SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
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• Document Page Count: 96
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 18, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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SEPTEMBER 1959 1 OF i
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PB 131891 T-30
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
18 September 1959
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
cq
re2
Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription $28.00 ($4 additional for 41 e4
foreign mailing). Single copy $2.75.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted from
recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and
China. The information selected is intended to indicate current
scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the Sino-
Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is disseminated
as an aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Biology
II. Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Fuels and Propellants
Industrial Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
Organic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Radiation Chemistry
Automation and Computers
Components
Materials
Patents
Radar
Wave Propagation
IV. Engineering
Page
3
4
8
11
12
20
27
29
31
31
36
37
40
41
42
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Aviation Medicine
Epidemiology
Immunology and Therapy
Oncology
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Physiology
Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
Radiology
Surgery
Veterinary Medicine
Miscellaneous
VI. Metallurgy
VII. Physics
Atomic Energy Developments
Atomic and Molecular Physics
Solid State Physics
Theoretical Physics
NOTE: Items in this report are numbered consecutively.
Page
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PYRGHT
1. Antibiotics in Fish Preservation
"Miracle Ice," by N. Krasnochub; Moscow, Izvestiya, 16 Jul 59
This brief article states that antibiotics -- penicillin, streptomycin,
and biomycin -- are being used experimentally by fishermen to keep fish
fresh. The experiments are being conducted by the fishermen who operate
from the port of Murmansk. Four to 5 grams of the antibiotic are added
to a ton of water before it is frozen. The ice is then used by the fisher-
men to preserve the fish catch before it is brought to the port.
2. Presowin Irradiation of Cotton Plants Speeds Boll Maturation and In-
creases Cotton-Wool Yield
"The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Cotton..Wool Yield, 11 by D. M.
Guseynov and R. E. Eyubov; Baku, Izvesti Akademii Nauk
Azerbaydzhanskov SSR, No 3, 1959, pp 77- 0
This article presents results of tests explaining the effect of the
presowing irradiation of cotton seeds on the maturation of the bolls and
on the cotton-wool yield. Four tables summarizing the results are pre-
sented. The author presents the following conclusions:
"Under the effect of presowing irradiation of cotton seeds by small
X-ray doses (5)000-10,000 r), Co60 (2,500-15,000 r), and neutrons (1 x
107-1 x 1012 neutrons/cm2), an increase was noted in the yield of cotton
wool.
"In the overwhelming majority of cases the opening of cotton bolls
is accelerated by the presowing irradiation of the cotton seeds."
3. Cellulose Content of Irradiated Wheat Plants
"The Effect of X Irradiation on the Cellulose Content of Wheat
Plants," I. M. Vasil'yev and N. D. Rybalka, Institute of Bio-
logical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Biofizika,
Vol 4, No 4, 1959, P 507
Tests were conducted on winter wheat No 599. Results are presented
in a table entitled, "Cellulose Content in the Leaves of Wheat Plants (in
mg of sugar/g dry leaf weight)."
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CPYRGHT The authors concl
"X irradiation of wheat plants bv' doses as
~~. Chinese Studies on Effect of X Irradiation on Potato Tubers
"Some Experiments on the Treatment of Potato Tubers With
Ionizing Radiations to Prevent Germination and Deteriora-
tion," by Yin H Tg-chang (AL Z A- ) and Chao T'ung-
fang (V lal ), Institute of Plat Physiology, Acad-
emia Sinica [Shanghai]; Peiping, K o-hsueh T un - ao
(Scientia), No 8, 26 Apr 59, pp 2 9-270
The authors state that although many others have investigated the
subject of X-ray dosage in the treatment of potato tubers for storage,
the problem of dormancy has generally been disregarded. In their experi-
ments,- which were carried out between August 1958 and Feburary 1959, they
found that 8,000 X-rays applied to potato tubers on the completion of
dormancy was as effective as 20,000 r applied during dormancy.
Other problems investigated by the authors were the effect of dosage
on the inhibition of germination in potatoes, onions, and leeks,-and the
sugar content of potato tubers after irradiation.
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11. CHEMISTRY
Analytical Chemiatry
5. An Ionization Detector With a Promethium-147 Radiation Source for
Gas Chromatography
"An Ionization Detector With Pmi47 for Gas Chromatography,
by S. N. Ozrianer, G. A. Gaziyev, M. I. Yanovskiy, and V. S.
Kornyakov, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sci-
ences USSR; Moscow, Zavodskaya Laboratoriya,, Vol 25, No 6,
Jun 59, pp 760-761
By using CC-emitter ionization gas analyzers, one can determine
very small quantities of impurities. However, devices of this type
are not being applied extensively in gas chromatography because of
the high cost of sources of alpha radiation producing ionization and
the necessity of working with an open radiation source. Application
for this purpose of 13 ?- emitting radioactive substances specifically
Sr90, has been described in the literature. However, Sr90 emits a hard
0 - radiation. This reduces the specific ionization of the gas and
requires protection from ~ bremsstrahlumg. The preparation of suf-
ficiently thin and dense deposits of Sr90 is a very complicated task.
In the work described at present, Pmi47 was used as a source of
ionizing /3 -radiation. The promethium was deposited electrolytically
in the form of a thin oxide layer with an area of 2 cm3 and a relative
activity of 2.5 millicuries per cm2. The half-life of Pm147 is 2.7
years. The maximum energy of particles emitted by it is only
0.22 Mev.
The detector with promethium was tested on a chromatographic ap-
paratus of a standard type. Chromatograms obtained with the ionization
detector were compared with chromatograms recorded with a thermocon-
ductometric gas analyzer of the type GEUK-21 under the same conditions.
A mixture of propylene, isobutylene, and pentane was analyzed. The
ionization detector was found to be more sensitive and precise than the
thermoconductometric detector.
Throughout the whole range of temperatures and velocities of gas flow
applied in the course of the experiment, the ionization detector proved
to be insensitive to changes in the rate of flow and variations of tempera-
ture. This indicates that the new instrument will be suitable for applica-
tion in the separation of high-boiling substances and measurements carried
out at high temperatures.
"1 3 -
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Fuels and Propellants
6. Density of Solutions of Nitrogen Tetroxide in Concentrated Nitric
Acid
"Density of Solutions of N204 in Concentrated Nitric Acid,"
by G. L. Antipenko, Ye. S. Beletskaya, and Z. I. Koroleva;
Moscow, Zhurna,1 Prikladnoy Khimii, Vol 32, No 7, Jul 59
pp 1462-1466
The density of HNO - N204 - H2O solutions was determined in the con-
centration range of 0-5% of H2O and 10-27% of N204 at temperatures from
minus 600 to plus 500. An empirical formula is proposed for the calcula-
tion of the density of these solutions. By using the formula which is
given, density values can be extrapolated down to 5% of N904?
7. Detonation Capacity of Mixtures Containing Nitric Acid
"The Detonation Capacity of Liquid Explosive Mixtures Based
on Nitric Acid," by R. Eh. Kurbangalina; Moscow, Zhurnal
Prikladnoy Khimii, Vol 32, No 7, Jul 59, pp 1467-1 7~+ 0
Investigation of the detonation capacity of mixtures of nitric acid
with nitrobenzene, m-nitrotoluene, dichloroethane, and glycol established
that all the mixtures mentioned are explosive and capable of detonation.
They detonate with velocities of the order, of 6000-7000 meters per second
corresponding to their heats of detonation, as well as densities and com-
position of combustion products. The critical diameters for the majority
of the mixtures investigated were found to be very small. Under the cir-
cumstances, one may expect that mixtures of nitric acid with combustible
materials will readily explode as a result of a blow, shock, or heating.
Extreme care is indicated in work with such mixtures. The matter is of
importance because nitric acid is used in large amounts i,n the chemical
industry and has also been employed extensively during recent years as
an oxidant in rocket propellant mixtures.
Nitric acid with a density of 1.5 grams per cubic centimeter was
used in preparing the explosive mixtures tested in the investigation
described.
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8. An All-Union Conference On Explosions
"A11-Union Conference on Problems Pertaining to Explosions,"
by A. .A. Deribas; Novosibirsk, Izvestiya Sibirskogo Otdel-
eniya Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 3, Apr 59, p 134
"An All-Union Conference on problems of the application of explosions
for'industrial and economic purposes was held on 16--20 February 1959 at
Novosibirsk at the Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Department of the
Academy of Sciences USSR. The principal purpose of the conference was to
establish direct contacts between scien_ti3ts and prac !;ical men who work
on problems pertaining to the applications of explosions in the national
economy. Systematic exchange of experience and results was to be initiated
and information on problems that are to the greatest importance from the
practical standpoint defined and discussed.
"Seventy-two representatives of 20 organizations located at Novosi-
birsk, Moscow, and Leningrad participated in the conference. Twenty-foux
reports were given and discussed. The majority of the reports dealt with
major explosions involving thousands or even, tens of thousands of tons of
explosives. Explosions with an intensity as great as this have been ap-
plied only very recently. According to the 7-year plan which was confirmed
by the 21st Congress of the CPSU, explosions of this type will be used
extensively, particularly in Siberia and in the Far. Eat. T?.e reason is
that exploitation of mineral deposits after remoiral of the overburden is
the most efficient method of mining, as bas been shown by practical experi-
ence. After the overburden his been .removed, valuable rock occurrences
located at the depth of tens of meters become accesible froom i- e surface,
so that manual labor that ordinarily must be done by miners can be dis-
pensed with an an excavator used instead.
"The participants at the conference heard with great interest a re-
port by the foremost specialist, on explosios, M. M. Dokuch.ay-ev, who
told about the project of opening up, in Southern Yakutiya, a. major coal
seam located at the depth of about 100 meters. It is proposed to set
oft almost 500,000 tons of explosive there. If the preliminary calcula-
tions have been carried out correctly, an economy of tens of millions
of rubles or perhaps even hundreds of millions of rubles can be achieved
by this explosion.
"A number of communications dealt with safety problems wYiich arise
when explosions take place in the vicinity of populated localities. Some
reports dealt with general problems pertaining to the theory of explosions.
In the communications that were made and the discussions which followed
them, problems were discussed tra have a bearing on the more extensive
practical application of new principles introduced into explosion '
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CPYRG
-t,echnology during the past few decades, i.e., those of applying charges
-,pith prolonged action ("udlinennyye zaryady"], using charges with a cum-
T ulative effect, drilling by explosions (specifically, spark drilling),
etc.
"The conference demonstrated that, in the field of explosion tech-
nology, there are many unused reserves and that many institutes, labora-
tories, administrations, and higher educational institutions which are
concerned with problems of the theory and practice of explosions have
coordinated their activities to only a very small extent as yet. There
is a totally unjustified duplication of effort in this field; exchange
of information between interested organizations is inadequate.
The conference requested the Presidium of the Siberian Department
of the Academy of Sciences USSR to create a Scientific Council on Explo_,
sion Problems. The composition of this council was confirmed at the
concluding session of the conference: it consists of 30 specialists in
the field of explosions who are members of different organizations and
come from different cities of the country. The council has been charged
with coordinating work on explosions carried out, by all institutions
of the USSR. A resolution was passed by the conference to the effect
that scientific work on explosions be published by the rotary press print-
ing method. The published work is to be distributed immediately to all
organizations interested."
9. New Results Pertaining to the S7ructhre of Detonation Waves
"The Pulsating and Spin Detonation of Gas Mixtures in Tubes,"
by Yu. N. Denisov and Ya. K. Troshin, Institute of Chemical
Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, DokladL Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 125, No 1, 1 Mar 59, pp 110-1.13
The structure of detonation waves formed by stoichiometric mixtures
of hydrogen, methane, and acetylene with oxygen was investigated. Photo-
graphic recording of the pattern formed by carbon black deposited or. the
walls of the detonation tube was applied. Although it is commonly held
that normal detonation takes place in. these mixtures at atmospheric pres-
sure, improved resolution of the photographic recording indicated typical
characteristics of a spin detonation at this pressure, i.e., a striated
structure of the afterglow and a wavy contour of the front. The pattern
recorded on the wall of the tube consisted of rhomb-shaped imprints, which
indicated that pulsating changes of dynamic pressure occurred in the leading
detonation front and that a many headed spin of great frequency propagated.
As the initial pressure of the mixture was reduced, the pattern on the
detonation tube wall became larger (i.e.) the dimensions of the rhombs in-
creased). At the detonation limit, there was a sudden change from the
rhomb pattern to the helical trace left by a single-headed spin.. On the
-6w
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basis of the results obtained, it is concluded that there is periodic
localization of the chemical reaction in separate sections of the wave
front. An important role in this is played by the break in the leading
front, a structural element which separates in a pure state and exists
independently during a spin detonation. It is considered as experi-,
mentally proven that the structure of gas detonation waves in tubes does
not form as a result of a simple combination of a shock front and the
front of a chemical reaction. The assumption that this combination '
takes place forms the basis of the present-day hydrodynamic theory of
detonation. A combination of this type is unstable., as has been shown
by K. I. Shchelkin: presumably, this is the reason why localization of
the chemical reaction in separate sections of the detonation front takes
place.
10. A Popular Book on Solidified Gasoline
"Tverdyy Benzin" [Solidified Gasoline, by B. 1. Losev, M. S.
Komskiy, and M. A. Troyanskaya, Gostoptekhizdat, Moscow, 5
standard printed sheets (forms), price 2 rubles; reviewed in
Novyye Knigi po Nefti i Gazu Vypuskayemyye vo Vtorom Polu odii
1959 Goda New Books on Petroleum and Gas To Be Published in
the Second Half of 19591, Gostoptekhizdat, Moscow, 1959, 23 pp
(p 16)
"This book has been written for a wide circle of readers, including
T engineering and technical personnel of polar and wintering stations, workers
in the fields of automobile transportation and aviation in. remote regions,
participants in various expeditions and search parties, workers at sov-
khozes situated in remote and mountainous regions, mountaineers, hikers,
and hunters. Brief information is given on the production of solidified
gasoline. Principal attention is paid to methods of transportation,
storage, and applications of solidified gasoline for technical purposes
and household needs."
[For additional information relative to fuels and propellants, see
also item following.
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Industrial Chemistry
11. Development of the Chemical Industry in Eastern Siberia
"Tasks of Scientific Research in the Field of Chemistry To Be
Done With the Aim of Promoting the Development of the Industry
of Eastern Siberia (Report Given at a Meeting of the Chemical
Section, Conference on the Development of the Productive Forces
of Eastern Siberia, Held on 22 August 1958 at Irkutsk), " by
S. I. Vol'fkovich; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdel-
eniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 5, May 59, P:P 763-79
In reviewing the industrial chem9.cal developments in Eastern Siberia,
it is best to begin with inorganic chemistry and with types of production
supplying basic raw materials.
Of great interest is a technical and economic evaluation of the pos-
sibilities inherent in industrial conversion of the large available sup...
plies of gypsum into sulfuric acid. This question becomes particularly
important if the shortage of raw materials containing sulfur is considered.
The fact that deposits of gypsum are found in the vicinity of coal fields
suggests that it would be advisable to convert the gypsum into sulfuric
acid and cement. In connection. with the production of sodium sulfate and
sodium sulfide from the brines of Minusinsk, Chita, and Buryat ASSR salt
lakes, one may mention that a process for the reduction of sodium sulfate
with carbon in shaft furnaces and also in furnaces of the cyclone type has
been developed in Kazakhstan. This type of process, the use of which in-
creases the efficiency of the conversion considerably, is actually beingap-
plied in Kazakhstan.
Metallic sodium that will replace the magnesium used in the production
of titanium must be produced from solid sodium chloride. The production
of titanium will expand, primarily because a demand for this material must
be satisfied in connection with the construction of high-performance air-
craft. Metallic sodium, is also required by other consumers.
It is advisable to develop procedures. for the gasification of coal in
order to supply gas for household needs and industrial applications and
also to produce chemicals in conjunction. with this. In the field of
petroleum conversion, it is necessary to develop methods for the pyrolysis
of gaseous hydrocarbons, 'petroleum distillates, and mazuts which would in-
sure the maximum yields of ethylene, propylene, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Emphasis should be placed on development of methods for the fine purifica-,
tion of gases, particularly- purification from sulfur compounds. This refers
to the acetylene, ethylene, and propane-propylene fractions produced in
connection with the conversion of petroleum crudes rich in sulfur. One
must develop the method of sufonating alkylbenzenes with sulfuric acid to
produce'the detergent sulfanol.
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A plan of work to be done in connection with the development of methods
for the production of stable polymers of formaldehyde and their, treatment
has been drawn up. It is necessary to complete the development of a method
for the production of acrolein by the oxidation of propylene followed by
further conversion of the acrolein into glycerin and epichlorohydrin. One
must develop methods for the production of higher alcohols and alkyl sul-
fates, starting with the hydrogenation of oxidized light paraffins. A
method must be developed for the utilization of dimethyl ether, specifically
for the production of dimethyl sulfate.,
Among the important tasks which are to be accomplished is development
of synthetic procedures for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g.,
of p-xylene from nonaromatic raw material and of vinyl toluene from toluene
and acetylene). Methods must be developed for the utilization of furfural,
specifically for the production of tetrahydrofuran and plastics. Of poten-
tial interest for Eastern Siberia is the development of methods for the
production of organo-silicon and fluoroorganic compounds, as well as of
polymers derived from these compounds.
Developmental work on the following methods of production must be
organized at industrial enterprises of the Irkutsk Oblast': production of
aliphatic alcohols by the oxo.-synthesis and production of amines from the
resulting alcohols; production of sulfates by the sulfooxidation of paraf-
fins iresumably production of alcohols from hydrocarbons followed by
esterification and sulfuric acid]; polymerization of ethylene and propylene
at intermediate pressures; production of nit.roparaffins under pressure; pro-,
duction of glycerin from propylene over acrolein; production of vinyl aryl
ethers and their derivatives; and production of acetylene from hydrocarbon
gases.
Of importance also is research on the improvement of technological
processes being applied at present,.. This refers primarily to procedures
for the production of tetraethyl lead, hydrogen. peroxide, and a number of
other substances. Technical and economic investigations must be conducted
with the aim of determining the best methods for the synthesis of raw mate-
rials such as enant and polyurethanes?
From the standpoint of cost, th3 conversion of liquid hydrocarbons and
of natural gas into acetylene will prove of greater advantage then the pro-
duction of calcium carbide followed by its conversion into acetylene..
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It will be advantageous to consider the role that will be played by
oxygen in the development of the chemical industry of Eastern Siberia.
:curing the past 25 years, there have been alternate periods of increase
and reduction of interest towards the production of oxygen and its applica-
tions in metallurgy, power generation, and the chemical industry. This
changing attitude can be explained by the unfavorable economic conditions
which exist in the European USSR with respect to the production of oxygen.
Whether oxygen is produced in compressor equipment, turboexpansion equip-
ment, or some other machines or perhaps by chemical methods or methods
representing a combination of those mentioned above, a decisive factor will
be the amount of power that is required.
Exceptionally favorable conditions for the production of oxygen exist
in the Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk regions, as well as other regions of Eastern
Siberia where major hydroelectric and thermoelectric power stations that
are already in operations or will be constructed are capable of supplying
huge quantities of power at a very low cost. For this reason, it is certain
that oxygen and air enriched with oxygen will be applied extensively in the
chemical industry of Eastern Siberia. One may mention in connection with
this the development of the production of ammonia, nitric acid, sulfuric
acid, phosphorus, calcium carbide, and acetylene which has,been planned in
this area, as well as application of many oxidation processes such as the
combustion of fuels poor in carbon and rich in sulfur and the roasting
of pyrrhotites. All of these processes can be conducted more efficiently
with the use of oxygen. It is, therefore, important that work on the appli-
cations of oxygen in Eastern Siberia be expanded by every possible means.
One must remember that hydrogen is produced in addition to oxygen if elec-
trolysis of water is employed for the production of oxygen. Hydrogen also
ought to be applied extensively, mainly in reduction and hydrogenation re-
actions. The problem of oxygen production is of the greatest importance
from the standpoint of improvement of the efficiency of many industrial
processes applied in Eastern Siberia.
12. Rare-Earth Elements as Catalysts in, Organic Chemistry
"Rare-Earth Elements as Catalysts in Organic Chemistry; Oxides
of Cerium, Lanthanum, and Samarium," by A. A. Tolstopyatova
and A. A. Balandin, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academy
of Sciences USSR, Redkozemel'nyye Elementy-?Pol.ucheniye,
Analiz, Primenen e7'Rare-Earth Elements ?-- Production, Analy-
sis, and Applications), Moscow, Academy of Sciences USSR,
1958, 331 pp (pp 307-313)
Using cerium dioxide as a catalyst, the energies of activation of
dehydrogenation of alcohols (methyl, ethyl, and n-propyl alcohol), as
well as of cyclohexane, were determined and also the energy of activation
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of the dehydration of isopropyl alcohol. Using lanthanum oxide as a
catalyst, the energies of activation of the dehydrogenation and dehydra-
tion of isopropyl alcohol were determined. Using samarium oxide as a
catalyst, the energies of activation of the dehydrogenation and dehydra-
tion of ethyl and isopropyl alcohols were determined. It was established
that there are differences in the activation energies of the dehydrogena-
tion and dehydration of isopropyl alcohol, depending on whether Ce 02,
La.203, or Sm2 03 is used. There are also differences between the catalytic
action of cerium dioxide and that of samarium oxide as far as the decompo-
sition of ethyl alcohol is concerned. The energy of the bonds formed by
C, H, and 0 with cerium dioxide and also the corresponding adsorption poten-
tials were calculated. The results obtained confirm the correctness of
the method applied for determining the bond energies, which is based on
the multiplet theory.
Inorganic Chemistry
13. Formation of Ferrites With a Spinel Structure as a Result of the
Ageing of Metal Hydroxides
"Formation of Ferrites as a Result of the Ageing of Metal
Hydroxides," by V. P. Chalyy, Institute of General and In-
organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Kiev,
Ukrainskiy Khimicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 25, No 3, May/Jun 59,
pp 285-287
X-ray structural phase analysis proved that when two-component mix-
tures of metal hydroxides have been aged under water at room temperature,
there is interaction of the hydroxides with formation of chemical com-
pounds of the spinel structure (ferrites). The velocity of the reaction
by which ferrites of the composition McFe20j are formed is greatest when
two isomporphous metal hydroxides have been coprecipitated, the pHs of
the precipitation of which are close to each other and one of the hydroxides
is dehydrated easily (e.g., zinc hydroxide). It has been established that
there is formation of the ferrites of magnesium, nickel, and zinc under
the conditions studied and no formation of the ferrites of copper and cad-
mium. Investigation of precipitated ferrites of zinc and nickel showed
that as ageing progresses, the lattice dimensions of the ferrites gradually-
approach those of samples synthesized by the authors by heating the material
at 9000 for 9 hours (cf V. P. Chalyy and S. P. Rozhenko, Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 108, 1956, p 875). This indicates 'that there is gradual
elimination of water from the lattice during the ageing.
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Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
1)!.. USSR Work in the Field of Rare-Earth Elements
"Applications of Rare-Earth Elements," by A. P. Vinogradov,
Redkozemel'nyye Elemmenty-Polucheniye, Analiz, Primeneniye
are-EarthElements -- Production, Analysis, and Applica-
tions), Moscow, Academy of Sciences USSR, 1958, 331 pages
app 5-.8)
The development of nuclear energy technology had a great influence
on the investigation of the individual rare-earth elements. Methods for
their production and ways of utilizing them were investigated from this
standpoint. Nuclear technology required new materials with definite
properties making them suitable for applications in this field; a search
for such materials was made among the 15 little-investigated rare-earth
elements. In connection with work in the nuclear energy field, it was
necessary to investigate all fission fragments formed in nuclear fuel.
These fragments consist to a considerable extent of radioactive rare-earth
elements. The availability of radioactive rare-earth elements which could
be used as tracers facilitated work on the separation and isolation of
pure individual rare-earth elements. The control of the industrial pro-
duction of rare-earth elements also became easier because of the avail-
ability of radioisotopes. The properties of actinides could not have
been studied without a knowledge of their analogs, i.e., rare-earth ele-
ments. Development of methods for the separation of isotopes demonstrated
that separation of rare-earth elements is no longer a difficult problem.
New methods for the control of the purity of individual rare-earth elements
became available, e.g., those of radioactive analysis.
To summarize, increased interest was evinced by physicists, radiochem-
ists, and other investigators towards the specific properties of individual
rare-earth elements and individual isotopes of these elements in connection
with nuclear energy developments. One may expect that other a:- and 113 -
active isotopes will be discovered among rare-earth elements, in addition
to the already known CC.-active Sm. The paramagnetic properties of the
isotopes of Gd have not yet been investigated sufficiently or utilized to
any extent. The chemistry of Pm isotopes is in its very beginnings. It
is possible that radioactive isotopes besides Tul7O will prove useful for
medical applications.
From the geochemical standpoint, the problem of the formation of
naturally-occurring rare-earth elements is of great interest. It is, at
present, possible to investigate experimentally the nuclear mechanism of
the formation of rare-earth elements by fission, scission, the synthesis of
complex heavy nuclei, etc.
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In reviewing progress made during the past 2-3 years, one may state
that application of the methods of ion-exchange chromatography and of
extraction contributed to advances made in the separation of radioactive
splinter fractions consisting of rare-earth elements and the separation
of rare-earth elements in general. These methods proved to be superior to
those of fractional crystallization and fractional precipitation. In the
field of ion-exchange chromatography, one may note the use of cation-exchange
resins in the form of their copper or iron salts and also in other.special
forms. By using copper, iron, and other complex-splitting and adsorption-
inhibiting cations, the efficiency of the separation could be increased
considerably.
Another interesting development in the field of ion-exchange chroma-
tography is the extensive application of complex-formers, including
sequestering agents ("complexons") and organic acids such as lactic acid.
Furthermore, special ion-exchange resins were developed.
Extraction procedures for the separation of mixtures of rare-earth
elements are based on extraction from aqueous solutions of rare-earth
complexes of different degrees of stability., Organic solvents such as
tributyl phosphate and trifluoroacetone are used for the extraction.
Progress has been made in utilizing changes in the valency of rare-earth
elements for the purpose of extraction. Progress has also been made in
the old methods of fractional crystallization and fractional precipitation.
Improved methods of separation and production led to new applications
of rare-earth elements. Some examples are the application of radioactive
thulium in portable X-ray equipment for medical purposes and in a soft-
radiation defectoscope; addition of cerium to obtain cast iron which is
less brittle and to produce types of glass which do not become opaque under
the effect of nuclear radiation; and diverse uses of rare-earth elements
in metallurgy, glass-making, electronics, and the production of phosphors
and luminescent compositions.
The following remarks can be made in regard to work on rare-earth ele-
ments in the USSR:
Originally, the inadequate organization of the industrial production
of individual rare-earth elements interfered with research in this field.
There are many deposits of rare-earth element ores in the USSR. These
deposits are well-known. Notwithstanding the availability of raw material
rich in elements of the yttrium group, production specialists regarded as
advisable the extraction of elements of this group from raw materials such
as monazite, which contain all rare-earth elements. This problem requires
careful consideration.
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As far as chemical methods of separation are concerned, crystalliza-
tion in the presence of complex-forming agents was developed successfully
at the State Institute of Rare Metals. Procedures for separation by ion-
exchange chromatography are being developed successfully at Moscow State
University, the Physico-Chemical Institute imeni Karpov, etc.
Work on both continuous and seinicontinuous methods is being done.
Extraction methods were used for purposes of control, but work on
this subject has not progressed further than that. Chemical and spectro-
metric methods were proposed for purposes of control on the basis of work
done at Leningrad State University. One may note in passing that very
little attention was paid to the investigation of the properties of rare-
earth elements and their compounds and still less to the development of
industrial applications of rare-earth elements. As far as this is con-
cerned, some improvement followed research on semiconductors done at the
Physico-Technical Institute at Leningrad, the Institute of Semiconductors,
the Institute of Silicates (Silicate Chemistry), etc.
One must finally mention work that has been done at the Institute of
Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry. As far as work on chemical methods
conducted at this institute is concerned, research on complex compounds of
rare elements with the purpose of developing technological and analytical
methods was continued (a specific instance is clarification of the mechanism
of separation into groups by means of carbonates of alkali metals). As far
as utilization of changes in valency is concerned, work has been done on
the mechanism of and the role played by complex-formation'in processes of
the electrolytic reduction of samarium, europium, and ytterbium. In the
field of ion-exchange chromatography, the chromatographic separation of
rare-earth elements by means of different USSR ion-exchange resins was
investigated. The problem in regard to the separation of mixtures of rare-
earth elements by means of complex-forming agents of different concentra-
tions was subjected to study. Work was initiated on the separation by
extraction and equipment to be used for this purpose. In the field of
analysis, X-ray spectrographic methods have been developed and introduced
into industrial application. New X-ray spectrographs were designed. Work
has been done on the radio-activation determination of rare-earth elements
present together in the same mixture, specifically on applications of this
method with the use of a '6 - spectrometer. On the basis of a collation
of work done at this institute, a scheme for the production of concentrates
and pure derivatives of individual rare-earth elements ?ias proposed.
In conclusion, one may say that adequate raw material for the produc-
tion of rare-earth elements is available in the USSR. Furthermore, raw
material containing raw earths will be available in quantities amounting
to hundreds and thousands of tons in the 'form of by-products and wastes
resulting from different types of production. Methods for separation,
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purification, and production control are available in the USSR. Thus,
all prerequisities exist for the development of an advanced rare-earth
elements industry. Under the circumstances, a persistent effort must
be made to develop this type of production as rapidly as possible. With
this end in view, research on the physico-chemical properties of individual
rare-earth elements and their compounds must be expanded; work in this
field is still inadequate. Ultrapure rare-earth metals are not available
as yet. Furthermore, research on the applications of rare-earth elements
and rare compounds is lagging; this is a shortcoming which delays develop-
ment of the rare-earth industry.
The principal tasks which must be accomplished are development of new
fields for the application of individual rare-earth elements and discovery
of new properties of ultrapure elements of this class. This will be pos-
sible only when the production of derivatives of ultrapure rare-earth ele-
ments has been organized.
[SIR Note: This is a summary of the introductory address given by
A. P. Vinogradov at the Conference on the Production) Analysis, and
Applications of Rare-Earth Elements, held on 4-6 June 1956 at the Insti-
tute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry (Moscow), Academy of Sciences,
USSR.]
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15. Relationships Pertaining to Transfer of laboratory Results on
Chromatogra
Scale Plant Operation
"Chromatographic Separation of Mixtures of Rare-Elements on
an Enlarged Scale," by M. M. Senyavin and F. D. Iozefovich,
Redkozemel'nwe Elementy-Poluchenive, Analiz, Primenenive
(Rare-Earth Elements -- Production, Analysis, and Applica-
tions), Moscow, Academy of Sciences USSR, 1958, 331 pages
(pp 91-99)
Work conducted at the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical
Chemistry is described. Complex-forming agents, including citric,
tartaric, and acetic acids, ammonium carbonate, etc., were applied in
this work. It was established that the USSR cation-exchange resin
KU-2 gives the best results as far as chromatographic separation of
mixtures of rare-earth elements is concerned. The scale of the ex-
periments ranged from laboratory separations to separations on a
pilot-plant and enlarged plant scale.
It was established that a necessary condition in the transfer
from small laboratory columns to large power plant columns is preserva-
tion of the magnitude of the relative charge, i.e., of the ratio of
the weight of the mixture being separated to the weight of the adsorbent.
The decisive factor in chromatographic processes is not the linear
velocity, but the volume velocity; one may increase, in accordance with
this, the velocity of flow of the solution when the process is trans-
ferred from. a small-scale laboratory column to a full-scale plant column.
In all cases, it is preferable to use columns with a high ratio of the
height to the diameter (however, this ratio should not be greater than
50).
The principal cost item in the chromatographic production of pure
substances is labor. For this reason, it is advisable to carry out
chromatographic separations on a large scale with a large number of
columnr; and use automation to the greatest possible extent.
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16. Separation of Rare-Earth Elements by the Method of Counter-Current,..
.Chromatography
"Separation of Rare-Earth Elements by the Method of Counter-
Current Chromatography," by Ye. T.'Cherneva,' N. N. Tunitskiy,
and V. V. Nekrasov, Physico-Chemical Institute imeni L. Ya,
Karpov, Academy of Sciences USSR, Redkozemel'nyye Elementy-
Polucheniye, Analiz, Premeneniye (Rare-Earth Elements --
Production, Analysi~i, and Applications), Moscow, Academy of
Sciences USSR, 1958, 331 pages (pp 129-137)
Experimental work on the counter-current chromatographic separa-
tion of rare-earth elements is described. Information is given on the
design of the equipment used. The theoretical aspects of the process
are discussed. In the process of counter-current chromatographic sep-
aration, the solution containing the ions being separated and grains
of the ion-exchange resin move counter-currently to each other (cf N. K.
Hiester, A.E.C. Technical Report I. No coo-41 (rev) 1951; II, No C00-59,
1952; Industrial and Engineering- Chemistry, Vol 45, No 11, Nov 53,
p 2402
Results obtained in the separation of didymium and of rare-earth
elements of the yttrium subgroup are reported. The repults of experi-
ments on the separation of didymium are compared with theoretical values.
The height of the column and the number of theoretical plates are cal-
culated for the cases of inner diffusion and outer diffusion kinetics.
(In the outer diffusion process, the velocity of exchange is limited by
the diffusion of ions through the film of liquid which surrounds the
.grains of the adsorbent; in the inner diffusion process, the diffusion
of ions within the grains of the adsorbent constitutes the limiting
factor).
17, Electrochemical Methods for the Production of Ytterbium
"Cimparative Evaluation of Electrochemical Methods for the
Production of Ytterbium," by S. I. Sklyarenko, I. E. Krauze,
and V. A. Morozova, Redkozemel'nyye Elementy-Polucheniye,
Analiz, Primeneniye Rare-Earth Elements -- Production,
Analysis, and Applications), Moscow, Academy of Sciences
USSR, 1958, 331 pages (pp 143-150)
The purpose of the investigation described was development of the
most efficient method of separating ytterbium from rare-earth concentrates
obtained in connection with the conversion of USSR ores and to make
sure that ytterbium and its derivatives are produced in the pure state.
Two electrolytic methods for the separation of ytterbium (electrolysis
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of aqueous solutions of ytterbium salts in the presence of SO ions and
electrolytic reduction of ytterbium from acetate-citrate solutions at a
mercury cathode were compared with the method of reducing ytterbium in
acetate solutions with sodium amalgam.
On the basis of the results obtained in the separation of ytterbium
from solutions containing mixtures of rare-earth elements, the following
conclusions were made:
1. Electrolysis of sulfate solutions makes it possible to separate
with facility the main quantity of ytterbium contained in the solution
representing the initial concentrate; this method is rapid and cheap
enough. Among the principal shortcomings of this method is the im-
possibility of separating all the ytterbium present and the relatively
low yield due to considerable losses by reversion of the process.
2. Similar to the method of electrolysis of sulfate solutions,
electrolysis of acetate-citrate solutions makes it possible to obtain
spectrally pure ytterbium. The shortcomings of this method comprise
the high cost due to the high price of potassium citrate, the diffi-
culty of separating the rare-earth elements quantitatively from the
mother liquid, and the impossibility of separating all the ytterbium
present.
3. Reduction with sodium amalgam of the ytterbium contained in
acetate solutions is the only method which makes it possible to separate
the total quantity of ytterbium present in a mixture of rare-earth
elements. To achieve complete separat??.on, small quantities of iron or
samarium salts must be added to the solution.. The method is cheap and
rapid. By using this method, one can obtain, In addition to spectrally
pure ytterbium, spectrally pure thulium and lu.tecii.un. One of the short-
comings of the method is the difficulty of designing suitable equipment
in which the separation is to be carried out.
lg. An X-ray Spectroscopic Method for Control of Industrial Production
of Individual Rare-Earth elements
"Application of X-ray Spectroscopic Analysis for the Control
of the Industrial Process of Producing Individual Rare-Earth
Elements," by E. Ye. Vaynshteyn, I. F. Shtauberg, and A. T.
Mosal'skiy, Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry
imeni V. I. Vernadskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR, Redkozeinel'-
niye Elementy-Polucheniye, Analiz, Premeneniye (Rare-Earth
Elements -- Production Analysis, and Applications), Moscow,
Academy of Sciences USSR, 1958, 331 pages (pp 217-238)
The methods, equipment, and auxiliary appliances are described
which were used and developed by the authors in connection with appli-
cation of the X-ray spectroscopic method of uialysis for the control of
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industrial production of' individual rare earth elements. Improvements
in the technique of conducting analyses by this method made it possible
to speed up control considerably and to carry out simultaneously quan-
titative'determination of all 15 rare-earth elements in mixtures by the
method. of interpolation using standards. A precision of 15-20% (rela-
tive) is attained when the procedures described are applied.
19. S2ectrochemical Determination of Gadolinium, Europium, and Samarium
in Beryllium
"Spectrochemical Determination of Gd, Eu, and Sm in
Nuclear Materials; Part 1 -- The Principle of the Method
and Its Application in the Analysis of Beryllium," by
A. N. Zaydel', N. I. Kaiiteyevskiy, and A. N. Razumov-
skiy, Scientific Research Physics Institute, Leningrad
State University, Redkozemel?nwe Elementy -- Polucheniye,
Analiz, Primeneniy'e, (Rare-Earth Elements -- Production,
Analysis, and Applications), Moscow, Academy of Sciences
USSR, 1958, 331 pp (pp 239-250)
Methods for the concentration of rare-earth elements from Be and
a procedure for the spectrographic analysis of the concentrates which
has been developed by the authors are described in detail. Application
of the method in question for the analysis of the gadolinium, europium,
and samarium content in beryllium is described.
20. Determination of Gadolinium Europium, and Samarium in Thorium
and Uranium
"Spectrochemical Determination of Gd, Eu, and Sm in Nuclear
Materials; Part 2 -- Analysis of Thorium and Uranium," by
A. N. Zaydel', N. I. Kaliteyedskiy, A. N. Razumovskiy, and
P. P. Yakimova, Scientific Research Physics Institute,
Leningrad State University, Redkozemel'n We Elementy-
Polucheniye, Analiz, Primeneniye (Rare-Earth Elements --
Production, Analysis, and Applications), Moscow, Academy of
Sciences USSR, 1958, 331 pp (pp 251-257)
Procedures for the separation and concentration of rare-earth
elements from thorium and uranium are described, as well as the
results obtained by the application of the authors' method of spec-
trographic analysis to determine gadolinium, europium, and*"&amariun.
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210 S2ectrochemical Determination of Gadolinium in Zirconium and
Bismuth
"Spectrochemical Determination of Gd, Eu, and Sm in Nuclear
Materials; Part 3 -- Analysis of Zirconium and Bismuth for
Gadolinium," by A. N. Zaydel? and A. A. Lipovskiy, Pbysico-
Chemical :Institute, Leningrad State University, Redkozemel?-
rn r+ e E1eanenl;y_Po'lucheniye, Analiz, P.rireneniye (Rare-Earth
Elements -- Production, Analysis, and Applications), Moscow,
Academy of Sciences USSR, 1958., 331 pp d.pp 258-265)
Methods for the separation of rare-earth elements from zirconium
and bismuth are described, as well as the determination of gadolinium in
these elements by the spectrographic method developed by the authors,
It is pointed out that bismuth can be used as a reactor coolant; for
that reason, it is important to develop a method for the determination
of the content in it of rare-earth elements with high cross-section of
thermal neutron capture,
Organic Chemistry
22, Arbuzov Reaction of C-phosphintyl-R, P-.diaryloxyisophosphaoaoy s
"C-phosphinyi-P, P- diaryloxyisophosphazoaroyls," by G. 1.
Derkach and A. V. Kirsanov, Institute of Organic Chemistry
of the Academy of Sciences UkSSR; Leningrad, Zhurnal Obsbwhey
Khiniii, Vol 29, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1815-1818
C-chloro-P, P-diaryloxyisophosphazoacyls of the type ArCC1 = NPO
(OAr') are chlorides of iminocarboxylic acids, i.e., analogs of the
acid chlorides of carboxylic acids. The authors were interested in
learning whether this analogy would hold for the Arbuzov reaction, i,e,9
whether C-chloro P. P-diaryloxyisophosphazoacyls would react with
esters of phosphorous acid analogously to acid chlorides of carboxylic
acids, which yield esters of alpha -ketophosphini c acids upon reacting
with phosphorous acid esters.
The experiments did show that C-chloro-P, P-diaryloxyisophosphazocyls
very readily enter into Arbuzov reaction; even at -1500, with the evolu-
tion of a great quantity of heat and the formation of the corresponding
C-phosphinyi-P, P-.diaryloxyisophosphazoaroyls (phosphinyi, is a radical.
of the structure H2P0-), according to the over-all equations
ArC=NPO(0Ar')2 + P
,OA1k) RR' --y AlkC1 4 ArC = i,rPO (OAr? )2
1
? OPRRe
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The reaction take.,; place! criut;l].y easily with tziethylphosphite
and the methyl any! et'.!;i:I, r;;tc.rr; ai' ,~l;rnylpho,phinous and diphenyl-
phosphinou:; ,
Nine C-phosphinyl-P, P-diaryloxyisophosphazoaroyls were prepared.
The analytical. data, appearance; solubilities, melting points, and
other prop(:rties are listed .n a table.
23. Synthesis and Study of I)erlvatives of m- and p-Benzenedi.sulfonic
Acids '-^..
"Derivatives of m- and p-Benzenedisulfonic Acids," by A.
V. Kirsanov and N. A. Kirsanoxa, Institute of organic
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences UkSSR; Leningrad, Zhurnal
Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 6, dun 59, pp 1802-1813
Although benzenedisulfonic acids have been known for over 80 years,
many of their simplest derivatives have not been obtained up to now.
Not one phosphorus-containing derivative of these acids has been obtained,
although such compounds are of interest, not only as new substances, but
also as possible insecticides. These derivatives may also be valuable
initial materials for new types of high-molecular compounds.
The aim of this work was to prepare several simple derivatives of
m- and p-benzenedisulfonic acids and m, m'-diphenylsulfonedisulfonic
acid and to study their properties.
The methyl and ethyl esters of m- and p-benzenedisulfonic acids and
of m, m'-diphenylsulfonedisulfonic acid were prepared. The methyl esters
of m- and p-benenedisulfonic acids were shown to occupy an intermediate
position between the methyl esters of arylsulfonic acids and the methyl
esters of nitroarylsulfonic acids, as far as their alkylating capacity
is concerned.
The monamide-monochloride of p-benzenedisulfonic acid and a number
of N-alkylated amides of m- and p-benzenedisulfonic acids were prepared.
The phosphazo-reaction was carried out with diamides of m- and p-
benzenedisulfonic acids. As a result, there were obtained the m- and
p-bistrichlorophosphazosulfonephenylenes. Acid tetrachlorides of w-
and p-phenylenebisulfoneamidophosphoric acids, m- and p-bistrialkoxy-
and bistriphenoxyphosphazosulfonephenylenes, and the tetra-esters of
m- and p-phenylenebis-sulfoneamidophosphoric acids were prepared from
t13*. Physical characteristics of the synthesized compounds are listed
in five tables.
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24, Reactions of PC15 With N-chloro-derivatives of Arylsulfonamides
"The Reactions of PC1 With the N-chloro-derivatives of
Arylsulfonamides," by'Ye. S. Levchenko and A. V. Kirsanov,
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences UkSSR;
Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 6, Jun 59,
pp 1813-14
The reactions of PC15 with the sodium salts of N-chloramides of
sulfonic acids and with the N,N-dichloramides of sulfonic acids proceed
almost quantitatively with the formation of trichlorophosphazosulfon-
earyls and free chlorine.
In the author's opinion, the formation of phosphazo- compounds is
greatly favored, but in a majority of cases) this preferential course of
the reaction is disguised by rearrangement of the P = N bond into the
still more favorable P = 0 bond,
25. Formation of Esters of Alkylamido hos honothioformic Acid
The Addition of Dialkylphosphorous Acids to Alkylisothio-
cyanate," by K. A. Petrov and A. A. Neymysheva; Leningrad,
Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1819-1821
Dialkylphosphites add readily to many substances which contain
multiple carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen, and carbon-oxygen bonds to
form a variety of organophosphorus compounds. According to the authors
this method of synthesizing organophosphorus compounds, first proposed
by Pudovik (A, N. Pudovik, Usp, Khimo, 23, 54+7 (1953)) has an advantage
over the Michaelis-Beeker and Arbuzov reactions and can be used with
success in synthetic practice.
In this work, the authors have added dialkylphosphites to alkyl-
isothiocyanates to form the esters of alkylamidophosphonoformic acid
(RO)2POH i- RNCS RONA_ RO'-C~ S
RO6 NSR
The-reaction takes place in the presence of sodium alcoholate
with the evolution of heat. Continuation of heating and the tempera-
ture conditions maintained during the reaction have a decisive effect
on the yield of the prepared product. The ester of alkylamidophos-
phonoformic acid was obtained in excellent yield after heating up to
1100 for 2-2,5 hours.
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26. Toxicity Data on Gamma-hexachiorocyclohexane Presented
"Experimental Data for the Determination of the Toxicity
of the Gamma-isomer of Hexachiorocyclohexane and Its
Standardization in Foods," by Ye. A. Antonovich, Vopr.
Pitaniya, 1958, 17, No 6, 54+-59 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal --
Khimiya, No 12, 25 Jun 59, Abstract No 43547 by L. Vollfson
The toxicity of technical 98% gamma-hexachiorocyclohexane (I) in
powder form and in oil solutions orally fed to warm-blooded animals was
studied. Cats and dogs appeared to be most sensitive to the action of
I. Single dose of I causes a toxic effect in these animals; the minimum
LD (Lethal Dose) for cats and young dogs is 25 mg/kg; and for mice and
rats, 50 na/kg. The LD50 for mice and rats amounts to 75 and 100 mg/kg,
respectively; the LD100 for mice amounted to 200 mg/kg, and for rats,
300 mg/kg, The loves t LD of I for cats in extended ("chronic") experi-
ments was found to be 4-5 mg/kg; a toxic effect occurred at 3 mg/kg,
but there was a threshold effect already at 2 mg/kg, The cumulative
action of I is less pronounced than that of other chloro-organic in-
secticides. I affects the nervous system, disturbs the functions of
the liver and kidney, and influences the immunobiological reactivity
and composition of the blood. Potatoes grown in soil treated with a
2.5% dust of I (100-200 kg/hectare) produce an insignificant change in
or anoleptic properties. The residual quantity of I in them was 2.3
mg/kg. The tolerance limit of I in foods should be ~< 2.5 mg/kg.
27. Polymerization of Hexafluoro-l.3-butadiene
"Polymerization of Hexafluoro-l.3-butadiene," by V. V.
Korshak, A. M. Polyakova, and M. D. Suchkova, Institute of
Organoelemental Compounds, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR-Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk,
No 6, Jun 59, pp 1111-1115
The polymerization of hexafluoro-1.3-butadiene under pressure and
in the presence of various initiators was investigated. Diethylper-
oxydicarbonate was found to be the most effective initiator for the
polymerization of this compound.
The dependence of the rate of polymerization on the nature of the
initiator, temperature, and pressure was shown. The thermomechanical
properties of the obtained polymers were determined and are described
in the text.
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28. Synthesis of Esters of Phosphoric and Thiophosphoric Acids Contain-
ing Heterocyclic Radicals
"Esters of Phosphoric and Thiophosphoric Acids Containing
Heterocyclic Radicals. Report 2. Alkylation of Several
Heterocyclic Compounds With Derivatives of Phosphoric and
Thiophosphoric Acids," by B. A. Arbuzov and V. M. Zoroastrova,
Chemical Institute imeni A. M. Butlerov, Kazan State Univer-
sity imeni V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii
Nauk SSSR-Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, Nob, Jun 59,
pp 1037-1010
The purpose of this work was to obtain compounds containing the
thiazine, the benzoxazole and the benzothiazole groups and to study
their biological properties.
The action of the acid chloride of dialkylphosphoric acid on the
potassium salts of 1+,6,6-trimethyl-6H-1,3-thiazine-2-thiol, 2-mercapto-
benzoxazole, and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole yielded products alkylated in
the thiol group instead of the esters of phosphoric acid expected by
the authors.
The thiol alkylation products are also obtained in good yield by
the action of trialkylphosphites on the disulfides of the above-
mentioned heterocyclics.
The preparation and physical characteristics of the newly synthesized
compounds are described in the text.
29. New Class of Organoboron Compounds
"Derivatives of 1,5-diborocyclo-octane," by B. M. Mikhaylov
and F. B.Tutorskaya, Institute of Organic Chemistry imeni
N. D. Zelenskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR-Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh NaukZ No 6,
Jun 59, pp 1127-30
Triallylboron reacts with triisobutylboron with the formation of a
polymeric product. Alcohols react with the polymer to form 1,5-dialkoxy-
1, 5-diborocyclo-octanes, PC15 reacts with 1,5-dibutoxy-l,5-dicorocyclo-
octane to yield 1,5-dichloro-1,5-diborocyclo-octane. This compound
reacts with ethylamine with the formation of l,5-di-(ethylamino)-1,5-
diborocyclo-octane,
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The detailed syntheses and physical characteristics of the above-
mentioned compounds are described in the text.
Compounds of the 1,5-diborocyclo-octane series represent a new
class of organoboron compounds.
30. Trialkylorthovanadates Synthesized
"Trialkylorthovanadates," by N. F. Orlov and M. G. Voronkov,
Institute of the Chemistry of Silicates, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moncow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR-Otdeleniye Khimi-
cheskikh Nauk, No 5,MaY 59, pp 933-93
Six isomeric butyl and amyl esters of orthovanadic acid were syn-
thesized and are described. These esters were formed as a result of the
reaction of vanadium pentoxide with alcohols realized under conditions
of continuous azeotropic distillation of the water formed during the
interaction.
The authors note that by reacting V205 with triorganosilanols under
analogous conditions, the corresponding organosilicon esters -- trig
(triorganosilyl)orthovanadates -- are formed.
31. Chinese Conduct Condensation of Methoxy-acetophenones in Process
of Aureomycin Synthesis
"Stobbe Condensation of 2-Chloro-5-methoxy-acetop enon and
of 3-Methoxy-acetophenone," by Huang Yao-tseng' ar 4 )
Ni Ta-nan and Tang Ju-,dung ( ?~ 4a ?-),
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academia Sinica; Peiping,
K'o-hsueh Tung-pao (Scientia), No 13, 11 Jul 59, pp 428-429
The sequence of reactions involved and the intermediate products
obtained in the Stobbe condensation of 2-chloro-5-methoxy-acetophenone
(I) and of 3-methoxy-acetophenone are described in the main part of
this article. The work reportedly was completed in May 1958.
According to the authors, the Stobbe condensation of (I) is the
initial step in their proposed route for the synthesis of aureomycin
and anhydro-aureomycin. This route they outline as follows:
The cyclization of the condensation product (II)-is expected to
give a beta-naphthyl formic acid ddrivative which would be reduced to
the aldehyde (III). Another Stobbe condensation reaction, followed by
hydrogenation and cyclization is expected to yield (IV). Subsequently,
the synthesis of an A ring would yield des-dimethylamino-deshydroxyl
anhydro-aureomycin (V).
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As for the synthesis of aureomycin, the authors propose first to
subject (II) to "internal esterification and then to ring cleavage" in
order to obtain the alkoxy acid (VI). Finally, by following the above-
mentioned steps, they expect to get aureomycin.
CH3
1
C
- ---~--5 .r -`,~r- ' r cfio
H
COOH
OCH3
CONS2
cZ
CH30
(VI).
26
OCH3 OR
(V)
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CPYRGHT
[SIR Note: The authors' references consist of earlier papers on
research related to tetracyclines, by Huang Yao-tseng et al, which
were published with English summaries in 1958 issues of the Peiping
Hua-hsueh Hsueh-pao (Acta Chimca Sinica). Titles include the follow-
ing:
"Experiments on the Synthesis of Substances Related to Tetracyclines
I. Synthesis-of 9-Hydroxydecalin-.1,3-Dione
II. Synthesis of 2,4,6,-Trihydroxy-5-Keto-5,12-Dihydronaphthacene
III. Synthesis of 1,4,4a,5,12,12a-Hexahydro-6-Hydroxy-l1-Methyl-
5,l2-Diketonaphthacene
IV. Preparation of 4-Methyl-3-Methoxynaphthol-[L] and 1,8-Dimethoxy-
4-methyl-naphthoic Acid-[2], Two Useful Intermediates for
Deadimethylaminotetrarubein Synthesis
V. Synthesis of 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-Carboxyphthalic Anhydride"
No II and III were presented at the August 1956 meeting of the
Chinese Chemical Society. No V was received for publication in
September 1957.3
Physical Chemistry
32. Work at the Ural Polytechnic Institute on the Application of
Physical Methods in Chemical Research
"At the Phys ico -Technical Faculty of the Ural Polytechnic
Institute," by P. K.; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7,
No 1, Jul 59, pp 78-79
At the Physico-Technical Faculty of the Ural Polytechnic Institute
imeni S. M. Kirov (S. P. Raspopin, Dean), scientific research is being
conducted in different fields of physics.
At the chair headed by D. A. Borodayev, a betatron with an energy
of electrons amounting to 15 Mev was started in December 1958. Work on
the effects of radiation on the living organism and investigation of new
drugs is planned at this chair. Mice, rats, and rabbits will be used
in the work in question. Investigation of the properties of irradiated
semiconductors is also contemplated. The assembly of a cyclotron with
a rated energy of c -particles amounting to 27-Mev has been completed.
The availability of this cyclotron will contribute to the advancement
of work in radiobiology, radiation chemistry, solid state physics, in-
vestigation of nuclear reactions at intermediate energies, and neutron
dosimetry.
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The Chair of Theoretical Physics (Chief, Prof G. V. Skrotskiy),
jointly with the Chair of Organic Chemistry (Chief, Prof I. Ya.
Postovskiy),'is conducting research on the structure of organic
radicals by the method of electronic paramagnetic resonance. Attempts
are being made to correlate the reactivity of radicals with their
physical properties. Two installations are being assembled: for the
investigation of the superfine structure of the resonance lines of
organic radicals in the range of millimeter wave-lengths and for the
analysis of the isotope composition of substances by the method of
nuclear resonance. By using an EM-3 electron microscope, methods are
being developed for the investigation of the structure of ferrites,
research is being done on the formation and growth of crystals, and in-
vestigations are being conducted on the structure of films consisting
of copper sulfide, nickel sulfide, etc. A variant of the'Aig$ting
(aiming) method has been developed. Theoretical research is being con-
ducted on the width of lines of paramagnetic resonance and the proper-
ties of systems containing many interacting particles.
33. Intensities of Infrared Spectra of Methylhalides
Theory of the Intensities of Infrared Spectra of Methyl-
halides CH3C1, CH3Br, CH31, and their Deuterosubstitutes,"
by L. M. Sverdlov; Moscow, Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 6,
No 6, Jun 59, pp 729-744
The intensities of infrared bands and the electron-optical para-
meters were computed for methylhalide molecules CH3C1, CH Br., CH31,
and CD3J in the first approximation of the valency-optical scheme.
Good agreement between the computated and the observed intensities
was obtained. It has been shown that the negative dipole end L CH is
located on the C atom and the positive end on the H atom. Wit an
increase in the bond lengths of C-H and C-Z, the dipole moments decrease.
34. Hydrogen Bond in Mercaptans
"Spectroscopic Investigation of Hydrogen Bond in Mercapans,"
by M. 0. Bulanin, G. S. Denisov, and R. A. Pushkina; Moscow,
Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 6, No 6, Jun 59, pp 754+-759
Infrared absorption spectra of liquid C2H5SH and C H3SH and their
solutions in CC14 were investigated within the range of 2300 to 2700
cm-1. On the basis of frequency and intensity changes in the band of
valency oscillations of the SH group, the existence of a bond of the
S-H...S type in aliphatic mercaptans is concluded. The comparison of
spectra of solutions of C3H7SH in CHC13 and (C3H7)2S makes it'possible
to observe spectroscopic disturbances of the SH group in hydrogen and
sulfur. The spectra of solutions of C3H7SH in acetone, dioxane, and
triethylamine have been obtained.
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35. Influence of Ultraviolet Radiation on Phosphorescence
"Influence of the Ultraviolet Irradiation and Temperature on
the Luminescence of Phosphors CdI2-MnC12, CdI2-MnC12-PbI2,"
by G. P. Balin; Moscow, Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 6, No 6,
Jun 59, pp 760-763
The temperature quenching of phosphors with laminar structure of
the crystalline lattice, having as base CdI2 and as activators MnC12,
Pb12 at various concentrations, is analyzed. The darkening of phosphor
produced by ultraviolet irradiation of wavelength 365 mN and simultaneous
action of ultraviolet radiation and temperature is also studied. The
investigations and the results are applicable to the red band (675 mp ).
Radiation Chemistry
36. China's Reactor Used in Experimental Polymerization of Styrene
"Radiation Polymerization of Styrene in a Reactor by
Hu Wen h' eng 5% and Chang Shih-tse (
), Research Institute of the Ministry of Chemical
Indust .1 Peiping; Peiping, K'o-hsueh Tung-pao (Scientia),
No 13, 11 Jul 59, pp 427
This item reports the use of China's first reactor in the experi-
mental polymerization of styrene by irradiation in the absence, as
well as in the presence, of solvents. The polymers obtained by apply-
ing different combinations of neutron flux intensity and temperature
are subjected to comparative analysis.
It was found that the radiation polymer produced by a flux of 3.75
x 1015 neutrons/cm2 and within a temperature range of 30-50 degrees
centigrade was the best. Its molecular weight after irradiation at 30
degrees centigrade was 1.34 x 105, which, according to the authors, is
about one order of magnitude higher than that of styrene polymers ob-
tained by chemical means. Its softening point was 120 degree centigrade,
30-40 degrees higher than that of the chemical polymer obtained under
corresponding conditions.
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The authors state that Nikitina and Bagdasar'yan, Shapiro, and
Medvedev, each working independently of the others, found that a
solvent such as carbon tetrachloride or acetone had a favorable effect
on the radiation polymerization of styrene. However, on the basis of
their own experimental results, the authors conclude that when irradia-
tion is carried out in a reactor, a solvent is not necessary to produce
styrene polymers of high purity and quality.
[For additional information on radiation chemistry, see also under
analytical chemistry.]
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III. ELECTRONICS
Automation and Computers
37. Pneumatic Analog Computer
"Pneumatic Analog Computer," by N. D. Lanin; Moscow, Priboros-
troyeniye, No 7, Jul 59, Pp 3-6
The Central Scientific Research Institute of Complex Automation
(TsNIIICA) has developed a pneumatic analog computer, designated PVM-l,
for solution of linear differential.-equations with constant factors, as
well as simulation of systems of automatic controls, for both actual
time scale and for modified time scale. The adder-accumulator and inte-
grator are the basic elements of the computer. A pressure of 0.5 atm
is taken as the zero level, so that a pressure above this figure repre-
sents a positive value. Pneumatic oscilloscopes or oscillographs can
be connected to the output of the computer for visual observation of the
examined process.
A 'third order differential equation was solved on this analog com-
puter with an accuracy of 2.5%. The PVM-1 analog computer is simple in
construction and reliable in operation; it can be applied to problems of
automatic control of a wide variety of industrial processes.
38. New Computer Mentioned
"New High-Speed Automatic Computer," (unsigned article); Mos-
cow, Priroda, No 7, Jul 59, p 107
A universal electronic computer has been produced by Soviet scientists
which surpasses all existing Russian and foreign series computers by its
high speed. The efficiency of the logical structure, development of the
system of operating and exterior units, and the high degree of reliability
of performance make possible solution of the overwhelming majority of the
contemporary complicated problems encountered in science and technology.
The development of the computer was performed at the level of contempor-
ary achievements of electronics and opens a significant perspective in the
further development of computers and control machines. The chief designer
of this new computer was Academician S. A. Lebedev. The state commission,
under the chairmanship of Academician M. V. Keldysh, recently subjected
a research model to a technical trial and analysis and recommended it
be applied to series production.
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Indicating the enormity or the task, the presidium of the Academy
of Sciences of the USSR expressed gratitude and sent dispatches of re-
ward to the scientific workers, designers, and engineers of the Insti-
tute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering of the Academy of
Sciences, USSR, the Scientific Research Institute of Electronic Computers
of the State Committee on Radioelectronics of the Council of Ministers
of the USSR, and the Moscow S (computing machines) Plant (Moskovskiy
Zavod schetno--analiticheskikh mashin).
39. Circuit Analog for the Product of Multidimensional Vectors
"Concerning One More Circuit-Analog of the Scalar Product of
Manydimensional Vectors," by G. Ye. Pukhov; Novocherkassk,
Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Elektromekhanika,
No 5, may 1959, pp 12-13
In the earlier published work of the author, "Electric Circuit-Analog
of the Scalar Product of Many-Dimensional Vectors," IVUZ, Ellektromekhanika,
No 1, 1959, an electric circuit-analog of the expression
ax+. . . a x = b
1 1 n
was considered, in which the quantities xl . . . , xn and b were represented
by voltages and al, . . . , an by the conductivities of two n-ray stars.
It is proved that a still simpler electric circuit consisting of
parallelly connected circuit dividers may be employed as a circuit-analog
of (1).
O. Problems of Hydromechanics Solved on Analog Computer
"Application of Electronic Analog Computers to the Solution of
Several Problems of Hydromechanics," by L. P. Feldman; Novo-
cherkassk, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Elektro-
mekhanika, No 5, May 59, pp 3-11
The author recalls the well-known relation between the movement of a
compressible fluid in pipes and the propagation of an electric current along
a long line with the distributed parameters capacity, self-inductance, and
ohm resistance. The differential equations of a one-dimensional flow of
a compressible fluid have the form
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av ::"v
,
o:.e.s Tr?ASR, is described, in which it was established that
cerium t;:iasses exhib .t a high stability toward /3--radiation (i.e.) these
glasses do not darken under tiie effect of. /9 -radiation) . Such glasses can
be used as covers for different -emitters, specifically phosphors with
a permanent action.. Ordinary glass or quartz glass containing cerium is
sensitive to ultre,vio et light, emitting blue luminescence on exposure to
ultraviolet radiation. Since the lumi.nescenee emitted by Ce-'activated
glasses has a continuous spectrum, such glasses are superior to uranium-
activated glass (which emits lumine,scenEe with a band. spectrum) for quanti-
tative spectrophoton..etry in the ultraviolet region. Glasses of this type
are also used for vi,=.,ua1 observation of ultraviolet radiation.
Patents
47. Recent Soviet Patent: in the Field of Electronics
"Class 2. Electrical Engineering," (unsign(-d Particle); Mos-
cow, Byzlleten' l:.ohretei:?i
e-aminopentanol-5 (II); b -- (II) + HB.r >hydrobromide of 2-amino-5-
bromopentane (III); c -- (III) -I- 6-methoxy-8-aminoquinoline > 6-methoxy-
8-(4 -aminopentyl)-aminoquinoline (IV); d ?-- (IV) >(I); (I) is filtered,
Approved or g ~ea~f /9foe dCyk-F~opev0?1 4"PR fb10ft 0?j ~6%."
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YY siology
72. Analysis of Sound-Induced Shock-Pramorrhagicn,dtome
"Physiological Analysis of the Shock-Hemorrhagic Condition,"
by A. P. Steshenko; Moscow, _Na_uchnyye Dokladsshey Shkoly,
Biologicheskiye Nauki, No 1, 1959., pp 74-79
The purpose of this research was: (1) To study the initial develop-
ment of the symptoms of shock-hemorrhagic condition after the onset of the
initial irritation caused by sound stimulation and to establish the extent
to which this condition depends on the intensity of the reactions of an
animal. (2) To explain how the initial symptoms of a shock-hemorrhagic
condition are changed by the effect of factors which increase or decrease
the death rate of the animals (thyroidin and carbon dioxide).
Tests were conducted on four groups of rats: normal, hyperthyroidized,
normal animals kept in ay atmosphere containing 0.5% CO.2,and hyperthy-
roidized animals kept in an atmosphere containing 8.5% CO2* Results are
CPYRGHT presented in four tables, and the author draws the following conclusions :
"As 'a result of the transitory effect of sound ir'.?itation (1.5
2 min), the hyperthyroidized rats, as compared with, control animals,
showed a significantly greater decrease in.blood pressure and body tempera-
ture and an increase in the blood hemoglobin content.
"These changes were especially sti,or gly exp:-?essed, in those cases in
which spasmodic fits appeared in the animals in response to the sound ir?.
ritation, and were somewhat weaker if the izTltation produced only motor
excitation.
"Changes which are characteristi,-, . of the s'to::k condition are more
weakly expressed in animals siibje. ted to the effect of so-and irritation
in an atmosphere with a higher C02? content. This effect of carbon dioxide
is due, evidently., to the decreased excitability of the central nervous
system."
73. Adrenal Cortex Affected by Sleenduc:in Pry; gs
"Effect of Sleep-Inducing Drugs on the T';nct.on of the Adrenal
Cortex,," by K. Kryge and ICh. I .ns on, Cba:3 r of the Faculty of
Therapy, Tartu State University; Moscow, Px?oble r Emd.c-krinolo ii
i Gormonoterapii, No 3., May/Tux 59., pp 39.
A single dose of 0.5--1.0 gram of pentothal give:i to patients under
treatment in the therapeutic section of the 'Iart;ua. clinical hospital
produced a considerable intensification in t^.e of the adrenal
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cortex. This is the conclusion reached by the authors of this article.
They state that an increase in the excretion of 17-ketosteroids was noted
in 18 of 33 patients. This increase in -the excretion of 17-ketosteroids
ranged between 25% and 222% above normal level the average increase was
109%). An increase in corticosterbid excretion was observed in 12 of 17
patients who were given pentothal by mouth. This increase ranged between
38% and 200% (an average increase of 81%).
The fact that no increase in the secretion of the adrenal cortex hor-
mones was noted in some of the patients following the administration of a
sleep-.inducing drug was probably due to the functional peculiarities of
their central nervous system, as well as to the delay in hormonal reaction
caused by the inertness of the system.
The desensitizing effect of sleep-inducing drugs (and of some other
causes which affect the inhibition of the central nervous system) is pos-
sibly connected, to a greater or lesser extent, with the activation of
the diencephalo-hypophyseal-.adrenal system when the cerebral cortex is
inhibited.
74. Bulgarians Study Effects of Vitamin PP onH_L _.er Nervous Activity
"The Effect of. Vitamin PP on Higher Nervous Activity," by N. A.
Nikolov, C'vrem. Med. (Contemporary Medicine), No 7; 57, pp 8..
CPYRGHT 15 (from Meditsinskiy ReferatiyZhurnal., No 5, YBy 59, p 56)
"It was established that vitamin PP in small doses (3 mg/kg) increases
the strength of the excitatory process in .the cerebral cortex, and with
repeated application to animals in a state of hypnotic inhibition, vitamin
PP eliminates this inhibition. Repeated administration of large doses of
vitamin PP considerably decreases the excitation of the cortex. Le experi-
ments showed that vitamin PP is hig:.ly significant for toning the cerebral
cortex."
Public Health, - end and Sanitation
CPYRGHT
75. Preservation of R. burneti on Various Objects
"The Problem of the Preserveability of. Rickettsia burneti on
Environmental Objects; " by V. F. Ignatovvich, Institute of
Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni Gamaleya; Moscow, Zhurnal
Mikrobiologii, L)Ademiologii i b munobiol_ ogii, Vol 30, No 5,
May 59, pp 125-2.26 .
"A comparative study of the preservation of Rickettsia burneti on
environmental objects was made to determine possible time limits for the
existence of secondary reservoirs of Q fever.
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CPYRGHT
"The methodology of the experiments was as follows: 2 ml of a suspen-
:,ion of an egg culture of Rickettsia burneti., Grita strain, ig a dilution
of 10" (the indicated amount of culture contained a 105 -? l0 infecting
close for a culture of embryos) was applied to sterile weighed portions of
c?rool (0.4 g), sand (8 g), mud (8 g), and sawdust (1 g),, the weighed por-
tions with the rickettsial culture applied were dried under partial vacuum
(200-700) to a visibly dry state, after which they were preserved at dif-
ferent temperatures -.- 4-6? C, 15-20? C, and 34.-36? '; the relative humidity
of the air fluctuated from 53-68%; elution of Rickettsia from the surfaces
of the samples was done with a phosphate buffer (pH, 7.0) by careful agita-
tion of the test samples in a shuttle apparatus. Observation of the pre-
servability of the Rickettsia was carried out in vivo; the quantity of
viable Rickettsia was calculated by titration of the test samples on chick
embryos.
"The experiments showed that the preservability of Rickettsia burneti
on objects in the environment depended on, the temperature factor; the
survival rate was prolonged with a decrease in the preservation temperature.
Besides, the nature of the substrate on which the Rickettsia were preserved
played an essential role: Rickettsia were detected for the longest time
in the wool samples. At a lower preservation temperature (4-60 C), Ricket-
tsia were preserved in these samples in significant quantity (104 infecting
doses) for 5 months, they were still detected after 12 months, and died
toward 16 months. A large quantity of Rickettsia (103 ;? ; t.r,R doses)
survived for 1-2 months at 15-200 C in the wool samples; :h.owevez-, the small
quantity of Rickettsia which remained (5-1.0 inte'.~,a.rg doses, was detected
after 4, 5, and 7 months, and the results of biological tes-:;s were negative
after 9 months. The time which viable Rickettsia could be detected in wool
samples was shortened to 1-2 months under increased temperature conditions
(34-36? C).
"The dynamics of the disappearance of Rickey:?.sia in mud and sand samples
were almost identical. A large quantity of viable Rickettsia ;103 ??104 in..
fecting doses) was preserved for 2 months at 4-60 C. in these samples. A
considerable decrease . in infection titers occurred tovnard -the
seventh month, and the death of all the Rickettsia, within 9 months. The
Rickettsia in the samples of mud and sand survived for 4 months at a
moderate preservation temperature (15-?200 C); viable Rickettsia were not
observed after 2 months at a. high temperature ;34-36? 0).
"More rapid disappearance of Rickettsia was observed in the sawdust
samples. Viable Rickettsia were detected at a, low temperature G,4??6? c%
after 2 months (the 'biological test was negative after 'months). Ricket-
tsia were not detected in the sawdust samples after one month with a tem-
perature range of 15-36? C. It is possible that the poor preservation of
Rickettsia in the sawdust in comparison with other substrates is connected
with the presence of resinous substances in the sawdust.
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CPYRGHT
"The results obtained attest to the long survival of Rickettsia burneti
on infected objects in the environment. If the fact that the emanation of
Rickettsia into the environment under natural conditions occurs with a large
amount of protein (in our experiments, the Rickettsial suspension contained
around 0.05% protein), is taken into account, it may be assumed that the
survival rate of Rickettsia will be considerably greater."
76. Hungarians Will Equip Trucks for Virus Aerosol 7mmimization of Poultry
"A New Inoculation Process Against Chicken Cholera" t ansigned
article); Budapest, Ujitok Lapja, Vol XI, No 13, 5 Jul 59, p 18
A new inoculation process for chicken cholera has been developed by
Dr Bela Toth, manufacturing chief of Phylaxia [a Hungarian biologicals
enterprise]. Chicken cholera, like human influenza, is spread by droplets
emitted into the air from infected animals. Thus., inoculation can also
be accomplished by dispersing the attenuated virus in a fine mist or
aerosol. The inventor has constructed a special atomizer and accesories
for this spray inoculation. The apparatus is already beyond the experi-
mental stage and is a prototype of future machines.
Inoculation with the new equipment is done in a closed chicken coop.
During the inoculation period, the doors, windows, and ventilators must
be closed, and the prescribed concentration and quantity of virus must be
atomized and directed above the heads of the animals. The animals must
inspire the aerosol for a definite period, usually 15 minutes. Great care
must be taken with 3-week-old chicks, but with older animals there is no
danger of overdosage.
This method is economical only on a large scale, in cases of several
hundred or several thousand animals. it, can be advantageously used on
state farms and cooperatives but, should be used only by an experienced
veterinarian. The veterinarian will carry the equipment in his truck,
introducing a rubber hose into the coop for purposes of inoculation.
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Radiology
CPYRGHT
77. Determination of Air Contamination by Radioactive Substances and
Filters for Collection Seen Necessary
"Contamination of Atmospheric Air by Radioactive Substances,"
by Yu. V. Novikov, Inform, Byul, Mosk. N.-I In-t Sanitarii i
Gigiyeny (Information Bulletin of Moscow Scientific Research
Institutes of Sanitation and Hygiene), 1958, No 19-20, 47-49
(from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Geo afi , No 6, Jun 59) Ab-
stract No 17740, by N. M. Tomson)
"Artificial contamination of the air is determined by calculating
natural background radioactivity, which fluctuates within definite limits
depending on various conditions. During the cooling of atomic reactors,
a secondary induced activity develops. Water, heavy water, air, helium,
sodium, potassium, lead, bismuth, and mercury are used for cooling. With
air cooling radioactive argon which connot be collected is formed. During
the processing of uranium and plutonium fission products, the air can be
contaminated by radioactive iodine, strontium, yttrium, niobium, ruthenium,
cesium, and cerium. Methods must be designed for determining them in the
air, and filters must be designed for their collection."
78. Cataracts of Both Eyes Developed From Exposure to Suupperh~igh Frequency
Electromagnetic Field
"Cataracts of Both Eyes Developed as a Result of Short Ex-
posure of Superhigh Frequency Electromagnetic Field. of High
Density," by Docent I. S. Shimkhovich and V. G. Shilyayev,
Chair of Ophthalmology of Military Medical Order of Lenin
Academy imeni S. M.ICirov (head, Prof B. L. Polyak); Moscow,
Vestnik Oftal'mologii, No 4, Jul/Aug 59, pp 12-16
In recent, years a new occupational hazard has appeared in civilian
and military engineering due to the extensive use of superhigh frequency
(SHF) electromagnetic fields. There are no data in Soviet ophthalmolog-
ical literature describing the effect of these fields on the human organ
of vision. This article describes one case of occupational cataract in
both eyes by decimeter range radio waves.
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The vi3uul acuity decreased rapidly, and limited. opacities developed
in the crystalline lens of both eyes after a brief exposure to the field
(about 0.3 w/cm2 in density).
Prophylaxis should include both collective and individual measures,
such as a systematic control over the efficient shielding of the installa-
tion, the measurement of power flux density, in the work area surrounding
the waveguides, etc. One should remember that power flux density exceed-
ing 0.05 w/cm2 can cause severe thermic changes in the eyes (P. I. Gapeyev,
1957). According to the data of most authors who have studied this prob-
lem the best means for individual prophylaxis is the shielding of the eyes
by net goggles made of copper or brass wires. They safely protect ?the
eyes even when the power flux density is very high.
79. Effect of W .ole Bq .X1.T7-radiat.ion F`ractioz l Doses orz Higher_
Nervous Activity anal. Conditioned Reflex Activit1
"The Effect of Whole Body X.Irra.diation by F`cactional Doses
on Conditioned Reflex Activity in Dogs," Ye. S. Meyzerov,
Institute of Biological Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Biofizi)_ca. Vol 4., No 4, 1959, pp 460-.Li.70
A study of the effect of ir:rad:iat ?ion by :fra,ctiortal doses on the
central nervous system is regarded by the author as a necessary step
in investigating the role of the time factor on the function of the
cerebral cortex and as a very important step toward understanding the
mechanism of radiation reactions in higher organisms. In the research
described in -''.iis article, the effect of comparatively small daily
dose,, of X i_..;'adiation 3--i5 r on higher nervous activity in dogs was
investigated. The method is described in detail.; and the results are
presented in four tables which are discussed. ? .e a,x1-.:hor draws the
CPYRGHTfollowing conclusions:
"l. Following X irradiation by fractional doses, severe disturbances
in the higher nervous activity appear 3-4 months prior to the onset of
marked external symptoms of radiation sickness, wh.icb. confirms the higher
sensitivity of the cerebral cortex to this form of irradiation.
"2. Whole body X?-irradiation by fractional doses produces a signif-
icant weakening of both the exc:'.1a.tory and inhi.l,itory proc:-,3ses and a drop
in the working capacity of cortical cells when total irradiation doses
amount to 500 r.
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"3. Unconditioned reflexes remained noxT-ia.l in all of these experi-
ments, even during severe disturbances in the higher nervous activity.
"1H. In certain cased, a phase of improvement is observed in the higher
nervous activity of the irradiated an:i.mals. This improvement is not imag-
inary, as suggested by M. I. Nemenov, but real., as confirmed by special
tests. In the ensuing phrase, the increase in conditioned reflexes is ac-
companied by the impairment of the higher nervous activity.
"5. In individual cases, the phase of improvement, in the higher
nervous activity of the irrad:La?ed an.in .ls, as well as the appearance
of severe disturbances in the functions of the cortex during the pre-
mortal period, together with normal conditioned reflexes, we consider
as symptoms of compensation. processes."
80. Temperature Disorders Followi.n yrrad.ia.tion Massive_ }{:~Ra~! Doses
"Temperature Disorders in. Dogs Under Massive Radiation
Effects," by N. A. Volokhova; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Rad.io-
logiya, Vol tl, No 6, Jun 59, pp 22.27
The purpose of this research was to study the reactivity of tempera-
ture regulating centers in dogs under the effects of 15,000 and 30,000 r
X-ray doses.
Tests were conducted on four series of dogs: one group irradiated by
15,000 r, to which pyrogen was administered before and after irradiation;
one group irradiated by 30,000 r, to which pyrogen was administered before
and after irradiation; one group to which B. mesentericus was administered
intravenously before irradiation; and another group exposed to beat for 2
hours before and for 6 hours after irradiation by 15,000 and 30,000 r
doses.
Data presented in the form of three tables and two graphs show dif-
ferences in temperature curves with regard to degree and duration of the
hyperthermic phase and duration of survival and time of death with regard
to the temperature curves. Various theories are p:~csen `,ed. to explain these
temperature disorders.
CPYRGHT The author presents the following conclusions
"Changes in body temperature in dogs during t;b.e course of the sickness
have a phasic nature.
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"A difference was noted in the temperature changes due to irradiation
by 15,000 and 30,000 r.
"Irradiated dogs preserve their ability for temperature regulation
when the temperature of their external environment is raised.
"Disturbances in chemical regulation can. serve as an indirect index
of the c,. feet of ionizing radiation on the vegetati*ve centers of the
diencep?:tcLlon. "
81. Cyclic Solar Radiations Linked to Fluctuations in Leukocyte Count
"Frequency of Functional Fluctuations in t.1e Leukocyte Court
Synchronized With Fluctuations in Solar Ac;;ivity, " by N. A.
Shul'ts, Sochi Territorial Administration of 'Tealth Resorts,
Sanitariums, and Rest :comes; Moscow, Probllem Gematoiogii I
Perelivaniya Krovi, Vol 4, No 7, Jul 59, pp 4.1?+2
A total of 15,000 observations were conducted in 1957 on patients
from nine different sanitariums of the Sochi Health Resort Administration
the frequency of functional leucopenia and changes in solar activity were
investigated. Results, presented in a diagram, indicate that these occur-
rences were parallel..
The sequelae of the solar effect on hemopoietic tissue probably should
be considered as the indirect result of the initial effect of solar activity
on the organism as a whole, but especially on the central nervous system.
In the author's opinion, the recently noted incidence of functional leuko-
penias and lymphocytoses is cyclie in nature and is synchronized with cyclic
variations in solar radiation.
82. Soviet Resuscitator
"A Resuscitator of Humans, " by M. K_okhi.ov and L. Vernikov,
Promyshlenno??Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta; Moscow, 21 Jun 59, p 3
The authors of this article report that a. meeting of the workers of
the Stalingrad Medical Equipment Plant was called. A. G. Anan'yev, the
director of the Scientific Research. Institute of F?cperimental Surgical
Instruments, gave a talk at this meeting on the need for an increase in
PYRGHT the production of medical instruments. He began his talk by saying-
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complicated operation; so-called fibrillation, the beainnina of clinica
us imagine a situation. in which the heart of a patient failed during a
He
her stated that Soviet scientists have come up with a new device called
CPYRGH
a "defibrillator or resuscitator of a human being." With the aid of high-
frequency electric current, this device forces the heart to contract and
expand at regular intervals. Tt is regrettable, he said, "that produc-'
The director of the institute also talked about other medical instru-
ments which were recently invented by Soviet scientists. One of these
instruments is the electric blade (Elektronozh). Bloodless operations can
be performed easily with this instrument. But manufacture of this instru-
ment also has been limited. M. G. Anan'yev appealed to the workers of the
plant to speed up production of the newest medical instruments.
The workers of the Stalingrad plant of medical instruments decided
to back-up the efforts of workers of the Vladimir plant. They decided
to re-equip their plant and to quadruple production in the next 7 years.
Since it was difficult to obtain steel, bronze, lacquer, and other mate-
rial, they decided to replace metal with plastics.
Carbolite was the only plastic material used by the plant before.
It was decided to use caprone, as well as polystyrene and aminplast.
Utilization of plastics will bring in an annual income of over 600,000
rubles and will reduce by 850,000 the expenditure of standard man-hours.
An enterprising group of people got together to develop a method of
better utilization of plastics by the industry. This group consisted of
the following: V. Petrov, N. Uskov, Yu. Svitnev, and technician B.
Bogatyr'kov. Workers of the service station, Kirsanov and Tkachev, have.
been of great assistance to the group. Production was mechanized and an
assembly line method was put into operation.
The workers of the Stalingrad Medical Equipment Plant reacted with
speed to the appeal of scientists, and were the first in the country to
launch the production of complex instruments. Doubtless the workers of
the Stalingrad plant will soon give the country a portable "defibrillator:',
instruments for short-wave diathermy, and other medical equipment for pre-
serving the health of the Soviet man.
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83. Medical Instruments
"Technology to the Aid of Physician," by L. Yunin; Moscow,
Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 45 (1793), 5 Jun 59, P 1
The laboratory of medical electron instruments and apparatuses of
the Institute of Medical Implements and Equipment of the Ministry of Health
USSR has been functioning now for several years. Much has been done at
this laboratory to promote the use of radio electronics in medical practice.
Important problems must be solved in the next few years. New developments
in electronics will arm physicians with improved instruments and devices
aiid mechanize the work of medical workers, says L. Yunin, the author of
this article.
The control of narcosis was conducted, until recently, in a primitive
manner. The need for a more objective appraisal of narcosis increased as
surgical technique improved. Electronics contributed greatly toward solu-
tion of this problem. The electroencephalograph was invented for that
purpose. A graphic record made by an electroencephalograph during surgery
makes possible to regulate the flow of narcotics into the human organism.
Engr T. Ye. Timofeyeva and designer A. A. Pushkarev invented an elec-
tronic device which automatically counts pulse beats. This device is
called a "pul'stakhometer," and is easy to operate. A miniature photo-
electric transmitter is attached either to a finger or to an ear lobe.
The indicator on the dial of the device shows the number of beats, but
the physician does not have to watch the dial continuously, because he
can hear the pulse beats.
It is known that the human organism does not function in an identical
manner over a period of 24 hours and that the stress on the heart, there-
fore, is not uniform. Studies can be conducted to determine how the heart
reacts to stress resulting from physical effort of a human being while he
is at work or while taking part in some game that requires physical exer-
tion. Such studies can be conducted by means of a portable electron in-
strument. A tele.-electrocardiograph which provides a cardiogram of a
worker at work or of an athlete taking part in a distance run is installed
in a laboratory. The designers of this apparatus are T. Ye. Timofeyeva,
V. A. Antsilevich, and V. A. Alekseyev.
The Institute of Medical .implements 4nd Ecjaipment, Ministry of Health
USSR, is taking an active part in the effort's to improve methods of diagnos-
ing cancer. An ultrasound locator may be of great help in this effort.
The first experimental series of ultrasound devices for detecting tumors
in the organism has already been developed and is in production. M. D.
Gurevich invented this device. The tumorous portion of the body may be
observed on the screen of an electron-beam tube (oscillight) in a form of
a conditioned topographical picture: it is accomplished with the aid of
a translucent pulse-type ultrasound'bearL.
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Considerable effort has been exerted to simplify certain medical
work. Work is now being done to complete a device for the automatic
control of laboratory analyses. The device, invented by N. M. Florian-
ovich and R. A. Kapitanov, is supposed to facilitate and expedite cal-
culation of erythrocytes and leukocytes during blood analysis.
The author concludes his article by saying that the laboratory of
medical electron instruments and apparatuses is now exploring the pos-
sibility of inventing an electron paramagnetic resonator to be used in
testing biological fluids and elements of cells within the next few years.
A photograph accompanying the article shows Senior Technician V.
Ii'inskaya and Surgeon N. Matveyev looking over the apparatus used in
diagnosing malignant neoplasms.
Veterinary Medicine
84. Influence of Properties of Aluminum Hydroxide in Foot-and-Mouth
Disease Vaccines
"Research On the Dependence of the Effectiveness of Adsorbed
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines on the Properties of Aluminum
Hydroxide. Report 1. Preparation and Distinguishing Features
of Aluminum Hydroxides," by A. F. Olechnowitz, Department of
Chemistry, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Riems; Leipzig, Archiv
fuer Experimentelle Veterinaermedizin, Vol 13, No 3, May Jun
Earlier investigations of the influence of the aluminum hydroxide in
foot-and-mouth disease vaccines did not sufficiently consider the chemical
nature of the adsorption. A complete picture can be obtained only if the
properties of the hydroxide are considered in connection with the condi-
tions of preparation. The "prehistory" of an already manufactured product
cannot be determined with certainty.
In the work described here, a series of aluminum hydroxides was pre-
pared systematically, and the properties of these hydroxides were found to
be closely connected with the conditions of preparation. The hydrogen ion
concentration of the precipitating medium was found to be a determining
factor for the preparation and adsorption behavior of the hydroxides. It
essentially determines the character of the primary product with respect
to modification, crystal size, and charge. The rate of aging is also
influenced by it. When the pH value was increased, the electropositive
charge, and thus the alkalinity of the hydroxide was reduced. The acidic
properties increased, in keeping with the amphoteric behavior of aluminum.
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The manufacturing and aging process of the aluminum hydroxide were followed
very well with the aid of an adsorption of Congo red. This method (which
is often and unjustly considered unreliable) leads, if proper experimental
procedures are followed, to unequivocal results which are in good agree-
ment with the conclusions drawn on the basis of the manufacturing process.
The adsorption of Congo red and casein is based primarily on polar
processes. In the series of hydroxides produced in this work, the reduc-
tion in adsorption paralleled a reduction in the positive charge, and an
increase in the pH value of the adsorption medium reduced the adsorption
of the negatively charged adsorbents, which attained minimum solubility
and thus maximum adsorbability in the slightly acid medium. Increasing
the crystal size had an analogous effect in this series of hydroxides.
The isoelectric point of the foot-and-mouth disease virus lies in
the slightly acid medium. In the pH range of 7-9 it has a negative charge.
An increase in adsorption at higher pH values has no connection with this.
The investigations here indicated that he reduced adsorption at pH 9,
is keeping with the theory, actually occurs, which is in agreement with
earlier findings of other authors.
In all cases involving aluminum hydroxide, it must be remembered that
it can be found in a metastable state, which can be influenced by a change
of the medium, the changes toward the alkaline side being practically ir-
reversible.
The conclusions drawn with respect to the effect of the chemical prop-
erty of the aluminum hydroxide on the adsorbed foot-and-mouth disease vac-
cine will be discussed in a future work.
85. Virus Abortion and Brucella abortus ina Sheep Herd
"Virus Abortion and Brucella Abortus in a Sheep-Herd," by K. H.
Enke, H. Liebermann, and B. Schuckmann, Office of Veterinary
Research and Animal Health, Rostock; Leipzig. Monatshefte fuer
Veterinaermedizin, No 15; 1 Aug 59, pp 473-475
A report is given on a culture of Brucella abortus obtained from a
sheep fetus. The epidemic in this herd was, without doubt, dominated by
virus abortion, and the brucellosis must be considered an accidental, ac-
companying infection which was probably transmitted from the herd of
cattle.
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86. Practical Value of Protective Inoculation of Cattle With Killed
Brucellosis Vaccine
"On the Protective Inoculation of Cattle With Killed Brucellosis
Vaccine," by P. Dobberkau, Goldbeck, Kreis Osterburg/Altmark;
Leipzig, Monatshefte fuer Veterinaermedizin, No 15, 1 Aug 59,
pp 1.79-480
With the "Dessau" killed brucellosis vaccine, it is quite possible,
even in extensively infected herds, to reduce the number of cases of
abortion in a relatively short time to the point where serious economic
losses can be spared.
According to the experiences of the author, all the animals of a
herd, insofar as they are used for breeding, without regard to the con-
dition of pregnancy at the time, should be inoculated twice at brief
intervals. After 6-7 months, at least one booster shot, two if possible,
should be administered. The inoculation is well tolerate; any swellings
which occur require no special attention.
Since brucellosis at present is again increasing, the author sug-
gests that the "Dessau" killed vaccine be introduced generally in combat-
ing brute?losis, after the instructions for use have been revised.
Miscellaneous
CPYRGFi~T
87. History, Present Activities, and Future Plans of Hungarian Phar-
maceutical Research
"Report on the Work of the Pharmaceutical Industry Research
Institute," by Gyula Horvath, Pharmaceutical Industry Re-
search Institute; Budapest, Ma ,y r Kemikusok Lapja, Vol XIV,
No 4, Apr 59, pp 155-157
"The Pharmaceutical Industry Research Institute was formed on 1 Jan-
uary 1950 and in 1952 was combined with the Central Biochemical Industry
Research Institute, which was established in 1949.
"During the first 5-6 years of its operation, the institute primarily
developed production procedures for drugs already known, and introduced
these procedures into the factories. During the last 3-4 years there has
been increasing opportunity for research on new, original Hungarian medi-
cines.
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"When judging the productivity of the institute, it should be remembered
that there is no'substantial organic chemistry industry in Hungary. Thus,
our procedures, in many cases, had to start with the processing of the
simplest primary materials, and this requires considerable extra work.
"The successes achieved in the industrial research work of the insti-
tute are demonstrated by the fact that 40-45 percent of the value of the
products of the pharmaceutical industry and 25 percent of Hungarian medical
exports resulted from procedures developed by the institute.
"Fifty percent of the research work being done at the institute is
devoted to the development of synthetic organic compounds; 33 percent is
devoted to the problems of antibiotics and fermentation; 7 percent to
problems of plant chemistry; and 10 percent to problems of biochemistry.
In 1950, 7.2 percent of all the expenditures were for basic research,
whereas in 1950, 20 percent was spent on basic research.
"In the period 1950-1958, the institute successfully solved the prob-
lem of production and introduced into production more than 60 substances
or compounds. Among these, the most significant were the following: p-
amino-salicylic acid (PAS); Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (Isonicid); Chlor-
amphenicol (Chlorocid); Vitamin C; Vitamin B; Xanthine-carbonic acid-
diethylaminoestermethobromide (Pepsulan); Sulfaguanidine; 2-sulfanilamido-4,
6-dimethyl-pyrimidine (Superseptyl); N.i-p-toluolsulfonyl.-N2-butyl-carbamide
(Bucarban); Digilanid C.; Digitoxin; Dextran; Streptomycin; Oxytetracycline;
Heparin; 2-Benzyl-4,5-imidazoline (Tolazolin); Degranol; Hibernal; Proges-
terone; Estrone, synthetic; Testosterone; Desoxycorticosterone acetate;
Oxytocin, synthetic; V-penicillin; Alpha-phenyl-alpha-ethyl- glutarimide
(Noxiron); and 2-methyl-2-n, propyl-1,3-propane diol-dicarbamate (Andaxin).
"Of all research expenditures, 4.6 percent were used for unsolved pro-
jects which became obsolete.
"From an industrial and economic viewpoint, the more outstanding
substances developed. were Chloramphenicol and Oxytetracycline; from the
chemical viewpoint, the most noteworthy was the 26-step synthesis of
Oxytocin; and from the viewpoint of basic research, the most significant
was the development of Degranol, a cytostatic preparation, which has
received international recognition.
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"Among the important technological problems solved are the following:
development of new-type sterile air filters for use in fermentation, a
method of metallic natrium dispersion; a method of oxonization; a method
for the seniisynthetic production of estrone; a method for the large-scale
chlorination of mannitol; the industrial Craiq process; and the use of
complex metal hydrides for reduction procedures.
"We are now concerned with several technological problems: the
development of new type desiccators, and several problems of fermenta-
tion technology (continuous sterilization, automatic antifoam dosing,
and instrumentation).
"The following developments are noteworthy among our basic researches
conducted in recent years:
"Antituberculosis compounds. We prepared more than 100 new compounds
and examined their antituberculosis effect. This research did not result
in the development of a new more powerful drug, but it allowed us to draw
interesting conclusions concerning the interdependence of structure and
effect.
"Chromone derivatives. We produced several chromone derivatives
which dilate coronary arteries, and in animal experiments these showed
certain advantages over natural khellin.
"Complex metal hydrides. We produced the boron hydrides of alkaline
earth metals and we developed a use of these in selective reductions.
"New antibiotics. Earlier, we produced a new antibiotic called
Evericin; however, due to its toxicity it could not be used clinically.
We are now seeking new antibiotics, and several antibiotics discovered
by us are being investigated.
"Antitumor materials. We have independently produced nearly 40
compounds. Investigations have been completed on some of these and are
under way on the rest. As a result of this work, Degranol has already
been proved clinically effective, and has been introduced here and abroad.
Other preparations are now undergoing clinical tests. During bur research,
we uncovered several instances of the interesting interdependence between
the chemical structure of substances and their cytostatic effect.
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CPYRGHT
"Since 1950, workers of the institute have published about 250 sci-
entific articles in domestic and foreign journals. The institute has
applied for about 200 patents; a number of these were submitted abroad.
"We work in close cooperation with the Chemical Research Institute
of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the Medicinal Plants Research Insti-
tute, the Organic and Synthetics Industry Research Institute, the Szeged'
University Microbiological Institute, the Organic Chemistry, Pharmacolog-
ical, and Biological' institutes of Debrecen University, the General Chem-
istry and Physical Chemistry faculties of the Technical University, the
Organic Chemistry and Chemical Technology faculties of the Lorand Eotvos
Science University, the No 1 Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research
Institute of the Budapest Medical University, and the Ontological Insti-
tute.
"Since last year, we have been developing promising cooperation with
the All-Union Medical Chemistry Research Institute in Moscow.
"At present, the institute is dealing with the following important
basic projects:
"The synthesis of peptides with a hormone-like effect. In coopera-
tion with the Organic Chemistry Institute of the Lorand Eotvos Science
University and the Kobanya Pharmaceutical Factory, we are trying to
synthesize polypeptides which will have a hormone-like effect.
"The production of oxytetracycline derivatives. We are trying to
produce several new derivatives of oxytetracycline which will have
advantageous pharmacological properties.
"The development of new antibiotics. We are continuing the examina-
tion of the strains collected and isolated by us in the interest of dis-
covering new antibiotics.
"The production of antituberculosis compounds. In animal experi-
ments, ethylthiocarbonyl-glycin, first produced by us, shows a better
antituberculosis effect than PAS. We have produced, for antituberculosis
examinations, several derivatives of ethylthiocarbonyl so as to study
the interdependence of structure and effect.
"Investigation of Elastase. We are further refining the industrial
production procedures worked out by us for the new elastolytic enzyme
discovered by Academician Balo and by Ilona Banga, and we are seeking new
areas for its medicinal use. In the course of experiments so 'far, elastase
has shown good results in treating pulmonary abscesses.
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"Examinations of domestic medicinal plants. We are trying to isolate
hitherto unknown materials with medicinal effects from our domestic medi-
cinal plants.
"We are also striving to produce new phenethiazine derivatives,
antitumor materials, psychotropic materials, ataractics (daytime tran-
quilizers), sulfonamides, and anticold preparations.
"Industrial Projects:
"During the Tear, we will probably complete the development of pro-
duction procedures for the medically important corticosteroids. We are
industrializing the isolation procedures we developed for convallatoxin-,
and protoveratrine A. We are conducting experiments on the production of
properdine and relaxin; and we have planned to investigate compounds which
decrease the cholesterine content of serum.
"We have planned to begin the production of several new preparations
(phenethiazine derivatives, blood pressure reducing compounds, ganglio-
blocking materials, central nervous system tranquilizers, and anti-
Parkinson's disease compounds).
"The scattered location of several of our departments somewhat hinders
the!research work of the institute. This situation will be corrected in a
few years when we build a central building for our institute. Construction
will begin in 1960 and will be completed in 1964 or 1965.
"As research in the factories increases, we plan to turn more and
more to basic research. Our superior authority, the Ministry of Heavy
Industry, agrees with this plan."
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VI. METALLURGY
88. Study of Microstructure and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Rare-
Earth Metals and Their Alloys
"Study of Microstructure and Faysical-Mechanical Properties
of Rare-Earth Metals and Their Alloys," by Ye. M. Savitskiy
and V. F. Terekhova, Redkozemel'nyye.Elementy, Polucheniye,
Analiz, Primeneniye (Rare-Earth Elements, Production, Analy-
sis and Applications), Moscow, Academy of Sciences USSR,
1958, 331 pp (pp 299-306)
The rare-earth metals are becoming more widely used in metallurgy,
especially as alloying elements of ferrous, nonferrous and light metals.
It was proven conclusively that the addition of cerium subgroup metals
will improve the heat resistant properties of magnesium alloys.
At the Laboratory of Rare Metal Alloys of the Institute of Metal-
lurgy Academy of Sciences USSR, the study of rare-earth metals is being
conducted in the following three principal fields: the study of physical-
chemical properties of rare-earth metals, such as mechanical and electrical
properties of the pure metals at various temperatures; the study of rare-
earth metal alloys and the construction of phase diagrams; and the study
of the effect of addition of rare-earth metals to the alloys of other metals.
The experimental data in this report were obtained at the laboratory prior
to 1955
The laboratory has investigated the mechanical properties of lan-
thanum in the temperature range of 20-800?C, cerium in the range of 20-
600?C, and praseodymium in the range of 20?-800?C. The temperature for
polymorphous transformation and the temperature ranges for highest ductility
of lanthanum, cerium and praseodymium were obtained with the aid of mechan-
ical tests. Hardness, ductility at slow and impact compression, tensile
strength aneL ductility in tension, and behavior in extrusion of lanthanum
were determined. The dependence of mechanical properties of lanthanum,
cerium, and praseodymium on temperature -were plotted in plain and semi-
logarithmic coordinates.
At room temperature, lanthanum, cerium, and praseodymium have a hexa-
gonal lattice structure and are not capable of appreciable plastic defor-
mation. At higher temperatures, the hexagonal lattice transforms into a
body-centered cubic lattice, which is capable of considerable plastic de-
formation. Due to the presence of impurities, polymorphous transformation
occurs in the following temperature ranges: 500-600?C for lanthanum, 350-
400?C for cerium, and 500-600?C for praseodymium. The temperatures for
maximum ductility (plasticity) were determined to be as follows: 700?C
for lanthanum, 450?C for cerium, and 700-7500C for praseodymium.
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The principal methods used in construction of phase diagrams for
lanthanum and cerium alloys were, metallographic examinations, thermal
analysis, and hardness and electric resistance measurements. The alloys
were prepared in zirconium oxide crucibles. The cast samples were an-
nealed at 5500C for 1--2 hours.
Microscopic examination of cast, deformed., and annealed samples.
has shown that alloys containing 40, 60 and 80% cerium have a single-
phase structure of solid solution type, indicating the existence of a
continuous series of solid solutions between these two metals. (La and
Ce)?
The laboratory has studied the effect of rare-earth metals on high
melting iron,. titanium- chrome-- and magnesium-base alloys. Experiments
with introduction of rare-earth metals into steel and iron were just
recently begun in the laboratory. However, it was definitely established
that the addition of rare-earth metals to steel and iron greatly improves
their ductility.
89. Use of Rare-Earth Metals in east Magnesium Alloys
"Use of Rare-Earth Metals in Cast Magnesium Alloys," by
N. M. Tikhova and V. A. PJ..c:khina, Redkozemel'nyye Elementy,
Polucheniye, Anali.z` Primeneni.ye (Rare-Earth Elements, Pro-
duction, Analysis, and Applications), Moscow, Academy of
Sciences USSR., 1958, 331 pp (pp 323.?.329)
A very popular magnesium alloy in the USSR is the ML-5 grade (8.5%
Al., 0.5% Zn, 0,2% Mn), which, however, has a low resistance to creep at
somewhat, elevated temperature. The creep resistance of his magnesium
alloy can be substantially increased by adding the rare-earth metals of
the lanthanum-neodymium series. The tensile strength of magnesium alloys
also increases with the addition of l.anthanumy praseodymium, and neodymium.
Neodymium is the most potent of rare-earth elements in improving the mechan-
ical. properties of magnesium alloys, probably due to its high solubility
in magnesium. Alloying magnesium with lanthanum is impractical because
the mechanical properties of such alloys are low at room temperature, and
the creep strength at elevated temperatures is not superior to that of
plain magnesium alloys,. The most practical way of adding the rare-
earth metals to magnesium alloys is by means of the misch metal which con-
tains about 50--65% cerium.
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In the USSR, an experimental magnesium alloy M,,--.11 (3.0% misch metal,
0.5% Zn and 0.5%Zr) is now in trial production stage. Small additions of
misch metal are used for grain refinement of widely used magnesium sheet
a31.o~r MA-8 (1.7% Mn, 0,15% misch metal). Addition of misch metal (1.25
-.1.50%) to a high strength magnesium alloy (4.5% Zn, 0.7% Zr) considerably
improves the density of castings and reduces the tendency toward hot brit-
tleness. Thus, at 250?C9 the creep strength of ML-10 magnesium alloy is
3.3.5 kg/mm2y the endurance limit is 7-8 kg/mm2, and the tensile strength
is 14 kg/mm2. The fluidity of magnesium alloys treated with rare-earth
metals, however, is lower than that of untreated magnesium alloys.
The magnesium-.neodymium alloys should be heated to 530?C for 8-12
hours., cooled it and aged at 200?C for 8 to 16 hours.
In conci,uk;ions it can be said that the addition of rare-earth metals
to magnesium alloys will improve their heat-.resistant properties so that
their range of hi.rhh?temperature application is raised to 250-300?C, which
is roughly 1.500C better than that for untreated Mg-Al-Zn alloys.
90.
New USSR Books on Nonferrous Metallurgy
"Prospekt Na Knigi Meta.llurgizdata, Vypuskayemyye Vo 2-m Po-
lugodii 1959 g" (Li . t of Books To Be Published By Metallur-
gizdat in the 2d Half of 1959), Metallurgizdat, Moscow, 1959,
16 pp
The following books will be published by Metallurgizdat in the second
half of 1959',
K,, B. l,ebed.ev, Metal.lur i jra Reni.ya (The Metallurgy of Rhenium) -- for
engineer::,, teeDrii.clans, and. scientific.- workers; price 5 r.
A. Yu. Pol.yakov,, Met_al.lu.rgiya Vanadiya (The Metallurgy of Vanadium) --
for production engineers and. workers at laboratories and design and plan-
ning organizations; may also be of use to students at higher educational
lnstitut;,ons; price 3 r.
G P.. Ssrnsonov and V. 1. Konstantinov, Tantal i Niobiy (Tantalum and
Niobium) .. for engineers at industrial. enterprises, scientific research
institutes., and students; price .10 r 50 k.
Yu. Y, Shashkov,, Meta llu.rgi.ya. Poliprovodnikov (The Metallurgy of
Semiconductors) for engineers and technical workers at industrial enter-
prises and scientific research institutes; price 5 r.
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Primeneniye Redkozemel'nykh Elementov Dlya Legirovaniya Staley i
S lp avov (Application of Rare-Earth Elements as Alloying Components for
Alloy Steels and Alloys) (Collection of articles by different authors) --
for engineers, technicians, and scientific workers in the fields of fer-
rous and nonferrous metallurgy, machine building, and instrument construc-
tion; also students at higher technical educational institutions; price
11 r 50 k.
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VII. PHYSICS
Atomic Energy Developments
91. Fi3ures on Atomic Power Station Being Built in Voronezh
"One More Atomic Power Station," by I. Vinogradov; Moscow,
Pravda, 14 Aug 59, p 1
The following figures were given in a newspaper article describing
construction activities associated with the Voronezh Atomic State Regional
Power Station: rated capacity, 420,000 kw; type, water-water; fuel, 44.
tons of enriched uranium providing 6 months of continuous operation;
water temperature and pressure in core, 2750 at 100 atm; water pressure in
turbines, 29 atm; three turbogenerators rated at 70,000 kw each; weight
of reactor without water, 420 tons; height of ventilating stack, 120
meters; high-strength steel jacket enclosing core, 3.3 meters in diameter
and 12 meters high; and efficiency of station, 26.3 percent.
92. Military Applications of Atomic Energy in Aviation and Rockets
Atomnaya Energiya v Aviatsii i Raketnoy Tekhnike (Atomic Energy
in Aviation and Rocket Technology) edited by Engr Lt Col P. T.
Astashenkov, Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense USSR,
Moscow, 1959, 501 pp
A collection of articles covering the development of atomic and
thermonuclear weapons and their various carriers, atomic defense in avia-
tion, and the applications of atomic defense in aviation and rocketry is
contained in a book intended for officers of the Soviet Army, Air Force,
and Navy. The book draws heavily on US sources.
A list of the titles of the articles and their authors follows:
"Achievements of Science and Technology for the Good of Mankind," by
Academician I. V. Kurchatov
Nuclear Weapons and Their Carriers
"Aircraft, Interplanetary Rockets, and Other Carriers of Thermonuclear
Weapons," by raj Gen Engr Tech Serv G. I. Pokrovskiy, Professor, Doctor of
Technical Sciences
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"Flight Control of Interplanetary Rockets," by Engr Lt Col I. Kucherov,
Candidate of Technical Sciences, and Engr Capt D. Gladkov
"Types of Rocket Weapons," by Engr Lt Col V. Glukhov, Candidate of
Technical Sciences
"Aircraft and Rockets as Carriers of Tactical Nuclear Weapons," by
Engr Lt Col P. Galin
"Guided Missiles With Atomic Charges in Aviation and Air Defense," by
Engr Lt Col A. Petrov
"Homing of Aviation Rockets," by Engr Lt Col I. Kucherov, Docent,
Candidate of Technical Sciences, and Engr Capt D. Gladkov
"Certain Trends in the Development of Jet-Powered Guided Missiles,"
by Engr Lt Col A. Fedorov
"On the Effectiveness of Rocket Weapons," by Engr Lt Col V. Glukhov,
Candidate of Technical Sciences
"Jet Engines for Carriers of Nuclear Weapons, by Engr Lt Col A. Petrov
"Aerodynamics of Supersonic Flight," by Lt Gen Engr-Tech Serv V. Pyshov,
Professor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology
"Materials for Carriers of Nuclear Weapons," by Engr Lt Col V.
Parfenov,, Candidate of Technical Sciences
"Modern Atomic Bombs and Missiles," by Engr Lt Col M. Arkhipov, Docent,
Candidate of Technical Sciences
"Modern Thermonuclear Bombs and Missiles," by Engr Lt Col M. Arkhipov,
Docent, Candidate of Technical Sciences;
"On the So-Called 'Clean' Hydrogen Bomb," by Engr Lt Col M. Arkhipov,
Docent, Candidate of Technical Sciences
"Military Radioactive Substances," by Lt Col A. Kamov
"On Air Combat Orders Under Conditions When Guided Missiles Are Em-
ployed in Aerial Combat," by Engr Lt Col B. Surikov
"On Air Combat Orders Under Conditions When Antiaircraft Missiles
Are Employed," by Engr Lt Col B. Su:?ikov
"Application of Pilotless Missiles From Bombers," by Engr Lt Col
B. Surikov
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Effect of Atomic Weapons.' and At,omic Defense In Av.iai..ion
"Effect of Atomic Weapriri on. Airfields:,," by Fngr Lt CoI M. Pavlov
"Atomic Defense of Airfield,--;." by Engr Lt Col. M. Pavlov
"Effect of the Lumincu~; Radiation From an Atomic, Exp:.osi,on on Avta-
tion Equipment and Airfield Snstal,:l,ations," by EnGr A. Pavlenko
"Smoke-Defense AGainat Luminous Radiation," ':y Capt Ist Rank A.
Zheludev, Docerit
"Harmful Effects of Penetrating Radiation From an Atamic Explosion
and Defense Against it for an Ai.r Supply Ea,se," by Engr Capt B. Zhilov
"Flight in the Clou.d. From an. Atomic Exp;,osioo.," by EnLyr Lt Col. W.
Litvinenko, Candidate of Technic? Sciences
"Effects on F1;yers Under Radioactive Cont-amination of Airfield and
Equipment," by Engr Lt Col N. Litirinenko; Candidate of TeL-hnical Sciences
"Field Do,;imetry Devi.. es, Their l;a:'ic Components;, ea,n.d. Quality Indica.-
ti on, " by Er r I,t Col S. Avdr.r.;.cirr
"Developing Method:: c' Radi.at: Lon Sarv ~ytnp; an 5. I?o i,r.:e ;,x '.; Contrc i "
by Lt Col A. Kamoir
"Air Radiation Sa.rireying,, " by Engr Lt Co_. [' . :; t as u , :"andi.date of
Technical Sciences
"Decontamination of Ai.r.:ar a; Ft, " by Engr Lt Col R. Rubkov
"Sanitation Measures," 1 y Me,i. Serv A. lv'i~v i.koti
Problems in the t;t?a ; i.cat:i.ou of Ato:n,:~ Energy
in Avi.ati ora? Rocketry , and Other 1 c?:~?s of T['e.:!hr_:;1cgy
"Modern Trends in the Devel.oxrnent of Aviati,.rj Engineering,." by Lt,
Gen EnGr-.Tech. Serv A. Ponomarev
"Progress of Atomic T:..:!hnc:.cgy and A?ri.a t,-i,on and Prob:Lam of :Banning
Nuclear Weapons," by Engr. P. A.sta!.t:,enikov
"Thermonuclear Energy: the Bacsi.s of Future Powc-r?" by Academi. ian
I. V. Kurchatov
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"Work on Controlled Thermonuclear. Reactions," by Academician I. V.
Kurchatov
"Cosmic Flights," by Maj Gen Engr-Tech Serv G. Pokrovskiy, Professor
"The Atmosphere as a Source of Energy," by Maj -Gen Engr-Tech Serv
G. I. Pokrovskiy, Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences
"Atomic Tug or Pilotless Aircraft?" by Maj Gen Engr.-Tech Serv
G. I. Pokrovskiy,, Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences
"From Ordinary Aviation Fuels to Nuclear,," by Engr.-,Lt Col V. Parfenov,
Candidate of Technical Sciences
"Protection From Nuclear Radiation on Atomic Aircraft," by Engr Lt
Col A. Sedov, Candidate of Technical Sciences
"Use of Radio -Guided Aircraft in Testing Atomic and Thermonuclear
Weapons," be Engr Lt Col. N.. NIkolayev
Armed Forces of the Soviet Union9
the Dependable Guardian of Peaceful Labor
Congress of the CPSU"
"Speech of the Representative of the President of the Council of Min-,
isters USSR D. F. Ustinov at the 21st Congress of the CPS?U"
"Speech of I. V. Kurc,h.atov at the 21st Congress of the CPSU"
"On the Subject of Belligerent Statement of Certain American, English,,
and West German Generals and State Offi.?ials"
"Literature Used in Preparing the Articles for the Book "Atomic
Energy in Aviation and Racket Technology" ~`-
Atomic and Molecular. Pby- ics
91. Luminescence and Absorption in a Nuclear Reactor
"Measurement of Luminescence and Darkening of..G1asses During
Their Irradiation in a Nuclear. Reactor.," by G. Ya0 Vasi.l'yev,
A. F. Usatyy, Yu.. S. Lazu.rkin, and A. A. Markov; Moscow,
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. Vol. 125, No 6, Apr 599 pp 12191.222
"Speech of Marshal. of the Soviet Union R. Ya.' .Malinovskiy at the 21st
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A speci.al.a.y devised appar r.tur ix, de:s',ribe-1 w.h1 h pexmit$ simultaneous
measurement of the lumire v r-enc.e and darkening of tr:a;nsparen.t materials
irradiated in a nuclear reactor. Both ptb.enc'.Mena ar.?s cl.osely related and
facilitate measurement of th::' 7 u!m.ines,-.en :e yi.e"L.d of a spe% imer of finite
Lhicknesc, since only a knowledge of its darkening is reclt~dred. A quartz
spectrum was used for compariscn be^ause Its luminescent band was within
the boundaries of the ,sp_ ^iaursn. It , i.,;6est,ed that tl:2 characteristi2
kinetics of the dar~:en:i.ng of ctuartz are due F,o the a1 ndance of Several
types of color center,; responsible for interc,!:tion and. m:..t;uai transitions.
94. Polarization of. Radlatlon
"Polarization of Rt?di.at?inn -if Helium A.temz, Pxr;ited by Elec..
Lron impact," by G. &,, Do!.gov? MoEco w., 2L-'k.a .i Spekktros-
kopi,ya. Vol. 6, No 6, Jt:.n 59; pp 717??722
Polarization of w-Ld=.a,?`;i^n is rn.ea.s-i.crted for four iinee of helium : 501.6,
4921, 1+1E71, and 3889 A. The polarization has a norunoncA n5 relation to
the energy of incnrlent electrc'ns. The mar ::;mum pola-r.izatian is at a. dis-
tance cC 5 to 10 ev from the t'LresholJ.. 1 he. nbsrrvc d of C:=.c L is expl.M.ned
on the basis of the =emi ?.lar. >.i. _:a.'_. recd ,%-, A.
..
95 . Temper_e,.;.re of M-a .uF.~.-J
-
"The Tempe:. at,;.2.~e of E~.c t;x :.:dc Vap,^r ;, a a, 3.pav.k
by N. K. Sul:hodrev and S. L. .Maside?.I sht.am Mo::cew~ ;:q
p'i.lca,
Spektroskopi a, 6) 'Yo 6.. 59:, pp
Result.:, of mea^l;.r?men" Al _E .~, Sri ^ and C;. ,'b irldl. _a to
the temperature of
E .L3;_'F,rc d cf:C'o?r s .n. 4.;'r' be at::,ui:? 3O. i 1Cr;, .
35,000? inst;.ad of the _-f. :! 0~ ~' which shcui.d
be ascribed to the peripheral Jc:,ud~ Tb.e hi.g`+.er' t_:1TJ.~era;:c_re
close to the chanr 1 tern.pera.tua.re n f 0, 17-100,.1;0.C00' (' it t ,
the assi;nptior_ that the h`.at' n; and exc{.t?e.ti.?:.n of e7_:r.tr.'cd:e -tapers c::,7_i.r
during their passage the spark ch +,r_nr=i..
96. Temperature
"Investigation of the Iemprsra.ture D pender.,-a c,f tine .i.nt .nsity
of Infrared Absr,r.pti.on Brandc- .n ??:i.+~'G.'ld " by P. A, Bazh,aiin
and V. N. Srnirnov Mop OL.i.1_. Vol 6.
__.
No 6; Jun 59: 1~ p 745--753
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Quantitative measurements of intensities of infrared absorption bands
have been made on a number of liquids at various temperatures. A depar-
ture from the relation derived theoretically has been round. The observed
effects are discussed.
97. Light Stored in Phosphors
"Dependence of the Total Light Stored on Levels of Various
Depths Upon the Excitation Density," by Yu. M. Popov; Moscow,
Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 6, No 6, Jun 599 pp 764-768
A phosphor with two adherence levels of different depth::, is analyzed.
It is assumed that from the adherence levels the electrons are ejected by
thermal vibrations of the lattice into the conduction zone. The proba-
bility of a thermal. ejection from the adherence level is expressed on the
basis of the principle of detailed equilibrium by the probability of cap-
ture by this level. It is shown that in a steady-state system the ratio
of number of electrons stored on deep levels to the number stored on higher
levels is proportional to the product of two factors, one of which repre-
sents the ratio.of the total number of deep levels to higher levels, and
the other always decreases with an. increase in the excitation density.
98. Radiationless Recombination in Luminescence
"Influence of the Radiationless Recombination on the Saturation
Effect in Cathodoluminescence," by Yu. M. Popov and V. P. Sha-
banskiy; Moscow, 22tika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 6, No 6, Jun 59
pp 769-775
Kinetic equations for the number of particles in the conducting zone
and on adherence levels, applied in luminescence problems, are solved.
Processes of triple recombination are taken into account in these equa-?
tions because they are essential at high densities of the free charge car-
riers. By triple recombination is meant a process of radi.ationless recom-
bination, which is the reverse of the process of electron ionization from
traps by conduction electrons or holes. It is demonstrated that these
densities of free electrons and holes correspond to the nonlinear section
of, cathodo-luminescence yield, which appears at a sufficiently strong
irradiation. Numerical evaluations and the form of the curve for yield
versus radiation intensity conform with. experiment. The energy balance
for electrons in recombination processes is compiled and the electron
temperature is evaluated.
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99. Measurements by Interference
"New Interferometric Method of Measuring Dispersion of Liquids.,"
by I. N. Shklyarevskiy; Moscow, Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 6,
No 6, Jun 59, pp 780.-783
A new interferometer method is described for measuring the dis-
persion of liquids in the visible and ultraviolet parts of the spectrum.
The method is free from the effect of phase jump and permits more accurate
? measuring.
100. Interference Light Filters
"Multilayer Dielectric Interference Light Filters," by T. N.
Krylova; Moscow, Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 6, No 6, Jun 59,
Pp 7811._.787
Characteristics of interference light filters consisting of alternate
layers of dielectrics (titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide) obtained from
easily hydrolyzed compounds are described. Replacing the transparent sil-
ver layers in the interference filters with multilayer dielectrics resulted
in filters which transmitted up to 80% of the light over a small band width.
The use of these substances yielded specimens of stable filters for a
range of 380-850 m}p .
1.01. Speed of Light
"Application of Electron Optical Converters for Accurate Mea-
suxement of the Speed of Light Propagation," by K. S. Vul'fson,
Moscow City Pedagogical Institute imeni Potemkin; Moscow;,
Dokiady Akademi.i Nauk SSSR, Vol 125, No 6, Apr 59, pp 1223-1224
A special electron optical device previously described by Ye. S. Zavoy.
skiy and S. D. Fanchenko (DAN 100, No 4, 661 (1955)) and giving a prac-
tical time resolution of l sec, has been used for accurate measurement
of the speed of light. The error in measurement does not exceed 10'?6 sec.
Solid State Physics
102. Structural Diffusion
"Investigation of the Relation of the Structural Diffusion Coef-
ficient to Temperature," by V. P. Tsvetkov, Voroshi.lov Mining
and Metallurgy Institute; Moscow, Doklady Akademij. Nauk SSSR,
Vol 125, No 6, Apr. 5>, pp 1235-1237
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The relation of the structural diffusion D to temperature is studied
for bismuth and the equation D = D(T) is analyzed. Radiographic data
were used for plotting curves of atomic distribution following a pre-
viously described method (A. Ye. Glauberman and V. P. Tsetkov, DAN , 106,
623 (1956)). The experimental curves were compared with the theoretical
curves for several lattices, and one of these lattices, the diffusion coef-
ficient of which describes best the structure of liquid Bi, was chosen.
It was found that a densely packed hexagonal lattice fits best.
103. X-Ray K -Absorption Spectra of Titanium
"Fine Structure of X-Ray K -Absorption Spectra of Titanium in
Titanates of the System BaO-TiO2 in Piezoelectric Crystals,"
by E. Ye. Vaynsteyn, M. N. Brill, and Yu. F. Kopelev, Insti.-
tute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni Vernad-
skiy, Academy of Sciences USSR; Odessa Pedagogical Institute
imeni Ushinskiy; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 126,
No 4, Jun 59, pp 744-747
The fine structure of X-ray atomic absorption spectra in piezoelectric
materials is studied in an attempt to clarify the symmetry and the magni-
tude of the internal field of crystals. For this purpose several compounds
of the system BaO-TiO2 are investigated.
104. Anomalous Skin Effect of Metals in Infrared
"Anomalous Skin Effect and the Optical Constants of Copper,
Silver, Gold, and Nickel in the Infrared Region of the
Spectrum," by I. N. Shkly4revskiy and V. G. Padalka; Moscow,
Optika i Spektroskopiya Vol. 6, No 6, Jun 59, pp 776-780
By using previously obtained values of optical constants of Cu, Ag,
Au, and Ni Mika i Spektroskopiya, 4, 792 (1958); ibid. 6, 78 (1959)) and
on basis of the theory of anomalous skin effect, the concentration of con-
duction electrons, the relaxation time, and the product of the speed on
the Fermi limit and the diffusion coefficient (1-p) are computed. The
computations are made under the assumption that the conductivity of the
thick metallic deposits in vacuum equals the conductivity of large pieces
of metal.
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105. Surface Reactions in Germanium
"Field Effect and Reactions at the Surface of Germanium,"
by H. Flietner, Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin Adlershof;
Leipzig, Annalen der Physik, Vol 3, No 7/8, 1959, pp 414-427
Reactions which take place at the surface of germanium specimens with
various conductivities were followed with the aid of the field effect. It
was found that the effect of ozone produces an increase of the number of
"fast" terms. In a surface not previously treated with ozone, this increase
of "fast" terms was accompanied by a disappearance of "slow" acceptor terms.
These "slow" acceptor terms, as the result of oxygen adsorption, are con-
verted by the ozone treatment into "fast" acceptor terms, which correspond
to the bonding possibilities of free electrons at free valences of surface
atoms. The effect on the "fast" terms is made completely reversible by
the moist atmosphere. The charge in the "slow" terms, however, is retained.
This means that at the surface, the H2O causes a type of bonding which in-
volves no change of charge. One type of bonding with these properties is
the Ge02 bonding. In a surface pretreated with ozone and moisture, a
second ozone treatment likewise causes an increase of the-number of "fast"
terms,, but without a simultaneous change of ci:arge in the "slow" terms.
This is understood to indicate that ozone likewise separates the Ge02 bond
and creates possibilities for the bonding of free electrons at free valences.
106. Surface Conductivity of Germanium During Slight Band Distortions
"Surface Conductivity With Allowance for the Scattering of
Charge Carriers at the Surface During Slight Band Distortions,"
by H. Flietner, Heinrich Hertz Institute,, Berlin-Adlershof;
Leipzig, Annalen der Physik, Vol 3, No 7/8, 1959, pp 396-413
The conductivity of space-charge edge layers parallel to the surface
of semiconductors is computed with the scattering of the charge carriers
at the surface taken into account. The calculations were made for slight
band distortions (bending), such as occur as a result of the field effect.
The necessary integration of the Poisson equation produced a diagram from
which the potential curve in the space-charge edge layers can be traced
for an arbitrary value of band distortion and arbitrary position of the
Fermi level inside the semiconductor. Numerical extrapolations were pre-
pared for germanium.
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Theoretical Physics
.107. Multiparticle Correlation
"A Method for Taking Correlation Into Account in a Many-
Particl.L; System," by Chen Chun-Sian, Moscow State University
iron. Lamonosov; Mosco' Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 125,
No ti. Apr 59, pp 1238-12IT1'
A general method for taking correlaticn into account in a multiparticle
system leads to a system of integral equations derived from Green's func-
tion for a multiparticle system. An approximation method is used to solve
the equations. A binary approximation of this method yields at once all
results previously obtained (K. A. Brueckner et al, Ph s. Rev. 97, 1344
(3.955); J. Bardeen et al, Phys. Rev. 108, 1175 (1957 . The method is sim-
ilar to those suggested by N. N. Bogolyubov (ZhETF, 34, 58 (1958)) and
It. Ursell (Proc. Cambr. Phil. Soc., 23, 685 (1927
108. Nonexistence of Singrxlarity-Free Sc?lutions of Field Equations
"On the Question of the Existence of Singularity-Free Solutions
of the General-Relativity Field Equations Which Could Repre-
sent Particle Models," by A. Papapetrou and H. Treder, Insti-
tute of Pure Mathematics, [East] German Academy of Sciences,
Berlin; Leipzig, Annalen der 'hysik, Vol 3, No 7/8, 1955,
pp 360-372
In this work the existence of singularity-free solutions,, periodic
with respect to time, of the gravitation equations is discussed. On the
basis of the asymptotic behavior of periodic fields, it follows that such
a so]..ution could be periodic with respect to time only in a finite internal
region of the three-dimensional space in which the gravity field is 'strong,
,and that this internal region would have to be attached to a stationary
outer field by means of an abrupt transition surface. From Stellmacher' s
investigations (Math. Ann., Vol 115) 1938, p y o) on the transitions corn-?
patible with the field equations, it follows that thin transition surface
would have to be a smooth null hyperplane. A geometric theorem on sruooth
iiyperpl.anes is then derived, from which it is seen that such a transition
plane cannot exist. Accordingly, Einstein's theory of the pure gravita-
tional field permits no singularity-free solutions which are periodic with
respect to time, and thus permits no models of stable particles.
A discussion of the properties required for singularity-free solutions
(periodic with respect to time) of the Einstein-Maxwell field equations
for the combined gravitation-electromagnetic field leads to the same nega-
tive answer.
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