SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 144
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: April 22, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

C I P PO UNCLASSIFIED- SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION,
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REPORT
APRIL .1960.. 1 OF 2
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PB 131891 T-44
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
? INFORMATION REPORT
22 April 1960
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OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted
from recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern
Europe, and China. The information selected is intended
to indicate current scientific developments and activities
and is disseminated as an aid to research in the United
States.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Biology
Biophysi c,s
Radiobiology
II. Chemistry
Electrochemistry
Fuels and Propellants
Industrial Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Isotopes
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
Organic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Radiation Chemistry
Radio Chemistry
Communications
Components
Computers and Automation
Instruments and Equipment
Materials
Wave Propagation
Miscellaneous
Page
li.
1i.
10
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12
12
19
25
26
28
30
33
36
37
1+0
42
46
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Page
IV.
Engineering
47
V.
Mathematics
54
VI.
Medicine
64
Aviation Medicine
64
Bacteriology
65
Contagious Diseases
67
Epidemiology
68
Forensic Medicine
69
Hematology
72
Immunology and Therapy
72
Pharmacology and Toxicology
76
Physiology
88
Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
89
Radiology
96
Surgery
103
Virology
105
Miscellaneous
107
VII.
Metallurgy
110
VIII.
Physics
129
Acoustics
129
Cryogenics
129
Nuclear Physics
130
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I. BIOLOGY
Biophysics
1. Oxidation Processes of Biologically Active Substances in Ultrasonic
Waves
"Processes of Oxidation of Biologically Active Substances in an
Ultrasonic Field," by 1. Ye. El lpinez and A. V. Sokol ? skaya, In-
stitute of Biological Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Biofizika, Vol 5, No 1, Jan/Feb 6o, pp 21-27
The authors studied chemical transformations of biologically active
substances in the presence of various gases to determine whether ultrasonic
oxidation processes occur through the action of activated oxygen or OH-
radicals or both. Data obtained by the authors indicate that under the
effect of ultrasound, not only does the ionization of water molecules'
occur, but also the ionization or activation of gases present in the
cavitation area takes place. This explains the fact that ammonia is
formed in the presence of N2 and H2, but hydrocyanic acid and formaldehyde
are formed inthepre;eace of N2, CO, , snd H . This research is significant
not only because of the possibility of2artifically regulating the course
of chemical processes and exerting an effect on the outcome, but also
because it opens new prospects for determining the effects of oxidation
and other physical factors which exert a so-called indirect effect.
The data obtained and various spectrophotometric curves show the
relationship between the density of various ultrasound-treated solutions
and the type of gases present.
The authors present the following conclusions:
1. The rate of the oxidation reactions of amino acids, glucose,
purine and pyrimidine bases, and of proteins which occur under the
effect of ultrasonic waves depends on the type of the active or inert
gases present.
2. Oxidation processes of biologically active substances take
place in ultrasonic gav6'fields not only in the presence of oxygen, but
also in its absence if it is replaced by argon (depending on the structure
of the substance being studied). Helium is inert in this case.
3. By studying the oxidation effects of ultrasonic waves in the
presence of the above-mentioned gases, it is possible to establish
the significant role of''oxygen or of OH-radicals in this process.
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4. It is suggested that the :inert gases (helium and argon) which
are activated in the cavitation areas exert a different effect on the
chemical activity of the 011.-radicals present here -- products of water
ionization.
Radiobiology
2. Effect of Ultraviolet and X-Irradiations on Nerve Fibers Compared
"The Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Single Nerve Fibers,"
by R. (Jr. Lyudkovskayu and L. P. Kayushin, Institute of Bio-
logical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Biofizika,
Vol 5, No 1, Jan/Feb 60, pp 40-45
In this research the effect of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of
various wave lengths (240-400 millimicrons) on the action potential
of frog myelinated fibers and squid unmyelinated giant axons was
studied and. compared. The greatest effect on the electrophysiological
characteristic of the fiber is in the spectral area of the 280 milli-
micron wave length, and this radiation is absorbed by the proteins.
The initial photochromatic reaction occurs in the proteins of the
nerve fiber protoplasm. It is postulated that the products of protein
photochromatic decomposition exert an effect on the permeability of
the fibers which leads to a change in the value of the action potential
amplitude.
Results of these experiments indicated that the combined effect of
visible and UV radiation differs from the effect exerted by each factor
separately.
The short waves (280 millimicrons) of UV radiation exert the
greatest effect on the excitable fibers. The effectiveness of the UV
light effect is diminished by using low frequency from a testing
stimulation, or by permitting light flashes to fall on the nerve fiber
during the intervals between excitations. Results of this research
agree with those reported by Ungar. (G.. Ungar, et al; J. Gen. Physiol.,
1957, No 40, p 465), in which it was shown that decomposition of nerve
protein substances occurs following stimulation.
There is a ;parallelism in the change occurring in the currents
of action of the nerve after nerve fiber irradiation by roentgen. rays
and by UV light.
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Periodic Changes in Radiosensitivity of Ascaris During Embryogenesis
"Radiosensitivity and Embryogenesis in the Eggs of Ascaris Suum,"
by I. D. Vinogradova, Institute of Biological Physics, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Biofizika, Vol 5, No 1, Jan/Feb 60,
pp 55-59
This research is a study of the changes in the radiosensitivity
of the developing eggs of Ascaris suum from the stage of a single
blastomere up to the full-grown embryo.
Results of various studies (with different radiation doses at
different stages in the development of the embryo)' show that the de-
veloping eggs of Ascaris suum undergo periodic changes in radio-
sensitivity which evidently are connected during the early stages (I,
II, & III cell division) with the processes of mitoses in the irradiated
cells, but at later stages they are connected with the damage of embryonic
tissues and organs which are vitally important for the development of
the organism as a whole.
4. Fractional X-Irradiation Effects on Plant Capacity for Growth
Restoration
"The Effect of Fractional X-Irradiation on Plant Capacity for
Growth Restoration," by I. M. Vasil'yev and B. G. Zhukov,
Institute of Biological Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow Biofizika, Vol 5, No 1, Jan/Feb 60, pp 46-48
Tests were run on winter wheat No 599 irradiated by 5 kr in
single or fractional doses.
Plant growth 4 weeks after the irradiation indicates that the
plants subjected to the most fractionated doses of irradiation (500 r
in the morning and 500 r in the evening of the first 5 days of 39rmina-
tion) were the most radioresistant, and the plants subjected to a single
dose of 5 kr on the first day of germination were the least radioresistant.
This phenomenon is explained as follows: plants which have been irradiated
by small doses without being smothered become hardened to subsequent ir-
radiation, and in this respect become more resistant; however, all ioniz-
ing radiation, even in "hardening" doses, exerts irreversible changes
which are especially marked in the inherited traits.
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II. CHEMISTRY
Electrochemistry
5. Electrolytic Deposition of Some Chromium Alloys
"On Conditions of the Electrolytic Deposition of Alloys of
Chromium With Other Elements," by D. N. Usachev and A. T.
Vagramyan, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii,Vol 34, No 1, Jan 60,
pp 231-233
Methods have been developed for the electrolytic deposition of
Cr-Mn, Cr-Se, and Cr-Re alloys from solution in which these elements are
present in the form of chromate, permanganate, selenate (or selenite),
and perrhenate. The procedures in question are based on the formation
at the cathode of a film consisting of chromate anions and partly re-
duced chromate anions together with permanganate, selenate (selenite),
and perrhenate anions and/or products of their reduction. The metals
and selenium reduced to the elemental state and deposited at the
cathode are derived from these films rather than from ions present
in the solution.
Fuels and Propellants
Free Radicals Formed as Result of Irradiation of Hydrogen Peroxide
"Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrum of Free Radicals
Formed as a Result of the Irradiation of H202 With Ultraviolet
Light," by S. D. Kaytmazov and A. M. Prokhorov, Physics In-
stitute imeni P. N. Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 34, No 1, Jan 6o, pp 227-228
In previous work done by the authors (Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 31, 1957, p515; cf R. Livingston, J. Ghormley, and H. Zeldes,
Chemical Physics, Vol 24, 1956, p 483) the electronic paramagnetic
spectra were determined of radicals obtained by freezing out products
formed as a result of the action of an electric discharge on H2O and
H202 vapors. Subsequent investigation by the authors did not lead to
a certain identification of these radicals, because the energy supplied
was sufficient to rupture any bond in the molecules and because extensive
possibilities existed for secondary reactions, particularly surface re-
actions. To establish what radicals are formed from H202 subjected to
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an electric discharge, the electronic paramagnetic resonance of radicals
resulting from the irradiation of hydrogen peroxide with ultraviolet
light was investigated, in the work described?in this instance. The
energy of the ultraviolet radiation was insufficient to break 0-H bonds,
so that only OH radicals could have formed. Comparison of the resonance
spectra indicated that 0H radicals also formed as a result of the action
of an electric discharge on H202. In a sample of H 02 irradiated for 10
hr, a concentration of .0H radicals amounting to 5i2was obtained. Be-
cause this concentration was many times greater than that obtained by
the irradiation of a sample, for 2 hr, it is assumed that still greater
concentrations of radicals will result under the conditions described
when irradiation is carried out for periods longer than 10 hr.
7.
timurr, Distribution of Dro
Evaporated Fuels
"Optima-im Distribution of Droplets During the Combustion of
Partially Evaporated Fuel," by V. Ya. Basevich, Institute of
Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 12,
Dec 59, pp 2112-2115
The effect of the distribution of fuel droplets according to size
on the velocity of combustion was investigated from a theoretical stand-
point by R. P. Probert (cf Philosophical Magazine,,Vol 37, 1946, p 94).
He established that not only the degree of dispersion of the fuel (i.e.,
the size of droplets) but also the type of distribution of dispersed
fuel with respect to droplet size has an effect on the completeness of
combustion. However, Probert did not consider the effect on?the velocity
of combustion of partial evaporation of the fuel stream before this
stream has reached the flame. This was done in the work reported in
this instance. It was confirmed in the work carried out by the author
that the distribution of droplets with respect to size has an effect on
the completeness of combustion of a partially evaporated fuel. It was
also established that high values of the distribution constant (M > 4)
increase both the rate of combustion and the degree of completeness of
combustion of partially evaporated fuel.
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8, Method for Ex erimea+:.ai .Lletennixia-tion of 0ver-A11. Rates of Gas Combus-
"A Me-:hod For the Experimental Investigation of the Over-'All
Kinetics of (,as Comb)ustion," by Z, S. Leo.nt?yeva, Power Insti?-
tute imeni G. M. Krzhizhanovskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Minsk, 2nzteener;~o_Fiz:tc.h.cski~Z_hurxrnl, No 2, Feb 60, pp 12-16
An attempt to investigate the over-all velocities of the combustion
of hydrocarbons at temperatures up to 2000? K has been made by J. Long-
well and M. Weiss (Industrial and En. ineerir. Chemistry, Vol 47, No 8,
Aug 55, pp 1631i-16437. However, in the method devised by Longwell the
control of the homogeneity of mixing and of the length of the zone of
-mixing was inadequate ,. The kinetic characteristics of the processes in-
volved could be determined. only in a relative manner (for purposes of
orientation) by the method in queski.on. To investigate the over-all
kinetic relationships which apply to the combustion of gases at tempera-
tures exceeding 1000? Cy L, N. Khitriri at the Power Institute of the
Academy of Sciences USSR proposed the following modification of Long-
well's method. In this modification, the mixture is still introduced in
thin streams at a high (sonic) velocity. However, as distinguished from
the conditions existing in the ordinary mixing reactor, the gas consist-,
ing of combustion products and. heated to a definite, very high tempera-
ture is obtained from a special auxiliary burner of the tunnel type and
then introduced into the cylindrical reactor. The mixture being investi-
gated is introduced. perpendicularly to the stream of combustion products,
forming a sort of network consisting of thin streams, The mixture has
the necessary composition and. its quantity is such that no significant
rise of the temperature takes place hecausp of the reaction of the mixture.
Under the circumstances, the active concentrations of the reacting sub-
stances are small in the. reaction, zone. By using this arrangement, a
sufficiently homogeneous temperature field, uniform concentrations, and
almost isothermal conditions of con;rersion are achieved.
The method was checked experimentally on the example of the combus-
tion of carbon monoxide in the temperature range of 1000-1250? C., It
was established that the data obtained by this method are in agreement
with data obtained by other methods, whence it follows that the effect
of micromixing in. the operating zone, which was disregarded in the
calculations, must be negligible. It follows from this that -th.e results
of the experimental determinations correspond to the chemical kinetics
of the reaction.
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Action of Additives Which Inhibit Depolymerization of Substances
That Increase Viscosity of Lubricating Oils
"Depolymerization Stability of Viscosity-Increasing Additives
to Thickened Oils," by N?. I. Kaverina, Ye. G. Semenido, and N.
V. Shchegolev; Moscow, Khimiya i Tekhnolo i Topliv i Masel,
Vol 5, No 1, Jan 60, pp 43-47.
The characteristics were investigated of the action exerted by
multifunctional additives and some chemical substances, including
elemental metals, as far as inhibition of the depolymerization of
thickening ingredients contained in oils subjected to the effect of high
temperatures is concerned. Polyisobutylenes, vinipols, and polymetha-
crylates were added as thickening ingredients to the lubricating oils
tested. Sulfonates, alkylphenolates, and thiophosphonated alkylphenols,
alcohols, and amines were used as inhibitors of depolymerization. It
was established that polyisobutylene is more stable than vinipol to
thermal depolymerization. Experiments with oils containing polymethacry-
late showed that many of the depolymerization inhibitors increase sharply
the viscosity of the oil, bringing about formation of gels. On the
basis of this result, it is recommended that the compatibility of depoly-
merization inhibitors added to oils thickened with polymethacrylate be
established.
10. Use of Jet Engines to Remove Excavated Rock From Open-Pit Mines
"Ground Duty of a Reaction Motor," by N. Z. Podd'yakov, Chief
Specialist of the Ferrous Metallurgy Division, State Planning
Commission of the USSR; Moscow, Izobretatel' i Ratsionalisator,
No 2, Feb 60, pp 2-3
A modern rotary excavator ejects up to 3,000 cubic meters of
ground rock per hour. Transportation of this rock by truck or by a
continuous conveyer belt from open-pit mines being excavated is too
expensive and cumbersome. Furthermore, the capacity of excavators
will increase in the future, so that more rock will have to be trans-
ported. According to author's certificate No 108502 issued to A. P.
Degtyarev and S. M. Vinogradov, the excavated rock can be removed
by means of jet engines.. The procedure proposed by the inventors is
much more efficient than the methods used hitherto. The powerful stream
of combustion products and air 'ejected from the jet nozzle is capable
of projecting even rather heavy pieces of rock to distances reaching
hundreds of meters from the site of the excavation.
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The stream of exhaust gases from the jet is led into a steel tube
7-8 meters long with a diameter of about 0.5 meter. The excavated rock
is fed from a bunker into the same tube. The exhaust gases lift pieces
of rock the dimensions of which may be as great as 200 millimeters and
eject them over a distance of 200 meters. To protect the walls of
the tube from damage caused by the impact of rock particles, the tube
is equipped with annular baffles. These baffles produce turbulence in
the gas stream, with the result that fine dust is deposited on the walls
of the tube, forming a layer that is 10-15 millimeters thick. This
layer protects the tube from damage. The capacity of an installation
of this type reaches 4,000 cubic meters of rock per hour. The installa-
tion is -relatively light, weighing only 20 tons, and costs no mo:e than
250,000-300,000 rubles. The cost of transporting rock is reduced by a
factor of 2-3 when an installation of this type is used.
It will not be necessary to manufacture new jet engines for this
purpose, because aviation jet engines are discarded after they have
been used for several hundred hours on planes. Although no longer
suitable for use on planes, these engines are still good enough and
safe enough for the application described. If jet engines are used
to remove rock in connection with the excavation of open-pit mines,
problems will arise because bf the necessity of dissipating the com-
bustion gases ejected by the jet engines and by reason of the deafen-
ing noise produced by these engines. There will, of course, be still
other problems if the procedure in question is applied. However, these
problems can be solved.
11. USSR Work on Low-Temperature Turboexpanders for Oxygen Production
"Low-Temperature Turboexpanders," by V. I. Epifanova, All-Union
Scientific Research Institute of Oxygen Machine Building; Moscow,
Kholodillnaya Tekhnika, Vol 36, No 6, Nov--Dec 59, P 58
The trend in oxygen machine-building toward the construction of
large-capacity installations for the production of oxygen gds is
indissolubly connected with the development of a reliable and simple
design for low-temperature turboexpanders which operate with a high
efficiency. In 1939, in work done under the direction of Academician,
P. L. Kapitsa, a reaction turboexpander of the centripetal type was
developed, the adiabatic efficiency of which approached 80%. At
present, low-temperature reaction turboexpanders are available which
have a productive capacity corresponding to 500-20,000 standard cubic
meters of air per hour. The adiabatic., efficiency of large-capacity
equipment of this type approaches 82-83%. The paper discussed the
execution of designs of turboexpanders and indicated optimum relation-
ships and dimensions.
[SIR Note: This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Tenth
International Congress of` ryogenics, held at Copenhagen 19-26 August
1959.] - 8 -
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12, Trund,, -l.s, Desipii ,end Construction of I.oSR Equipment for oxyka'
Prodnction
"Bas Lc `I're: nd s i n the Design and Construct:Lon of Large-Scale
Ins taliut ions for the Production of Gaseous Oxygen," by G. M,
I3aranov, All-Union ;scientific Research Institute of Oxygen
I,LLch:Lxie Building; Moscow, Kholod:Lllnaya Tclduaika, Vol 36,
No 6, Nov-Dec 59, 1> 53
The operation of all up-to-date major installations for the produc-
tion of gaseous oxygen is based on a low-pressure cycle and involves the
application of turbines. As a result of extensive research conducted
at the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Oxygen Machine Building,
a number of installations have been developed which produce from 3,600
to 15,000 cubic meters of oxygen gas per hour. The basic flowsheet of
the installations and the solution of concrete problems pertaining to
technical questions that arose in connection with the novel design and
the large capacity of the installations were discussed. This refers to
the design of distillation columns and long-tube condensers-evaporators,
the purification of the air from water vapor and carbon dioxide so that
freezing of regenerators will be prevented, and methods for warming low-
pressure installations.
[SIR Note: This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Tenth
International. Congress of Cryogenics, held at Copenhagen 19-26 August 1959.]
13. Explosion Sensitivity of Ozone-Oxygen Solutions With Respect to Heat
Impulses
"The Physical Chemistry of Concentrated Ozone. VI. Explosion
Sensitivity of Ozone-Oxygen Solutions With Respect to Heat Im-
pulses," by V. V. Yastrebov, Ye. N. Pittskhelauri, and N. I.
Kobozev, Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow,
Zhurnal Fi zi ches koy Khimii, Vol 33, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1209-1213
In this article the explosibility of liquid ozone-oxygen mixtures
with respect to heat impulses was investigated. The ozone content
varied between 15 and 90%. A sharp decrease in the explosibi.lity of
ozone on dilution with oxygen was observed.
The method used involved the combustion of wires over a wide
range of concentrations of the passive diluent-oxygen.
It was observed that a mixture with an ozone concentration c 0
by weight) does not explode if the heat impulse has an energy E (cal)
less than that required by the equation E ,- 186 exp (-c/6.9).
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Indust.ria.lChem1stry
11N Po nerization of Sylvan and Furan
"Polymerization of Sylvan and Furan," by A. S. Sultanov and
A. Abduvaliyev, Institute of Chemistry, Academy of Sciences
Uzbek SSR; Tashkent, Doklady Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoy SSR,
No 6, Tun - 59, pp 24-27
It was established for the first time that sylvan. and furan can
be polymerized in the presence of fused zinc chloride. This catalyst
was found to be effective even at room temperature. It is concluded
on the basin of the e:xperiments described that polysylvan is an excellent
surface coating material,. Work by Sultanov and members of his team on
the conversion of furfural into sylvan (by reduction at 220-2500 over a
copper- zinc-aluminum catalyst), into furan and tetrahydrofuran (leading
to butadiene or to adipic or succinic acid), and into butanediol-l,1.
(over the diacetate obtained by splitting the furan ring with acetic
acid anhydride and zinc chloride) is reviewed briefly.
Inorganic Chemistry
15. Improved Method for Synthesis of Lithium Aluminum Hydride
"Concerning the Synthesis of Lithium Aluminum Hydride," by K.
N. Semenenko, N. Ya. Turova, and R. N. UrazbayeVa, Moscow State
University; Moscow, Zhurnal NeorganicheskoyKhimii, Vol No
2, Feb 60, p 508
It was found. that the reaction of LiH with A1C13 in an ethereal
solution proceeds smoothly and without an induction period if a small
quantity of aluminum bromide (0.5-1% of the quantity of AiC13 used)
has been added to the lithium hydride0
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16. Effect of Reducir , and Inert Gaseous Media on Sinterin ; of Hiez h -
Melting Oxides "The Effect of the Gaseous Medium on the Sintering and Gather-
ing Recrystallization of Oxides at Hi ;h Temp,;.>ratures, " by A.
I. Leonov, Institute of Silicate Chemistry, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR -? Otdeleniye
Khimicheskikh NaukL No 12, Dec 59, pp 2073-2079
The effect of the oxygen pressure on the sintering of silicon dioxide
and the sintering and recrystallization of the oxides of titanium, magnesium,
and aluminum at high temperatures was investigated. Activation of the
processes of sintering and recrystallization, which are accompanied by
dissociation, becomes significant at high temperatures when the partial
pressure of oxygen in the gas phase has the same magnitude as the dissocia-
tion tension of the oxides. In the production of ceramics from pure
oxides which do not sinter readily (MgO, Cr2 03, etc.) one can facilitate
sintering by burning the ceramic in a gaseous medium which has a low
partial pressure of oxygen, such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, inert gases,
or a vacuum,. The relationships established have a bearing on the fact
that magnesite, chromite, and chromo-magnesite refractories, although
stable in an oxidizing medium, deteriorate rapidly when exposed to the
action of a reducing gaseous medium. The reason is that at temperatures
of 1,500-1,7500 dissociative activation of the oxides takes place, with
the result that their reactivity toward a reducing gas is increased.
17. Heat Resistance of Some Cermets
"An Investigation of the Properties of Protective Tips (Sheathes)
for Thermocouples," by F. V. Bochkov, Design Bureau of Non-
ferrous Metals (Production) Automation; Moscow, Ogneupory, No 1,
Jan 6o, pp 39-41
On the basis of tests which have been conducted, data are given on
the thermal stability of zirconium dioxide, titanium carbide, quartz,
titanium carbide containing 20% of cobalt, aluminum oxide + 77% chromium,
aluminum oxide + 77% of molybdenum, and aluminum oxide + 50% of molybde-
num. Information is given on the resistance of the materials tested to
oxidation in air at elevated temperatures (1000-1100?). The errors
occurring in temperatures measurements with thermocouples protected by
sheathes consisting of aluminum oxide- 77% of aluminum, aluminum oxide
+ 77% of chromium, titanium carbide+20% of cobalt, titanium carbide
t 10% of nickel, titanium carbide- 10% of chromium, and molybdenum are
listed. Some data on the production of the protective sheathes are
given.
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Isotopes
18. Comparison of Different Methods of Isotope Separation
"On the Coefficients of Utilization of Isotope Separation
Methods," by A. N. Murin; Moscow, Lhlirnal Fizicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 34, No 1, Jan 60, pp 231-233
The coefficients of utilization of three isotope separation methods
are compared on the example of the separation of N14N15 from N14' . The
2
methods in question are thermal diffusion, the Hertz method (ordinary
diffusion through a porous diaphragm), and H. C. Urey's exchange reaction
method. The coefficient of utilization (c. u.) is defined as the ratio
of the increase of free energy in the separation to the maximum work
involved in transition from the initial to the final state in the
process. The results obtained are listed in. the following table:
maximum c. u.
co
Hertz diffusion
2.10
Chemical' exchange
1.10-2
Thermal diffusion
3?.10-6
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
19. Method for Determination of Optimum Yield of Enriched Ore When
Radiometric Enrichment, of Uranium Ores Is Applied
"Determination of the Optimum Yield of Enriched Ore When
Radiometric Enrichment of Uranium Ores Is Applied," by Ye.
Mal'tsev; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 8, No 2, Feb 60,
pp 121-126
This article describes a method for the determination of the
optimum conditions of operation at plants applying radiometric sorting
of ores under consideration. of the costs of geologic prospecting and
surveying S1, of the production of ore S21 of radiometric enrichment
S3; and of hydrometallurgical conversion S4, and also under considera-
tion of the yield of enriched ore ?S? , the content acof uranium in the
ore, and coefficients of extraction corresponding to a radiometric
enrichment of ore 6: and a hyd..rometallurgical conversion E' .
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To determine the minimum co:,t 5111 of uranium salts, an analytical
method is applied; Srn is represented in. the form of a continuous funa-
tion Sin " (01' S2' S,'`" , X ,E '). By applying the method of selected ex.--
perimental points according to the theory of approximation, it was es-
tablished that, E = fl ('6) and F'- f2 ( [RSi(0R')2oP2O4oSi(OR')2R]n + nR2 0,
where R m CH3, C2H5; R' - C2H5.
These reactions are accompanied by a process of dialkoxylation which
leads to the formation of phospaorosilicon organic derivatives and ethers.
A new method was developed for preparing polymers of the types:
[Si3P208R6]rl and [Si2P206R2(0R')4]n.
Three previously unknown polymeric compounds were obtained:
[Si 3P208(C2H5)6]n, [S12P206(CH3)2(OC2H5)4]n and [Si2P206(o2H5)2(oC2H5)4]n.
34. Synthesis of Derivatives Of N-Phosphoric Acids of Nitrobenzenesulfon-
amides Described
"Derivatives of N-Phosphoric Acids of Nitrobenzenesulfonamide)
"
by A. V. Kirsanov and N. G. Feshchenko, Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, 'Zhurnsl
Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 12, Dec 59, pp 4085-4091
In the reaction of dimethylamine with trichlorophosphazosultonenitro-
phenyls (I), all three chlorine atoms are replaced by dimethylamino groups
and the hexamethyltriamidophosphazosulfonenitrophenyls (II) are formed.
When diethylamine reacts with I only two chlorine atoms are replaced
by diethylamino groups and the tetraethyldiamidomonochlorophosphazosulfo-
nephenyls (III) are formed,
The ortho-isomer of II is not hydrolyzed by acids or bases and the meta-
and Para-isc.ners are hydrolyzed, considerably more slowly than a majority of
the known phosphazosulfone compounds.
III are not hydrolyzed by bases in contrast to all known chlorophosphazo
compounds.
By the action of dimethyl- and diethylamines on di- acid,dichlorides of
nitrophenylsulfonamidophosphoric acids, the tetraethyldiamides of nitrophe-
nylsulfonamidophosphoric acids. are formed which are strong monobasic acids.
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On the interaction of sodium methylate and sodium arylates with the
acid dich.birides of nitrophenyl1 sulf'onamidophosphoric acids the sodium
salts of the die tere of nitrophenylsulfonamidophosphoric acids are ob-
tained? These sodium salts were obtained for studying the physiological
properties of theee compotmds.
35.. Effect of'lRopestoxChemi,iuminescence of Luminol
"On the Luminescence of Luminol. Report No 9. The Catalytic
Effect of Isopestox the Chemiluminescence -of Luminol and the
Inhibition of This Reaction," by K. Weber, Lj. Huic, and M.
Mratcovic:, Institute of Medical Research, Zagreb; Zagreb, Archly
za Higijex izRada i Tokdaoj~o u, Vol 9, No 4, 1958, pp 3~5-
Photoe,1ectric measurements of the intensity of the emitted light
were used to study the catalytic effect of Jsopestox on the chemilumi-
nessence ce luminol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide in alkaline so-
lution. In relatively low concentrations, Isopestox increases the in-
tensity of the luminescence of luminol considerably. A determination
was made of the Michaelis constant of this reaction,, which can be,con-
sidered a model reaction of the enzymatic effect (peroxydase effect) of
?t-be organophosphorus compound. Isopestox.
Various inorganic and organil substances have an effect on the'
Isopestoxu,accelerated chemiluminescence of luminibl. The effect of for-
eign substances (inorganic salts, polyphenols, aromatic amines).is mostly
in the form of an inhibition (extinguishing of the luminescence). There
are substances, however, which considerably increase the intensity of
luminescence, or which increase the intensity of luminescence in low con-
centration, but reduce (extinguish) it in large concentrations.
It is of special interest that Isopestox, which, as an organophos=
phorus compound, has the capability of inhibiting enzymatic reactions,,
was found to have in a concreie case, in vitro, exactly the same effect
as the enzyme peroxydase and that substantially the fundamental laws of
the kinetics of enzymatic reactions were found to apply to its activity.
However, in a more detailed examination of the inhibition of this re-
action by the addition of foreign substances, it was found that the f'unda-
"mental regularities pertaining to the inhibition of enzymatic reactions
are obviously not fulfilled in this case. It can be assumed that, as a
consequence of the very complex mechanism of the luminol reaction, the
foreign substances (effectors) can produce several different effects in
the reaction mixture.
The catalytic effect of Isopestox on the luminol reaction can be
used for the quantitative determination of this substance through photo-,
electric measurements of the intensity of luminescence.
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36. Inhibition of Chemilumi.ne cence of Luwin.ol by Parathon and Paraoxon
"On the Luminescence of .Luminol. Report No 10. The Inhi-
bition of the Chemiluuninescence of Luminol by Parathion and
Paraoxon," by M. Mrazovic and K. Weber, Institute of Medi-
cal Research, Zagreb; Zagreb, Archiv Higijenu nu Rada i
Toksiokolo i uL Vol 9, No 1+, 19577pp7314i.9,.,3""__._._
It was found that organophosphorus compounds not only can affect
the chemiluminescence of luminol as promotors (positive catalysts), but
also are capable of inhibiting the luminol reaction catalyzed by other
substances (complex iron compounds and the like). This inhibitor effect,
,Thich manifests itself as an extinguishing of the luminescence of luminol,
is exerted by a rather great number of organophosphorus compounds. This
is readily understood when it is remembered that organophosphorus com-
pounds are known as inhibitors of certain enzyme reactions.
In this work, quantitative photoelectric measurements were used to
investigate the effect of parathion (E 605) and paraoxon (E 600) on the
luminol reaction which was accelerated by the addition of a blood so-
lution. Before the experiments were conducted, the hemoglobin in the
blood solution was converted by chemical action into methemoglobin.
First, the Michaelis constant of the luminol reaction in the presence
of methemoglobi.n (Ks '_ 7.1+ ? 10-5) was determined and then quantita-
tive measurements were made of the inhibitor effects. For a luminol
concentration of 4 ? 10- M. the half-concentration value of the inhi-
bitor effect for parathion was 5.0 ? l0'-' M; it decreases with increased
luminol concentrations. The inhibition of the luminol reaction by para-
oxon is much weaker and, under similar experimental conditions, yields
values for the half-concentration of inhibition higher than l.l0?3 M.
A mathematical treatment of the experimental data showed that the
observed effects are to be interpreted as noncompetitive inhibition.
Since such inhibitions occur very rarely, it is to be assumed that they
are manifested here because the luminol reaction has a very complex
mechanism. It is possible that the described inhibitor effects can be
utilized for the detection and determination of the organophosphorus
compounds in question.
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LIly_ ic:al. Chexnl~try
Pfassibilities of AEelication of tjULi tic Resonance and Microwave
Gas S ectn:) co& Methods in Chemist.r
"Radiospectroscopy and Its Applications in Chemistry," by
L. A. Blyumenfel'd, Doctor of Chemical Sciences., and V. V.
Voyevodskiy, Corresponding Member, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSRI_ Vol 29, No 12,
_.......__..._
Dec 59, pp 16-F17'_
Several new physical methods based on the application of electro-
magnetic waves in the regions of high and superhigh frequencies can be
i6ed for the investigation of molecq.iles with electric and magnetic di.-
poles. When no electric or magnetic dipoles are present, irradiation
r,gr, be used to bring about, formation of unpaired electrons or stable
,.,.v.-.topes having a nuclear moment can be Introduced.
The method of electronic paramagnetic resonance is suitable for the
detection of the presence of free radicals and the investigation of pro-
cesses involving the participation of free radicals. Of particular imu'
p7ri;ance for the clarification of the structure of complex radicals and
paramagnetic groups is investigation of the so-called superfine struc-
ture of electronic paramagnetic resonance spectra, which reflects the
interaction of the magnetic moment of the unpaired electron with the
magnetic moments of nuclei contained in the radicals, groups, or com-
plexes in question. Investigation of the superfine structure of elec-
tronic paramagnetic resonance spectra opens up interesting possibilities
in connection with applications involving the substitution of definite
atoms in a molecule with stable isotopes having a different nuclear
moment. Electronic-paramagnetic resonance spectra give very precise
information on the nature of the interaction of unpaired' electrons with
the surrounding medium. This enables one 'to study intramolecular inter-
actions, which may play a decisive role in chemical transformations
taking place in the solid or liquid phase. If the solid or liquid sub-
stances which interact are not paramagnetic, small quantities of para-
magnetic molecules or free radicals can be introduced into them.
Exposure of most solid substances to the action of penetrating
radiation results in the formation of stable free radicals in them. In-
vestigation by the method of electronic paramagnetic resonance of'a num-
ber of irradiated polymers (e.g., teflon and polyethylene) yielded new
data on the structure of these polymers.
Nuclear magnetic resonance is fundamentally similar to electronic
paramagnetic resonance. However, because nuclear magnetic moments are
much weaker than electronic moments, absorption takes place in the range
of longer waves. The method of nuclear magnetic resonance has been ap-
plied in the investigation of phase transformations and in research on
the kinetics of reactions proceeding at a rapid rate.
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The method of nuclear quadruple resonance. is of importance mainly
in structural investigations,
Microwave gas spectroscopy is based on the investigation of absorp-
tion spectra of gases in the microwave range of frequencies. Transitions
between levels of the magnetic fine structure of rotational states of
paramagnetic molecules of the type of 02 and of free radicals such as
CH, OR, and NH lie within the microwave range, of the spectrum. This
makes it possible to detect and identify such molecules and radicals and
to measure their concentration. Rotational spectra are very useful for
the analysis,of' molecules containing isotopes. Thus, the distance be-
tween the rotationhl lines of CsC137 and CsC137 amounts to .100 megacycles
at a precision of the measurement equal to 15 kilocycles.
Radio-wave spectroscopy enables one to solve problems in chemical
research which -cannot be solved by the application of any other method.
Furthermore, the number of applications of radio---wave spectroscopy in
chemistry will undoubtedly increase. It is apparent that the methods of
radio?awave spectroscopy will be of help in the clarification of the mech-
anism of different reactions in which radicals. participate, including
reactions at low and extremely low temperatures; in the investigation of
many diverse phenomena of chemical and biological catalysis; in the so-
lution of the problem of action over distances in chemistry and biology;
in the clarification of the mechanism of the most important polymerization
reactions; and in the determination of the structure and characteristics
of many new high-molecular compounds as well as of polymers that are of
importance in biology (proteins, nucleic acids, etc).
(For additional information on physical chemistry, see Fuels and
Propellants.]
Radiation Chemistry
38. Paramagnetism of Radioactive Solutions
"The Paraffiagnetism of Radioactive Solutions," by V, M.
Vdovenko, Corresponding Member, Academy of Sciences
USSR, and V. A. Shcherbakov, Radium Institute imeni V.
G. Khlop in; Moscow, Dokiady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol
127, No 1, 1 Jul 59, PP 127-130
The magnetic properties of aqueous solutions irradiated by radio-
active isotopes dissolved in them or by external sources of 9- and
- radiation were ,investi ated. The effect of irradiation on the
'.spin-lattice relaxation time T1 of protons of the water was determined.
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T1 is the time necessary for the formation of a thermodynamic equilibrium
between the system of proton spins and the mass of the solution represent-
ing the lattice in this case. The value of Ti depends to a very great ex-
tent on the presence of paramagnetic components in a solution. It was
established that a reduction of Ti takes place as a result of the irra-
diation. In the experiments described this reduction was due to the for-
mation of radicals because of the radiolysis of water. Presence of mole-
cules of paramagnetic substances dissolved in the water may also have
contributed to the reduction of the magnitude of T1. Solutions con-
taining radioactive isotopes of sodium, sulfur, strontium, zirconium,
cadmium, and europium were investigated.
39. Radiation-Chemical Isomerization of Benzene
"The Radiation-Chemical Isomerization of Benzene," by E. V.
Vereshchinskiy, Institute of'Phy4sical Chemistry, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR--Otdel-
eniXe Khimicheskikh Nauk Nb 12, Dec 59, pp'223 -2235
It was established that fulvene, a hydrgcarbon isomeric with benzene,
is formed under the action of accelerated electrons on liquid benzene
saturated with -argon. ' The yield 'of full'ene comprised'0.76-0.85 molecules
per 100 electron volts.
40. Oxidation of Technical Paraffin Wax Under Action of Gamma Radiation
"Oxidation of Technical Paraffin Wax Under the Action of Gamma
Radiation," by Yu. L. Khmel?nitskiy, A. T. Slepneva, and I. S.
Melekhoova, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of 'the Pe-
troleum Industry; Moscow, Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Maw
eel, Vol 4, No 1, Jan 59, Pp 25?27
It was established in experiments on the oxidation of technical,par-
affin wax conducted by applying at 130? gamma radiation emitted by CobO
at a magnitude of the dose amounting to ^200 roentgens per second:
(1) That the velocity of the reaction increases sharply in the ini-
tial state when radiation is applied, as compared with the. velocity in
the absence of irradiation.
(2) That after irradiation has been carried out for a certain length
of time, the velocity of the reaction ceases to increase and becomes in-
dependent of the duration of irradiation.
Similar relationships were found to apply in earlier work carried
out by the authors on the oxidation of n-hexadecane'(cetane) under the
action of gamma radiation.
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41. Adsorptive Pro ties of Silica Gel
"Variation of Adsorptive Properties of Silica Gel under the
Action of Gamma Rays," by S. V. Starodubtsev, Sh. A.
Ablyayev, and S. Ye. Yeamatov, Moscow, 'Dokla der Akademii Nauk
SSSR,_ Vol 129, No 1, .Nov 59, pp 72??73
The adsorptive properties of silica gel were tested by measuring
the adsorption of gases with thermocouples and ionization manometers.
Before the test the silica gel was treated thermally. The results show
that under action of gamma, rays the adsorptive ability of silica gel
increases noticeably and the amount of the adsorbed gas increases with
the irradiation dosis up to certain limit.
42.
Radiochemistry
Isolation of Radioactive Cesium With Ferrocyanides
"Separation of Radioactive Cesium by Means of Ferrocyanides
of Heavy Metals,," by V. V. Pushkarev, L. D. Skrylev. and V.
F. Bagretsov, Ural Polytechnic Institute imeni S. M. Kirov;
Leningrad, Diurnal Prikladnoy Fhimii, Vol 33, No 1, Jan 60,
pp 81-85
It was shown that it is possible to separate the radioactive iso-
tope cesium-134 from aqueous solutions by adsorption of this element on
precipitates consisting of mixed ferrocyanides of heavy metals (nickel,
cobalt, copper, manganese, and. zinc) followed by separation of the solid
phase by means of gelatine foam.
43. Method for Isolation of Cesium-134
"Concentration of Radioactive Cesium With Gelatine Foam,"
by V. V. Pushkarev, L. D. Skrylev, and V. F. Bagretsov;
Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol .1, No 6, Dec 59, pp 709-711
A new method is proposed for the concentration of radioactive
cesium-134 from solutions by adsorption of this isotope on mixed ferro-
cyanides and ferricyanides of some heavy metals followed by separation
of the complex salt precipitates by means of gelatine foam.
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44, USSR Work on A lication of Radioactive Tracers in Investigation
ofLubricat in. 0111
"Present-Day Status of the Application of Radioactive
Isotopes and Penetrating Radiation in Petroleum Con-
version," by Yu, S. Zaslavskiy, All-Union Scientific
Research Institute of the Petroleum Industry; Moscow,
Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Tonliv i Masel, Vol 4,' No 1,
Jan 59, pp 5-15
"Soviet investigators have a priority in the application of radio-
active tracer methods to study the corrosive action of lubricating oils
and in the development of techr4ques for this type of work.. This has
been recognized abroad (cf Lub r icatin Engineer, Vol 14, No 1, 1958)
p 27), The USSR also leads in the development of tracer methods for
the investigation of the mechanism of the action of additives to oils,
a fact which also has.received international recognition."
[For additional information on radiochemistry, see Nuclear
Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials,]
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III. CLECTRONIC,`S
Coxnxiiunicat ions
45,. TV Receiver "Voronezh"
"TV Receiver 'Voronezh,'" by V. Gugin and N. Kuznetsov;
Moscow, Radio, No 2, Feb 60, pp 35-37
The TV receiver "Voronezh" is designed for reception of programs
on 12 channels, in the frequency range of 48.15 to 230 Mc,. The set
incorporates 12 vacuum tubes as follows : 4 type 6FJ.P, 2 type 6P14P,
2 type 6ZhlP,one type 6P15P, one type 6P13S, and 2 type 6TslOP. Sen-
sitivity of the receiver is 200 microvolts, and selectivity is about
20 db. Horizontal distortion of the picture does not exceed 16%, and
vertical distortion is not over 10%,. The power consumption of the set
is about 140 w. The set is equipped with either a 35LK2B picture tube
having a 210 X 280 mm screen. or a 431,K3B picture tube having a 2'70 X
360 mm screen. The intermediate :frequencies employed in this set are:
for video signal -- 34.25 Mc, and for audio signal -- 27.75 Mc. The
three-stage IF amplifier is built with two type 6ZhlP and one type 6F1P
tubes. The single-stage video amplifier incorporates tube 6P15P, and
the AVC stage is built with one type 6F'3.t . The over-all weight of the
set is 25 kg.
46. Recent Soviet Patents in the Field of Communications
"Authorship Certificates" (iunsigned article), Moscow,
Elektrosvyaz', No 2, Feb 60, p 79
Class 21a1, 50 2 , No 120851. P. A. Kotov. Device for Testing the
Quality of Telegrap Channels.
Class 21al, 11 , No 121142. A. B. Pugach, Ye. T. Darov; and Z.
S. Pashchenko. EleAronic Transducer for Telegraph Test Combinations.
Class 21a1, 2001. No 121143. L. A. Posnyak and V. V. Yefremov.
Polarized Relay.
Class 21a1, 3221' No 121476. G. V. Braude. Method of Reducing
TV Transmitting Tube Inertia When Using Photoresistors in TV Film-
Rep roduc i iccn.
Class 21x1, 3215, No 121477. V. V. Odnol'ko and P. V. Shmakav.
Method for Obtaining Three Fundamental Color Signals With One Single-
Beam TV Transmitting Tube.
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Class 21a1, 3411. No 121478. K. I. Sedov. Device for Correcting.
Nonlinear Phase Characteristics of a TV Video.Channelo
Class 21x1, 3432, No 121479. G. G. Slyusarev and Yu. P. Shchepetkin.
Optical System of Multilens Camera for Three-Channel Color Image.
Class 21a1, 3530. No 121480. Ye. I. Meybaum. Method for Separating
Vertical Pulses From the Composite Synchronizing Pulses.
Class 21a1, 3514. No 120856. V. A. Pruzhanovskiy. Parametric
Voltage Stabilizer.
Class 21a4, 42. No 121153. S. I. Yevtyanov. Method for Auto-
matic Adjustment of Oscillator Frequency.
Class 21a4, 7204- No 121489. S. M.'Khazin. Electronic Antenna
Switch.
47. Assignment of Radio-Amateur Frequency Bands
"Radio-Amateur Frequency Bands and Their Assignment for
Various Types of Operation" (unsigned item); 'Moscow,
_, No 1, Jan 60, p 20
3,500 to 3,650 Kc for telegraph and telephone
.7,000 to 7,100 Kc for telegraph and telephone
14,000 to 14,100 Kc for
14,100 to 14,300 Kc
14,300 to 14,350 Kc
21,000 to 21,150 Kc
21,150 to 21,350 Kc
21,350 to 21,450 Ke
28,000 to 28,200 Kc
28,200 to 28,500 Kc
28,500' to 29,700 Kc
telegraph
telephone
single-sideband telephone
telegraph
for telephone
for single-sideband
for telegraph
for telephone
for 'single-sideband
telephone
telephone
144,000 to 146,000 Kc for telegraph and telephone
420,000 to 435X O Kc for telegraph and telephone
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48. Simplified Methods for Computing Radio Receiver Noises
"Calculation of Noise in Radio Receivers," by I. M. Aynbinder;
Moscow, Radiotekhnika, Vol 15, No 1, Jan 60, pp 48-59.
On the basis of the reciprocity,theorem and the theorem of nonreciw
procity of the noise level of linear circuits on the value of output
load,. basic relationships are derived for an engineering computation
of noises in radio receivers, including antenna-feeder devices.
The general purpose of this analysis is the determination. of con-
ditions for which the equivalent spectral density of rated noise power
directed to the antenna. is a minimum. This value is characterized by
the total noise level of the receiver.
As a result of the analysis the author concluded that:
1. The spectral density of rated noise power represents a suitable
value for determining the noise properties of simple and complex linear
circuits.
2. An expedient evaluation of noise intensity may be made according
to the noise level factor (which is proportional'to the noise intensity
of the circuit), not to the noise factor.
3. On the basis of the reciprocity theorem, a single descriptive
method is obtained for the direct summation of noise intensities of
linear passive networks which is equally applicable to systems with
lumped parameters, as well as systems with distributed parameters.
4. Calculation of tube noise is simplified by use of the above-
described methods.
49. Effect of Feeder Parameters on Operation of Receiver Systems
"On the Effect of Feeder Parameters-on the Noise Factor and
Sensitivity of a Receiver System," by 'L. M. Mashbitb; Mos-
cow, Radiotekhnika9. Vol 15, No 1, Jan 60, pp 38-47
The question of the influence of feeder parameters on the.-noise
factor and sensitivity of a receiver system is examined. Questions of
optimum matching of the receiver input and a method for determining
relative noise temperature of the antenna are, also considered. Re-
lationships.for various values of noise factor and noise temperature
are presented in a set.of curves which illustrate the gain in sensi-
tivity which may be obtained by changing from matching according to a
power maximum to matching according to a noise factor minimum.
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Components
50. Transistorized Amplifiers With Automatic Volume Control
"Nonlinear Distortions in a Transistorized Amplifier With
Automatic Volume Control," by Ye. P. Dement'yev; Moscow,
Radiotekhnika, No 11, Nov 59, pp 58-66
The article discusses in some detail the causes of nonlinear dis-
tortions for the case of amplification control by changing the, emitter
current and for the case of amplification control by 'changing the volt-
age at the collector. In,both cases, the transistor parameters vary
during the operation, which gives rise to the difficult problem of de-
termining a function with a large number of variables. The problem is
further complicated by the fact that the change in the emitter current
produces a change of voltage at the collector, which in turn affects
various parameters of the circuit.
-Although the calculation of nonlinear distortions with automatic
volume control in transistorized amplifiers is very complicated, the
assumption that for small emitter current the distortions are defined
solely by the nonlinear characteristics of the emitter and that for
small voltages at-the collector the distortions are solely defined by
nonlinear characteristics, of. the collector will considerably simplify
the problem of approximation evaluation of nonlinear distortions.
`A graphic method for determination of the coefficient of nonlinear
distortions is explained.
51. Solid-State Molecular Oscillators
"Radiation of Atoms," by A. Kol'tsov; Moscow, Znaniye-Sila,
No 2,'Feb 60, pp 22-24
N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov of the Physics Institute imeni P.
N.'Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR, have. carried out extensive work
in developing the solid-state molecular oscillator. They.have found
a simple method of bringing the passive particles into an excited state
by means of "supplementary feeding" of energy. The Soviet scientists
used a totally new paramagnetic crystal to generate high-frequency radio
waves. These. crystals are capable of absorbing from an extraneous
source electromagnetic oscillations at a certain frequency. Basov and
;Prbkhorov have developed "artificial feeding" of energy to the passive
particles by irradiating them with electromagnetic oscillations. A
radio;wave of high stability is generated when such crystals with acti-
vated particles are placed in a special resonator. This resonator can
be adjusted to various frequencies, depending on, the energy levels of
the crystal particles.
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Thus Soviet scientist. have built hign-frequency oscillators of
great stability, as veil ara highly-sensitive high-frequency amplifiers.
Such amplifiers have a sensitivity from .100 to 1,000 times greater
than former high-frequen.:y amplifiers. These devices are capable of
amplifying even the faintest radio signals reaching the earth from
outer space. Thus the range of radio telescopes has been increased
by from .10 to 30 times. Radio waves from outer space can now be re-
ceived and amplified without introducing any. noise from the instruments.
52. Battery Operatedd Flu ,re,scuent Lain
"Fluorescent Storage-Battery Lamps With Semiconductor In-
verters," by V. B. M:i:tni.k, Mining institute, Academy of Sci-
ences USSR; Moscow, Svetotekhnika_, No 2, Feb 60, pp 20-25
Recent study in the application of transistorized current inverters
to storage-battery-operated fluorescent lamps has opened great possi-
bilities for this new type of illumination. By utilizing sufficiently
powerful transistors of high current gain, it is possible to build an
inverter for power supply and starting of a 3-l w fluorescent lamp
Operating at a voltage of 2.5 to '3.75 v. For a 6 to 10 w fluorescent
lamp, a storage battery should generate a voltage of 5 to 7.5 v.
The life of transistors operating in such an inverter circuit with
inductive-active load has not yet been fully established; however, a
test conducted for a period of 1?,000 hours did not indicate any deter-
ioration of the characteristics. Such inverters built with standard
transistors can be adjusted for operation at any of the following fre-
quencies: 300,00, 8,000, and 10,000 cycles. The efficiency of in-
verters with P-l transistors operating from a 5-12-v battery and at
1,000 to 3,000 cycles is in the range of 75-?85%.
An experimental type of fluorescent lamp capable of producing 230
lumens for use in the mines was built with three iron-nickel storage
batteries. The whole fluorescent. lamp assembly weighs about 3.11 kg.
53. Low-Frequency Divider
"Divider of Low?-Frequencies," by V. S. Andr?eyev and Ye. M.
Soshrikov; Moscow, Elektzosv!a2No 2, Feb 60, pp 32-37
An experimental low-frequency divider wwas assembled with the fol-
lowing components: a selective RC amplitier, with a double T-shape
bridge incorporating a 6zhl tube, an electronic switch on a P-13 triode,
and an auxiliary amplifier on a 6N15P triode. This low-frequency di-
vider has stable operation for a considerable range of supply voltage;
thus, for plate voltage, changes from 250v to 150 v, a deviation of only
10-15% is observed.
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This frequency divider can be easily adjusted for different de-
sirable frequency division factors. 7%.e frequency of the output sig-
nal of this low-frequency divider can be adjusted to values from 10
cycles to several hundreds of cycles.
54. Nickel-Zinc Storage Battery
"Nickel-Zinc Storage Battery," by V. Flerov; Moscow, Radio,
No 1, Jan 60, p 61
A new type of nickel-zinc storage battery, with high operating char-
acteristics, that requires for its manufacture inexpensive and easily
obtainable materials has been developed. The operating voltage of such
a Ni-Zn battery is in the range of 1.60-1.70 v. The positive electrode
consists of a highly porous sintered powdered-nickel matrix impregnated
with active material, nickelous hydroxide. The nickel paste is prepared
by calcining mickel carbonyl powder at high temperature. The negative
electrode consists of bars pressed from a mixture of powdered zinc oxide
and metallic zinc in a ratio of 7 to 3 and of 2.5% starch acting as a
binding material. The electrolyte of this battery is potassium hydrcx-
ide solution and lithium hydroxide, the latter in an amount of 15 g
per liter. The capacity of such a battery is 65.8 amp hr per kg. Ni-
Zn storage batteries will lose up to 30% of their power in storage for
one month.
55. Transistor Circuits for Digital Computers
"The Use of Semiconductor Devices for the Construction of the
Basic Elements of Digital Computers," by A. N. Zimarev and
Yu. S. Sharapov, Primeneniye poluprovodnikov v elektrotekhn.
(The Application of Semiconductors in ElectricalEngineerin;
Leningrad, 1958, pp 45-46 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal--
Mashinostroyeniye, No 1, 1.0 Jan 60, Abstract No 1627)
Circuit diagrams are given for a pulse shaper and a dynamic trigger
based on point-contact transistors avid for a static trigger, a recti.-
f ier, and a pulse amplifier based on junction transistors. The choice
of the parameters of the elements of these designs is also discussed.
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56, Electronic Reading Machines ,
"Fundamentals of Reading Machine Construction," by. A. A.
Kharkevich; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 2, Feb 60, pp 3-9
The article describes briefly certain general principles relating to
the construction of electronic character-scanning machines. The author
states that compiling of an orderly classification for electronic reading
machines is somewhat premature at the present stage of development, but
should be attempted when many of the unsolved problems are clarified.
Although a few practical character-scanning electronic machines are
in existence, the necessity for further derrelopnent of certain principles
of the scanning procedure is evident. The solution of some of these prob-
lems will simplify the technique of scanning, which at present is still
rather cumbersome.,
The author believes that complete or partial abandonment of arithmet-
ical technique in electronic computers will help in building more simpli-
fied electronic character-scanning machines.
57. Irkutsk Comp tier Center
"Computer Center at Irkutsk" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Cazeta, 20 Nov.59.
"The development of science and technology and the building of high-
capacity power plants and specialized industry in the eastern regions of
our nation have created a need for fast computation of complex mathemati-
cal problems.
"A large computer center, the first one on the huge territory of
Siberia and the Far East, was organized at the Irkutsk State University
to fulfill these needs. The solution of , a viety of. 'problems of a
scientific and industrial nature will be effected here with the help of
modern computers.
"The university has already received a new electronic computer, 'Ural',
and in the near future will receive more computers and equipment.
"A cadre of mathematicians, electrical engineers, and radiophysicists,
needed to service the complex computers, has been trained within the uni-
versity."
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58. Contactleas Coders and Decoders
"Contactless Coders and Decoders for Mul.tifrequency Telem-
etering Systems," by F. A. Katkov, Kiev Polytechnic Insti-
turte; Minsk, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy,
Energetika, No 12, Dec 59, pp 62-65
At the Chair of Automation and Telemetry of the Kiev Polytechnic
Institute, simple and reliable contactless coders and decoders were de-
veloped suitable for application to multifrequency telemetering systems.
The contactless coders comprise the following units: nonself-resetting
control keys, frequency-signal generator, capacitors, germanium diodes,
1:1miting resistors, and amplifiers.
At the instant the contacts of the control keys open, the capacitors
begin to charge through resistors and diodes. At the instant the telem-
etering operation begins, the contacts of the control keys close and the
capacitors discharge through the input circuits of corresponding. genera-
tors, which in turn are triggered and feed the multifrequency pulse into
the communication channel. Although the amplitude of the frequency-pulse
gradually decreases with the discharge of the capacitors, this does not
affect to any appreciable degree the performance of the receiving
frequency-relays. The two-frequency combination decoder consists of mag-
netic amplifiers, a relay, frequency discriminators, rectifiers, and
diodes. This type of decoder can be used for any number of frequencies
in a multifrequency signal, as well as for group selection.
The Chair of Automation and Telemetry has been using these coders
and decpders in building multifrequency narrow-band telemetering systems.
Instruments and Equipment
59. Infrared Spectro-Pyrometer
"Experimental Infrared Spectro-Pyrometer," by V. Ye. Finkel'-
shteyn and N. G. Starunov; Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika,
No 1, Jan 60, pp 28-30
The I `cared spectro-pyrometer IKP-57 designed at the Khar'kov In-
stitute of Measures and Measuring Instruments (KhGIMIP) is intended for
precise measurement of temperature under laboratory conditions. The de-
vice consists of two detached units: one unit contains the optical sys-
tem of the instrument, and the other unit contains the electronic compo-
nents.
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The IKP-57 spectro-pyrometer was calibrated, for the following four
values of wave length: ?1,014, 1,250, 1,692, and 2,250 microns as emitted
during the solidification of pure zink, aluminum, and silver. The accu-
racy of wave length determination is about +0.0025 micron. The rms error
of temperature determination for the range from 11200C to 960?C varied from
0.40C to 1.2?C. It was observed that the error in temperature measurement
increased with decrease of wave length, especially in the range of lower
temperatures.
60. Precision of Electrical Instruments Improved
"Graphico-Analytical Investigation of Optical Systems in
Electrical Instruments," by S. M. Deshovoy and B. L. Poshekh-
onov, Leningrad Order of Labor Red Banner Military-Mechanical
Institute; Leningrad, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeni ,
Priborostroyeniye, No 2, 1959, pp 119-126
The Chair of Descriptive Geometry and Drawing at the Leningrad
Military-Mechanical Institute, in cooperation with Leningrad Plant "Vibra-
tor," has worked out an improved optical system for various electrical
instruments which will increase the precision of readings. The problem
was solved by means of a graphico-analytical method with' the aid of
descriptive geometry and derivation of formulas for precise computation.
The theoretical computations and their being checked at Laboratory
No 2 of the "Vibrator" Plant have comfirmed that all the problems have
been solved satisfactorily. This calculation method for optical-mirror
systems for electrical instruments has been approved by the plant and will
be incorporated in newly developed instruments.
61.
aratus for Photographing High-Speed Processes
"Some Methods of Synchronization During High-Speed Photo-
graphy," by S. R. Zhukovskiy; Moscow, Zhurnal Nauchnoy i
Prikladnoy Fotografii i Kinematografii, Vol 5, No 1, Jan 60,
PP -53
The author describes three special cases of high-speed photography
with the FP-22 camera which require additional synchronization devices in
order to coordinate the camera with the processes' being' photographed.
The tests were conducted at the Moscow State University.'
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The first case, related to the study of destruction processes. in
rocks and similar materials, involves synchronization of the camera with
the striking moment of a plunger against, in this case, a glass block.
The method of synchronization was developed jointly with the All-Union
Scientific Research Institute of Drilling Technology.
The second case, developed with the Institute of Metallurgy imeni
A. A. Baykov of the Academy of Sciences USSR, involves the use of a
special apparatus for studying the deformation of particles of molten
metal at the moment they strike the surface of a part in the process of
metallization. Photographs were taken at a frequency of 25,000 frames/
second.
The third case concerns apparatus used in high-speed photographing of
the process of cavitation erosion of solid bodies in an ultrasonic field.
The synchronization apparatus used in the experiment, conducted with the
cooperation of the ultrasonics laboratory of the Acoustics Institute of
the Academy of Sciences USSR, uses two telephone-type relays, a resistor,
capacitor, and gas stabilizer and corresponding power supplies.
Diagrams of apparatus and explanations are given for each of the
cases studied.
62. Current Corona in Hydrogen
"Some Results of Investigation of a Heavy-Current Corona in
Hydrogen," by V. A. Burmakin, J. G: Gubanova, and P. N.
Chistyakov; Moscow, Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki, Vol 30,
No 2, Feb 60, pp 199-205
A steady corona in hydrogen was studied in a coaxial cylindrical
system of electrodes. The instability of the corona voltage Uc during
a 50 hours test at a current of IL = 80 microamp per one cm of elec-
trode length was less than one ~jo of 4 kv voltage, and at I1 = 200 micro-
amp less than 0.2,x,. The effect of the corona voltage surge Uc on the
form of volt-ampere characteristics was established, and an explanation
of "negative" characteristics of the steady corona was furnished. The
conditions for finding strong limiting currents Ip = 1 ma/cm and higher
of the corona were established; the accuracy of reproduction of such
currents lies within limits + 10 % of the mean value. In the transi-
tion region between the corona and the glowing discharge, the hysteresis
characteristic of discharge was revealed.
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63. Hungarian. Electronics Laboratory Tests Parts in China
"Tropics and Polar Regions in the Parts Laboratory of the
Signal Technology Industry Research Institute," by Erzsebet
Kun; Budapest, Mag ar Nemzet, 2 Feb 60, p 5
This feature art;lcle is based on interviews with Candidate Frigyes
Komuves, chief of the Signal Technology Industry Research Institute
(Hiradastechnikai Ipari Kutato Intezet), and with Candidate Janos Katona,
chief of the parts laboratory of that institute. The testing of parts
in "climate chambers" is described. The laboratory attempted to import
ants and tropical fungi, for these tests, but found that they could not
be acclimatized due to the unfavorable effect of Hungarian bacterial
flora. Hungarian electronics parts are now sent to Canton for ant and
fungi tests. Work on subminiaturization is also discussed. The "pride.
of the laboratory" is a material produced for condensers: a plastic
strip 3 -thousandths of a millimeter thick, covered with a silver metal-
lic layer 5 ten-thousandths of a millimeter thick.
64. Contrast in Electron Microscope
"Investigations on Filter Lenses," by E. Hahn, Electron
Microscopy Laboratory, Carl Zeiss, Jena; Berlin., Erpe,rimentc3J
Technik der Physik, Vol 7, No 6, 1959, pp 258-268
A report is given of an electrostatic velocity filter with a block-
ing voltage of only 10 volts at a beam potential of 40 kilovolts. The
connection between achromatically conjugated object and pupillary posi-
tion is discussed, as is the possibility of further reduction of the
blocking voltage. The varying effect of contrast screen and filter is
illustrated by a series of photographs of an ultrathin section.
.~':aterialc
65.
Silicon P'notocel.l.s Found To Be More Sensitive to X Rays Than
Germanium Photocells
"The Sensitivity of Silicon Photocells to X Rays," by Ye. M.
Lobanov, V. I.Lvyagin, and A. Shalpykov', Physico-Technical
Institute of the Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR and Institute
of Nuclear Physics, Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR; Tashkent,
Doklady Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoy SSR, No 6, Jun 59, pp 11-12
Hitherto photocells equipped with germanium photodiodes were re-
garded as the most sensitive to X rays. It-was established in work
described in this instance that silicon photocells are more sensitive to
X rays than germanium photocells. Silicon single crystals of the p-t e
into which php:nphorurr had. ben diffused from the surrounding; gas atxnos-
phere at 7..206 , were used.
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66. Separation of Germanium by Means of Ion-Exchange Resins
"Separation cf Germanium From Dilute Solutions by the Method
of Ion Exchange," by A. K. Sharova, I. G. Chufarova, M. V.
Vittikh, and F. T. Shostak, Ural Affiliate of the Academy of
Sciences USSR; Novosibirsk, Izvestiya Sibirskogo Otdeleniya
Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 8, Aug 59, pp 36-41
By investigating the adsorption of germanium on four different ion-
exchange resins, it was established that strongly basic anion-exchangers
are suitable for the concentration of germanium. It was found that the
highest adsorption of germanium takes place at pl, - 5-9 and that condi-
tions under which the germanium is present in the form of pentagermaz4c
acid are most favorable for the separation of this element by the ion-
exchange method.
67. Power Efficiency of Thermoelectric Cooling
"Concerning the Power Efficiency of Thermoelectric Cooling,"
by V. S. Martynovskiy and V. A. Naer, Odessa Technological
Institute of the Food and Re'rigerator Industry; Moscow,
Kholodil'naya Tekhnika, Vol 36, No 6, Nov/Dec 59, p 59
The authors propose a more precise method for the calculation of in-
stallations for thermoelectric cooling. By using this method,'the power
efficiency of the system in question can be compared with that of instal-
lations of other types. Experiments carried out with a semiconductor
electrothermal installation of the evaporator type indicated that, as
compared with equipment in which direct electric heating is applied, one
can reduce the expenditure of electric power in semiconductor evaporator
equipment by a factor of 4-5. For the semiconductor materials which were
used for these experiments, the most advantageous production capacity
corresponds to no more than several tens of calories per hour at temper-
ature differences not exceeding 30-40?. For electrothermal installations
of the heat pump type, higher production capacities are of advantage...
However, at temperature differences exceeding 40-500, application of the
electrothermal effect is not justified from the practical standpoint.
[SIR Note: This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Tenth
International Congress of Cyrogenics held at Copenhagen on 19-26 August
1959.]
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68. Thermoelectric Cooling
"Thermoelectric Cooling," by Academician A. N. Ioffe, Insti-
tute of Semiconductors, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Kholodil'naya Tekhnika, Vol 36, No 6, Nov/Dec 59, p 59
The thermoelements available at present use 1.5-2 watts of electric
power for the removal of every watt of thermal energy at 00 when the
temperature difference between the hot and the cold ends of the thermo-
element approaches 400. When this difference is 300, only 1-1.2 watts
are required. The cost of the battery is proportional to the efficiency
and may comprise 30-50 rubles per 100 watt. Of great importance are the
conditions under which the heat is removed from the hot end of the bat-
tery. From an over-all standpoint, one may conclude that application of
thermoelectric cooling is practical at present only when applied at small
installations; application of this type of cooling at large installations
is' too expensive.' As thermoelements are improved, the boundary between
the areas of practical application of thermoelectric and compressor in-
stallations will be displaced towards thermoelectric. installations.
[SIR Note: This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Tenth
International Congress of Cryogenics held at Copenhagen on 19-26 August
1959]
[For additional information on materials, see also under Chemistry,
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction ai4aterials.J
Wave Propagation
69. Frequency Multiplication With Reflex Klystron
"Frequency Multiplication at a High Multiplication Factor
With a Reflex Klystron," by Ye. N. Bazarov, M. Ye. Zhabotin-
skiy, and Ye. I. Sverchkov; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 2,
Feb 60, pp 75-79
It was shown that a high ratio of frequency multiplication can be
obtained with a reflex klystron when the input voltage is fed into. the
gap between reflector and resonator (the bunching space) because, under
these conditions, a very effective interaction with the electron beam
takes place. This method is'well adaptable to almost any type of re-
flex klystrons, and the frequency multiplication factor' can be as high
as 30.
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In practice, the input signal is fed to the reflex klystron through
a coaxial cable or resonator. It was shown that in multiplying the fre-
quency of a meter wave with the aid of a single reflex klystron, 3-cm
oscillations of sufficient power were obtained. Power in the range of
several tens of milliwatts can be obtained for parallel operation of
several reflex klystrons which are terminated with a regenerative (am-
plifying) klystron. The band-width at which a multiplier operates de-
pends on cathode current, voltage at the reflector, and the frequency
multiplication factor. Power of the order of 500 to 1,000 microwatts
was obtained from a single reflex-klystron multiplier when operating with
a multiplication factor of 30.
The values obtained with the derived formulas for a reflex-klystron
frequency multiplier were in good agreement with actual measurements.
70. Investigation of Retarding-Field Oscillators
"Investigation of Triggering Mechanism in Retarding-Field
Relaxation Oscillators," by V. V. Grigorin-Ryabov;,Moscvy~
Radiotekhnika, No 2, Feb 60, pp 58-66
Wide. application of retarding-field relaxation oscillators in com-
puter technology and in systems of automatic control requires a clear
and precise understanding of the triggering mechanism in such devices.
A new method for triggering mechanism investigation in retarding-
field relaxation oscillators, which utilizes the amplitude character-
istics of nonlinear four-pole networks, is described. It is shown that
there existrseveral zones within which the amplitude of triggering volt-
age can be selected for proper operation. The value for the, lowest
permissible steepness of the leading edge of the triggering voltage and
the optimum value for internal impedance of the generati5r of this volt-
age are derived. The effect of a blocking capacitor on the triggering
mechanism in a relaxation oscillator is clarified.
The proposed method for investigation of the triggering mechanism
in.a retarding-field relaxation oscillator permits formulating unified
theory applicable to most types of relaxation oscillators now in- use.
This method also permits disclosure of the relaxation processes during
triggering in greater detail'and the accomplishWant of engineering cal-
culations with higher precision.
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71. Wave-Guide Testing for Irregularities
"Device for Wave-Guide Investigation of Irregularities," by
A. S. Vladimirov; Moscow, Elektrosvyaz', No 2, Feb 60, pp 3-13
The precise measurement of reflection from irregularities in a wave
guide is highly desirable in the design of multichannel relay communica-
tions lines, in which the power to the antenna is fed through a long
wave guide (150 m).' In a 600-channel radio-relay system with an antenna-
feed wave guide of 120 in, the reflection from each wave-guide joint sbail.d
not exceed 0.2%i.
The State Scientific-Research Institute of the Ministry of Communi-
cations USSR has-developed a special UIN-1 device. The range-detection
principle is utilized here for investigation of wave guides. The UHF
energy in form of short pulses is fed into the examined wave guide, and
the combination direct and reflected pulses are observed on the screen
of the cathode-ray tube. The irregularity measurement in the wave guide
is performed by comparison of the magnitude of reflected and direct
pulses by adjusting the attenuation so that the direct pulse amplitude
becomes equal to the reflected pulse amplitude as observed prior to at-
tenuation. The UIN-1 device has the following characteristics: carrier
frequency of probing pulse is 3,550 Mc, resolving power for measurement
of distance between the irregularities is 1.5 in, accuracy of distance
measurement is + 20 cm, minimum detectable r do of reflected pulse am-
plitude to the direct pulse amplitude is 10- %, and accuracy of reflec-
tion measurement is i+ 2 db. The duration of UHF test pulses was of the
order of 10 millimierosec.
The device was also used in investigation .,of a: 'large number of
coaxial cables for various institutes of the Committee for RAdioelec-
tronics and Cable Industry. The device was used in measurement of at-
tenuation in wave guides of very great length; however, the accuracy of
such measurements was rather low, of the order of + 2-3 db.
72. Determination of Parameters, for Multichannel Line Repeaters
"Determination of Principal Parameters for Transistorized
Multichannel Repeaters on Cable Trunk Lines," by A. I. Borisov;
Moscow, Elektrosvyaz', No 2, Feb 60, pp 45-53
The evaluation of analytical dependencies between basic parameters
of multichannel line repeaters,and the parameters of a trunk line per-
mits direct calculation of such principal repeater parameters as maximum
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and ruinimum permissible transmission level of line repeaters and the
magnitude of nonlinear attenuation. Examination of the determined de-
pendencies has proved the feasibility of building multichannel trunk com-
munication lines which satisfy the norms with regard to permissible noise
and incorporating line repeaters of various parameters, depending on the
selected length of the repeater link.
It was found that the lowest requirements as to nonlinear attenua-
tion of the line repeater occur when amplification is equal to one
nepier and that the lowest requirements as to the transmission level oc-
cur when amplification is equal to 0.5 nepier. Thus the established fact
permits a considerable reduction in the requirements set for the princi-
pal parameters of multichannel line repeaters when the attenuation of the
repeater section is reduced to 1-2 nepiers; this in turn permits the con-
struction of transistorized multichannel repeaters to be simplified.
An example of multichannel line-repeater parameters calculation is
presented for a 300-channel coaxial cable telephone line.
73. Quasicircular Electric Wave
Distribution of a Quasicircular Electric Wave in a Cross-
Shaped Wave Guide," by V. M. Sedykh and A. F. Zbrkin, Kharkov
State University imeni Gor'kiy; Moscow, Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy
Fiziki, Vol 30, No 2, Feb 60, pp 159-164+
The study of wave guides with a cross-shaped section at Kharkov
University showed that such wave guides are intermediary with respect
to their parameters between rectangular and circular wave guides. The
possibility of propagation of a quasicircular electric wave in such
wave guides, with low losses in a wide frequency range and without a
"satellite" wave, is demonstrated. Formulas are derived for the deter-
mination of the critical frequency and the attenuation constant of such
a wave.
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Miscellaneous
7!E. New Publications in Radio Engineering
"Radio Engineering Literature in 1960 -- Gosenergoizdat," by
A. Smirnov, director of Gosenergoizdat; Moscow, Radio, No 2,
Feb 60, p 63
Publication plans of the Gosenergoizdat Publishing House,for 1960
include a series of handbooks on radio engineering, among which are a
translation of the two-volume Radiotekhnicheskiy s ravochnik (Radio
Engineering Handbook), published in 195 in the Federal Republic of
Germany, and Spravochnik radio-inzhenera (Radio Engineer's Handbook), a
translation of the American handbook,on applied radio engineering.
Gosenergoizdat will publish, in addition to a number of Soviet
books on problems of television and television engineering, S ravochnik
po televizionnoy tekhnike (Handbook on Television Engineering), trans-
lated from English.
Publication of Slovarya radiolyubitelya (Radio Amateur's Dictionary)
by S. E. Khaykin was completed in 1959. The second edition of this dic-
tionary has been considerably revised and appended with new terms, with
translations of words into English, German, and French.
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75. On the Circling of an Object on the Earth's Surface
"On the Circulation of an Object on the Earth's Surface," by
V. N. Kalinovich, Institute of Mathematics, Academy of Sci-
ences Ukrainian SSR; Kiev, Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrains'koy
LS-R.,. No 8, 1959, pp 837-841
Formulas are derived for the change in the northern and eastern
components of the linear velocity of an object moving along a circle on
the Earth's surface. It is shown that the formulas V cos ?Jf and
V sinoit , which are ordinarily applied to describe this form of motion,
are inaccurate, being the first approximation of the formulas derived in
the article. It is further demonstrated that with large radii of circu-
lation, the application of the usually applied formulas may lead to con-
siderable errors in the determination of the northern and eastern com-
ponents of the linear velocity of the object. The motion taking place
according the the formulas V cos Wt and V sin w t- is not circulation,
but motion along some closed curve inscribed in a spherical zone.
76. Analysis of Stresses in Thin-Walled Circular Cylindrical Shell
"Calculating a Uniform Circular Cylindrical Thin-Walled
Shell," by Yu. G. Odinokov, Tr. Kazansk. aviats. in-ta
(Works of the Kazan Aviation Institute), 3, 195 bp
pp 55-59 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Mashinostroyeniye,
No 21, 10 Nov 59, Abstract No 88919
A solution is given for the problem of determining the stresses in
a thin-walled. cylinder consisting of a thin shell reinforced by stringers
and ribs and subjected to an arbitrary loading system. The supporting
arrangement is also arbitrary. Expressions are derived for the coef-
ficients of the differential equations of deformation established by the
author (Trudy KAI, [Works of the Kazan Aviation Institute], No 18, 1946);
the method of determining this deformation and, on the basis of it, the
stresses in the elements of the cylinder are demonstrated.
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Ti
Computing Optimal StageParameters in Turbine Design
"A Method of Computing Steam and Gas Turbines," by G. A.
Zal'.f and V. V. Zvyagi.ntsev, Tr. Nevsk. mashinostroit. z-da
19,,~ (1957 Works of the Neva Machine Building Plant), No 1,
1958, pp 92-123 (from Referatiynyy Zhurnal? - Mai1xostroyiye,
No 1, 10 Jan 6q Abstract No 201
A description is given of a method of computing the inlet-to-outlet
section of steam and gas turbines. The method, which was devised, and
is now used, by the Neva Machine Building Plant imeni Lenin, is based on
the results of research conducted in the self-modeling region
(Re > 105, M f( 1,1) of a multistage experimental turbine. The individ-
ual.stages had. an output nozzle angle of 1305 degrees and output blade
angles of 22-,25 degrees. With an average diameter of one meter and a
nc?zie height 'of 12-100 millimeters, the per stage efficiency amounted
to 71-89 percent, with optimal u/c . Added packing increased the ef-
f.ciency to 75-90 percent. The optimal lower overlap for the tested
stages was 1 -' 1.5 millimeters; the optimal upper overlap was 2.5-3.0
millimeters, disregarding the height of the nozzle. A procedure is de-
scribed for making the choice of optimal stage parameters on the basis
of technical.-economic considerations with respect to both economy and
stability of construction. For partial stages, the optimal dimensions
are chosen so that expulsion and ventilation losses are taken into ac-
count (empirical formulas given for theca). Stages with long blades
twisted in accordance with the rule, rue r constant, were calculated by
means of velocity triangles, with the well-known relationship of V. V.
Uvarov taken into account. The losses and the efficiency were detern ned
on the basis of the e~perimental data. Of the tested two-crown stages,
the two best stages (with nozzle heights of 15 and 18 millimeters, var-
?ious arches of feed line, and average diameter of one meter) were ac-
cepted by the plant.
78. Stability of Ships on Basis of Hydrodynamic Theory of Rolling and
Pitching
"The Application of the Hydrodynamic Theory of Rolling and
Pitching to the Calculation of the General Stability of
Ships," by Yu. V. Remez, Tr, Nikola evsko o korablestroit.
in-ta (Works of the Nikolayev Ship Building Institute)., No 9,
19 pp 3-13 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Mashinostroye hje,
No 23, 10 Dec 59, Abstract No 98240)
~""'
A linear method, based on the hydrodynamic theory of rolling and
pitching, is considered for determining the additional shearing forces
and bending moments for an arbitrary course of a ship. on a regular
sinusoidal swell. The use of this method affords the possibility' of
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accounting for dynamic factors, of avo:id.tng the solution of systems of
algebraic equations; and of closing, without difficulty, the curves of
the shearing forces and, bending moments at the bow and stern of a ship.
to accordance with hydrodynamic theory,, expressions are obtained for the
components of the shearing force and bending moment caused by damping,
by the inertia of the liquid, and by the disturb,int; force of the waves,
whereby the coefficient of damping and the additional, mass are determined
by means of an approximate fortaAla. A system of differential equations
of pitching (longitudinal) is derived on the basis of these disturbances.
A :partial solution of the system is found in complex form, which facill-
tat,es a certain simplifi cation of the solution. Simplified formulas are
derived for the shearing force, the bending moment, and the characteris-
tic of rolling and pitching, assuming all to be symmetrical with. respect
to the midship point.
79. Soviet Textboolc on Positive Pressure Pumps for. Jet Engines
Agregaty Vozdushno-Reaktivn.ykh Dvigateley.Zhidkostnyye
yem y e Naxos (a'et Engine Accessories. Liquid Posi.tive-
Pressure Pumps , by M. V. Razdolin,, Moscow,'State Publishing
House for the Defense Industry, 1959, 186 pp
The book deals with the efficiency and uniformity of delivery of
liquid pumps, their characteristics, design, manufacturing methods, ma.,
terials, and operating conditions. A method is described for selecting
the basic parameters and testing their operational reliability; the
technical requirements of the basic parts are given, as well as examples
of complete designs. The book is intended. for students, but may he of
interest also to specialists engaged in engine design and construction.
The foreword reads as follows: "This is the first textbook in the
course, 'Ram-.Jet Engine Accessories,' given by the author at the Moscow
Order of Lenin Aviation Institute imeni Sergo Ordzhonikidze. The mate-
rial in the book is based on. data taken from the literature, industrial-
technical data, and personal research done by the author.
"The development of aviation engine designs has been enhanced by
the improvements in their accessories. As applied to aviation engines,
the term accessory usually refers to a portion of the engine which con-
stitutes a complete subassembly and which serves and, regulates the
engine. Among the accessories of an engine belong the pumps, various
elements of the hydraulic systems, the starting device, regulators,
servomechanisms,, propeller hubs, and several other devices.
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"Problems dealing with the design and planning of aviation engine
?,^cessories are elucidated both In the general courses on engines and
owier plants and in special works devoted to special problems of as-
yembly design.
"At the present time, the need is obvious for a special textbook on
the design and planning of jet-engine accessories. This book, which
represents the first, attempt to publish such an aid, is devoted to liquid
prsu,tive-pressure pumps.
"Associates of the design office and industrial establishments have
considerably aided the author in the selection of the material.
"Considerable help was given in the publication of this textbook by
Prof G. S. Skubachevskiy, V. I. Polikovskiy, and Docent K. A. Kryukov;
Candidate of Technical Sciences A. N. Dobrynin and engineers V. S.
gorov and Ye. M. Yudin have contributed valuable criticism.
"To the above persons and to associates of the chair who assisted
in the preparation of the manuscript for publication, the author extends
sincere thanks.
"Observations and suggestions of possible improvements of the text-
book will be gratefully received by the author."
The type of pump discussed is defined as a "volume" (positive.-
pressure) pump, which includes gear pumps, rotary pumps, piston pumps,
and plunger pumps; this type is also referred to as a "displacement
pump." This category thus embraces all types of fluid pumps except
centrifugal pumps.
80. Influence of Surface Roughness on Compressor Cascade Drag
"The Influence of Surface Roughness of the Blades on the Drag
of a Compressor Cascade," by B. N. Chizhov, Tr. Ufimsk. aviats.
in-ta (Works of the Ufa Aviation Institute), 1957 (1958)1 No },
pp 105-117 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Mashinostroyeniye,
No 23, 10 Dec 59, Abstract No 9923
Experimental data are given on the dependence of the power loss
factor on surface quality of the blades.
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8l. Angle of Atttac:kFluctia.f;i. t: h:ln atSrane Wheel
"I'luctuat.'i.r r,s of the Angle of Attack on a Moving Cascade by
A. N. Rakihmanovich, rf . Ufimsk. aviats. in-ta (Works of the
Ufa A.viatt+:-)n :'.:nstitu7t)-,,_ loo 1 l95 , pp 3.-2p--(from Refer -
ativn,yy Zht.-irnal. No 23) 10 Dec 1959,
Abstract No
The fluctuations of the angle of attack on the blades of an operat-
iug (turbine) wheel, caused by the heterogeneity of the field of the
velocity vector beyond. the immobile cascade and a design of the stage
of an axial vane-type machine, are given.
82. Simplified Method of Determining Pararrieters of Gas-Turbine Instal--
" )n One Method or Determining the Optimal Parameters of a Gas
Turbine Installation," by V. I. Rulanin, Tr. Leningr. polite.
in-,ta, (Works of the Leningrad Polytechnic ln.stitute , No 193,
X95 , PP 119-133 (from Referatizmyy Zhurnal -- Mashinostroyeni
No 22, 25 Nov 59, Abstract No9~+
A method is devvi.sed, for sot:wing the problem of the determination of
the optimal parameters of a compound gas-,tu,rb,ne installation by comput-
ing the maximum. efficiency of the installation as a function of certain
variables. The solution amounts to a determination of coefficients in
the case of differential independent variables, i..e., to a determination
of partial derivatives of the efficiency for each of the independent
variables. In this method, the number of equations is equal to the num-
ber of unknown parameters; in this respect, it is easier, than the
Lagrange method. It can also be further simplified. The equations for
a two-,shaft gas turbine installation with two turbines, two combustion
chambers,, and two compressors are used as an example.
83. Low-Loss Electric Power Line
"Losses and Efficiency of an Electric Power Transmission Line
Tuned to Half-Wave Length," F. A.. Zykin, Chelyabinsk Poly-
technic Institute; Minsk, IzvestiyaVysshikh TJchebnykh
Lavedentyp Eneetika., No 12, Dec 59)pp ll-i
An electric transmission line tuned to a half-wave length is char-
acterized by the state of complete compensation, i.e., such a line will
not consume nor generate any reactive power. In such a line, the volt-.
age vector and the current vector9 at the beginning and at the end of
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the Line,, are tth:LfLed 1.80? w-1. 1J). respect to c ach other, and the values
of current and. voltage will be greater at the beginning of the line. It
was shown by thee, retical calculations and experimental investigation that
the maximum efficiency for Such a line is independent of the line volt e.
It was also shown that the half-wave transmission line characteristics
can be considerably improved by proper voltage regulation, i.e., when op-
crating under reduced load, the line voltage should be reduced to such
values so as to correspond to normal equivalent operating conditions.
84. 1_x ansion c i Synchronous Motor Usage
"Expanding the Field of Application of Synchronous Motors in
Industry," by I. S. Syromyatnikcv; Moscow, Vestnik Elektropro-
inyshlennosti, No 1, Jar. 60, pp 70-71
On 9 June 1.959 at the State Scientific and Technical Committee of
the Council of Ministers USSR, a conference took place on the subject of
expanding the field of application of synchronous motorG in industry.
It was suggested that -the newly designed motors be excited with the aid
of solid-state rectifiers and that magnetic clutches be incorporated. in
these motors which will permit easy starting while the load is off. It
was noted that the production of synchronous motors was unsatisfactory
from the standpoint of both vclume and types and that many of the
synchronous motors now manufactured are technically obsolete, while the
newly developed series does not satisfy fully the requirements in re-
gard to speed; voltage, and rated power.
The conference pointed out the necessity for working out a unified
series of synchronous motors based on standard scale of rated capacity
and speed. An abnormal condition with respect to the scarcity of tech-
nical literature on the subject was rioted, and it was suggested that the
Central Institute of Scientific-11'eehnical Information on the Electrical
Industry should initiate mass publication of literature on the subject
of construction and, performance of synchronous motors.
85. Yugoslav Fair of Technology In Belgrade Announced
"Exhibit of Nuclear Energy Will Appear as Part of 1960 Fair of.
Technology in Belgrade" (unsigned article); Zagreb, Borba
5 Mar 60, p 5
The Fourth International Fair of Technology, to be held 23 August-
2 September 1960 in Belgrade, will be limited to products of the machine,
electrical, and metallurgical industries. All of Hall. 3 will be devoted
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to exhibits of nuclear energy. The general section of the exhibit will
show the organization of the Federal Commission for Nuclear Energy and
its activity. Models of the three institutes of nuclear energy will be
shown. The methods of exploring for ard exploiting uranium ore and the
areas in which it is found will be clearly presented. Another group of
exhibits will show the electronic equipment used by the institutes.
A model of a 2.5-meter-high reactor in cross-section will be the
central attraction of this exhibit. The technological channels, circu-
lation of water, the control system in operation, and the control panel
will be clearly shown. The model will. include an apparatus with the aid
of which the visitor can obtain artificial radioactive isotopes. The
production and application of isotopes obtained by the new reactor at
Vinca will be explained in a special section of the exhibit. A model of
nuclear-powered equipment for producing electricity will also be dis-
played. Numerous exhibits will present the achievements in biological
applications of nuclear energy.
86. Supplementary Plasmas on an Anode
"Anode Region in a Gas Discharge at Low Pressure. III. The
Appearance of Supplementary Plasmas on the Anode," by B. N.
Klyarfeld and N. A. Neretina, All-Union Electrical Engi-
neering Institute, Moscow; Moscow, Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy
Fiziki, Vol 30, No 2, Feb 60, pp i86-198
Spots appearing on the anode during low-pressure discharge in mer-
cury vapor, inert gases, and hydrogen were investigated. By introducing
a probe into the spot on the anode side, it was possible to study the
properties of the spot. The distribution of spots on the anode in a
regular pattern was explained as the result of inverse action of each
spot on the surrounding discharge region.
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87. Inelastic Scattering in an Unrelativistic Approximation
"Dispersion Relationships for Inelastic Scattering in Nonrela-
tivistic Approximation," by D. Ya0 Petrina; Kiev, Ukrainskiy
Mathematicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 11, No 3, Jul/Aug/Sep 59, PP 22 7-
277
Inelastic scattering is considered in nonrelativistic approximation.
Fredholm's method for a system of integral equations is applied to solve
this problem. The author proves that under certain conditions imposed on
the potential, the amplitudes of scattering typical for elastic and in-
elastic scattering permit an analytical continuation in a complex E-plane.
Dispersion relations are derived.
88. Particular Integro-differential Equation Solved
"Concerning One Problem for a Functional Equation," by R. I.
Alikhanova, Institute of Physics and Mathematics Atademy of
Sciences Azerbaydzhan SSR; Baku, Doklady Akrnii Nauk Azer-
baydzhanskoy SSR, Vol 15, No 5, May 59, pp 3(1--_374
In the work, the solution of the integro-differential e3uation
7 !.~ (Ml)..., mn) f 1(n) f 1 u2dx o ax
"
0
ms 2p o n
aml4m24 ~ . o4mn u
is investigated under the conditions
to
- F1(xl, x2, o.. , x n )
(1)
(2)
u/ L =0. (3)
(ml, m2, o00 , mn)
91 (z) is a continuous function for all z L':2p.O,
The function F1(x1, x2, .oa x ) is expanded into a sine series' The so-
lution of problem (1), (2), (3 is sought in the form of the series.
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u(t) x, , ... , x) = L,
sin K x
n n.
'S KsNJ
(4)
The problems (1), (2), (3) reduces to the solution of the infinite
system of ordinary differential equations
A K , K , ... ,K (0) = aK , ... ,K
1 2 n 1 n
A~
mss 2p
IT 2
?l A n.t~) X(K,)ml (K2)m,2 ...
s
'...(Kn)mn A K1, K2, ... ,Kn(t) e 0
(5)
(6)
The problem (5), (6) is solved by the method of reduction.
In the work, the existence of a solution for .he problem (5), (6),
as well as a solution for the problem (1), (2), (3), is proved.
Several auxiliary lemmas are also proved.
89. Method for Finding the Characteristic Indexes of a System of Two
Linear Homogeneous Differential Equations
"The Search for Characteristic Indexes of a System of Two Linear
Homogeneous Differential Equations Having Periodic Coefficients
Containing a Small Parameter," by P. B. Golokvoschus; Minsk,
Doklady Akademii Nauk BSSR, Vol 3, No 9, Sep 59, pp 361-367
The system
,
dX = X[U1 (P 1(t) +. N, U2 c 2(t) ] = x P(t) (1)
given in matrix form, is considered where the differential substitutions
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K1, K2, ... , Kn (.t) + LJ rp (m1, m2, ...,mn)
AK 1' IK2, ... ,Kn (t) sin K1x1 ,...,
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Uk (k-l,2) are any real matricies of the second order; Q1 (t) (k?1,2)
are continuous periodic functions of period w - 1, satisfying the condi-
tion
01 cP k(t) dt . 0 (k-l) 2);
(2)
X is an integral matrix, and M is a small real parameter. A knowledge of
the characteristic indexes of system (1) is necessary to investigate the
behavior of its solutions. A method is given in the present work for de-
termining these indexes on the basis of the characteristic matrix of a re-
duced system.
90. Region of Stability for a Hill Equation Defined and Found Exactly
"Boundedness Test and the Exact Evaluation of the Multipliers of
Solutions to the Equations of Hill," by T. M. Karaseva, Kharkov
Automobile Road Institute, Ministry of Higher Education UkSSR;
Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 127, No 6, Aug 59,
pp 1161-11 3
Q(,( denotes the set of all real periodic functions q(x) (q (x 4 T)
q(x)), the squares of which are integrable on the interval (0, T) and
satisfy the conditions
1) T / T q (x) dx = oc ,
0
T (1)
'/ q(x)dx. 0.
2)0
The set of all generalized functions p(x) of the form p(x) - q'(x) } Y
( r 0, q e Q is denoted by Pad.. It is noted that
-r = f T p(x) dx.
0
The differential equation
Y'' 4 p(x) Y - 0 (p(x) E p0 1,
- 00 ..x < 00) (2)
is then :oLsidered. If for all (p(x)c PTthe solutions of equation (2) are
bounded then it will be said that the point (-C,o() belongs to the region
of stability.
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M. G. Kreyn (Priki. matem. i mekh., Vol 19, 1955, p 641) proved that
all points (V', a ), for which
nc,! 2 -
TIC' 2, T >, 0, (3)
ZrI.
b~ ity tcon a he r gion, ofsstability. He also proved that the region of
s"a
a 0, 0