553
The dependence on the temperature of the Zr Cl4 vapor tension de-
veloped by compounds of the formula Me2 Zr C16 and of Hf C14 vapor ten-
sion developed by compounds of the formula Me2 Hf C16.(where Me = Na,
K, or Cs) was investigated. It was established that the stability of
the compounds in question decreased with diminishing ionic radii of the
alkali metal in the following order:
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Cs2ZrC16 > K2ZrCl6 Na2ZrC16
Cs2-HfC16 K2HfC16 Na2HfC16
The' btgbility' 1of'.the hexachlorohafnates wasi, found to-be eofteivhet-,
higher than the stability,of the corresponding hexachlorozirconates.
Some thermodynamic functions have been determined, including the average
heat effect of reactions of thermal dissociation, changes in free energy,
and changes in the entropy of the compounds Me 2 Zr C16 and Met Hf C16.
The data obtained are of importance, because work is being done at present
on methods for the production of metallic zirconium and metallic, hafnium
by the electrolysis of their halides in chloride and fluoride me-ts (cf.
N. Steinberg M. Sibert, and E. Wainer, Journal Electrochemical Society,
Vol 101, 1954, p 63). R. V. Horrigan (cf. Journal of Metals, Vol 10,
1955)T p. 1118)' obtained zirconium tetrachloride by the?decompositon of
sodium and potassium chlorozirconates.
33. Investigation of Magnetic Properties of Potassium Niobium Sulfate
"The Magnetic Properties of the Salt K81Nb6 03 (800121-
21 H20," by Ye. I. Krilov and N. N. Kalutina, Ural Poly-
technic Institute imeni S. M. Kirov; Moscow, Zhurnal Ne-
organicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4+, No 11, Nov 59, pp 2V7-6-
The salt referred to in the title was subjected to magnetochemical
investigation in order to establish definitely the valency state of the
niobium atom. The salt in question is of importance because it is used
for the purification of niobium from tantalum.
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34. Organophosphorus Extracting Agents
"Alkyl Phosphonates, Diphosphonates, and Phosphine Oxides
as Extracting Agents," by K. A. Petrov, V. D. Shevchenko,
V. G. Timoshev, F. A. Maklyayev, A. V. Fokin, A. V. Rod-
ionov, V. D. Balandina, A. V. Yel'kina; Z. I. Nagnibeda,
and A. A. Volkova; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 5, No 2, Feb 60, pp 498-502
Work has been conducted on the development, synthesis, and condi-
tions of application of new organophosphosphorus extracting agents. It
was established that the esters of alkylphosphonic acids and phosphine
oxides extract uranium and plutonium effectively from nitric acid solu-
tions. Zirconium and niobium are not extracted as well by these sub-
stances. When the number of carbon items in the alkoxy groups is in-
creased to eight, there is improved extraction of uranium. Introduction
of phenyl groups leads to a considerable lowering of the degree of ex-
traction of uranium. Phosphine oxides are more effective than esters of
alkylphosphonic acids as far as extraction is concerned; alkylphosphonic
acids are more efficient extracting agents than n.-tributylphosphate.
35. Separation of Deuterium From Hydrogen by Method of Low-Temperature
Distillation
"Separation of Deuterium From Hydrogen by the Method of Low-
Temperature Distillation," by M. P. Malkov, Doctor of Tech-
nical Sciences; A. G. Zel'dovich, Doctor of Technical Sci-
ences; A. B. Fradkov, Candidate of Technical Sciences; and
I. B. Danilov, Candidate of Technical Sciences; Moscow Kis-
lorod, Vol 12, No 6, Nov-Dec 59,, Pp 1-13
The production of deuterium by distillation of liquid. hydrogen is
discussed in a review article based on USSR work and non-USSR publica?
tions. It is stated that this method for the production of deuterium,
was first successfully applied on a large industrial scale in the USSR.
The development of this method, according to the authors, has progressed
further in the USSR than in the Western world.* Problems pertaining to
the distillation process, heat transfer during the distillation, thermal
insulation, and the purification of hydrogen from impurities are dis-
cussed in detail. A description of the industrial process applied in
the USSR is given. It is stated, that in the industrial process applied
in the USSR intermediate screen,. cooled with liquid nitrogen are used
to reduce the thickness of the insulation and consequently the dimeneions
of the equipment. Hydrogen obtained by electrolysis is used as crude
material. Every unit of the installation described processes 4,000 cubic
meters of initial gas per hour. The.'distill.ation columns, which have
a diameter of 1,050 mm, are equipped with 77 plates each. These plates
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are of the bubble cap type. The efficiency of the individual plate is
30-35%. At a content of HD in the raw material amounting "o 0.03%, a
product containing 7-9% of HD is obtained from the still. The degree
of recovery of HD comprises 80-90%. The equipment consists of two
sections. The first section, comprising the distillation column and
heat exchangers operating below 800 K. has thermal insulation jackets
filled with liquid hydrogen. The second section consists of heat ex-
changers and adsorbers operating above 800 K.
The power required for the production of 1 kg of D20 amounts to
5000-5500 kilowatt-hours.
36. Polymorphism of Beryllium Chloride
"On the Polymorphism of Beryllium Chloride," by 0. N.
Kuvyrkin, 0. N. Breusov, A. V. Novoselova, and K. N.
Semenko, Moscow State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizi-
cheskoy Khimii, Vol 34+, No 2, Feb 60, pp 373--31M
The result of this investigation permit assumption of the following
mechanism for the polymorphic transformations of beryllium chloride.
During the rapid cooling of the melt or crystallization from the gaseous
phase, a metastable GL' modification analogous in structure to silicon
sulfide makes its appearance, passing over on heating to 250? to the
cubic f3' -modification and on further heating to 340? to the stable
(3-modification. The last is characterized by a rhombic body centered
lattice.
37. Equilibrium Study of High Temperature Reduction of Hafnium Dioxide
"Equilibrium Study of the High Temperature Reduction of
Hafnium Dioxide (Hfo,:,) by Carbon," by V. I. Zhelankin,
V. S. Kutsev, and B. F. Ormount, Physical Chemistry Insti-
tute imeni L. Ya. Karpov and All-Union Scientific Research
Institute of Hard Alloys; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimiis
Vol 33, No 9, Sep 59, PP 1988-1991
An equilibrium study of the reduction of HfO2 by carbon has been
made over the temperature range of 1743.-2003? K and at pressures of
70-1,000 mm Hg by a manometric method. The phases participating in the
equilibrium area Hf02--monoclinic lattice, carbide--face-centered cubic
lattice, graphite and CO.
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The equilibrium CO pressure has been determined for the corresponding
temperatures.
The dependence of lg P on 1/T and the constant period of the carbide
lattice a = 4.626 kx and a : 4.6272 kx at 1743 and 2003? K, respectively,
show that the equilibrium composition of the carbide may be considered
practically constant in the region of T and p investigated.
Under such conditions the equilibrium is monovariant and in its
general form expressed by the equation:
Qps -.132 f 3kcal (-T 1743 - 2003?K)
The heat effect of Hf02 reduction is
HfO2 f (x - y f 2) C f=; HfC O f (2 y) CO j Q.
X y p
38.
CPYRGHT
Chemical Composition of Tetragonal Titanium-Tantalum Niobates
"On the Chemical Composition of Tetragonal Titanium-Tantalum
Niobates," by A. I. Ginzsburg, S. A. Gorzhevskaya, E. A.
Erofeyeva, and G. A. Sidorenko; Moscow, Geokhimiya, No 1,
1960, pp 11-30
Compounds of a structural type of fergusonite are distinguished by
a rather constant chemical composition az belong to rare-earth tantalum
niobates with a common formula AB04.
In fergusonites of various genetic types of deposits the rare-earth
composition varies. These minerals strongly differ from most of the
other titanium-tantalum niobates owing to the primary concentration of
yttrium and rare earths of the yttrium group.
Minerals of the structural type of fergusonite are most frequently
inthe.metamicit state. As a result of heating, the crystalline structure
of minerals deteriorates. After transition from the metamicit stage to
the crystalline state, the mineral has a tetragonal structure which on
further heating changes to a monoclinic modification.
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39. Electroconductivity and Transfer Numbers of System CeO2 - Zr0 2
"The Electroconductivity and Transfer Numbers of the System
CeO2 - Zr02," by S. F. Pal'guyev and Z. S. Volchenkova
(Sverdlovsk), Ural Indtitute of Electrochemistry; Moscow,
Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 34, No 2, Feb 60, pp
525
The temperature dependence of the conductivity and transfer numbers
of solid specimens of the system Ce02 - Zr02 have been determined. The
conductivity isotherms and the activation energy curves are of an ex-
tremal nature, owing to the semiconductor properties of solid solutions
of this system.
From transfer number measurements it has been found that' the con-
ductivity of this system at 1,000? is almost entirely electronic, the
ionic fraction not exceeding 1%.
Organic Chemistry
40. Synthesis of Vinylphosphinic Acid
"Vinylphosphinic Acid and Several of Its Derivatives,"
by M. I. Kabachnik and,T. Ya. Medved', Institute of
Organoelemental Compounds, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Izvestiya .'Akademii Nauk SSSR --? Otdeleni e
Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 12, Dec 59, pp 2142-2145
The authors found that the acid dichloride of vinylphosphinic acid
can be easily obtained by the catalytic dehydrochlorination of the acid
chloride of P-chloroethylphosphinic acid. As a result of;work done by
the authors, the latter compound has become a readily available starting
material. Dehydrochlorination was accomplished by passing vapors of
the acid chloride of P-chloroethylphosphinic acid heated to 330-3400
through.a quartz tube filled with barium chloride:
?-HC1
ClC2H4POC12? -----------------+ CH2 = CHPOCl2.
BaC12
The acid chloride was obtained in a yield of about 85% by this
method. The ethyl, methyl, isopropyl, and phenyl esters of vinylphos-
phinic acid were then repared. Bromination of the ethyl ester led to
the ethyl ester of ot, ;-dibromoethylphosphinic acid as well as the ester
of bromovinylphosphinic acid. Several other derivatives and their physi-
cal constants are described in the article.
Free vinylphosphinic acid was prepared by the hydrolysis of the
acid chloride.
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41,, Infrared Absorption Spectra Data on Imidophosphates and Imidophos-
', hip nates
"On the, Imides of Phosphorp Acids. The Infrared Absorption
Spectra of Imidophosphates and Imidophosphinates," by M. I.
Kabachnik, V. A. Gilyarov, and Ye. N. Tsvetkov, Institute of
Organoelemental Compounds, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR -- Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk,
No 12, Dec 59, pp 2135-2111
A number of dialkyl-N-phenylimidoalkylphosphinates and dialkyl-
N-phenylimidoarylphosphinates, (RO)2R'PC6H5, and trialkyl-
methylimidophosphates,'(RO)3P- .CH3,'were specially synthesized
for this study From a study of the infrared absorption spectra of
imidophosphates and imidophosphinates, the authors concluded that
absorption in the range of 1325-1 85 cm-1 can be ascribed to the
P N--.- grouping in the substances examined.
42. Rapid, Chioro-Organic Compound Detection Method
"A Rapid Method for Determining Chioro-Organic Compounds in
the Atmosphere," by S. F. YavorovskaYa Institute of Labor
Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Academy of Medical Sci-
ences USSR; Moscow, Khimieheskaya Promyshlennost, No 4,
1959, pp 77-79
An accelerated method had been developed for detecting chlorinated
hydrocarbon vapors in the air on the, basis of the staining of a color-
less flame to a blue-green color in the presence of cupric oxide and
chlorine. Samples are collected by adsorption on chlorine-free acti-
vated carbon.
To accelerate air sampling, a new type of'absorber filled with
granulated adsorbents is proposed. This-absorber operates on the
fluidized solids principle,, which ensures complete adsorption at high
air velocities (10-15 1/min).
The results obtained coincide sufficiently well with data obtained
by the microcombustion method or with samples containing known quantities
of,chlorine when the chlorine content in the sample is not less than
0.5 mg.
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Physical Chemistry
43. Possibilities of Mass-Spectrometric Method in Studies of Thermo-
dynamics of Vaporization
"The Possibilities of the Mass-Spectrometric Method in Studies
of the Thermodynamics of Vaporization," by L. E. Levina;
Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 34, No 2, Feb 60, pp
456-459
A review has been made of the work devoted to the mass-spectrometric
method of studying the thermodynamics of vaporization. The method allows
a study of the structure. of vaporized substances under conditions of
equilibrium vaporization and determination, from the experimental data,
of the partial pressures of the vapor components and the values of the
thermodynamic constants.
The specific features of the. apparatus and methods used in such
studies have been discussed.
44. Rectification of Electric Current at Ion Exchange-Membranes
Boundaries
"Rectification of Electric Current at Ion Exchange Membranes
Boundaries," by V. N. Maslov and A. V. Ovodova (Moscow);
Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 34, No 2, Feb 60,
pp 413-415
Asymmetric electroconductivity has been discovered in double layer
ion exchange elements made of membranes of opposite charge. The recti-
fication coefficient attains a value of 30-40. The rectification of
electric current at the boundary of ion exchange membranes may be ex-
plained by analogy with the action of p- n semiconductor transitions.
45. Electroconductivity of Semiconductors in Chemisorption of Molecules.
Atoms, and Radicals
"Electroconductivity of Semiconductors in the Chemisorption
of Molecules, Atoms, and Radicals," by I. A. Myasnikov (Moscow
Physical Chemistry Institute.imeni L. Ya. Karpov; Moscow,
Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 34, No 2, Feb 60, pp 395-4D4
The chemisorption of-atoms and radicals on the surface of the
n-semiconductor ZnO.TiO2 is accompanied by considerab.y more ionization
(by which is understood,.the formation of both positive and negative
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particles) than that which takes place in the chemisorption of molecules,
the degree of ionization of which in a number of cases is evidently de--'
termined by the degree of dissociation of the chemisorbed molecule into
atoms?
The activation energy of ion formation in the chemisorptiou of H
and N atoms andIHR3 radicals lies within the limits of 2-5 kcal, whereas
for tie edtregpoxiding molecules it is considerably higher; H2 -- 30?
kcal, 02 -- 8 kcal, N2 - no ions are formed (chemisorption of N2 evi-
dently does not take place on ZnO and Ti02). Hydrocarbons change the
electroconductivity only to a slight extent, indicating that they evi-
dently do not decompose to radicals on chemisorption.
The method of measuring the electroconductivity. of semiconductors
under conditions of. formation of atoms and free radicals may be used to
identify the atoms and radicals and in studies of the mechanism of
heterogeneous catalytic reactions on semiconductor catalysts. Small
crystal indicatbrs of free radicals will presumably find application
in various fields of chemistry.
The illustration presented in the present work of detecting on the
surface of a catalyst chemisorbed hydrogen atoms formed as intermediately
in the dehydrogenation reaction may be extended to investigations of
various catalytic reactions proceeding with the formation of radicals.
Recently we have shown that semiconductor films reveal the presence of
radicals also in liquid systems, for instance during irradiation of
liquid hydrocarbons with Y??rays.
46. Effect of Substitution of Hydrogen by Deuterium on Velocity of
SounO. and Compressibility -of Liquids
"The Effect of the Substitution of Hydrogen by Deuterium on
the Velocity of Sound and the Compressibility of Liquids,"
by I. V. Rabinovich (Gor?kiy), Institute of Chemistry., Gor?kiy
State University imeni N. Lobachevskiy; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizi-
cheskoy Khimii1 Vol 34, No 2,, Feb 60, pp 424-431
The temperature dependence of the ultrasonic velocity and density
has been determined and the adiabatic compressibility calculated for
12 liquid deuterium compounds and their hydrogen analogs. The results
have been discussed from the standpoint of the effect of molecular
weight and intermolecular dispersion energy and of the formation of
chain associates and three-dimensional lattices by means of hydrogen
bonds.
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47', Vacuum Cell for Studying Infrared Absorption Spectra of Solids
Over Wide Range of Temperatures in Atmospheres of Various Gases
"Vacuum Cell for Studying the Infrared Absorption Spectra of
Solids. Over a Wide Range of Temperatures in Atmospheres of
Various Gases," b N. N. Kaftaradze and V. I. Lygin, Insti-
tute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Ichimii, Vol 34, No 2, Feb 60, pp 462-463
The design of a cell has been proposed for studying the infrared
absorption spectra of solids over the temperature range plus 2000 to
minus 50 C under vacuum or in atmospheres of various gases.
48. Isotope Exchange Method for Measuring Saturated Vapor Pressures
and Diffusion Coefficients
"Isotope Excchange; Method for Measuring Saturated Vapor
Pressures and Diffusion Coefficients," by V. I. Lozgachev,
All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Mineral Raw
Materials; Moscow Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii Vol 34) No 2,
Feb 60, pp 306-313 ' ' '
Examination of isotopic exchange through the gaseous phase, taking
diffusion in the condensed phase into account, leads to the boundary
condition at the specimen surface having the form
b a (o t : h(U - d(O, t D a 0 t)
where Otis the specific activity, U : (0, co ), d is the thickness of the
exchange layer, no is the rate of vaporization, n is the number of atoms
per unit volume, ,!L (Q) is the transition coefficient, h s ,(L (at) no , 'sand
D is the coefficient of diffusion,. Solutions of the diffusion pro 1em
have been found by different method under the same conditions for a
bounded and semi-infinite rod as well as; for an unbounded plane. The
specific activity of a substance in the x plane at time t is determined
by the expression
2
Dt
at(x, t) : U a . cos kn (x - j) e
n=1
for a bounded rod under the conditions
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309 at : Da 2
(o'ix J), 2
ax
w: h(u - a) 7r Dig. (x : 0),
at
? m(o) (t : 0).
The specific activity of a substance in the x plane at time t ,is
determined by the expression
d(x, t) : U 4 (u(0) - U) erf c( x
U)~c W x t) - x t
[ ql 1
q 2
for a semi-infinite rod where
w
i
qix 7,L giDt
and qi and rc are determined according to an expression given in the
text.
49? Comparison of Regularities in Deuterium Exchange and in Other
Reactions
"Comparison of Regularities in Deuterium Exchange and in
Other Reactions," by A. I. Shatenahtein, Institute of Physi-
cal Chemistry imeni L. Ya. Karpov; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizi-'?:
cheakoy Khimii,' Vol 34, No 3, Mar 60, pp 595-602
Deuterium exchange in hydrocarbons proceeds as an acid-base re-
action. The acids react with the electronegative carbons of the aro-
matic CH-bond (or with the it electrons of the r"ing). On deuteroexchange
with bases the hydrogen of,the CH-bond protonizes. Because of the dif-
ferent mechanism%ofdeutereoeacheg~e,.*Lth acid and base reaction with
them one may reveal different aspects of the mutual i a9ue4ce of atoms
in the hydrocarbon,-,molecule.
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The reason for the similarity -in the regularities for deuteroexchange
and electrophylic hydrogen substitution in the aromatic nucleus is that
hydrogen acids and aprotonic acid-like substances, being electrophylic,
react in a like manner with the aromatic ring, participating in the re-
action as bases, i. e., electron donors.
The similarity in reaction between deuteroexchange with KNH in
NH3 solution and the metallation, alkylation, isomerization, and2 dimer-
ization of olefins with participation of bases is that they all proceed
according to a protophylic carbanionic mechanism, the hydrocarbon
playing the part of an acid.
The rate and selectivity of deuteroexchange depend to a high degree
on the polarity of the bond between the substrate and reactant, in the
activated state. There are intermediate states 'between the associative
and ionization mechanisms of the reaction.
Sonic Purification of Air
"Sonic Coagulation of Sulfuric Acid( Fog," by M. L. Varlamov,
Ye. L. Krichevskayc%, G. A. Manakin, L. M. Kozakova, and A. N.
Gospodinov; Moscow) Shurnal Prikladnoy Khimii, Vol 33, No 1,
Jan 60, pp 14-20
In an investigation of the spnic coagulation of sulfuric acid fog
in a sound field produced by the gas stream generator (siren) G8-2 Con-
structed at the Odessa Polytechnic Institute, the a+athors found.that
frequencies of 16-22 kilocycles were optimal for the range studied. An
increase of sound intensity improves coagulation; the effect of the in-
tensity is felt more strongly at low frequencies.
The degree of coagulation depends on the initial concentration of
the fog and decreases at both low and high concentrations. A degree of
purification aver 97% is ensured at an average intensity of sound of
0.2-0.25 W/9m and an initial cpncentration of fog amounting to 1.7-8.7 g
of H2S04/nm .
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51. Adsorption of Water Vapor on Crystals of Silver Halides
"Investigation of Water Vapor Adsorption on Ionic Crystals.
Report 1. Methods and Results of Studying the Adsorption
of Water Vapor on Crystals of Silver Iodine and Silver
Chloride," by N. N. Moskvitin, M. M. Dubinin, and A. I.
Saxakhov, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sci-
ences USSR; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR -- Otde-
leniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 12, Dec 59, pp 20 0-20.7
The authors investigated the isotherms of adsorption and desorp-
tion of water vapor in the temperature range from 20 to -200 on crys-
tals of silver iodide and silver chlgride which have a unit surface area
of the order of 10-100 parts of a me 1g.
The adsorption isotherms were reversible over the entire range of
pressure investigated, with the exception of the isotherms at -200,
which are reversible only if supersaturation of the water vapors-; in
relation to the stable solid phase is not created in the adsorptive
system.
By analyzing the isosterisms of adsorption a difference was es-
tablished in the condition of the adsorbed water at a temperature
lower than 00 on the silver halides studied.
It is stated that investigation of silver halides from this stand-
point is of interest, because Ag:l,and also Pb12, are used for seeding
clouds.
52. Adsorption of Alkalies in Aqueous Solutions Investigated
"Investigation of the Mechanism of the Adsorption of Bases
by Activated Carbon in Aqueous Solutions," by L. S. Ivanova
and D. N. Strazhesko, Institute of Physical Chemistry imeni
V. B. Pisarzhevskiy, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Kiev,
Dopoviki Akaaemii Nauk UkSSR, No 8, 1959, pp 869-873
The authors studied the mechanism of the sorption of various strong
and weak inorganic and organic bases by activated carbon by means of an
electrochemical method, first employed by B. P. Bruns and A. N. Frumkin
for this purpose. They determined that as in the case of acids, the
electrochemical exchange of -ions in the outer coating of a double layer
of carbon, acting as a gas electrode, for ions with the same charge in
the dissolved electrolyte, does not only completely determine the ad-
sDrption behavior of alkaline and alkaline-earth metal hydroxides, but
also plays a very substantial role in such fairly well dissociated
organic bases as piperidine, diethylamine, etc. Weak surface bases of
the aniline type and its derivatives are adsorbed by carbon in the form
of whole molecules.
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Radiation Chemistry
53. Effect of Radioactivity of Solid Phase on Heterogeneous Isotope
Exchange
"New Data Concerning the Effect of the Radioactivity of the
Solid Phase on Heterogeneous Processes of Isotope Exchange,"
by N. Ye. Mikhaylenko and Academician V. I. Spitsyn, Insti-
tute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 131, No 1, 1 Mar 60,
pp 129-132
The authors had established in previous work that the rate of ex-
change of sulfur isotopes in the system K2S 04 - SO 3 at 840? depends to
a significant extent on the specific radioactivity of the K2S 04 that is
used (Doklad Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 121, 1958, p 319). In the work
described at present, e investigation was extended into a range of
higher specific activities of K2SO4 (up to n? 130 zCu/g). The data ob-
tained made it possible to clarify to a certain extent the nature of the
phenomena observed.
It was established that the rate of isotope exchange remains practi-
cally constant at activities of the potassium sulfate of the order of
0.02-0.03 mCu/g. This rate increases after the specific`activity?has
surpassed 0.05 mCu/g and reaches a maximum at 2-2.5 mCu/g. An increase
of the specific activity from 3 mCu/g to 35 mCu/g leads to a drop of
the degree of exchange from 66% (in 10 minutes) to 25%. At a specific
activity of the K2SO4 equal to 61 mcu/g, the*degree of exchange begins
to increase again and reaches 85% at a specific activity amounting to,
131 mCu/g.
It may be assumed that the increase in the degree of isotope exchange
up to 2-3 mCu/g is due to the formation of positive charges at the sur-
face of the solid K2SO4 phase. These charges form because of the steady
emission of beta particles. Apparently the exchange of sulfur isotopes
takes place by the interaction of S03with SO4' ions at the surface of
2-
the potassium sulfate. As an intermediate product, S2 ions are
formed. The conditions for the formation of these ions are most favorable
when the greatest number of positively charged active centers is present.
The decrease in the degree of isotope exchange from 3 to 35 mCu/g is
presumably due,to a partial neutralization of the positive charges of
the active centers by the greater number of electrons that are emitted.
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The sharp increase in the degree of isotope exchange above 35 mCu/g
2-
is apparently due to activation of SO ions, individual atoms of the
crystal lattice, and SO3 molecules by7the beta radiation which is emitted.
It has been established that the energy of activation of the re-
action of isotope exchange does not remain constant and that it depends
on the content of radioactive sulfur in the sulfate. This confirms
that different mechanisms of exchange are operative depending on the
specific activity of the K S O.
2
The kinetics"of sulfur isotope exchange between-radioactive sulfur
trioxide and inactive potassium sulfate and between inactive sulfur
dioxide and active potassium sulfate were studied. It was established
that the rates of isotope exchange at 840? in the systems K. SO, - SO
and IC2SO4-5o2 are practically the same (S03 begins to dissociate at 4000
with the information of SO )
2
54. Effect of External Radiation on Rate of Isotope Exchange Between
KS 0 and S0
2 4 3
"Investigation of the Effect of External Radiation on the Rate
of Sulfur Isotope Exchange in the System K2S 04 -'SO3 at'High
Temperatures," by Academician V. I. Spitsyn, I. Ye. Mikhaylenko)
I. V. Vereshchinskiy, and P. Ya. Glazunov, Institute of Physical
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, D.~oklad Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 131, No 2, 11 Mar 60, pp.360-36
V. I. Spitsyn and I. Ye. Mikhaylenko established that the radio-
activity of K2S04 containing s35 has a considerable effect on the,.
velocity of sulfur isotope exchange between potassium sulfate and
sulfur trioxide gas (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 131, No 1, 1 Mar
60, pp 120-132; of preceding item in this issue of the,SIR). j
determine what influence radiation phenomena taking place in the gas
phase and on the surface of the, salt under the ,effect of beta radiation
have on the rate of isotope exchange, K2S*04 wl.th.a low activity was
subjected to exchange with S0 while being irradiated by an electron
beam coming out of a betatron. In the experiments described, KS 0,
with an activity of 4.6 X 10 mCu/g was used. It was 'established that
external irradiation of, the solid:phase in the system KISO - SO with
4
3
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a dose of the order of 1015 ev/10 min has practical y no effect on the
rate of exchange'. An increase of the(. dose to 101 1017 leads to an
increase of the degree of exchange. The'degree of exchange increases
in direct; proportion to the logarithm of the dose.
It was found that external irradiation with electrons has a'much
weaker effect on the capacity of K S * 0 4 to exchange S 5 than irradiation
with beta particles emitted becaus@ of the radioactivity of the po-
tassium sulfate (at a dose of irradiation amounting to 3.4 X 1015 ev/10
min, a degree of'exchange.equal to 14'.7% was obtained, as compared with
66.9% in the case of internal irradiation). Irradiation of the SO Igas
with an electron beam prior to contact with the solid was also found to
have an activating effect on the isotope exchange. However, the effect
obtained was btill weaker than that resulting from the external irradi-
ation of the solid phase and'of the gas in direct contact with the 'solid
phase.
55. Nature of Imperfections Obtained by Irradiations of Alloy Fe3Al With
-Ra s
"The Nature of Imperfections Obtained by the Irradiation of the.
Alloy Fe3A1 With '.Y-Rays , " by I. Y.. Dekhtyar and? A . M?. Shala'yev,
Institute of Metal Physics, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR;
Minsk, Inzhenerno-Fizicheskiy Zhurnal, No 2, Feb 60, pp 78-82
"The present article contains data on the effect of a dose of
'Y-radiation of the magnetic properties of Fe3Al, Ni) Ni Mn (Fig 1-3),
3
Changes in the galvanomagnetic effect and coercive force of these metals
were observed as a result of the application of a dose of Y radiation,
The authors propose that the change in the?ga1vanomagnetic,effect is
associated with the formation of Frankel L's past defects and,their,sub-
sequent relaxation. The change in the coercive force is connected with
the formation, gf, dislocation loops.."
CPYRGHT
56. Graft Copolymerization of Methvlmethacr late and Styrene on Gelatine
Induced by Ionizing Radiation
"Graft Copolymerization of Methylmethacrylate and Styrene on
Gelatine Induced by Ionizing Radiation," by L. Kiss and J.
Dobo; Moscow, V~sokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya, Vol 2, No 3,
Mar 60, pp 464-465
It has been shown that by the action of ionizing *radiation. graft
copolymers of polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene on gelatine may be
obtained.
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57. Oxidation of Chlorobenzene in Aqueous Solutions by Action of
Irradiation
"Oxidation of Chlorobenzene in Aqueous Solutions by the
Action of Irradiation," by N. P. Krushinskaya and M. A.
Proskurnin, Institute of Physical Chemistry imeni L. Ya.
Karpov.; Moscow,'Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 33, No 9,
Sep 59, pp 1954-1961
"The radiolytic oxidation of chlorobenzene in aqueous solutions
has been studied in vacuum and on continuous passage of oxygen. Under
vacuum conditions analysis of the gaseous products showed the presence
of oxygen and the complete absence of hydrogen. It has been found that
in addition to phenol and the dsdmers'of chiorophenol nonphenolic types
of compounds representing hydrogenated derivatives of diphenyl are
formed. The presence of molecular oxygen leads to a threefold increase
in the yield of phenols at the expense of the hydrogenated condensation
roducts. An important part. in this process was shown to be played by
~hLz.radiation hydrolysis of chlorobenzene.
CPYRGH
On the basis,of the data obtained, the mechanism of hydroxylation
of chlorobenzene has'been investigated.
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Radiochemistry
recip_itation of Radioelements With Crystalline Carriers
"Some Relationships Pertaining to the Coprecipitation of
Radioelements With Crystalline Cssriers," by I. V. Melikhov
and M. S. Merkulova; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 6,
Dec 59, pp 626-632
It was established that enrichment or depletion of the solid carrier
? phase with radioelements does not take place during the formation of
crystallization nuclei in supersaturated solutions. The quasi-crystal-
line structure of the liquid adjacent to the surface of the solid makes
it possible to represent the surface of the phase boundaries solid-liquid
as consisting of three layers: the external layer of liquid;'the'inter-
mediate layer, and the external layer of the solid phase. On the basis
of this assumption, the mechanism of the coprecipitation of radioelements
is considered in the stage of dynamic adsorption exchange between the
surface and the solution and also in the stage of ordered deposition of
a new monolayer on the surface of the carrier crystals. Relationships
are derived which describe the distribution of radioelements in the volume
of carrier crystals under different conditions of crystallization. The
cases of the formation by the radioelements and the carrier of solid
solutions with a limited and unlimited miscibility are discussed. It is
brought out that the conditions under which the crystals grow exert an
effect on the coefficient of crystallization. For instance, when the
crystals grow with a constant velocity in a supersaturated solution, the
magnitude of the coefficient of crystallization depends on the rate of
agitation and the velocity of crystallization.
59? Transfer of Microquantities of Some Elements Into Crystals of Non:
isomorphous Carriers
"The Investigation of the Mechanism of the Transfer of
Microquantities of Some Elements Into Crystals of a
Nonisomorphous Carrier," by I. V. Meli.khov and'M.. S.
Merkulova; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 6, Dec
59, p 633-636
On the examples of the systems NaCl PbC1 - $20 and NaC1-CdC12-
H20, it was established experimentally that t e process of the formation
of crystallization nuclei for all practical purposes is terminated at
supersaturations amounting to 73-95% of the initial, and that at this
stage almost no enrichment of the solid phase with the impurity phase
takes place. Enrichment of the solid phase with the impurity occurs
in the stage of the growth of a constant-number of nuclei of critical
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dimensions. It was shown that when coprecipitation from a supersaturated
solution of lead and cadmitun isotopes with sodium chloride crystals takes
place, an increase in the rate of agitation of the solution results in
a reduction of the magnitude of the crystallization coefficient.
60. Method for Determination of Small Quantities of Radioactive V. Emitters by Applying Nuclear Photoemulsions
"Concerning Procedures for the Determination of Small Quan-
tities of Radioactive Substances by Applying Nuclear Photo
emulsions," by K. B. Zaborenko and V. I. Korobkov; Leningrad,
Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 6, Dec 59, pp 724-727
On the examples of uranium, it was demonstrated that it is possible
to determine quantitatively small quantities of OC-emitting radioactive
substances by using a nuclear photoemulsion. It was found that when the
photoemulsion is impregnated with a solution containing uranium, the
absorption of uranium by the emulsion in characterized by a coefficient
of penetration (adsorption coefficient) which depends on the pH of the
solution. USSR photo emulsions were used in the work described.
61. Investigation of Emanation and Leaching-Out of Radium Isotopes
From Monazite
"Investigation of the Emanation and Leaching-Out of
Radium Isotopes From Monazite," by K. V. Zaborenko,
A. M. Babeshkin, and I. V. Kovalenko; Leningrad,
Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 6, Dec 59, pp 738-7+1
Investigation of the emanation and leaching-out of radium isotopes
from monazite has shown that the ratio of quantities of individual
radium isotopes in solution depends on the time which has passed since
the powdering of the sample. It was established that only a small
part ^f the'decay products derived from the parent elements of radio-
active families gets into the capillary network; the greater part of
them is retained in the crystal lattice.
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62. Accumulation and Separation of Recoil Atones in Systems Consisting
of Solid Phase and Solution
"Mechanism of the Accumulation and Separation of Recoil
Atoms in the Systems Solid Phase-Gas and Solid Phase-
Solution, " by K. V. Zaborenko, A. M. Babeshkin, and I.
S. Aul'ehenko; Len:1ngrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 6,
Dec 59, pp 742-'TtI.6
Investigation of the mechanism of accumulation and distribution of
recoil atoms in powdered substances as affected by the interstices between
particles has shown that 'there is a different effect of the dimensions
of the interstices on the amount of thoritun X atoms which enter into the
interstices from the solid particles, as compared with that of thoron
atoms. The experimental results obtained on thorium X are in agreement
with the distribution which may be expected on the basis of a mechanism
of the separation of recoil atoms that has been proposed earlier.
63. Secondary Reactions of Br-82 and Br-80 m Recoil Atoms in Bromoethanes
"Investigation of Secondary Reactions of Recoil Atoms of
Bromine-82 and Bromine-80 m in Bromoethanes, " by A. N.
Nesmeyanov, Ye. A. Borisov, E. S. Filatov, V. I. Kondra-
tenko, Chang Tze-hsiang, K. Panik, and V. M. Shukla;
Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 6, Dec 59, pp 712-716
The processes- of stabilization of the recoil atoms of bromine-82
and bromine-80 m in the compounds CC13Br, CC12Br2, CHC12Br, CHC1Br2,
G712C1Br, CH22BrI, CH2C1-CH2Br, and CBr3N02 depending on the concentration
of the added bromine"
romine or iodine were investigated. It was established
that there are differences in the behavior of the two recoil atoms in
the following substances: CC1 Br, CC12Br2, CHC12Br, CHC1Br2, CH2BrC1,
and CH,BrI. A hypothesis is advanced in regard to the occurrence of
supert ermal ioni. c -molecular reactions. The effect of polar and non
polar solvents (nitrobenzene, p-nitrotoluene, benzene, and toluene) on
the retention of bromine-82 and bromine-80 in in trichlorobromomethane
and iodobromemethane was investigated. The data obtained indicate
that the magnitude of the dipole moment of the solvent has a stronger
effect on the stabilization of bromine-82 than on that of bromine-80 in.
This proves indirectly that superthermal reactions involving charged
bromine atoms take place. It'was established that application of high-
potential electrostatic fields has no effect on the stabilization of
the recoil atoms, at least up to potentials of T kilovolts per. centimeter.
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61i. Isolation of Radioactive Ieotqpes by Extracting Them in Form of
Their Compounds With Ketones
"Methods for the Separation of Radioactive Isotopes Without
Carriers; Part 9 -- Separation of Radioactive Isotopes by
Extracting Them in the Form of P- Diketonates, " 'by I. P.
Rudenko and I. Stary; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 6,
Dec 59, pp 700-705
On the examples of acetylacetone and benzoylacetone some physico-
chemical characteristics were studied a knowledge of which is required
for the investigation of the extractioncf 3-diketonates of metals. The
conditions were investigated at which an equilibrium distribution of
((3- diketonates of some metals is achieved between the organic solvents
and the aqueous phase. It was established that the coefficients of the
distribution of (3- diketonates are constant within a wide range of con-
centrations of the metal. Association constants of some 0-diketonates
have been determined. The relative contents of different forms of
diketonates depending on the concentration of the (3- diketone anion
in the aqueous phase were determined. In the work in question, the
extraction of indium, cadmium, tin, scandium, iron, yttrium, strontium,
lanthanum, barium, thorium, and uranium by solutions of p-diketones in
organic solvents was investigated. Methods were developed for separating
without a carrier in a state of high-purity radioactive indium from cadihium
and tin, yttrium from strontium, lanthanum from barium, and UX1 from
uranium.
65. Dependence of Coefficient of Distribution of Elements on Concentra-
tion of These Elements
"Investigation of the Dependence of the Coefficient of Dis-
tribution of Elements Between the Organic Phase and Aqueous
Phase on the Concentration of the Elements in Question," by
A. K. Lavrukhins, and Chu P?ei-chi; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya,
Vol 1, No 5, Oct 59, pp 530-537
Investigation of the dependence of the degree of extraction on the
concentration of elements for the systems HBi14 + HI + diethyl ether;
H2 Ce (No3) + BN03 + tributyl phosphate + CC14; and Sm (N03)3+ tiophene-
cssbonyi tra.fluoroac:etone + benzene has shown that the increase in the
degree of extraction observed at relatively high concentrations .of bis-
muth and cerium can be explained by formation in the organic solvent of
polymer forms of the compounds being extracted. At concentrations of
tetravalent cerium above 0.1 M and of samarium above 0.02 M, there is-
formtion of polymer forms in 8 M ENO in the case of cerium and in
solutions of samarium nitrate having a pH = 6.5 in the ease of samarium.
On the basis of a comparison with theoretical curves of the experimentally
found dependence of the degree of extraction 'of elements on their
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concentration, it becomes possible to make conclusions concerning the
state of the substance in solutions and to find concentration regions
in which polymerization or dissociation of the substances being extracted
takes place in the aqueous and also the organic phase. Knowledge of the
dependence of the distribution coefficients on the concentration of ele-
ments is of great importance in radiochemical analysis of products of
nuclear transformations, particularly when very small quantities of ele-
ments constituting products of nuclear reactions are present.
(This paper was given at the All-Union Symposium on Radiochemistry
held 3-5 March 1959 in Leningrad.)
66. Adsorption of Electrolytes by Zinc Oxide and Chemical Interaction
of Electrolytes With Adsorbent
"Radiochemical Investigation of the Adsorption of Electro-
lytes by Zinc Oxide and of the Chemical Interaction of
These Electrolytes with the Adsorbent," by V. M. Chavrova
and Ye. V. Yegorov; Leningrad, Radickhimiya, Vol 1, No 5,
Oct 59, pp 538-51+4
By using Na214, C136, s35, p 32, and Zn65 as tracers, processes of
adsorption of electrolytes on zinc oxide and the chemical interactions
of these electrolytes with zinc oxide were investigated. It was estab??
lished that the adsorption of anions from solutions of acids, acidic
salts, and salts which hydrolyze with,an acidic reaction is irreversible
and is accompanied by a chemical interaction with the zinc oxide. In
the case of zinc sulfate, there is formation of basic zinc sulfate on
the surface of the zinc oxide in a definite concentration range at a pH
equal to or smaller than 6.5.. It was also established that adsorption
of sodium ions from solutions of caustic soda is reversible and of the
chemical type; it leads to the formation on the surface of the zinc
oxide of sodium zincate that is stable only at a pH equal to or larger
than 9-9.5? A number of experimental data have been obtained which
indicate that there is ion exchange at zinc oxide in the pH range from
6.5 to 9-9.5. Investigation of the adsorption of electrolytes by pre-
cipitates is of great importance from the standpoint of application of
the results in radiochemistry, inorganic chemistry, catalysis, and other
fields.
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67. New Book on replication of Radioactive Isotqpes in Pros` in for
Petroleum and Gas Deposits
Yadernaya Geofizika(Nuclear Geophysics), edited by F. A.
Alekseyev, Doctor of Geologic-Mineralogical Sciences;
Gostoptekhizdat, 20 printed sheets, 10,000 copies, ll
rubles 50 kopecks; reviewed in Prospekt Knig go Nefti i
Gazu Vpuskay en:rkh v 1960 godu-Geologiya i Razvedka
Neil kh i Gazo kh Mestorozhdeni , Gostoptekhizdat,
Moscow, Nov 59, p 1
? This is a collection of articles on the application of radioactive
substances in the prospecting for and surveying of petroleum and gas
deposits. It will serve the needs of a wide circle of scientific work-
ers and technologists, specifically those active in the petroleum indus-
try, and of geologists and physicists. Articles on the status and present
and future progress of work pertaining to the application of radioactive
substances in prospecting are contained in it. The single-channel device
RK is described which is to be used in well logging and can be applied
at temperatures up to 250?C.? Problems are discussed which pertain to
the many-sided interpretation of results obtained by applying radioactiv-
ity in well logging under conditions involving the presence of riff-
building masses and in making determinations of the porosity of rocks
on the basis of data obtained by employing the neutron gamma method.
This book will be published in the second quarter of 1960.
68. Transactions of Conference on Use of Ionizing Radiation in Control
of industrial Processes
Radioakti Metody IContro a i Re irovani a Proizvod-
stvekh Protessov Radioactivity Methods; for the Indication
and Control of Industrial Processes), Transactions of a Sci.-
entific-Technical Conference, 285 pp, price 12 rubles 80
kbpecks (unsigned review); Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 8,
No 1, Jan 60,, p 88
This book, which was published in 1959 by the Publishing House of
the Acadeny of Sciences Latvian SSR in Riga, contains reports presented
at the Scientific-Technical Conference on the Use of Radiation Emitted
by Radioactive Substances for the Indication of Control of Industrial
Processes, held in 1957 in Riga. The reports discuss problems of the
theory and design of devices the operation of which is based on the
use of nuclear radiation. A number of installations and instruments
are described which are used in the industry for measuring different
variables of importance in technical processes. 'They include liquid
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level meters, density meters, devices for measuring thickness, etc.
Problems are discussed which have a bearing on the use of radiation
emitted by radioactive substances in the automation and control of
processes in the metallurgical, coal, and petroleum industries.
69. Experimental Determination of Weakening Coefficients of Gamma
Radiation in (" rlindrical Emitters
"Experimental Determination of the Weakening Coefficients
of Gamma Radiation in Cylindrical Emitters," by N. G.
Smirnov and K. A. Uspenskiy; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy
Khimii, Vol 33, No 9, Sep 590 ,PP 2036-2039
In the paper an experiment has been described and the experimental
values have been presented of weakening coefficients in cylindric
emitters, filled with cobalt solution of specific gravity 1.3 g/ cm .
The weakening coefficients have been found to be independent of
the distance from the point to the emitter axis.
The values for the weakening coefficients are much greater than
those for the self-adsorption coefficients obtained by Dixon for
cylindrical emitters, which snows that self-scattering processes in
emitters must be accounted for.
70. Relative Abundance of Litb,ium Isotopes in Uranium Minerals and
Meteorites
"The Relative Abundance of Lithium Isotopes in Uranium Min-
erals and Meteorites," by K. G. Ordzhonikidze; Moscow,
Geokhimiya, No 1, 1960, pp 37-44
The relatively frequent occurrence of displacement of the isotopic
composition of lithium was investigated in uranium minerals and meteorites,
which had not been purified preliminarily. The detected isotopic shifts
of lithium in uranium minerals depend on the age of the mineral. In
ancient uranium minerals the degree of enrichment in the heavy lithium
isotope equals 6.4-7.9%, while in the youngest' minerals it is 2.9%. The
enrichment of uranium minerals in the heavy lithium isotope may be
explained by the transformation of nuclei of the light boron isotope
according to the nuclear reaction 1OB + n -- 7Li,+ OL .
The observed variations of the isotopic composition of lithium in
meteorites are considerably weaker than in uranium minerals.
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III. EARTH SCIENCES
71. Heterogenous Aerosols Dispersed Vertically Studied
"The Role of Vertical Turbulent Dispersion in the Precipita-
tion of Heterogenous Aerosols From the Atmosphere," by A. Ya.
Pressman, Institute of Applied Geophysics, Academy of Sci-
ences USSR; Minsk, Inzhenerno-fizicheskiy Zhurnal, No 11,
Nov 59, pp 31-19
By comparing two effects causing the vertical dispersion of aerosol
particles of heterogenous composition settling from the atmosphere (the
effect of vertical turbulent diffusion and the effect of the difference
of velocity with which the particles settle), criteria have been obtained
by the use of which the effect of vertical turbulence in the settling
of heterogenous?aerosols may be neglected with determinable error.
72. Chinese Make Use of Telluric Currents in Geophysical Prospecting
"Electrogeophysical Prospecting Work by the Telluric Current
Method in the People's Republic of China," by A. V. Kavin;
Peiping58 Acta Geophysica Sinica, Vol 8, No 2, 1959, PP 138-
1
The article is a brief summary of.the method of conducting field
work by the telluric current method and the means of processing telluro-
grams which were tried in different geological provinces of China. It
was found that the most effective method is a method of conjugate
ellipses; however, for a full geological interpretation of the anomalies
of the field of telluric currents, it is advisable to conduct a supple-
mentary processing by a method of total changes.
Some methods of simplified processing are examined for preliminary
preparations in the field.
.Examples of work by the telluric current method are given for solv-
ing regional problems and for seeking local structures in Tsaidam,
Dzungaria, and Ordos.
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73. Chinese Produce DC lifier for Use in Geophysical Prospecting
"A Direct Current Amplifier, Modulation Type, for the
Telluric Current Method of Geophysical Prospecting,"
Section of Electrical Prospecting, Institute of Geo-
physics and Meteorology, Academia Sinica; Peiping,
Acta Geophysica Sinica, Vol 8, No 2, 1959, PP 174-186
The article contains a description of the construction of a two-
channel direct current amplifier of the modulation type with results of
laboratory and field tests. The principles of the amplifier and an
account of the experience gained in its construction and testing, espe-
cially relating to the effect of noise level and, its prevention, are
given.
The amplifier has relatively low amplitude and phase distortion to
waves with a'frequency less than one cycle, a noise level lees than 0.5
microvolt, and a zero point drift of less than 5 microvolts per hour.
The amplifier is considered suitable for the measurement of very weak
and low frequency signals and is recommended for general field use.
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IV. ELECTRONICS
Communications
74. Coaxial Television Line Between Moscow and Kiev
"Exchange of Television Programs Between Moscow and Kiev"
(unsigned article); Moscow, Vestnik S azi, No 3, Mar 60,
p 12
"The beginning of the second year of the Seven-Year Plan was marked
by an outstanding event; a test exchange of television programs took
place in February between the capital's television center and the Kiev
television center. The television programs were transmitted over the
new coaxial cable line between Moscow and Kiev. A great number of
builders,_ scientific and engineering workers, and: organi zat ions and
enterprises of the Ministry of Communications USSR and industry partic-
ipated in building this line.
"The total length of the line is about 1,000 km, with 160 automat-
ically controlled repeater stations.
"A motion picture was transmitted from Moscow to.Kiev; the Kiev TV
center transmitted to Moscow a concert program. A high-quality image
was displayed during this test exchange program. A regular exchange of
TV programs between Moscow and Kiev begins in March. It is planned to
connect to the Moscow-Kiev coaxial line the TV stations of other cities
located along the route.
"The Moscow-Kiev cable line, in addition to two TV channels for
duplex exchange of programs, will provide, in the future, a great number
of telephone. channels which will improve interurban service of populated
centers, enterprises, and institutions of Moscow and the Ukrainian
Capital."
CPYRGHT
75. Television Broadcasting in USSR
"Development of Television Broadcasting During 1960," by
V. I. Vinogradov, Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi, No 2, Feb 60,
pp 5-6
As of 1 January 1960, the following powerful television broadcast-
ing stations were in operation in the USSR; Murmansk, Petrozavodsk,
Leningrad, Tallin, Kokhtla-Yarve, Cherepovets, Riga, Kuldiga, Novgorod,
Yaroslavl', Kaliningrad, Kalinin, Kostroma, Kirov, Ivanovo, Vil'nyus,
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Smolensk, Moscow, Vladimir, Kirov, Perm', Minsk, Bryansk, Kaluga, Ryazan',
Gor'kiy, Kazan', Gomel', Orel, Stalinogorsk, Sverdlovsk, Penza, Izhevsk,
Tyumen', Lvov, Chernigov, Kursk,, Voronezh, Kiev, Ulyanovsk, Chelyabinsk,
Kharkov, Kuybyshev, Saratov, Ufa, Kishinev, Dnepropetrovsk, Stalin,
Stalingrad, Salavat,, Odessa, Nikolayev, Zaporozh'ye, Lugansk, Kherson,
Rostov-on-Don, Simferopol', Krasnodar,, Sochi, Armavir, Pyatigorsk, Nal'-
chik, Tbilisi, Yerevan, Baku, Vorkuta, Noril'sk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk,
Kenerovo, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Barnaul, Biysk, Karaganda, Rubtsovsk, Ust'-
Kamenogorsk, Tashkent, Alm-Ata, Frunze, Andizhan, Stalinarad, Irkutsk,
and Vladivostok.
At present about 50 television centers are in some stage of construc-
tion or planning in the following cities: Ashkhabad$ Arkhangelsk, Bel-
gorod, Yoshkar-Ole, Krivoy Rog, Kustanay, Krasnovodsk, Komsomol'sk-on-,
Amur, Lipetsk, Makhachkal, Magnitogorsk, Magadan, Orenburg, Petropavlovsk-
Kamchatskiy, Pskov, Seransk, Tartu, Tambov, Khabarovsk, emd others.
There are about 3.5 million television receivers of about 50 dif-
ferent models now in use in the USSR. During the past year, about 1.2
million TV receivers were manufactured, and more than 1.5 million sets
are planned for production during the coming year.
One of the plants of the Leningrad Sovnsrlthoz has manufactured the
first experimental lot of the color T'r receiver "Rus " with the three-
beam 53LK4Ts tube..
Materials
76. Possible Application of Electrets in'Automation
"Electrets and Their Possible Application in Automation,"
by V. A. Andryushchenko; Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemekhanika,
No 1, Jan 60, pp 139-142
At the Physics Institute imeni P. N. Levedev, Academy of Sciences
USSR, the following method was used to polarize inorganic electrets:
The samples were placed in an electric field of 20 kv/cm intensity for
a period of 20 min at room temperature, then for 2 hours at a tempera.-
ture of 200?C, and finally cooled slowly (2 hr) to 60?C. Both 'samples
and electrodes were highly polished prior to polarizing. The inorganic
electrets can be stored either in short-circuited state'or un-shorted
state for a period of several, years.
The dielectric constant was determined for the following inorganic
electrets: MgTi03 -- 16, ZnTIO3 -- 22, Ba0r4TiO2 -- 28, bismuth titanate --
80, CaTiO3 -- 150, Srri03 --- 175,, strontium-bismuth titanate -~~- 750, and
BaTiO3 -- 1,200. .4
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The possibility of utilizing electrets in storage devices of elec-
tronic computers was recently suggested. It is also suggested that a
very useful device would be produced if electrets could be made into a
'thin and long tape with the two sides of such a tape having opposite
polarity.
77. Thermodynamic Pm~erties of Germnium-Zinc Alloys
"T'hermodyriamic Properties of Germanium-Zinc Alloys.," by G.
F. Voronin and. A. M. Yvseyev, Moscow State University;
Moscow{. Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 33, No 9, Sep 59,
pp 2024-2029
The thermodynamic properties of germanium-zinc alloys have been
studied over the temperature range 342-466?C with the aid of an effusion
method., employing a continuously weighing balance. The method used per-
mitted the activity of zinc to be determined for any point in the concen-
tration range of the alloys. A negative deviation from the ideal has
been found in the system. This deviation is accompanied by a large posi-
tive heat of mixing.
A qualitative interpretation of the changes observed in the thermo-
dynamic functions has been presented.
78. Effect of Certain Physicom~echanical. Properties of Crysta s on
'.Their Grinding Process
"The Effect of Certain Physicomechanicai. Properties of
Crystals on Their Grinding Process," by t. F. Grigor?yeva,,
Institute of Silicate Chsmistry (Leningrad); Minsk,
Inzhenerno.-Fizicheski}y Zhurnal, No 2, 1960, pp 36-39
The process of grinding crystalline materials is determined by a
whole series of physic:omechanical properties associated with their
strength, structure, and especially their brittleness. General fea-
tures of the brittleness of the crystalline materials and glasses
investigated explain the similarity of the laws governing their
grinding.
The quantitative relationships obtained between the coefficients
? of the grinding process of crystalline materials with a brittleness
criterion from 4 to 1 and their physicomecl aiiea1 properties can be used
for the calculation and rationalization of technological working condi-
tions of their grinding process.
Data on the physicomechanical properties of A.1203, S102, Si, Ge,
GaAs, Ga,2Se31 SnSe, InAs, CdSe, InSb, InTe3 Cd2'e, and GaSb are given.
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79?' Electrical Pro
System perties of the beta- Phase of the Tantalum-Tellurium
"The beta- Phase df the Tantalum=Tellurium System," by Yu.
M. Ukrainskiy, L. M. Kovba, Yu. P. Simanov, ,'and",A#oV.
Novoselova; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy IChimii, Vol 4,
No 12, Dec 59, pp 2820-2822
The dimensions of the unit cell of the beta - phase of the tantalum-
tellurium system were determined by the X-ray diffraction method. Further-
more, the electrical properties (the dependence of the conductivity and
of the thermal EM' on the composition) were determined. It was estab-
lished that the compositon of the beta- phase corresponds to Ta Tel-5 -
Ta Te2.0
80. Vapor Pressures of Lead Selenide
"Determination of the Vapor Pressure, of Solid Lead Selenide,"
by V. P. Zlomanov, B. A. Popovkin, and A. V. Novoselova; Mos-
cow, Zhurnal Neor_ganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 12, Dec 59,
pp 2b61-2
The pressures of saturated lead selenide vapor were determined in
the temperature range of 501-668?. It was established that these pres-
sures vary with the temperature according to the equation:
p (in mm Hg) 11032 + 10.084
T
The heat of sublimation of lead selenide H,I ) was found to be
50.47 kilocalories per mol. The data in question are of importance from
the standpoint of the production of lead selenide photoresistances by
evaporation in vacuum. The results obtained are also of value in con-
nection.with the isolation of selenium from ores containing this element
in the form of selenidep of heavy metals, including lead.
81. Surface Tension of Germanium,. Silicon and Diamond
"Surface Tension of Germanium, Silicon, and Diamond," by B.
V. Belogurov, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry,
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Fiziche
skoy I4iimii, Vol 34, No 2, Feb 60, pp 440-443
Empirical formulas have been proposed for the surface tension of
solids. The formulas do not contain arbitrary coefficients and give
quite satisfactory results for a large number of elements. Tentative
values have been obtained for the surface tensions of germanium,
silicon, and diamond, heretofore not to be found in the literature.
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CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
82. Rumanian Scientists Propose Radioactivation Method of Analysis for
Silicon
"Analysis of Chemically Pure Silicon by Radioactivation,"
by M. Badanoiu, M. Fiti, and S. Mantescu, Institute of
Atomic Physics, Academy of the Rumanian Democratic Repub-
lic; Bucharest, Studii Si Cercetari de Chimie, Vol 7, No
4, 1959, pp 573-579
The present work reports the analysis of pure silicon without chem-
ical separations; four impurities were determined simultaneously, which
previously had not been possible for silicon.
Even though the material is only "chemically pure," representing
an intermediate phase in the purification of silicon for semiconductor
uses, the application of the radioactivation method of analysis is'a
clear advantage in comparison to the classical analytical methods,
since four impurities can be determined' simultaneously in 0.1 g samples
by a very siiile method; the proposed method is more reliable than the
classical methods because the average errors of determination by the
latter are too great to determine with sufficient precision the small
amounts of impurities lying within the permissible limits.
83. Hungarian Research in Electroluminescence and Transistors Noted
"Results of Electroluminescence Experiments," by Erzsebet
Kun; Budapest, Magyar Nemzet, 10 Apr 60, p 5
This article, by a popular science writer of a Budapest daily,
describes research being conducted at the Imre Brody Laboratory of the
Signal Technology Industry Research Institute (Hiradastechnikai Ipari
Kutatointezet) which operates on the premises of the United Incandes-
cent (Egyesult Izzo) Factory in Hungary. The chief of the laboratory,
Kossuth Prize-winning Academician Gyorgy Szigeti, describes the phenom-
pa en a In Hungary. was worked ou in the Brody Laboratory and
enon of electroluminescence and adds: "The new Ilght source was first
went abroad from here. They are now a erimenting with it abroad also,
but research throughout the world is i initial stages. Unfortunately,
for the time being, we know of few 1 escent crystals or other similar
materials suitable for our purposes...
CPYRGF
The article reports that the other chief theme of the laboratory is
transistor research. The article says: "The first transistors of domes-
es gne ere. The e have since proven themselves
outstandingly, and they want now to deve op a family, a virtual dynasty
of transistors which will dominate the H garian market and start a
foreign conquest as well. An experiment 1 series of.the youngest off-
spring, of the family is-now being examin d."
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The article concludes by noting that three researchers at the labora-
tory received Kossuth Prizes last year -- Gyorgy Szigeti, Za]an Bodo,
and Ivan Szep -- for work in elect, roluminescence and transistors*
or additional information on materials, see Chemistry, Nuclear
Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials, and Physics, Solid State
Physics
Wave Propagation
84.? Detection of Pulse Packets of Random Duration
"Detection of Pulse Packets of Random Duration by Devices
With Limited Memory Capacity in the Presence of Fluctuating
Noise," by A. Ye. Basharinov; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i
Elektronika, No 3, Mar 60, pp 355-359
The logic problems in the design of devices for processing inter-
cepted signals having pulse packets of a random duration are generally
encountered in transmission systems employing feedback. A radar instal-
lation is one example of such a system.
The problem of pulse-packet detection in the presence of fluctuating
noise can be treated as a successive selection of possible states (signal
is present, or signal is absent) on the basis of data received discretely
in time, where the time intervals correspond to- the "distance" between
the components of the packet. The method of binary-threshold sequential
(Wald's) analysis is the best procedure for detection of pulse packets
with infinite duration.
Since the optimal systems for detection of pulse packets require
unlimited memory capacity and a rather complex algorithm, the author
suggests a simplified method of processing with a limited memory
capacity,
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85. Wave Propagation in Plasma
"Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasma-Filled Wave
guides," by V. Ye. Golant and A. P. Zhilinakiy, Leningrad
Polytechnic Institute imeni Kalinin; Moscow, Zhurnal Tekh-
nicheskoy Fiziki, Vol 30, No 1, Jan 60, pp 15-24
propagation of electromagnetic waves in wave guides filled with
a medium of variable conductivity is studied. The analysis is processed
by applying the perturbation. theory. The phase shift and the damping,
introduced by the plasma in the wave guide, are computed in the first
? and the second approximation of the perturbation theory.
86. Heat Expansion of Electrons
"Effect of the Magnetic Field on the Heat Expansion of a
Beam In an Electron Gun,," by Yu. V. Troitskiy; Moscow,
Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki, Vol 30, No 1, 1960, pp 25-
30
An axially symmetric electron gun with magnetic lines of its field
coinciding with the electron trajectories is discussed. It is shown
that with a sufficiently strong magnetic field, the blurring of the
electron beam, due to thermal electron velicities at the cathode,, can
be avoided. As an example, a Pierce gun with a conical beam is analyzed.
An, electron gun with a magnetic field may be applied to ultrahigh fre-
quency tubes, together with a magnetic focusing system.
87. On the Kuepfmueller Transient Formula
"Remarks and Additions to the Kuepfmueller Transient
Formula," by G. Wunsch, Institute of General Electrical
Engineering, Dresden Technische Hochschule; Leipzig,
Hochfrequenztechnik and Elektroakustik. Vol 69, No 1,
Feb 0, Pp 35-39
In the system theory developed by Kt'epfmueller (Die Systemtheorie
der elektrischen NachrichtenuebertragunZ On system Theory of Electrical
Communications , Stuttgart, 1952 , physically nonexistent system proper-
ties are often arbitrarily assumed through oversimplification, and other
system properties are derived from them. The often resulting physically
contradictory conclusions are due to the fact that certain laws of com-
bination, based on the principle of causality, between the various char-
acteristics of a linear system have been neglected. Such laws of com-
bination are, among others, the Hilbert transformation as an expression
for the connection between the real and imaginary part of the regular
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frequency characteristic of the system in the right frequency half-plane
and the Wiener-Paley criterion as an expression of the relationship between
time and frequency characteristics.
The author has previously pointed out (WissenschaftlicheZeitschrift
der Technischen Hochschule Dresden, No 1, 1958/59; Nachrichtentechnik,
No 6, 1956) that the most salient points of the ICuepfmueller theory can
be generalized in such a way that the above-mentioned necessary relation-
ships are automatically expressed.
This article, on the basis of the generalized theory, generalizes
and expands the fundamental Kuepfmueller transient formula for low=pass
networks. It is also shown that a formula analogous to the Kuepfmueller
formula also applies, for all-pass delay networks with optimally smoothed
transit time.
or additional information on wave propagation, see "Plasma Behavior"
under Physics, Nuclear Physics]
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V. ENGINEERING
88. Book on Gas Dynamics and Combustion
Gazodinamika i fizika oreni a (Gas Dynamics and the Physics
of Combustion , Power Engineering Institute imeni G. M.
Krzhizhanovskiy, Moscow, 1959, 172 pp; Moscow, Vestnik Akad
emii Nauk SSSR, No 1, Jan 60, p 131
An examination of the hydrodynamic heterogeneities in the theory of
combustion and explosions, the propagation of shock waves in the combus-
tion products of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures, certain properties of super-
sonic flows, laws of the formation of a wave front in a free jet, etc.
is made in the book.
89. Czechoslovaks Report on Tests involving Rocket Motors 29erating on
e Principle of Recombination of D ssoc ate Oxygen Mo ec es
"Utilizing the Energy of the Ionosphere" (unsigned article);
Prague, Kridla Vlasti, 29 Mar 60, p 11
A two-column article discusses the theoretical principle of powering
a high-altitude vehicle with special motors which would use dissociated
oxygen molecules at ionospheric altitudes as. a means of propulsion by
passing them through a special device lined with a suitable catalyst and
thus produ-.e adequate thrust for flight.
The article, which is accompanied by a sketch of a proposed "Recom-
bination Propulsion Unit for Flights in the Upper Layers of the Atmos-
phere," specifically mentions gold as the most suitable catalyst and
discusses at some length the quantities of energy, in the form of heat,
which can be released by a given amount of dissociated oxygen molecules.
Although contending that this type of research is essentially in its
infancy, the article mentions the experiments performed by A. Kaplan and.,
later, on a much larger scale, by Soviet scientists Ya. B. Zel'dovich,
Tselikov, and others and states that the entire mechanism would naturally
have to be boosted into the ionosphere by a rocket "like that which boosted
the Sputniks."
In closing, the 'article claims that
e assumption that a recombinati
CPYRGHearly as the end of 1960."
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"reports in specialized literature
4 motor will be flight-tested as
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90. Analysis of Steam-Generator Performance in Pressurized-Water Reactor
"Temperature Conditions for Efficient Performance of the Steam
Generator of a Nuclear Electric Station," by I. A. Trub, Central
Asian Polytechnic Institute; Minsk, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zavedeniy, Energetika, No 3, Mar 60, pp 71-75
A method is described for determining the temperature of feed water,
generated steam, and water under high pressure in the primary circuit and
other factors influencing the most efficient and economical performance
of a steam generator operating in conjunction with a pressurized-water
nuclear reactor. To obtain the maximum power output for a fixed amount
of heat generated in the reactor, the temperature difference between i-
coming water and outgoing water in the primary circuit should not be very
great; and as a consequence of this, a large quantity of water has to
circulate in the primary circuit.
With the described calculation method, it was found that for the
stipulated conditions of inlet water temperature at 280?C and outlet
temperature at 260?C in the primary circuit, the most efficient and eco-
nomical performance of the steam generator would occur when the steam is
generated at a pressure of 48 atm abs and the feed water is preheated to
1430C.
Since the steam generator in a pressurized-water reactor installation
is among the most expensive components, the thermal conditions determining
the most efficient performance of the steam generatcr are often the decid-
ing factor in selecting the genera` outlay of the whole installation.
91. Unipolar Pulse Generators
"EM and Current of Unipolar-Commutator Pulse Generator," by I. S.
Rogachev and L. D. Perchik; Novocherkassk, Izvesti a Vysshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Elektromechanika, No 2, Feb 60, pp W-I05
The voltage and current pulses of a unipolar-commutator pulse gen-
erator, employed in electric-pulse machining of metals, should be of
square shape, and the emf between the pulses should be of a very low
value. If the unipolar pulse generator is used for anodic-mechanical
cutting of metal, then the emf between the pulses should be maintained
at relatively large values. To ensure better commutation of unipolar
pulse generators, the interval between two adjacent groups of unipolar
pulses should be of a relatively long duration, and the amplitude of
the end pulses of each group should be small.
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A unipolar pulse generator operating at a pulse repetition rate of
about 2,000 pps generally requires that the ratio of its active resistance
to the inductive reactance be maintained at about 6. Commutation diffi-
culties might arise If the pulse duration is increased for a given pulse
repetition rate.
Data and formulas obtained in this study are useful for design of
unipolar-commutator pulse generators.
92. Analysis of Magnetic Circuits With the Aid of Electrical Analogs
"Investigation of the Cooling Process in the Magnetic Circuit
of Transformers With the Aid of Electrical Analogs," by A. A.
Gurchenok, Tomsk; Polytechnic Institute imeni S. M. Kirov;
Minsk, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Energetika,
No 3, Mar 60, pp 20-25
In a number of electric devices, such as the betatron, which depend
on air cooling of their magnetic circuit, the'determination of heating at
various points of the magnetic circuit is of great importance for satis-
factory performance of the equipment. Analytical calculation of magnetic
circuit cooling is difficult because it requires solution of differential
equations of the temperature field in an anisotropic medium with internal
sources of heat.
A description is given for a solution based on the principle of an
electricity-heat analogy. With the aid of an electrical analog, it is
possible to determine the actual temperature at various points of the
magnetic circuit. The effect of cooling element location within the
magnetic circuit on the over-all cooling efficiency has been determined.
The values determined with the aid of an electric analog were in fairly
good agreement with the values computed by analytical methods.
93 - New Xenon Lamps
"Super-High Pressure Type DISh1000 and DKSSh1000-1 Xenon Are
Lamps" (unsigned article); wscow, Svetotekhnika, No 4, Apr 60,
p32
Super-high pressure xenon lamps are now produced at the Moscow Elec-
tric Bulb Plant. The production of these lamps will begin at the Riga
Electric Bulb Plant in the latter half of 1960.
? The type DKSSh1000 xenon lamp Is designed for operation on do current,
and the type D1KSShl000-1 is designed for operation on ac current. The
xenon lamp consists of a thick-walled quartz glass globular bulb with
two closely spaced electrodes of thorium-coated tungsten. The bulb is
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filled with xenon at a pressure of 8-9 atm; the pressure of the gas rises
to 20-25 atm when the lamp is put into operation. These xenon lamps radi-
ate ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared. The type D1 Sh1000A lamp
consumes 1,000 w and has a service life of about 250 hr. The lamp is now
priced at 250 rubles.
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VI. MATHEMATICS
91I. Boundary Value Problems for Degenerating Hyperbolic Equations
"Mixed Boundary Value Problems for Degenerating Linear Hyper-
bolic Differential Equations of the Second Order," by M. L.
Krasnov; Moscow, Matomaticheskiy Sbornik, Vol 49(91), No 1,
Sep 59, pp 29-32
A mixed problem is considered for several classes of linear hyper-
bolic differential equations degenerating at the boundary of a region.
In Chapter 1, the mixed problem for hyperbolic equations degenerating
for t ^ 0 is considered.
Sections 1-3 of Chapter 1 are devoted to the existence and uniqueness
proof for a generalized solution of the mixed problem for an equation of
the form
where x ? (x , ....
m
m
i k~ t) b(x
1 (ajk(x, k 31 32-1 )
e(x, t).4 + d(x, t)u = h(x, t),
, xm), aik(x, t) = aki(x,?t),
i k-1 aik(x, t) Z
C2 to r
j
.
i
k
(C2 const>0, c >;O),
(1)
and clarification of the differential properties of the obtained solution.
The Cauchy'problem for equations of this type was investigated by a series,
of authors (see I. S. Berezin, "Concerning the Cauchy Problem for a Linear
Equation of the Second order With Initial Data on the Parabolic Line,"
Matem. sb., Vol 24(66),1949, PP 301-320; K. I. Karapetyan, "Concerning
the Cauchy problem for an Equation of the Hyperbolic Type Degenerating
on the Initial Plane," DAN SSSR, Vol 106, No 6, 1956, pp 963-966; M. H.
Protter, "The Cauchy Problem for a Hyperbolic Second Order Equation With
r%ta on the Parabolic Line," Canad. Journ.Math.) Vol 6, No 4, 1954, pp 542-
554; and F. I. Frankl', "Concerning the Cauchy problem for Equations of
a M.xed Elliptic-Hyperbolic Type With Initial Data on the Transition Line,"
Izv. AN SSSR, seriya matem., Vol 8, No 5, 1944, PP 195-222).
The mixed problem for equation (1) is considered as follows: to find
the solution u(x, t) of equation (1) in the cylindrical region Q = D X
x(0 t G where D is a bounded region in Em with boundary I ; for example,
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applying the null initial conditions
for t = 0
and having the equation (1) vanishing on
rx(ozt4 z),
95- Classification of Singular Points
"Concerning Classification of Singular Points of a Differential
Equation of the First Order, Not Solvable With Respect to the
Derivative," by A. V. Pkhakadze and A. A. Shestakov; Moscow,
Matematicheskiy Sbornik, Vol 49(91), No 1, Sep 59, PP 3-12
In the present work, a classification of the singular points of a?'
differential equation of the first order is given, not solvable with re-
spect to the derivative. The differential equation is assumed to have
the form
F(x, Y, Y') ? 0.
The differential equation is assumed to be of such a form that
F(x, y, y') has continuous, partial derivatives to the third order inclu.
sively for all arguments in a certain region of the space (x, y, y').
The definition of a singular point of equation (1), given in the
present work, differs from the definitions of a singular and essentially
singular point of equation (1), given by I. G. Petrovskiy in his work,
Lektsii o teorii ob knovenn kh differentsialn kh uravneniy (Lectures
on the Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations): Moscow-Leningrad,
Gostekhizdat, 1950, p 70. In contrast to the definitions of I. G.
Petrovskiy, it permits the establishment of a classification of singu-
lar points of equation (1) and clarifies the relation of this classifi-
cation to the classification of singular points given by A. Poincare,
0 kri kh o redel a kh differentsiallnymi uravneni ami (On Curves
Daied by'Differential Equations)., Moscow-Leningrad, Gostekhizdat, 1947,
for an'equation solvable with respect to the derivative.
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96. Expansion of an Integral Having a Kernel' of the a -Fnction Type
"Expansion of Integrals in a Parameter With a Kernel of the
8 - Function Type," by A. N. Tikhonov and A. A. Samarskiy,
!bscow State University im. M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow., Nauc!LnM
Dokla V sehey Shkoly, Fiziko-Mstematicheski a Nauki .. N1,
1959, pp 5 - 1 (printers date is November 1959
J[h
In the present work, integrals of the form
f] = f b I (x - xo, h) f(x) dx
a
oc,b), (1)
are considered where
~(x - xo, h) l/h w ( )? h (2)
It is not difficult to convince oneself of the fact that for appro-
priate conditions, a limit of integral (1) exists equal to
lim J[h, x ; f] ^ J ^ a f(x ), a 0 o f~ ( ) d j,
h1G o 0 0 0 -00 (3)
since we have the theorem: If the function f(x) is bounded, If(x) L M
(a e- x z b) and continuous at the point x ^ xo (a,4 xo c b), and if
the function w (1) is absolutely integrable. It: 00 w O d Kos
-00
then there exists the limit
lim J[h, x ; f] ^ Jo f(x
0 0 o).
For example, the kernel of integral (1) has the character of a S -function,
normalized to ao for )j-+ 0.
The purpose of the present work is to find the asymptotic expansion
j o + h Jl + h2 J2 + ... + hn Jn ? hn P (h),
where /0 (h) -+ 0 as h -- 0.
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97. Theorem of Adamar Generalized.
"Multidimensional Analog for a Theorem of Adam 0" by D. V. -
Anosov, Mathematics Institute imeni V. A. Steklov; Moscow,
Ne,uchnyye Dokl.a y V sshe ? Shkol Fiziko Matematicheski
Nauki, No 1, 1959, pp 3-12 printer's date is November 1959)
in 1901, G. Adamar proved that the transformation of a plane. into
:its elf
x X x + (9 (x, y)
y -i )A y (x,
-where i Xi > 1, . 0 -1 1,4 1 L 1, and t f , q denote factors of order greater
than 1.) has precisely two invariant curves passing through the origin of
coordinates, one of which is tangent to the x axis, and the other 1.s
tangent to the y axis. These curves are graphs of certain functions
y fo(x) and x = ha(y) which are constructed with the help of e,
certain process of successive approximations. Let fn and hn be success,,
live approximations. In the case in which t9 and' are. analytic ftw.c?
tions, it is proved that the f (x) are analytic functions of x and that
the uniform convergence fn (x5 z; fo(x) holds in a certain region on
the plane of the complex variable x; it follows in that case that the
function fo is analytic. However, if only the smoothness of ;Q and, w
is assumed, then the conclusion in the complex region becomes imposa ble.,,
and for that, reason, although smoothness of the functions f is easily ve. i. -?
tied, additional considerations are required for establishment of the
smoothness of fo.
The theorem of Adamer is presented in the work by V. V. Nemytakiy
and V. V. Stepanov, Kachestvennaya teoriya differentsial'n kh uravneni
izd.. 2 (The Qualitative ? eory of Differential Equations, Second Fw.litLon';,
17oscow-Leningrad, Gostekhi zdat, 1949, 'Clip ter 4, section 5. In tir?.i
present Taork, its mul.tic?im?nc:ional generalization is given, and the ,,rohlem concerning the smoothness of fo and h0 is solved.
The author thanked L. S. Pontryagin and Ye. F. Mishchenko for the
nterest they showed in the work.
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VII. MEDICINE
Aviation Medicine
98. Interplanetary Flight Possibilities
"Man and the Cosmos," by Prof V. Timakov, Vice-President of
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow, Sovetskiy Krasnyy
Krest, No 1 (49), Jan/Feb 60, pp 12-13
According to this article, great satisfaction is being derived in the
USSR from the fact that the first conquerors of interplanetary space were
the Soviet people, and that Soviet-designed rockets were responsible for
successful flights from the earth to another celestial body. This was
made possible because of the outstanding progress that the USSR has made
in the field of rocketry. In the author's opinion this is sufficient
reason to expect that scientists of the Soviet Union will also assume a
prominent role in space medicine as a result of the research now being
conducted in this field.
Three artificial earth satellites and three cosmic rockets, the first
explorers of interplanetary space, made a great contribution to science
and consequently created a revolution in such fields as astronomy, geo-
physics, biology, physiology, microbiology, and medicine.
Millions of people are excited over the idea that a possibility
exists for interplanetary travel by humans and animals. Scientists of
various disciplines are searching for ways to overcome obstacles that
stand in the way of interplanetary travel. Space medicine is an independ-
ent branch of science which has taken shape, in the past few years.
Data obtained from the second Soviet earth satellite indicated that
the animal within endured acceleration and the subsequent condition of
weightlessness very well.
A human occupant of a space ship will first experience acceleration,
which causes great gravitational pull. The weight of the human body on
earth is approximately 70 kilograms, which increases to severpl. hundred
kilograms at take-off. The sensations experienced by the space traveler
at take-off are discussed. Several measures of protection against the
effects of acceleration have been proposed. One of these measures is ad-
justment of the position of the body itself, and another involves protec-
tive devices .
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A human being endures transverse G-forces better at the time of
vertical take-off when seated in a tilted position in a spacial chair
with a collapsible back. In this position he experiences the effect of
G-forces in the chest-to-back direction.
Scientists have designed a special anti-G suit which prevents the
flow of blood into blood vessels of the lower parts of the body. Such
a suit makes it possible for a, human to tolerate G-forces for a time
without losing consciousness.
After attaining a speed of 8 or more kilometers per second, the roc-
ket becomes detached automatically, and the cabin is left in free flight
through space. Having overcome the gravitational pull of the earth, the
human occupants of the cabin are in a 'state of weightlessness. Perception
of vertical and horizontal lines disappear. Perception of "top" and
"bottom" also disappears, and the occupant of the cabin appears to be
suspended in the air. Loss of weight during weightlessness does not mean
loss of mass, however. Collison with the walls of;the cabin or articles
in it may result in bodily damage or other unpleasant consequences. A
human being will not be able to drink water or take a piece of bread from
a tray when he is in a state of weightlessness. However, special long
periods of training and the installation of a number of gadgets in the
cabin will be necessary. Water will have to be forced out of a rubber or
plastic bag. Special devices must be invented for the intake of food
and water under conditions of weightlessness.
Scientists are now of the opinion that the earth's force of gravity
is not a necessary prerequisite for maintenance of life and that weight-
lessness produces no ill effects in a living organism. Special measures
of protection against weightlessness must be devised, however. Research
and development designed to comply with the requirements of a living or-
ganism are now in progress. It has been proposed that an artificial.
weight be.placed on a flying vehicle to counter the rotation of the cabin
(or of the entire vehicle) around its longitudinal exis. Centrifugal
force thereby creates the necessary weight for the human occupant of the
cabin, provided that the speed of rotation corresponds to the radius of
the rocketed vehicle. Uniform rotation does not cause vertigo, nausea,
or vomiting, because it is not the speed itself that affects the human
being, but the changes in speed. Other measures such as special footwear
and a "magnetic" floor have been suggested to provide the human occupant
of a rocket with stability and to counteract the effects of weightlessness.
There are other hazards to confront the astronaut. A human organism
is accustomed to existence when the ambient air contains 20% oxygen and
0.03% carbon dioxide. It is understood that such a ratio will be absent
in a rocket. Consequently, special devices must be installed to maintain
continually the necessary gas composition of the air within the cabin.
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A human astronaut must take with him supplies of liquid and chemically
bounded oxygen and must utilize the properties of green vegetation capable
of taking up carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. The cabin of a space
vehicle must be transformed into a unique greenhouse. Green algae,
Chlorella, are beat for this purpose.
The human body is 65% water and its boiling point varies depending
on external pressure. At an altitude of 20 kilometers, water boils at
the temperature of the human body. To prevent unconsciousness and even-
tual death, the walls of the cabin may be reinforced or an individual pro-
tective garment may be used. 11%ere is another means of individual
protection; a flyer can be dressed in a special suit made of compact ma-
terial which fits every convolution of his body. The pressure of the
material itself may in some cases compensate for the absence of external
pressure of the air. An individual protective space garment has been
successfully used in the Soviet Union in flights of animals in rockets
at altitudes up to 110 kilometers without hermetic cabins.
A space vehicle may be protected from small meteoric particles by
a sufficiently durable casing.
There are many ways of regulating the temperature in a space vehicle.
One way is to equip the cabin with two walls and passing a current of gas
between them by means of special devices. It is possible to regulate heat
emission from the internal wall to the exterior by changing the speed of
the gas circulation.
Depending on its motion"in the prescribed trajectory, the interplan-
etary space vehicle inevitably enters the zone of cosmic radiation. The
upper layers of the atmosphere of the earth are continually bombarded by
a stream of atomic nuclei moving with the speed of light. These atomic
nuclei do not reach the earth's surface: they move with such great speed
that they collide with the nuclei of atoms in the air, and break up and
form smaller particles and radiation.
Protection against radiation may be achieved with the aid of special
shields or by means of a special type of..garment made of fibers"'that con-
tain lead or tungsten Particles.
The, biological action of cosmic radiation is not yet well known.
The field of microbiology of interplanetary space has been called on to
solve some of the remaining mysteries of the universe. No doubt the
physiological functions of the human organism will be subjected to changes
in the course of flight through interplanetary space. A question arises
as to how will these changes affect the vitality of microorganisms which
usually exist within the human body without causing harm. Sufficient basis
exists for assuming that these microorganisms may change their character -
4 sties when they become exposed to.conditions that differ from those they
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have been accustomed to on earth. Available scientific data show rather
convincingly that saprophytes cannot cause any particular harm in outer
space because all the compensating mechanisms within the human organism
begin to react simultaneously with the changing conditions.
Pharmacologists have found their place within the ranks of workers
in space medicine and biology. Their job consists of conducting a study
of the most vulnerable physiological functions of the human organism to
find preparations to protect space travelers from adverse conditions.
Among such substances are tranquilizers, those substances which tone the
circulatory system, and those which aid internal and external respiration.
Bacteriology
99. New Culture Medium for Diagnosing Gas Gangrene
"A Dry Culture Medium for Diagnosing Pathogens of Gas Gangrene,"
by N. V. Ploskirev, 0. A. Komkova, V. F. Grebenkina, and L. G.
Ivanova,'Institute of Epidemiology and, Microbiology imeni
Gamaleya; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Im-
munobiologii, Vol 31, No 3, Mar 60, pp 40-43
The objective of the research described was to prepare a dry medium
from food industry wastes for the rapid diagnosis of gas gangrene; a new
method was developed by Komkova to avoid the specific morphological and
growth alterations effected on the pathogen by a semiliquid medium in
the presence of specific antitoxic sera. The medium used consisted of
Pope's bouillon, gelatin, agar, and glucose, which, were sterilized by
steam; antigangrene sera were added in such amounts that one ml of medium
contain at least 200 AE of serum against Cl. perfringens, 300 AE of serum
against Cl. oedematiens, and 50 AE against Cl. histolyticum and septicum.
Seeding was performed by adding minced tissue infected with gas gangrene.
The nitrogenous components were dried fish meal hydrolysate, autolysate
of Caspian sprat, and commercial peptone. Eighteen samples of media hav-
ing different compositions and containing different amounts of nitrogenous
substances were tested; results were read after 10-18 hours of incubation
at 37?C.
The best results were obtained from three samples, the compositions
of which are given. The authors recommend Komkova's method for detecting
gas gangrene pathogens.
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Contagious Diseases
100. Effect of Brucellosis on organism
"Effect of Brucellosis on the Menstrual Function," by S. F.
Trifonova, Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Omsk State Medi-
cal Institute imeni M. I. Kalinin; Moscow, Vo rosy Okhrany
Materinstva i Detstva, Vol 5, No 2, Mar/Apr , pp -
Studies of the effect of brucellosis on the menstrual function were
conducted in Omskaya Oblast, where the disease is encountered predominantly
among the rural population engaged in the care and breeding of livestock,
or as a result of the consumption of dairy foods. The investigations es-
tablished that the disease has an unfavorable effect on the menstrual func-
tion. About 36.1 percent of the patients examined developed aninfeatLcm-tmde
form of amenorrhea; cytological investigations of the vaginal secretions
obtained from patients suffering from brucellosis revealed a decrease in
the estrogenic activity of ovaries; the duration of amenorrhea and the de-
crease in estrogenic activity of the ovaries depends on the stage and se-
verity of the brucellar infection.
101. Invasive Characteristics of Brucella
"Factors in the Distribution of Brucella," by E. G. Mamatsash-
viii, Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine,
Academy of Agricultural Sciences Uzbek SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
MZikrobiologii,Epidemiolo ii i Immunobiologii, Vol 31,No 2,
Feb 60, pp d d-91
This article reports special experiments performed on rabbits to
explain the relationship between the virulence of microorganisms and fac-
tors affecting the penetrability of Bruc.ella through the unbroken skin.
Although the presence of hyaluronidase in Bruceila had been verified in
vitro, no parallelism with the capacity of these pathogens to diffuse in
the animal skin had been established.
Four preparations were made from cUtures of Br. abortus, melitensis,
and suis (two strains of each) which varied in age from one to 35 years.
The strains used were Br. abortus No 79 and No 19, Br. melitensis No 238
and No 96, and Br. suis No.1 and. No 6; characteristics of these strains,
which ve,ried in virulence, are given. The preparations administered to
the experimental animals are described as follows: (1) a suspension of
r. 72-hour agar Brucella culture in physiological solution, which contained
10 billion nicrobial cells per ml; (2) a lysate of all the cultures in
physiological solution, prepared by alternate freezing and thawing for
20 dx,,ys and then final heating at 580 C for one hour; (3) the aqueous
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extract of a 48-hour agar Brucella culture, which was centrifuged and kept
at room temperature for 24 hours; and (4) the same aqueous extract, from
which the bacteria had been eliminated by filtration through a Chamberland
L filter. Physiological solution or the aqueous extract from an unseeded
c2.ture medium were used in control experiments. Each rabbit was given
0.4 ml of the test preparation intracutaneously and the same dose of the
control fluid at a distance of 9-10 cm from the injection site of the test
preparation. The results of the experiments, calculated after one, 3, 6,
24 and 48 hours, are discussed and tabulated.
The author concludes that the penetrability factor is manifested with
varying facility depending on the method used to make the preparation.
It was detected most decisively in filtrates of aqueous Brucella extract,
then in the aqueous Brucella extracts which had not been filtered, then
in lysates, and finally in suspensions of microbial cultures. Of the
Brucella cultures selected for the experiments, the virulent and recently
isolated strain No 238 was inferior to strain No 19 with respect to the
activity of the penetrability factor, although the latter had only residual
virulence and was isolated 35 years ago. The maximum action of the pene-
trability factor in the rabbit skin was observed within 3 hours after in-
jection of the preparation, but no later than 6 hours.
Hematology
102. Vitamin B12 Level in Blood Plasma and Organs During Leukosis
"Vitamin B12 Concentration in Blood Plasma and Organs During
Leukosis" Preliminary Report), by 0. V. Kurlov, Materialy
2-L;o Plenuma Sibirsk. Fit. 0-va Patofiziologov (Data From the
Second Plenum of the Siberian Affiliate of the Society of
Pathophysiologists). Chita, 1958, pp 202-204; (from Refera-
tivn Zhurnal--Kbimi a Biolo icheskaya Khimi a) No 6, 25 Mar
60, Abstract No 81+90, by M. Piotrovsk3.y
"Sixteen patients suffering from various forms of leukosis were ob-
served. In chronic igyelosis, the vitamin B12 concentration is 10-20 times
the normal level. In acute leukosis and in chronic lymphadenosis, the
vitamin B12 content in the plasma, fluctuates within the normal range, or
slightly exceeds it. The vitamin B12 content in the organs of people suf-
fering from acute leulosis corresponds to the content under normal condi-
tions (0.1 - 1.0 mg/l)."
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Immunology and Therapy
103. Simultaneous Inoculation With Live Plague Tularemia Vaccines
"Inoculation Reaction in Humans to the Simultaneous Introduc-
tion of Two Live Vaccines--Plague and Tularemia," by N. F.
Kalacheva, Scientific Research Institute of Microbiology and
Epidemiology of Southeastern USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiolo ii,
Epidemiologii i Iminunobiologii, Vol 31, No 4, Apr 60, pp 64-
This article reports a study of inoculation reactions in humans who
had received plague and tularemia vaccines simultaneously.
After the harmlessness and reactogenicity of these vaccines had been
tested on volunteers, a larger group of persons (60 between the ages of
15 and 55 years) was subjected to simultaneous, cutaneous inoculation with
dry plague vaccine from the "MLkrob" Institute and dry tularemia vaccine
from the Institute imeni Gamaleya. Two control groups were given the
corresponding monovaccines. Temperature changes and local reactions were
observed in all groups. Immunity to tularemia was checked by the allergic
test to tularin 3 weeks after inoculation. Two tables show local and gen-
eral reactions to the combined vaccines and to the monovaccines.
On the basis of these observations, the author recommends combined
vaccination against plague and tularemia according to indications.
104. Tissue Vaccine Against Tick-Borne Encephalitis
"Experimental Study of a Tissue Vaccine for Prophylaxis of
Tick-Borne Encephalitis," by A. K. Shubladze and Ye. N. Bych-
kova, Institute of Virology imeni. Ivanovskiy; Moscow, Zhurnal
W.krobiologiig Epidemiologii i Immanobiologii, Vol 31, No 2
s
Feb 60 PP 0-13
Experimental Data which substantiate the suitability of a vaccine
prepared from tick-borne encephalitis virus cultured on 9-10-day chick
embryo fibroblasts are presented. The cuLtu: medium contained the .fol
lowing; (1) amniotic liquid from cows, saline solution and bull serum;
a. 0.5% solution of lactalbumin hydroly.ate and bull serum; and
(3) synthetic medium, 1.99.
For the actual preparation of the vaccine, the fibroblast tissue
eiiitures were infected with strains Yas8 and TJkhlo of spring- simmer
tick-borne encephalitis virus; the amount of virus contained was deter-
mined by intracerebral infection of whitemiee. Inactivat'on of the
v trust which the authors consider the most important step in the process;
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is effected by a 1:200 concentration of formalin at 18-200 for 5 days.
Sterility was ensured by the addition of 100 AE of penicillin and 30 AE
of nistatine per ml of culture medium. Eleven series of the vaccine
(16 liters) were prepared; harmlessness and immunogenicity were tested
in white mice. The vaccine was also tested in rats not susceptible to
the virus.
On the basis of the positive results obtained in animal experiments,
the vaccine was tested on 2I. human volunteers; the program is shown by a.'
table. Another table shows the results of serological investigations fol-
lowing immunization.
Conclusions based on these experiments are as follows:
"l. Results of the experimental study of a tissue vaccine against
tick-borne encephalitis permit us to recommend the formalin-inactivated
vaccine, prepared from virus cultures on chick embryo cutaneous-muscular
tissue, for production and use.
"2. Inactivation of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in the tissue
vaccine guarantees that the preparation will be standard and specifically
harmless, which has been tested in white mice.
"3. The immunogenicity of the vaccine was well manifested in tests
on mice and also following the determination of the increase of virus-
neutralizing antibodies in immunized animals and vaccinated volunteers."
CPYRGHT
105. Inhalation Method of Vaccination Evaluated
"The Problem of the Effectiveness of the Inhalation Method of
Vaccination; Report II: The Immunological Effectiveness of In-
halation Immunization With Killed Vaccines When Moderately and
Finely Dispersed Aerosols Are Used," by A. I. Maslov, Chair of
Microbiology, Military-Medical Order of Lenin Academy imeni
Kirov; Moscow, Zhurnaj. Mikrobiolagii, Epidemiologii ; Immuno-
bio loges, Vol 31, To 4, Apr 60, pp 10-15
In a previous report, the author demonstrated that although intense
immunity can be conferred on white mice by inhalation im minization with
killed S. enteritidis Gartmeri corpuscular vaccine,-the procedure requires
a large number of long inhalation sessions (about five) and a high con-
centration of vaccine in the air. In this report, he presents resuli.s
of attempts to determine the effectiveness of the inhalation method in
other laboratory animals, rabbits and guinea pigs. The dynamics of the
agglutinin titer increase and the preventive activity of serum from the
immunized animals were the criteria used to determine the intensity of
immunity. Subcutaneous immunization was performed on control groups for
comparison purposes.
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An aerosol consisting of particles ranging in size from 10 to 30
microns was used for the first series of experiments in which three
groups of animals were subjected to different periods of exposure, five
times with 7-day intervals. In his discussion of 'tMs:series,, the author
notes that the penetrability of infectious and vaccinal aerosols has been
more precisely determined within the past few years; it has been found
that although particles with a diameter of 10 microns can enter the lungs
through the nose and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, only one
percent of particles over 8 microns actually do so; about 90% of the
particles found in the alveoli have diameters of 3 microns or less.
In the second series of experiments, a finely dispersed aerosol vac-
cine was administered to rabbits in three 30-minute inhalations at 7-day
intervals; the density of the aerosol was 750 million microbial cells
per liter. Four rabbits which had been immunized subcutaneously were
used as controls. The high immunogenic effect of the inhalation method
with finely dispersed particles was shown by tests of the preventive
properties of sera from the immunized animals.
Three tables show agglutinin titers in the various species tested
following subcutaneous and aerosol immunization, and the preventive proper-
ties of rabbit sera. The following conclusions are given:
"1. Inhalation immunization with killed S. enteritidi.s Gartneri
vaccine afforded pronounced immunological reconstruction of the organism,
T
which was manifested by a rapid and high increase in the agglutinin
titer and by good indexes of serum preventive properties.
"2. The use of a vaccinal aerosol consisting of particles with di-
mensions of 4-10 microns (3-7 microns after drying) produced considerably
higher immunological indexes than the use of an aerosol containing larger
particles.
"3? Under the experimental conditions used, triple inhalation im-
munization with a finely dispersed vaccinal aerosol was found to be more
effective than triple subcutaneous vaccination."
Several possibilities are offered to explain the greater effective-
ness of inhalation immunization. Certain of these possibilities will be
explored in subsequent research and reports.
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106. Combination of Antibiotics for Brucellosis Therapy
"Therapy of Brucellosis Patients With Combined Antibiotics,"
by K. D. Dzhalilov; Tashkent, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk UzSSR,
Seriya Meditsinskaya, No 6, Nov Dec 59, pp 42-48
author's testing of combined antibiotic therapy of brucellosis
was based on a plan suggested by T. Kh. Nadzhmiddin in 1954 which was
found to be highly suitable for practical use. The cycle of therapy
with combinations of synthomycin and streptomycin or levomycetin and
streptomycin gave relatively good results.
Thirty-four patients with different clinical forms of brucellosis
were treated, tested serologica].ly, and observed. These-forms were:
acute septic (14), septic-metastatic (13), and secondary-chronic (7).
Clinical symptoms are discussed. The first and second groups of patients
received synthomycin, levomycetin, or terramycin with streptomycin by
intramuscular injections. Two patients from the third group were given
one course of antibiotic therapy with levoinycetin and streptomycin and
were then vaccinated according to G. P. Rudnev's two-step method; five
patients from the same group were vaccinated first and then subjected to
the antibiotic therapy.
The results of these experiments are discussed, and the following con-
clusions are offered:
"1. The combined use of two antibiotics in the therapy of brucel-
losis patients has the best effect in the' acute septic and septicrmetasbRde
forms, and in certain cases, in exacerbations of chronic brucellosis.
Therapy with terramycin and streptomycin and also with levomycetin and
streptomycin was most effective.
"2. The use of antibiotic combinations with generally reinforcing
procedures (blood transfusion, glucose-vitamin therapy, and diet) led
not only to clinical but also to bacteriological recovery.
"3? On exacerbations of chronic brucellosis accompanied by high
temperature, a course of antibiotic therapy followed by vaccine therapy
and a second course of antibiotics (preferably terramycin with strep-
tomycin) should be carried out.
"4. In chronic brucellosis with normal temperatures, vaccine therapy
with two subsequent courses of antibiotics is effective.
"5. The simultaneous administration of two antibiotics in small
doses (a 10-day coarse with an interval) d.?d not particularly suppress
liimunobiological reactivity of the htmlan organism."
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107. Therapy of Brucellosis
"Antibiotics in the Therapy of Brucellosis in Children," by
N. K. Talyzina, Chair of Children's Diseases of Omsk Medical
Institute imeni M. I. Kalinin; Moscow, Voprrosy Okhrany
Materinstva Detstva, Vol 5, No 2, Mar/Apr 60, pp 58-62
Although the etiology, epidemiology, pathological anatomy, and di-
agnostics of brucellosis have been thoroughly investigated, the therapy
of the diseases is a problem which has not yet been satisfactorily solved.
The generally accepted method of vaccination now used has many shortcomings.
A number of Soviet scientists, in their search for new methods of therapy
for brucellosis, established that some antibiotics (among them.biomycin,
levomycetin, syr?thomycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline) inhibited the
growth of brucella in vitro . Further experiments, in which th,~ antibiotics
were used as one of the components in the complex therapy,of the disease,
also established the usefulness of the preparations. On the basis of
these experiments, the use of antibiotics in the therapy of brucellosis,
particularly in children, is recommended.
108. Levomycetin in Therapy of Dysentery
"Clinical Significance of the Resistance of Dysentery microbes
to Levomycetin," B. G. Zatulovskiy and S. Ya. Nishchaya, Kiev
Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
and Second Children's Infectious Hospital; Kiev, Vrachebnoye
Delo, No 3, 196o, pp 289-294
Because of the widespread use of levozzn~yycetin in the therapy of dys-
eatery the study of t t1m acquired resistance of the dysente
R1 cro i~gan. sm to the an io c ias become o paramount a.mporynee .
The sensitivity of 674 strains of dysentery microbes, isolated from
dysenteric patients, to levomycetin has already been tested. Of these,
205 (or 30.1E percent) were found to have acquired resistance to levomy-
cetiii, with the Flexner and Sonne microbes making up the greatest part
of those resistant to the antibiotic. It was established also that
the effectiveness of the antibiotic in the therapy of dysentery depends
on the sensitivity of the microbes to the preparation.
109. Therapy of Skin Diseases
"Application'of Hypnosis in Dermatology," by B. Janousek and
J. Vlersky,.Ceskosl. Dermat. (Czechoslovakia), 1959, 4, 197--
is! Referatiynyy Zhurnal, Section 1) Vol 4,
199 (from MG `
No 3, Mar 6oo pp 106-1O
"On the basis of literary data and their own observations, the au-
.hors consider that hypnosis may play an important role in the therapy
f ce taIn skin diseases. Therepy by hypnosis is indicated in skin
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diseases of patients with a psychic trauma in their anamnesis as well
as in dermatoses accompanibd, by pruritus. Positive results obtained in
the therapy of eczema by hypnosis are emphasized. When comparing the
results obtained in the therapy of skin diseases with medically in-
duced sleep with those obtained in therapy with hypnosis, the'authors
express. a preference for hypnosis. The therapy of 18 patients suf-
fering from psoriasis,, eczema, and other dermatoses confirmed the ad-
vantage of hypnotic therapy (there are no side effects, and a better
therapeuLi,c effect is obtained) ."
CPYRGHT
110. Conditioned Reflex Mechanism Alters Agglutinin Titer
"The Effect of the Conditioned Reflex Mechanism on Changes of
Agglutinin Titers," by V. M. Andreyevskiy and T. A. Dvoretskiy,
Tr. Lenin r. San.-Gi i en. Med. In-ta (Works of the Leningrad
Sanitary-Hygiene Medical Institute), No 45, 1958, pp 56-60 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal--Biologiya, No 23, 10 Dec 59, Abstract
No 103659, by Ye. N. Solun)
"Rabbits (four) were immunized with a culture of Merezhkovskiy Bac-
terium; two received antigen in conjunction with a conditioning stimulus
(heating of the ear in water at a temperature of 450 C for 2 minutes).
After a 3-week interval when the agglutinin titer was considerably lower,
the control rabbits were given antigen, and the experimental animals were
exposed to the conditioning stimulus alone. The titer in the experimental
animals reached high levels within 2 hours, began to decrease within 36
hours, and dropped lower than the initial level within 2 weeks. The
titer in the control animals reached a maximum in 2 weeks. The titer in
all the rabbits was stabilized at the same level in 1 1/2 months."
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Nutrition
111. Effect of C-Avitaminosis on Organism
"Effect of a Diet-Free of Vitamin C on the Metabolism of Io-
dine in Guinea Pigs," by A. Sh. Byshevakiy (Lvov), Chair of
Nutrition Hygiene, Lvov Medical Institute; Moscow, Problemy
Endokrinologii i Gormonoterapii, Vol 6, No 2, Mar/Ap p
32-35
Guinea pigs were used in the experiments which were conducted to de-
termine: (1) the effect of a vitamin C-free diet on the iodine content of
the blood and thyroid gland; (2) the effect of 6-methyithiouracil on the
iodine content of the same tissues in animals kept on a scurvy diet; (3)
iodine secretion with the urine and feces of animals kept on a vitamin C-
free diet; (4) the effect of 6-methylthiou_racil on the secretion of iodine
in the urine and feces of animals fed food free of vitamin C. The experi-
ments established that a vitamin-C-free diet fed to guinea pigs reduced
the iodine content in the thyroid , gland; !-' the~'li:ddmiaisttation , of .6,.'
methyldiuracil decreased the content of iodine in the thyroid gland, es-
pecially in animals kept on a diet free of vitamin C; the exclusion of
vitamin C from the rations fed to the animals increased the amount of
iodine secreted with the urine and feces; a similar effect was produced
by 6-methylthiouracil administered to the animals kept on a scurvy diet.
Oncology
112. Cancerogenic Substances
"Cancerogenic Activity of Chemical Substances," by L. M. Shabad
(Moscow), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Acad-
emy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow, Gi iyena Truda i Profes-
sional'nyye Zabolevaniya, Vol 4, No 3, Mar 60, pp b-11
This article stresses the importance of the study of a large iam-
ber of chemical substances now widely used in industry and suspected of
c.ancerogenic action. About 300 chemical compounds, among them hydrocar-
bons, amincazo compounds, amines, fluorines, and others, have been studied
to date. It was established that the cancerogenic activity of many of the
substances is linked with their structures and that the least dhenge in
their chemical structure may either change the strength and localization
of their blastomogenic properties or completely eliminate these properties.
On the basis of the character of their action, the blastomogenic substances
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fall into the following groups: (a) local action substances; (b) substances
of reaorptive and selective action; these may develop tumors which locate
in parts of.the organism which are remote from the place of the administra-
tion of the substance; and (c) multiple action substances which can cause
the development of tumors in different parts of the organism.
Aa a result of the investigations, the State Sanitation Inspection
Bureau recommends that special measures be adopted for the safe handling
of such substances as dichlorobenzidine, dicyclohexamine, 2-acetylamino-
flourine, and others. The further systematic study of the substances sue-
pected of having cancerogenic properties1 b en the knowledge of the
etiology and pathology of tumors is essential, the author writes in con-
clusion.
113. Riboflavin as Indicator of Neoplasms
"Determination of Riboflavin In the Urine of Patients Suffering
from Malignant Neoplaas," by Ya. A. Kagan, Eye Clinic, Vitebsk
Medical Institute; Moscow.,* Khirurg= Vol 36, No 2, Feb 60, pp
103.108
Clinical and experimental observations carried out on many patients
suffering from various.diseaaes, including benign tumors,' revealed that
riboflavin which is usually found in the urine, disappears from the urine.
of patients suffering from malignant neoplasms, regardless of the locali-
zation of these neoplasms. Riboflavin was found also to disappear from
the urine of the animals which were inoculated with malignant transplants,
and appeared again after the tumors decomposed. On the basis of these ob-
servations, it has been concluded that the riboflavin in the organism is
utilized by the tumors and therefore is not excreted in the urine. Its
subsequent appearance in the urine indicates that the tumor is decomposing.
The absence of riboflavin from the urine may serve as one of the diagnostic
indicators of the presence of a malignant tumor in the organism.
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114. Effect of Sulfathiazole and Elcosine on Sarcoma
"Effect of Sulfathiazole and Elcosine on Sarcoma Cultures In-
duced by Methylcholanthrene, and on the Culture of Chick Em-
bryo Fibroblasts in vitro," by A. Chetkowski and B. Rembielin-
ski, Folia Morphol. (Poland), 1959, 10!, No 2, 173-180 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal--Khimi a Biologicheska a Khimiya) No 4
25 Feb :i50, Abstract No 5 , by the authors
"The effect of 0.1 percent, 0.25 percent, 0.5 percent, and one per-
cent solutions of elcosine and sulfathi+azorle on the culture of sarcomas
induced in rate by methylcholanthrene and on the culture of normal fibro-
blasts cultivated from the cardiac muscle of 10-day old chick embryos was
studied. It was established that large concentrations of elcosine inhibit,
and of sulfathiazole stimulate the growth of the tissue cells.."
Pharmacology and Toxicology
CPYRGHT
115. Tolerance of Thiophos With Repeated Administrations
"On the Reactions of the Organism to Repeated Administrations
of Thiophos Experimentally," by N. K. Byalko (Moscow), Insti-
tude of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases; Moscow, Gigi-
ena Truda i Professional In a Zabolevani a, Vol 6, No 3, Mar
0, p-
White mice were used in experiments conducted to. determine the reactions
of the organism to repeated administrations of thiophos. Thiophos dissolved
in refined sunflower seed oil was subcutaneously administered to the ani-
mals in a concentration of one millilgrani per milliliter six times a week
for periods of 2-4 weeks. The animals were 1mpt;under observation in the
course of the experiment, with particular attention being paid to the cumu-
lative effect of thiophos on their weight, general condition, and behavior.
it was established that repeated administrations of thiophos inhibited
weight gain in the animals and depressed cholinesterase activity; at the
same time, however, it was found that the animals acquired a tolerance to
the chemical, tolerating doses of thipphos which proved to be fatal to con-
trol':mice.
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116. Nerve Stimulant Obtained From Aralia manahurica
"Manchrian Aralia??-Aralia manshurica Rupr. et Maxim," by G. A.
Kukarin, Khabarovsk, Drug Administration; A'Moscow,, Apt'echnoye
Delo, Vol 9. No 1. Jan/Feb 6o, pp 69-70
Investigations conducted at the All-Union Scientific Research Insti-
tune of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants revealed that an infusion of the
roots of Aralia manahurica Rupr. et Maxim was beneficial when administered
to patients in a state of asthenia and was effective when applied in the
therapy of schizophrenia, post-influenza arachnitis, and impotence due to
neurasthenia and psychastheniaa The preparations is slightly toxic and pro-
duces no side effects. Aralia manshurica Rupr. et Maxim grows in abundance
in clearings of coniferous forests.
117. Pharmacology of Neurogic and Vaso?iilating Drugs
"Combined Action of Neuroplegic and Vasodilating Drugs," by V.
I. Il'nekiy, Chair of Pharmacology, First Moscow Medical Insti-
tute; Kiev, Vrachebnoye Delo, No 3, 1960, pp 273-276
Data accumulated in the experiments which were conducted to determine
the combined action of the neuroplegic drugs (aminazine, mepazine, and
rese rpine) with the vaaodilating drugs (papaverine, nitroglycerin, salso-
line, tetamone, pentamin, hexonium, and mecamine) are reported. The ex-
periments were carried out on anesthesized and on decerebrated cats. Mano-
meters were used to record the blood pressure and the amplitude and rate
of cardiac contractions. The drugs were administered into the vena .femo-
ralis. The experiments established that the combined application of mepa
tine with pentamin and of reserpine and hexonium potentiated the hypotensive
effect of each of the drugs; all other drugs when in combinations displayed
antagonistic action; combinations in which mepazine and pentamine were used
in proportions of 1:3; and reserpine and. hexonim.m in proportions of 1:10
wes : found to possess a -wide therapeutic spectrum.
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118. Pyridine Intoxications
"The Clinical Picture of Intoxications by Vapors of -Pyridine,
Hydroxides," by A. G. Zaslavskaya (Stalin), Hospital Therapy
Clinic, Stalino Medical Institute imeny Gor'kiy and the Oblast
Centkal .;Clitlical:.(.,Hoopital;- Moscow, Klinichbakaya, Med_sins;c.1
Vol 38) No 4, Apr 60, pp 122-124
The article describes a number of cases of intoxication by the vapors
of pyridine, a chemical widely used in the chemicopharmaceutical and dye
industries. The clinical pictures of all the intoxications were marked by
a rapid unset of asphyxia, nausea, vomiting, depressions, and in some cases
loss of consciousness.. Manifestations of psychoses were observed in some
of the acute cases of intoxications. Blood studies revealed erythropoiesis,
low arterial pressure, leukocytosis, and a high hemoglobin content. Because
of the widespread use of pyridine in industry, the article urges the adapta-
tion of special safety measures in work with the chemical.
119. Snake Venom Intoxication
"On the Significance of Hernocoagulat ion ., in' the ,Mechanism of
Snake Venom Intoxication," by Z. S. Barkagan and V. V. Polushkin
(Barnaul), Chair of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases and Chair
of Pathophysiology, Altay Medical Institute; Moscow, Pat~olo 1-
cheeks a Fiziolo i a i Eks erimental'nay2 Terapiya, Vol No 2,
Mar Apr 60, pp 48-5
Rabbits and rats were used in experiments which were conducted to de-
termine the role of hemocoagulation in the mechanism of snake venom intoxi-
cation and the effectiveness of heparin when used in the therapy of such
intoxication. The venom was adminietered to the animals intravenously; it
produced a strong hemocoagulating effect, causing the complete paralysis
of the respiratory organs and the death of the animals. Heparin when ad-
ministered to the intoxicated animals prevented the development of paral-
ysis of the respiratory organs, saving the animals from death; it also
reduced arterial pressure caused by the venom.
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120. Thyrotoxicosis as Cause of Hepatic Changes
"On the Problem of the Functional State of the Liver in Patients
Suffering From Thyrotoxicosis Before and After Therapy with I131,"
by V. G. Spesivtseva, L. L. Garkina, l?IN.' A'a!r:. ;Makarova, land ?R."P.
Zolotnitskaya, Faculty of Therapeutic Clinic, First Moscow Order
of Lenin Medical Institute imeni 1. M. Sechenov; Moscow, Terapev-
ticheskiy Arkhiv, Vol 32, No 3, Mar 60, pp 44-52
The results of the observations carried outlay a number of patients
suffering from thyrotoxicosis and treated with I 'L-5 are reported. The pur-
pose of the observations was to determine the effect of thyrotoxicosis on
the hepatic functions before and after the application of 1131, and the dis-
tribution of 1131 in the organism. The observations established that thy-
rotoxicosis has an adverse effect on the hepatic functions, which are re-
stored to normal after therapy with I131. Most of the radioactive iodine
when introduced into the organism was found in the thyroid gland; smaller
quantities were found in tha parenchymatous organs: the liver, kidneys,
spleen, and others
121. Toxicity of Acrylonitrile
"Ac rylonit rile. Acute Toxicity and the Mechanism of Its Ac-
tion," by V. Benes and V. Cerna, Zh. Epidemiol., Mikrobiol.
i Immunol. (Czechoslovakia), 1959, 3,, No 1, 110-119 from
Referativn Zhurnal--Khimi a Biola icheska a Khimi a, No 4,
25 Feb 60, Abstract No 5715, by I. Chertkov)
"The LD50 of acrylonitrile for mice when administered internally and
subcutaneously is respectively 27 and 35 milligrams per kilogram of body
weight; for rats, when administered internally, it is '78 milligrams per
kilogram of body weight. The picture of intoxication by acrylonit rile in
mice is similar to that of intoxication by cyanides; this indicates the
formation of cyanogen from the nitrile group in the organism. This indi-
cation is confirmed by the fact that a repeated administration of cyanide
antidotes (sodium thiosulfate, one gram per kilogram of body weight; and
sodium nitrite, 50 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) saved the ani-
mals which received three LD50 doses of acrylonitrileo
The hydrolysis of the nitrile group in rats proceeds at a slower rate.
About 20 percent of the cyanogen is liberated on an average (determined
in the urine in the form of thiocyanogen). The toxicity of acrylonitrile
in rats is conditioned mainly by the whole molecule. ,Because of - this,
antidotes for cyanides have only an insignificant protective effect. The
dntoxication of acrylonitrile in guinea pigs is carried out approximately
in the same manner as in rats. After the administration of acryloritrile
to guinea pigs, free acrylonitrile is found in the urine of the animals
within 24 hours, an indication of its slow decomposition in the organism."
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CPYRGHT
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122. Toxicity of Quizindamone and Its Effect on Or anism
"Pharmacological Characteristics of Quizindamone, the Dichloro-
methylate N-(beta-Dimethyleminoethyl)-4,5,6, 7-Tetraehloroisoin-
doline., Report II. Effect of Quizindamone on Blood Pressure,"
by V. Avakyan, Institute of Fine Organic Chemistry, Academy of
Sciences Armenian SSR; Yerevan, Izvestiya, Biologicheskye Nauki,
Vol 12, No 12, Dec 60, pp 9-16
White mice, rabbits, and cats were used in experiments which were con-
ducted to determine the toxicity and phannacological action of quizindamone,
the dichloromethylate of N-(bets:-dimethylaminoeth,yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrachlorois-
oindoline. The experiments established that quizindamone possesses a defi-
nite hypotensive action surpassing that of pentemin and hexonium; its hypo-
tensive action is also more lasting than that produced by the other two
preparations. Quizindamone is slightly toxic; white mice receiving the
drug by mouth tolerated a dose of 250 milligrams per kilogram of body
weight. The experimental data obtained permit the recommendation of the
use of quizindamone as a ganglioblockirg substance in the therapy of
hypertension.
123. Antitoxic Properties of Thyroxine
"Effect of Thyroxine and Propylthiouracil on the Toxicity on
Tertiary Ammonium Antimony Gluconate; Distribution and Excre-
tion of Antimony Following the Ingestion of this Substance,"
by Lu Shih-ch' ih,, Chu Ksiu-yuan, and Sung Cheng-yu, Acta. Phy-
siol. Sinica (China), 1958, 22, No 4, 289-293 (from Referativnyy
7hurnal--Khimiya, Biolo ig cheskay a Khizn_iya, No 4, 25 Feb 60, Ab-
stract No 5700, by K. Maskhuliya)
"The addition of 0.01 percent thyroxine to the food of mice for a pe-
riod of 2 weeks increased the sensitivity of the animals to ammonium glu-
conate (1) (LD50 is 16.8 milligrams per kilogram of body weight; control,
90 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) [sic); propylthiouracil notice-
ably increased the resistance of the mice to (1) (LD 0o is 166 milligrams
per kilogram body weight). When (1) labeled with Sb124 was intraperitone-
ally administered to rats, a high state of radioactivity was found in the
liver and gastro??intestinal tract (including the contents). Radioactivity
was very low in the kidneys, thyroid gland, blood, spleen, lungs,, and other
organs. The addition of thyroxine and propylthiouracil had no effect on
the distribution of (1) in the organism, and its excretion from the organism."
CPYRGHT
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124. Effect of Cortisone on Anaphylactic Shock
"On the Effect of Cortisone on Anaphylactic Shock in Guinea
Pigs of Different Ages," by V. I. Kechker and K. P. Chepalov,
Candidates of Medical Sciences (Ryazan), Chair of Pathologip
cal Physiology, Ryazanskaya Oblast Dermatological-Venerolo-
gical Clinic; Moscow, PPrroble y Endokrinologii i Gormonotera-
r ii, Vol 6, No 2, Mar/Apr 60, Pp 52-54
Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of cortisone on
anaphylactic shock induced in adult and aged guinea pigs by sensitizating
the animals with bovine serum and subsequent administration of a booster
shot. The animals were divided into two groups: an experimental group
which consisted of guinea pigs which were sensitized with the serum and
treated with cortisone; a control group which was sensitized with the
serum but received no cortisone treatment. Cortisone was subcutaneously
administered to the animals in doses of 10-20 milligrams per 100 grams of
body weight.
The control animals of the adult group reacted to the sensitization
by the development of anaphylaxis, followed by death. The adult animals
of the experimental group developed shock at a considerably slower rate,
and death followed considerably later than in the control group. Shock
induced in both groups of the aged animals was not al: rays followed by
death. The experiments established a basis for the assumption that corti-
sone alleviates the course of anaphylactic shock, and in some cases prevents
death.
125. New Antibiotic
"Celicomycin -- a New Antibiotic,," by A. K. Balitskaya, Candi-
date of Veterinary Sciences; Alma-Atas Vestnik Akademiin Nauk
Kazakhskoy SSR, Vol 16, No 3 (180), Mar 0, p 9
The new antibiotic, celico.~ycin, previously known under the name of
a.ctinc'mycin K, was isolated from the actinomycetes of the Actinomyces
coelicolor group found in the soil of Kazakhstan. Celicomy in is a dark-
violet powder, readily soluble in water, and poorly soluble in organic
solvents. Chemical investigations established that it consists of sub-
stances of a protein nature, carbohydrates, and pigments. It is not toxic.
Experimental investigations determined that celicomycin is an effective
antibacterial and antifungal preparation. It is used in the therapy of
anthrax, emphysematous carbuncles, and skin. diseases caused by fungi.
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126. Therapy of Dermatoxnycoses
"Effect of Nitrofungine on Dermatomycoses," by J. Haban, Lek.
Obz. (Czechoslovakia), 1959, 5, 2'r6-279 ! (from.'.. Mldits1tiskiy
Re-ferativnyy 22aurnal, S on 1. Vol 4, No 3, Mar 600) pp 110-
"Nitrofungine, a halogenated para-nitrophenol (para-nitrophenol one
gram; triethyleneglycol 10 grams, ethyl alcohol 100 milliliters) was given
to patients suffering from different mycosee (trichophytosisy;,28 persons;
epidermophytosis,- 155 persons; and trichophyton rubrum infection,:2 per-
sons). The patients were divided into three groups on the basis of the du-
ration of the diseases: 6 months, one year,, and longer than one year. Best
results were obtained in the first group of patients. Improvement was
noted in patients with a longer record of illness. The preparation was
ineffective in chronic cases of the disease. When applied to a culture of
fungi, nitrofungine was found to possess a fungicidal action."
Physiology
CPYRGHT
127. Hypothermia. Studies Discussed
"Physiologists Are Studying Hypothermia," by M. Mirskiy, Kras-
nodar; Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 16 Feb 60, No 14 (1866, p
4
The author of this article says that Russian scientists have been
enteri;aining the ;t lea of utilizing reduced body temperature in surgical
practice. As long ago as 1863, a Kiev professor of physiology, A. P.
Vai'ter, wrote that long and painful operations can be performed during
a period of sharply reduced body temperature. In 1902, a Russian scientist,
P. I. Bakhmet'yev, stated that results of his research showed that it is
possible to reduce the temperature of a warn-blooded organism, making it
capable of enduring marked variations of cold and heat.
However, 40 years passed before medical scientists of various countries began to undertake a detailed study of hypothermia. An investiga-
tion of hypothermia was begun in the Soviet Union in 1939, by a professor
of physiology, Pavel Mikiaylovich Starkov, and other scientists. The ma-
jority of the exper~ments conducted by P. M. Starkov were on cats and dogs.
Professor Starkov and his assistants at. first used a "cold-producing blanket"
to produce hypothermia. This "blanket" consisted of two layers of rubberized
c2nth. It was wrapped around the animal and cold water was then passed be-
tvor_-an the two layers of clots..
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Carrying on his work in Krasnodar, Prof P. M. Starkov has been suc-
cessful lately in producing hypothermia by using a so-called electrocorporal
method of chilling blood. This method consists of passing the blood of the
animal through a special refrigerator connected with an artery and a vein.
The onset of hypothermia occurs rapidly and easily.
Interesting results were obtained in experiments in which respiration
and circulation were observed during supercooling. It was observed that
clinical death in animals:as a result of supercooling is due to paralysis
of the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata. It was also observed
that the heart continues to function from 5 to 45 minutes after respira-
tion has ceased. Subsequent observations showed that clinical death which
occurs during deep hypothermia is reversible. It consists (,-of ."warming,
the bulbar centers (passage through the animal organism of a solution) kept
at a temperature of 37 degrees), thereby creating the possibility of restoring
respiration.
During the early stages of warming, it is expedient to use a ""warm"
blanket, dry air baths, and solar heat. It was discovered that the use of
excessive heat after hypothermia may cause dry gangrene in superficial
tissues.
Professor Starkov and his assistants studied the effects of chilling
on energy metabolism for a long time and in detail. They found that at
first this metabolism increases and then becomes 3-4.5 times lower than
it was originally, before chilling was applied. If the body temperature
of an animal is reduced to 20 degrees, its organism overcomes hypothermia
within 10-12 hours if the external temperature is also 20 degrees. These
experiments were conducted on rabbits. In subsequent experiments on cats,
it was found that the restoration of temperature and all the functions of
the body takes place more rapidly; within 6-8 hours. It can be concluded
that the centers of thermoregulation do not lose their functional proper-
ties. It can be deduced also that an organism chilled to 20 degrees,must
be warmed rapidly at a temperature not higher than 32 or 33 degrees. Any
warming beyond that limit may cause undesirable changes in the spinal cord
centers.
But what of the limits to' which an organism can be chilled? If the
temperature of the body is reduced to 20 degrees, blood circulation can be
cut off from the heart for about ten ;inutes, a situation which is very
tempting for a surgeon.
Results of experiments showed that such chilling of an organism is
dangerous and may cause the rapid onset of serious complications. The
Pavlovian methodology of conditioned reflexes and the use of electro-
encephalography have helped to establish that higher nervous activity is
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not restored completely whan an organism is chilled to 23 to 20 degrees.
Conditioned reflexes in dogs, for example, disappear and are restored with
difficulty when the body temperature falls to between 30 and 27 degrees.
The labilityy of the nervous system has its limits. During hypothermy
these limits are very narrow. Anesthesia increases considerably the limits
of lability,~of the nervous system. After pure hypothermia the conditioned
reflexes seem to appear again on the 4th-9th day; during hypothermia with
anesthesia, they appear on the 2d-4th day.
Having applied hypothermia and anesthesia in a dog, Professor.'Starkov
and his assistants cut, the circulation off from the heart for 15 minutes.
The "dry" heart was operated on and behavior of the dog was noted after
life was restored in the animal. Almost 3 weeks passed after the opera..
tion was performed before the dog's conditioned reflexes were restored.
Subsequent experiments confirmed that the functions of the central nervous
system are restored slowly and gradually.
Clinical physicians know that dangerous complications, such as ventri-
cular fibrillation, arise at times during hypothermia and the subsequent
cutting off of the flow of blood to the heart (during "dry" heart opera:
tions). Associates of the Institute of Surgery imeni A. V. Vishnevskiy
and of the Institute of Thoracic Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR, with which Prof P. M. Starkov maintains close contact, advised him
to search for ways to prevent such complications. In trying to solve this
problem, Professor Starkov and his assistants asked themselves if it is j
possible to prevent fibrillation by acting on the cerebral cortex, the main
"panel" that controls all physiological functions of the organism.
Much had been attempted before Professor Starkov and Aspirant Pokrovvr
skiy decided to use morphine-ether anesthesia. Their initial experiments
were successful: ether anesthesia with morphine, excluding action on the
cortex, sharply reduced the manifestation of fibrillation. But, researchers
did not stop at this,ltecause morphine. -ether anesthesia does not guarantee
completely that fibrillation will not arise. It was found that if oxygen
is added to anesthesia, -exntricular fibrillation does not arise ordinarily
during the period preceding the cutting off of the blood flow to the heart.
The intravenous injection of proserine, novocaine, and glucose prevent the
appearance of such a complication. When blood circulation is shut off from
the heart, it is necessary to reduce shady the "depth" of anesthesia.
This is beat done during inhalation anesthesia.
Professor Starkov shared his conclusions with surgeons. Clinical
observations confirm, in many respects, the results of physiological ex-
periments.
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A small group of physiologists, headed by Professor Starkov, is now
trying to solve other questions advanced by clinicians. The main task
before them is to improve methods of producing hypothermia. The danger
that hypoxia of the brain may arise is reduced and the entire technique,
of hypothermia is simplified when the brain it chilled through its external
integument. A partisan of "hypothermia through the head," Professor Star-
kov searches for and finds benefits derived from this method. Even thous
the physiological experiments are still being continued, neither the pro-
fessor nor his assistants has any doubt that they will succeed.
There is one more question which has been suggested by clinicians
and is being studied in the laboratory. It is known that even though
circulation of the blood to the heart is "cut off,," the "dry" heart con-
tinues to contract. Harmful products of metabolism accumulate in the
heart muscle. ;kart beats must be artificially interrupted for the dura-
tion of the operation. The heart is "turned on" after the operation is
completed, and it is made to contract with its normal rhythm. Prof P. M.
Starkov is studying this question now. It is the question that, is con-
nected with the main problem of his creative genius: the problem of hypo-
thermia.
128. Excitability of Respirato and De lutitory Centers
"Activity of the Deglutitory and Respiratory Centers Upon Exci-
tation of Supralaryngeal and Vagus Nerves With a Background Hy-
perventilation of the Lungs and Exsanguination," by G.T . Pkiyma
and V. A. Minkina, Laboratory of Physiology, Pedagogical Ifsti-
Lute; Leningrad, Fiziolozicheskiy 7 carnal SSSRrimeni I. M. Seth-
enov, Vol 46, No 3, Mar 60, pp 305-309
This article describes experiments performed on 14 dogs to determine
the reflex excitability of the deglutitory and respiratory centers on exci-
tation of the supralaryngeal and vagus nerves after hyperventilation of the
lungs and exsanguination.
Temporary asphyxia, caused by hyperventilation of the lungs, had no
negative effect on the activity of the deglutitory center. Severe. blood
losses left this center active until the experimental animal died.
It was also noted that, the deglutitory and respiratory centers do not
have the same susceptibility to variations in the gas composition of the
blood.
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Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
129. Methods of Determining Dust Contamination Compared
"A Comparison of Several Methods of Determining Dust Contami-
nation," by J. Simecek and L. Oppl, TPi'acavv. T.c~i ek(P(?Praeotni
lekarstvi), No 5, 1958, pp 286-491 (from Meditsinski Refer-
ativnyy 7hurnalp Section 4, No 10, Oct 59, p 22)
"Data obtained by the quantitative method (after collection of samples
on a membrane filter) were compared with data obtained by calculation of
the number of particles in samples collected by the electroprecipitator,
am:impinger, and the Bausch and. Lomb conimeter. Results of, the research
were used to evaluate the different methods of measuring dust contamina-
tion and to establish permissible amounts of dust particles in the air
which correspond to the active weight norms."
CPYRGHT
130. Plenum of Red Cross Central Committee Held
"The Fourth Plenum of the Central Committee of the Red Cross"
(unsigned article); Moscow, Sovetskiy Krasnyy Krest, No 1 (49),
Jan/Feb 60, p 19
This news item reports the proceedings of the Fourth Plenum of the
RSFSR Red Cross in Moscow. V. A. Aparysheva, chairman of the Chelyabin-
skaya Oblast Red Cross Committee, and K. G. Bogdanova, chairman of the
Lipetskaya Oblast Red Cross Committee, read reports on the activities of
Red Cross societies in industrial establishments and in rural areas of their
oblasts. Nineteen people took part in the discussions that followed.
It was reported that within the past 4 years, the number of sanitation
positions in industrial establishments of Chelyahinskaya Oblast has doubled,
membership in the Red Cross Society has increased to'-3.5 times the previous
number, and the number of blood donors has increased to 13 times the pre-
vious number. "Activists" of the Magnitogorsk metallurgical combine, the
Chelyabinsk tractor plant, the Ural automobile ,plant, and the machine build-
ing plant and coal mines of the city of Kopeysk made the greatest progress.
Red Cross workers of Lipetskaya Oblast improved economic conditions
of the kolkhozes of their oblast and made progress in the planning and or-
ganization of public services in rural areas. They. took an active part in
planting trees and brushwood. They also assisted in excavating many reser-
voirs. The Red Cross Society of Lipetakaya Oblast has over 10,000 members.
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The chairman of the Central Committee of the RSFSR Red Cross, V. P.
Pokhvalin, discussed in detail the problems which confront the organiza-
tions of the RSFSR Red Cross.
The plenum decided that the next All-Russian Congress of the Red
Cross Society should be held in May 1960, because the authority granted
to its Central Committee to act for it expires in April 1960.
131. Tasks Confronting USSR Health Organizations
"The Basic Tasks of the Sanitation Service in Connection With
the Decisions Adopted by the 21st Congress of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union," by I. Mazik; Tallinn, Zdravookhra-
neniye' Sovetskoy Estonii, No 1, Jan/Feb 60, PP 3-8
The article briefly outlines the tasks which confront the health or-
ganizations of the country during the Seven-Year Plan. Mainly, they are
as follows: (1) reduce the incidence of diseases responsible for a high
mortality rate; (2) reduce disease incidence among workers in industrial
enterprises; (3) reduce child mortality; and (4) improve the well-being
and promote the physical development of the young by means of the prophy-
laxis of diseases which have their origin in young children; sharply reduce
the incidence of infectious and parasitic diseases. The successful solution
of these problems will require a study of all the factors which have a harm-
ful effect on people's health.
The prevention of occupational intoxications and diseases occupies a
special place in the work to be done by the health organizations. The enor-
mous development of industry and agriculture increased the use of poisonous
substances, the release of poisonous vapors into the air, and the incidence
of occupational diseases. Steps must be taken to improve working conditions,
instal]. proper ventilation in plants, and install proper sewage systems.
Workers must be trained to observe sanitary,, regulations. More highly trained
workers in the field of the Sanitary-Epidemiological Service and more and
better laboratory facilities for analytical work will be required.
25X1X8
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132. Water Supply in Cities of Western Turkmenistan
"On the Sanitary-Hygienic Characteristics of the Water Supply
in the Industrial Cities of Western Turkmenistan," by A. D.
Mirishev, Chair of General Hygiene, Turkmen State Medical In-
stitute imeni V. I. Stalin and Ashkhabad Scientific Research
Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene; Ashkhabad, Zdravookhra-
neniye Turkmenietana, Vol 4, No 1 (19), Jan/Feb 60, pp 25-2
A study has been made of the water reserves in Western Turkmenistan
where intensive drilling for oil is now being conducted. The investiga-
tions revealed that the drinking wa`er supply available for the cities of
Krasiovodsk., Nebit-Daga, and Cheleken is inadequate to supply the needs
of the populations of these cities: only 25-75 liters of drinking water
per man in 24 hours is available as against tht daily need of 90-120 liters
of water per man; during the summer, the water supply is considerably smaller.
Furthermore, the water which is available is bacterially polluted and is
unsuitable for use because of improper facilities and handling. The con-
struction of an extensive and sanitary water system is strongly urged.
Radiology
133. Mechanisms of Radiation Injury and Protection of Human Organism
"Ionizing Radiations and the Human Organism," (Research on
Means of Protection From Radiation Injury)., by Prof B. N.
Tarusov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energize, No 3, Mar 60, pp 33-38
Progressive scientists throughout the world have intensified their
efforts to create effective means of protecting the human organism from
ionizing radiations. There has been extensive growth in the field of
chemical protection or prophylaxis by the use of certain hhemical sub-
stances which., when administered prior to irradiation, alleviate radia-
tion injury.
According to the well-known Belgian scientist, Z. M. Bacq, and other
scientists, the mechanism of this type of prophylaxis can be explained on
the basis of the theory of the indirect effect of radiation. Other sci-
entists (B. N. Tarusov and others) consider that the radiochemical reac-
tions which arise in the organic substances of cells and tissues and which
have a protective effect play an important role in radiation injury. This
article considers the fundamental aspects of these studies and includes
the following specific topics: the mechanism of radiation injury, chain
reactions after radiation action, chemical protection, the role of oxygen,
direct and indirect effects, the protective effect of ant.ioxidants, and
physiological protection.
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134. Serum Proteins Altered by Ionizing Radiations
"Indexes of the Changeability of Serum Proteins Under the Ef-
fect of Ionizing Radiations," by I. K. Gul'mirzayeva, Chair
of Biochemistry, Tashkent State Medical Institute; Tishkentj
Meditsinskiy Z-urnal Uzbekistana, No 3, Mar 60, pp 30-35
The author briefly summarizes the effects of large doses of ionizing
radiations on protein molecules.
The purpose of the research discussed was to develop tests to determine
the degree of variability of serum proteins under the effect of ionizing
radiations administered in five doses of 5,000; 10,000, 100,000; one million;
and 2 million r from Co6o. Tests were conducted on serum whole proteins,
and on globulin and albumin fractions. Ammonium, sodium, and cadmium sul-
fate and trichloroacetic acid solutions causing protein precipitation were
used. Turbidity was determined by means of a galvanometer for normal horse
serum, and for antidiphtheria serum before and after irradiation.
The author's conclusions are as follows;
1. The thermophotoelectrometric method of testing developed by the
author is Offective in studying the changeability of serum proteins eider
the effect of various doses of gamma irradiation.
2. The use of ammonium, sodium, and cadmium sulfate and trichloro-
acetic acid solutions in determining the concentrations makes it possible
to detect changes in whole serum proteins and various fractions after their
irradiation.
3. By combining a 10-percent solution of - sodium sulfate with a 0.17-
percent solution of trichloroacetic acid, the precipitating effect is
significantly increased, .and denaturating changes resulting from smaller
doses of ionizing radiation are revealed.
135. Effect of Fe-'59 on Sermon Albumin
The Effect of the Introduced Radioisotope of Iron on Serum i-,'t
Albumin," by Ye. A. Zabozlayeva, Tr. Stalinabadsk. Med. In-
ta,(Worke of the Stalinabad Medical Institute)., No 27, 1957,
PP 33-40; (from Referati Zhurnal--Khimiya, Biologicheo-
ska a Khimi a, No 6, 25 Mar 00, Abstract No 739+, by V. Ba-
ranova
CPYRGHT
"The rate of peptolysis of dog serum alb,.;min before and after the a~
ministration of radioisotope Fe-59, which emits gamma rays and accumulate
in the liver was studied. It was established that after the administration
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of the radioisotope to dogs, the breakdown of serum albumin is accelerated.
Three months after the cessation of isotope administration, changes in the
rate of peptolysis were still evident. The plasma protein electrophoregxam
is changed after Fe-59 administration, i.e., the beta-globulin fraction is'
increased.. The readings of the thymolveronal test with blood serum of ir-
radiated dogs were higher than control figures, which probably is connected
not only with an increase in the quantity of beta globulins, but also',with
qualitative changes in the plasma proteins."
136. Myocardial Infarct During Acute Radiation Sickness
"The Course of Experimental Myocardial Infarct During Acute
Radiation Sickness in Rabbits," by N. B. ainzburg, Chair of
Normal Physiology, Military Medical Order of Lenin Academy
imeni S. M, Kirova, and Kharkov Military Hospital; Kiev,
Vrachebnoye Delo, No 12, Dec 59, pp 1263-1265
This report presents the results of experiments on 50 full-grown chin-
chilla rabbits subjected to X irradiation and suffering from experimental
myocardial infarct. The authors present the following conclusions:
1. Tfie course of myocardial infarct in animals suffering from radiation
sickness most often is more severe than in unirradiated animals. Electro-
cardiographic and morphological changes indicate a greater extension of ne-
crobiotic processes when myocardial infarct is combined with radiation sick-
ness, which individual cases leads to the development of cardiac aneurism
and a higher degree of dystrophic changes in the myocardium.
2. During the development of myocardial infarct against a background
of radiation sickness, a fall in the blood prothrombin index is noted.
Therefore, the significance of anticoagulants administered to patients
suffering from coronary deficiency and penetrating radiation effects should
be kept in mind.
3. Morphological changes in myocardial vessels indicate that after the
ligature of the anterior descending branch of the coronary artery, a more
marked stasis, together with hemorrhages, takes place in the cardiac mus-
cles of irradiated animals.
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137. Skin Sensitivity to External Medicinal Agents During Acute Radiation
Sickness
"Skin Sensitivity of White Rabbits Suffering From Acute Radia-
tion Sickness to External Medicinal Agents," by V. I. Samtsov,
Chair of Cutaneous and Venereal Diseases, Military Medical Or-
der of Lenin Academy imeni S. M. Kirov; Moscow, Vestnik Derma-
tologii i Veneroloii, No 3, Mar 60, pp 3-6
Fifty-four rabbits were subjected to a single, whole-body.X-irradiation
by 750 r in an effort to explain the changes in skin reactivity to external
irritants in animals suffering from acute radiation sickness of moderate
severity.
The author presents the following conclusions:
1. Penetrating radiation injuring the vascular system induces increased
cutaneous sensitivity to ichthyol., naphthalin, pitch, sulfur, cignolin
(anthralin), adhesive plaster, gasoline, and to a lesser degree, to iodine,
cleol (mastisol), and collodion.
2. The degree of the inflammatory reaction which is caused by the
above-mentioned preparations depends on the severity of the radiation
sickness.
3. The external use of the medicinal agents which have a side effect
(pitch and cignolin) aggravate the course of radiation sickness,
4. Vaseline, 10% mercurial ointment, 10% salicylic ointment, 5%
synthomycin ointment, 2% aqueous solution of methylene blue and gentian
violet, 70% alcohol, 2% salicylic alcohol, ether, and Castellani stain
exert no irritating effect on the skin of animals ;suffering from acute
radiation sickness of a moderate degree.
CPYRGHT
138. Effect of Ionizing Radiation Tested in Experimental Syphilis
"The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Course of Experimental
Syphilis in Rabbits," by A. L. Popovich, Material, Nauchn. Ses-
sii Posvyashch. 50-leet1 Z BSSR (Data of the Scientific Session
Commemorating the 0th Anniversary of the: , Be-lorussi6ii' ' : SSR) e
Minsk, 1959, pp 143-145; (from Referativn 2hurnal--Khimiya.-
Biologicheska, a n-imiya. No 6, 25 ar 06 , Abstract no by M. Piotrovskiy
?YT?ne onset of primary syphi,l.o!aa is :Lnhibited in rabbits with inoculated
syphilis at the height of radiation sickness (13 days after irradiation.. by
a 500 r dose)."
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139. Iodine-Binding Capacity of Gamma-Irradiated Albumin
"The Capacity of Gamma-Irradiated Serum Albumin to Bind Iodine,"
by G. A. Korol'chenko, Tr. Stalinabadsk. Med. In-ta (Works of
Stalinabad Medical Institute 3y No 27) 1957, pp 55-57; (from Re-
ferativn Zhurnal--Khimi a Biolo icheska a 1 hinaiy a, No. 6,
25 Mar 60, Abstract No 7393, by V. Baranova)
"It was found that gamma-irradiated serum albumin loses 20-30% of its
apacity to bind free iodine, which, in the author's opinion, is arresult,
f its oxidation."
CPYRGHT
140. Need for Specialization in Use of Modern Methods of Radiation Theranv
"Modern Methods of Radiation Therapy," by Prof A. Kozlova; Mos-
cow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 34+ (1886), 26 Apr 60, p 2
The author reviews various significant improvements in diagnostic
and therapeutic methods of treating malignant neoplasms of various forms,
sites, and stages. This is followed by a brief review and expansion of
the UN recommendations of 1959?on the use of atomic energy for peaceful
purposes, including the establishment of a special radiological canter
equipped with X rays, gamma rays linear accelerators, betatrons, etc.,
for treating all forms of malignancies and for conducting all types of
curietherapy.
In view of the increasing types, complications, and hazards of such
equipment, the adequate preparation of the participating personnel in
various therapeutic institutions is an additional necessary step toward
the successful treatment of malignancy. According to the author, such
therapeutic institutions should train specialists in the following discip-
lines: Radiotherapy physicians with 3 years of clinical experience plus
2-3 years' special training in radiotherapy; radiotechnologiats who have
received at, least 2 years of medical training plus 2 years of special
training in radiotherapy; physicist-radiologists who have completed the
university plus 2-3 years' of training in radiotherapy; and physicist-
technologists who are trained in dosimetry and the maintenance-of the
equipment.
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Surgery
141. Organ Transplantation Successful
"With Two Hearts," by V. P. Demikhov, Scientific Research
Lsbamtoay for the Transplantation of Organs, First Moscow
Medical Institute; Moscow, Nauka i Zhizn', No 8, Aug 59,
pp 64-66
The author of this article states that the Scientific Research LAbo=
ratory for the Transplantation of Organs, First Moscow Medical Institute,
has been experimenting on dogs for years to determine feasibility 'of re-
placing diseased hearts, lungs, stomachs, and kidneys with healthy ones.
More than 20 variations of transplantation of the heart and lungs of
dogs have been attempted. This was donelwithout removing the dog's own
heart .
Results of experiments showed that when the nerves which carry im-
pulses from the brain to the heart are severed, the heart functions more
steadily. Ventricular fibrillation was noted upon mechanical stimulation
of the heart when it was connected with the brain by means of nerve
tissues. When these stimulations were applied to the heart after the
nerves were severed, no complications were observed. The heart stibwed-1,
greater resistance to the effects of poisons when it was not connected
to the brain by means of nerve tissues.
Results of experiments conducted showed also that the tissue of the
transplanted) heart unites well with the tissues of the' new organism.
Symptons of biological or immunological incompatibility were not observed.
It is hoped that ultimately it will be possible to experiment on
humans tb observe the reaction of the human organism to such transplant-
ations.
142. Blood Preparations as Tissue-Healing Stimulators
"The Use of Blood Preparations to Speed the Healing of
Injured Tissues," by G. V. Golovin, Surgical Clinic,
Leningrad Order of Red Banner of Labor, Scientific Re-
search Institute for Blood Transfusion; Moscow, Vestnik
Khirurgii imeni I. I. Grekov, Vol 84, No 3, Mar 0~
pp 120-131
A comprehensive review of Soviet and non-Soviet literature on
numerous means and methods of stimulating bone and 'soft tissue regener-
ation is presented. Substances described include sterilized blood serum
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"P" as deucribed by A. N. Filutov, 1942; blood -expand i.ng solutions;
hornoge:nous calves; "V" powder, Bogomoiets, 1.9119; leukocyte disco; "RS"
powder, retroplacentai blood; "KP" powder, blood and penecilli.n; paste
'.ritli ,;ynthomyciri; fibrin films; blood plasma plastics; and hemopins.
The advantage of having hundreds of methods for speeding tissue
hc.aling is that when a practicing physician Is faced with the difficult
decision of choosing a method, he can select the method most suitable
to the general condition of his patient, the type of injury, and the
form and degree of pathology.
Veterinary Medicine
1111) , Aerosol Vaccine Used on Fowl
"Characteristics of Strain B1 Aerosol Vaccine Against Fowl
Plague," by V. P. Golubnichiy, Ukrainian Scientific Research
Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine.; Kiev, V_isnylc
Sil'skohospodars'koi Nauky, No 3, Mar 60, pp '',3-87
Special attention is being given to the aerogenic immunization of
fowl against fowl plague by a vaccine in the form of an aerosol.
The authors studied the fundamental physical and invnunobiological
characteristics of an aerosol of strain B1 fowl plague virus for the
purpose of learning the effectiveness of aerogenic immunization of fowl
under conditionsto be found in large fowl-breeding enterprises. The
results obtained from laboratory and production tests indicated that
vaccine aerosols of strain B1 produced by the 0-115 pistol atomizer and
the 0-29 pulverizer in combination with a compressed air source are
capable of providing prophylaxis against fowl plague.
The aerosols mentioned were harmless to fowl over 10. days old.
Their use in production tests did not affect the growth of chicks or
the productivity of laying hens..
Immunity begins 5-7 days after the vaccination of the fowl by the
aerogenic method and lasts up to 6 months. Formation of immunity is
accompanied by an increase in the specific antibody titer and in the
concentrations of the globulin fractions.
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].114. I-mni.~n:L:;cation Ag;al.rtut Fowl Typhoid
"The Search for a Vaccine Against Fowl Typhoid," by M. T.
Prokof ' yev and I. N. Doroshko, Nuuclin. Tr . Ukra:Lnskiy N . -I .
In-t Eksperim. Vet. (Scientific Works of the Ukrian:Lan
Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary
Medicine), No 211?, 1957 (19560) p:p i41-15 ( (from Rei'erativn
Zhurnal -- Biolo i. , No 23, 10 Dec 59, Abstract No 102436,
by A. Ya. Sha.piro)
"The authors prepared and tested 16 variants of a vaccine with
different quantities of microbial cells (inactivated with crystal
violet, formalin, depoted potash alum) aluminum hydroxide,'Otc,).
All these vaccines, which established resistance against infection with
Salmonella gallinarum in 50-80% of mice (when 100% of the controls died),
did not confer the required immunity in turkeys. The authors suggest
-t-hat the strains of Salmonella which were used to prepare the vaccines
were not sufficiently immunogenic, which may be a result of their low
virulence. The authors are also convinced that turkeys are extremely
susceptible to experimental -typhoid, and among laboratory animals, mice
are also extremely susceptible; older chicks and full-grown chickens
were only slightly sensitive. The authors recommend the following
methods for experimental infection: for turkeys, intramuscular; for
"ickens, intraperitoneal; for mice, cutaneous."
CPYRGHT
Miscellaneous
145. Progress in Medical Electronics
"Today and TomDrrow in Electronics," by A. Smirnov,
Physiological Laboratory of Design Bureau of Biophysical
Devices (Biofizpribor), Leningrad; Moscow, Meditsinskiy
Rabotnik, 8 Apr 60, p 3
This article concerns advances in the field of medical electronics
which aid physicians in the objective diagnosis of difficult cases.
Electronics has not yet found wide usage in outpatient medical
practice to the extent that it is a familiar sight. Prior to World War
II, medical electronics as a science and as a branch of engineering was
unknown.
Recently it has been recognized that electronics may be applied
in medical diagnosis. There are now scientific engineering societies
of medical electronics in existence, in many countries, inhiuding the
USSR. International electronics conferences:..haveL;:beeh .held, an
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Inturna(ional Society of Medical Electronics has been organized, and
special periodicals and books are being published on the subject. Scion-
tifl.e research and design organi:;ations and establishments have been set
up to initiate large-scale production of medical electronic instruments
and devices. Many large clinics in the USSR already have a sufficient
number of electronic devices to work with.
Medical electronic equipment makes the work of physicians easier
inasmuch as it supplies accurate objective data concerning the functions
of various organs, systems, and the organism as a whole.
Such instruments as oxyhemometers are now being used to measure
oxygen saturation of the blood. Photoelectric devices can measure
within Tlinutes, and with sufficient accuracy, the quantity of hemo-
globin and its derivatives in the blood and the amount of various other
pi rents in the blood, bile, and urine.
Electrothermometers are superior to ordinary mercury thermometers
in accuracy and measuring speed, and they can be used more conveniently.
Measuring the temperature of the body within 10-20 seconds, one electro-
thermometer can do the work of between 25 and 50 mercury thermometers,
making it possible for a nurse on a ward to measure the temperature of
6-10 patients without leaving her desk. A thermograph can draw a curve
of the temperture of the body over a period of 24 hours.
Oxyhemometers and electrothermometers are very simple devices.
Multichannel devices for comprehensive examination of physiological proc-
esses of the cardiovascular and the central nervous systems place the
development of modern medical electronics on a high level.
An electrocardiograph with between 12 and 16 channels and a multi-
tude of diverse attachments makes it possible to record simultaneously
several electrocardiograms: arterial and venous pressure, pulse, blood
pressure and oxygen saturation, heart, tonus and noises, fluctuations in
hyperemia in the organs, the rate of blood flow, and other processes.
The device does not offer a ready-made diagnosis, but it supplies a
sufficient quantity of objective factual meterial that can be used to
aid in reaching an accurate and dependable medical diagnosis. Many new
discoveries in radioelectronics can be utilized in such very complex
instruments.
The applications of radioelectronics are unlimited. Efficiently
functioning electroencephalographs are now being used for recording
biocurrents. of the brain. They contain hundreds of electronic tubes
and semiconductors as well as thousands of other components.
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Curves obtained with the aid of the most complicated electronic
medical devices, such as electroencephalograms, electromyograms, electro-
cardiograms, and many others, arc so complicated -t-hat only exceptionally
well-qualified personnel can decipher them. For this reason, further
improvement in the techniques of measurement as well as the invention
of new instruments must be accompanied by the development of suitable
automatic devices for analysis. Analyzers and integrators of biocurrents
of the brain, which operate in conjunction with the electroencephalograph,
are now available.
The vigorous growth of the medical electronics industry is quite
understandable. It can be said that satisfactory surgery to correct
heart and lung disorders depends to a considerable degree on the ef-
ficient functioning of electronic devices. It is doubtful that any
physician would undertake heart surgery on the basis of auscultation
and functional trials. Decisions must be made on the basis of objective
data about heart sounds obtained with the aid of a phonocardiograph.
Televison systems have been invented which permit observations of
how an operation is proceeding. The picture is supplied in natural
color and can be observed outside the operating room.
A special, composite electronic device which will be able to record
the frequency of pulse and respiration, to determine oxygen saturation
of the blood, to determine arterial pressure, to supply a photographic
record of the heart's action, and to detect and record brain waves is
under development. This device is expected to be operational in 1960.
One person will be able to operate it.
Medical electronics has demonstrated great usefulness in measuring
the temperature of the body without coming in contact with it. There is
a device which automatically measures arterial blood pressure at regu-
lated intervals and continues to do so for a period of several hours.
There is another device, an oxyhemograph, which can record continuously
the oxygen saturation of the blood in arteries and veins.
A so-called "radiopill" has been invented. It is a miniature radio
station with microscopic semiconductors and batteries. The patient
swallows the pill, and a special apparatus in it records information
about pressure, acidity, and temperature in the intestines and the rate
at which its contents move. The "radiopill" not only replaces the
X-ray and catheterization, but also makes possible examinations of places
of the body which are otherwise inaccessible.
The devices mentioned above have already been invented. They are
either -in use or are about to be used in various laboratories and in
physiotherapeutic and other establishments.
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Thousands of laboratory technicians are analyzing blood every day
in the USSR. The number of these analyses approximates one million each
year. One can imagine the significance of the devices which are cur-
rc;rrtly under development, ouch as an automatic device which will be aUle
to compute the number of blood corpuscles in the body. Apparatuses to
be used in treating patients with ultrasound and with ultrahigh-frequency
Impulses are also under development.
The tendency now is to perfect and to simplify the existing type:;
of electronic devices. The work presently conducted is devoted to
miniaturization with better performance and accuracy. The trend is
toward automatization of analysis of physiological processes. Scien-
tists and designers are persistently searching for a way of finding
instruments to visualize the internal organs with the aid of ultrasound
and high-frequency electromagnetic oscillations. Some success has
been achieved in this respect. A device of this type for examining
tumors is in the process of development.
Some people are already dreaming of machines which can perform
medical diagnosis. Although these dreams seem fantastic, no doubt a
machine can combine exact diagnostic information with analysis of this
information, and can do so much more rapidly than can be done by a
human being. Attempts already have been made to develop an instrument
which will automatically analyze the temporal and amplitudinal relation-
ships of the electrocardiogram, and will decipher it in approximately
the same manner as would a medical specialist. An apparatus to auto-
matically control anesthesia has already been made operational.
The automatic regulation of physiological processes and the resto-
ration of lost functions are of great practical significance. Automatic
stimulation of the heart by means of biocurrents may serve as an example
of this. Such devices are now in the process of development. We can
look forward to the time, which is not far off, when voice, and to some
extent hearing and vision, can be replaced by some sort of device. A
great future is envisioned for medical electronic devices.
146. Unsatisfactory Vaccination Program
"In the Ministry of Health USSR" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 5 Apr 60, p 4
At a meeting of the Collegium of the Ministry of Health USSR, con-
siderable dissatisfaction was expressed with the manner in which plans
for the widespread vaccination of the population against a number of
diseases are bing implemented. Plans have been prepared for the vacci-
nation of the people with an associated vaccine against diphtheria, per-
tussis, and tetanus; a live vaccine against poliomyelitis; and a vaccine
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against measles and parotitis. Reports to date, however, indicate that
;hc: plans are being carried out in an unsatisfactory manner: many thera-
peutic establishments failed to provide space where vaccinations can be
given; medical personnel arc not familiar with the methods of using
vaccines and sera; in some areas children who have never been vaccinated
arc reported as'having received vaccinations; and no provisions for
the storing of vaccines and sera are reported from some places. A reso-
lution calling for the immediate correction of all these shortcomings
has been adopted.
147. Price Reductions of Drugs
"What Are the Results of the Price Reduction of Drugs"
(unsigned article); Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik,
5 Apr 60, p 2
M. A. Klyuyev, chief of the Main Administration of the Interre-
publican Supply and Marketing of Drugs, in commenting on the recent
decree ordering a reduction of prices on a number of pharmaceutical
preparations said that the price reductions in effect will save the
people billions of rubles. Prices of biomycin, terramycin, penicillin,
synthomycin, and other antibiotics have been reduced 24-57 percent;
prices of phthivazid, tubazid, and metazid--antitubercular preparations
have been reduced by 35-50 percent; price reductions of 46-50 percent
are in effect on hormone and vitamin preparations. The sharp reductions
in the price of vitamins will make it possible to vitaminize such food
products as bread, sugar, flour, and milk.
The drug manufacturing industry of the country is expanding,
Klyuyev continued. The Kurgan and Penza Chemicopharmaceutical Plants
have begun mass-scale production of biomycin and Vitamin B12. A. new
plant in Novosibirsk will soon begin the manufacture of antibiotics.
The network of the drug outlets will be supplemented by 6,500 apothecary
shops and many dispensing points in the course of the years of the Seven-
Year Plan.
148. Hemeopathy Denounced
"The False Wisdom of Homeopathy," letter to editorial office;
Moscow, Izvestiya, 8 Apr 60, '? 3
In a letter received at the editorial office of Izvestiya, Acade-
mician A. Bakulev; Active Members of the Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR N. Blokhin, P. Sergiyev, V. Timakov, V. Orekhovich, V. Vasilenko,
V. Parin, A. Letavet, B. Yegorov, Yu. Dombrovskaya, V. Zakusov, A. Mya-
snikov, A. Bilibir_, and I. Filimonov; Corresponding Members of the
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Acadc;my of Medical Sciences, USSR B. Ognov, I S.Lpcranski,y, N. Kurshakov,
II . Shnt ; l.ev, L. La.r:i.onov, and A. Mitikh; and professors B. Votchal, S.
Cherkinski.,y, M. Mautikovskiy, S. Mo:i.seyev, and V. Vasil' yeva denounce
01'., recognition of homeopathy as a legitimate branch of medicine, and
voice their objection to the so-called homeopathic trend of medicine in
the USSR. Homeopathy, they write has been officially recognized in the
USSR; homeopaths have their own clinics and dispensing shops; the ad-
dition of homeopathic facilities to municipal clinics and the supple-
menting of the staffs of clinics with homeopathic physicians has been
proposed. Homeopathy, they continue, has no scientific basis, and its
practitioners have no scientific training. It is an error on the part
of the Ministry of Health USSR to permit young physicians who receive
their education at the people's expense to forget all they had learned
and to turn to homeopathy, particularly since the motives of many of
these are not always idealistic, but are frequently dictated by merce-
nary considerations.
The fact that so many people turn to homeopathy and patronize its
clinics the letter ascribes to the shortcomings in the assistance ren-
dered by medicine to the people. It calls on the Ministry of Health to
give this problem its serious consideration and to reject the neutral
position it now takes. It is no more possible to give equal recognition
to medicine and homeopathy than it is possible to give equal recognition
to astronomy and astrology, the letter concludes.
1I.9. UF?es of Ultrasound in Bulgaria
"Ultrasonics in the People's Republic of Bulgaria," by L. G.
Merkulov, Akusticheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 6, No 1, Jan/Mar 60,
p 14 1
"Considerable progress has been made in recent years in the People's
Republic of Bulgaria toward raising the level of the national economy.
This progress has resulted in increased interest in practical applica='
tons of ultrasound technology.
"Most of the work conducted in scientific research institutes and
in factories has been associated with the application of ultrasound in
-technical operations, investigation of the effects of ultrasound on
biological objects, and hypersonic analysis.
"A special ultrasound laboratory has been established in the Scien-
tific Research Institute of Transportation in Sofia. A number of very
interesting studies are currently being conducted in this laboratory.
A method has been developed to improve the quality and to accelerate the
process of extracting many therapeutic substances, particularly insulin.
The important problem of increasing the yield of various agricultural
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cropLpn is also feint; rcoolved in this laboratory. Results of experiments
pi:rfox7ned under laboratory conditions showed that it is possible to in-
crease the yield of some crops by 30-4O% This is done by preliminary
Irradiation of scccls with ultrasound. Work has begun in this same insti-
tute on the welding of various metals by means of ultrasound and on the
application of ultrasonic oscillations in electroplanti.ng. Much research
has also been done on the processing of industrial equipment, such as
powcr.Cul generators., supersonic soldering bits, and other items.
"The Chair of Physics of the Medical Institute and the Institutes
of Biology and Microbiology (all in Sofia) have been conducting research
to determine the possibility of stimulating various biological processes
and to determine the effect of powerful ultrasonic oscillations on
microorganisms. An appreciable increase in the immunogenic properties
of vaccines was noted after they had been subjected to treatment with
ultrasound; this is of great practical interest. A new, effective
method of obtaining emulsions of a number of therapeutic substances has
been developed.
"Diverse technological applications of ultrasound have been initi-
ated in light industry And in food-producing enterprises.
"Interesting investigations have been conducted by the Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences to determine the effect of ultrasound on the proper-
-ties of semiconductors and to observe the processes of secondary electron
emission of crystals.
"Industrial application of hypersonic analysis is not yet very
extensive. It is, however, being used by the Railroad Car Building Plant
im.:,ni G. Dimitrov to check the quality of car axles. This plant is
located in Sofia. Hypersonic analysis has been. introduced in the Metal-
lurgical Plant imeni V. I. Lenin (in Dimitrov) and also in the Ship-
building and Maintenance Plant imeni G. Dimitrov (in Varna)."
150. Czechoslovak National Biochemical Congress To Be Held in August
Prague, Chemicke Listy, Mar 60,
CPYRGHT
"The Czechoslovak Biochemical Society of the Czechoslovak Academy
of Sciences in, Prague, in cooperation with the section of clinical
chemistry of the Czechoslovak J. E. Pu.rkyne Medical Association in
Prague, will sponsor the Second National Biochemical Congress (with
international participation) between 29 August and 3 September 1960 in
Prague.
"Registration of papers to be presented and announcement of parti-
cipation in. the congress should be submitted by 20 March 1960. Questions
should be addressed to Engr M. Cihar, Institute of Chemistry. of the
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences; Prague 6, Na cvicisti 2."
CPYRGHT
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VIII. METALLURGY
Physical Metallurgy
151. Precipitation of Tungsten and Molybdenum by Reduction With Hydrogen
Under Pressure
"Precipitation of Tungsten and Molybdenum From Solutions of
Sodium Tungstate and Molybdate by Reduction With Hydrogen
Under Pressure," 'by A. N. Zelilanan and Z. M. Lyapina, Chair
of the Metallurgy of Rare Metals, Krasnoyarsk Institute of
Nonferrous Metals; Ordzhonikidze, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uche-
bnykh Zavedeniy, Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya, No 2, 1960,
pp 119-125
High extraction of tungsten (94 to 99%) from sodium tungstate
solutions with tungsten concentrations ranging from 5 to 40 g/1 was
achieved by maintaining a pH of 2-3, hydrogen partial pressure to 20
atm, and temperature of 200?C. In contrast to molybdenum, this reaction
proceeds at a high rate without the aid of seeding. Tungsten is pre-
cipitated in the form of compounds containing 73-75.2% W and 3.94-4.2%
Na and molybdenum in the form of M002. Content of sodium in the tungsten
precipitate may be reduced from 4.2 to 3.8% by repeated processing in
boiling 5% HCl. In selective precipitation of solutions containing both
the tungstate and molybdate, tungsten is precipitated at a hydrogen pres-
sure of 20 atm and temperature of 200?C. Molybdenum is subsequently
precipitated by reduction with hydrogen at a pressure of 60 atm and
seeding with molybdenum powder. The process is considered to be of
possible interest for working waste solutions and tailings from in-
dustrial processes containing tungsten and molybdenum.
152. Fusibility Diagram of the Ti-V-Mo System Developed
"Fusibility Diagram of the Ternary System Titanium-Vanadium-
Molybdenum," by I. I. Kornil.ov and R. S. Polyakova; Moscow,
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdeleni e Tekhnicheskikh Nauk,
Metallurgiya i Toplivo, No 1, Jan Feb 60, pp 85-89
Results are given of investigations from which a fusibility diagram
was developed for the Ti-V-Mo system. Alloys were prepared by powder
metallurgy and arc furnace methods. Due to the smooth change in temper-
ature curves for the beginning of melting relative to composition, it
is considered possible that alloys of this ternary system crystallize
as a continuous series of solid solutions. The flat minimum curve for
the crystallization of alloys of the system Ti-V is reflected in the
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change of the solidus surface for the ternary system T-V-Mo. Micro,
structural analysis of quenched alloys confirmed -the unlimited solubility
of these elements in one another above the temperature of polymorphic
transformation of titanium. With increase of molybdenum and vanadium
content, the temperature of polymorphic transformation of ternary alloys
decreases. Data from the fusibility diagram may find practical applica-
tion in selecting compositions for ternary alloys with a fixed initial
melting temperature.
153. Solubility of Chromium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten in Aluminum
"Investigation of the Solubility of Chromium, Molybdenum and
Tungsten in Aluminum," by V. N. Vigdorovich, V. M. Glazov,
and N. N. Glagoleva, Chair of Physical Chemistry and the Chair
of Physical Metallurgy, Krasnoyarsk Institute of Nonferrous
Metals; Ordzhonikidze, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy,
Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya, No 2, 1960) pp 143-146
Measurements of the microhardness of crystals of solid solutions
were employed to determine the solubility of chromium, molybdenum, and
tungsten in aluminum at temperatures from 400 to 66o?C. The maximum
solubility (% by wgt) of each element was calculated to be as follows:
Cr, 0.86% at 661?C; Mo, 0.25% at 660?C; and W, 0.16% at 660?C.
154. High-Temperature Alloys of Aluminum With Ternary Intermetallic
Compounds
"Effect of Ternary Intermetallic Compounds on the Heat
Resistance of Deformed Aluminum Alloys," by B. K. Vul'f
and M. N. Chernov, Air'Force Engineering Academy and the
Moscow Aviation Institute; Ordzhonikidze, Izvestiya Vys-
shikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya, No 2,
1960, pp 147-152
Hot hardness tests of the ternary compounds Cu2Al20Mn3 (T), Cu3Al6-
Ni ( 'U)) Mg Zn Al (T) Mg Al Cr (E), Al Si Mn (T), ,U 0 Mn Ni (X),
4 3 3 2 12 9 3 4 ' 60 11 4
and A19FeNi ( ~ ), showed that the hardness of Mg 2 Al 12 Cr (E) dropped
only 11% after 60 min at 300?C, whereas that of Cu3Al6Ni ( -r)., Mg4Zn3-
Al3 (T), and A19FeNi ( ~ ) dropped approximately 50%. Short and long
durationstrength tests of 46 experimental alloys of aluminum with the
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above-indicated compounds (content of cacti compound up to 20) 31, 32, 17,
17, 16, and 13%, respectively) showed that the highest short duration
trongth was exhibited by alloys of the systems Al-Cu A16Ni (tensile
2 3
strength of 22 kg/mm with 17'fo elongat.i.on at 3000C) and Al-Mg 4Zn3Al
(tensile strength of approximately 35 kg/mn2 with approximately 9 to 11,
elongation at 300?C). For comparison, it is noted that the short .
duration strength of the standa~d high-temperature alloys Alt 4_1 and VD
17 is approximately 16-17 kg/mm with elongation of approximately 8-21%
at 300?C. The highest long duration strength was exhibited by alloys
of the system Al-Mg rupture time was greater than 250 hr at a
stress of II. kg/mm at 300?C.
3.55. Parkerizing as Protection Against Corrosion Under Arctic Conditions
"On the Stability of Parkerized Iron Under Conditions at Sea
in a Polar Climate," by V. I. Vul'fson and Ye. V. Tyutyun;'
nikova, Uchennyye Za iski Leningradskoye Vysshoye Inzhener-
noye Morskoye Uchilishche Scientific Notes, Leningrad Higher
Marine Engineering School), No 11, 1958, pp 159-164 (from
Referativn_yy Zhurnal -- Metallurgiya, Vol 7, Jul 59, Abstract
No 16481)
The protective properties of parkerized sheets as a base for paint
were studied under operating conditions in the Arctic. Tests were con-
ducted with plates of No 3 steel, parkerized in a solution made up of
30 grams per liter of salts of "Mazhef" (mixture of monophosphates of
manganese and iron) and 60 grams per liter of Zn(NO3)2 . 611 0 (as a
2
catalyst for 10 minutes at 96-98?C and painted with oil paint, primer,
acid enamel. Unparkerized plates were also tested. It was found that
parkerized and painted iron parts had the same corrosion resistance at
low fluctuating temperature as painted parts which had been primed with
red lead. Iron which has been coated with phosphate film before painting
is equally as corrosion resistant as that primed with red lead.
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156. Cool ?:i.cient of Linear Expansion for Metals at Low Temperatures
"Determining the Coefficients of Linear Expansion of Certain
Metals and Alloys at Temperatures Below Zero," by I. M.
Mar'yanovckiy, Trudy Lcningradskogo Tekhnologicheskogo Insti-
tuta KholodilIn Promyshiennostj Works of the Leningrad
Technological Institute of the Refrigeration Industry),
Vol 15, 1958, p 221 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Metallurgiy
No 7, Jul 59, Abstract No 15997)
A special laboratory device, based on an. optical indicator and a
cooler, was developed for the determination of the coefficient of linear
expansion at low operating temperatures. The device affords the possi-
bility of measuring cooled specimens with an accuracy of 0.01 micron
per millimeter of length. The coefficient of linear expansion is com-
puted on the basis of the varied linear dimension of the specimens
through each 10 degrees over a temperature range from plus 18 degrees
to minus 190 degrees centigrade. The coefficients of linear expansion
for several metals and alloys are tabulated.
157. Structure of Protective Films on Metals
"The Sorption Method of Determining the Structure of Pro-
tective Films on Metals," by V. S. Nabokov, Ye. N. Paleolug,
and N. D. Tomashov, Metody Issledovaniya Structury Vysokodj.
spersnykh i Porist kh Tel Methods of Studying the Structure
of Highly Dispersed and Porous Bodies); Moscow, Academy of
Sciences USSR, 1958, pp 137-145 (from. Referativnyy Zhurnal --
Metallurgiya, No 7) Jul 59, Abstract No 1 03
A description is given of a new adsorption method and of a device
for determining the structure, weight, thickness, and porosity of pro-
tective films on metals. The method of studying anodic films on alumi-
num is described. Isopentane is used as the adsorbate. Tests were
conducted at minus 72 degrees 'enti6rade, with an accuracy of plus-minus
0.005 degrees maintained by means of a special cryostat. Anodically
deposited cylindrical specimens 5 millimeters in diameter and 22 mil-
limeters long were carefully prepared. held in the exsiccator
for 24 hours, and i;hen put into the device , for recording the
isotherms of adsorption. The films were removed from surface
of the zp'ecimens 'with special solution '(20 grams of Cr.03,
35 grams of H3POI~ per liter of H 0). The specimens were weighed on
2
microbalarices before and after the removal of the films. Weighting
accuracy was approximately 4 percent. On the basis of the obtained
data, a calculation was made of the true surface and thickness of
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the f:i.lrns, the, total pore volume, and the number and distribution of
the pores with respect- to the effective radius. The influence of
several factors on the formation of the film was studied. It was
found that anodic deposition on aluminum in solutions of H2S04 takes
place directly in the solid phase.
156. Physical Basis for Gas Corrosion of Metals and Alloys
"Reflection of the Physical Mechanism of Reaction Diffusion
in the Structural Picture of Layers of Reaction Products
(Physical Bases for the Process of Gas Corrosion of Metals
and Alloys)," by V. I. Arkharov, Trudy Instituta Fiziki
Metallov, Ural'skiy Filial AN SSSR Works of the Institute
of the Physics of Metals, Ural Branch of the Academy of
Sciences USSR), No 20, 1958, pp 229-243 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Metallurgiya, No 7, Jul 59, Abstract No 16346)
A report is given of the influence of diffusion reaction observed
during the chemical interaction of two media which come into direct con-
tact with one another only in the first stage and later interact through
a layer of diffusion products formed at their initial point of contact.
The article surveys work done on the study of the structural mechanism
of diffusion reaction, including microstructure of reaction products
(scale); phase condition of scale layers (including fine structural
discontinuities connected with phase divergences from the stoichio-
metric state); size and configuration of the crystals of the oxide
phase; gradient of concentration of components, as well as of vacan-
cies; texture and. interphase orientation of components; and lattice
deformations and structural indications of auto,._atic phase hardening.
The diffusion reaction is considered for the solid-gas phase system
with solid nonvolatile reaction products, a particular case of which
represents gas corrosion.
159. Phase Studies of the Mg-Mn-Al-Ca System
"Investigation of Alloys of the Quaternary System Magnesium-
Manganese-Aluminum-Calcium," by M. Ye. Drits, M. V. Mal'tsev,
L. L. Rokhlin, and 0. N. Vdalova; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Otdeleni e Tekhnicheskikh Nauk, Metallurgiya i
Toplivo, No 1, Jan/Feb , -pp59-63
Isothermal profiles (for 400 and 300?C) of alloys of the system Mg-
Mn-Al-Ca which lie in the tetrahedron plane corresponding to a fixed
content of manganese (1.50) and a number of polythermal profiles were
constructed on the basis of microstructural analyses. It is shown that
at 400 and 3000C these alloys will fall in one of ten indicated phase
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regions, depending on their c tposition. Results of investigations are
i.tsc.d to establish the phase composition of the industrial high-strength,
corrosion resistant alloy MA9.
Production Metallurgy
160. Review of Research of the Institute of the Bearing Industry
"Scientific Research Works in the Metals Field and Heat Treat-
ment in the Past 15 Years," by B. Ya. Bashkirov, Tekhnologiya
pods hipnikostroyeni a (Technology of Bearing Manufacture ,
No 17, 1958) pp 6E-67 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Metal-
lurgiya, No 7, Jul 59, Abstract No 15791)
The following works of the institute are discussed:
(a) studies of bearing-steel alloys; improving the quality of
steel through alloying; preparation of GOST and TU standards;
(b) studies of the use of stainless and high-temperature
steels in bearings;
(c) studies of methods of heat treating steel bearings to
guarantee minimum deformation, stability of structure,! and dimensions
of parts.
161. Production at Nevskiy Machine Building Plant
"Technical Progress in Metallurgical Production at the
Nevskiy Machine Building Plant imeni V. I. Lenin," by
S. A. Katugin, Trudy Nevskogo Mashinostroitel'nogo Zavoda
(Works of the Nevskiy Machine Building Plant), No 4, 1948"
PP 5-22 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal - Metallurgiya, No 7,
Jul 59, Abstract No 1615k)
A report is given of the development of the Nevskiy Plant during
the period 1857-1957, particularly in the production of steam, gas,
and hydraulic turbines, gas compressors, fans, and other machines.
The plant has mastered the casting of heavy parts made of steels
20KhML and Kh25N12T and the production. of castings, forgings, and drop
forgings made of steels 1Kh18N9T, Kh18N12M2T, EI268, and E1400 and
high-chromium (27-30 percent) cast iron. Mold and core mixtures of
sand and water glass are used for quick drying.
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1.62. Two New Iligh-Tcm_r,perature Bcaringt S Leek, V'(Kh1EF and VhKhhMIF
"Steels for Races and Dod:ics of Rotation of IIiGh-Temperate :.o
Bearings, Their Propertic, and Heat Treatment," by A. S.
Sheyn, A. A. Tsareva,, V. D. Fedotova, and Z. V. Pavlova,
Teklinologi a i ods,h:ipn.ikostroyeni as (Technology of Bearing
Manufacture), No 17, 195a, pp 6f3-38 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal --- Motallurgiya, No '(, Jul 59, Abstract No 15793)
A study is made of the influence of geometry and dimensions, grain
elongation, hardening temperature, and procedures of annealing and cold
working on the structural and dimensional changes occurring during heat
-treatment, the stabilization of dimensions, and hot hardness and impact
strength of steels EI-3l.7, EI-161 and other high-temperature steels. A
study was also made of the use of high-temperature bearing steel as a
replacement for E.T.-347, which possesses considerable carbide heteroge-
neity. The steel considered for this purpose has a composition of 0.60-
0.81 percent carbon, 2.99-3.01 percent chromium, 1.3-7.4 percent tungr
sten) 0-1.26 percent vanadium, and 0-O.4.9 percent molybdenum. Two new
steels, VPKh4F and VI[Kh14 ', were developed for operating temperatures
up to 400 C and up to 500?C, where a hardness of R = 50 is admissible.
The chemical compositions of the new steels are as follows:
V7Kh4F: 0.6-0.7 percent carbon_, 0.11- percent (or less) manga-
nese, 0.4-0.6 percent silicon, 4.4-5.0 percent chromium, 0.4-0.7 percent
vanadium, and 0.2-0.35 percent molybdenum;
V4Kh1 W : 0.7-0.8 percent carbon,, 0.4 percent (or less) manga-
nese, 0,4-0.6 percent; silicon, 4.4-5.0 percent chromium, 0.7-1.0 per-
cent vanadium, and 0.4-0.6 percent molybdenum.
163: High-Speed Induction Annealing of Titanium. Alloys VT-5 and VT-3-1
"Recrystallization Ar..nealing of Titanium Alloys by Induction
Heating," by M. M. Badzyaka and V. I. Parkhimovich; Minsk,
Vestsi Akademii Navuk BSSR9 Seryya Fizike..,Tekhnichnykh Navuk,
No 4, 1958, PP 7-- 5h
Results are presented of investigations on recrystallization an-
nealing of cold-worked titanium alloys VT-5 and VT-3-1 by induction
heating. Optimum conditions selected are as follows: for alloy VT-5,
heating to 1,050-1,100?C at a rate of 25?C/sec or to 1,100-1,150?C at
50?C/sec; for alloy VT-3-1, heating to 1,100?C at a rate of 50?C/sec.
Both strength and ductility of induction annealed alloys are increased;
the greatest increase of ductility (approximately 200%) was exhibited
by alloy VT-3-1. Scale losses were 2.5-3 times less as compared to
those in ordinary furnace annealing.
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i6ll. Research on Intricate Casting of Low-Alloyed Titanium
"Casting Proper?l,? ieu of Low-Alloyed Titaniwn," by Yu. A.
Nolhendz:L, Doctor of Technical Scicnceu; L. V. Butalov
and N. I. Pcrov, Candidates of Technical Sciences; and
Engr Yu. A. Filin; Moscow, Liteynoyc Proizvodstvo, No 3,
Mar 60, pp 2-11?
Generalized results are presented of investigations to establish
the principles in the behavior of titanium and its alloys during casting.
Recommendations for combating casting difficulties inherent to titanium
are discu3sed, but also in a generalized manner. Investigations are
claimed to be part of an attempt to expand the application of titanium
and its alloys in intricate castings.
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IX. PHYSICS
Mechanics
165. Equations of Magnetodynamicu,
"A Particular Solution of Equations of Malrnctic Gas Dynamics,"
by 0. A. i3erezin; Leningrad, Vestnik Leningradskovo Uni-
ver3:!.teta Soria Matenvat:Lk:L, Mckhaniki :L Astronomic, No 1,
196o, pp 107-110
A particular solution of equations of malrrietic as dynatnica depend-
ing on one arbitrary function is given. The solution is coupled to the
motion of the shock wave propagating in motionless gas in the medium
with some initial density Pl (x2), pressure P1 (x2), and the strength
of the magnetic field h1 : hO - P1(x2) . The forms of the functions Pi
(x2), P. (x2) and. the law of the shodtwave motion are determined from
the conditions of the dynamic compatability.
Nuclear Physics
166. Polarized Radiative Capture
"Circular Polarization of Gamma Quanta Accompanying Nuclear
Capture of Slow Neutrons," by D. P. Grechukhin, Moscow State
Pedagogical Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal Fks erimental'no i
Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 38, No 2, Feb 60, pp 621-630
An estimation is made of. the order of magnitude of the polarization
and anisotropy of the angular distribution of cascade quanta emitted
by a previously polarized compound nucleus. Determination of the
average of the circular polarization over the cascade permits one to
establish the spin of the initial state of the compound nucleus, and
by investigating the spectral distribution of the polarization and
anisotropy of the angular distribution of the quanta, one can obtain
information on the spin dependence of the level density of the compound
nucleus.
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16'(. Raal.ui;1.v'.: Capture
"Upuctru of G4wunu Ray:; Pro%I.u ad in the Capture of Thermal
Neutrons by IIo~avy Nuclei . III I . by V. M. Strutinskiy, L.
V. Grouhev, and. M. K. Akimovu; Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperi-
mentul.' no :L Te.oreti chcr koy Fl ziki, V03738, No 2,
Feb 60, pp 59b-611
The spectra of 'Y'-rays uccompuuying the capture of thermal neutrons
are calculated.. The calculu tionv are performed for dipole T -radiation
and two types of dependence of the nuclear level density on energy.
The results for the level den:;ity are compared with data derived from
other experiments.
168 Radiative Capture
"Spectra of Gamma Rays Produced by the Capture of Thermal
Neutrons by Heavy Nuclei. I.," by L. V. Groshev, A. M.
Demidoir, and V. I. Pelekhov; Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperi-
mentcal'noy i Teorcticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 38, No 2, Feb 60,
.588- 597
The experimental data on the 'D-spectra from the thermal neutron
(r1^) reaction are compared with the theoretical spectra calculated
for two laws of variation of the level density. The effect of the
energy gap in the level spectrum of even-even nuclei on the T -ray
spectrum in the 0.8-4 MeV region is rLiscussed. The presence of an
energy gap leads to large difference i.n the spectra of odd-odd and
even-even nuclei.
169. Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering
"Nucleon-Nucleon. Scattering in Two Meson Approximation
at Large 0.-bital Momentsby A. D. Galanin, A. F.
'Grashin, B. L. Ioffe, and I. Ya. Pomeranchuk; Moscow,
Zhurr?,al Eksperimental'nay i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol
38, No 2, Febpp-475-77,u
The method developed. by the au. thors earlier (ibid, 37, 6
(1959)) is used to calculate the nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitude
in two-meson approximation at large orbital. moments. Concrete calcula-
tions are made for the singlet amplitude in nonrelativisti c approxima-
tion at orbital. moments that are not very great, 144 < 4 m2/1Z2 (m -
nucleon mass, ),i - meson mass). The results obtained indicate that
F and G phases with nucleon energies~Elab L 200 MeV can be derived
rl~
with good accuracy from the one-meson approximation. This conclusion
may prove important for the phase analysis of nucleon scattering.
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170. II ;crop DecEt
"The Possibility of De; iinination of Form Factors in Leptonic
Decay of Hyp
e.rons, " by If. P. felov, D. S. Mingalev, and V. M.
$hekhter, Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental'noy i Teoreti-
cheskoy Fiziki, Vol 38, No 2, Feb 607 pp 541-552
The energy correlation and asymmetry of emission of particles
produced in leptonic decay of hyperons and also the polarization of the
emitted .nucleons or secondary hyperons have been calculated with account
of all six form factors of the decay V, A interaction. A method of com-
parison of the th(;;!,)retical. formulas with the, experimental data is sug-
g_sted which pe.nmiit 5 one in principle to d.e.ermine the form factors .
A similar calculation is presentea in the appendix when all five types
of decay interaction are retained and the form factors are neglected.
171. Hyperon. Decay
"Interference of Fo.~'m Factors in Lepton.ic Decay of Hyperons,"
by V. M. Sheitter, Leningrad Physicote chaical Institute,
Acade-my of Sciences 'JSSR; Mosco,r, Zhurrai EksLe.:imental'no-
i Teoreticheskoy FiztkiL Vol 38, No 2, Feb 60, pp 53 -5.0
It is possible to deduce the energy dependence of the coefficients
before the products of various foum factors in the expression for the
probability of leptonic decay of hyperons and also to predict when part
of there coefficients vanish by making use of invariance of the four-
fermion interaction matrix element under some formal transformations,
no straightforward calculations being required for this purpose.
172. 'Scattering of 7t .-Mesons
"Investigation of E' as?:,ic Scattering of R---Mesons With
Momentum 6.8 BeV/c on Protons in a. Propane Bubble Chamber,"
by Wang Kan- chang, Wang Tso-tsiang, Ping Da-- tsao, V. G.
Ivanov, Yu. V. Katyshev, Ye. IT, K 1adnitskaya, L. A.
Kulyukina, Nguyen Dinh Tu, A. V. Nikitin, S. Z. Otvinov-
skiy, M. I. Solov'yev, R. Sosnovsk;iy, a.n3 M. D. Shafranov,
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research., Moscow, Zhurna.l
Eksperimental' noy i T-.or. eti cheska Fiziki, Vol 38, No 2,
Feb 60, pp -
The elastic scattering of 6.8 BeVilc momentum negative pions on
protons was studied. in propane bubble chanioer. The total and dif-
ferential cross sections of the elastic sca-,1'eriY were found based
on 213 events. The total I p-interaction cross section was estimated
to be:
(3Ot 5) mb
cre, ( > 60) _ 3J5 +0,25 mb, Cr total
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Thc resu ?c oi' the elautic scattering experiment are consistent
.1 * 4,h chu optical modu7. uualyci:s of proton as a uniform sphere with
sharp boundaries:
R = 1.05. 1.0-13 cm, K: 0.71.1013 cm-1, 1.l _ 0.
173. Aultiproton Channel
"2.8 DeV/ c Momentum Antiproton Channel," by N. M. Viryasov,
A. 0". Voveako, G. G. Vorobyov, A. D. Kirillov, Kim Hi In,
D. A. Kuiakov, . L. I.Lyubimov, Yu. A. Matulenko, I. A.
Savin, Ye. V. Smirnov, L. Strunov, and I. V. Chuvilo, Joint
Institute for Nuclear Research; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental!
noy i Teoreticheskoy Fi ziki . Vol 38, No 2, Feb 60, pp 1445-
4
An arrangement for separation of antiprotons possessing a momentum
of 2.8 BeV/c obtained from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
proton synchrotron is described. Data on the relative frequency of
generation of antiprotons and IT - mesons in Be and Cu have been obtained.
1711. Meson Induced. Uranium Fission
"The Mechanism of Uranium Fission Ind-aced by Slow ~( -Mesons,"
by G. Ye. Belovitskiy, N. T. Kashchukeyev, A. Mikhul, M. G.
Petrashku, T. A. Romanova, and F. A. T?khomirov, Joint In-
stitute of Nuclear Research, Physics Institute imeni Lebedev,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, ZhurnahEksperimental'noy
41 Teoretichesko;r Fiziki, Vol 38, No 2, Feb 60, pp 404-408
Photographic emulsions were employed to study the possibility of
uranium fission produced as a result of direct transfer to the nucleus
of the energy liberated in the 2p - 1 s mesic atom transition. The
upper limit of the probability for fission by this mechanism is N0.01.
,A,i- meson; induced fission of uranium nuclei is mainly due to nuclear
capture of the }z -meson, the probability for this being of the order
of 0.07. Arguments are presented which indicate that the mesic atom
2p - Is transition in uranium is partially a radiationless transition.
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175. Positron Deco
"Positron Decay of Ir-192, " by S. F. Antonova, S. S .
Vac ilenko, M. G. lcagansk:iy, and D. L. Kaminskiy, Leningrad
Physicote clinical Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; Mos-
cow, Zhurnal Eks e:rirnental-rtoy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki,
Vol 38, No 2, 1960, pp 379-:503
Positron decay of Ix-192 was discovered (T1/2 71.E days). Relative
decay intensity amounts to 1.5.10-7 positrons per decay. End-point,
energy of the (3' spectrunn Eo _ (240 i 10) keV. Total transition energy
of I1'192 - 0sl92 e c,uals 1950 keV. Measurements were made of the con-
version electron spectrum in the energy region of more than 1 MeV. A
nevi T-tran4tion was discovered with the energy E.r - 1088 keV.
176. Analysis of Relativistic Electron Gas
"Magnetic Permeability of a. Relativistic Electron Gas,"
by A. A. Rulshadze and V. P. Silin, Physics Institute
imeni Ii bedev, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Diurnal Eksper imenta _' nor i Teoreti cheskoy Fiziki, Vol
38, No 2, Feb .,0, pp 645-~~Z16
For the computation of the permeability of a relativistic
electron gas, the quantum kinetic equations with self-consistent
interaction were used. An ana3ysis for nonrelativistic electrons,
previously carried out by L. I.ndau (Zs. Phys., 61i-, 629 (1930))
showed that the diamagnetism of electrons equals one third of the
spin paramagnetism. The same results have been found for relativistic
electrons by way of a different computation.
177. Hyperfine Structure of Atoms
"The Hyperfine Stricture of Pelyelectronic Atoms," by G.
M. Bukat, A. Z. Dolginov, and R A. Zhitnikov; Moscow,
Optika i Spektroskopiya," Vol 7, No 3, Mar. 60, pp 285--
294
Electron ma l?.rix elements forming part of the constants. of hyper-
fine str':,cture are computed for atoms with several equivalent electrons
in the unfilled shell . The cases of IS- and j j-?bonds are analyzed.
The genealogy coefficients for terms of maximum multiplicity con-,
figuration fn are given a convenient form for computation. It, is
shown that the application of the rule of sums permits in some cases
the solution of the problem without computation of genealogic Co-
efficients.
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178. Autoloni zation in Ile and Li Atoms
"Comnputation of the Probubility of Autoionization in the
Helium and Lithium Atoms," by R. 1Qz. Propin; Moscow,
Opt:ika i Spektrosko i , Vol 8, No 3, Mar 60, pp 300-302
The probabilities of autoionization in heliwn atom for the states
232 1 ; 2s2pl e 3P ; 2p2 IS ; ,?p 23P ; 2p2 1D and in the lithium atom
for states 1s2s2 2S ; ls2s2p 2p ; 1s2p2 2S ; 1s2p2 2D. were computed.
The approximate gave functions and energy values were obtained for these
states,
179. A Plasma Th'rmoelement
"Theory of a Plasma Thermoelenent," by B. Ya. Moyzhes and
G. Ye. Pikus, Institute of Semiconductors, Academy of
Sciences USSR: :Le niri ?ad, Fizika T r rdo; o Tela, Vol 2,
No 4, Apr 6o, pp 756-774
Physical processes in a plasma thermoel.ement are analyzed at local
thermodynamic equilibrium, with a neglecting of generation and .re-
combination in volume. It is demonstrated that in the second case, of
rather practical interest, the current is determined by diffusion of
carriers. and the voltage at load is basically determined by the
contact; difference of potentials. The volt??ampe::?e characteristics
and the ernf in limiting cases are computed for the case of absence of
energy exchange between the electrodes and. for the case of isothermal
plasma. Appendixes to the article d .:.. cuss the relation of the power
of the thermoelement to the work. function. of the cathode, the range
of isothermal. plasma, and the range of small temperature differences.
18C). A Toroidal Discharge
"Investigation of a Toroidal Discharge in a Strong Magnetic
Field," by G. G. Dolgov-Savel' ye v . V. S. Mukhovatov, V. S.
Str. eltkov, M. 17. Shepelev, and N. A . '.Cavlinskiy; Moscow,
Zhurnal Ek .sper. i.rental' noy ;reoreti cheskoy Fi zikig Vol 38,
No 2, Feb 60, pp 394-403
The results of investigation of a plasma ring in a toroidal chamber.
with a strong magnetic field. are presented. No macroscopic oscilla-
tions were observed in the plasma ring under conditions when the
Shafranov.-Ksuskal stability condition was satisfied. Radiation emitted
by the plasma in the visible, as well as ultraviolet, regions of the
spcctr-.un was studied. It is shown that in a metallic chamber with a
limiting pressure of 1-2.5110-t-1 mm Hg most of the radiated energy is
caused by impurity ions.
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181. Photogra hi.c Emulsion, to Stud] Nucslear Processes
"Mad,-Silver Salt Lmulsion. to Study Nuclear Processes," by
N. 11. Novikova, Radium Institute imeni Khlopin, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal.Nauchno i Prikladnoy Foto?-
grafi I Ki nr m> tcgrafii, Vol 5, Issue 2, Mar 60, pp 145-
146
examination of nuclear processes can be considerably
imrroved if the photographic emulsion has added to it lead sulphate
in an appreciable quantity. Electron-microscope examination has re-?
vealed that a replacement of 30% of. APBr by PhSa4 produced an emulsion
with fine grain structure, about 0.08 mt cr?ons . These emulsions will
record charged particles, such as protons uu to 70 Mev, alpha particles,
and fragnents of nuclear fission.,
Fission of a heavy nucleus by a proton of 660 Mev energy was very
clearly recorded with the P-bSO4" fortified emulsion.
182. USSR Water-Cooled. Water-Moderated Research Reactors
"The Technique of Miracle Radiation, " by V. 1emel I ya.novr,
Corresponding Member Academy of Sciences USSR and Chief
of the Main Administration for the Utilization of -
N.-clear Energy', Council of Ministers USSR? and Academician
A. Aleksanrlrov; Moscow, Pravda, No 87, 27 Mar 6o, p !+
Development of water- moderated, a.:er--cooled reactors represented
a significant advance in reactor construction. Reactors of this type
are compact., simple to operate, and relatively cheap. In these re-
spects, they are advantageous in comparison. with the earliest re-
search reactors, which were ,graphite--mouiera.ted or heavy--water moderated
and employed natural uranium as fuel.. At preset, water--moderated,
water-cooled reactors are the principal type of research reactors
with a capacity ;~:a excess of. ? 00 k?N that are used in the USSR and
abroad. A paper entitled "System of Water-Water Research Reactors" was
presented by the candidates for a T_,enin prize S. M. Feyrberg, V,. V.
Conchar. ov, V. I. Merkin, T. N. Zubareir, G. A. Sto.lyar. ov, P. I
Kt^..ristenko, V. F. Koff ov. and. 0. L. .Lys imtsev. Reactors of the types
VIR-2, I NR-8, and. IRT are discussed Jr. this paper. A. the time when
the first of these reactors was developed., no data on the design or
physics of such reacors had been published in the world literature.-
the work leading to -the development, of -these reactors was entirely
original and was based solely, on earlier research on the physics of
water-modera ed reactors that had, been carried ou, in the USSR. The
physics of reactors moderated' by ordinary water are quite specific:
the methods of calc?alation which must be used in ?aesigning them are
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uril.LL:e those appli.rerl in the case of graphic. -moderated reactors or re-
actcrr;; In which heavy w,a,4;or Is us(d as a moderator. The most important
problems to be soi.vF:d were those iaer taininrr to the stability of chain
fis;ior. procuo.3,cs in W~L't:er-IIIodcr) :CCi reactors and those involved in
the design of the r'eaci;or core. Many physicists doubted that reactors
moderated with ordinary a rater could. be opcrat2d safely since the total
volualnc: of the moderator is in motion and, subject to density fluctua-
tions. The fear existed that density f;J_uctii'ations may lead to a
spontaneous, uncontrollable runawra,r of the ?reactor, a.e a, result of which
a destruction of the core or even a thermal explosion may occur.
Water-cooled, T.rate--moderat,e-i reactors are the first type of
research reactors put into r.ontiniious ("serir.s") production in the
USSR. Continuous production of these reactors as a result of the
developmental work which r.recec',.ei it made it possible to install such
reactors at some institutes in. the USSR and the people's democratic
ion of 12 reactors of this type
countries. At pr.~esent the construct
has been completed. in the USSR, Rumania, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Poland,
and Hungary. One is being erected in Bulgaria. The const'nzction of
a reactor in Egypt is tieing completed. A number of water-cool..ed., water-
moderated reactor g are being constructed in ci-ifferent cities of tYlee
USSR (Minsic., Sverdlovsk, Torrsic, and other cities). The construction
of water-cooled., water-moderated react, s i'. C Tina, the Democratic
People's Republic of Korea, and Iraq, is p1a).uac~; , The first .reactor'
of this type in the Soviet, i1_ei.on was started by F'.ran.ci,s Pe:rrain.
Numerous scientif'i,a and. -,ecIlLnica1 iMvestigations have beer carried
out on .rater.-moderated, taae_r-cocl:~c reactors. Specifical?y, many im-
por4,ant inv:sti.gatiors for th.e nuclear energy industry have been com-?
pie wed. Research reactors are: being used for the i nvestit ation of
the behavior of ini4ivi:lua1 reactor a':~a ,semblies th?zt are subjected
to the action c?f neutron anal gamma radiation and. also in work on. the
d.ecreiopment of effective means of protection against these types of
radiation. For instar,cr:., by using, the. ; eact,orz of the Institute of
Nuclear Energy ime_zi I. V. Kurcaa ov, Academy of Scienc.eea USSR, :re-.
search has been ccnduetei, which made it possi. 2le to de,,?e1.op the ef-
fective small-?cs.mensionee'-, shielding i:;:.staJ,_Ied on the ice-'hrea.ker lans.n.
By using research reactors, investigations ane being conaucte7.
on. ;he effects ; .;odurecl. by radiation on plant seeds and the na;,ure of
the action ex;rrte7. by radiation. on seruiconclactccs oared liquid organic
sub;; Uan.ces . Ex e::.:imertal ii ork is bring cone :t C, on. the radiation
vulcanization of hire casings, as well a^ or. other problems and
techniques, invoi1ring radiation, Ms.;.zy researc)!. institutes participate
in this work.
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The creation of perfect water-moderated, water-cooled research
reactors must be regarded as a major achievement of USSR reactor build-
ing.
[SIR Note: According to Pravda, No 113, 22 April 1960, p 1, a
1960 Lenin prize for work in the field of technology was awarded to S.
M. Feynberg, Chief of the Theoretical Sector of the Institute of -Nu-
clear Energy imeni I. V. Kurchatov, Academy of Sciences USSR; to V.
V. Goncharov, T. N. Zubarev, and G. A. Stolyarov, all scientific as-
sociates of this institute; P. I. Khristenko, chief engineer of a
sector of the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics,
Academy of Sciences USSR; and V. Fedorovich and 0. I. Lyubimtsev,
members of this scientific research institute, for the design of
experimental water-cooled, water-moderated reactors VVR-2, VVR-S,
and IRT.]
183. Compact Electrostatic Accelerator
"A Compact 1.5-Mev Electrostatic Accelerator," by L. I.
Pivovar, V. M. Tubayev, and M. T. Novikov; Moscow,
Zhurnal Tekhiiicheskoy Fiziki, Vol 30, No 1, Jan 60, pp
74-81
The construction and the operation of accelerating tubes, and
of an electrostatic accelerator, operating under gas pressure, is
described. The accelerator is located in a container 1400 mm high
ana 650 mm in diameter. Hydrogen ions were produced at 1.55 Mev,
and the potential gradient along the accelerating tube was 2 My/m.
184. Testing of Betatrons
"Investigation of Electron Distribution in a Betatron
Vacuum Chamber," by S. G. Denisov, D. P. Ivanov, A. P.
Komar, and Yu. S. Korobochko, Physicotechnical Institute,
Academy of Sciences USSR, Leningrad; Moscow, Zhurnal
Tekhnicheskgy Fiziki, Vol 30, No 1, Jan 60, pp 31-36
It was attempted to explain the character of space charge of
electrons on the cross section of the chamber. The electron distribu-
tion occurring during electron injection into the chamber was studied
with a constant field in the gap of the magnet, while the distribu-
tion of the captured electrons was studied in the operating range of
the betatron in the presence of gamma radiation. All tests were carried
out on the betatron of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute with a maximum
gamma radiation of 15 Mev. It was found that the electron bunch circulat-
ing in the chamber volume immediately after the injection process takes
practically all the width of the chamber and half of its height. The
amount of electrons with high amplitudes of radial oscillation should
be considered rather great.
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3.85. Testing of ]3etatrons
"Stabilization of Intensity of Gamma.-Radiation of Betatrons
and Synchrotrons," by G. F. Mi.i:h%yev and N. N. Chernov,
Phystcote clinical Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR,
Leningrad; Moscow, Zhurrial Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki, Vol 30,
No 1, Jan 60, pp 37-40
The principles, design, and operation of the synchrotron of the
FT.I (Physicotechnica). Institute) are described. The intensity stabiliza-
tion is achieved by feedback of the intensity value to one of the
synchrotron parameters. This method of stabilization was first indicated
b r D. W. Fry et al (Proc . of the JEE, T, 305 (1.950)) .
186. Plasma Behavior
"Nonlinear Phenomena in Plasma. Located in a Variable Elec-
tromagnetic Field," by V. L. Ginzhurg and A. V. Gurevich;
Moscow, Uspekhi Fizicheskil.h Nauk, Vol TO, No 2, Apr 60,
pp 202.26 and No 3, Mar pp 3103-428
A long review in two parts is devoted to the theory of nonlinear
phenomena in plasma. The dynamic equations of plasma (derived by L.
V. Ginzburg in 1944 (J. of Phys . , 8, 253 (194!4.)) or in general the
field equations and the kinetic equations for plasma particles are
nonlinear, and, therefore, the theory of nonlinear phenomena, should be
applied to a rather considerable part of plasma physics. The goal
of the present work consists in explaining a rather narrow, but clear
part of the problems. It concerns the problem of effect of a homogeneous..
electric field E = Eoeic.rt (the freauencywmay be zero, thus the field
is constant) on a nonrelati.visi;ic and nondegenerate (classic) plasma.
The plasma may be located in a homogeneous and constant ("external")
magnetic field. Under these specified condi!;ions, the problem of the
field effect on the plasma is reduced to a variation of the velocity
distribution function of plasma electrons.
The second part of the review deals with the interaction of radio
waves with plasma, in particular with the terrestrial atmosphere.
The wave propagation in this medium. is clearly nonlinear, due to the
action of the waves on the plasma in modifying the properties of the
medium in which the waves propagate. The electron temperature of the
ionosphere is evalua-;ed with allowance for its variation under the
action of the electric wave field emitted by radio stations of
various powers. The ionospheric self -modulation, cross-modulation,
and demodulation of radio waves are analyzed. in approximation of
geometric optics. Nevertheless, a further development, of nonlinear
effects during radio-wave propagation in plasma (ionosphere) is
impeded by lack of reliable experimental data.
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PYRGHT
137. Czechoslovak Nuclear Researchers Liciucfy IIelium
"IHooliwri Liquefied at Rez" (unsigned, dispatch); Prague,
Obraua Lidu, JJ Apr 60, p 1
According to a brief dispatch, uppear:ing on the front page of the
army newspaper, the Institute of' Nuclear Research of the Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences, at Rez, has successfully, and for the first time,
liquefied helium in specially designed equipment, manufactured in ac-
cordance with Soviet documentation.
In liquefying helium, a tempc.rature of IL degrees Kelvin (minus
269 degrees centigrade) was achieved.
The institute now has a cyclotron, a reactor, and a helium
liquefier as part of its operational equipment.
18 Czechoslovak Work With Radioactive Isotopes Described
In The Realm of Radioisotopes," by Eva Kis; Bratislava,
Jn Szo, 23 Apr 6o, p 8
This popular science, article describes the use of radioactive
isotopes in general and then describes a visit to the "institute
Dealing; With Research In and Manufacture and Use of Radioisotopes"
(Ilurgarian title: Radios zotopok ku-