SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100490001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 112
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 6, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 12, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIEN'T'IFIC
INFORIVIA~I'ION' 1~EPORT
12 February 1960
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF 1 ECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
_ 1-. , ~ ~
~ / J /
t.. f:arn /~ra ((i'~?:::ir,r~ ~r>II' I`.~~ord.~ l~Jri~.r~
_Qrnnu~riirr la (:J ~Hf :.?r ~?f.re
,C'ol' ~~cx ~---. -----..
~?
Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription $28.00 ($4 additional for
foreign mailing). Single copy $2.75.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
Table of Contents
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Antibiotics
Aviation Medicine
Bacteriology
This report presents unevaluated ixiformation extracted from
recently received publications of the USSR and Eastern Europe.
The infoxma.tion selected is intended'to indicate current scien-
tific developments and activities and is disseminated as an aid
to research in the United States.
Pa e
BiOlOg~
Chemistry
Electx?ochemistry
5
Fuels and Propellants
5
Herbicides '
6
Industrial Chemistry
6
Inorganic,Chemistry
12
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
12
Organic Chemistry
18
Radiation Chemistry
25
Radiochemistry '
27
III.
Earth Sciences
32
33
Components
33
Instruments and Equipment
33
Wave Propagation
38
Engineering
CFO
~+4
~+8
1+8
~+9
50
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Contagious Diseases
Npidemiology
Immunology and Therapy
Oncology
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Physiology
Public Health, Hygiene and Sanitation
Radiology
Surgery
Miscellaneous
'VTII. Metallurgy
IX. Physics
Nxperimental and Theoretical Physics
Mechanics
Nuclear Physics
Spectroscopy and Optics
82
86
99
105
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1. Common Corn Smut Studied
"News in the Biology of Common Corn Smut,'' by N. A. Kechek,
Institute of farming, Ministry of Agriculture, Armenian SSR;
Yerevan, Izvestiya Alsadetnii Nauls Armyanslto SS:3--Biologi-
cheslsaya Naulsi, Vol l2, No , Aug. 59, pp 51-5~
The author sought an explanation of the manner in which Ustilago
zeae spores reach and attaclt the ,young, growing vegetative and re-
pro3uctive tissues of corn under natural conditions. This question
was investigated experimentally on the basis of the suggestion that
infection occurs through the sprouts and proceeds to the plant organs,
as in the case of wheat smut (Tilletia tritici).
An experiment was performed at Nchmiadzinskaya ]xperimental Base,
Institute of Farming, in 1958. Half of the plants on 500 square meters
were infected in the above-mentioned manner, and, the other half were
maintained as controls. Thc-;plants were observed from April to July;
lU5 out of 1,000 died of smut Found in the sta]k, whereas the controls
remained healthy. On the basis of this experiment,. the following ^on-
elusi
d
ons were
rawn:
CPYRGHT
"1. All the plants infected. With smut through the coleoptile died
early or late.
"2. Upon infection of corn through the coleoptile, mycelia can
ascend only to the sixth internode, affecting the stalls exclusively."
Thus it is clear, the author states, that infection of corn organs
via the growth of diffused mycelia aE~er infection through the coleoptile
does not occur.
The possibility that Ustilago spores are deposited on the plant~svr-
face with soil is considered next. Plants in various areas of the republic
were observed during different stages of growth.- Severwl illustrations
and an extensive discussion of these observations are given. The results
afforded a basis for concluding that Ustilago spores carried by the wind
from the soil to the plant surface under natural conditions and by drop-
lets of moisture through the vegetative conus or through the sheathing
leaf penetrate to the organs, contact the young, growing tissues, and pro-
duce infection.
The effect of weather conditions on the susceptibility of corn to
this disease and the possibility of primary and secondary infection are
discussed. Various theories concerning stages.of development at which the
plants are affected are also cited.
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CPYRGF~'o geucral conclusions derived fr~_,rn these studies a,re as follows.:
".l. Up to this t:Lme, it was known that only the youxxg, growing
tissues of c:ul~ri plants can be infected t?ritli common smut, but that tho
tissues which have emanated :L'rom these organs are not in a condition tc~
be in:l.'ec?L?ed.
"This stage in the s?tucl,}r of common corn smut leaves gaps in lcnowledge
o:[' the biology of the patt:~gen since where and how the spores penetrate
to the young, growing tissues of the corn organs under natural conditions
and where and how their infection occurs remain unknown.
"2. Testing of a method o1' infecting corn with common smut did
not increase our success."
Other conclusions previously given in the article are reiterated;
the aLt?thox^ states in addition that the resistance and susceptibility of
varieties of corn to infection with Ustilago zeae depend on variation
in the structure of the vegetative conus, the sheathing leaves, and the
ligule.
2. Hungarians Produce Antibiotic to Treat Plant Diseases
"New Antibiotic for Treating Plants" (unsigned news iteml; .
Budapest, Nepszabadsag, 31 Dec 59~ p 9
The Plxylaxia Vaccine Production Institute has begun manufacture of
a new antibiotic -- trichothecih -- which is used in the treatment of
diseased plants. Laboratory tests established that trichothecin im-
pedes the development and spread of fungi which cause 20 different kinds
or plant diseases. The new preparation is especially suitable for over-
coming widespread moniliasis, which has infected sour cherry trees.
3. Ichthyology Research in the USSR
"The :Lnstitute on Ulitsa 'Ber,'" by A. Kravets; Sofia, Bulgaro-?.
Suvetska Druzhba, Vol 15, No 23, Dec 59, p 8 ?
The author briefly describes the work of various laboratories of the
Caspian Scientific Research Institute for Marine Fish Management and Ocean-
ography (Kaspiyski nauchno-izsledovatelski institut za morsko ribno stop-
anstvo i okeanografiya), which is located in a two-story house at the
entrance to "Ber" Ulitsa, [Street] named after the famed Russian naturalist
and academician Karl Ber, not far from the center of Astrakhan. The
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~.n:~t:Ltute u~~rns more than ten seagoing v~;ssels and river craft, several ~~rox?lt-
shops, an experimental base, and a des:i.~,ning bureau which facilitates ?the
:scientific study o1' the development of the fishing industry in the Caspian
Sea. The laboratories are engaged in the following activities.
Co-s~rorkers of the Laboratory for Commercial Ichthyology (Laboratoriya
za promislova ikhtiologiya) study changes in the fish food content of
reservoirs and marine biology. On the basis of observations and conclusions,
they make recommendations to sovlshozes, fishing kolkhozes and industrial
enterprises regarding the disposition of fishing boats and floating can-
neries, based on anticipated locations of large schools of fish.
L~nployees of the Laboratory for Fish Reserves (Lab~ratoriya za ribnitc
zapasi }, .under the direction of Pdarlt Letichevski, laboratory director
and candia~rE of biological sciences, in cooperation with pisciculturists,
have developed and applied biotechnology for the ar?rificial propagation
of sturgeon and salmon whose periodic migrations for spawning purposes
to the upper reaches of the Volga River and Kama and Belaya rivers have
heretofore Lcen hindered by numerous hydroelectric power stations and
dams on ?che Volga River.
Co-workers of the Laboratory for Scientific Commercial Research
(Laboratoriya za nauchno-promislovo izsledvane) have developed a method
of studying schools of fish by means of underRaater electric lighting.
They have established that small fish are attracted by light, which has
led to the development of a new fishing method in which electric light-
ing is employed.
The Laboratory for Industrial Fishing (Laboratoriya za promishlen
ribolov), directed by Arkadiy Leskutkin, is primarily concerned with the
aforementioned fishing method, in which fish pumps rather than conventional
pttr?s~~ seines are used. The fish, attracted by the electric light attached
to tl~e~head of a submerged g0-meter-long rubber hose, are sucked into the
hose, pumped to the deck of the fishing boat, ard: dumped into .the refrige-
rated hold of the vessel.
Laboratory employees are now recommending the use of batteries of l+-5
lights operatii:g at varying light intensities between 75-150 volts, rather
than the one- or two-bulb attachments used heretofore. Tests have shown
that this new method has doubled or tripled the productivity of pump fish-
ing. The method is also suitable for sardine and herring fishing. The
institute is now studying the possibilities of employing electric current
impulses as a fishing method.
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The sham :increase in the yield of sma11 fish has also placed Heir
tasks before the Chemical -Bacteriological Laboratory and Technological
Laboratory (1Clumilco-balcteriologicheslca :i telchnologieheslsa laboratoriy),
which are headed by Candidates of Technical Sciences Margarita Kalan-
tarova and 'Vladimir Podsevalov. These laboratories develop industrial
methods of preparing new fish food products and study ways of intensify-
ing technological processes through the application of high-frequency
current and ultrasonicr~ in fish processing.
For most of the year, the institute is almost empty, since the scien-
tific personnel spend the time on the Caspian Sea and along the Volga
River, where they cond~:ct experiments, collect data, and confirm theories
and conclusions.
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>;lectrochemistry
4. Polarographic Method l'or Determination of Niobium in Tantalum
Niobium Alloys
"Detei~rnination of Niobium in Tantalum-Niobium Alloys by the
Method of Os cillographi c Polarography, " by Ya . P . Golshshteyr~,
L. A. Ger.;sina, and A. M. Derrililsin,~ Institute of Geochemistry and
Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR, and the Moscow
Electric Bt;lb Plant; Moscow, Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 25,
No 9~ SAP 59
Because the photo-recording Heyrovsky polarograph does not enable
one to obtain on the current-potential curves clearly expressed niobium
waves in sulfuric acid solutions, it was found advisable to apply oscillo-
graphic polarography for the quantitative determination of niobium in the
presence of a large amount of tantalum and of an admixture of iron. The
oscillographic polexography,procedure which has been developed for this
purpose and applied is described in detail. A review of USSR work on
the analytical determination. of niobium is given.
Fuels and Propellants
5. Production of Peroxides o,~: Calcium and~Bariura With High Content of
Peroxide -----
"The Problem of the Production of Calciialn. and Barium Peroxides
of High Quality," by S. Z. Makarov and N.?K.~. G.rigor?yeva, Insti-
tute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Leningrad, Zhurnal Prikladnoy_ Khimii,Vol 32, No l0
oct 59~ PP 2184-21 9
The synthesis of calcium and barium peroxides can be accomplished
by employing the hydrates and perhydxates of peroxides of these metals.
Anhydrous peroxides of calcium and barium are not formed as a result of
the direct interaction of the hydroxides and salts of these elements
with hydrogen peroxide. The synthesis of calcium peroxide is best
accomplished over the octahydrate of calcium peroxide. at a low'tempera-
ture. The synthesis of barium peroxide is best carried out over the
diperhydrate of barium peroxide at room temp.?e.;?at~zi~e ~ The peroxides
obtained in this manner are of good qualii;y a:ad are prodizced.~, yields
which are satisfactory from the standpoint of industrial application
of the methods in question. By using the method described, barium peroxide
containing up to 92-95~ of Ba 02 is obtainer,. The method for the production
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,~:~' barium peroxide was checked under industrial conditions at the ICrasnyy
Kh:tmils Plant; o.t Leningrad and is now being app.lie~~. '?~:~ere on an indust~?7.a1
;;tale. The barium peroxide produced by this plant formerly did not con-
tain more ~L?h~ui 84-88/0 of Ba 02.
Herbicides
CPYRGHT
6. Trichloroa,cetic Acid Salts Effective l~lerbicides in Sugar Beet
Cultivation
"Characteristics of the herbicidal Action of Salts of
Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA)," by Aspirant D. T. Chkanikov;
Moscow, Tz_vestiya Tinu.xyazevskoy Sel?skokhozyaystvennoy
Akademii, No 5, 1959, pp 113-122
Salts of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) can be used for effectively
controlling grassy weeds in sugar beet cultivation even though their
effectiveness depends on the moisture of the soil. Optimal dosage
for use in the presprouting stage was considered to be 10-15 kg of
TCA-Na or TCA-NHS per hectare.
"Penetrating into the plants through the roots, TCA. kills younger
tissues more easily than older tissues. Nitrogen metabolism is seriously
disturbed; the leaves accumulate additional amounts of free amino acids
and the roots accumulate more nitrogen amides than the amount found in
normally growing plants."
Industrial Chemistr
7. Some Papers Presented at 11th All-Union Conference on High-
Molecular Compounds
"Conversion and 'Application of Polymers, " by Prof P . V . Ko z:iov
and N. F. Bakeyev; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol. 29,
No 11, Nov 59~ PP ~-~-5-118 ?
The 11th All-Union Conference on Hi ~i-Molecular Compounds was
organizes by the Department of Chemical Sciences of the Academy of
Sciences USSR, the State Co~nittee on Chemistry at the Council of
Ministers USSR, the All-Union Chemical Society imeni V.. T. Mendeleyev,
and Moscow State University. It was held in Moscow 2-7. July 1959? The
conference was concerned with the basic problems involved in the con-
version and application of polymers used as materials in different fields
of the national economy. About 2,000 scientists and engineers representing
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~>UU dif:rcreirt organizations participated. Eight reports were presented
r:i,l; plenary sessions of the conference and 203 reports at eight sectiork~,l
meetings. Tn presenting the opening address at the conference, N. N.
Sernenov s?L-a~tccl i;hat the study of scientific problems involved in tho
conversion and application of polymers is becomi.zg increasingly important
because of ?the great expansion in the production of substances of this
?l:ype which hu.s been planned for the following ',! years.
The reports given at plenary sessions represented reviews of progress
that has been made. They outlined the present status of development in
the most important fields of the chemistryy and technology of polymers.
Correlations between structure and the properties of high-molecular
compounds were discussed in a report given by V. A. Itargin. After out-
7.in3.ng the most irnportan?t -principles on the basis of which new polymer
materials should be developed, the author of the report pointed out that
production of systems which can be used in an extensive range of operational
temperattu es i s of great, impori.ance . One of the methods of extending the
temperature range in which crystalline plastics can be used is introduction
of plasticizers. Extension of the temperature range within which a highly
elastic state is retained by rubber can be achieved by using active fillers.
The most radical method of producing active systems is grafting of poly-
mers to solid surfaces. Particular attention in Itargin's report was
paid to the application of polymers with rigid principal chains. .Being
essentially relatively flexible glasses, polymers of this type are stable
within the extensive temperature range that is typical for solids. To
develop polymers of this type, one must use not Only organic, but also
inorganic materials. The study of the extensive application of inorganic
polymers will form a new subdivision of polymer chemistry.
Ix?. a report on new polymer materials and their applications, V. V.
Korshak characterized new ways for the synthesis of polymers, paying
particular attention to stereospecific polymerization, which leads to
the formation of polymers with an ordered structure, and to polycondensa-
tion at the boux?.d,ary between two phases formed by immiscible liquids.
The methods in question involve the application of e, great number of mono-
mers which have not been used before.
The increased number of new polymers has not x?esulted as yet in a
great increase of the number of materials utilized in practice, because
the properties of the new polymers resemble closely those of polymers
which are already known.
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S. Ye. 13resler reviewed the principal fields of application o-P poly-
uu~ric ion exchangers and electron exchangers. Because desalting s,nd de-
cs:i.onize,tion of solutions had to be carried out in the industry, the re-
quirement that ion exchangers absorb an extensive range; of ions was ernpha-?
:sized originally. At present emphasis is placed on the development of
selective absorbents which exhibit group or individual specificity with
reference ?to definite elements. The requirement with regard to the greatest;
selectivity is imposed }.-~ applications oi' ion exchangers in the purifica-
~tion and separation of rare and disperses elements as well as radioactive
isotopes and also in connection with the production of antibiotics, vitamins,
hormones, and active protein preparations. Application of ion-exchanges^s
as catalysts in chemical reactions will make it possible to conduct these
reactions under very mild ,.conditions and also carry them out with the
greatest degree of selectivity and effectiveness.
In considering methods for the modification of properties of poly-
mers, A. A. Berlin emphasized that the first subdivision of methods of
?this type comprises different intramolecular transformations Within the
limits of one chain (this refers primarily to the splitting off of atoms
or groups of atoms and cyclization reactions). By applying these methods
it was possible to obtain plastics exhibiting a great mechanical strength
and a high degree of thermal stability. Methods belonging to a second
subdivision comprise reactions with compounds of a low molecular weight
that are not capable of undergoing homopolymeriz styrene) decreases the
toxic action, but the introduction of a. side chain (benzene --~ ethylbenzene),
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cLnd also of C1 (1~enzenc -~ chlorobenzcne -~ dichlorobenzene; styrene -> chloro-
c;-tyrenc -+ d.:i.cliloroGtyrcne) :i,ncreo.ses ?L?o:::i.c ae?Lion, ,judging l:,y the letha], and
na.rco~L-ic rf:Cccts. T11c 1.rr:l.tat:i.ng pro.~~erty of vapors increases with the ap-
l~ec,rance of the doub1.c 1:~ond n~~.cl on th~~ introduction of chlorine in?L?o the
molecule. T~t is be7.:ieved that benzene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, and
compounds s:iriti7_ar 'co them ma:tn7.y cause leucopen:ta irhereas s?L?yx?ene, monoch7.oro-
styr?enc, dich:l.orostyrenc, and :~lene more genera7_ly cause leucocytosis. The
phenomenon cited :is 7_inked i~rith considerable differences in the transforma-
tions which these substances undergo in the organism."
Ii:i. fah Yie7.ds of Pie1d-CTrown Prgo~t Reported
"I''ield Cultl~: e of Ergot in the USSR," by N. I. Ostrovsl;iy and M.
A. Kryi.rkova, 11.1-Union Scientific Research Institute of Pedicinal
and 1lromatic Plants; Moscow, P-4cditsinslcaya Promyshlennost' SSSR,
P1o 7.2, Dec 5g, pp 11-15
Th.r e.~x~t,llors stste that "by observing the ru7_es of cultivation, an
:~.veraE1e yie]_d of rye ergot a?t experimental stations of VILl1R The 1111-iTnion
;'r~.rr~t:i:fic Research Institute of Medicinal and llromatic Plants in Moscow
i:i;:~1'~.st amounting ?to 26g leg/ho. in 1958 and up to 1E67 1Lg/ha for individual
strains wc~s reached. At the Moshltov S~L?ate Farm (Novosibirskaya Oblast),
~:he biol.ogica7. yield of rye ergot was 232 leg/ha in 1958."
The allaloid content of rye ergot grown in Moskovslsaya Oblast ranged
from 0.33 ~; to 0.53;x; the alkaloid content of the R4oshkov State farm gown
rye ergot i~ras given as O.1Ng;~ .
The above institute initiated in 1958 the distribution of single-
alkaloid strains of ergot, i.e., strains of ergot which produce only one
alkaloid of the ergotamine or ergoi;oxine group.
Physiology
75 ? Cortical. Piocurrerlts ~.n Respiratory Conditions
"Biocurrents of the Cerebrum in Various l~anctional Conditions
of the Respiratory Center," by V. S. Rayevskiy, Ye. T. Kuznets,
V. V. .11n?tipov, and S. V. Tolova, l'cadeigy of A~Iedical Sciences
USSR, Pl~y'siologica7_ Ground . Leningrad, I'iziologichesliiy 7hurnal
SSSR, Vol 1E5, No 10, Oct 59, pp llg2-1200
Results of experilnents on 7.6 dogs showed that excitation of the respira-
tory center results in irradiation toward the cerebral cortex;. This exerts
a dual effect on the eJ_ectroencephalogram: (1) the general level of cortical
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electric activity may be affected by volleys from the respiratory center;
(2) electroencephalogram rhythms of greater amplitude, induced by volleys
from the respiratory center, may appear regularly at the height of '
inspiration.
The dogs were lcept under morphine-evipal narcosis, and artificial
respiration was employed to maintain gases in the blood at a constant level
in various ftiuzctional conditions of the respiratory center (during its
rhythmica]. activity and during its inhibition). Biocurrents of the cerebral
cortex, action currents of the phrenic nerve and diaphragmatic muscle, and
the rhythm of artificial pulmonary respiration were recorded by means of a
four-channel oscillograph.
76. Glucose Absorption Affected by Uranium Fission Products
"Impaired Intestinal Glucose Absorption in Dogs Affected by
P..rodttcts of the Nuclear fission of Uranium," by S. R. Perepel-
]s:in, Scientific Research Institute of Sanitation and $ygiene
itr~,?ni F'. r'. Erisman; Leningrad, Fiziologicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol
~i~~, No 10, Oct 59, pp 1272-1278
'..l'hc author of this article states that results of experiments on dogs
showed that intestinal glucose absorption following injury by nuclear fis-
sion products of uranium was intermittent or wavelike in character. It was
noted that retardation in the process of absorption reached the greatest
intensity when digestion was at its maximum (one hour after the dogs were
fed meat). The experiments were conducted on three dogs between ~- and 6
years of age. The dogs were subjected to peroral poisoning by nuc]ear fis-
sion products of uranium in doses of 1-2 millicuries per kilogram of weight.
77. Effect of Largactil on F~ypoxia
"The Action of Largactil on the Survival of Young Rats Affected
With Acute Ifiypoxia, Depending on Their Age and Environmental
Temperatvxe;" by Joseph Laitl, Institute for the Care of Mothers
and Children, Prague-Podolia Prague, Ceskoslovenska Gynekologie,
oct 59, pp 65~+-659
This article states that the results of experiments on 626 young white
rats showed that largactil (chlorpromazine) increases their x?esistance to
acute hypoxia. The extent of the action of largactil depends on the stage
of developnnent of individ:aal rats and on the environmental temperature.
The optimum effect of 1Qrgactil was observed in older rats which had better
developed thermoregulation. The protective action of the preparation was
also observed in animals in which the thermoregulatory function was not well
developed; however, it proved to be far less effective than in older animals.
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'i8. >Jvolut:i.on of Analysors Discussed
"Pz?oblems of the lvolutionary Morphology of Analysors," by Ya.
A. Vinnilcov, Laboratory of Evolutionary Morphology, Institute
of Pvolutionary Physiology imeni I. M. Sechenov, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Arlshiv Anatomic, Gistologii i .
Pmbriologii, Vol 37, No 8, Aug 59, pp 3-11
? The author of this article discusses the significance of a historical
method of determining the ontogenetie and phylogenetcc origin of analysors
and of a.nvestigating their evolutionary histophysiological, eytophysiolog-
ical, histochemical, and cytochemical characteristics.
The peripheral portions of visual and olfactory analysors develop
directly from the neural plate or embryonic medulla; however, the peripheral
portions of the analysors which are based on secondary perceptive cells
develop ontogenetically from placodes.
Despite various sources of develo~nent, the differentiation of peripheral
~,aax?ts in all anatysors becomes possible only when a synaptic contact is estab-
lished between them and the central parts, and vice versa.
'.the historical method of investigation helps to explain the complex
nature of the localization and distribution of chemically active substances
in both the pr9mary and the secondary perceptive receptor cells.
Despite the similarity of chemically active substances which supply
energy for impulses, the nature of their distribution varies in receptor
elements which have had a different course of development.
The specificity of impulses of the receptor cells of each analysor is
evidently determined by the spatial distribution of chemically active sub-
stances which became established during the process of evolution.
79. Effect of High Temperature l;xertion
"The Effect of High Temperatt~se Combined Sdith PY~ysical 1;xer-
tion on Gastric and Pancreatic Secretion tiJith Various Types
of Diet," by N. I. Putilin and L. N. Staritskaya, Physiolog-
ical Laboratory of Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute
of Nutrition; Moscow, Voprosy Pitaniya, Vol 18, No 5, Sep~Oct
59 ~ pp 21+-? 30
The authors of this article state that the Ukrainian Scientific Research
Institute of Nutrition and the Kiev Institute of Industrial Hygiene and Occu-
pational Diseases have kept records of results of physical examinations of
people employed in worltshops where the temperature is rather high. On the
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l,a.sis of these cla,ta, i?r wa,s established that loss of appe-L?itc is the most
o1:,vl.otts result of physical e~ccr?ta.on under. such conditions . ~ search for
'tho physiological bacl:grxotuld of a r?a?Lionr~l diet for worltcrs in shops where
the temperature :i.s high wa;, bc~nu~.
The first stage of the: search consisted of observations of gastric
and pancreatic secretion in si.t dogs. Results of investigations showed
'l;hat the nature of gastric and pancrea?L-ic seere?L-ion becomes altered dur-
ing physical exertion trhen the temperature of the 1.mmediate environment
is high. The most clearly pronounced changes were observed when the ani-
mals were fed jsmnedia?tely before or immediately after physical exertion.
The ef'f'ect of physical stress and high temperature on gastric and pancrea-
tic secretion was less pronotnced when the animals were fed an hour before
or an hoar after exertion.
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~0. Physiological. Research :i.r.l Soyori-Y%wr Plaa~.
"Ne~?r Goals anti Pi?orpects 1'oz? I'h;,~s:ioloi;ical Research Seen in
the L:i~l]t of I~ci:]ioY]:; of ~tlie J~,rxae Pleriuru of the Central
Committee CPSU," by A. 11. 13izyui:ov; I~;ningrad, Piziologiche-
skiy Zhurnal SSSR imeni T. M. Sacherioy, Vol 45, No 10, Oct 59,
Pp l:l_73 -1175
` This article rlotr?.s that scl.ont:i:l'ic rc~sea,x?ch in the USSR is not con-
f rorited so much frith ?L?he taslt of pex7:'ecting the old mei;hods, but of x?e?-
placing ?them with new; drasticc~.l.ly dif'f'erent methods . The present level
of x?esearcri in physics and chemistry and the greater role played by auto-
matics, electronics; cyl:u~xzic-~ti.c,, gird matl~.icrna,tics :i.n se:i.en?l?if is research
has radically chariUed ?l-lz:.me thods and s ts~ridards used in physiological in-
vestioations. Resea,z?ch iri the physiology of worlc and play, of nutrition,
o:t' a.gin~;, sx]d oi' childx?en and ado:l.cscents must be intensified. Spe.ce
physiology and aviation ph,ysioloL~y have gained great impor?l-ance. More
eff'ec-tive ties must be es?Lab:L:i.shed. bet~seen the physical sciences and the
applied sciences such as meclicinr, a,~:;ric~l:l.tux?e, srrd pedagogy; a closer re-
la~tionship must also be promoted. between physiology and the theox?etical
sc:ences such as philosophy, psycholoC;ry, physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
?n his z?eT]oz?t ~ta ?i;ho ''1.^?t Gor;gx?er:]ti, oy the CPSiJ, Id. S. Khx?ushch.ev stated
ih:ti't necc:~sazy corlclitions will be created foy? T'ux?~l;hex? progx?ess in all scien-
tific fields dux~inb the ne,x?l; j years (1~59-19h5)
&1. Physiologica:t Socioty Co]:nr~:]ir~s
"Discussion of Problems in Phys:%o1o? ~," 'uy Prof L. G. Vorouiil,
Vestnil~ Al,aclc~n]i~. Idat~lc SSSfi; I4io~ ea~~r, Vol 29, ldo ), Sep 59,
pp 105-10h - ..
The author of this wx?~ticle sta??c:.s ?tllat wbou'L- 1,400 physiologists,
phazmacoloi;is-ts, biochemis%s, atld. other representatives of physiological
sciences C;ather?ecl in Nii.nslt 'to attend ?the Tdintiz C?ongxrss of ?the All-Union
Society of PZaysioloUists :i]neni I. P. PavJ_av; held 10-18 June 1959? About
450 scientific papers were road. The f iclds covered by these papers in-
cluded: the physiology and pa-L-hnlot r of ?I;he h:iglzer nervous activity of
animals and humans; the physiology and ,~3h.a.x:macology, of coronary circulation;
electrophysiolog~;y; tllc p}.rysiology? of dig~s?i;ion, e.:cx?e~tiora, and the endocrine
system; corticovisce?:al physiology; fire ali~tonomic nez?~rous system; the phy-
siology of work and play; metabol:i.sm in ti. sues and organs; ?the biosynthesis
of protein acid nucleic acids; biophysics; rwdiology; etc .
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The delegates decided ?to change ?the name of the society to the A1l-
Union Society of Physiologists, Biochemists, and Pharmacologists because
the development of the physiological sciences has reached a suff iciently
high level ?to ,justify the admission of biophysicists, histologists, cyto-
logists, biochemists, phazznacologis?ts, and representatives of other pro-
fessions investigating various functions of the organism.
New members were elected to ?Lhe Central Council of the society. These
new members chose Prof P. S. Kupalov, Member of the Academy of Medical Sci-
ences, as its chaixman. The Central Council oi' the society carries on the
work of the society between congresses. Tt was repoxted that membership
in ?tlie society has increased from 2,700 to 3,500.
Tt was noted that although scientific research has expanded and a
significant contribu?L?ion has been made to Soviet. medicine, physiologists,
pharmacologists, and biochemists must try to solve many theoretical and
practical problems as the country enters a new period in building a Com-
mwlist society. Research must be directed toward. solving the problems of
proper b~ti7_ance between mental and physical work, proper nutrition, the
pz?evention and treatment of the most important diseases, the indoctrination
and development of children and adolescents, and the preservation of the'
efficiency of elderly people.
A riLimber of problems were listed by various speakers . Tt was stated
that these problems must be solved within the next few years. The more
impor?l:ant, research problems include: the study of the mechanisms of coro-
naiy~and cerebral circulation, z'espiration, digestion, excretion, and hor-
monal and other functions, the physiology and biochemistry of the cell, the
mechanism of 'the formation and conversion of biochemically active substances;
and the ei'fect of external environment on the physiological functions of an
organism. Answers must be round to problems coruzected with the industrial
growth of the country, and to problems related to aviation and space medicine.
The delegates to the congress directed the new members of the Central
Council of the society to bring to the attention of the Ministry of Health,
Ministry of Higher Education, Ministry of Agriculture, Academy of Sciences
USSR, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, and Academy of Pedagogical ~aciences
RSFSR the need for intensifying scientific research and training.
82. Physiologists Confer
"Conference on Problems of Clinical Physiology," by T. T.
Lilcruzitskaya; Leningrad, F_iziologicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 1+5,
No 10, Oct 59, pp 1288-1290
According to this article, a conference was held in Moscow 18-21 May, 1959,
on the problems of clinical physiology.
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V. V. Paz?iai La~d?e the 1:cyaio?te: o?L' the cvnferc.nce ~?ri?tYi his report on ?the
relationship be?L-trncn lhys:i.ology and clinical px?ae?L-ice . Tmpar?L?:I.ng grea?L?
s:tgnifiCance ?L-o the; e,~tensivc:~ ~_we off' rarlio?tel.emc:txy, electroltirymo~{raphy,
1?lieography, raid o'L?hez? ;1,~~?ocec~sc:s, V. V. P.::riri s tressed the e;cisting lag in
t1Te application aC electz?ophysiolugical motliods in medical. practice . I3c
rc.~..so poin?L-erl ou'L- that in sur~;ca:y, clinical physiology is not confined to
the utilization oi' new methods o:1' diagnosis of pathological processes, but
consists of finding near aaethods cal' 'l;rea?LTn~=nt. :In 'this respec?L-, successful
cooperation between cl.ini csal physiolv~;;y~ rand sur~;eary is of special. si,,nifi?-
cc?nce. Clinical phys:i.olo~7~, l.e said, is now emer,;ing as atz independent
orancli of science t?r:ii;h 7.?t o~,rTZ a'bje~tives and methods. The Pavlovian
princ:i.i~l.es o:E' ?L?he unity o1' an ox?~_:ar.~.isn: and its nTTVirorunent, of the concept
o:L' a, disease as atT ada;l~t.ve re~:~ct:i.on 'LO a'oz? ltu~r:~~.i~ons curi~i~ered by morbid conditions .
'It,ro meetings were clevotrd to the qL?es Lion of ?L-he clinical physiolo~f
of circulation. Jleports ,rare z?ead on pc::r~.plzei?a:L resistance; on average,
minirmun, latex?a.l, and ma::iamaan pressure--; and on the methods of their quanti-
tative evaluation to detexmine the characteristics o:C' c:hanges in circulation.
L. G. Antonova., V. L. I~c.x1?.tn~~az, PQ. A. ALrilcosova, N. P1. Savi-cslciy, IC. A.
Morozov, acid V. P. Nikitin i~ax??cicipa?~;ed. in discussions on this subject.
A. M. Pedoseyeva of the CvTZtral In~~ ti?tllty for the Advaaiced Training
of Physicians and L. 'Ya. Balaalo~ra. of the Ins?L-.itute o:C Evolutionary Physiology
imeni I. Id. Sechenov x~sported i;heix? use of c~1ec?trocardiography to determine
the main pathophysiolo~;ical me?chanisnl:, i~lvolvod in ?L-he development o:L' coro-
nary inst~'f is iency . ?
B. M. 7'sukea:lnan of the Ph~rs:i.olo;:i.cal Laboratory, Institute of Surgery
imeni A. V. Vishaievsl.iy, read a report on successful atteanp'L-s at electric
auricular defibzillatioii :ira clinical practice rz~zd e.cperimen~l;ally. After
1~5 e.speriment.~ OTl l.j clogs in which he used a 750-2,000-volt capacitor dis-
charge, R. M. Tsul~ez7naai applied the method to -three ,paL-ients; he succeeded
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iiI a11ev:La,?tilzg the cymjrtoms o9: cardiac i'ibrill~z?tion fi'or a period of 1-~ 'to
1;3~, days, ~rlliclz cons:J.clc:x?ab:L;y improved the condition of patients during the
Y~ostoperative period. '
The nexc?L? tiro meeting;:, ,r~~re devoted 'to a discussion of the physiology
of respiration. L. L. Shill spore on ?the subject ofi' mechanisms oi' the regu-
lation of ex.Lex7lal respirat:Lon in ~~an. A report read by A. S. Perel'mutr
illustrated Shils's rema,x?lc;x. A. S. Pe.rl'nlutr x't~por'ted the successful develop-
ment of instx~.uncnts T'or ?L?he study ~~:~' ?t11c: cliili.eal physiology of respiration.
Moxrxlzological cliangt:s in a. 1zLUnan orgaazism do not detex~ine the e::tent
of :['unctional disturbaxlccs, a,ccordin~; -to xeports. x~ea.d by S. S. Slaving and
G. A. Myaml.ina, of tl?IC Criz?tra:l. Scielzti!':ic Ti^searclz Laboratoxy imeni Vishnev-
skiy, G. P. Kolzradi grad L. Cr. 0111nyarisl:o.,y-a of tale T~IStitute o:E' 7~abor and
Occupatiolal Di ,r-.asc~s o:i' ?thc Acadern;~ of h'iedica,l Sciences USSR, A. 0. Navak-
atilcyarl, V. V. T~ebcdeva, and Slzneyar-: x' of -h:kac Darlc'L-s Irlst:Ltute of Labox .
Plays:io7,ogy, L. Td. Clzex~zova aazd S. Pl. Sox?insc.uz of the Gor'kiy Tizstitute of
Tndustria,l I-ifgiene aizd Occupational Diaoasc:s, nand A. M. liulilc of the Txls?ti-
tute of 1~1ox~ual said Pa:i;holog~?:iral Plrysiolo~;y of the Academy oi' Medical Sci-
~~nccs USSR.
L. I Fogel'son and L'. A. Pa,tx?eyeva of the Central. Institute of Tzzi'or-
~nation on economic::~ and TecYulo:Logy, L. S. Romanova off" the Ins?ti?tLi?te oJ:'
Surgexy ilnerl:i Visku~ie;val~i~r, r~?Id NI. :C. V:Lnogradova, of the L?zstitutc of L+'s~'olu-
tionaxy Mox~llology imeni A. N. Sever?t;sev described the results of studies
of afferent and efferent volleys ixi nexve conductors geld ?t-,hos^acic muscles .
S. G. Gns11o'iin of t1~!c Ur~,E:s;o. Scz~,?~c~ llrlivex?sity imerli I. I. A~eclzlzilcov
azld Odessa City IIospital x?ea,d a report on t11e rnechalzisrn oi' the ianpaix~nent
of respiration acid circu;La:tion during high cex?rbro;:,pilzal aaiestlzosia.
Z"ne rlex;t t,?ro meetings zaere devo-i,ed to I?eports on the clillical physio-
logy oi' diges?L-ion. Reports on meclx.~.r~orc;celrtiolz in the Las-trointestina,l
tract a.ttrac?l-.ecl 't11e grca.tc~st attent_~.on.
A. N. I3a1-urad~e, A. I. Abeswdse;, .~zd A. I. Salin shotred that the reaction of the gas-
-trointestina:L tract ?L-o irrit~.tion oa' the higher branches of the central
nervous system c,epend.s on the i:'LUZCtion^..1. condition of the secretory and
motor apparatus of the stomach . G . >?' . 1?Za rkova of the Institute of Nutri -
tion, Acaderr~y of Medical Sciences USSR, discussed reflex: effects from ::uz-
teroceptors of the ~astroir~?i;est:ilz~ 1. tract on circulwcion.
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The last day of the co~~'erence was devoted to a discussion of clinical
physiology of the diencephalic area. N. I. Grashchenko, G. N. Kissiliya,
I. L. Vaysfel'd, G. V. Ordynets, A. D. Solov'yeva of the Laboratory of Clin-
ical Neurophysiology of the Academy of Sciences USSR, A. S . Mel' ktunova of
the Institute izneni F. F. Erisman, and L. A. Blagovidova of the Leningrad
Hospital imeni Ituybyshev discussed the diagnosis of various forms of impair-
ment of the diencephalic area in humans.
Delegates to the conference voted in favor of bringing together per3.od-
icaLly people worlting in the field of clinical physiology to discuss prob-
lems that arise in this field.
83? Czechs Discuss Basic Electronic Ec~uipm~nt for Electro?physiological
Laboratories
"Basic Electronic Equipment for an Electrophysiological Labora-
tory,'" by R. Beranek, Physiological Institute of Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences; Prague, Ceslcoslovenska siologie, Pot VIII,
No 4, Jul 59, p 290-299
The author reviews world literature dealing with basic electronic equip-
went suitable for installation and use in electrophysiological laboratories
and describes the functions of various instruments he tested. All his tests
were based on available. literature and in general were confined to ver~.fying
data previously presented by o?L?her authors in this field.
Occasionally, the author lists and discusses available Czechoslovak
instruments, but in conclusion he states that because of the low life ex-
pectancy of Czechoslovak electronic tubes, the use of these materials in
equipping electrophysiological laboratories presents serious problems. The
Czec?hoslovalts, according to the author, are hoping to overcome this defect
soon through the use of semiconductors.
Public Health, $ygiene, and Sanitation
84. Czechoslovak Medical Service Described
"Organization of Medical Service in the Czechoslovak Republic,"
by E. Skrbkova; Moscow Sovetskoye Zd.ravookhraneni~re, Vol 18,
No 8, Aug 59, pp 10-19
According to this article, the economic and sociopolitical changes that
have taken place in Czechoslovakia since 1948 have created the necessary pre-
requisites for a rapid increase in the number of medical establishments and
personnel and an improvement in medical service to the population. Health
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uex-vice in this republic is 'the product of a continuous process of reorgani--
nation and improvement which is still continuing. Scientific medical re-
search conductecl in various es?tablislunents of the republic is now being
stressed: I~nphasis is being placed on improving specialized medical aid
as~d on preventive medicine. The observance of the socialist concept in
health service has been found the best method for continuously improving
medical aid and sani?L-ary epidemiological sei^vice to ?the population.
The organization of the health service in Czechoslovakia is similar
to ?the organization of health service in other People's Democracies . The
principles of socialist health service wei?e first developed in the USSR,
? and Czechoslovakia has been adhering strictly to these principles, tal~.ng
in-L-o account conditions peculiar to Czechoslovakia, which have been determined
by the econ~nic structure of the cowitry, its geographic position, and local
traditions.
The Czechoslovak Republic is a highly industrialized country and has
been highly industri~'.ized since World War T. Under the leadership of ?the
Communist Party of Czechosloval~.a, the entire national economy has been re-
organized and industrial production doubled. The socialization of agriculture
is also proceeding in a satisfactory manner. The material and cultural level
of the Czechoslovalt population is high. The country is thickly populated
and has an excellent transportation system and roads which connect cities
and rural areas.
The present regime inherited a very good network of. hospitals. The
compact arrangement of the population and the efficient transportation system
have made it possible to concentrate medical aid in large medical establish-
ments which can be well supplied with modern diagnostic equipment and thera-
peutic preparations. Hospitalization can, the~.?~~fore, be concentrated in
large city rayon hospitals and is easily accessible to people living in rural
areas . No need exists to establish separate r~.~ral hospitals and maternity
homes.
The distinct feature of the Czechoslovak health service is its uniform
and centralized organization. Czechoslovals~.a does, not have independent net-
works of hospitals and outpatient clinics for children, or specialized hospi-
tals;. There is no independent nettrork of city hospitals or independent
networl~ of rural hospitals . All medical es?tablisla~neni,s that render medical
service to 'the urban anal rural population, workers in plants and factories,
women anal children, and. those needing specia:~ ca~,?e are pa!?t of a single,
unified, whited organization. This single organization is divided into admin-
istrative wzits.
A territorial medical district embracing a population of approximately
11?,000 is the principal organizational unit of medical aid to both the urban
and rural population. The main organizational unit in industrial establish-
ments is the industrial medical district, which serves a population of 800-
1,600 workers, depending on the type oi' indus?txy.
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The medical district outpatient clinic renders service in four fields
01' specialization: ?therapeu-tics, pedia?tx?ics, obstetrics and gynecology, and
stoma.tology. Medical district personnel carry on sanitary epidem:lc control
and wupeivise srnii?tation edttcat:ion. The following personnel ax'e assigned
to a.medical district: a physician and a nurse, a pediatrician, a pediatric
nurse, a gynecologist, a midwife, and a s?L-omatologist or a dentist and his
assistant. The medical dis?tric?t physician is responsible for the health of
people in his distric?L and for the education of the population in hygiene
and sanitation.
Medical aid in an industrial medical distxic?t consists of therapeutic
and stouiatological service and, depending on the ?type of industric~7. es-
tablishment and the working force, also a gynecological, dermatological and
venereal, and surgical .service. .An industrial medical district is headed
by a physician.
The rayon is a more highly organized unit: it embraces a population
of about x+0,000. A city rayon has a hospital with an outpatient clinic, a
sanitary epidemic control station, an office for sanitation education, a
blood-collecting station, a home for mothers and iizt'ants, a home for children,
a tuberculosis hospital, and a home for incurables, Rayon hospitals have a
300-110 bed capacity. Some rayon hospitals have a capacitty of 500-700 beds,
and some have more than 1,000 beds.
Rayon hospitals have at least four sections: therapeutic, surgical,
obstetric and gynecological, and pediatric. There are no hospitals exclus-
ively for children in Czechoslovakia.. (Exceptions are hospitals :or child-
ren in Prague, Brno, and Bratislava which serve as a base for pediatrics
faculties.) Czechoslovalt hospitals are we11 equipped with modern diagnostic
instruments and medical preparations. They all have a central roentgenology
section, an electrocardiograph, a biochemical laboratory,~a place for physio~
?therapy and therapeutic gymnastics, a room for dissection, and a histological
laboratory . ?
City rayon hospitals serve not only the city population, but also the
rural poptil.ation since there are no rural district hospitals in Czechoslo-
vakia. There is one ambulance available per x+,000 persons. Rayon hospitals
also serve industrial workers, since only the larger industrial establishments
have their oz~m hospitals .
. Rayon outpatient clinics have at least seven special sections: thera-
peutic, surgical,. gynecological, pediatric, stomatological (including ortho-
dontia and pros?thesis), tuberculosis, and dermatological and venereal. Rayon
. outpatient clinics are we11. supplied with modern diagnostic equipment and
medical preparations.
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l~L:I. rneill.uc:,l cc~l;a.1~1.:i.ulunett?L? tra?l;ltirz '1;Ite ~;c~olrr.~1;,119.c lii;zit ~ 01:' r1, rayon
~,c.l.o::~ ~o r~, ;;:iz:;;lc ttclmiiric~Lra'l;ivc iul:i?l;. Apoi;hccarics a.re a.t l~rc?cir?l,
LL':~lc?i? ?i;ltc Jur:i.ad:Ic(;:Lon o1' obla;;t hc.?].?Lh aclin:i.iiia?l;ra~cion, bu?l; are c.:;~,ecl;ed
1,~~ l~t^ 1)a.acc;~l lui~lc.;.? Lhe ,j Llx?isda.c~l;ioil oi:' rayon Yieal?Lh au?l:horii;ico .
`1`hc cLis'ect~~r o:l' rl c,i.'.,y rayon 1~to:pi?ce~l :i.c ,~ meclica:l. speciali:~t re-
cl)urrcihlr, tc~ the e.:ecu?l:ive connnittee o%' Lhe Rayon Td.:?l;iolial Conun:C?l;?P.ec. IIc
liar ~L-li~?cc ~leZrlt?cicc~; the !.'ir?sl; ~Le:~~u~l;y is the rayon satlitation inc~)ec?l;or,
~rlto ~.;:; in charLc of the satlitaxy epiclcntic coiltroJ. s'l:a?l;:I.on aald ?l;lle elltire
tianitary-?cpid~~rniolo~ica:L service t~ritYl??r~ ?'i,lie tex?ritorial l:un:t'Ls o:L' ?l;hc
r..;; oil . Tile second depu?l?y 1.s a Z~ltysiciazl izl cllargc of therapcu?l.?ic and
?,,:c'cvcnti~ae nzec:lical service azld is usually ?L?he clza.eL' hospi?l;al ph~~sicicul.
^ir_c th:i.rd depu?L-y is iri cllar~e oi' adznin:i.stra'~ion, marza~enten'(;, and tecllni??
c~r~J. oz)er~~ttions 1'or all united medical es?l;ablisllzucn?L?s o:C ?l;he rayon. Tllc
i'~?yon priysic:Lr.~ri !:'or sazti'l;a?L?ion educa?l-ion, the' physician-s?l;s;l-ic?t.icicul, ra,rlcl.
~Llze c1:i.rector a:~ ?cra:izzin~; t~ri'tllin ?l?lle rayon are subor'clizlate to '~lle clircetor
o:i.' Mlle lui:ited ?L11era,.L~eutic grid px'cventive med:~cal rcrvicn oi' the rayon.
idle chief' ntilx?se oi' a rayon is in clla.r~e o:C tllc slibpro'essiona.l medical
l;cr~.orl.Zel. This chic!:' rntrse and the x?ayon pll~rsiciasz on exper-l;ise ~~' labor
capacity are suborcli~:ca'l;e to ?l;hc deputy, trho is tllc nllysiciatl in ehar~e o:C
the Lul:i.'l;ed ?(;ltex'apcutic alld preventive medical sexvicc .
r41c director o:.: the united rayon thcrapeu'l;ic at~~L l,x?ez?oil?l;ive service
of rz x?~~yon is a.ssisi;ccl. by an advisory cotulcil zah;.cll c~onsis?i;s o1.' llis three
de;Lnttics, ?Llle rayon physician in charge ol: sa11a'l;>::(;iozl education, guaJ_'~i':i.cd
sl~ecialis?l,?s in various iielcls, xepre:aeiltativcs o:C the rayon c~cecutive com-
]1t:L'i,'i;t?c~ O the Plationa,l Cornnl:i'l;tee, and part;, aria ?cradc >.u'.lion ox?~atliza,tion.
`.I~.le Oblast i3 a 11:(.f',11eT' Ort;~111Za?L ~ 011x1 LU".lit. J.1; E'.il'1L7:CaceS a p0,'~Ltla'f;:LUrl
o~ apl~ro:cinlately 500,000. Oblast medical i:stc,.bl?,sl.n,zellts ax?c 1?.:i.~llr_y sJ;,ccial-
iscu. lL?].'l:S; they are very Orel! equippcc7. in l~.ll r~cZ,ec?cs, axzrL ?l-lzeir zitedical
pex,~oruze~! are 1?iighly qua..l.iPiccl. Oblast medical c:,;;?ia:l~lie;lzrneni;,~ supervise
the worl; of rayon medical establislunerzts .
1~llc oblast ho3pi?cal Sri'l;h its ot.t?cpa?l,ieY'li, clinic usually has a 1,000--
!?i;:~ wa,1ZaC:1'l:;~r. xt iS GtlbcLiViCl.ed into "t~l'1^r'a])C1??G:iG, :~ll'~;iC~~l, OL,t~3'l:r'i(: atld
~;,-llecolo~;icc,.l, pediatric, tubercl.~losis, coi;mlttlzical:,J_c cli.~cas~~; , stontatological
ox?cllol)cdic, trawna?i,oJ.o~ical, urolo~ical, oncoli~Lica1, n,~uro]_oficaJ., a:ad
};)~~yC11].~^.'i.r1C S@C'%iony. These ~ueC'l:iOl'.l5 c~.re :ll1'Gller :LtbcJ].~i'lrinrl ili'.O C;gLCi~.l'!'~c:Ci.
tuli-c:~ . T'G c,cer?cises co:i?l;ro1 ovo'r 'l;lle oblast sarlii;a.xy~-~epic'erniol.o;ical sta:l;ion.
. le .ablas?i; ceil-ce?~ o~ saalitatiol?1 educat:i~n, ?iale obla,_:: l,load?-r'o11e:c?L?ion sta-
~l;:i.cr.~, a. t,al~crculosis hosni'i,a1_ fox? pa;[;ients r?cci,~ir:i.nt~ ;~~r~loilge~i ?trc'a?~;lnei?1?t,
a p.Cyc11:Lc!:l;r'io hospital :Cor treatment o?~ the nlerl'La11y i11 a~:tci al.collol:ics and
clrtit~ addicts, a hospital i or treatir~~ astllzna aald cli: ea~:es oi' the c7..rculatory
system, SatlatOr illln::, :Cor adult , a.ci.oleseents, and ehildrerl, aal oblast cl~part-
rnerlt ~ or supervising the training o:C subpr~oFessional medical persozltlel, and
?cile obla,si, aclrrir_is-Lra,tion o:f apotllecarics .
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n mcclical Upec:itlli:;t acts as ?l;ltc ~.~.:.?.?cc?tor o:L' ,ell medical establisl~rnentu
,~t ?thc oblas?L J_evcl. The d:Cx?ecter~ :i..: :.'c~;:,pon ~iblc both ?to the oblaa?t Dc:pa~'t-
me;it o:i lIcaltli acid to the e.:ecutiv~:~ c: ~nui;:i.?t?L?ee of ?the oblast Tdationa1 Conmtit-
tcc . IIc hc~s ?i;liroe del~trties: one ~,1.rc ;.rz charge of sc~siitaxy epidemic contx?ol,
the second ~.c in charge o:[' ?tltci~cpcu?tic arld preven?t:ive medical service, aricl
?the thi~.~d is in charge oi;' ctc>ln:i.zil.stration fund mru~agemen?t. The oblast physician
or scu~:ita?tioaz educa?t:ion, ?thc obla~?L phaY7nacis't in charge of drug dis?L-ribution,
and the c7.irec?tor oi' the oblast medical school are responsible to the clirec~tor.
The deputy in cliargc of sanitax~f epidemic control also acts as chii:f medical.
of:L'icex? o:t' the oblast sanitary-?epidemio].ogieal station.
The oblast department of health is a branch of ?lJ.1e oblast National Com-
mittee and of ?the Czechoslovalc Ministry o:L' 1?Iealth. I?ts ,job is ?to assist in
preserving the health of aL1 productive forces of the coun?txy and to lccep
pace with economic development.
I't should be noted ?that all rayon depar?L?mer~?ts of social t~relfarc were
merged in l~5$ into ?the depar?tanents of health of their respective rayons .
The director oi' the tu~ited therapeutic and preventive medical sexvice of
a rayon is also in charge of social welfi'are.
~5 ? Hltngax?ian Pitbl:ic Health Facilities R~yie~wecl
"The Sigztificance o:C' Public Heal'L-li in a Socialist Society;," by
Dr Frigyes Doleschall, Minister of II~?al?th; Budapest, Belpolitilcai
Szennl.e, Dec 59, pp 22-2'j - -
Aftor a general review of the his-toa~,~ ancl. functions of public .lieal?th,
Dr Doleschall 1is-L-c the following Htiuzgarian ~a1s?titu~tians and ?L-heir ftuzctions.
The chief task of the National Public Ilca.lth Tllsti?L-u?L-e (Orsza,bos
ICozegeszsegtt~,yi Inteze?L-) is scientific rescarc_~ directed tos?rard Ji..lle c7.cvelop-
ment o:C public health matters. This includes itrnmmobiolopr 1 including t1?.ce
s?tudy~ of disease microbes atld animal and plant; parasites hax~nl'u~ ?to man);
prevention of epidemics; a study of health. conditions in populated areas and
their improvement-; development of me?L-hods; cold supa~.~;is,ion of tl:ce production
of medicines and serobacteriolof;:i.cal px?epara;i;ions.
The Na.tiona1 Labor I-Iealth Institute (Orszagos Munl~ae~;eszs-~Ira~,-~ri Tiztezet)
studies p:ro'iilems of labor health ?to protect ~~rorkc:rs :i.n caruiec-L-ion t~ri~t:!~ their
wort;; it helps train physicians dealing z?ri~th labor h::a].th manors; and it
makes periodic medical e~;aminations and ?trea?Lment of workers suFf'ering from
occupational diseases.
The National. food and Nutrition Sciences Institute (Orszagos Elo].mezes
es Taplalltozastudomanyi Intezet) does scientific research connected frith
human nutrition and research aimed at improving health conditions in foodstuffs
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~~roduc?t:Lori, catcr?inL; service, food inaua?tr?ies, and ?L-he food trade.lt
devel.opc priucipleu for :f'c;eding ?tlie siclt; it gives aava.ee in iiuL?rit:t~.:n
ciues?L-ionc; ullpex?vl.ses 1'oocl supplements, die?teti,c preparations, enriched
:['Dods, protective :L'ooclc, and drinks; par?Licipa?L-es :in ?Lx?airiirig nutrition
specialic?t ,; arill actects hra,rrttL'ul or po:Lsonous subs?talzces .
Dr Dolecchall adds that, in 1851, a s?L?a.?te public health control
organizc,.?Lion wtrc se?L? up to coordinate public health sc~rvicec. This
organiza?L?ion also realizca public hcal?tl~, requix?ements connected S?ri.t1~
construction. Zzi 1g51N, public health epidemic stations S?rere ox?ganized
in Budapest and in each megye and city of mere s:tze .
Dr Dolescha].l tYien lists future ?tasl~ for the d.evelopmen?t of public
health: increasing equipmen?L inventories and the nwnber of personnel a?t
public health epidemic stations; e:rpanding -the public health epidemic sta-
tion ne?Lt~rork; and ~;ua.ratiteeing that -the Nlin:is?try of Hea7_tlz pla?y:~ a i3uiding
role in co].vi~tig health tasks appearing in the ,jur:isdic?Lionc of other mii~is-
trios . Iic adds ?L?hat no new decrees axr; nceaed, but e.cisting r~~L;1.tla?tions
~mtst be eill'oreecl ef:L'ec?tively.
86. Hunga.riau M1.nis?try of Health Oxganizatiorl Guides Research
"Scientific Coltncil for Health 'fairs Guides ana Supervises the
Worlc of Researchers, " by Rozsa Feher; 13tulapest; bls.~ar ~femzot,
23 Dec 5g; p 5 ~"
The Scientific Coluzcil fi'or IIealth A,?fairs (I;~;tszseL,rugyi ~.'ltdomanyas
Tariacs) is an advisory organ of the Ministry of 13calt?~.. lts 28 member?:~
are leading representatives of various branches of sr.:i.encc . Tt meets o~?:ce
a month and, :In ? 1959, dealt frith 3, 687 indi~r:idual matters . ~':l -this ar~L-:iclry,
Dr Jozse:[' Sos, Kossuth Prize-wiruzing proi:'c:ssor and chai.~:mari of -L?he coluicil,
and Dr Zoltan Alfoldy, secr??etary of -tkie council, te11 of their irons.
The council cooperates S?ri.th t11e Academy of Sci~ncer :tn de?velopinLr
health Research plans and guides and supervisrys ??~=searchex?s dDi.ng worlc ~ n
this field. Tt also discusses proposed la~~rs With the Minis?txy of IIealth
and advises it on health .matters such as the recent in?trodl!c?Lion of ?i;he
Sabin vaccine. In 1959, the council aided ?700 r~sea;rch projects aril r_otr
spends 2 million forints per year on research. The Judicial. l~fairs Com-
mittee of the council makes final evaluations of medical matters trhich
come before -the courts .
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Radiology
87. Sodium Carl?~ona?L-e Used _Against Uranium Acetate Poisonin r
"On the Prol:~lem of the Toxicity of the Complex Acetate
Urar~iurn Compound," by Ye. I. Ivanyulc-Be1u~;a and B. A.
Roytrul-, Institute of Physiology imeni A. A. Bogomolets,
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, Division of Experimental
and Clinical Neurology; 3Ciev, riziolo ichn9.y Zhurnal,
Vol 5, PTo 6, Nov~Dec 59, pp 803-805. _
One method of protecting an organism from uranium poisoning may be
the administration of sodium carbonate.
In ?this research, the animals (white rats) received. subcutaneous
injections of 1E m1 of none-percent sodium carbonate solution for a
period of 6 days before and 17 days after the administration of a
single dose of 12 mg qi` uranium acetate per kg of body weight.
Six of the 12 experimental animals died. and. six survived. during a
lE8-day experimental period..
88. Collection of Radioactive Aerosols
"The Problem of PTatural Radioactivity in the Air (Preliminary
Tn:('ormati.nn)," b;I Yu. .'1. Tatsiy. 5~,. Na_uchn. Rabot po_Radiol.
i Rent~enol. (Collection of Scientific Works on Rad9.olo~;y and
Roentgenology), Kiev Institute for Advanced Training of Fhysicians~
1359, pp 213-215 from Re:ferativnyy Zhurnal -- Geo raft a,, No 10,
CPYRGHT Oct 59, Abstract No 2g8&~~"' -'
"A deSCT'lpt].On of the methodology and apparatus employed by the
author :Por collecting radioactive aerosols and for measuring alpha
and beta activity is given."
89. Research on Radiation Pharmacology
"Development of Research on Radiation Pharmacology," by
Prof S. Arbuzov, Department of Radiobiology, Institute
of Experimental Medicine, Academy of .Medical Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Meditsinski~r Rabotnik, 12 Jan 60, p 3
The author reviews the significance of the treatment and preven-
tion of radiation injuries, then criticizes the paucity, of research
in the important fields of radiation pharmacology and. in the purposeful
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syrithesi.s of pharmacoloE;icctl preparat'lons which af:Pect the course and
out;ccnne of radiation injuries; he also criticizes the level o:f rnodern
~technolouy in this fiel.ci o:C science.
Arnon~; the subs?tanres which either alleviate or prevent damages
due to ionizing radiation and are already in the hands of physicians
and rad:iobiologists, the following are br.ie:t'].y discussed: beta-
mercaptoethylamine, or becaptan (Soviet tnerkamine) and its hydro-
chloride, salicylate, ascorbate, and nicotinate; the use of phenatine
and other drugs in combination with mercamine; unithiol; organophosphorus
cholirestex?ase inhibitors, including phosphoric acid amide and
octaethyltetramidopyrophosphate; the combined use of aminazine and
phenatine; sodium chlorophyllin; and beta-cytosterol.
The author emphasizes that it is necessary to study the pharmaco-
dynamics of these agents and to explain the mechanisms of their px?o-
?tective and pharmacotherapeutic effects.
The significance of the role o#' the autonomic and sympathetic
nervous systems in the pathogenesis of radiation injuries is also
emphasized since it affects the course and outcome of radiation
siclness .
All these facts indicate that not only in the development of radia-
tion sickness, but also in the protective, compensatory, and .restoration
reactions during ionizing radiation, the autonomic a.nd above all the
sympathetic nervous system and the sttbrortical centers play an important
role. It is only through the combined efforts of synthetic chemists
pharmacologists, and radiobiologists that success in research along phis
line will be assured.
90. Treatment of Radiation Sickness
''Concerning the Treatment, of P.adiation Sickness," by A. A.
Gorod.etsltiy and Ye. Ye. Chexotarev, Instittt?h,P i,fi Physio-
logy imeni A. A. Bogomolets, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR,
~nu.'the Laboratory of Biophysics; Moscow, Novy~r Khirttr~icheskiy
Arldiiv, No lE (220), Ju1~Aug 59, pp 3-12
Fesearch conducted by various authors on the following subjects
is reviewed: blood. transfusion, various blood components and substitutes
(especially bone marrow), leukocyte mass, and the properd.in fraction of
proteins; the use of antibiotics and vitamins; and the relationship be-
tween the severity of radiation injuries and the availability of oxygen.
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The authors state that a siF~nificant amount of both clinical and
.experimenttal material indicates that effective ~?esults in the treatment
of radiation sickness can Y,~e obtained not b~~ using specific drugs but
by following a rationally organized system of therapeutic measures.
97.. T.ACal Trrad cation of )Dyes by Lethal Doses
"The )Jffect of Ionizing Radiation on the Eyes," by G. G.
Kanbay; Balcu, Azerbaydzhanslciy Meditsinskiy Zhurnal,
No l2, Dec 59, pp 6t-~ -66-
The effect of a single local dose oi' ionizing radiation (450 r)
f'rowi a "Burevestnik" apparatus on the eyes of six rabbits was investi-
gated .
Afl,er the irradiation of one eye by 1E50 r while the rest of the
body was Gh9elded, there were no deaths for one month. A certain
amount o:i immobility was noted iimnediately after irradiation by such
a dose, but this soon disappeared and the experimental irradiated
animals ~3id not differ from the unirradiated ones.
During the fourth week, changes in the sesitivity of the cornea
began to appear. Clinically, no other changes could be detected during
this" month.
The autYior's results agree with the results reported in literature
which state that the same dose which is lethal to animals when focused on
the general abdominal region, or the pelvic region, is not lethal if only
the head or the rest of the body is subjected to it. Tt is apparent
that with X rays or other types of ionizing radiations, not only the dose
but the site subjected to radiation effects makes a difference.
g2. Soviet Thera eutic Uses of Radioactivity Discussed at Budapest Conference
"Radioactivity in the Service of Therapy" by Dr. A. Sz,;
Budapest, Nepszabadsa~, 22 Dec 59, p 6
The article reports on three papers read. at the Eighth Hungarian-
. Soviet Physicians Conference in Budapest.
A+~ the X-Ray and Radiology Research Institute in Moscow, Prof
Z. F. Lopatnikova had irradiated. 180 patients with inoperable esophageal
cancer using a rotating cobalt source and radiating material placed
in the esophagus. '.Phe treatment was ineffective in only five cases.
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Prof M, N, I~'a?tye;yeva reported on use o:C radioactive isotopes to
sti.tdy bloou circulation and on a cardioradiographic method. using simul-
taneous administration oP htunan serum protein tagged. with radioactive
iodine, radioactive colloidal gold, and methyliodide tagged with
radioactive iodine.
Prof A. V. ICozlova reported on use of radioactive iodine to treat
?thyi?oid gland hypertrophy. Symptoms disappeared in almost all of the
3,000 serious cases treated in recent years. The experiences with
thyroid gland tumors were not so favorable. She also reported on use
of colloidal radioactive istotopes in "radiosurgery."
S~e~
93. I-Iemostatic Preparations From Muscle Tissue of Human Fetus
"Hemostatic Properties of Preserved Muscle Tissue of Human
Fetuses," by T. Z. Svarovslcaya, Chair of Hospital Surgery,
Omsk Medical Institute; Moscow, Ort-o- e~di-~a _Travmatologiya
i Protezirovaniye, No 10, Oct 59, PP .i4-~o
Z'he :Iospital Surgical Clinic of Omsk Medical Institute, which for
a number of years has been studying the problem of the therapeutic use
o:i preserved human fetal tissues (skin, bone, and muscles) in surgery
has established that the hotnoplastic transplantations of these tissues
which possess great life-giving capacity and. good regeneration and. stimulation
properties, is safe for humans.
This article describes 'the met:nod of preparing the tissues and their
extracts and. preserving ?them at 2 and 4?C .
The author presents the following conclusions:
Preserved, chilled muscles of i.;he human fetus possess hemostatic
properties which speed blood coagulation by a factcar of ?two to three,
as compared with controls.
The hemostatic proper~ti~s of preserved, chilled muscle tissue of the
human fetus are retained until the onset of decay processes (3 - IE weeks
in these experiments).
? D~.iscles of the human fetus, when dessica?ted in a thermostat and
pulverized., are well preserved and do not lose their hemostatic properties
for 6-8 months.
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1)ur.:i.ng the processir~,; of the hemostat:i.c preparation, the temperature
o# the dess:I.cui;ed muscles from which the preparation is made must not
exceed 60oC, At l~iigher~ teriiperatures the hemostatic property of the muscle tissue
disappears.
The ~~reparation and use of hemostatic preparations from human 'fetal
muscle tissue is simple and easily available.
glE. Use of Cadaver Slcin in Homotransplantation
"The Successful Use of Cadaver Skin in Homotransplantation
in a Case of Extensive Burns," by V. M. Nechiporuk, Chair
of General Surgery, Ternopol' Medical Institute, Ternopol' Oblast
Hospital; Kiev Novyy I4~irurgicheakiy Arkhiv, No 1F (220), Ju1~Aug 59
pp 103-].04 ~ ~
A case is reported. of a 2g-year old girl who was admitted to the
hospital in serious condition with extensive second and third degree
barns. In addition to the usual treatment by antibiotics and. the
transfusion of sufficient quantities of protein preparations, the
patient received. skin homotransplants taken 2 hours after 'the death
of an infant who lived only 5 hours.
This case merits mention in view of the extreme rarity of the
stability of homotransplants from cadaver skin.
Miscellaneous
95? Zdork of the Central Scientific P4edical Library
"A Treasure House of Medical Thought," by T. Artamonov; Moscow
Meditsinskiy Rabotnilc, No 1 (1853), 1 Jan 60, p 4
According to this article, the Central Scientific Medical Library
in Moscow is one of the largest in the world. Its address is Ploshchad.'
Vosstaniya Dom No 1~2. Trucks deliver mailbags of books and current
periodical literature daily. These books and. periodicals are sorted and
channeled. to various divisions and sections of the library.
Shelves of reading and. periodical rooms are filled. with current
periodical literature, open and. available to the public. The loan
division of the library serves more than 700 medical libraries of the
Soviet Union. The library has a reference room and a bibliographic
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rcCistcr room where scientific medical works are catalogued for the benefit
of scieni;ific and practical workers. The loan section of the library
a.lloca?tes books to mecl:ical libraries in the USSR.
The Division for the Network of Medical Zibraries oi' the USSR advises
more than 11,000 medical'librar?ies in organization and methodology, anu
of'fcrs courses and conducts seminars, meetings, and conferences for
libr~.r~r workers . '.t'he library also has a med ical literature reference
bure~..u and. an irrternationa7. Loan ar:d exchange section which does business
with 1,]_50 foreign scientifiq organizat~.ons and establishments.
? Yuli.ya Mil~haylovna Plazarova is head of the international loan and
exchan e section of the library; her assistant i3 Itim Adyrlcayev. ' They
receive letters of appreciation from many people of various countries
and. various autonomous republics and ol:~lasts o:f the USSR. Many periodicals
are piled up on the floor and on the shelves as we7.1 as on the tal-~les o.C
employees of this section. The library r?eceive~ 1,516 different kinds of
put~].7_cations from 78 countries : from America, Frame, Italy, Poland, Rumania,
Bularia, Hungary. Algiers, ?the Belgian Congo, Brazil, ICenya, T,ebanon, Mexico
Pligeria, Syria, Chi~.3., Jamaica, Portugal, etc.
During the past 4~ years, the library has received over X5,000 copies
of forei.l;n medical publications. About 100,000 medical peg?iodicals, 60
individual library collec?t;ions and microfilms, and photostatic copies
of pages of books and periodicals were sent abroad by the library.
Organizations in 286 cities throughout the world receive Soviet
medical literature by mail. Organizations usually interested in Soviet
medical literature are academies of sciences, scientific research
instii;u?tes, universities, associations, and medical societies. Some
countries whl.ch receive or indicate interest in receiving Soviet medical
literature are the US, (including Hawaia.j, England, Italy, France, New
Zealand, the Union of South Africa, Costa Rica, Burma, Iran, and Iraq.
The library holds about a million books, periodicals, brochures, and
dissertations in 51F languages spoken by various peoples living in the
USSR. Antiquated and unique publications of such authors as Harvey,
Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna can also be found in the library.
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9 G. Medals Presented to Soviet Officials
CPYRGHT
"Presentation. of Medals 'For Work We11-Done'" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 1 (1853),
1 Jan 60, p 1
"On 31 December, the Kremlin was the scene of the presentation of
medals by K. Ye. Voroshilov, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet USSR. Each
of the following was presented a medal for work well done: N. S. Khrush-
chev, member of ~he Presidium of the Central Committee CPSU, Chairman"of
the Counci?. of Minib+ers USSR, and chairman of the Bureau of the Central
Committee CPSU for the'RSFSR; N. G. Ignatov, member of th'e Presidium of
the Central Committee CPSU and Secretary of the Central Committee CPSU;
A, B. Aristov, member of the Presidium of the Central Committee CPSU;
Secretary of the Central Committee CPSU, and deputy chairman of the
Bureau of the Central Committee CPSU,for the RSFSR; V, V. Matskevich,
Chairman of the Council of Ministers RSFSR; D, S. Polyanskiy, Minister
of Agriculture USSR; T. D, Lysenko, director of the Scientific Research
Institute of Genetics of the Academy of Sciences USSR; G. A. Denisov,
head of the Department of Agriculture of the Central Committee CPSU for
Union Republics; G. I. Vorob'yev, head of the Department of Agriculture
of the Central Committee CPSU for the RSFSR; M, T, Yefremov,, head of the
Department of Party Organs of the Central Committee CPSU for the RSFSR;
A. S. Shevche~nlco, Deputy Secretary of the Central Committee CPSU; P. N.
Denichev, first secretary of the Moscow Oblast Party Committee; V. I.
KUnotop, chairman of the Executive Committee of the Moscow Oblast Council
Workers Deputies; and V. I. Edel'shtteyY~, honored Academician of the All-
Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences imeni V. I. Lenin (VASKhnil) and
head, Chair of Vegetable Farming of the Agricultural Academy imeni
Timiryazev. ?
"The award decree was read by M. P. Georgadze, secretary of the
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet USSR,
"In presenting a medal for work well done to co~2~ade N, S. Kh:~ush-
chev, K. Ye. Voroshilov warmly and cordially congratulated; him for
earning such a high award.
"Accepting the medal, Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushcniev expressed his
whole-hearted thanks to the Communist Party and ~che P~~a~sidium of the
Supreme Soviet USSR for the honor bestowed on him and he said that he
would wear the mi~dal with greaf; pride. N. S. Khrushchev further stated
that he would channel all his energy, as before, t:o~,~,rd serving the
Soviet people and toward continuing the great work of 'building Commu-
nism in the Soviet Union.
"In congratulating N. G. Ignativ, A, B. Aristov, and D. S, Po~yansk~
K. Ye. Voroshilov noted their great work in organizing and mobilizing the
country's manpower to improve agricultural production,
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"K. Ye. Voroshilr~v warmly congratulated comrades V. V, Matsk.evic:h, T. D.
Lysel~lco, G. A.. Denisov, G. I Vorob'yev, M. T. Yefremov,'A. S. Shevchenlco,
P. N. Demichev; V. T. Konotop, and V. T Ede1'shteyn when he pz?esented
their medals, and he wished them new success in tYieir work for the
goad of the country and the Soviet people.
"In expressing the:lr profound appreciation to the CPSU, the
Presidium o~ the Supreme Soviet USSR, and the Soviet government for
placing such a high value qn their small contributions, winners of the
awards promised to strive even more to carry out the historical decisions
of the ? 21st Party Congress ~e.nd to worlc harder toward fulfillment of t~Ie
Seven-Year Plan for the development of the national economy.
"In conclusion, K ..Ye. Voroehilov once more coni,ratulated all those?
who received awards and wished them good health and further success
in.thea.r great work during 1y6~."
y'7. Hungarian Symposium Reviewa?Bloc Proteir- Research
"A Report on the Budapest~Protein Symposium" by Mra. Laszlo ,,
Szabolcsi; Budapest Magyar Tudomany, Oct 59j pp 551-552
This article notes first that a committee was formed in 1956-to
coordinate the protein biochemistry research of the socialist countries.
The committee decided to organize regular symposiums; the first was held
in Moscow in 1y58 and the second was held in Budapest in August 1959?
The Biology Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences was host for the
Budapest symposium. Among the participants were: Professor Afanasyev,
Moscow; Dr. B. Kei1 and Dr. I. Rychlik, Prague; Professor S2gal;.Berlin~
Dr. Bottger and Dr. Schultz, Halle; and Dr. Kaladzief, Sofia.
Dr. F. Bruno Straub, in his irI?l:roduction, stressed the importance of
cooperation between?"friendly countries." Mrs Ls9z]_o Szabolcsi read
a paper entitled "Concerning the W,uestion of the Connection Between the
Chem9.ca1 Structure and?the Biological Function of Proteins," by the staff
of the Biochemistry Institute of the Hungarian Academy. Amoy; other
things, this paper dealt with the role of the spatial structure of
phosphoglycerinealdehyde dehydro~;en.~se in biological activity. ?
Dr B. Kea_1 reported on the work of the First Biochemistry Department
of the Chemistry Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences; his
paper was .entitled "A Study of the Structure of the Pancreatic Proteases."
He mentioned "an interesting methodo~.ogical development" -- the use ?
of tritium protein analysis.. This method has been used~to begin a
. structure arlal.ysi?s of the very complex tryptophan peptides.
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Pro:Cesso.r' ;'~1'anasye~,-, represerr~in;; the Biochemistry Institute of .?l;he
Acud.emy of Sc:i.ei~ces USSR, read a paper on has enzyme 1i9.ne?tics investigations
Catin~; special cta.ses of enzyme reaction kinetics, he criticized the classical
Michaelis-Mer,ten theory and presented a new theory pertaining to the enzyme
:substrate ~onrplex ~rhich develops dw?ing the ree ction.
CPYRGHT
PYRGHT
T'. Bruno Straub repax~ted on ?Lhe present sta?L-us of research in
pr?ateac~ synthes:s and on the wore. beint~ done a'l; the Medical Chemistry
Inatitui;e of the?Budapest Medical Sciences University.
Dr I. Rychlilc reported on work being; done in the Second Biochemistry
Department of the Chemistry Institute of the Czechoslova.lc Academy in
connection with the inactivation of oxytoc:i.n.
Surrrnrar:izing lectures were given in Tihany, orr Lrzlie Balaton, and were
followed by 2 days of unlimited debate. Dr 1;lelc Woinarov':i.cs, director,
reported on ?the wor.: of the 'Tihany Biological Institute. There was CPYRGHT
much debate at Tihany about the Segal-Ka,lad9.zief-Dornberg protein
structure hypothesis develo ed durinT the course of German-Bul.ariarr
collaboration. Thex?e can be no doubt " writes Mrs Szabolcsi, "that
~~ ze azn a. ~~.on o? eau ors is carrect; but, as a number of the participants
iri the debate emphasized, the hypothesis is built only on physical results
of protein research and does not take into consideration the recent results,
of cruc:Lal importance, in chemical structural analysis."
Prof Ilona Banga reported on her most recent investigations connected
with the albuminoids of vein walls. Laszlo Benei reported on his analysis
of arr amino acid which can be compared to amylase. Maria Szetiely and Sandor
Manya:i. reported on problems of protein synthesis. Laszlo Boross, of the
Biochemistry Institute of the Hungarian~Academy, reported on his achieve-
ments wii:h iorr exchange chromatography of phosphoglycerinealdehyde
dehydrouenase.
yam. I-Iungary to Build Central Medical Research Institute
"Central Medical Sciences Research Institute To Be Built;" by
Klar:~ R. Farkas; Budapest Magyar Nemzet~2J Dec 59~ p 7
This, article is based on a conversation with Antal Babics, Kossuth
Prize-winning px?ofessor and secretary of the Biological acrd Medical
Sciences Department of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, concerning the
CPYRGHIf uture plans of his department. CPYRGHT
biochemistry, an morphology, thus forming a medical base. for psychological
resea.rcn xn aaa~tii.on ?~o alread. established t a' ~- n " He em-
p asp-zes that v:i.rus research will include' research into the genetics of
CPYRGHT
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microbes, "which also has a~role in agriculture." A nationwide, detailed
work plan fdr tumor research has also been prepared. Finally, he says
that withing 2 years a Central Medical Sciences Research Institute will
be built and basic research will be concentrated there.
yy. Hungarian Scientists Review 1959 Achievements
"Scientists Speak About Their Outstanding Achievements of 1g59~~
(uns:igned article); Budapest, Magyar Nemzet, 25 Dec 5y p 1+
This review is based on interviews with a number of scientists, most.
of whom were featured in stories made public during the year.
Janos Mocsi, Kossuth Prize-winning academician, reported that the
most important scientific achievement in veterinary medicine, "an
achievement of?world-wide importance," was ?the?work on immunity in
cases of parasite infection. On a more local scale, }ie continued,
important worlc had?been done in bacteriology with microorganisms belonging
to the "so-called PPLO group.. Manniger is cont3.nuing this wont in his
institute,"
Imre Toro, Kossuth Prize-winning academician, reported that in 1y59
all four Hungarian medical universities had been equipped with electron
microscopes and are doing "very illustrative experiments" on the mutual
interactions of cell nuclei and cell protoplasm."
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VIII. METALLURGY
100. S?trcngth an~1. Corrosion Stability a[' Certain Welded Titanium Alloys
"T~Techanical Properties and Corrosion ??tability in Nitric Acid
of Weld Joints of Certain Titanium A11oys," by S. M. Gurevich
and L. N. Yagupol'sl~,ya, Institute of Electric Welding imeni
Ye. 0. Paton; ICicv, Avtomatiehcslca a Svar"~ca, No 10, Sep 59
pP 19-3U _'
Results are presented of ?tests of mechanical proper?L?ies and corrosion
stability in 99 o HN03 of 1~reld joints o:C titaniuun base alloys vT3-1 (3~55~
A1, 1.67,o Cr, 1.27 ATo), VT4 (1+.58,o Al, 1.43?,~ Mn), OT4 (2.5~ A1, 1.1~~ r1n),
VT5 (1E. 6~ Al), and `;15-1 (3.5;'o Al, 2.82;; Sn) . Specimens were weld::d bar
the submerged-ar,::.;:;thod in f1LUC AN-Tl with s~rire electrodes ~of industrial
titanium VTl at a current of 200-250 amps, arc voltage of 30-32 v, and
speed of 50 m~hs?. I3ighest strength at room and. elevated temperatures was
exhibited by zreld metal of uT3-1 weldments. Weld joints of the single-
phase alloy VT5-1 and the tt?ro-phase alloy OT4 possessed maximum ductility.
Impact strengths of joints of all the alloys studied trere practically equal
at room temperature. A greater drop in ~lnpac?L- strength of welds of VT5
and vT5-1 zras noted at low temperatures than for ?those of OT4 and vT4,
indicating decreased sensitivity of the latter two-phase alloys to hydro-
gen. Iiiglz corrosion stability was exhibited by both the parent metal and
weld joint metal of all alloy t~reldments in the liquid phase of concen-
trated ~IN03. Stress corrosion developed in all alloys and weld joints
tested in a gaseous phase of this acid. Further studies of the effect of
alloying elements on the corrosion stability of titanium in concentrated
HN03 are considered necessary.
101. Crack Formation in For,;ing Lour-Ductilit~~ Alloys
"On the Problem of the Formation of Cracks During Sectional
Forging of Low-Ihtctility Alloys," by M. V. Rastegayev; Moscotr,
ICuzncchno-Shtampovochnoye Proizvodstvo, No 11, Nov 59, pp 8-12
Inves?tiga?tions of the :Formation of craclts propagating along lines
of e;ctension and spreading cltu i ng sectional forging of strip made from
the 1ozr-ductility alloy .~~a1~~PT2S2 shotred that the breakdown mechanism
consists of sh^az? and :e^~;~?tt~z?::, independent of the sharpness of angles of
a forging die . ;:;: ?;;Y1: shear stage, stror_g displacement occurs along the
forging cr~:st under the action of restricted deforluation, resulting in
high tempera?L-ures, whereby the regions of shift become saturated with
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the uoconcl phaac tulcl 1'~tne . In the eecond stage, x2~pturc occurs tuldcr ?Ghe
e1'J.'c~c?L' o:f.' tenc:(.1e s?Lrcr.^,cr, appcar:lnL clue ?Lo the grea?t;er :Clot?r of metal in
re,;:tonr rc~mot~: :L'x?om the contact ,~uri'aces than in zones adjoining the con-
tac?1; sur~'acc;:,. Dreal:r:lolm alon??? ~:'n:t~,~;fng crests in low-ductility metals
may be pt?~.; ?;,ntccl by :C'o?:?; ..;i;; ]?r~;c:. ~~ti?;;s consisting o:t' ?L?riaxial reduction
with ].?`.i~~:'.?;;u~l rlprcac'.:~::~.
102. PIcS?r Lour-Alloy S?L?cel 1'or high Parameter l3ol.l.ers
"Tdei?r Low-Alloy Steel :L'or Doilcr Drums o?F IIigh Parameters, "
by T. M. Slutslt~,ya; Iticv, Avl;omaticheska~a Svarl:a, Pdo l0,
Sep 59, pP 91N-95
I1a,sic da?La are presented on the new lo~?r-carbon, low-alloy steel,
15GIthPrP, designated for use in manufacturing t?rclded boiler drums o~F
high pa,a^amc?l;ers and which ,nay be recommended as ahigh-strength steel
:For components :['abricated Uy the electroslag weldingr method. Chemical
composition o:[' steel 15GI{hIVI' is as :Follows: 0.12-0.18 o C; 0.;; -0.6 Si;
1.25-1.65i'o b1n; 0.8-1.15 Cr; O.lb-0.8 o Ni (when melting steel frarn pig iron
prepared :From Orel;-Ithalilovo ore the nicket content is residual); 0.''~-?
0.2 ~ V; and not more than 0.3 ~ Cu, 0.0~+~5 S, and 0.035?5 P. Creep resistance
o:" 16: ~ lsg~rmn2 a?l', 400'~'C ~> 3 ltg~mm2 higher than ?Ghat of steel 2211. Re-
sistance ?to corro,~ ~?:. :.:a~~,:lting is three times better than than: of carbon
steel (comparison ?~ests w:tth steel 20It) . Recommended specifications i'or
irelding 90-mm-thicl: sheets t?rith tz?ro 3-mm-diameter lOG2 wires are as follows:
't?rira f^ecc ra,?l-,c, 700 m~hr; t?relding ,current, 1, 300 amps; and ~?relding speed,
2..2 r~hr. Worl; t?ras pex~:Formed jointly by the Institute of ]Jlectric Welding
imcni 1'e. 0. Paton and the "Itrasnyy Kotel'sllchik" plants in the cities of
Taganrog and Zlidanov. Tests on creep and corrosion cracking were conducted
ty the: Central Sc~~.c~:. ' iic Research Institute :For Loiters and Turbines
:ix:len_ r~,.,~ . ~ ., ?. ~~in~rad.
103. Sjet?r Design for ~i'est Specimens
"Study aF ?l;lZC Sanraitivity ofi' a DSaal to the Action of
Concentration of Stresses on Specimens of New~Design,"
by S. A. Dotmar; Minslc, Dol:lady Akaderaii Nati~lc LSSR, Plo l1,
T;ov 5i ~ I~p I~t~?9-SIEl
Specimens consi steel of fla-c disks made of the matcrinl to be tested
z?rith ^. V-shaped circular groove on each :Face positioned concentrically.
Diameter o:F grooves STel"e the same for shear test specimens and varied in
tensile test specimens. Crumbling and plastic deformation characteristic
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in rpccimenc o:[' ordinary design during shear testa arc practically elimi-
nated with the ttr:;c o:f disc specimens. Reaul?ts are given or teats with
aialt aprcimens o1' quencb.ed ana unquenched steel and cast iron which in-
dicate ?the high sensitivity of this method for registering the ability of
a metal to endure concen?t?r.~:~l?,;.;~. of s?fr.~a;~ses.
101E. Liqucfiecl Gas for Forming Sheet
"On the Po:~sibility of 1!ox~ning Shec?t With the Aid of Lique-
fied Gas," by A. P. ]3arsulcov; Moseo?cr, ICuznechno-Shtar~povoehnoVe
Proizvodstvo, No 11, Nov 59, pp 23-2Zl-
Working pressures for forming sheet are generated by the transition
of nitro ,en from a 1:i.quid to a gaseous a?tate. Components may be produced
singul.ax'?.y or in duplicate by using single or double :female die arrange-
m?nts. T:~sts with sheet made of ANITf3A-M, V-95, L62, lISh18N~T, and other
materials indicated tha?f the quality of ?the seal between the pressure
chamber and blank is of little importance due to the rapid transformation
of the liquefied gas. The liquefied nitroge:~ method was developed by A.
P. Barsukov (Authorship Certificate No 11816?_, 17 Jul 1958) and is an
adaptation o:f the process developed by R. V. P9.1rlitovnikov (Authorship
Certificate No 11630, 3 Sep 1950), ?L-ogether with the Kharkov Aviation
Institute and the Scicrrtific Research Institute of Technology and Organ-
ization of F!??,~~i.,_~.ction of i;he Aviation Indus?tx~t.
105. Strip and Tntr. ic~a.?fe Px'ofiles Dircc?tly rrom Molten Metal
"Once Again on ?:la.~: Discovery oi' Professo~? Stepanov" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Proit~s>^.1etvio-Ekor.~omieheslta~ra Ga,zeta, 30 Dec
59 y P 3 ._._._
Increased atten?+;,?ion is 17einu 5hotm to Pr~~fessor Stepanov and his
process or px'od~ie3.ng ~t?i;rip and intric:~te profiles directl;,? from molten
metal. A.s o:f r!o*?r, it %; cl,aimcd that ru?aTrt,~ions are being made ?,o in-
crease the cleC:t:C':i.c pa~,r:r r7upp]tiy to S?tepa~~.nv `s laboratory a?nd constrixc t
special equipment. 'I9tr? .;-fate T.n~~titute of Rare Metals has been instructed
by the Brar_ch of Non:f~.;?r'.au~ Meta].1u~gn~ of G~a,sl~larl USSR to build the neces-
sary experimer_tal oy,u~.Z>>.nent and c,on.d~lct te??`,s at thn "IC.rasnyy Vyborzhets"
Plant by 1 D?e~.y 60 o?:.z thr~ pr. odu.c?i-,ior1 o:f ?s?~;?_ :i.p s,r;d tubing :I :roan h..eavy no?~z-
ferrous metal allo3rs. Reference is made to ai: earlier ~.r1?ic~1e in this
newspaper ("Ore A,~air~ on the Discovery o:f Profi'essor St~~..M~:~o?.," by ye.
Temchin; hioscoT~r, Pr_o?m~sh.lenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 2l Oct 59, p? 3),
in which the a~s~~"~~ di sc~tssed the difficulties; erpcrienced by Pro~'essor
Stepanov in obta.y~:.irg materia7_ support to develop hiu proces~a.
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106. Prcvent:Con of In?ternctil De:Lects in IIigh-Alloy Stoel I'or~~s
"Appearance o:C Loca.1 Ovenc~aL-in~ and Internal Defects Durin;;
Tbrging o:[' II:Cgh--Alloy Steels," by A1. Ya. Dzugutov and B. 1~ .
Valchtanov; l~ioscow, ICuznechno-Shtam ovochno e Proizvodstvo,
I~Io ll, Nov 59, PP 5-
r'orging tests on the high-alloys Tr1696, 1JT787, and KhN80T (tiri?tll
boron) ind:tcatccl that dai:'~~cts appeared in the axial zone of specimens
ttndcr the action o:E' sh:.~cr and tensile stresses in zones of local over-
heating during intense forging. Local overheating of these steels may be
avoided by maintaining dcfoz~nation belotr ~0 for each forging step aid
reduction at no greater than I+o for each impact. Decreasing heating
temperatures be:Core for ,ing is not satisfactory due to the narrotr forging
temperature interval of these steels.
107. 1';xpex?:Cir^~.1ta1 Press for Hot Extrusion and Rolling of Blades
"Iiot I;xtrLtsion of Intr:teatc Blai~ls,~ ',:or Compressor Blade I'org-
ings on an I;xp~rimental 200-Ton Ii;,~c~raulic Press," by B. N.
Batc,gov and V. S, Povarov; r7oscosr, ICuznechno-Shtampovochnoye
Proizvodstvo, Plc 11, Plov 59, pp 19-23
Descriptio?is axe given of the design and operation of an e.~cperimental
200-ton hydraulic press developed jointly by ?the Central Scientific Re-
search ]:ns?titutc or Technology and A4achine Building and the Scientific Re-
search Tns?titu?L-c of Technology and Orgaazization of Production of the Avi-
ation Industry. Blades of steel 1914zPnTA T?rith tolerances of 0.1 mm along
the blade feather z~rere produced by three deformation steps epnsisting of
billet flattening, hot c~ltx~usion, and ?tt~ro hot rolling passes followed by
calibration. :~ 35y'o ,~wv-ings in metal is c;'! a.-.i.m~:d far this method as com-
pared to the ordira}:y forging and?grinding method of producing third stage
compressor blades.
103. Rich j;i amo::~d Pit.cer in Sever:^.;ly Ural
"Ural Diamonds" (unsigned article); Atoscotr, Promyshlenno-
I;lr~n.omicheskaya Gard-:.. ~0 Dec 5~, p 2
A brief annotitncement is made of the discovery of a rich diamond placer
in Severr~yy Ural on the upper reaches of the Vishera River, a tributary
of the ICama River. On the basis of reserves already explored, it is
claimed that c7.icunond. produc?ci.on ir. -the tlrals ~~ri.ll be increased tenfold.
The discovery ~~ra:> made by geologists of ?t'_ze Ural Geological Administration.
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Ix. Pllxszcs
Experimental s,nd T.~leoretj.cal Physics
109. Study of a Spark Channel
"Irliden~!rig of a Powerful Sparlc Channel in a Liquid," by V. S.
Kome]ltov and Yu. V. Sl~vortsov; Moscow, Dolclady Akademii Nauk
USSR, vol 12g, No 6, Dec 59, Pp 1273-127
The first stages of the spark channel in a liquid during the first
period of current flow have been inve.st?'.~ated. The obtained pictures of
the discharge showed that the spark: channel widens much slower tha~.~ the
shock wave front. A characteristic peculiarity of the shock waves is
their caus?Eant velocity during the observation time. This peculiarity
pertains also to the speed of widening of the channel.
L10. Testing of Materials With X-Rays
"Influence of Surface Relief on the Intensity of the X-Ray
Diffraction Maxima," by A. S. Kagan, B. Z. Polyak, and S. Sh.
Shilshteyn, Moscow Institute of Steel imeni Stalin; Leningrad.
Zhurnal Tekhnichesko Fiziki, Vol 29, No g, Sep 59, pp 114?.~?
11 5
The occurrence of a weakening of intensity of diffraction max]ma
with reflection indexes low in comparison with theoretical values is
demonstrated in the ca^e of powder samples w1.th a high NR. Frain ana~sis
of the surface geometry, the abso~ti.un fa,~?~tor is fou~ld, the, intruduotion
of which leads to satisfactory agreement with experiments.
111. Dielectric Permeability at High Frequencies
"Use of Slow Surface Waves for Measuw~ement of Dielectric Pcrme-
abilities of a Substance at Super-Iii~rh-Frequencies. II," by
V. P. Shestopalov and K. P. Yatsuk, I(113.rko?v State University
imeni Gor'lsiy; Leningrad, Zhurnal Tekhnic~heskoy Fiziki, Vol 29,
IVO ? Sep 59, pp 1080-1099
? Anew method of measuring dieleetri~ pesweabilities of solid die-
lectrics using surface waves of the delaying system helix-dielectric has
been pointer:. out by the authors in this p~ rii~dical (Vol 29, No 7, p 521
(1959)). The .results of this work are expanded for the case of liquid
dielectrics. Formulas for g have been derived for the case in which
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the helix is entirely immersed in the liquid and also for the case in
which the liquid is located in the dielectric tube on which the helix is
wound. Allowance is made for the effect of periodic properties of the
helix on the accuracy of ~, measurements. The resulting measurements
confirm the correctness of the theoretical analysis.
112. Measurement of Dielectric Permeabilit
"Use of Slow Surface Waves for Measuring the Dielectric Perme-
ability of a Substance at Super-high Frequ?ncies. III," by
V. P. Shestopalov, It. P. Yashchult, and I. P. Yakimenlso, Ithar-
kov State University imeni Gor'kiy; Leningrad, Zhurnal Tekh-
nicheslcoy Fiziki, Vol 29, No 11, Nov 59, pp 1330-133
The method of measuring the permeability of a subct~~.c?-:~ ry means of
a helical waveguide is extended to dielectrics having; ? ::~.~,,:~;. For the
case of small losses, formulas are obtained permitting the determination
of tan 6 of solid samples of cylindrical shape and tan S of fluids'
filling a cylindrical tube with wound-on helix. The experiments con-
firmed the correctness of the theoretical assLUnption.
113. Calculation of Fields of Electron Optic Lenses
"Method of Solution of a Class of Axisymmetrical Problems of
Potential Theory and Its Application in Calculating the Fields
of Electron Optic Lenses," by G. A. Grinberg and I. A. Shukeylo,
Physicotechnical Institute, Academy o~? Sciences USSR; Leningrad,
Zhurnal Tekhnichesko I'izilsi, Vol 2~, No 11, Nov 59, pp 1293-
13
The solution of a certain class of electrostatic and affiliated
problems for fields with rotational symmetry is analyzed. It is demon-
strated that if the corresponding systems satisfy specified conditions
of geometric order, the problems can be solved by a series of consecutive
approximations, each of which is obtained by the solution of a plane
el,ecfxostatic problem. The latter condition permits the use of the well
developed theory .of functions of a complex variable for the solution of
problems with a~~ia;l symmetry.
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114. Unified Field Theory for Gravitation and Electricity
"The Unified Theory of Gravitation and Electricity," by J.
Pachner, Physics Department of the Technological Institute in
Prague; Leipzig, Anna,len der Physik, Vol 5, iVo 1~2, 1959,
pp 70-106 --
Fol]~urina; a brief critical survey of the various unified field theo-
rie, representing a further development of Einstein's general theory of
relativity, the principles of the four-dimensional unified theory of,gravi-
tation and electricity are expounded. The field equations, which contain
a matter-tensor density (proportional to the modified delta-function) and
au electrical current-vector density, are derived from'a heterogeneous
Hamiltonian; their camapatibility and completeness are proved, and their
physical interpretation is given on the basis of the Maxwell approximation.
The 1 -}- 1 -I- 4 indentitiea, which reduce the number of independent field
equations, are interpreted as conservation principles. The equations of
motion are derived from the field equations by the new method of Infeld
(Acts Phvs. Po1or~. 13, 187 (1954)), given explicitly in the lowest approxi-
mation for the case of the motion of two bodies, and integrated for the
case of the motion of an electrical]tiy charged body. Finally, a funds-.
mental system of units is devised, in which all physical dimensions are
measured with dimensionless numbers; the interrelationship of natural
constants is investigated, and anew hypotheses is proposed, according
to which values other than zero of the coupling constant between the
gravitational and electromagnetic portions of the uniform PYeld are
caused by the discontinuous character of the electrical charge.
115.
Energy
"on the Problem of the Energy of the Gravitational Field," by
H. G. Schoepf, Institute oP Theoretical Physics, Greifawald
University; Leipzig, Annalen der Physik, Vol~S, No 1~2, 1959,
PP 1-3
lifted Method of Demonstratin
On the basis of a special axially symmetrical solution of the Ein-
stein field equations given by L. Marder (Proc.Roy.Soc.London (A), 246;
133 (1958)), it is shown without using a special expression for the affine
tensor tN, that no gravitational enex?p~- is present in the case of a special
field of gravitational waves.
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116. Reversal of Sp~n Vectors in Charged 180? Bloch Walls
"Investigations of the Reversal of th'e Spin Vectors in Charged
180? Bloch Walls," by Ch. Greir_er, Institute of Magnetic Ma-
terials, Jena; Leipzig, Annalen der Physik, Vol 5, No 1~2,
1959, pp 57-69
On the basis of experimental results, investigations were made of
the reversal of the magnetization vectors, assuming anisotropy along one
axis, for a plate-configuration of 180-degree Bloch walls. The charge
distribution within the Bloch wall is given, and the wall thickness and
energy density are caunputed, for three charac~l:e.ristic reversal paths.
Wall thickne8s and energy densit~r are discussed, in relation to the angle
formed by the path of the magnetization into the Bloch wall, for two
different ratios of magnetostatic energy to anisotropy energy.
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Mechanics
117. Magnetohydrodynamic Flow Around Bodies
"Hypersonic Flow Around Bodies in Magnetohydrodynamics,"
by M. D. Dalyzhenskiy, Moscow; Moscow, Priltladna
Matematika i Mekhanilca, Vol 23, No 6, Nov Dec 59,
pp 993-1005
This article discusses hypersonic flow around bodies in which a
magnetic field is generated. The field acts upon the gas, which becomes
electrically conducting as a result of thermal ionization produced during
the transit through the strong shock wave in front of the body. The ma-
~ority of articles in recent literature (for example, W. B. Bush, J.
Aerospace Science, Vol 25, No 11, 1958) study the behavior of the flow
of a conducting Tiquid in the vicinity of the front critical point of a
blunt body; here, a study is made of the influencer?of the application of
a strong magnetic field on the general flow picture. A detailed analysis
is made of the case of flow around a body with rectilinear generatrices.--
wedges and cones -~ when the vector of the intensity of the magnetic field
is directed perpendicular to the surface of the body. The method of solu-
tion is based on the assumption of the existence of a narrow turbulence
zone between the body and the shock wave (Chernyy, G. G,, Dokl. AN SSSR,
Vol 107, No 2, 1956). The forces which act upon the test body were ascer~
twined. The solution shows that, in the case of sufficiently 'strong
fields, the force of the magnetic component has the same order of magni-
tude as a gas i~namic forced notwithstanding the narrowness of the zone
of turbulent flow on which the magnetic field acts.
It is shown that, under the conditions established here,.,a separation
of flow from the wall is possible. The loca'~ion of the point of magnetic
separation on the surface of the body is found. With increased field in-
tensity, this point is dislodged upstream; consequently, if strong fields
are used, separation zones can be created along the body, which leads to
increased resistance by the body and, as can be expected, to decreased
heat transfer to the body.
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118. Structure of Perpendi~~,;r:~.ar Magnetohydrodynamic Shock
"A Note on the Structure of a Perpendicular Magneto-
hydrodynamic Shock Wave," by A. G. Kulikovskiy and
G. A. Lyubimov, Moscow; Moscow, Prikladnaya Matematika
i Mekhanika, Vol 23, No 6, Nov/Dec 59, pp 11 -11.7
' Magnetohydrodynamic shpck configuration in a viscous heat-conducting
gas hae been treated by W. Marshall (Proc. Ro,. Soc., 233x, ],~3g; Russian
translation in Prob 1. Sovrem. fiz., No 7, 1957 .There is also interest
in limiting cases in which one or two dissipative coeffiFients are so
small their influence can be neglected. The structure of a shock wave in
? the absence of heat conductivity has been investigated by Ludford (Journ.
of Fluid Mech., Vol 5, No 1, 1959) and in the absence oP~~iscosity and
heat conductivity by Burgers (A Symposium on Magnetohydrodynamics, Stan-
ford Calif., 1958; Russian translation in Magnit. gidrodiry., Atomizdat,
1958 . r
This article examines the structure of a shock wave in the presence
of heat conducti~rity and electrical conductivity and in the absence of
viscosity.
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119. Supersonic Flow of Ideal Gas Through Circular Cylindrical Shell
"Concerning Sma11 Harmonic V~.brations of a Cylindrical She11
Along the Axis of Which An Ideal Gas Flows at Supersonic
Velocity," by B. I. Rabinovich, Kiev; Moscow, Prikladna
Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 23, No 5, Sep/Oct 59, PP 79-88~
This article considers a circular cylindrical shell, at one end of
which is a flat base uniformly filled with supersonic forces; the other
end is open, allowing the passage of a uniform supersonic flow pf an
ideal gas originating from the base. Under the assumption that the shell
performs small steady harmonic oscillations in a cer~Cain plane, a study
is made of the dynamic interaction. between the gas and the walls of the
shell. The compressibility of the gas leads to the emergence of adds-
tional nonstationary forces, the role of which, in general balance, de-
pends on the Strouhal number; duxing the oscillations of the shell, the
major vector of the gas dynamic forces is displaced and turned in rela-
tion to the longitudina3. axis.
120. Supersonic Gas Flow Past a Cone
"Flow of a Viscous Heat-Conducting,Gas Around a Cone at
High Supersonic Velocities," by V. V. Lunev, Moscow;
Moscow, Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika, Vo]. 23, No 6,
Nov/De c 59, ~ pp 100 -101
A study is made of the flow of a viscous Y~eat-conducting gas around
a spherical cone at a zero angle of attack at' high supersonic velocities.
The entire area of turbulent flow is divided ihto two clearly bounded
types -- the viscous, in whi~~h the flow is laminar and is c].escribed by
boundary-layer equations, and the?nonviscous, iii which " the flow is
described by equations of an ideal gas. The study is limited to the case
of weak interaction, i.e., that region of flow is considered which is
removed from the nose of the cone. TWO systems of coordinates are used,
with the center at the apex of the cone -- cylindrical coordinates .for
the nonviscous region and conical coordinates for the viscous region.
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x.21. Relationship of Volume and Turbulent Velocity Potential in Minimum
:Drag Problem
"On P~4iniznum Wave llrag Bodies," by V. N. Zhigulev and Yu. L.
Zhilin, Moscow; Moscow, Pr~.kladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika,
Vol 23, No 6, Nov/Dec 5~, pp""1019-1029
Certain variations of the problem of a body which slightly disturbs
a supersonic flow are treated. It is shown that it is possible, in the
general case, to separate the problem of determining the drag from the
problem of determining the minimum drag of the body proper. For a solu-
tion of the first problem, it is sufficient to express the interesting
characteristics of the body (for example, the -forces, moments, volume,
etc.) through the value of the potential of the turbulent velocity on the
characteristic surface enveloping the body. The example used here is the
relationship between the volume of the body and the potential of the
turbulent velocity on the characteristic surface enveloping the body:
Tt is shown that the potential of the turbulent velocity (correspond-
ing to the flow around a minimum drag body, with arbitrary fixed approach
and exit-flow cross sections and a given volume) on the trailing charac-
teristic surface is satisfied by the Poisson equation with mixed boundary
conditions. Axisymmetrical bodies were found with minimum drag at fixed
approach and exit cross section and given volume.
A study is also made of the problem of optimum choice of fuselage
with given length and volume for a given wing, and an estimate is made of
the drag. of the wing-fuselage system.
122. Unsteady Motions of Plan-Form Wing in Supersonic Flow
"On Unsteady Motions of a Wing of Rectangular Plan Form,"
by V.. A. Kovaleva, Dnepropetrovsk; Moscow, prikladnaya
Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 23, No 6, Nov/Dec 59,
pp 1030-10 1
Certain results are given of an investigation of the unsteady motion
of a thin, rigid, airfoil of.finite span and rectangular plan form in a
supersonic flow of arbitrary configuration varying with respect to time,
as well as an unsteady motion characterized by wind gusts or shock waves.
The problem is considered in linear arrangement. The solution is given
of the problem for the ca;;e of a change of the angle of attack of the
wing with time according to the condition eat( -oo ~t < 0), and this
partial solution is applied to a case in which the angle of attack of
the wing changes arbitrarily with time. Such problems have been studied
by Ye A Krasil'shchikova (Izv. AN SSSR, OTN, No 3, 1958). Here, a con-
cise solution is obtained for a wing of rectangular plan form, with the
boundary effect taken into account.
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].2~. Precession Theory of Gyroscopes -- Equations of Motion
"On L'qu~~tions of the Precession Theory of Gyroscopes in
the Porrn of Equations of Motion of Imaginary Points in
the Imatre Plane," by A. Yu. Ishlinskiy, Moscow;~? Moscow,
Pr:ikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 23, No 5, Sep~Oct
59, PP 801-509
This article gives rigorous equations of motion of gyroscopes in the
form of equations of so-called imaginary points in a certain plane,_called
also the image plane or phase plane. It is shown that these well-known
equations are satisfied only in the case of a considerable limitation of
Forces acting on the gyroscope.
12l~. 2'wo-Rotor Gyrocompasses
"On the Theory of Gyrocompasses," by V. N. Koshlyakov,
Moscow; Moscow, Prikladnaya Matematika f Melchanika, Vol 23,
Pio 5, Sep~Oct 59, pp 10- 17
This article investigates the perturbation equations of two-rotor
gyrocompasses which do not possess the properties of the three-dimensional
gyrocompass of Geckeler-Anschuetz, the sensing element of which has iden-
tical periods of natural undamped oscillations in relation to the three
major axes of inertia close to the Schuler period. Thisproperty' is
achieved here by an appropriate spring connection between the gyroscopes,
creating around the vertical axes of the casings the moment N in accord-
ance with the law N = ~ sin 28 , where ~ is a certain coefficient of
proportionality and 2 E is the angle between the axes of the natural
gyration of the gyroscopes. The fundamentals of the theory of the three-
dimensional compass with certain simplified assumptions have been present
in the literature. The equations given by A. Yu. Ishlinskiy ("On the
Theory of the Gyrohorizon-Compass," PMM, Vol 20, No 4, 1956) can be ap-
plied to the study of gyrocompasses not possessing the properties of the
three-dimensional gyrocompass and related to the two-rotor compass of
Anschuetz, as well as to certain domestic two-rotor gyrocompasses.
This article presents a study of the stability of nonperturbation
motions of such gyrocompasses under the assumption that they are mounted
on a ship maneuvering in the latitude range of 70-80 degrees.
In the gyrocompasses considered here, the condition N = ~ sin 2 ~
is not satisfied.
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4lhen gyrocompasses, rather than the axes of their frames, are
deflected by a certain small pertu_rba?tion angle S from the position of
unperturbed equilibrium characterized by the angle E _ ~ o, the spring
connection between the gyroscopes supplies the reducing moment in ac-
cordance with the law M = sb , where s is the steepness of the reducing
moment characteristic, depending on the rigidity of the spring connec-
tion.
125. Stability of Solid Body of Rotation Containing a Liquid
"On the Stability of the Rotary Motions of a Solid Body
With a Liquid Filling," by V. V. Rumyantsev, Moscow;
Moscow, Pri}c1a^ dnaya Matematika i Mekhani}sa, Vol 23, No 6,
Nov~Dec 59, pp 1057-1U 5
This article considers the stability of the rotary motions of a
solid body with a cavity completely or partially filled with an ideal
incompressible homogenous liquid.
Since the general problem of the stability of the motion of contin-
uous media has not been stated up to the present time (The literature re-
ports attempts to present this problem as a proble.~ of the stability of
a system with a finite number of degrees of freedom, which, in a number
of articles, cannot be considered conclusive), this article considers the
problem primarily from the viewpoint of the stability of the motion of
the solid body; the problem of the stability of the motion of the liquid
is of interest only to the extent that it exerts an influence ~n the sta-
bility of the motion of the body, the two aspects of the problem natura]1y
being related. The problem of the dual system here is posted in relation
to the complete variable characterizing the motion of the solid Boyd and
in .relation to the partial variable characterizing the motion of the
liquid. In such a representation, the problem of the stability of the
motion of a solid body and of a liquid inside its cavity leads to the
investigation of the conditional stability of a system which is stable
in relation to part of the variables, 'but not in relation to all varia-
bles, a determination of the motion of a mechanical system with an in-
finite number of degrees of freedom.
This problem is solved with the aid of 'the second 'method of
Lyapunov, proceeding from the complete equations of perturbed motion.
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126. Probability Concepts in the She 1'1 Stability Problem
"Statistical Method in the Theory of the Stability of .
Shells," by I. I. Vorovich, Rostov-na-Donut Moscow,
Prikladna a Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 23, No 5,
Sep oct 59, pp 5- 92
The idea of applying probability concepts to the problem of the sta-
bility of shells, proposed by V. I. I'eodos'yev ("On the Stability of
Spherical Shells Under the Effect of an External Unii'ormly Distributed
Pressure," PMM, Vol 18, No 1, 195) and A. S. Vol'mir (Gibkiye :Plastinki
i Obolochk'i- Flexible Plates and Shells ], Gostekhizdat, 195~f,-,gives
promise fo3~ a solution~of such problems as the assignment of admissable
loads to a shell during an investigation of its stability, with its op-
erating conditions and manufacturing tolerances taken into account, and
the assignment of tolerance for the basic parameters of shells (chiefly
calculating the necessary precision of manufacture for the inside sur-
face of the shell). .
A treatment of the statistical theory of the stability of shells
should, in the author's opinion, include the following:
1. statistical methods of describing the factors which determine
the nature of the deformation of a she?11 from case to case and experi-
mental methods of determining the statistical characteristics of such
factors;
2. statistical methods of describing the parameters which char-
acterize the deformation of a shell and experimental methods oaf deter-
mining the statistical characteristics of such parameters; and
3. the relationsYiip between 'she statistical cha~~actei istics of
the parameters which describe the deformation of a shell and the sta-
tistical characteristics of the factors which determine the character
of deformation of a shell from case to case.
This article considers an approximate apps~oach to the formation of
sL1Ch a theory. It ?assumes that all the fac~toro which determine iGY~e par-
ticular nature of bending of a shell may be divided into three groups:
1. the distribution oi' elastic and geometric properties .of 'the
shell;
2. the distribution of the parameters which charactea?ize :the method
of sealing the shell; a.nd
3. the distribution of 'the externarl forces applied to the ~he11.
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 t~~f~L~ ~ I~ I ~- ~ I EMIT T ~' ~ ~ r t~~'~~M~r ~ rsr
q.~... ....... .... .~ . .a..~EP 0. ` ?
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127? Propc~gution of Complex Coznpresslorxll. Nlustic-?Plastic Wuves
"On the Propagation oi' Llastir...Plustic Wuves in the Case of
Complex Compression," by N. Cristescu, I3uctiares't; Moscow,
Prikladna a Matematikr~ i Me.khr~nilca. Vol 23,, No G; 195g,
pp 112 E-.112 ~~'
Kh. A. Rakhme!tulin (PMM, Vol 22, No 6, 1953) considered the particu-
lar case in which the complex corr~zressional wave is the wave of a power-
ful explosion? prop~gat~.ng at a speed .loss ?tY?an that of ordinary
elastic-plastic (Riemann) waves and assumed that when a detonation occurs
within the plastic body, a cluster of ordinary plastic waves propagates
first and is followed by the.wave of the powerful explosion, which rep-
resents the complex compressional wave. ?
Phis article considers the same problem br:aed on I?akhma:tulin's for-
mz~las, but also considers other possible cases of propagation which may
emerge Eor certain materials. It is shown, for example, that, for cer-
tain materials, a complex dynamic compression?generally i~ transmitted stn
a plastic body by complex waves only. These waves propagate in the body
faster than ordinary plastic waves (Cris?tF~scu, N_, , P.N~~I, Vol 19, No 5,
195; Cristescu, t1., Probleme din}zmice in Teoria ? lastic~.tatii (Problems
of Dynamics in the Theory of Plasticity , Eucharest, 195~~, -`Tl:e inves-
tigation made here is more qualitative tl'ian qua:,~ti*?a,tive, ? since . t:,e"
theory of small elastic-plastic deformations applied in th~.s work has
not yet been confirmed by experimen?!,a?tion rior ad,~usted for dynamic prob-
lems.
128. Propagation of R1asTic Waves in Two,Co,~~orieri'c_ Media?
?"On the .Propagation of E1as?cic Waves in Two?-Coripone_.c
Media," by L. Ya. Kosachevskiy, Stalino; Moscow,
Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanik~l, Vol 2;~, P.o b, '
?Nov Dec 59, pp 1115-11:3 ~~ .
On the assumption ?that, even thona;h the d.yriamics of two?-component
media have been treated ex~;,ensive?y in receri; lit;.r~:'c;;_ro the fundamc-~ntal
problem of deriving the equations of zut~~ion of ~wo??~c:npon;~nt media can-
not be considered conclusively solved, this art:icZe r_e:~tx~ibu?ces a study
of a simplified case of motion, the propa,ga;ion of, ciao~ic waves in a
homogeneous isotropic medium cor.:s?istir..g of ,oiid a.nd lic1Llid ^omponents.
Solutions are given of the problem of the ref~~~ctior. of -l;wo-dimansiorial
waves and of the problem of surface waves c~a the free '~ov.rcary of a half-
apace. Tt is shown that the st,:e~j-?dr=fo,??lna.tioa relationship of
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Ya. T. Frenkel! ("On the Theory of Seismic and Seismoelectric lnfluencea
on Damp Soil," Izv. AN SSSR, seri~ya geoi?g, i geofiz., Vol 8, No !E, 191}1N)
is equivalfrrt to sn analogous relationsha.p of M. A. Blot ("Theory of Propa-
gation of Elastic Wives in a Fluid-Saturated Porous Solid," J. Acoust,
Soc. Am., 28, No 2, 1956); the equations of motion of the latter, how,
ever, fare more general.
129. Bending of Infinitely Thin Plate on Elastic Half-Space
,' "The Bending of an Infinite Plate on an Elastic Half-Space
With a~Modulus of elasticity Variable With Depth," by G. Ya.
Popov, ,Novosibirsk Engineering Construction Institute; Moscow,
Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 23, No 6, ~959~ pp 1095-
iioo ~-
The problem of the impression of.a die into a nonhomogeneous elastic
half-space appears in the works of B. G. Korenev (DAN SSSR, Vol 112, No 5,
1957) and V. I. Mossakovskiy (PMM, Vol 22, No 1, 195 This article gives
a solution of the problem of the bending of an infinitely thin plate lying
on an elastic half-apace, the modua.us of elasticity of which is an
exponential function of depth.. The two-dimensional case of this problem,
i.e., the bending of a girder plate, is treated in detail. By means of a
limiting transfer, the solution of the problem of the bending of a beam
plate on a homogeneous elastic half-space is obtained iri a new form.
130. Theory, of Ideal Plastic Anisotropy
On 'the Theory of Ideal Plastic Anisotropy," by D. D.
-Ivlev, Moscow; Moscow, Prikladnays, Matematika i Mekhani~a,
Vol 23, No 6, Nov/Dec 59, pp 110?~111~ .
An investigation is made of the behavior of an idea 1 anisotropic
inelastic-plastic body under conditions of plasticity generalizing the
plasticity condition of Tresk.
It is pointed out that Hill {Matxema?tical 211eory of Plasticity,
Oxford, ?1950; Russian translation published by Gostek_hter~>etizdat, 1956)
evidently was the first to suggest the condition of p.lasticity.of an
ideal anisotropic body generalizing the condition of plasticity of Mis_es
(" The Mechanics of the Plastic Deformation of Crystals,;" ZANINI, Vol 8,
].928) which is repeatedly used :;.n practice.
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131. Rotation of Cylinder in Viscous Plastic Medium
"The Rotation of a Cylinder With Variable Angular. Velocity
in a Viscous Plastic Medium," by A. I. Safronchik, Saratov:
Moscow, Prikladna Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 23, No 6;,
Nov/Dec 59, pp 1051m105
The article states and solves the problem of unsteady flow of a
viscous-plastic medium in contact with a .cylinder rotating with varied
.angular velocity. A method is devised for~sQlving two-dimensional;
axis.ymmetrical boundary-value problems for parabolic equations. An
equation is given for the determin8,tion of the radius of distrib~:,` ,.~~n
of the viscous-plastic flow.
132. Irregular Flow of Vi~~cous i'lastic Material Between Parallel Walls
"The Irregular Flow of a Viscous Plastic Matexia]. Between
Paral:].el Walls," by A. T. Safronchik, Saratov; Moscow;
Pri.kladnaya Matematika i?Mekhanika, Vol 23, No 5, Sep/Oct,
59, PP 925-935
This article presents a rigorous solution of one nonstationary prob-
lem of uniform viscous plastic flow, illustrated by a flow with an in-
variant pressure dump. The velocity distribution and the .law of the
change of the core of the flow are found by the method of I. I. Kolodner
(Communications on Pure and A plied Mathematics, IX, No l~ q.956).
13~? Complexity of Stability Criterion in Creep Pra'~lem
"On the Criterion of Stability in the Case of (`reep," by
S. A. Shesterikov, Chair of the Theory off' Plasticity, Moscow
State University; Moscow, Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika,
Vol 23, No 6, Nov/Dec 59, pp 110 L~110b
~!lthough the majority of articles dealing with the stability problem
in the case of creep examine the stability problem of a 1i.nearly com-
pressed rod (the simplest form for explaining most of the qualitiative
stability characteristics), it is shown that fihe problem must be state.cl
in a number of principally different ways. This article considers one
su:h approach only, from the viewpoint of the stability of the rectilinear
form of equilibrium. ?
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13~+. Beam Concept in Theor of Elastic 'Bodies With Liquid Inclusions
On the Theory of the Vibrations of Elastic Bodies Con-
taining Liquid Cavities," by N. N, Moiseyev, Moscow; Moscow,
Prikladna Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 23, No 5, Sep~Oct
59, PP - 7 _
In modern engineering, various problems are encountered which require
an investigation of the combined oscillations of an elastic body and a
liquid. In the usual representation, the investigation of such problems
becomes quite complex; hex~,,an approximatrton theory is presented which is
based on the following simplified assumptions:
(a) Linearity of the problem: all shifts and velocities are assumed
to be ~.nf finitely small; the equations of motion and the boundziry condi=
tions are linearized correspondingly;
.tb) Beam concept: ?~the real elastic body is substituted for by a
beam with a straight-line liquid axis, the accuracy of the hypothesis of
flat cross sections being assumed;
(c) The ],squid is ideal and inc~?,aipressible, and its motion is
laminar;
(d) The mass force is the force of gravity; and
(e) external forces are conservative.
The article derives the ,general equations,r considers the solvability
of the general problems, gives an analysis of the spectrum, and formulates
the variation principles and their characteristics.
135? Two-Dimensional Con ;act Problem in Cree Theory
"Two-Dimensional Problem in Creep Theory," by N. Kh.
Arutyunyan, Yerevan; Moscow, ~Prikladnaya Matematika i
Mekhanika, Vol 23, No 5, Spe Oct 59, Pp 901?924
This article develops a solution of the twa-dimensional contact
problem of creep theory which accounts both for the aging and the change
of the modulus of 'instantaneous deformation of the material.
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The general equations are given for the ~cheory of plastic "inherit.
ance" connecting the components of deformation and stress, taking into
account the creep of the material in the case of a two-dimensionally de-
formed state of aggregation. With the use of these equations in the case
of the exponential law which connects stresses and strains, a provisional
solution is given of the problem of the equilibrium of the half-plane
occurring under conditons of nonlinear creep and under the effect of a
concentrated load applied normal to its free surface.
On the basis of the results obtained here, it is shown that the
solution of the two-dimensional contact problem in nonlinear creep theory
reduces to a joint solution of two interrelated integral equations.
136. Formation of Detonation Waves
"Formation of a Detonation Wave by Burning of Gas in Pipes,"
by.G. D. Salamandra, T. V. Bazhenova, and I. M. Naboko,
Moscow Power Engineering imeni Krzhizhanovskiy; Leningrad,
Zhurnal Tekh~iichesko Fizi~ti, ~'ol 29, No 11, Nov 59,
pp 135 -1359
The shape of the flame front and its consecutive variations were ~.
studied and described. It was found that a detonation wave in a long
pipe is the result of interaction of the flame front with a series of
shock waves formed before the flame front in the predetonation stage.
The work was done in the Laboratory of Combustion Physics of the Power
Engineering Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR, under the direction of
Prof A. S. .Predvoditelev, Corresponding Member, Academy of Sciences
USSR.
137? Effect of Shock Wages on Flames
"Interaction of Weak Shock Waves With a Flame Front," by
G. D. Salamandra and I. K. Sevast'yanova, Moscow Power
Engineering Institute imeni Krzhizhanovskiy; Leningrad,
Zhurnal Tekhnichesko Fiziki, Vol 29, No 11, Nov 59,
PP 130-1.37
The relationship of the distance from ignition point to shock-wave
formation point to the compound composition and thz initial pressure of
the burning mixture has been experimentally found for the burning 'of
explosive mixtures in a tube closed on two sides. The work was done in
the Laboratory of Combustion Physics of the Power Engineering Institute,
Academy of Sciences USSR, under the direction of Prof A. S. Predvoditelev,
Corresponding Member, Academy of Sciences USSR.
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133. Crisis in Boiling Mechanism
"Relations of Hydrodynamics of a Two-Component Layer to the
Theory of Crises in the boiling Mechanism," ;~ ,.~ S.
Kutateladze and V. N. Moslcvicheva; Leningrad, ~hurnal
Tekhnicheskoy T'iziki, Vol 29, No g, Sep 59, pp 1135-1139
Certain data on bubbling of a fluid through a fluid are presented.
It is revealed that a change fn the hydrodynamic structure of a two-
component layer is determined by the same dimensionless parameter as the
transition from bubble boiling to film boiling.
The existence of complex structural changes in the two component':.
layer has been established.
139. Radiating Heat Wave
"A Heat Wave Radiating Energy From the Fronk" by E. I.
Andriankin, Institute of Chemics.l Physics, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Zhurnal Tekhnicheslo Fiziki,
Vol 2g, No 11, Nov 59, pp 13 8-1372
The propagation .of a nonself-modeling heat wave, radiating energy
from its front, is investigated. The case is analyzed when the radiation
path i.n cold gas is long for all frequencies below a certain critical
frequency c,J, a:1d short for higher frequencies. The path of quanta in
the heated region is supposed 'co be much smaller than the radius of the
wave front, thus the radiative transfer of energy occurs by means of
thermal conductivity.
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Nuclear Physics
1r~0. Ring-Shaped Plasma Pinch
"On Possible IJquilibrium Configurations of a Thin Ring-Shaped
Plasma Conductor in a Magnetic Field," by Yu. V. Vandakurov,
Physicotechnical Institute, Academy c.f Sciences USSR; Laningrad,
Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki, Vol 29, No 11, Nov 59, pp 1.312-
1317
A field is defined into which a thin r.-i.ng-shaped, (approximately
circular, cross section] plasma conductor is to be placed so that equi-
librium is maintained. Such configurations are analyzed which have
corresponding skin currents with both components and the vol:,une currents
running along the conductor.
141. Charged Parrticle Moving in Rarefied Plasma
"The Motion of a Charged Relativistic Particle in tYte Magnetic
Field of a Direct Cylindrical Current of a Rarefied Plasma,"
by N. I. Shtepa, Orsk State Pedagogical Institute; Leningrad,
Zriurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki, Vol 29, IQo 11, Nov 59, pp 1346-
1353
The motion of a relativistic particle in a magttGtic :eield of the
discharge current of a rarefied plasma is analyzed, asstunirg that tht
current is direct, cylindrical in shape, and of homogeri~tts dc;rsity~
The correlations determining the radial dimensions of the ragion of
permitted motion are obtained in squares, as well as the period of radial
oscillations, the period of ro'ta?tion arotuzd the axis of symmetry, ar_d
the mean drif~;, velocity of the particle in the axial di.rec?tia~:.
142. Stability of Plasma Pinch
"On tre Stability of a Cylindrical Plasma Cor_duc'to= With ~ioi:~ame
Currents, " by Yu . V . Vandakurov and K . A . Lur' ye, T,exiirigrad
Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; Ler_is:-
grad, Zhurnal Takhnicheskoy Fizil:i, Vol 29, No 9, Sap 59,
pp 1170-11'73
Tne effect of various distributions of azi mttthal currents along t_z~^
cross sections of the plasma pinch is theoretical:Ly analyzed.. I'L? may be
ir~er:ed from the derived formulas that the stability of a va?_^yir~g field
is always lower than that of a homogeneous field.
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1}~43. Modr~rn Accelerator Design
"Design o:P a Strong Focusing Accelerator With a Constant iQaG-
nc?l;ic 1''(.e1ci," by V. K. Grishin; Leningrad Zhttrnal Tekhnicheskoy
1'i.;>,:i.lci, Vol 29, No ~, 8ep 59, pp 1065-1067
One oF' ';~ae computing methods for the para;~,~?i-~:rs of a strong focusing
accelerator with a constant ragnetic field, such as equilibritun orbit,
betatxon oscillations, ~~nd efficiency coefficient of the magnetic field,
is analyzed by using a synchrotron as example. Tn a cyclic synchrotron,
the magnetic field is created alternatively by the radial sectors of po~i?-
tive and negative field direction, between which "free" gaps are located.
The correlations derived establish a simple connection of the accelerator's
parameters with the dimensions of magnetic sectors and the characteristics
of the magnetic field end permit a rapid and sufficiently accurate selection
of the accelerator type.
1144. Cherenkov Lffect by Moving Charge
"The Cherenkov Effect in the Case o:i, a Charge Moving Over an
Interface," by A. G. Sitenlco a.~J. V. S. Tkalich, Kharkov State
University; Leningrad, Zhurnal Tekhnieliesko Fiziki, Vol 29,
No 9, sep 59, PP 1071+-1 5
The possib3.lity of microwave emission by an electron moving near a
dielectric has been pointed ou.t by V. L. Ginzburg (DAN SSSR, 56, 145, 253
(1.947)) . This rhenoa;:-:71Un is analyzed in 6,11 a.ttc:mpt ?to dt.tezmine the type
of :.:~aclia.tion produc~u by d ruoving charge, a.~ we11 as by a charged modulated
bro.m, nes.r a dieloc:cric.
145. Cherer_ltov radiation of Dipole Moments
"Cherenkov radiation of Dipo]_e Momen?cs I~ovinc; Along a Channel
A.~cis in a Dielectric," by L. S. 13o~;ds.nke~rich, Physics Institute
~.moni Lebedw, Academy of Sciences USS13; 'Leningrod, Lhurnal
mclthnich~: s!ccy Fiziki, Vol 29, P}o 9, Sep 59, pp 1086-1Ot 9
The .i:icld al.1.l the emission o.' magnetic and electric dipoles movinb
=1on~; a char..ne.1 a?~i., in a dc;n^e medil:ln are compu?!:cc1.. It is s>1o~.m tha:~~ -~;:
~l'!;.? 1'.7.llal;l~~ of '(:h^ C)'1.t1.n1].Ll %1. ~< l the CIT1iS:ii0i1 t L i7i C: CC"~'' ''' T' ~
142
~ `.:i~~'1.Y1 lt'C1'~)::T'_11.1Ct~li].r t0 itS C~;i: 111CI'C'a.~C~ ~ 'i~:~.'f.;;~ti ~._'1 COi;11C~ri~Gi1
~~; i.'i;l the emission in a continuous medium.
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llf6, Recharge of Ne and K?r Ions
"Recharge of Tri.plc-Charged Ne3+ and. Kra + in Neon and Krvnton,"
by I. P. Flal:,~ Fuld L. G. Filinpenko, Leningrad Physicotechnical
Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Zhurnal Tekh-
n3,cheskoy Fiz:tki, Vol 29, No 9, Sep 59~ pP 1100-110
Resul?--,~; of experim.cntal determination of cross sections of recharge
of ions Ne3+ and Itr3+ in neon and krypton within the ion energy range of
6 to g0 kev are describedo
At single collisions of triple-charged ions with atoms of gas, simul-
taneously with the capture of one (13+ --- I2t) and two'(13 -~I+) electrons,
the capture from the shell of the gas atom oi' three electrons (13~' y I?)
has also been observed.
The capture cross section of three electrons (6 ) is smaller than
the capture cross sections of one (~ 2} and two (a31) electrons, but
ir. the :.rue gas, the cross section a~o reaches the value of 10-i6em2.
With the deereas^ of the ion kinetic energy To, the cross section a
increases, and at To < 10 - 15 kev, the cross section a 3o is somewhat hi
than the oapture croF,,~~ sect.'.on of two electrons (631) .
0
er
I'or the pair Ne3+ - Kr, the cross section d 3t~~~ is of the order 10"17cm2,
and fo.r the pair xx~3+ - Ne, the 630 is rather sma~.:l., but it could be
measured.
In the tx'ue gas, the cross
and increase with higher ion enemy.
6 ~2 = 1.F3.10-15 cri2, d31 = 6.5?1.0-16
I+?l0`1~cm2~ dal =:..8.10-16cm2.
sections d32 and d'~l are close i.n magnitude
At To= 90 kev for the pair Kx??~+ - Itr:
ems.
li'or the pair Ne3+ - Ne: d 32-
For ions and atoms belonging to di.ffe:~cr?c F:1Gni~::nts, the cx?oss .,ectir~ns
d 32 and ,?~31 di,f:~"e_~ by mox?e than one or. der.
In the case of recharge of Ne3 ionb in l~:r,~ptori, the cross eer,-tioxiF~
d32 and d 1 decrease with the ion ener~,y. For ~ths pair Kr.~3+ -Ne, the
cross sec~ions 632 and dil increase ti?ith ?rising energy.
The relation of the cross section to tx?e sign of the magni?k.ude of
the cl.efer_?F of the energy Q E Teas ,.stab:Lishcd. For e~;othexgnal processes
( ~ L G C), the cross sections are considerab?y larger than fox endo-
thax~nal processes ( L1 E ~ 0}.
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lIF~7. P~Iodcling of a Uranilm~ Water Reactor
"P?4odeling oi' Control Response and Teial~~:r.~ai:ure Variation of
Water Dons:C?L-,y in Uranium-Water Reactora on Tntermediate
Ncutron.s," by V. B. Itlimentov and V. M. Gryazev; Moscow;
Atomaaya Encr~;iya, Vol 7, No 6, Dec 59, pp 519-523
Results of experimental modeling of control response and temperature
ef:~ect conditioned by variation of the water density in intermediate neutron
uranium-water reactors are analyzed. The efficiency of control rods of
various types i.s obtained, and the ratio of critical dimensions of uranium?-
water reactors to the density of the vrater filling the active zone is e~-
tablished.
11E8. Betatron Designs
"Principles of Desigriin~; a,n,~ DaG?:ie Da.?L?z o.? Betatron Equipment
o~? the Moscozr Tran;lorraer ~'l,~r.~-~:," b,r~:. l;. Gel'perin; Moscow,
~.?tomnaya Energi a, ?ro'_ 'j, T1o (, !~e~r, i, ?rrp 509-518
The design principles of betatron equipment for defectoscopy, medical,
physical and other purposes are described. The conditions responsible for
the azimuthal asymmetry of the betatron magnetic field and. methods for its
compensation are described. The multistage construction of the electro-
ma~et ox the betatron devised by the Moscow Tranafoxmer Plant (MTZ) pro-
viding for a more homogeneous (in azimuth) magnetic field is described.
Data on the: specialized designs of betatx?ons of the MTZ of the following
types are presented: stationary four-stage sritri accelerated electrons
at 20 and 50 Mev, suspended ,and rotating for medical puxPoses at 25 Mev
rotating and mobile fo:r defectoscopy at 25 Mev, and s~~ringing (pendulum
type) for medical purposes at l5 Mev.
149. Operation of a Betatron Depending on Tnection
"On the Action of a Betatron With T:o. j ection of E1ec: trans ~L~y
Shox~; Ptilso s, " b1r U . S . Kolotcv, 'Yu . N . L' obanov, aa1c1. N . T .
Tulinova; I.,eriingrad, Zhttrnal Tekhnichesk.~~;~ I'izilti, Vol 29,
No 9, Sep 59, Pp 1173-117
Electrons were injected in 'to a beta?tx~on chamber ?wi?th reatengulax?
pulse duration shorter than one electi^r:.l revolution. An effective e-
lectron capture was achieved, even if the electrons did not fill the
circular orbit. Experimental data led to the conclusion that the ef-
ficiency of electron capture is probably weakly related to interaction
of bursts of electrons which have made a different number of revolutions
in the chamber.
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150 ~ X-Ray IC Spectra
"A New Method of Computing X-Ray It Spectra of Absorption," by
Ye. G. Nadzhaltov acid R. L. Barinsltiy, Physics Institute of the
? Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Rare I;:Lements,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, D_ok].ady Alcademii Nauk SSSR,
Vol 129, No 6, Dec 59, PP 1279-1282
The computation is carried out based on the assumption that a hole
in the K she11 of the absorbing atom leads to the formation of a system
different :from :Levels of the molecule (like a:ri exciton in a solid). It
is attempted to check the reliability of the basic assumption.?
151. The (p, ?1~') Reaction
"On ?the '(p, ?C?) Reaction," by A. K. La,,~rukhina, Institute of
?Geochemistry and Analytical Chemiatry im~ni Vernadskiy, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Dok].ady Akade~nii Plauk SSSR, Vol 129,
No 6, Dec 59, PP 1277-1.278
The reactions (p, ~ ?) of very small cross sections are investigated
by radiochemical means. It is assumed they are a result of peripheric
collisions at hi~,h energies, in the case t~rl?en the nucleus is supposed to
be formed of a proton core and a meson c:LOUC1.
152, Injection Into Cyclic Acclerators
"Injection Theory in Cyclic Acce'lerator.'s With Strong Current,"
by A. N'. Lebedev, Physics Institute imeni Lebedev, Academy of
Science^ USSR; Leningrad., Zhurnal Tekhn.icb.eslcoY I':i2iki, Vol 29,
No 1.1, Nov S9, PP 1339 ~.~3~5 .
The kinetic equation is applied to injection conditions of a ring
shaped synchrotron at strong currants t~rl?th oc4u?rrence of collective
particle interaction. The relation of th.e coeffi~:ient of tY~e col.i.ective
capture to the jnjection current is found.
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153? New Ton Injector
"Source oi' Nc~ative Ions," by ya. M. Fogel, A. G. Itoval, and
A. D. Timofeycv, Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of Sciences
Ultrainian SSR; Lcn9.ngrad, Zhttrnal T.elthnichesltoy I'izilsi, Vol 29,
No 11, Nov 59, pp 1381-1387 .
The construction a:~d the characteristics of the negative ion ~ouree
which will be used as injector of negative a.ons into the new horizontal
recharge electrostatic aer_elerator of the Physicotechnical Institute of
the Academy of Scierlcc:s TJkrainian SSR are described. The :ion gun and the
lens focusing i;he negai;ive ions are identical to those by J. A. Weirunan
and J. R. Cameron (Rev. Sci. Instr., 27, 288 (1956)). The only difference
between the Soviet and i;he American sourc:; is ~t,iat the conversion of
positive ions 9_n?to nega?t:ivc ones occurs in a mercury vapor target. It
permitted use: oi' a dif:['usion pump with 1ot~rer ptunping speed for the vacuum
of? the chamber.
Authors s?I;ate that systematic research aimed at clarifying the con-
ditions undu].ying co~~s?tx~action of a source for various type negative ion
streams has been undex? way since ~.~5~ "in the division'of Academician (of
The Academy of S.ien~~es ;1tr3,iz.ian SSR) A. Val'ter Physicotechnical
Institute, Academy of Sciences Ultrainian S3R."
15~ ? FIungarian Atomic Energy Cormnit?tec
"Chairman of Co?~~_:~.c:i1 of Mini s?tcrs Vi sits Physics Institute"
(unsig.?.ed nctrs item); I;udapes?t, Magyar Nemzet, 12 Dec 59,
p6
According to s,~urc~,, o~~ 1i ~uecember 1959, Dx? t'erenc r~iuz~n.ieh, Chaiz?nari
of the Council of Mini~t~rs, and AIihaly Itolteny, secretary of the Atomic
Energy Conffnittce "tirhicla t?rorls: for the Covnc9.l of Dlinisters," v.tsitcd the
Central Physics Re,~~:a;~;l~ Ir!:;?citute in Csilleberc.
155 ? New Rtmlan~ an PTac:lcar PY.!3rsics Laboratory
"Elcctronic:;~ ?~c,bora?toxy for TJuclear Physics and Automation"
(unsi Zed uot;s item); Bucharest, Scin?L-eia, 30 Dec 59, p 1
According to :.?,: as~ti~le in source, the Ins?ci tuts oa' Atomic Physics
of the Acadcm~ of Uc?i e::.c:~ , of the RLUna_ni an P: ople's Republic has begun
research work in an Electror_ic Laboratory for T1'uclcar Physics and Auto-
mation (Laboratorul de E].ectronica Pentru Fizica Nucle~ra si Automatizari).
The article says ?tha?c the ne:r laboratory is intended for the elaboration
of studies, plans, and designs of specio.l apparatus necessary for research
in nuclear physics.
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Apparatus intended to e.ctend the application of nuclear cn~r~;;,~ in?Lo
various fields of activity Trill also bo produced. The laboratory :?rill
study and execute plans 1'or the automation of production processes in
various branches of industry with the aid o1' radioactive isotopesCPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
According to the article, the laboratory contributes to 'develonina
t1Je io~da ion o?~ nuclear research in Rumania and creates the opportunity
for the training and specialization of cadres in this field."
Spectroscopy and Optics
156. Two Articles on Polarization of Resonance Fluorescence in Diffuse
Radiation
"Calculation o? the Degree of Polarization of Resonance F1uo-
rescenee During the Cccurrer~ce of Radiation Diffusion. I.,"
by R. Seiwert, Institute of Optics and Spectroscopy of the
German Academy of Sciences, Derlin-Adlershof, and W. EYmisch,
Second Physics Institute of I3tvnboldt University, Berlin; Leip-
zig, Annalen der Physik, Vol 5, No l/2, 1959, pp li?-14 ? ?
? If the resonance fluorescence emission inside a resonance vessel is
reabsorbed, a depolarization occurs as a result of the directional emission
and absorption of the ~ - and d -light. In the case of anomalous Zee-
man effect, there is an additional depolarization as a result ox the fact
that ?C - and d -light results in most cases of excitation zrith ?T - or
d -light. Equations are derived for computing the polarization degree
of the resonance f1uo::~ : ~,,: ~~nce in the case of very weal: magnetic fields
and weak reabsorption r~.' the resonance emission.
"Calculation of the Degree of Polarization of Resonance rl~ao-
reseence TMir3.n~; the Occurrence of Radiation Diffusion. II.,"
by R. Sci:...: ?; :::~ ;; , :.;~rnisch; Leipzig, Annalen der Physik,
Vol 5, No 1/2, lg5g, pp 15-30 --_
The equations derived in part I are applied for three cases for which
exp~?:ri~.~ontal data S?rere available. The good agreement of the results zrl.th
the e.~perimental data conii~nts that, in the case of very low particle
densities, the depolarization is actually caused by radiation diffusion.
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157? Czechoslovak Solar Filter
"Tn the Institute Where Crystals Grow" (unsigned news itcm);
Prague, Obxana Lidu, 15 Dec 59, p 2
Source carries ari article on the worls and successes o:l the Research
Institute of Minerals (Vyzkumny ustav pro m9.~~ieraly) in Turnov. According
to the article, the instiitute, Y,rhich is the on1,y one of its ltind in Europe,
has developed a new type of optical filter, suitable for viewing solar
activity and nuclear reactions. The filter, which is allegedly 10-2U
times cheaper to produce than the Lyott filter, general],y used throughout
the world, is made up of 12-22 slices of synthetic crystal, measuring 30-
33 millimeters in diameter, and has on1,y two polarized foils. The crystal,
which is grown at the institute, is cut with a diamond saw.
The article claims that virtually all Czechoslovak observatories and
scientific research indtiitutes are now equi,Pped with the new filter and
that inquiries are being received for deliveries of the fi]~ters to foreign
purchasers.
The filter was developed oy D'Tvan Sulc of the institute.
IISCOMM??AC
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