SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 127
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 4, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
4 September 1959
opog
Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription $28.00 ($4 additional for
foreign mailing). Single copy $2.75.
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Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE J 4 C r2f'C'IOI?. $
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES cfara to _`Jrcllirc+ i~ hccorde Crn~r
WASHINGTON 25, D.C. Jmrn?cl'?f?~l _-xjrfcr U.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted
from recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern
Europe, and China. The information selected is intended to
indicate current scientific developments and activities in
the USSR, in the Sino-Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugo-
slavia, and is disseminated as an aid to the United States
Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Astronomy
II. Biology
Biophysics
Botany
III. Chemistry
Fuels and Propellants
Industrial Chemistry
nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction
Radiochemistry
Earth Sciences
Acoustics and Audio Frequencies
Automation and Computers
Components
Instrument's and Equipment
Materials
Radar
Wave Propagation
Engineering
10
15
19
28
32
3;:;
5:3
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Bacteriology
Contagious Diseases
Epidemiology
Hematology
Immunology and Therapy
Oncology
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Physiology
Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
Radiology
Surgery
Veterinary Medicine
Miscellaneous
EMS
65
65
67
70
71
72
73
75
9o
82
83
91
94
g4.
IX. Metallurgy 105
X. Physics
Atomic and Molecular Physics
Mechanics
Riclear Physics
Plasma Physics
Solid State Physics
Theoretical Physics
106
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Meteoric Bodies 'ln the Atmosphere
"Some Laws of Motion of Meteoric Bodies in the Atmosph,r6;"
by N. A. Anfinov, Moscow Physicotechnical Institute; Moscow,
Astronomacheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 36, No .1, Jan/Feb 59, PP 137-140
To study the process of heat transfer in meteoric condiltions,the re-
lations between nondimier_sional quantities were analyzed. An' empirical
formula for the coefficient Cl = - has been found. Some conclusions
are made on the relation between 2111lting and evaporation in the process
of loss of mass of meteoric bodies.
2. Planetary Atmospheres
"The Dissipation of Gas From Planetary Atmospheres. II. The
Total Velocity of Dissipation of Gas From a Planetary Atmos-
phere. The Problem of Terrestrial Helium," by E. K. Byutner,
Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute imeni Gertsen; Moscow,
Astronomicheskiy Zhurnal. Vol 36, No 1, Jan/Feb 59, pp 89-99
A general expression has been found for the- velocity of gas dissipa-
tion from a planetary atmosphere from which follow, as limiting cases,
the formulas deduced by Lennard??Jones (Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc., 22, 535
(1923)) for a dense and for a rarefied atmosphere. The velocity of gas
dissipation and also the thickness and position of the layer from which
the dissipating process is most effective were calculated for two cases:
a single component atmosphere and an atmosphere composed of a heavy gas
with a small ach ixture of a light gas. It was found that in the latter
case, all other conditions being identical, the thickness of the layer is
much less than in the former. In all cases, the thickness of the layer
increases with increasing kinetic energy of the gas. The distribution of
the intensity of dissipation along the effective layer has been calculated
and the position of the layer of maximum density determined. With the
help of -the model of a double component atmosphere, the possibility of
dissipation of helium from the Earth's atmosphere under present conditions
were investigated. The estimates of the necessary kinetic energy, at a
height of about 500 km, are given.
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3. Solar Corpuscular Streams
"Generation of Corpuscular Streams by the Magnetic Field of
Sunspots," by P. Ye. Kolpakov; Moscow, Astronomicheskiy Zhurnal
Vol 36, No 1, Jan/Feb 59, pp 65-72
The possibilities of generation of corpuscular streams in a non-
uniform --.iagnetic field, increasing with time, of a unipolar group of sun-
spots is analyzed. The most rapid particles of the coronal-chromospheric
plasma belonging to the "wing" of the Maxwell distribution, for which the
condition eEl. Fd c is fulfilled, will acquire energy from the action
of the induced electric field accox'ding to W1 = Wo L H ,,,, 6.103 -- 4?].05eV.
H
? Because of the nonuniformity of the magnetic field, these particles will
rise upwards and their energy Wl will be transformed into the energy Wj%
of motion along the magnetic lines of force of the spot. Particles with
energy W11^ 6.103 -- 4.105 eV in the region of the corona can escape from
the Sun and form corpuscular stream.s.
1N. Spectral Study of the Chromosphere
"A Spectrophotometric Investigation of the H and K Ca+ Lines in
the Chromosphere and Solar Faculae." by V. L. Khokhlova. Cri-
mean Astrophysical Observatory Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow,'
Astronomicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 34, No 1, Jan/Feb 59, pp 54-64
The study of H and K lines of ionized calcium at varioup distances
from their centers permits the investigation of conditions at different
depths of the solar-atmosphere. The form of the profiles of the H2, K2,
i~3 and K lines show that incoherent scattering does not play an essential
role in the formation of these lines. The upper limit of the value of
turbulent velocity is derived from the profiles of H3 and K and found to
be 8 km/sec. The height of formation of these lines is tabulated and
equals 5,000 hzn. Analysis of the published determinations of the turbulent
velocity from the half-widths of the lines showed that all metallic lines,
as well as hydrogen, give a turbulent velocity in the chromosphere not
exceeding 8 km/sec. The high value of v.s derived by A. Unsold (Physik der
Sternatmosphaeren (Physics of Stellar Atmospheres) Berlin, 1955) and by
C. de Jager (Bull, Astron, Inst. Nether. 13, No 473, 133, (1957)) resulted
from the use of helium lines which are broadened, because of high kinetic
temperature.
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5. Radio Emission by Magnetic Bremsstrahlung
"The Distribution of Relativistic Electrons in the Galaxy and
the Spectrum of Magnetic Bremsstrahlung Radio Emission," by
S. I. Syrovatskiy, Physics Institute imeni Lebedev, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Astronomicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 36,
Jan/Feb 59, PP 17-32
The problem of the diffusion of particles is solved, taking into
account the regular changes of the energy of the particles during this
process. The space distribution and energy spectrum for electrons, whose
energy changes are caused by losses due to radiation in the magnetic
field are found by assuming that the sources occupy an ellipsoidal volume
and supply interstellar space with relativistic electrons with an exponen-
tial energy spectrum QE - Nc . The case when the distribution of the
sources coincides with the flat subsystem of the Galaxy and h = 2 is
considered in detail. The energy spectra of electrons along the line
of sight in different directions and the corresponding intensity of
magnetic bremsstrahlung radiation are calculated. It is shown that the
energy spectrum of electrons along this line of sight can be represented
in a limited energy region by the exponential spectrum KE - , where I
varies within the limits between 2?and 3, depending on the assumed diffu-
sion coefficient. The choice of a diffusion coefficient of relativistic
particles in interstellar space equal to D = 1029 cm/sec and the source
intensity Q = l038 ergs/sec ensures an agreement with the observed spectrum
of nonthermal radio emission of the Galaxy in the frequency region above
10 Mc.
6. Solar Corpuscular Streams
"The Velocity Spectrum of Corpuscles in Solar Corpuscular
Streams," by E. R. Mustel' and 0. N. Mitropol'skaya, Astro-
nomical Council, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Astronomi-,
cheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 34, No 1, Jan/Feb 59, PP 5-16
The velocity spectrum of corpuscles ejected from flocculi was studied
for the period 1951-1953. Relations between flocculi and geomagnetic ac-?
tivity published earlier by the authors (Izv. Kryinsk. astrofiz, obsery.
18, 162 (1957)) are revised. Observations indicate that the passage of
flocculi over the visible center of the Solar disk explains not only the
rise of disturbances but also two other effects: the appearance and dis-
appearance of geomagnetic sequences during the appearance of new flocculi
and, correspondingly, the disappearance of old flocculi; and the appearance,
disappearance, strengthening, and weakening of geomagnetic sequences during
the change of sign of the heliographic latitude of the disk's center. The
evident connections between flocculi and geomagnetic disturbances are dis-
cussed.
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7. Radio Astronomy Applied to Interstellar Clouds
"The Determination of the Mean Dimension of Magnetized Clouds
of Interstellar Gas by Methods of Radio Astronomy," by G. G.
Getmantsev, Radiophysics Institute, Gor'kiy State University
imeni Lobachevskiy; Moscow, Astronomicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 36,
No 3, May/Jun 59, pp 422-426-
The possibility is discussed of the determination of the mean dimensions
of magnetized clouds of interstellar ionized gas from measurements of the
polarization of nonthermal radio emission and from measurements of the
intensity fluctuations of radio emission, when the directional diagram
of the radio telescope is swept across the celestial sphere. On the basis
of published data it is shown that 1"Z' 75 Ps.
8. Variation of Intensity of Solar Radio Emission
"The, Variations of Intensity of Radio Emission Scattered on
Coronal Nonuniformities," by V. V. Pisareva, Radiophysics
Institute, Gor'kiy State University imeni Lobachevskiy;Ivioscow,
Astronomicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 36, No 3, May/Jun 59, pp 427-433
Simultaneous observations of solar radio emission of 206 Mc made at
two stations, separated as to longitude (Gorky and Irkutsk), are described.
These were made to detect intensity fluctuations with a diffraction origin.
The observations did not reveal such fluctuations for a precision of meas-
urements to 2% from the mean level of solar radio emission. This circumstance
may be connected with the sources of radio emission on the sun having too-
large angular d.. tensions. It is shown that observations with an antenna
with an effective area of the order of 200 m2 and a design with a fluctuation
threshold of sensitivity 2? for a time constant of one second could have led
to the detection of such fluctuations even for wide-angle sources.
The variation of distribution with the angle of radiation, passing
through a layer with nonuniformities, in dependence on the distance of the
observer to the layer is considered. The derived results are applied to
the scattering of radio emission of Tauri A on coronal nonuniformities. It
is shown that at large distances from the Sun's center the apparent increase
in the size of the source cannot be explained by scattering on coronal rays.
It is necessary to assume that there are also smaller nonuniformities in
the corona.
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9. Ephemerides of Artificial Satellites
The computation of Precise and Approximate Ephemerides of Arti-
ficial Earth Satellites," by M. S. Yarov-Yarovoy and Ye. A.
Grebenikov, State Astronomical Institute imeni Shternberg;
Moscow, Astronomicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 36, No 3, May/Jun 59,
pp 5211-53
Analytical methods for the solution of four principal problems, arising
when computing the ephemerides of an artificial Earth satellite, are given.
The first problem is the determination of the interval of latitudes in
which observations (optical and photographic) of the sputnik can be made;
the second -- the computation of a precise ephemerides; the third -- the
computation of an approximate ephemerides. Here the main points are:
(1) the determination of the time when a place with a given longitude
intersects the orbital plane of the sputnik; (2) the determination of the
time when the sputnik crosses a parallel of a given latitude. Therefore
the ephemerides of a sputnik should be calculated only for those intervals
of time, when the first and second moments of time are close to one another,
i.e. when the sputnik in a given place is observed at maximum height. The
fourth problem is to determine whether the brightness of the sky at twilight
will interfere with observations and whether the sputnik will be in the
Earth's shadow. It is necessary to solve this latter problem frequently if
the latitude of the place of observation is near the limits of the intervals
of latitude, determined in the first problem. A numerical example is given
at the end of the paper.
10. Possibility of Latent Stage in Development of Supergiants
"On the Star Association Perseus I," by V A Ambartsumyan,
Byurakan Observatory, Armenian Academy of Sciences; Max-Planck-
Festschrift 1958, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften,
Berlin 1959, pp 97-102
From an analysis of the peculiar characteristics exhibited by the star
association Perseus I, the age of which is about 15 - 106 years, it is
apparent that the process of star formation is still going on within this
association. This is in contradiction to the hypothesis that the stars of
the association are produced from diffuse material. Furthermore, kinematic
observations show for the stars of several spectral classes of this asso-
ciation a considerably greater age than that indicated by energy studies.
It is considered possible that this difference can be explained by the
occurrence of a certain latent stage in the life of a future supergiant in
which the light energy is now very low.
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II. BIOLOGY
Biophysics
11. Bioelectric Current as Power Source
"Utilization of Bioelectric Current for Purposes of Control,"
by A. Ye. Kobrinskiy Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Otdeleniye Tekhnicheskikh Nauk, Energetika i Avtomatika, No 3,
May-June 1959, Pp 151-15
The author of this abridged text of a report which was read at the
general meeting of the Department of Technical Sciences, Academy of Sciences
USSR, held on 16 December 1958, states that a group of workers of the
Institute of Machine Science, Academy of Sciences USSR and of the Central
Scientific Institute of Prosthetics and Prosthetic Design (TsNIIPP) has
been conducting research, since 1957, on the utilization of the bioelectric
currents of a living organism to operate an external mechanical device.
With the invention of suitable systems of control, they were named bioelectric
systems of control.
It has been known, from the time Galvani made his first experiment,
that living tissue reacts to electric stimulation. It was subsequently
found that living tissue can carry electric current and even generate
electricity. It is also known that any process of stimulation passing
through living tissue is always preceded by the formation of and changes
in the electric potentials in these tissues. Thus, any kind of motion
by a living organism is preceded by a change in the biocurrents of corre-
sponding muscles.
A definite, well-defined dependence exists between muscle tension and.
the magnitude of bioelectric currents. Within certain limitations it is
linear, i.e. the magnitude of biocurrent in these limits is proportional to
the level of on muscle tension. Irritation along the nerve and muscle
fibers is diffused in a form of a collection of discrete impulses which are
modulated in frequency, depending on level of irritation.
Thus, any voluntary "schedule" of activity by a human organism, no
matter how complicated and diverse it may be, finds its reflection in
combined discrete biological impulses which pass from the central nervous
system to the organs.
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But similar combinations of discrete electric signals are widely
used in assigning work schedules in most diverse modern automatic systems.
Metal-cutting tools may serve as an example of this. Much in common can
be found between the operation of such systems and the picture of bioelectric
pulsation.
These analogies carry a purely external character. The nature of the
command impulses in both instances is completely different, just as the
various methods of transmitting these command impulses to organs that respond
to these impulses are different.
It is this cybernetic approach which prompted a new point of view
concerning the already existing system of interaction between a living
organism and various mechanical devices which lead to the idea which is the
basis of the bioelectric systems of control.
Results of experiments on animals and humans, in which various such
mechanical devices were used, have been published in the US, England, and
1n some other countries. Miniature radio receivers, receiving signals from
a transmitter located in a laboratory, were attached to. the body'of white
rats. Sensory and motor reactions of animals were recorded. The living
organism received external commands produced by a mechancial apparatus.
There were other experiments conducted, the results of which were
published in 1954. An apparatus which generated signals was used. The
signals, fed by means of electrodes attached to the head of a human being,
produced a sensation of the loss of equilibrium. In this case, the signals
were produced by an external mechanical apparatus.
A number of otherinstruments generating signals which control various
functions of the human organism have been used widely in medicine. For
example, an apparatus which has been used in the electrical stimulation of
respiration regulates respiration frequency, and an apparatus used in sleep
therapy generates impulses of certain frequency and inhibits nerve cells of
the cortex of the brain thereby creating somnolence and sleep; many other
apparatuses have been built.
Although the systems of control, pointed out above, are comparatively
elementary, they do point to existence of great possibilities in utilization
of bioele.tric'systems for many and varied purposes of control.
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A method of bioelectric control was first conceived in the USSR in
:.)57. It was briefly described in the Doklady Akademii :t auk SSSR (Reports
of the Academy of Sciences USSR) Vol 117, No 1, 1957. The first model
o:' such a system was constructed in the Central Scientific Institute of
Prosthetics and Prosthetic Design (Ts-NIIPP) in 1957. This model was shaped
in a form of a human wrist and was controlled by means of biocurrents of
muscles which flexed and straightened the fingers of the hand. In spite
of the fact that the model was far from being perfect, it demonstrated that
is was possible to realize the idea of bloc rent control.
Small biocurrent amplifiers were developed later on. It can be
assumed that further myographic research will create the possibility of
utilizing various systems to extract useful information. Exploitation of
bioelectric systems is being continued . The main efforts are being concen-
trated on inventing small receiving sets and fitting them with reliable
sources of electric c~~rrent.
It goes without saying that this field is not limited in application
to artificial limbs only. Biocurrents of any muscle (not only skeletal,
particularly the heal muscles and muscles whLch control respiratory movements,
car. be utilized. One such system has been realized as the result of the
joint effort of the Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine Academy
of Sciences USSR, Division of Applied Mathematics of the Institute of
Mathematics Academy of Sciences T;SSR and the Institute of Aviation Medicine
of the Ministry of Health USSR. The biocuwr'.rent of heart muscles has been
used in 'this system to operate a roentgen apparatus-
The author of this article concludes by stating that he has no doubts
that any further. progress that may be made in the utilization of biocurrents
?or control purposes will be of great He states further that
newspapers have reported that similar work as that described above is being
carried on abroad, particularly in the iS .
Photographs and schemat:4c diagrams of various devices are shown on
pages 151, 152, 153, and 154 of-the text.
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Botany
12. Cytoembryology of the developEU. `,r, of Pa-thenocar, ous Fr::its in n TomatoeH
Sprayed With Growth Stim~lwltc~~_.-____-_~_. ,.._..__._......
"The Cytoembryology of the Development of Par.'thenocarpous Fr-its
in Tomatoes Sprayed With Growl'-Oh Stimulators," by 0. 1. Rybcheako,
Department of Cytology and Embryology of the Institute of Botany,
Academy of Sciences, JkSSR; Kir-;.v, iLkAyL.c:slsyy Bota~?.ic h:ryy Zhurnel,
Vol 16, No 3, 1959, pp 20-.21 ._~
The question of the effect of Synthetic growth stimt:lators on the
development of tomato ovaries and the ovules is discussed is this paper.
The author points cot that in' spraying with TU (sodium salt of 0,4,5-
trichiorophenoxyacet.ic acid) and 2,4-D'; (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid),
the tomato ovaries and their ovules in particular become. completely
identical with the ovaries of partht>nocarpous forms. The same disturbances
in development are observed, followed by the complete degeneration of the
female gametophyte. When sprayed during the later phases of development,
the pistils lose their capacity to accept pollen, and the embryo sacs, to
be pollinated and to develop normal embxyos and eridosperms . Iw,stead, the
juri,oun ding tissues (endothelium n?cellus) grow profusely and form endo-
thelially sterile ovules. Unpollinated ovaries with such S terils, ovules
do not drop off but develop- into normal-sized, parth.enocarpouus fruits, with
abundant starch in their tissues.
Thus, both in natural parthenocarpy and in parthe;.ocarpy stimulated
by snythetic preparations, the dis;nrbat:,c~s iw .iormal development are of
the same nature. This proves that in both cases dist::;rbances in the same
metabolic processes are invol-Ted, probably the p -ocesses of the formation
and equilibration of phytch.or:mo;,es i :: the. plant org+?,pis .
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Fuels and Propellants
13. Nitration of Starch
"Investigations on Nitration With Mixed Acid; Part 2 --
Further Investigation of the Deterioration of Nitro-
starch in Mixed Acid on the Basis of Molecular Weights
Determined by a Modified Barger Method" by A. Knuz, J.
Giber, and 0. Dobis, Department of Industrial Organic
Chemistry, Budapest Technical University; Budapest,
Magyar Kemiai Folyoirat, Vol 65,, No 5, May 59, PP 171+-
177
It was established that the Barger method, as modified by Szabo and
Szoke, is suitable for the determination of molecular weights of macro-
molecular compounds. The limits of errors which occur in determinations
by this method amount to ? 2%. The use of this method for the investi-
gation of macromolecular compounds is recommended.
By using the method in question, the deterioration of nitrostarch
in two types of mixed acid was investigated. It was established with
certainty that nitrostarch does not deteriorate in mixed acid that
contains P2 05 and has been prepared according to Alexander and Mitchell.
On the other hand, there is strong deterioration in mixed acid that
contains a high proportion of nitric acid.
The constants of the Staudinger equation modified by H. Mark were
determined. In this equation, which reads
[II =KLMnlo(,
alpha was found to be equal to 0.52 and K to 0.99 X 10-2.
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14. Nitration of Mannitol
"Investigations on the Nitration With Mixed Acid; Part 3 --
Nitromannite", by A. Kunz and J. Giber, Department of In-
dustrial Organic Chemistry, Budapest Technical University,
Budapest, Magyar Kemiai Folyoirat, Vol 65, No 5, May 59,
pp 78-180
The curves indicating the time necessary for the nitration of d-
mannitol showed that the same conditions are apparent from the mixed-
acid triangular diagram as those encountered in the nitration of starch.
It was established that the time necessary for the nitration of d-mannttol
depends principally on the nitric acid activity of the mixed acid.
The parallel curves of the mixed acids corresponding to products
with the same nitrogen content likewise indicate that the generally
known relationships pertaining to nitrocellulose are valid for the
nitration of mannitol. In the mixed-acid triangular diagram, the
Shaposhnikov line passes through the plane corresponding to products
with a content of nitrogen higher than 18%. One may assume that the
mixed acid, which has the maximum nitrating effect as far as the nitrogen
content is concerned, has the following composition: 8.5% of water;
44% of nitric acid; and 47.5% of sulfuric acid.
The family of curves which indicates the magnitude of the yield in
the mixed acid triangular diagram has a resemblance to the family of
curves indicating the nitrogen content. One may therefore conclude that
there is a close correspondence between yield and nitrogen content.
15. USSR Work on Solidified Gasoline
"Tverdyy Benzin [Solid Gasoline]" by Prof B. I. Losev,
Publishing House, Znaniye, Moscow, 1958, 24 pp
The information given in the article "Solid Gasoline" by Prof
B. I. Losev, _Priroda. Vol 47, No 9, Sep 58, pp 38-44 (cf. Item 8,
SIR T-10, 21 Nov 1958, pp 6-8) is reviewed and supplemented. USSR
technological procedures for the production of solidified gasoline are
compared with those developed abroad, particularly in work done by the
Anglo-Iranian Petroleum Company since 1944.
It is pointed out that in addition to the use of large stationary
installations for the liquefaction of solidified gasoline, small instal-
lations for this purpose can be mounted on automotive vehicles and
planes. When these installations are used on moving vehicles, there
is no necessity for fuel tanks. The output of installations of this
type can be adjusted to the speed of the automotive vehicle by connect-
ing over a transmission the shaft of the screw press for the liquefac-
tion of solidified fuel with the shaft of the engine supplying motive
power to the vehicle.
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The contents of the book are arranged according to the following
index:
Page
Introduction 3
Highly Concentrated Emulsions 9
Solidification of Highly Concentrated Emulsions 11
Properties of Briquettes of Solidified Liquid Fuels 11
Chemical Reagents for the Solidification of Liquid
Fuels 13
Technical Methods for Solidification 15
Applications of Solidified Liquid Fuels 17
16. Shattering of Sealed Tubes by Explosives Contained in Them
"The Physical Properties Which Determine the Thermal
Stability of Crystals of Some Explosive Substances,"
by K. K. Andreyev, Moscow Chemico-Technological In-
stitute imeni V. I. Mendeleyev; Moscow, Nauchnyye
Doklady Vysshey Shkoly-Khimiya i Khimicheskaya Tekh-
nologiya,'No
May 59, pp 244-247
On the basis of the experimental research described, it is concluded
that the facility with which solid explosives on being ignited shatter
a sealed tube in which they are contained depends not only on the volume
rate of gas formation, but also on phenomena arising as a result of gas
penetrating into cracks that are formed in the crystals of the solid
explosive. The experimentally determined behavior of a number of ex-
plosives is correlated with their tendency to form cracks under the
effect of stresses arising at high temperatures.
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17. The Effects of Turbulence on the Intensity of Combustion and the
Velocity of Flame Propagation
"Propagation of Turbulent Flames in Single-Phase and Two-
Phase Combustion Systems" by Ye. A. Borovchenko; Minsk,
Doklady Akademii Nauk Belorussian SSR, Vol 3, Mar 59,
pp 100-102
An investigation of the effects of turbulence on the intensity of
combustion and the propagation of flame was made on a typical two-phase
system (peat dust suspended in air) and a typical single-phase system
(a mixture of butane with air.) The turbulence was produced by using
nets of different mesh dimensions. The dependence of oxygen concentra-
tion, intensity of combustion, and rate of flame propagation on the
turbulence was studied. It was established that small-scale turbulence
increases the rate of flame propagation in two-phase combustion systems
while large-scale turbulence, which favors formation of a folded struc-
ture of the flame front, increases the rate of flame propagation in
single-phase systems.
18. Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Lighter Fuels for Jet
Engines
"Principles of the Application of Petroleum Products,"
by N. M. Marketov; Moscow, Xhimiya i Tekhonologiya
Topliva i Masel, Vol i+, No 6, Jun 59, pp 69-71
In reviewing the book "Osnovy Primeniya Nefteproduktov" (Principles
of the Application of Petroleum Products), by B. V. Losikov, N. G.
Puchkov, and B. A. Englin, Gostoptekhizdat, Moscow, 567 pp, 1959, the
author of the review says that particular attention is being paid in
the book of the selection of fuels for jet engines. According to the
book, using fuels with a lighter fractional composition has a favorable
effect in that it facilitates starting of the engine, improves combus-
tion, increases the efficiency of combustion and flame stability, im-
proves the characteristics of the fuel at low temperatures, and increases
the supply of available fuel. However, application of fuels with a
lighter fractional composition increases the danger of the formation of
vapor locks, makes the operation of the fuel pumps less certain, in-
creases losses by evaporation, and lowers the volume heat of combustion.
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19. A USSR "Rocket" Drill
"A Rocket That Drills Rocks," by V. Pospelov; Moscow
Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, Vol 4, No 87 (5k2),
26 Jul 59, p
Specialists at the Khar'kov Aviation Institute, Ministry of Higher
Education USSR, have developed the self-propelled STB-l rocket drill in-
stallation. The STB-1 installation is a rocket drill mounted on a
motor truck. By means of this equipment one can carry out thermal
drilling in hard rock (e.g., granite) of vertical and inclined wells
or holes with a diameter of 120-200 mm going down to a depth of 8
meters. At the required depth in the rock the diameter of the well
can be increased to 0.5 meters so that a cavity in which explosives
can be placed is formed. The installation consists of a motor truck
with a body of the van type on the roof of which a tower (literally
"mast") holding the rod-like drill is mounted. At the far end of the
drill is a special combustion chamber in which liquid fuel is burned.
Its design is similar to that of a rocket engine.
During the drilling, the heated gases flow out of the nozzle of the
rocket-type combustion chamber with the velocity of sound. Enormous
thermal stresses bring about destruction of the rock being heated. The
particles of rock are blown out of the well by the gas stream and thus
removed from the well.
The thermal drill equipped with a combustion chamber is the princi-
pal part of the installation. During operation, the drill is cooled
with circulating water., The drill operates on liquid fuel and gaseous
oxidant consisting of oxygen or'air,
The STB-l installation is equipped with two thermal drills. Oxygen
is supplied through a hose from cylinders placed on a trailer. When the
liquid fuel is burned with air, an air compressor is used.
In addition to being displaced forward along the axis of the well
being drilled, the thermal drill rotates around its own axis. This
assures uniform distribution of heat in the rock that is to be removed
from the well.
The forward motion of the drill along its axis and its rotation
around this axis are brought about by means of hydraulic motors. The
use of hydraulic motors makes it possible to regulate the operational
velocities within a wide range. The installation is equipped with auto-
matic controls which facilitate and mhlj.:o more reliable the operation of
the drill. A central control panel is located in the cabin of the
truck. Instruments with which the installation is equipped make it
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possible to measure the pressures and rates of use of the fuel, oxygen,
air and cooling water -- also the pressure of gasses in the combustion
chamber, the volocity of the forward motion of the drill, the depth of
the drill's penetration into the rock, the pressure in the hydraulic
system, etc.
The new equipment has passed the tests to which it was subjected.
It operated without difficulty on different hard rocks. The speed of
thermal drilling, not only with oxygen, but also with the use of com-
pressed air is many times greater than that achieved by applying mechan-
ical methods of drilling, which are now being superseded rapidly. One
installation of the new type will replace 10-12 complicated and ex-
pensive rigs for cable tool drilling and will also facilitate greatly
the work of drill operators.
.An arrangement for the automatic feeding of the drill into the
well is being developed at present. The drill will be moved forward
in such a manner that an optimum distance between the nozzle of the
combustion chamber' and the rock being removed from the well will be
maintained automatically. The optimum distance depends on the extent
of rock and other physical properties of the rock. Automatic control
establishing the optimum conductions of operation will considerably
increase the efficiency of thermal drilling.
Preparations are now being made for the series production of multi-
purpose ("universal") self-propelled installations similar to STB-1, to
be applied in the drilling of tough rocks. A working model of an STB-1
installation can be seen at the Exhibition of Achievements of the USSR
National Economy.
Industrial Chemistry
20. Trends and Prospective Developments in USSR Chemistry on the Basis
of the Eighth Mendeleyev Congress
"The Results of the Eighth Mendeleyev Congress" by N. M.
Zhavoronkov, Corresponding Member Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, 'Vol 29, No 6, Jun 59,
pp 26-34
Planning and designing of new plant departments and plants for
the large-scale production of caprolactam, adipic acid, dimethyl tei,e-
phthalate, aminoenanthic acid, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene, poly-
propylene, and polyamide, polyurethane, and polyester resins as well
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as other products and, on the basisOC these'products, of new types of
..,ynthetic fibers and plastics, is proceeding at full speed. Measures
are'being taken to increase sharply the production of viscose fiber and
high-strength tire cord fibers, acetyl cellulose to be used for fibers
and films, carbamide, phenol-formaldehyde, ion-exchange resins, polystyrene
and styrene copolymers, plastics containing fluorine, organosilicon polymers,
polyvinyl chloride, transparent plastics, and synthetic elastomers. As, far
as production of synthetic rubber is concerned, there will be a sizeable
increase in the relative proportion of butyl rubber, isoprene rubber, and
also special elastomers which have a lower permeability to gases, a greater
abrasion resistance, a greater resistance to the action of oil, esters,
gasoline, and other solvents, a greater heat resistance, and a greater
stability at low temperatures. The production of inorganic fertilizers
will increase from 12.4 million tons in 1958 to 35 million tons in 1965.
Technical progress in the production of nitrogen fertilizers will be achieved
by basing this important branch of production on a cheaper raw mater:Ial, i.e.,
natural gas. Nitrogen plants will operate as enterprises for the combined
production of nitrogen fertilizers and products of organic synthesis: ammonia,
acetylene, acetic acid, methanol, formaldehyde, urea, and many other products
will be produced at them. Expansion'has also been planned in the phosphorus
and potassium fertilizer industries, with respect to the production of inor-
ganic acids and soda, and in the production of agricultural poisons, agents
for the control of diseases of agricultural plants, growth stimulants, and
physiologically active substances which suppress the growth of weeds, act
as defoliants, etc.
The rapid development of the chemical industry, which took place as a
result of the development of nuclear technology, radioelectronics, rocket
technology, machine-building, agriculture, medicine, and other fields of
economics, science, and technology, put new demands to chemistry and required
a search for new chemical materials, the development of new technological
processes, and a considerable expansion of the range of initial substances
used for further industrial conversion. Among the problems which have to
be solved are those pertaining to scientific aspects of the production of
high-molecular.. compounds and also of initial and auxiliary substances re-
quired for the production of other synthetic materials.
Many important problems will have to be solved by chemists as far as
the development of methods for the production of graft polymers and the
study of the properties of such polymers is concerned and also in connection
with the development and application of ion-exchange resins and resins
capable of exchanging complexes, films consisting of strong polymeric elec-
trolytes, inorganic polymers exhibiting elastic properties, polymers which
have a strong adhesion and can ba used as anticorrosion and decorative coatings,
etc.
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Particular attention should be paid to research on methods for the
t: y.ithes is of biologically active polymers.
The development of the industry and the tendency to extend the range
of applications of polymers make it necessary that the three following
scientific and technical problems of the utmost importance be solved in
the field of polymer chemistry. The first of these problems is development
of polymers which are chemically stable in an extensive temperature range,
particularly at elevated temperatures. A number of applications in present-
day technology requires the use of polymer materials which stand temperatures
up to 4000-5000 and higher. The second problem is the creation of new
polymers which not only exhibit superior characteristics, but are also
cheap and accessible. The third problem pertains to the development of
methods for manufacturing articles from polymer materials.
Research in the field of the chemistry of organoelemental compounds,
a branch of chemistry which is on the borderline between organic and inorganic
chemistry, is of importance not only from the standpoint of the solution of
;:neral problems of theoretical chemistry, but also from the standpoint of
practical applications of compounds of this type. Among these applications
one may first of all mention those as insecticides, fungicides, drugs, anti-
septics, etc., and also as starting materials for the synthesis of polymers
-which exhibit chemical resistance as well as resistance to high temperatures
(e.g., organosilicors compounds and ferrocenes). Organoelemental compounds
have been synthesized which can be applied as solvents, plasticizers, catalysts
in organic synthesis, special heat-resistant lubricants, anti knock agents
to be added to liquid fuels, etc.
The development of new semiconductors which are required in the radio
engineering industry and must have definite predetermined properties,
necessitates an increased amount of research on interrelationships between
chemical composition, the structure, and, the characteristics of semiconductors,
on the one hand, and the conditions under which they have been synthesized,
on the other hard. In this field, one of the most important problems is
extension of the range of temperatures at which semicondu.0tor devices are
capable of operating. There is an expansion of the application 'of electro-
chemical sources of electric current in connection with the development of
the new technology. This, in turn, necessitates more -,;search aimed at
the development of cheap and compact storage batteries and electric cells.
The industrial use isotopes and of penetrating radiation in the industry
will result in developments of considerable economic importance. A very
promising line of research is that on the synthesis of chemical products
under the action of radiation. This applies particularly to radiation
polymerization, treatment of polymers, and radiation-chemical oxidation,
nitration, and chlorination of hydrocarbons. One must expand scientific
research on the application of stable and radioactive isotopes as tracer
atoms and also develop efficient methods for the separation of isotopes
and the production of isotopes in a concentrated form.
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Of great actual importance at present is development of methods for
the direct and efficient transformation of radiation energy into chemical
and electrical energy in the core of nuclear reactors. To introduc4 the
application of radioisotopes and-of penetrating radiation into the industry
on an extensive scale, one must expand research on radiochemistry, trans-
uranium elements, and-radiation chemistry, both with respect to the'solution
of theoretical problems and the development of new practical applications
in science and technology.
In connection with one of the most important present-day scientific
problems, that of the practical application of controlled-thermonuclear
reactions, chemists must improve methods for the production of deuterium
that will serve as fuel in thermonuclear reactors and also develop new
construction materials for reactors and for shields giving protection
against nuclear radiation.
In the current 7-year period considerable attention will be paid to
research pertaining to the production of rare elements in a pure or ultra-
pure state, improvement of the degree-of their extraction, many-sided uti-
lization of ores, development'. of efficient and economical methods of
separation and purification, and also expansion of the range of applications
of rare elements. A number of important problems must be solved in connection
of the synthesis of new inorganic substances including inorganic polymers,
the production'of new types of inorganic fertilizers, the development of
new construction materials including high-temperature refractories based on
pure oxides, heat-resistant ceramic coatings, heat-resistant high-strength
glasses, etc.
The Eighth.Mendeleyev Congress has demonstrated convincingly that
progress of chemical science is unthinkable without the development of
general theoretical research as well as applied work in the fields of
inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry. This refers primarily to
theoretical investigations on the structure of molecules, research on
valency and the chemical bond, work on reactivity, and problems in stereo.-
chemistry, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, and catalysis. Considerable
research must be done on such new problems as the production of free atoms
and radicals, the synthesis of organic'catalysts (enzymes), the development
of organic semiconductor materials, etc.
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Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
21. Xenon in Uranium Minerals
"The Isotope Composition and Content of Xenon in Uranium Minerals'
by E. K. Gerling and Yu. A. Shukolyukov; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya,
No 2, May 59, pp 212-222
A method has been developed for the isolation of xenon from uranium
minerals apd its determination. When uranium was present in a quantity of
10-7 - 10- cubic centimeters, the precision of determination by the three
methods described (those of relative sensitivity, pressures, and isotope
dilution) was t 10% on the average. I^vestigation of the isotope compo-
sition of xenon from uranium minerals snowed that up to 35% of this gas
cg twined in the minerals may be derived from neutron-induced, fission of
U Samples were found in which neutr4nsinduced fission is practically
absent and only spontaneous fission of Uzz takes place. It was estab-
lished that the half-life assumed at present for U238 undergoing spontane-
ous fission is somewhat too high. It was found that the majority of
minerals of great age (i.e., an age of approximately 2 X 109 years) retained
20%-30 of radiogenic xenon; uranium minerals having an age of approximately
2 X 10 were found to have retained 70%-80% of xenon. Samples were found
which had retained up to 100% of radiogenic xenon and also minerals that
had lost np to 99% of this gas. Because of the inability of the majority
of uraninites and nasturans to retain radiogenic xenon, the determination
of the absolute age of these minerals by the xenon method is not reliable.
22. Determination of the Half-Life of U238 On the Basis of the Content of
Xenon in Uranium Minerals
"Determination of the Half-Life of.U238 Undergoing Spontaneous
Fission on the Basis of the Content of Xenon in Uranium Minerals;"
by E. K. Gerling, Yu, A. Shukolyukov, and V. A. Makarochkin;
Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 2, May 59, pp 223-226
On the basis of the Content of Xenon in uranium minerals, the half-
life of U238 undergoing spontaneous fission was found to be equal to
(5.8 ? 0.5). 1015 years.
23. Hydrates of Uranium Tetrafluoride
"Crystal Hydrates of Uranium Tetrafluoride" by Yu. V. Gagarinskiy
and V. P. Mashirev; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskov Khimii.
Vol 4, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1253-1259
It was demonstrated that anhydrous UF4 obtained by the. dehydration
of the lowest-.hydrate of. uranium tetrafluoride .in.,vacuum.when the temper-
ature is gradually raised to 225? retains a structure similar to that of
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the initial compound. When the salt is hydrated again, the initial hydrate
is obtained. The heat of hydration was found to be equal to 6.09 t-O.01
kilocalories per mol. By using the calorimetric method it was established
that the lowest hydrate of uranium tetrafluoride has a pseudocubic struc-
ture and a composition corresponding to the formula UF4 . 0.4 H20. On the
basis of tensimetric data, it is assumed that when UF4.2.5 H2O is dehy-
drated a solid solution of water is obtained. This solution corresponds
structurally to the initial hydrate. When hydration with liquid water is
carried out at 250, the solid solution phase is transformed into the
initial hydrate.
24. The Heats of Fusion and Heat Capacities of Uranium Tetrachloride and
Uranium Tetraiodide
"Heat Capacities and Heats of Fusion of UC14 and U14; Heat of
Transformation of UIly" by M. M. Popov (deceased) G. L. Gal'chenkq
and M. D. Senin; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4,
No 6, Jun 59, pp 1241-12475-
To determine the true heat capacity of UCL4 and U14 a procedure
involving direct heating and continuous introduction of the heat being
measured was applied. A calorimetric vessel made of quartz was used.
Data on the true molar heat capacity (calories per degree per mot) are
given. It was established that there is a polymorphous transformation of
U14 in the range of} 453?-505?. The heat of transformation was found to
be equal to 3,526 - 58 calories per mol. The heats of fusion of UC14 and
U14 were found to be equal to 11,938 r22 and 5637 ? 100 calories per mol,
respectively.
25. Hydrates of Thorium Tetrafluoride
"Crystal Hydrates of Thorium Tetrafluoride" by Yu. V. Gagarinskiy
and V. P. Mashirev; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol
14
No 6, Jun 59, pp 1246-1252
It was established that when Th F4 . 2.5 H2O and Th F4 . 0.5 H2O are
dehydrated by raising the temperature gradually to 2500, the phase that is
formed retains a structure similar to that of the initial hydrate. This
facilitates the re-entry of water into the lattice with the result that
the initial compound is formed. It was found that the heats of hydration
at 250 of the anhydrous phases that form as a result of the dehydration of
Th F4.2.5 H2O are equal to 2,073 ? 4 and 1174 t 5 calories per mol,
respectively.
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26. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate Complexes of Pentavalent Plutonium
"Investigation by the Ion-Exchange Method of the Formation of
Complexes by Pentavalent Plutonium in Ethylenediaminetetra-
acetate Solutions," by A. D. Gelman, P. I. Artyukhin, and A. I.
Moskvin, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 6,
Jun 59, pp 1332-1335
The formation of complexes by Pu (V) in ethylenediaminetetraacetate
solutions was investigated by the method of ion exchange. It was found
that in the range of pH= 4-5 the complex ion Pu 02 Y3- with a concen-
tration dissociation constant of 6.8 X 10-11 is formed. The relative
capacity of plutonium to form complexes with the anion of ethylenedia-
minetetraacetic acid y4- was investigated. It was established that this
capacity depends directly on t1 values of the ionic potentials of plu-
tonium in its different valency states.
27. Stability of the Intermediate Valency States of Plutonium in Nitric
Acid Solutions
"Disproportionation of Pu (IV) and Pu (V) in Nitric Acid Solu-
tions," by P. I. Artyukhin, V. I. Medvedovskiy, and A. D.
Gelman, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol ! No 6, Jun 39,
Pp 1324-1331
The results of the investigation indicated that disproportionation
of Pu (IV) in nitric acid solutions proceeds according to the same mecha-
nism as disproportionation in perchloric acid. It was found that because
of the formation of a complex the equilibrium constant of the reaction
3 Pu (IV) - 2Pu (III) + Pu (VI) is inversely proportional to the con-
centration of nitric acid in the 5.3 power. It was established that the
rate of disproportionation of Pu (V) in nitric acid solutions increases
with the concentration of hydrogen ions. It was furthermore established
that in the beginning the disproportionate process is determined by the
reaction 2 Pu (V) i Pu (IV)+ Pu (VI). Accumulation of Pu (III) leads
to predominance of the reaction Pu (V)+ Pu (III) 2 Pu (IV). This
reaction brings about autocatalytic acceleration of the process of dispro-
portionation of Pu (V).
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28. The Stability of Hexavalent Plutonium in Aqueous Solutions
"Investigation of the Stability of Hexavalent Plutonium in Some
Aqueous Solutions," by L. Ye. Drabkina and A. D. Gellman, Insti-
tute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR; Lenin-
grad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 2, May 59, pp 136-140
It was established that in hexavalent plutonium is stable during
relatively long periods of time in 1 N nitric acid. When oxalate ions
are present, gradual reduction of hexavalent plutonium takes place in
nitric acid solutions. Hexavalent plutonium is unstable in solutions of
ammonium oxalate: it is reduced completely to low valencies.
29. Alloys of Zirconium With Tin and Molybdenum
"Zirconium Corner of the Constitutional Diagram of the System
Zr - Sn - Mo" of 0. S. Ivanov and A. T. Semenchenkov; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1420-
111227-
It is pointed out that alloys of this type are of importance as con-
struction marerials for nuclear reactors. Alloying of zirconium with tin
improves the mechanical strength of zirconium and furthermore eliminates
the harmful effects of nitrogen on its corrosion resistance. Although
molybdenum reduces the corrosion resistance of zirconium, it improves the
mechanical characteristics of this metal considerably. Alloying of zir-
conium with both tin and molybdenum opens up possibilities of producing
zirconium alloys of the highest strength.
In the course of the investigation described, it was found that the
zirconium alloys investigated, in which Zr was alloyed with molybdenum and
tin up to 4 atomic percent, consist, depending on the temperature, of alpha,
beta-solid solutions and the intermetallic phases Zr Mo2 and Zr4Sn in
quantities corresponding to different isothermal sections. Isothermal
sections of the zirconium corner were constructed showing the phase compo-
sition of alloys at 5250, 7000, 800?, and 9000.
It was found that the eutectoid horizontal line corresponding to the
transformations 13 cC+ Zr Mo2 in the zirconium-molybdenum system is
located at 6800 rather than 7800 as indicated by R. F. Domagala, D. J.
McPherson, and N. Hansen in the Journal of Metals, 5 (1), p 73, 1953?
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30. Ferrocyanides of Scandium
"Scandium Ferrocyanides," by G. B. Seyfer and Ye. A. Ionova;
Moscow, Zhurnal Neor ani.chesko Khimii, Vol 1;, No 6, Jun 59,
pp 1362-13 8
The results of an investigation on interactions of scandium chloride
with the ferrocyanides of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium
are reported. The work in question is a part of a systematic investigation
of the ferrocyanides of rare-earth elements with the application of methods
of-physicochemical analysis. It is a continuation of similar research
carried out on lanthanum, yttrium, and cerium.
It was established that an increase in the ionic radius of the alkali
metal results in an increased stability of the mixed alkali metal-scandium
ferrocyanide. The same relationship was found to apply to the rare-earth
metals investigated earlier.
31. Symposium on the State of Microquantities of Radioactive Elements in
Solutions
"The State of Microquantities of Radioelements in Solutions" by
F. L. Ginzburg and N. G. Rozovskaya; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii
CPYRGHT SSSR, Vol 29, No 6, Jun 59, pp 122-124
"Radioactive isotopes are used extensively in scientific research and
also for the-solution of many production problems, e.g., those encountered
in the control and automation of technological processes, the application
of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes., etc.
"Investigation of the state in which microquantities of radioactive
elements occur in solutions is of exceptional interest, because the
behavior of insignificantly small quantities of matter is determined by
the state of that matter in solution under any given set of conditions.
"An All-Union Symposium held at Leningrad on 3-5 March 1959 was con-
cerned with the discussion of these questions.
"In a report presented at the symposium, Ia Ye. Starik pointed out
that until recently one distinguished between the conically disperse,
colloidal, and pseudocolloidal state of radioelements present in micro-
quantities in solutions. Insufficient attention was paid to the investi-
gation of the molecular' state of elements. Using the method of adsorption
on hydrophobic adsorbents (polymers), Starik and his collaborators obtained
data for a number of elements (Zr, Po, Am, Ce, and Pm) which prove that
these radioactive elements [and radioisotopes] are present in the molecular
state in solutions. This result is of particular importance as far as
strongly acidic media are concerned. It was established that the addition
of salts has a salting-out effect, which proves that molecular adsorption
takes place.
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GrHT
"The application of different methods (those of adsorption, desorp-
tion) ultrafiltration, centrifuging, electrophoresis, deposition on
metals, etc.) made it possible to establish in what p1I regions radioactive
elements occur in the ionically disperse, colloidal, or pseudocolloidal
state. Papers were given on the state in which microquantities of zir-
conium, polonium, protactinium, and americium are present in aqueous
solutions (I. Ye. Starik, I. A. Skul'skiy, N. I. Ampelogova, L. I. Il'men-
kova, L. D. Sheydina, and F. L. Ginzburg).
"In a report on methods for the investigation of the state of uranium
in natural waters, M. M. Yakovleva and M. A. Shushalina emphasized that
investigation of the state of microquantities of radioactive elements in
solutions enables geologists to,foretell in what areas a search for deposits
of the elements in question will be most promising.
"A number of reports dealt with the state of radioactive elements in
nonaqueous phases. The results reported were obtained by investigating
the form in which compounds of these elements are extracted.
"V. M. Vdovenko, L. N. Lazarev, and S. Ya. Khvorostin discussed inter-
esting distinguishing characteristics of the extraction of oxalate com-
plexes of zirconium with aliphatic amines which are apparently related to
the polymerization of salts of the amines in the organic phase.
"Data were reported in regard to the degree of hydration of complex
compounds of uranyl nitrate and of nitric acid in organic solvents (V. M.
Vdovenko, Ye. A. Smirnova, and N. A. Alekseyeva.)
"Formation of complexes of radioactive elements in organic solutions
was investigated. A novel method was proposed for the determination of
the composition of complex compounds and the calculation of their dis-
sociation constants (V. M. Vdovenko, A. A. Chaykhorskiy, and L. M. Belov).
"Work described in a report by A. K. Lavrukhina demonstrated that
the occurrence of radioelements in different states (that of complex
compounds, polymers, etc.) depends on the concentration of these elements
in solution.
"Possibilities were discussed of the application of combined extraction
and precipitation with organic compounds for the investigation of the state
of radioelements. V. I. Kuznetsov and P. P. Titov explained the phenomenon
of combined extraction by the formation of mixed polymeric anions.
"Application of the method of ionic exchange for the investigation of
the state of radioactive elements in aqueous solutions formed the subject
of a number of papers.
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CPYGHT
"A method for the determination of the magnitude of the charge of
Ions of radioactive elements in solutions, which has been proposed by
A. M. Trofimov and L. M. Stepanova, makes it possible to observe the
course of the polymerization of ions at the same time. This method was
applied for the determination of the dependence of the magnitude of the
charge of zirconium ions on the concentration of nitric acid in solutions.
"It has been shown by S. Ye. Bresler, Yu. D. Sinochkin, A. I. Yegorov,
and D. A. Perumov that the use of specific adsorbents based on zirconium
may be of practical interest for the investigation of the state in which
radioactive elements occur in solutions.
"The participants at the symposium also heard several communications
pertaining to research on the chemistry of hot atoms. At present, the
number of investigations in this important field is very small and very
few at-tempts have been made to investigate the state in which hot atoms
and radicals are present in solutions. A. N. Nesmeyanov reported on th
substitition of hydrogen atoms in benzene with recoil atoms of P32, As79
and Sbl}. He pointed out that formation of phenyl derivatives of dif-
ferent elements may take place as a result of inelastic collisions of
recoil atoms with benzene molecules. The reactions which result in the
formation of these derivatives are of a "superthermal" type.
"In the course of the discussions which were held, considerable
attention was paid to the role which is played by hydrolysis and formation
of colloids in the phenomena discussed. In a number of communications, the
possibility was pointed out of using extensively the methods of ion-
exchange and extraction for the investigation of the state in which elements
occur in solutions. At the same time, the necessity of a more rigid thermo-
dynamic approach to the interpretation of data obtained by the extraction
method was pointed out.
"In summarizing the results of the symposium, I. Ye. Starik emphasized
that one of the principal problems in the field subjected to discussion is
the quantitative determination of the size of particles present in solu-
tions. Among methods for the determination of particle size, optical
methods and measurement of rates of diffusion will be of great advantage.
"Speaking on behalf of the organizational committee, V. M. Vdovenko
pointed out in the concluding address that the scientific community evinced
great interest toward the symposium. More than 250 scientists participated
in it. In Vdovenko's opinion, there can be no doubt that Soviet radio-
chemists will accomplish successfully the tasks which they are called on
to perform."
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32. A New Method for the Determination of Dissociation Constants of
Complex Compounds of Elements Present in Very Small Quantities
"An Electromigration Method for the Determination of Dissociatitn
Constants of Complex Compounds of Elements Present in Micro-
concentrations; Part 1 -- Determination of the Dissociation Con-
stants of Complex Compounds Formed by Some Lanthanides With the
Anion of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid," by V. P. Shvedov and
A. V. Stepanov; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 2, May 59,
pp 162-167
A new method for the determination of the dissociation constants of
complex compounds was developed which is based on the migration of metals
in an electric field. The dissociation constants of compounds present in
microconcentrations are determined by establishing the dependence between
the position of the equilibrium of the reversible reaction of dissociation
of the complex and the velocity of the total displacement of metal in the
electric field. By using the method in question, the dissociation con-
stants of a number of complex compounds formed by lanthanum, cerium, pro-
methium, europium, and yttrium with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were
determined. The compounds in question undergo a single step dissociation.
A comparison of the dissociation constants measured with potentiometric
data for La, Ce, Eu, and Y. indicated that there is satisfactory agree-
ment between the two sets of results. The dissociation constant of the
complex formed by promethium with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was
determined for the first time in the work described.
33. The State of Lanthanum in Dilute Solutions
"The State of Microquantities of Radioactive Elements in Dilute
Solutions; Part 8 -- The Adsorption of Lanthanum on Quartz Glass
and Plexiglass," by I. Ye. Starik and F. L. Ginzburg; Leningrad,
Radiokhimiya, No 2, May 59, pp 171-173
In an investigation of the adsorption of lanthanim from nitric acid
solutions on quartz glass and plexiglass as affected by the pH of the
soluti~ , it was established that At a concentration of lanthanum amounting
to 10 mol per liter, there is a maximum of adsorption at a pH close to
7. It was furthermore established that the adsorption of microquantities
of lanthanum on plexiglass is considerably greater than that on glass.
The maximum adsorption of lanthanum on quartz glass from solutions in
which it is present at a concentration of 10-7 mol per lA-8r was found to
be in the region of pH=7-8. The radioactive isotope La was used in
the investigation.
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34. Dependence of the Emanation Capacity of Synthetic Salts and Minerals
on the Particle Size
"Dependence on the Size of Particles of the Emanation Capacity of
Synthetic Salts and Minerals With Respect to Radon, Thoron, and
Actinon," by I. Ye. Starik and 0. S. Melikova; Leningrad, Radio-
khimiya, Vol 1, No 2, May 59, pp 196-203
When the source of the emission: of radon isotopes is adsorbed on the
surface of crystals, of a synthetically prepared salt, the emanation capacity
does not depend on the size of the crystals. On the other hand, when
radium isotopes have crystallized together with isomorphous salts, the
emanation capacity is proportional to the specific surface. It was estab-
lished that the emanation capacity of minerals shows little dependence on
changes in the specific surface. The increase in the'emanation capacity
with increased dispersion depends on the degree of preservation of the
sample of the mineral and the state in which radium isotopes occur in it.
In the investigation of uranium minerals, one can as a rule differentiate
the emanation of thoron from that of radon and actinon, while in thorium
minerals, the emanation of actinon, and sometimes of radon, can be differ-
entiated. These correlations play an essential role in the determination
of the age of the mineral by the lead method. Anomalous behavior of
actinon may be caused by a ratio of AcX to Ra deviating from the normal.
35. Spectrographic Determination of Other Rare Earths in Pure Cerium
"Spectrographic Determination of Small Quantities of Lanthanum,
Praseodymium, NeLodymium, and Yttrium in Cerium " by Hsu Pao-ling
Shen Lien-fang (~'' ) , Ch' eng Chien-
hua and Chang Ting-chao ( 3f,_ I Institute
of Metallurgynd Ceramics and Institute of Applied Chemistry,
Academia Sinica; Peiping, Hua-hsueh Hsueh-pao (Acta Chimica
Sinica), Vol 24, No 6, 195
In this paper, two methods for the determination of rare earth
CPYRGHT impurities in "purified" cerium are described.
"1. The sample to be analyzed is converted into chlorides (concen-
tration 10 mg Ce02/ml and acidity 1d9 HCIL). Drops of the prepared
solution are transferred to the flat top of graphite electrodes previously
treated with liquid paraffin. The electrodes are dried on a hot plate and
then excited by an AC are (220 V, 5 Amp). The spectrograph used is of the
ISP-51 type (with OF-85 automatically collimating camera tube; slit 0.01
mm; photographic plate, NIKFI II). Using the line pairs
La 4333.74 , Pr 4225.33 , Nd 4061.09 and Y 4374.94
Ce 330.90 `Cee 4229.63 Ce 14057.30 Fe 4376.98
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CPYRGHT
2Ja, Pr, Nd, and Y can be determined quantitatively in the concentration
ranges of 0.055-0.62%, 0.089-1.29%, 0.052%-0.59% and 0.025-0.400, respec-
ively. The root mean square deviations of single determination amount to
* 4.7%, ' 10.8%, t 7.0% and t 7.0%, respectively.
"2. For cerium samples of high purity, ether extraction is used to
remove most of the cerium so that the rare-earth impurities can be concen-
trated. Because of its relatively simple spectrum, the element Y has
been used as a carrier and an internal standard. The concentrate, also in
the form of a chloride solution (concentration one milligram rare-earth
oxides/ml), is excited and photographed by the same method as mentioned in
(1).
The line pairs used are:
La 4238.38 La 3988.52
-
Pr 4222.98
and Nd 4232.38
Y E
X235-73 Y 3955
Y 1 35.73
YY ET235.73
"With a sample of 100 mg (1 mg Y2 03 added as internal standard),
the analytical sensitivities reached are 0.01%, 0.025% and 0.028% for La,
Pr and Nd, respectively. The error of the method amounts to about 1 10%.
Radiochemistry
36. Determination of Actinium in Uranium Ores on the Basis of Fr223
Derived From It
"The Problem of the Determination of Actinium in Natural Objects
on the Basis of Fr223 Derived From It," by A. K. Lavrukhina,,D.
Kourzhim, and L. V. Filatova; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 2,
May 59, pp 204-207
Among the methods used for the isolation of actinium from uranium
ores, the extraction of actinium with a solution of thiophenecarbonyl-
trifluoroacetone in benzene at pH = 3.5-5 proved to be best. Independ-
ently of the method by which the actinium was isolated, the francium
preparations separated from actinium had an activity amounting to
12-15% of that calculated from the equilibrium. This indicates that
actinium is absorbed by the slimy fraction of the ore, which is insoluble
in concentrated nitric acid.
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37. Application of the Method of Impact Retardation for the Collection and
Investigation of Fission Splinters
"Possibility of Application of the Method of Impact Retardation
and Collection of Fission Splinters in a Gas to Investigate
Splinter-Element Isotopes; Part 1 -- Radiochemical Investi-
gation of the Distribution of Splinters According to the Length
of Path," by K. A. Petrzhak, Ye. V. Nikol'skaya, Yu. G. Petrov,
and E. A. Shlyamin; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1; No 2, May 5S
pp 227-230
D233 was irradiated in a nuclear reactor. The splinter elements
that formed were retarded by means of different gases (air, argon, helium,
and hydrogen) introduced at appropriate pressures. Films for the collec-
tion of splinter elements were placed at different distances from the
uranium target. The distribution of splinter elements according to the
length of path was then determined. Data are given on the radioactive
isotopes of strontium, yttrium, zirconium, barium, and cerium. On the
'basis of the results obtained, the conclusion is made that the method of
impact retardation and collection of fission elements in the medium of a
gas considerably simplifies and accelerates the investigation and chemical
isolation of splinter isotopes. The method may be of interest for the
investigation of rapidly decaying splinter isotopes and also for the iso-
lation of splinter elements without a carrier.
38. Complexes Formed by Americium
"Investigation by the Method of Ion Exchange of the Complexes
Formed by Trivalent Americium in Oxalic Acid Solutions and
Solutions of Ethylenediaminetetraacetate," by A. I. Moskvin,
G. V. Khalturin, and A. D. Gellman; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya,
Vol 1, No 2, May 59, pp 141-146
The complexes formed by trivalent americium in oxalate and ethylene-
diaminetetraacetate solutions were investigated by the ion-exchange method
using KU-2 cation exchange res~n. It was established that the complex ions
[Am (C204)21 -, [Am (HC2 04)3], and [Am (HC2O4)4]- are formed. The dis-
sociation18onstants of these ions were found to be equal to 1-2). 1010;
.2.3 X 10 ; and 1.0 X 10-11, respectively. It was found that in solutions
containing ethylenediaminetetraacetate, the complex ions [Am Y]- and
[Am HY] 0 are formed in the range of pH=1.0-2.2. The dissociation con-
stants of these ions are equal to (9.7.6-12.8). 10-19 and (2.0 ? 0.5). 10-10,
respectively.
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19. Procedures for the Determination of Radioactive Strontium in Water
"Determination of Radioactive Strontium in the Water of Open
Reservoirs," by L. K. Ponomareva and V. L. Zolotavin; Lenin-
grad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 2, May 59, pp 208-211
Methods have been developed for the determination of Sr90 present in
permissible concentrations in the water of pen reservoirs. The first
method determines the activity of Sr90+ Sr' . The time required for the
determination is 2 hours. The maximum error amounts to t 10%. The second
method determines the activity of Sr90 alone. Application of this method
involves keeping the solution for 24 hours. The maximum error in the
determination amounts to ? 10%. Both methods make it possible to determine
Sr9J in a concentration amounting to 5 X 10-11 curie per liter, i.e., a
concentration which is lower by one order than that corresponding to the
maximum permissible amount of radioactive strontium.
40. The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Wood
"The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Chemical Stability of
Wood," by A. S. Freydin, Central Scientific Research Institute
for the Mechanical Working of Wood, Leningrad Branch; and Yu. M.
Malinskiy and V. L. Karpov, Physico-chemical Institute imeni D.
Ya. Karpov; Moscow, Gidroliznaya i Lesokhimicheskaya Promyshlen-
nost', Vol 12, No 4, May 59, pP r+-7 W~~
Work on the effects of ionizing radiation on wood conducted by the
Central Scientific Research Institute for the Mechanical Working of Wood
jointly with the Physicochemical Institute imeni L. Ya. Karpov is re-
viewed. It is suggested that wood be irradiated before being hydrolyzed,
because hydrolysis is facilited by this treatment and a more dilute acid
can therefore be used. Because hemicelluloses are more readily subjected
to radiolysis than other cellulose materials, it is advisable, in the
author's opinion, to treat by irradiation primarily raw materials containing
pentosans. These materials will then be used for the production of furfural
and other products. Because the products of the radiolysis of wood are
easily digested by animals, irradiated wood can be used as fodder for cattle,
as has been established in work done in the US and the USSR. Another pos-
sibility of applying radiation techniques will be to impregnate wood with
a monomer and treat the wood containing the monomer by exposing it to
radiation. This method of producing wood plastics eliminates the necessity
of applying high pressures, elevated 'temperatures, and polymerization
catalysts. The authors state that in the industrial treatment of wood
nuclear. reactors, accelerators, or radioactive isotopes can be used as
sources of radiation. In the author's opinion, the application of reactors
is inconvenient because the radiation induced in the material by the action
of neutrons emitted by nuclear reactors is rather high and the handling of
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the material becomes dangerous for that reason. Accelerators would be
suitable but the electrons forming the output of this equipment do not
penetrate very deeply. If accelerators are applied, a thin layer of
the material being treated (for instance, wood chips) will have to be
passed continuously under the bundle of rays. Radioactive isotopes such
as cobalt-60 and spent fuel elements of nuclear reactors will form the
best source of radiation for the treatment of large quantities of material
in bulk.
It is stated that installations for killing insect pests in grain
are being developed at present. These installations will have an isotope
source of radiation with an intensity of 100 kg equivalents of radium.
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41. Conference on Volcanology To Be Held in Armenia
"Concerning the Calling of the First All Union Volcanological
Conference in the City of Yerevan," by the Conference Organi-
zation Committee; Yerevan, Izvestiya Akademii NaukArmyanskoy
SSR, Seriya Geoloicheskikh i Geograficheskikh Nauk, Vol 12,
No 3, 19599 pp 63-65
Representatives of 33 Soviet geological organizations and also scientishs-
volcanologists from foreign countries will participate in the First All-
Union Volcanological Conference which is to be held this year from 23 Sep-
tember to 5 October in Yerevan, Armenia. Ninety-eight reports will be
presented in the conference program which includes the following:
1. Active volcanism and principles in its study
2. Volcanism and tectonics
3. Volcanogenic formations and related mineral products
4. Symposium on terminology and classification of volcanogenic rocks.
Conference meetings will continue for 5 days and will be followed by
tours of volcanic sights along the following routes:
1. Yerevan - Avan - Garni - Gegard
2. Yerevan - Pambak
3. Yerevan - Ashtarak - Artik - Aparan - Golgat - Yerevan
4. Yerevan - Nakhichevan' - Goris
5. Goris - Lachin - Stepanakert - Goris
6. Goris - Dzhermuk
7. Dzhermuk - Yekheknadzor - Martuni - Kamo
8. Kamo - Sevan - Yerevan
9. Yerevan - Mt. Aragats
Publishing of abstracts of conference reports and an excursion guide-
book was indicatd as being in progress.
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Staff members of the Conference Organization Committee are the fol-
lowing:
I. I. G. Magak'yan, Academician of the Academy of Sciences Armenian
SSR, Chairman
2. G. D. Afanas'yev, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences
USSR, Vice-chairman
3. V. I. Vlodavets, Doctor of Geological Mineralogical Sciences,
Vice-chairman
4. B. I. Piyp, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR,
Vice-chairman
5. K. G. Shirinyan, Candidate of Geological Mineralogical Sciences,
Institute of Geological Sciences of the Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR,
Vice -chairman
6. E. G. Malkhasyan, Candidate of Geological Mineralogical Sciences,
Institute of Geological Sciences of the Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR,
Scientific secretary
7. Ye. V. Sveshnikova, Candidate of Geological Mineralogical Sciences,
Institute of Geological Sciences of the Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR,
Scientific secretary
Other members of the Conference Organization Committee are the fol-
lowing:
1. Kh. M. Abdullayev, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences
2. A. A. Adamyan, Candidate of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences,
Institute of Geological Sciences of the Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR
3. G. M. Arutyunyan, Armenian Geological Administration
4. A. T. Aslanyan, Doctor of Geological Mineralogical Sciences,
Armenian Geological Administration
5. R. B. Baratov, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences
Tadzhik SSR
6. G. P. Bagdasaryan, Candidate of Geo].ogicalMineralogical
Sciences, Institute of Geological Sciences of the Academy of Sciences
Armemian SSR
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7. V. A. Vakar, Doctor of Geological Mineralogical Sciences, Institute
of the Geology of the Arctic
8. G. M. Gapeyeva, Doctor of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences, All-
Union Geological Scientific Research Institute
9. G. S. Gorshkov, Candidate of Geological Mineralogical Sciences,
Laboratory of Volcanology of the Academy of Sciences USSR
10. G. S. Dzotsenidze, Academician, Academy of Sciences Georgian SSR
11. M. A. Kashkay, Academician, Academy of Sciences Azerbaydzhan SSR
12. A. P. Lebedev, Doctor of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences,
Institute of the Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geo-
chemistry of the Academy of Sciences USSR
13. I. V. Luchitskiy, Doctor of Geological Mineralogical Sciences,
Western Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences USSR
14+. S. S. Mkrtchyan, Academician, Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR
15. S. I. Naboko, Candidate of Geological Mineralogical Sciences,
Laboratory of Volcanology of the Academy of Sciences USSR
16. K. N. Paffengollts, Academician, Academy of Sciences Armenian
17. V. P. Petrov, Doctor of Geological Mineralogical Sciences, Insti-
tute of the Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry
of the Academy of Sciences USSR
18. K. I. Satpayev, Academician
19. A. Ye. Svyatlovskiy, Candidate of Geological Mineralogical Sciences,
Laboratory of Volcanology of the Academy of Sciences USSR
20. V. S. Sobelev, Academician
21. T. Sh. Tatevosyan, Candidate of Geological Mineralogical Sciences,
Yerevan State University
22. I. S. Usenko, Candidate of Geological Mineralogical Sciences,
Institute of Geological Sciences Ukrainian SSR
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23. Ye. K. Ustiyev, Doctor of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences,
Institute of the Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and
Geochemistry of the Academy of Sciences USSR
24. M. A. Favorskaya, Doctor of Geological Mineralogical Sciences,
Institute of the Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy of the
Academy of Sciences USSR
25. G. V. Yakovleva, Moscow State University
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V. ELECTRONICS
Acoustics and Audio FS-ecjuencies
42. Ultrasonic Frequency Transducer
"Checkered Barium Titanate Transducer for Ultrasonic Frequen-
cies," A. A. Anan'yer, Acoustics Institute, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Akusticheskiy Zhurnal, No 1, 1959, pp 14-20
It is often desirable in laboratory measurements to have an ultrasonic
frequency transducer operating at a fixed frequency over a wide range of
frequencies. Such an unilateral multiresonant transducer can be built by
applying several layers of different material between the active peizo-
electric material and the medium in which the transducer operates. Such
a barium titanate transducer was developed at the Acoustics Institute of
,the Academy of Sciences USSR.
The construction of the transducer is as follows : on a 6 mm circular
plate are attached in a checkerboard pattern twenty-one 20 X 20 X 5 mm plates
which are electrically connected in parallel, having a total capacitance of
16.1o3 micromicrofarads. The space between the plate and a plexiglas cover
is filled with transformer oil.
Experimental measurements have shown that such a' Transducer has
greatest sensitivity at certain frequencies which recur approximately every
17 kc. The ratio of maximum sensitivity to the minimum in the range of 70
to 140 kc is about 3.3. The experiment was conducted for ultrasonic waves
in the frequency range of 40 to 250 kc.
43. Optical investigation of Large Am1itude 'ultrasonic Waves
"Optical Investigation of the Shape of a Large Amplitude
Ultrasonic Wave in Liquid.," by V. A. Shutilov, Leningrad
State University; Moscow, Akusticheskiyr Zhurnall No 2,
1959, pp 231-40 .._,._
By observing the distribution of light intensity in the diffraction
pattern obtained by light diffraction on large amplitude ultrasonic waves,,
it is possible to determine the shape of the ultrasonic wave and to trace
its distortion in the course of propagation through a fluid.
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Experimental graphs showing the dependence of the wave distortion
-fa(.,:tor on the stress in the radiating quartz crystals and the distance
from the source of radiation are given. It is pointed out how the relation-
s,hip between the shape of the wave and the light intensity distribution
in the diffraction pattern can be utilized to determine absolute values of
ultrasonic wave intensity of large amplitide in liquids.
The experiment was conducted at a frequency of 383 kc in distilled
water with ultrasonic intensities of 22, 12, 4.6 and 1.2 w/cm2.
44. High-Intensity Ultrasonic Waves
"A Device for Producing a High-Intensity Focused Ultrasonic
Wave," by L. D. Rozenberg and M. G. Sirotyuk, Acoustics Insti-
tute,, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Akustic:h.eskiyZhurnal,
No 2,, 1959, pp 206-211
Generation of a high-intensity ultrasonic wave is important in the
study of various physical processes ksonic wind, cavitation, nonlinear
absorption, etc.), and the effect of high-intensity sound pressure and
velocity on the structure of matter and biological phenomena.
In this work, a half wave spherical resonant aluminum shell with flare
angle of 700 was used. This shell was excited by 200 piezoelectric quartz
discs (40 mm diameter, XQcut) distributed evenly over the outer surface.
The selection of frequency is controlled by several factors: with the in-
crease of frequency, the size of the focal point decreases, 3., e., the
concentration of ultrasonic energy increases; however, with increase of
frequency, the losses in the aluminum shell and the working fluid also in-
crease. Taking the above factors i.nt;o con.,sidera-tion, a frequency of 500 kc
was selected.
The construction of the devise is as fcllcrws . the spherical alumiacun
shell with 314 mm internal diameter is attached along its edge to a sup-
porting flange. The space inside the e,lunir'am, shell is filled with deaerated
water for cooling. A cylinder with two openings is placed over the flange,
thus permitting observation of pro-,!esses i.:u the vi.cin ':ty of "he focal point.
Current from a power oscillator is fed to the quartz discs through a system
of channel shapes connecting the discs. To increase the oscillation ampli-
tude of the quartz discs, air gaps are left (0.3 m) ixi back of the discs.
To prevent electrical breakdown and flashover &; the edges of the discs,
the latter are silver plated at the center only "'30 mm). The electrical
end of the device is designed to withstand up to 7,000 v. A high-frequency
8-kw oscillator, utilizing a CK'0-10 tube, provides power tc the ultrasonic
wave generator.
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Final tests have shown that this ultrasonic generator (concentrator)
an produce an ultrasonic intensity of the order of 70.103 w/cm2 and a peak
pressure of an order of 500 atm at the center of the focal point.
Automation-and Co ers
45. Com ensating Devices for Servomechanisms
"Synthesis of Servomechanism Compensating Devices in Presence
of Noise," by P. S. Matveyev; Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemekh.
anikaf No 6, Jun 59, p 721-728 The syntheses of compensating devices of a automatically stabilized
servomechanism consist in finding a pulse transient function that will have
the least rme value of the error for the given constants of the system and
given time of the transient process. It is shown that a necessary and suf-
ficient condition for the least value of rms error occurs when the pulse
transient function satisfies the derived integral equation.
An example illustrating the procedure is given.
46.
Analo Computers for Study of t.oscope Characteristics
"Application of Mathematical Machines in Testing gyroscopic
Devices," By I. V. Afon'kin and V. S. Tarasov; Leningrad,
Nauchno Tekhnicheski Informatsionnyy Byulleten'. Radio..
fi izikka No 5, 195 do pp 86-92
The improvement of gyroscope accuracy and reliability is essential in
aviation, navigation, and other guidance systems.
The behavior of gyroscopes on moving objets is generally described by
a system of nonlinear differential equations, which often have variable co-
efficients. Integration of such Equations, as a rule, is very difficult by
conventional means. The solution of gyros copi::-s,-totem equations with the
aid of analog computers permits determining the following parameters: gyro-
scope kinetic moment, moment of inertia f;:7' individual components of the
system, damping factor, time constant. ~)f the amplifying devices, etc.
At present, cone of the ocientific and research institutes or other
organizations engaged in the development of new, and the improvement of
existing gyroscopes, utilize computers to the full extent.
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An electronic analog computer was designed and built at the Chair of
Mathematical and Computing Instruments and Devices of the Leningrad Poly-
technic Institute imeni M. I. Kalinin, under the direction of Doctor of
Technical Sciences T. N. Sokolov.
The application of analog computers to the study of gyroscope behavior
will speed up the design of new gyroscopes with higher performance charac-
teristics.
4+7. Electrolytic Bath Used as Transducer of Functional Relationships
"The Use of an Electrolytic Bath as a Computer Device," by
G. P. Prudkovskiy, Institute of Physical Problems, Academy
of c en s U" R: Moscow Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta,
No ycfJun j9s pp 77-7
Using an instrument similar to that described by L. Hollway (Pro-
ceedings of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1956, 103B, No $j,
the author explains how charts of the equipotentials of a harmonic field)
simulated in an electrolytic bath, may be traced, thus permitting the bath
to be used as a transducer of given functional relationships.
The basic components of the instrument are an electrolytic bath, a
pantograph-type drawing device which transfers movements of a probe in
the bath to the chart, a voltage divider, and a null indicator with a
marker.
18. Automation of Quality Control
"Reliable Automation of Quality Control," by S. Rumyantsev,
Candidate of Technical Sciences; Moscow, Pravda, 27 May 59,
p3
"Problems of automatic quality control of a number of welded, cast,
or other parts must be solved by means of realization of an uninterrupted,
remote view of the defects in the parts and other items
converters and amplifiers of radioactive or Roentgen rays in combinations
with other instruments.
This is achieved with the help of electronic and optical
Soviet engineers have developed a, series of devices which enable one
to obtain an amplified stereoscopic representation of the defects developed
in metals and other materials. With their help it is possible to determine
the form, dimensions, and. depth of the occurrence of the defect in the
controlled object.
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The author recommended an all-union conference to consider the plan
described above for control of the quality of production.
4+9. Czechoslovakia Makes New "Elan" Analog Computer
"The Giant 'Elan' Analog Computer," by Engr Zdenek Moravec,
Prague, Veda a Zivot, No 5 & 6, May-June "international"
double issue," pp 358, 359
In 1958, construction of one of the largest analog computers of its
type was completed in Czechoslovakia. The large universal network analyzer,
bearing the appellation of "Elan" (electrical analyzer), was built on the
plans of the Power Research Institute (Vyzkumny ustav energeticky), which
drew on its experience in constructing alternating [current] network models
previously developed for the needs of the Czechoslovak power system. The
analyzer is composed of 30 bays set in the form of a horseshow with a total
length of 36 meters, with a control console situated in the center, power
lines, and other equipment. The total weight is about 15 tons. The work
of the analyzer can be observed from the desk, which contaijns, among other
equipment, an automatic center, with a relay memory for the selection of
the unit which can thus be measured and even controlled. The work at the
desk is controlled by two people, one of which serves as a manipulator and
measuring technician, while the other only records the results achieved
in the analyzer.
An "Elan" was built for the Institute for Power (Institut fuer Energetik)
in Leipzig, where it will also be installed, and turned over to the use of
East German scientists and research workers, who will be assisted thereby
in solving complicated problems in the field of power, in the second half
of 1959. "Elan" has a total of 450 various so-called "units (jednotky) of
which the generator and load units may also be remotely controlled. The
load units (zatezne jednotky) are also outfitted with equipment for automatic
regulation, which is a particular feature of this analyzer. There is a
total of 840 measurement points, and all can be centrally controlled from
the desk. The 13-kw feeder is directed by electronic automatic equipment
with a crystal oscillator. The above mentioned and much other equipment and
servomechanisms, which facilitate, accelerate, and refine the work of the
analyzer, and which are without- parallel in the presently known analyzers.
of this type, make "Elan" the most modern analog computer used in the elec-
tric power field and in related fields.
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50. Electric Relay Binary Computer Assembled in Budapest University
"The New, Fast Electric Computer of the Technical University,"
by Robert Fuhrmann; Budapest: Muszaki Elet, 9 Jul 59, Vol XIV,
No 14, p 7
Since the designing and manufacture of computers will probably not be
attempted in Hungary in the near future, we will be buying such equipment
abroad and we must learn to operate it. Thus the training of computer
experts has become a timely task.
Reqognizing this fact, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences commissioned
Dr Laszlo Kozma, a professor in the land-line signal technology faculty
of the Electrical Engineering School [of the Budapest Technical University],
to design a'program-guided, fast-operating computer. This device will be
used for training and for calculations connected with research work at the
university. This is the first computer to be set up at the university, and
it is called MESZ i [Technical University Computer No 1].
The power source is a 60-network rectifier; the equipment draws 600-
800.
For material and didactic reasons, the computer was assembled with the
cheap R-type relays made by the Beloiannisz Factory [Hungarian]. Computa-
tion and storage are carried out by 200 relays placed in three cabinets.
Two cabinets contain computation relays and the third contains storage
relays.
The instructions are put on a punch card and the computer reads this
to obtain information at all times on what operation to perform on the
numbers in the various registers [banks].
For example, in calculating the roots of a quadratic equation, the
a, b, and c coefficients must be placed in advance into the appropriate
registers [banks]. The roots are calculated on the basis of the formula:
J.- 2a V 2
The machine solves this task in the. following manner: it switches to
the register containing a and multiplies by 2, storing the 2a obtained; it
takes the (-b) and divides by the previously calculated 2a; the value for
- a thus obtained is recorded in the storage unit; it then sets up the
a and the ( 2a)2 and the root of the difference between the two; then
this root is added to or subtracted from the value for
2a
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The program reading circuit reads the program card a step at a time,
transmitting the operational instructions to the operational instruction
control circuit and the necessary memory assignments to the storage unit.
The directions indicate only register and operation but the coefficients
for the several operations (in our case, the values for a, b, and c) can be
selected as desired. Instead of the usual punched tape, we use a key board
for coefficient input. The MESZ I uses the binary system and conversion
from decimal to binary is accomplished automatically in the converter cir-
cuit.
We can store the first 27 binary symbols from the most significant
digit, the rest are lost. The order of magnitude and the sign are stored
elsewhere (a floating point binary system).
We reduce the fundamental operations to addition; thus, multiplication
is multiple addition, etc. The soul of the device, therefore, is the
adder, the arithmetic unit. The local value of each binary corresponds to
one relay triplet, two of which represent the two values to be added and
the third represents the sum. They switch in such a manner as to take ac-
count of the "carried digit" from the preceding local value. In the arith-
metic unit, the tenth point is always in the same place and the local value
of every number is placed accordingly (a fixed binary point system). Thus
there are 27 plus 27 addition cells for each 27 cell sum.
The control unit is a 51+-position 27-branch switch. It can feed the
27 place binary numbers from the storage unit into the arithmetic unit two
at a time, in correspondence to their order of magnitude; or it can take
them out of the arithmetic unit and put them into the storage unit.
The several operations (subtraction, multiplication, division, extract-
ing roots, comparisons, etc.) can be performed by the operational instruc-
tions control unit and when these are completed, it gives an order to the
program reading circuit for activation of the next instruction; or, if the
computation is complete, for printing of the results.
The same converter circuit converts the binary results into the decimal
system. A typewriter types out the results.
The MMESZ I is most important from the didactic viewpoint. The equip-
ment can be operated step by step by using the key board. The position of
the relays can always be seen visually in the sopped machine and direc-
tions can be read from lamps.
The computer can handle a maximum of eight decimal places before and
ay the decimal point. It. can store 12 numbers; taus it can solve tasks
containilg up to 12 elements, for example, linear equation systems with
three unlnowns. It is not as fast as an electronic computer, but it can
solve th? three roots of a third degree equation having eight place coef -
ficients ik about 3-4 minutes. This would take many hours with a table
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Number
input
key
Converter
circuit;
decimal
binary
I - -
Computer
Solid lines are paths of numbers
Broken lines are paths of directions
Operational
directions
control
circuit
I
Directions
Input
t
Program
reading
circuit
[For additional information on automation and computers, see also
under Engineering].
1.3
J
Block Diagram of Mesz I
Typewriter
to record
results
Arithmetic
unit
(addition)
Control
unit
Storage
unit
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Components
51. Hungarians Give Advanced Degree for Work in Magnetic Amplifiers
"Reports of the Scientific Qualifications Committee," (unsigned
note); Budapest, Magyar Tudomany, May 59, Vol 4, No 5, p 262
The Scientific Qualifications Committee has qualified Andor Frigyes
as Candidate of Technical Sciences on the basis of his dissertation titled
"Output Relationships of Half Wave Magnetic Amplifiers." His opponents
were Frigyes Csaki, Candidate of Technical Sciences, and Laszlo Vitalyos,
Candidate of Technical Sciences.
Instruments and Equipment
52. Highly Sensitive Photon Counter Developed
"Photon Counters for Precise Measurements of Ultraviolet
Radiation," by L. S. Shelkov, I. A. Prager, and A. G.
Kostin, Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences USSR
and the Moscow Electric Bulb Plant; Moscow, Pribor_._1
Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 3, May/June 59, pp 56-%w
A study is made of the operating conditions and electrical and photo-
metric characteristics of photon counters with cathodes of various materials
and the effect of design and technological factors on these characteristics.
The experiments were conducted with self-quenched counters filled with a
mixture of inert gas and an organic quenching component.
Results of experiments led to the design of a highly sensitive photon
counter having a Cu-Be cathode and a protective grid of tungsten wire.
The counter, which may serve as a sensitive receiver of ultraviolet radi-
ation in the range of 1,900-3,000 A, has stable characteristics and is
suitable for precise photometry at comparatively small exposure times.
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53. Multichannel Recorder for Ionization Chambers
"Recording Device With 128 Channels for Ionization Chambers,"
by N. N. Goryunov, Scientific-Research Institute of Nuclear
CPYRGHT Physics, Moscow State University; Moscow, P ri'bory i Tekhnika
Eksperimenta, No 3, May/Jun 59, pp 84-89
"A 128-channel amplifier-recording device is described which is de-
signed for operation with ionization chambers. Each channel of the
device has a large dynamic range of amplitudes for the recorded pulses
(the amplitudes may differ by 8000). A record of the amplitudes is made
by photographing the pulses from the screen of a cathode-ray tube. With
the aid of an electronic commutating device, v4 pulses are simultaneously
recorded on the screen of one tube. Recording accuracy is approximately
10%."
The author expresses his thanks to G. T. Zatsepin, G. B. Khristiansen,
S. S. Glagolevskiy, Yu. A. Nechin, V. D. Sofronov and B. V. Subbotin for
their assistance in the development and exploitation of the device.
54. Improvements in Modern Soviet Electron Microscopes Described
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya, Vol 23,
No 4, Apr 59
[The Second All Union Conference on Electron Microscopy held
in Moscow, 9 to 13 May 1958, was sponsored by the Department of
Physicomathematical Sciences, Academy of Sciences USSR, and the
Section of Electron Microscopy of the Society imeni Popov. The
materials of this conference occupy the entire issue of the
source, whose contents are summarized as follows.]
V. N. Vertsner, "Basic Tendencies in Modern Electron Microscope Des'gn.
Microscopes for Research in Passing Electron Rays," pp 426-i.35 -- Review
of modern equipment, mostly foreign.
N. M. Popov, "Electron Microscope Elect:cofograph With an Accelerating
Voltage of 400 kv," pp 436-441 -- The author devised an electron microscope
electronograph with a 400 kv accelerating voltage to clarify the possibil-
ities provided by higher electron speed in electron optical research of
the microstructure of matter. Its regular operation started in 1957 as an
electronograph and in 1958 as a microscope.
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N. A. Stoyanov, G. A. Mikhaylovskiy and V. V. Moseyev "Electron
Microscope UEMB-100 with a Double Lens Condenser," pp 442-x+49 -- The
microscope has correcting lenses (stigmators), a mechanism for adjusting
of optical elements and diaphragms, and a highly stabilized power supply
yielding a resolving power of 15 A.
V. V. Polivanov, V. V. I1'in, A. V. Iz'yurov, N. I. Pyatakov, and
R. V. Shumova, "Power Supply Installation of the Electron Microscope
UEMB-100" pp 450-453 -- The problem of reducing the instability of the
lens currents was solved by refining the supply circuit designed in 1955
for the microscope UEM-100. High-voltage instability was reduced by the
introduction of electron stability.
V. I. Milyutin, D. V. Fetisov, K. K. Raspletin, F. U. Spektor and
B. I. Pochtarev, "Small Electrostatic Microscopes," pp 454-459 -- A
design for a cheap electron microscope with electrostatic lenses is
proposed.
A. N. Kabanov, V. I. Milyutin and D. V. Fetisov, "Electrostatic
Analyzer of Electron Speeds at 75 kv," pp '459-461.
B. I. Pochtarev, K. K. Raspletin and D. V. Fetisov: "Equipment for
Measuring the Resolving Power and the Light Yield of Fluorescent Screens,"
pp 462-466 -- The resolving power of the instrument exceeds 500 lines per
millimeter.
P. A. Stoyanov: "Compensation of Axial Astigmatism in Lenses of a
multilens Electron Microscope," pp 467-472 -- Correction of the'near-axis
astigmatism of weak and strong lenses is, attempted by means of a magnetic
cylindrical lens.
Ya. Yu Komissarchik, V. N. Vertsner, and L. S.'Gol'din, Psycho;aeuro
logical Institute imeni Bekhterev, State Optical Institute imeni Vavilovy
"A Simplified Ultramicrotome," pp 473-477.
G. A. Bogdanovskiy, V. V. Kuprevich, V. N. Vertsner, and I. V.
Stepanov "Light and Electron Microscope Using Monocrystalline Screens of
High Resolution," pp 478-480 -- The final stage of electron optical magni-
fication was replaced by a light-optical stage. The use of a monocrystalline
screen in an electron microscope facilitates the focusing of the image and
permits the lowering of the current density on the object.
G. 0. Bagdyk'yants and A. V. Shishatskiy: "X-Ray Shadow Microscope,"
pp 481-484 -- An experimental model of the instruaen-~ devised by the
authors is described.
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V. N. Vertsner, M. G. Ivanov, V. V. Kozelkin, G. A. Bogdanovskiy,
Yu. V. Vorob'yev, Yu. V. Chentsov, B. Ye. Klyukin, and V. A. Nikiforova,
"Series-Produced Electron Microscope EM-5," pp 485-489 -- A high-
resolution electron microscope based on the design of the EM-3 is now
in series production.
I. G. Stoyanova: "A Chamber for Electron Microscopic Investigation
of Objects in Gaseous Medium" pp 4go-493 -- Research by the author on the
construction of a gas chamber which would satisfy certain requirements is
described.
N. M. Popov, "High Voltage Electron Gun," pp 494-500 -- An electron
gun with an accelerating voltage over 100 kv and a V-shapped cathode of
tungsten wire is described.
V. V. Polivanov, A. V. Iz'yarov, and V. V. Il'in "Some Design and
Construction Problems of Power Supply Devices for Electron Microscopes,"
pp 501-505 -- Possible ways to lower the instability of the high voltage
to a level necessary for a resolving power of 10 A are investigated. Ex-
perimental high-frequency sources of 50 and 125 kv which gave good results
are de-cribed.
G. V. Der-Shvarts and K. A. Netrebenko, "Computer Equipment for Comput-
ing of Fields of Electron-Optical Systems," pp 506-510 --? The authors have
designed and partially completed computer equipment intended for computing
fields with rotational symmetry.
P. A. Stoyanov and V. V. Moseyev, "Screening of Electron Microscopes
From the Effects of External Magnetic Field," pp 511-518 -- The best screen-
ing effect was found in a device consisting of several coaxial cylinders.
Yu. V. Chentsov, V. N. Vertsner, and G. A. Bogdanovskiy, "Some Struc-
tural Improvements of the Electron Microscope EM-3," pp 519-521 -- The
instrument was modernized and will be put into series production.
A. V. Druzhinin and B. N. Popov, "High Vacuum Electron Microscope for
Cathode Testing," pp 522-526 -- A brief description is given of a new
design for the microscope and of the method applied for checking cathodes.
A. M. Rozenfel'd and P. V. Zaytsev, "A New Model of an Emission
Electron Microscope for Studying Thermal and Secondary Emitters (EEM-50),"
pp 527-530 -- The new model of the emission electron microscope differs from
the previous model EEM-75 in that the construction of the immersion objective
and the vacuum system have been changed.
N. P. Levkin and Yu. M. Kushnir, "A New Model of a 100-kv Universal
Electronograph With an Armored Cable (EG-100 A) ," pp 531-536 -- The EG-lOQA
electronograph is intended for the study of solid and gaseous bodies by
means of electron diffraction.
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Materials
55. USSR Work on Cells for the Transformation of Energy of a and 19-
In-
Radiation Into Electric Energy
"On the Functioning of Nuclear Sources of Electric Current
With Two Energy Transformation Stages," by V. S. Vavilov,
D. M. Vul, G. N. Galkin, and S. A. Fridman, Physics Insti-
tute imeni P. N. Lebedev; Leningrad, Fizika Tverdogo Tela,
Vol 1, No 5, May 59, pp 826-827
One of the principal shortcomings of semiconductor crystals with
p-n junctions, when these crystals are used as transducers converting
energy emitted by a powerful source of 13 particles, i3 the relatively
rapid reduction of the current strength because of the recombination of
electrons and holes at defects arising as a result of irradiation. A
more persistent effect can be obtained by selecting an energy source
emitting soft (3 radiation which does not produce defects in the crystal
lattice. However, it has been established recently that even electrons
with an energy of 145 kilo-electron-volts are capable of bringing about
the formation of stable centers of recombination in silicon, which at
present is the best semiconductor material for transducers with p-n junc-
tions.
In view of the fact that photocells with p-n junctions located close
to the surface of the crystal are very sensitive to light in the visible
and near infrared regions of the spectrum, whereas a number of crystal
phosphors which give a high yield on excitation with electrons are at the
same time highly resistant to irradiation, it appeared of advantage to
investigate the possibilities of a two-stage conversion of energy. In
other words, the energy of the 13 -particles is first transformed into
light, and the light is subsequently transformed into electric energy.
Experiments to investigate possibilities along this line have been carried
out by the authors with silicon photo-cells, phosphors exhibiting different
spectral characteristics, and a source of radiation using Sr90 - 190 as
a 1:3 -emitter.
The spectral characteristic of the photocell, i. e., the dependence
of the collection coefficient of on the wave-lenght '( is represented by
a curve in the diagram accompanying the article.
The yield of phosphors on a zinc sulfide-cadmium sulfide basis rapidly
drops as the maximum of the radiation spectrum shifts toward longer waves,
so that carefully selected phosphors must be used. The phosphor which gave
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the best results had an emission maximum at the wave length of 0.70 microns.
To develop a silicon photocell with a collection coefficient close to
unity, one should apply a phosphor which emits in the region of short wave
lengths and therefore gives a better luminescence yield.
According to an article by V. M. Malovetskaya, V. S. Vavilov, and
G. N. Galkin, which has been submitted for publication in Zhurnal Tekhnich-
eskoy Fiziki a considerable improvement in the coefficient of conversion
by 25-30 can be achieved by increasing the transparency of the surface
of the silicon (see also a paper by V. S. Vavilov, G. N. Galkin, and V. M.
Malovetskaya in AtomnayaEnergiya, Vol 41 No 6, p 6, 1958, P 571)
Experience has shown that because of the self-absorption by the
phosphor of its own radiation, it is not advisable to use layers of the
phosphor thick enough to absorb all j3 particles emitted by the Sr90 -
190. It is better to use thin layers. For 0 - radiation emitted by Sr90
I, the optimum thickness of the layer of the phosphor is not determined by
the length of the path of the particles, but by the phosphor's self-absorp-
tion of luminescence. The optimum thickness corresponds to approximately
80 milligrams per square centimeter. The problem in regard to the optimum
thickness of phosphor layers excited by of - particles has been discussed
in detail by S. A. Fridman and A. A. Cherepnev in "Svetyashchiyesya Sostavy
Postoyannogo i Peremennogo Deystviya" [Luminescent Compositions of Permanent
and Intermittent Action], Academy of Sciences USSR, 1945.
The use of promethium -147, the radiation emitted by which is complet;,ly
absorbed by a layer of a thickness corresponding to 50 milligrams per square
centimeter, will increase the efficiency of the conversion of the eneery
of 13 -particles into light energy by a factor of 10. Experimental results
pertaining to this have been described in US work. One may expect that
shielding from bremsstrahlung emitted by the source of radiation consisting
of Pure Pml1'7 will not be cumbersome. Application of Sr90 - 190wi11 require
more effective shielding. Furthermore, the photocells must be separated
from the phosphor by a layer of glass or of some other transparent material
which will not darken under the action of (3 - particles.
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56. USSR Work on the Recovery of Germanium From Coal
"Content and Accumulation of Rare and Dispersed Elements in
Coal" by K. P. Medvedev and I. A. Batrakova, IQ aarkov Scien-.
tific Research Institute of Coal Chemistry (UKhIN), Koks i
Khimiya, No 6, Jun 59, pp 13-17
The recovery of rare and dispersed elements from coal is discussed
with particular attention to information given in non USSR publications.
USSR work on the occurence of germanium in coal and the concentration of
germanium contained in coal is reviewed.
57. Panoramic Ionosphere Station
"Automatic Panoramic Ionosphere Station," by Ye. V. Ryzhkov,
A. Ya. Bukhterin, N. D. Dymovich, N. I. Ivanov and Yu. V.
Markov, Leningrad Electrical Engineering Institute of Com-
munications; Kiev, Izvesti V shikh Uchebn kh Zavedeni
Radiotekhnika, No 2, Mar Apr 59, pp 227-233
The automatic panoramic ionosphere station described in this article
is the outcome of several years' effort on the part of the Chair of Antennas
and Radiowave Propagation of the Leningrad Electrical Engineering Institute
of Communications imeni M. A. Bonch Bruynvich.
The performance characteristics of this station satisfy the basic
requirements prescribed by the IGY program. The operating characteristics
of the station are as follows: the frequency range is 0.5 -28Mc; power
in the pulse is 15 kw; pulse repetition rate is 50 per sec; pulse dura-
tion is 100 microsec; sensitivity of the receiver is 1-2 microvolts when
the signal-to-noise ratio is not less than 3; the linear-scan indicator
provides for observations at altitudes up to 4,000 km; the panoramic
indicator permits observation at altitude up to 1,500 km; the scanning time
for the whole frequency range (0.5-28 Mc) is 15 sec. An automatic device
permits registering altitude-frequency response 1, 2, 4 or 12 times every
hour.
The station comprises the following units: antenna transmission line,
transmitter and modulator, A -scope,, B -scope., automatic control unit, master
oscillator, receiver, receiving antenna transmission line, poorer supply
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unit, electric clock, and registering device. The altitude-frequency
response curve is recorded photographically on film. A rhombic antenna
with an angle of 1600 and supported 50 m above the ground is used with
this station.
At present, this station is conducting IGY observations at the Lenin-
grad Branch of the Institute of Terrestial Magnetism and Radiowave Prop-
agation.
Wave Propagation
58. Irregularities in the F Layer of the Ionosphere
"Investigation of the Effect of Irregularities in the F Layer
of the Ionosphere on Angular Scattering of Reflected Energy,"
by N. T. Tsymbal, Kharkov Polytechnic Institute; Kiev, Izves-
ti Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeni Rat iotekhnika, No 2, Mar/
Apr 59, pp 221-226
The spatial and time diversity of amplitude and phase of a single
magnetically split signal reflected from the ionosphere, are the principal
experimental factors confirming the irregularity of ionosphere structure.
As a result of the irregular structure of the ionosphere, we observe
"flickering" of radio stars, microwave propagation for very long ranges,
and fading of radio signals.
An ionosphere station was used for investigation of angular diversity
of reflected waves from an ionosphere layer and the degree of irregularity
of such a layer for different hots of the day and various seasons of the
year. The transmitter of the ionosphere station had a frequency band of
17 Mc, the power in the pulse was 30 kw, the pulse duration was 100 micro-
sec and pulse repetition rate was 50 per sec. A 20 meter high delta
antenna was used for transmission of the signal. Three receiving antennas
placed at the corners of a rectangle with a 80-m base were used. The
superheterodyne receiver had an amplification factor of l06 and band-pass
of 17 kc. Its amplitude response was linear up to 80 v at the output.
The receiver output was connected to an osciliograph which displayed the
pulse in the form of a horizontal bright line. The measurement of angular
scattering of waves reflected from the F layer and the degree of irregu-
larity of the layer was begun in August 1957 and were conducted up to the
present. The measurements were conducted for 24 hours at 2 -hour intervals
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during certain days of the month (8-10), which, as a rule, included the
international days of the IGY program. Single reflected waves from the
F layer in the range of 3-17 Mc were investigated. .Two hundred and six
measurements were obtained which were suitable for detailed statistical
processing.
The investigation has shown that reflections from the F layer in 90%
of the cases during the day and in 50% of the cases during the night were
of the specular nature.
The author thanks Prof S. Ya. Braude for guiding the major phases of
the investigation.
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VI. ENGINEERING
59. Laboratory for Study of Electric Power Systems
"Electric System Problems Laboratory of the Moscow Power Engi-
neering Institute," by V. A. Venikov, Moscow, Nauchnyye Doklady
Vysshey Shkoly, Energetika, No 1, 1959, pp 5-16 The Electric System Problems Laboratory of the Moscow Power Engineering
Institute is conducting theoretical and experimental investigations of the
most urgent problems arising during design and exploitation of electric
power networks. The principle methods of investigation used at this labora-
tory are based on the theory of similarity and physical simulation in close
association with modern mathematical procedures.
Thus, the procedures followed at the Laboratory can be characterized
as a combination of methods of physical similarity and simulation with
those of cybernetics, the latter being understood not as a separate entity,
but as being closely related to the experimental-engineering approach.
During the next 2-3 years, the work of the Laboratory will be directed
to the study of performance of complex and highly automated electric power
systems, mainly from the standpoint of their transmission capability,
reliability, and stability. These research problems can be roughly divided
into three main groups: the first group is related to the development of
methods to improve the performance of automated electric power systems
with ' long-distance alternating current networks; the second group is con-
cerned with the protection of direct current power networks and the control
of their rectifying and inverting devices; the third group relates to the
problems of refinement of the theory of physical simulation of electric
power systems, and the utilization of analog computers. in conjunction with
mathematical analysis.
60. Laboratory Testing Air Turbine
"Experimental Air Turbine of Leningrad Metal Plant," By A. 0.
Lopatitskiy, Leningrad, Energomashinostroyeniye, No 7, Jul 59,
p 42
The laboratory testing air turbine ETV-1 is used extensively to investi-
gate the blade design of new steam and gas turbines at the Laboratory of
the Leningrad Metal Plant. This air turbine has a recision instrument for
measuring the rpm of the rotor with an accuracy of - 0.1%, an optical device
for determining the clearance of rotating blades, etc.
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This turbine was used to investigate the performance of the high-
pressure Stage of steam turbines with blades of constant cross-section.
In the process of investigation of more than 30 variants of turbine
stages with the aid of this testing air turbine, a series of individual
factors affecting the performance of the turbine stage have been deter-
mined in addition to the basic characteristics needed in design of tur-
bines.
61. Hydraulically-Supported Thrust Bearings for Large Hydrogenerators
"Thrust Bearings for Large Hydrogenerators," by K. F. Kostin;
Moscow, Vestnik Elektropromyshlennosti, No 7, Jul 59, pp 32-35
The hydraulically-supported lower segment plates of the main thrust
bearing for a large hydrogenerator have proven in a long test run to be
highly efficient. Such hydraulically- supported 2 thrust bearings are highly
reliable for specific loading of 60 to 80 kg/cm at the bearing surface.
At present sufficient data has been accumulated to assert the advantages
of this type of Soviet-developed thrust bearing. Since 1954 the first
such thrust bearing has been successfully operating with a total carryig
load of 1,500 tons, which is equivalent to specific loading of 60 kg/cm .
This thrust bearing later withstood a successful test for specific loading
of 80 kg/cm2. Six hydraulically-supported thrust bearings carrying a
total load of 2,000 tons (specific loading of 60 kg/cm2) have been in
operation for the past two years at one of the Siberian hydroelectric
stations.
It is believed that a hydraulically-supported thrust bearing can be
designed for very large hydrogenerators, with rotors weighing up to 6,000
tons.
62. 500-1cv Power Circuit Breakers
"High-Voltage Equipment Manufactured at 'Uralelektroapparat'
During the Past 25 Years," by B. V. Belkov; Moscow, Vestnik
Elektropromyshlennosti, No 7, Jul 59, pp 14-20
The All-Union Electrical Engineering Institute has developed a 500-kv,
2,000-a air circuit breaker designated as VV-500 with power-interrupting
capacity of 20,000 Mva. In 1959 such circuit breakers will be installed
at the Stalingrad Hydroelectric Station and on the Stalingrad-Moscow trans-
mission line. The VV-500 circuit breaker has a highly efficient, gas-filled
arc-extinguishing element. To lower switching overvoltage, the circuit
breaker is provided with special shunting resistors, which are also uti-
lized to distribute uniformly the voltage between ten arc-quenching chambers.
The current of the shunting resistors is interrupted by a disconnecting
element with eight gaps arranged in series. The VV-500 circuit breaker
has several improvements over the previously manufactured and tested VV-400
breaker (400 kv).
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For operations under severe climatic conditions, like those pre-
vailing in Siberia and the Urals, a unique 500-kv oil-filled circuit
breaker designated MEP-500 has been developed and put into production.
Two such circuit breakers have already been installed on the Iiybyshev-
TJral line. The three-phase MKP-500 circuit breaker consists of a bank
of three single-pole breakers, operated by individual dc electromagnetic
drives of the ShPE-504 type. According to existing test data the MKP-500
breaker has a power-interrupting capacity of 10,000 Mva, but there are
good reasons to believe that with slight improvement in the arc-quenching
device it would be possible to raise the power-interrupting capacity of
the circuit breaker to 15,000 Mva.
63. Effective Method of Generator Excitation
"New Regulation System for Effective Excitation of Synchronous
Generators," by M. N. Rozanov and V. A. Karpov, Chair of Elec-
tric Systems, Moscow Power :Engineering Institute; Moscow,
Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey Shkoly, Energetika, No 1, 1959,
pp 29-35
Great attention has been given lately to the problem of increasing
the transmitting capability of long-distance power lines with the help
of automatic excitation regulators which respond to the derivatives of
certain functions. Such excitation regulators are now referred to as
effective regulators.
For analysis of such a system of effective excitation regulation, a
schematic network of the following three parallel-connected elements is
used: measuring, differentiating, and double differentiating.
At the All-Union Electrical Engineering Institute automatic exci-
tation regulators were designed for the generators of the Volzhskaya
(Volga) Hydroelectric Station. V. A. Venikov, M. N. Rozanov, and V. A.
Karpov were issued the patent rights for such a regulator on 28 February
1958 under No 581549/24.
The efforts to develop new complex excitation regulators are now
directed toward the creation not merely of a device which would regulate
certain operating parameters, but of one which would change the chatac-
teristics of the system in a desired manner. It is claimed that such a
system of effective excitation regulation has the following advantages:
the amplification factor of differentiating elements is defined only by
time constant of the excitation system of the generator, and not by the
parameters of the external power network.
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64. "Rotary Lines" Employed in Automation
"Rotary Lines-New Word in the Automation of Industry," by L.
Koshkin, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Stalin Prize Win-
ner, B. Boris, engineer; Moscow, Pravda, ;24, May> 59, p 4
CPYRGHT The author asked the following question:
"Does there exist at the present time a means for simultaneously
solving the fundamental problems of complex automation?"
The author answered his own question in the affirmative and added
that the means was already being applied in practice.
The method he referred to is the so-called "rotary lines" method.
The method originated in the USSR, and at the present time is being
employed more extensively. A "rotary line" consists of several oper-
ating rotors. The important peculiarity of operating rotors is that
parts are machined in them during the process of transportation to-
gether with the tool.
A simplified rotor may be represented in the form of assemblies on
a common, continuously rotating shaft with two drums, on one of which are
distributed the parts to be machined, and on the other, tools, each of
which, during the process or rotation, permits the required machining of
parts.,- The fundamental property of rotary machines is the fact that their
productivity, contrary to the productivity of machine tools of interrupted
operation, is not bounded by the velocity of the moving tool relative to
the detail and duration of the operation.. If it is necessary to obtain
greater productivity, it is only necessary to design the rotor with an
increased number of tools. For that reason, it is always possible to
design a rotary line to any previously determined productivity.
65. New Patent Regulation
"New Regulations for Inventions and Efficiency Suggestions,"
(unsigned article); Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi, No 7, Jul 59,
pp 10-11
The new "Regulations for Discoveries, Inventions, and Efficiency
Suggestions" and "Instructions on Remuneration for Discoveries, Inventions,
and Efficiency Suggestions" became effective 1 May 1959. The new "Regu-
lations" and "Instructions" differ substantially from the previous ones.
The new "Instructions" provide for increased remunerations to the inventors
and efficiency experts. The minimum compensation is set at 200 rubles for
an invention and 100 rubles for efficiency suggestions which do not result
in any saving. The Compensation is paid to the inventor even if the inven-
tion relates to the field in which he regularly works.
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VII. MATHEMATICS
66. Stability of Motion Investigated
"Several Problems Concerning Stability of Motion," V. I. Zubov;
Moscow, Matematicheskiy Sbornik, Vol 118(90), No 2, Feb 59,
pp, 149-190
The present work is devoted to the investigation of the following
three kinds of problems: first, the problems of analytical representation
of the solutions of systems of equations with partial derivatives and of
systems of ordinary differential equations of particular initial data in
a neighborhood; second, the problems of the quality characteristics of the
neighborhood of the state of equilibrium of a dynamic system of ordinary
differential equations from the point of view of stability according to
A. M. Lyapunov; third, problems clarifying the question concerning sta-
bility of the null solution of a system of ordinary differential equations
in a series of dubious cases.
The first section of the paper is related to the results of Briot and
Bouquet, Poincare, Picard, Horn, and Lyapunov and gives a furtb:r develop-
ment of these results.
The second section is related to the works of N., P. Yerugin, A. A.
Shestakov and A. M. Lyapunov. The foundations of almost all these resultg
are based on the works of A. M. Lyapunov.
The subject of the present work arose upon the appearance of the works
produced by the chair of differential equations at Leningrad State University
The author expressed appreciation for the interest manifested in his
work by V. I. Smirnov and V. V. Nemytskov.
67. Laplace Equation for a Region within an Ellipsoid Solved
"On the Solut:L_, of the Laplace Equation in a Region within an
Ellipsoid," by A. I. Vzorova; Moscow, Vychislitel'naya Matematika,
No 3, July, 1958, pp 88-98
A continuous function, given on an ellipsoid, is expanded in the form
of a series of harmonic polynomials.
The Dirichlet problem for the Laplace equation defined within an
ellipsoid is solved.
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68. Difference Stochastic Equation Analyzed
"Statistical Analysis of, a Difference Stochastic Equation," by
A. Ya. Dorogovtsev, Kiev State University; Kiev, Doklady
Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoy SSR, No 2, Feb 59, pp 120-127-
The The author considers a random process xt (where t is an integer)
satisfying the difference equation
xt } alit-1 t . . . t apxt-p ? a0 - bo g t + bl~t-1 + ... +bygt-,~
where ai and bi are unknown parameters and 9 t are independent variables
with a mean equal to zero and a variance equal to unity. The parameters
Oci, bi are estimated by a sequence of observations xl, x2, . . . , XN of
the process. The case of biased estimates is discussed, and estimates of
the oci parameters are given, these estimates being consistent, and their
joint distribution tending toward the normal law when N -'~ co.
69. Asymptotic Estimates for Spectral Function Derivatives
"Concerning Asymptotic Estimates of the Derivatives of the
Spectral Function for the Schredinger Operator on a Plane,"
by I. S. Sargsyan; Yerevan, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Armyanskoy
SSR, Vol 11, No 6, Nov/Dec 5T, pp-15-30
A finite, singly-connected region in the two-dimensional Euclidean
space E2 is denoted by D and the boundary of the region is denoted by (-
The, following problem is considered at the characteristic values:
Au + q(x,y) } u = 0, (1)
a H I .c 0, (2)
'Tn r
where 2 Q = '~ + 2 (the Laplace operator), q(x,y) is a
x2 y2
real continuous function in D + , and n is the exterior normal to D.
The author designated the characteristic values of the problem (1) - (2)
by X 1, A 21 . . . , X n, . and the corresponding character-
istic functions of the problem (l)-(2) by ~1(x,y), p,(X,y),...'~n(x,y).*too
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Since the function q(x,y) is continuous in D, it is bounded; for that
reason it does,not violate the generality of the argument and we may
assume that the spectrum of the problem (0.1)-(0.2) is non-negative.
2
Let rl > 0)-
n n, n
(x, y, u, v; P ) - E cQ (x, Y) c (u, v), N>0,
n n /
/'An 1), Poo
('C)
The probability of reversion, that is, transition from condition (k + 1)
to condition k for the system (1) has the form:
Pktl,k(z (k f 1) ,t3'C for k > 0.
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However, for system (2) the probabilities Pk + 1 k(t') have different
values for the cases k . n and k > n: '
Pktl,k('C) ^ (k+l)pt (k < n) and Pktl,k(t) n/3 (k n) .
All values of the probabilities of transition are taken with an
accuracy as far as infinitely small values of the form 0 (z) .
To investigate the system (1) or (2) means to demonstrate the existence
of limits of the quantity Pk (t) for t -i oo, and also to demonstrate the
possibility of a limit transition in the entire system.
A. Ya. Khinchin in his work "Mathematical methods of the theory of
extensive servicing,'' Trudy Matematicheskogo Instituta imini V. A. Steklov,
Vol 10, 9, 1955, noting the possibility of proving the existance of solu-
tions of the systems of equations (1) and (2) wrote:
"We do not know in the literature one account of that proof, although
the same problem was considered many times (A. N Kolmogorov)"Sur le
problems d'attente," Matematicheskiy Sbornik, Vol 38, No 1-2, 1931; T. Fray,
Teoriya Veroyatnostey dlya Inzhenerov Theory of Probability for Engineers
Gostekhizdat, Moscow, 1934; A. K. Erlang, "The Life and Works of Ao K.
Erlang," The Copenhagen Telephone Company, 1948; and V. Feller, Introduction
to the Theory of Probability and its Application, (Translated into Russian
Izd. Inostrannoy Literatury, 1952). Erlang introduces the possibility of
a limit transition as a general postulate; all the remaining mentioned
authors are limited by a short reference to the possibility of proof."
The purpose of the present work is to obtain the solution of the
systems of infinite, linear equations (1) and (2) without making any
assumption concerning the existence of the' limits lim ..Pk(t) =
Pk(k = 0, 1, 2, ...) for t -> oo and concerning the possibility of a limit
transition simultaneously in all equations of the systems.
71. Integral Equation with Fixed Singularity Approximated
"Method of Successive Approximations for an Integral Equation
with Fixed Singularity," by A. R. Khvoles, Academy of Sciences
Georgian SSR, Computer Center, Tbilisi; Tbilisi, Soobshcheniya
Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoy SSR, Vol 21, No 5, Nov 195b, pp 519-522
E. Picard, Ann. Ec. norm. (3) 28, 1911, pp 313-324; Fubini, Rend. Acc.
Lincei, Vol 21, 1912, pp 325-330; P. Nalli, Rend. del Circolo Matematico
di Paleimo, Vol 50, 1926; aa3d the author, in Soobshcheniya AN Gruzinskoy
SSR, Vol 2, No 5, 1941, studied an equation of the form
1
cQ(x) - )~ i k x s) (s) ds = f (x), (1)
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In the present work a method of successive approximations is presented
for equation (1) assuming that the functions K(x,s) and f(x) satisfy the
following conditions:
IK(x,s)I . P, I K (x+h,s+j) - K(x,s)t P( Ihf, + IiI M ), (2)
f (x) P, ~ f (xrh) - f (x) ( P Ihl M . (3)
72. Isotropic Random Fields of the Markov Type
"Isotropic Gauss Random Fields of the Markov Type on a Sphere,"
by M. Y. Yadrenko, Kiev State University; Krev, Doklady Akademii
Nauk Ukrainskoy SSR, No 3, May/Jun 59, pp 231-23
The author describes the indicated random fields, on a sphere Sm in
a (m-l)-dimensional space and on a sphere Soo in a Hilbert space. The
fields were assumed to possess a certain Markov property. In the case of
m = 2, this property is reduced to the requirement that whatever the curve
K dividing S2 into two parts may be, and whatsoever the points P1 and P2
separated by K, the random functions F(P1) and (P2) are independent if
the values 9(P) on K are known.
73. Theorem of A. A. Markov Generalized
"Generalizations of a Theorem of A. A. Markov Concerning an
Estimate of the Derivative of a Polynomial," by V. S. Videnskiy,
Mathematics Institute imeni V. A.'Steklov, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 125, No 1, Mar 59,
pp 15-1$
In the work of the author which appeared in DAN, Vol 120, No 3, 1958,
the problem concerning an exact upper bound of sequences of derivatives of
the polynomial P (x) of degree 0
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The author now takes G(x) as the majorante where G(x) ~m (lta2 x2
ak : 0, k =1, 2, . . . , m. k =1 lc
He let n _> m, and set ak = 1 + ak (k = 1, 2, . . . , n; am+l
an = 0) and
n
Mn (x) = Rk (CCKx + i 1x2),
n
Nn_1(x) = Ln(x) = ITT (a(kx + i \ 1-x) .
k=l
It is clear that the identity
2 2 2
G(x) = Mn(x) + (1-x ) Nn_1(x) is justified.
The functions Ma(x) and Nn-l(x) are polynomials of degrees n and n-1
respectively. It is known that all their zeros lie in the segment (-1, t1)
and are mutually alternate (see S. N. Bernshteyn, Sobr. soch., (Collected
Works), Vol 1, article No 46, 1952, pp 452-467).
The following two theorems were proved in the work:
Theorem 1. If the polynomial Pn(x) of degree n m satisfies the
inequality r m 2 2)1 1/2
I Pn(x)I S kTi (1 t akx 1 101-kx t i `+ 1-X- , -lix S 1,
then p' (x) MA (1) a n M1(12...(In_ ,, -1S x t l,where cilc(22....ccn-2
is a symmetric function of ai, 0(2, ...,an? -The equality appear ng 3n the
statement to be proved in theorem 1 is attained ~nly for 'polynomials
Pn(x) - 'yMn(x), ICI = 1, and at the points x 1.
For a, = 02 = ... _ - 1 we obtain the theorem of A. A. Markov,
since the right side of the hypothesis is equal to 1 and the right side of
the conclusion is equal to T n (1) = n2, where Tn(x)= cos n are cos x.
Theorem 2. If the polynomial Pn(x) of degree less than or equal to
n satisfies the inequality
Pn(x) ax t + i 1-x2 -1: x 1, QC.,p real, and 0< J f31 G a,
then
IP'n(x)I< max I I M'n (-1) 1 , M'n(+1) -1 x 1,
Mn(x) Tn(x) + ATn-1(W ) + 2--1. Tn-2(x) .
The equality appearing in the statement to be proved in theorem 2 is
attained only for the polynomials P (x) = -(M (x), I If 1 at the points
x = -+ 1. n n
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74. Theorems of L. A. Sakhnovich Generalized
"On'the Theory of Integral Operators of the Volterra Type," by
Ishtvan Fen'ye; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 125,
No 1, Mar 59, pp 51-54
L. A. Sakhnovich, in his work which appeared in Izv. AN SSSR, ser.
matem., Vol 22, 1958, p 298, proved an interesting theorem, in concurrence
wit which any integral. operator of the Volterra type satisfying known
requirements is linearly equivalent to the integral operator
Hf = o x f(t) dt (f (t) E L2[o,a]) .
The criterion was also given when a given integral operator of the Volterra
type is the n-th degree iteration of another operator.
In the present work a new and, in the opinion of the author, a simpler
proof of Sakhnovich's theorem is given as well as assertions and proofs of
generalizations of some of his other theorems.
75. Integral Equations of the Volterra Type Studied
On the Growth of Solutions of Systems of Integral Equations of
the Volterra Type," by E. I. Gol'dengershel', Odesskiy State
University imeni K. D. Ushinsky; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Vol 125, No 1, Mar 59, pp 19-22
The exponential growth of systems of integral equations of the Volterra
type
K(X)Y) cQ (y) dy (X
= f (x), 0 x < oo,
is investigated in its dependence on the growth of the right sides and
values of the, parameter X .
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VIII. MEDICINE
Bacteriology
76. Effects of Ultrasound on Tubercle Bacilli
"The Antigenic Characteristics of Suspensions of Tuberculosis
Mycobacteria Exposed to Ultrasound," by A. I. Togunova; A. V.
Karsanova, and G. I. Stepanchenok, Institute of Epidemiology
and Microbiology imeni Gamaleya; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiologii,
Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii, Vol 30, No 5, May 59, pp 95-98
In the experiments described in this article, attempts were made to
use suspensions (containing a minimum amount of live bacterial components
and exposed to ultrasound) as antigens in serological reactions with specific
sera,-i.e., in the complement fixation reaction and by double diffusion in
gel (Ouchterlony's method). The complement fixation reaction was performed
with rabbit hyperimmune sera and phosphatide antigens prepared from cultures
of virulent tuberculosis strain R-44, its vaccine variant No 35, avirulent
variant No 85211 and BCGI. polysaccharide complexes from R-44, and avirulent
variant No 35. Dry, purified tuborculin (Leningrad and Tashkent) were also
used as antigens for the reaction.
A number of experiments were performed with BCG and No 35 suspensions
in distilled wafter which were exposed to ultrasound '(Soviet apparatus UL-1,
800 and 1,200 kc?in 2-2 1/2 hours). The use of the double diffusion method
in agar is also described, as are filtration and centrifugation procedures.
The following conclusions are presented on the basis of the results
obtained:
"Under the action of ultrasound (800-1,200 kc. 2-4 hours) on a suspension
of live mycobacteria strains of BCG and No 35 in-distilled water, specific
soluble antigens, the presence of which was clearly detected by the double
diffusion 'reaction in gel with corresponding specific rabbit sera, were
produced.
"The precipitation lines from the-soluble antigens ran together with
the lines from the polysaccharides isolated from the same mycobacteria.
This permitted us to assume that the soluble antigens were on the whole,
polysaccharides.
"The soluble antigens of a suspension of cultures of BCG and No 35 strains
reacted with specific rabbit sera in the complement fixation reaction.
"The soluble antigens of the suspensions of live tuberculosis bacteria
(vaccine strains) were serologically active."
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77. Fluorescent Antibody Method for Rapid Detection of Pathogens
"Accelerated Detection of the Pathogens of Several Infections
by the Fluorescent Antibody Method," by V. P. Blokhov, I. M.
Markelov, and V. F. Mukhin; Moscow, Voyenno-Meditsinskiy
Zhurnal, No 6, Jun 59, pp 71-75
The purpose of the research reported in this article was to study the
possibility of accelerated detection of several pathogens by the fluorescent
antibody method under military bacteriological laboratory conditions. It
is pointed out that the experimental work of Soviet investigators in detect-
in~ enteric bacteria and B. anthracis and that of foreign investigators in
detecting the melioidosis pathogen in urine and diagnosing influenza, attests
to the promise of this method.
A study of specificity, method sensitivity, and rapidity of the inves-
tigation in the presence of definite pathogens was done. Typhoid, brucellosis,
tularemia, anthrax, and normal sera tagged with fluorescein-isocyanate and
1-dimethylaminonaphtlialene-5-sulfochloride were used. To increase the ob-
jectivity of the results, the specificity of each serum was tested in advance,
and only the most specific were used. Standard diagnosticums were employed
as homologous antigens.
The second series of experiments was an examination of antigens, homol-
ogous with the standard sera, obtained from objects found in the environment
(tap water, glass, laboratory equipment, dried fruits, butter, etc;). The
methodology of the experiments is given in detail and results are shown in
two tables.
Anai,?sis of the results of these experiments led to the following con-.
c ius ions :
"The highly specific and sensitive fluorescent antibody method is
suitable for the rapid detection of various pathogens.
"The use of the method has been most successful in the detection of
pathogens in water and washings from slightly contaminated surfaces, in
which the findings can approach 1001/.
'.'Satisfactory results were obtained from the use of the method in
investigating highly contaminated surfaces and certain products. The pos-
sibility of detecting typhoid, brucellosis, and tularemia pathogens was
demonstrated. Bacilliform bacteria with well defined morphology are easily
diagnosed."
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78. Formation of IIyaluronidase by Bacteria
"IIyaluronidase of Bacteria and Its Properties," by V. N. Vel-
tistova, Tr. Novosib. med. in-ta (Works of the Novosibirsk
Medical Institute), 1958, 30, 97-104 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal--
Khimiya Biologicheskaya Khimiya, No 9, 10 May 59, Abstract No
11035, by the author)
"The ability of pathogenic as well as nonpathogenic bacteria to form
hyalunirodase has been noted. Strains forming hyalunirodase have been
found, for the most part, among staphylococci and streptococci bacteria;
in lesser numbers, among dysentery and paratyphoid bacteria; and in in-
uignificant numbers, among typhoid bacteria. The hyalunirodase of dysentery
bacteria is inactivated within 30 minutes at temperatures of 75-80 degrees,
while the hyalunirodase of Staphylococcus aureus is inactivated within
the same period of time at temperatures of 55-60 degrees."
Contagious Diseases
79? Combined Q-Fever and Brucellosis Infection Induced Experimentally
"Experimental Combined Q-Fever and Brucellosis Infection; Report
I. Characteristics of the Course of Q Fever," and "Experimental
Combined Q Fever and Brucellosis Infection; Report II. Char-
acteristics of Brucellosis," by A. G. Somova, V. A. Silich,
I. I. Polyakov, Z. D. Khakhina, and G. L. Gerasyuk, Rostov-
na-Donu Institute, Ministry of Health USSR, and Institute of
Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni Gamaleyva; Moscow, Zhurnal
Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii, Vol 30, No 3,
Mar 59, pp 100-106 and-106-110
Proceeding from the fact that agricultural animals are natural res-
ervoirs of the pathogens of both brucellosis and Q fever, the authors of
these articles performed a series of experiments on combined infection of
guinea pigs with these diseases. The following aspects of combined infection
were studied: the course of combined infection after simultaneous infection
of guinea pigs with brucellosis and Q fever; the development of brucellosis
in those animals which were infected with Q fever earlier; and the develop-
ment of Q fever in those animals which were infected with brucellosis earlier.
The experimental animals were divided into seven groups. The animals
of the first group were simultaneously infected with Brucella melitensis
and Rickettsia burneti. Pigs of the second and third groups were infected
with Rickettsia burneti, and 14 or 3G days later, with Brucella melitensis.
The fourth and fifth groups were first infected with Brucella melitensis,
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and with Rickettsia burneti 14 or 30 days later. The sixth and seventh
groups, which were used as controls, were infected with brucellosis and
Q fever, respectively. Highly virulent Brucella melitensis strain No 599,
of which one infecting dose was2 microbial cells, was administered subcuta-
neously to produce brucellosis infection; a standard culture of the Grita
strain of Rickettsia burneti was introduced subcutaneously in a dilution
of 10-2 per ml for Q fever infection. Phenomena observed and biological
tests performed under all these conditions are discussed in detail in
the texts of the two articles.
On the basis of the study of the course of Q fever, the authors conclude,
in general., that cross serological investigation of Q fever and brucellosis
demonstrated the absence of antigenic similarity' in Brucella and Rickettsia
bmrneti; their experiments substantiat9d the opinions of foreign investigators
that positive serological reactions in Brucellosis and Q fever are a result
of mixed infection.
The concluding comments from the article concerning the study of the
CPYRGHT course of brucellosis following mixed infection follow.
"Analysis of the results of the experimental study. of the course of
brucellosis in combined infection showed that simultaneous infection of
guinea pigs, either with both pathogens or with Q fever first and then
with brucellosis, led to a less pronounced course of brucellosis. Low
titers of antibrucellosis antigens were noted in animals of these groups,
and allergic reactivity and phagocytic activity of the leukocytes were
essentially unaltered. Infection of guinea pigs with Rickettsia burneti
against a background of brucellosis led to a decrease in seroallergic
reactions and in the phagocytic activity of the leukocytes; the degree
of seedability of the animals with Brucella either is not changed in
this process (on infection with Rickettsia after 14 days), or is increased
somewhat (on infection with Rickettsia after 30 days)."
80. Chinese Infect Ducks Experimentally With Japanese Encephalitis
"The Absence of Clinical Manifestations of Disease in Ducks
Experimentally Infected With Japanese Encephalitis," by Wang
I-ming, Jen Kuang-hung, Hsueh Feng-chu; Peiping, Chung-hua
Wei-sheng Tsa-chih (Chinese Journal of Public Health), No 3,
1958, pp 194-197 from Meditsinskiy Referativnyy Zhurnal, No 6,
Jun 59, p 61)
"Antibodies to the Japanese encephalitis virus were discovered in 17
of 78 clinically healthy ducks examined. Seven healthy ducks were infected
subcutaneously with different doses of virus, after which specific antibodies
were observed in their blood. Viremia was observed in all ducks within 12-32
hours after infection."
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81. Chinese Report Placental Globulin Effective for B Encephalitis
"Preliminary Clinical Observations of 76 Cases of Epidemic
B Encephalitis Treated With Placental Globulin," Kao I-?ch'eng
*A- et al, Ho-fei Infectious Hospital; Peiping,
Jen-min Pao-chien (People's Health), Vol 1, No 6, Jun 59,.
pp 498-5 00
This article presents an analysis of 76 cases of Japanese B encephalitis
treated with placental globulin in 1958. Reportedly, the therapeutic effect
of placental globulin was good. The corrected case fatality rate was only
2.6 percent as compared with 15-20 percent-in previous years when the hospital
was not using placental globulin. Temperatures returned to normal in an
average of IE 1/2 days after the first administration of globulin. A total
of 82.7 percent of cases in lethargy and coma regained consciousness after
1-3 days.
The placental globulin was prepared by the Shanghai Vaccine and Serums
Institute. Dosages were provisionally scheduled according to age as follows:
under 3 years, 10-15 ml; 3-5 years, 15-20 ml; 5-8 years, 20-25 ml; 8-12 years,
20-30 ml, and over 12 years, 30 ml daily for 5 days.
82. In Vitro and Clinical Experiments in Treatment'of Bacilliary Dysentery
With Portulacca Extract
"Portulacca Oleracea in the Treatment of Bacilliary Dysentery--
Report on 70 Cases," by Chu Feng-lin et al; Peiping, Chung-.
chi I-k'an (Intermediate Medical Journal), No 6., Jun 59, pp 11-13
This report presents an analysis of 70 cases of bacillary dysentery
treated with extract of Portulacca oleracea. The rate of cure was 95.7
percent. There were no untoward side effects.
Also given are the details of controlled experiments in which different
concentrations of the portulacca extract prepared by a variety of methods
were added to a culture medium and tested in vitro for activity against
different types of Shigella paradysenteriae (including antibiotic-resistant
strains), Salmonella typhosa "H," and Salmonella paratyphi. It was found
that concentrations of portulacca extract, 25 percent and higher, demon-
strated bacteriostatic activity against Shigellae flexneri, new castle, and
sonnet. Some 40-50 percent concentrations were needed to inhibit the activity
of antibiotic-resistant types. Further research is indicated.
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Epidemiology
83. Factors Affecting Preservation of Japanese Encephalitis Pathogen
in Mosquitoes
"The Effect of the Body Temperature of Mosquitoes on the Pres-
ervation of the Virulence of the Japanese Encephalitis Pathogen,"
by Wang I-wing and Jen Kuang-hung; Peiping, Chung-hua Wei-sheng
Tsa-chih (Chinese Journal of Public Health), No 3, 195 pp 194-
197 from Meditsinskiy Referativnyy Zhurnal No 6, Jun 59, p 61)
"Mosquitoes artificially infected with the Japanese encephalitis virus
were kept at temperatures of 18-310 C; the virus titer was then determined
in mice. Temperatures of 26-310 C were found to be optimum for the pres-
ervation of the virus in the mosquito organism."
84. Brucellosis in Chinese Province
"Determination of the Type of Pathogen and Primary Observation
for Brucellosis in the Province of Heilungkiang," by Meng Ching-
hai, Liu Hsueh-li, and Liu Ai; Peiping, Chung-hua Wei-sheng Tsa-
chih (Chinese Journal of Public Health), No 3, 1956, pp 218-221. from Meditsinskiy Referativnyy Zhurnal, No 6, Jun 59, p 51)
"Brucellosis was not known.in Heilungkiang Province before 1954; sheep
were brought here from Inner Mongolia in 1954, and within a few months 102
persons who had been engaged in sheep raising (shepherds and other workers)
in the province contracted brucellosis. Nine strains of Br. melitensis
were isolated from the patients."
85. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vectors in Northeastern China
"The Study of Vectors of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in the Forest
Regions of Northeastern China," by Ying Ti-ning, Yen P'ei-han,
and Tung Kuo-hsien; Peiping, Chung-hua Wei-sheng Tsa-chih
Chinese Journal of Public Healt ), No 3, 1956, pp 222-226 (from
Meditsinskiy Referativnyy Zhurnal, No 6, Jun 59, p 6o)
The virus of tick-borne encephalitis was first isolated in Northeastern
China in 1953-1954.from I. persulcatus and Haem. concinna ticks. The ticks
were collected from the ground in forests."
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86. Q Fever and Ornithosis Diagnosed During Influenze Epidemic in Sofia,
"The Concomitant Evolution of Influenza With Q Fever and Or-
nithosis," by B. ZogLavski, M. Doinov, and I. Beloev; Bucharest,
Mikrobioi.ogia, Parazitologia Epidemiologia, No 2, Mar/Apr 59,
PP 131-132
Following a brief introductory paragraph concerning Prof S. Silov's
theory on the concomitant occurrence of influenza with other transmissible
diseases, the authors discuss an outbreak of influenza in Sofia in the fall
of 1957, during which Q fever was diagnosed in 6.9% of the patients, and
ornithosis, in 15.86%.
Results of clinical observations and serological tests performed at
the Institute Of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, are presented;
complement-fixing antibody titers are given for Q fever and oruithosis. The
authors state in conclusion that an epidemiological analysis of this combined
infection will be the object of further study.
Hematology
87. Method for Quantitative Determination of Erythrocyte-Production by
Bone Marrow
"Concerning the Problem of the Quantitative Determination of
Erythrocyte Production by Bone Marrow," by Yu. P. Popov, Chair
of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Kazan Medical Institute;
Moscow, Problemy'Gematologii i Perelivaniya Krovi, Vol 4, No 6,
Jun 59, pp 13-1
The quantity of erythrocyte production per unit time by the bone
marrow is valuable in determining erythropoiesis in gener.:l, and in evaluat-
ing the reaction of bone marrow in response to therapeutic or other factors.
In this article the author describes an original method for determining
the quantity of erythrocytes based on the assumption that if the number
of reticulocytes in the blood during a certain period of time is unchanged,
one may assume that the number of reticulocytes leaving the bone marrow
per unit time is equal to the number of reticulocytes maturing into nor-
mocytes in that same period of time. The number of reticulocytes (per
4,000 erythrocytes) is calculated before and after incubation (in vitro
for 14 hours). The formula for erythrocyte production is as follows:
PRmm24 = (M-N) x E x1.7
where PRmm24 represents the production of reticulocytes per cu mm of blood
in 24 hours; M is the number of reticulocytes before incubation; N is the
number of reticulocytes after incubation; E is the number of erythrocytes
per cu mm in thousands; and 1.7 is the correction factor.
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By applying this method it was found that the production of erythrocytes
was low in patients with pernicious anemia and renal insufficiency, and high
in cases of acute -,pobthemorrhagic anemia.
Immunology and Therapy
88. Chinese Study Enteric Trivaccine
"A Serological Study of the Comparative Effectiveness of a
Trivaccine (Typhoid'and Paratyphoid A and B) After the Use of
Subcutaneous and Intracutaneous Methods of Introduction," by
Ni Ta-shih, Ch'eng Tse, and Liu Shao-tang; Peiping, Chung-hua
Wei-sheng Tsa-chih (Chinese Journal of Public Health), No.3,
195d, pp 177-179 (from Meditsinskiy Referativnyy Zhurnal,
No 6, Jun-59, p 51))
"Three-time. . inoculations were given at one-week intervals to persons
ranging in age from 30 to 4+0 who were divided into groups. In the first
group, O.l.ml of the vaccine was introduced intracutaneously; the second
group was inoculated intracutaneously with 0'.2 ml doses; the third group
was inoculated subcutaneously with 0.5 ml doses (one ml of the vaccine
contained 500 million typhoid and 25Q million paratyphoid A and B bacilli).
Serological examination of 498 vaccinates was done twice: the day before
inoculation, and one month after the final injection of the vaccine. It
was determined that the specific antibody content in the blood of the
vaccinates of the "second and third groups was identical one month after
inoculation."
89. Yugoslavia Produces Salk Vaccine
"The First Quantities of-Domestic Vaccine Against Polio Have
Been Produced," by A. Misic; Belgrade, Politika, 16 Jul 59,
p7
In the past 6 months, 70 liters of Salk'polio.;vaccine have been produced
by the Polio Division of the Serbian Institute of Hygiene under the supervision
of Dr Ljubinko Stojkovic and Dr Mileva Dimic. It is expected that 300 liters,
of this vaccine will be produced by the end of the year. In the fall of 1959,
the Polio Division in Torlak will begin preparations for the development of a
polio vaccine containing live viruses according to the Sabin method.
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Oncology
90. Chinese Synthesize Oncolytic Amino Acids
"Research on Chemotherapy for Tumors (V.) Synthesis of Amino
Acids Containing the Bis (Bet Chloroethyl) Amino Group," by
Chen Pao-chen Tsou Heng-liang
Chang Chun-nien (3 , .-), and Yuan Ch'eng-yeh
( r ) In rabbits i+ is
between the seventh I.itubar and the first sacral vertebrae?
Results showed that, acupuncture produces no appreciable change in
the body temperature of normal rabbits but it can alter the fever curve
of rabbits:. having experimental protein fever. Administered at the onset)
it inhibits the elevation of body temperature. Administered at the peak
of fever, it effects a rapid drop back to normal. Administered before
the injection of milk,, it produces no appreciable effect?
The nervous mechanism of fever is discussed.
11.5, Now ~~.vx pr t.ir,morrrSa:
Prague, Obrana Lidu, 21 Jul 59, p 2
Scientists at the Stalinabad Medical Institute in the U 133R. under
the leader.?hip of Meritorious Scientist J, L. Kozov9 have succeeded in
transforming the deadly poison from the guersa snake into a drug which
can halt the most severe hemorrhage, The capability of thi drug- to
halt bleeding is ter. times that of the drug thus far kno'm.1 which is
derived from the venom of the Indian v9.per doloya.
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'Veterinary Medicine
116. Chinese Isolate Hog Asthma Virus
"Initial Report on the Study of the Pgthogen of Hog
Asthma,"_ by Kao Shang-yin (7` ), Liu Nien-
ts' ui (5'1 ),_Chang Li-jen
and Hsien T' ien-ei' (N , ), Wuhan Microbio-
logical Laboratory of Academia AS),
and Department
of Biology of Wuhan University; Peiping, K-o'hsueh
Tung-pao (Scientia), No 10, 26 May 59, Pp 332-333
The authors report experiments which culminated in the isolation
of a virus which produced typical asthma in normal pigs. Under the
electron microscope, the virus is elliptical with a major and minor
axis of 100-140 millimicrons. In controlled experiments, the virus
produced morbid changes in the chorio-allantois tissues of 10-day-old
chick embryos. Further research on the properties and titration of
the virus is indicated.
Miscellaneous
117. Statistics on Soviet Sanitary-Epidemiology Stations
"Statistical Data" (unsigned article), Moscow, Sovetskoye
Zdravookhraneniya, No 6, Jun 59, PP 58-61
The following charts indicate the number of Soviet Sanitary-
Epidemiology Stations and Sanitary-Bacteriology Laboratories within the
Sanitary-Epidemiology Stations for 1940, 1946, 1950, 1956, and 1957.
Sanita:-y-Epidemiology Stations
Under Ministries of Health USSR and the Union Republics
(including urban and rural areas)
No Df Stations
1940
191.6
1950
1955
USSR total
1,958
3,972
5,357
5,452
RSFSR
591
1,991
3,070
3,008
Ukrainian SSR
826
945
962
966
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CPYRGHT
Belorussian SSR
Uzbek SSR
Kazakh SSR
Georgian SSR
Azerbaydzhan SSR
Lithuanian SSR
Moldavian SSR
Latvian SSR
Kirgiz SSR
Tadzhik SSR
Armenian SSR
Turkmen SSR
Estonian SSR
Stations under
USSR only
1956
1940
1946
1950
1955
147
193
200
197
30
174
175
195
38
111
205
270
25
37
88
93
28
44
93
91
30
46
91
16
6o
68
62
12
31
72
9
76
79
77
56
73
75
59
13
19
33
37
26
45
57
59
8
15
20
45
145
147
155
1.10
1957
No of
Stations
No of
Sanitary-
Epidemiology
Divisions of
Rayon Hospi-
tals
No of
Stations
No of
Sanitary-
Epidemiology
Divisions of
Rayon Hospi-
tals
USSR total
5,009
221
3,785
1,289
RSFSR
2,796
160
2,066
820
Ukrainian SSR
959
14
881
54
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1956
1957
No of
Stations
No of
Sanitary-
Epidemiology
Divisions of
Rayon Hospi-
tals
No of
Stations
No of
Sanitary-
Epidemiology
Divisions of
Rayon Hospi-
tale
Belorussian SSR
191
181
2
188
117
66
271
--
168
88
Georgian SSR
93
--
9o
3
Azerbaydzhan SSR
92
--
67
20
Lithuanian SSR
88
--
7
80
Moldavian SSR
38
10
8
36
Latvian SSR
57
2
57
2
Kirgiz SSR
68
--
53
14
Tadzhik SSR
58
--
4+9
9
Armenian SSR
37
--
7
31.
Turkmen SSR
55
--
18
37
18
28
16
27
Stations under USSR
only
The last four columns in the above chart (1956 and 1957) give the
figures for the number of Sanitary-Epidemiology Stations after their
reorganization, i.e., when a number of them were permanently attached to
rayon hospitals and became Sanitary-Epidemiology Divisions of Rayon
Hospitals.
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 Sanitary-Bacteriology Laboratories
Within the System of Sanitary.-Epidemiology Stations
No of Sanitary-Bacteriology Laboratories
Within System of Sanitary-Epidemiology
Stations
Independent
Sanitary-
Bacteriology
Laboratories
1940
1946
1950
1955
1956
1957
1940
1946
USSR total
1,150
1,182
2, 838
4,557
4,6o4
4,585
439
213
RSFSR
323
586
1,570
2,377
2,528
2,532
298
179
Ukrainian SSR
525
263
663
951
960
925
11
10
Belorussian
SSR
63
43
70
185
192
182
1
--
Uzbek SSR
18
38
74
150
160
170
13
--
Kazakh SSR
32
41
61
187
202
206
1
1
Georgian SSR
25
37
55
93
93
93
3
13
Azerbaydzhan
28
17
34
42
45
56
--
1
Lithuanian
SSR
3
32
86
88'
87
2
6
Moldavian SSR
8
17
68
62
48
48
3
2
Latvian SSR
--
6
22
70
59
58
--
--
Kirgiz SSR
6
6
13
66
64
66
7
7
Tadzhik SSR
6
9
5
38
35
34
--
Armenian SSR
13
15
30
37
37
36
1
Turkmen SSR
12
17
14
44
47
54
1
Estonian SSR
8
14
18
45
46
38
1
Laboratories
under USSR
subordination
only
83
70
109
124
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118,, Public Health In Poland
"Fifteen `,ears of People?s Rule in Poland," by Dr. B.
Ko2usnik, Deputy Minister. of Health, Polish People's
Republic; Moscow, Meditsinsk:iy R+ botnik,21 Jul. 59
"During the occupation of Poland by Germany,, almost 8a-i of the
existing hospitals were destroyed. Of the 16,503 Polish physicians
only 9,313 survived the occupation. Despite these difficulties,, Polish
peibl:ic health for the past 1.5 years has advanced considerably? The
number of hospital beds has increased from 69,400 in 1938 to 153, 54J
toward the end of 1958? Toward the end of that year, 3,844 medical
personnel were employed in Polish polyclinics. Of this figure, 2,026
worked in plants and establishments? in addition, 1,535 medical sta-
tions and 2,4E+13 treatment cabinets were established.
"The Ministry of Health has concentrated its efforts in making ex-
cellent medical care available to workers in plants and factories. In
1956, some 3,160 physicians and more than 5,600 medical personnel were
employed in various plants and factories.
"Considerable efforts are being made to impn've the qual if "cations of
the cadre. In the prewar perioa, i,uys:icians were 'trained in five medi-
cal faculties, and now there are already 10 medical faculties. In addi-
tion, there are 7 pharmaceutical, faculties, 7 stomatological faculties,
and 15 scientific research institutes.
"At the close of 1.958, Poland had nearly 28,1+00 physicians in vari-
ous specialties, 3,375 dentists', and nearly 7,500 pharmacists? In 1938,
there were fewer than 10,000 nurses, while in 19 56,, there are over
55,000.
"Poland exerts considerable effort in protecting the :(,,other and
child,. All hospitals have maternity wards, and numerous lying-in homes
are in operation,, Because of this 85% of all children are born under
the observation of medical personnel. For children, the government has
established permanent and. 4 eascnal nur?s eries, kindergartens,. milk kitchetns,
sanitoriums, and resorts?
"Considerable attention is given to the health of rural inhabitants.
Prior to the war, there were only 68 medical stations in vil'.'.ages, while
at present there are more than 1,800. In the postwar period, some 813
lying-in homes have been built, in the rural area,., which give:; a total
hospital bed capacity of 6,000,.
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"The State Sanitary Inspectorate has under its jurisdiction 477
well-equipped sanitary-epidemiological stations. The State Sanitary
Inspectorate also controls a number of scientific research institutes.
Among them, the institutes of labor hygiene located in Lovzi, Rokitnits,
and Warsaw.
"Infectious diseases, so disastrous in the immediate postwar period,
have now been considerably reduced. In the immediate future, it is
planned to vaccinate all children and adolescents up to the 18th year
against polio.
"Concerted effort is being made in Poland today in combating tuber-
culosis. From 1947 to 1958, nearly 21 million children and adolescents
have been examined; 5,800 persons have received vaccinations.
"The number of tuberculosis dispensaries has increased from 65 to
nearly 450 and the bed capacity in sanitoriums from 5,637 to 20,700 and
the number of beds in hospitals from 2,454 to 8,700. In addition a spe-
cial antituberculosis institute, ten physiotherapy clinics, special
departments in hospitals and Voyevod dispensaries, etc. have been
established.
"Likewise, considerable efforts are being made in the liquidation
of cancer for this purpose, oncological scientific research institutes
and oncological stations have been established.
"The Polish pharmaceutical industry has grown considerably and
80% of the country's needs are currently being satisfied. Poland is
now producing some of its own preparations such as Isoniazid, Dextran,
gamma globulins, antibiotics, and polio and antituberculosis vaccines.
"The amount of funds allocated for the public health 'budget is in-
creasing annually. The budget for the Ministry of Health in 1955 was
5,880,000 zloty; in 1958 it has increased to nearly 10,032,000 zloty.
"The mortality rate in Poland has also decreased proportionately.
For example, in 1938, 139 persons died for every 1,000 people in the
population while in 1958 it was only 72.3. The average life span during
the past 15 years has increased among women by 24.9%o and among men by
2l. 6%.
"Considerable medical research is now being conducted in Poland.
Fifteen scientific research institutes have been established, while in
the prewar period only two were established. The greatest number of
new institutes are institutes of hygiene. The Polish Academy of Sciences
has its own scientific research establishments. Of considerable import-
ance in medical research has been the work done in the chairs of medical,
pharmaceutical, and stomatological faculties."
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119. Estimates for Public Health Expenditures in USSR During Seven-Year
Plan
"The Perspectives for the Development of Material Bases
of Public Health in 1959-1965," by V. M. Shustov; Moscow,
Sovetskoye Zdravookhraneniye, No 1, Jan 59, PP 3-11
By 1965 the over-all number of hospital beds in the USSR will be
some 2 million. This will be equivalent to approximately nine beds for
each 1,000 persons. By 1965 the total number of spaces in nurseries
? and ki d t
n ergar ens will be approximately 6.1 million, which is an in-
crease of 8.1 percent over 1958.
The cost of the production of medicines, medical instruments,
apparatus, and other medical products is estimated to reach 16 billion
rubles, which would be an increase of nearly three times the amount for
1958. The amount estimated for the construction of public health estab-
lishments, for social security, physical culture and sport, and for the
medical industry during the Seven-Year Plan will be some 25.1+ billion
rubles.
120. Future Public Health Developments in Leningrad Oblast (1959-1965)
"On the Perspectives of the Development of Public
Health in Leningrad Oblast in 1959-1965," by N. V.
Borisov; Moscow, Zdravookhraneniye Rossi koy Fed-
eratsii, No 2, Feb 59, pp 10-1
In the perspective plan for the development of public health in
Leningrad Oblast, the main emphasis is placed on the improvement of
'therapeutic, pediatric, obstetrical-gynecological, and stomatological
services. The plan calls for the organization of new and remodeling
of the old medical establishments. The number of hospital beds should
total 12,165 by January 1966 (an increase of 39.6 percent over January
1959). The plan calls for the availability of 9.1 hospital beds per
1,000 persons. During the same period, 68 new hospitals are to be built,
plus 11 polyclinics, 31 nurseries, 5 sanitary-epidemiological stations,
and one blood transfusion station. The number of physicians should
reach 21.6 per 10,000 population by January 1966.
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121. Mathematics in Biological Sciences
"Mathematics Helps Physicians," by D. Mamleyev,
Izvestiya, 4 Jun 59, p 1
In his remarks to a correspondent of Izvestiya, Prof P. V. Terent'-
yev said that all branches of natural science are becoming quantitative
in their methods of analyzing phenomena. He pointed out that the his-
tory of various branches of natural science shows that their earliest
development was purely qualitative; only after each one of these branches
reached a certain degree of maturity did they emerge from this state
and pass into the quantitative state, thereby entering into an alliance
with mathematics. Since biology endeavors to investigate life, which is
the most complicated phenomenon encountered by the human mind, it is
natural that it formed that alliance later than many other sciences.
The main difficulty involved in the application of mathematical
methods in biology lies in the indefinitness of values which are strange
to an exact science, he continued. In biology, almost all ratings fall
within limits of "from" and "to." However, the arsenal of mathematical
science is rich and cogent: this arsenal, explained Terent'yev, consists
of the theory of probability, statistics, cybernetics, and other divi-
sions of the science of mathematics which can overcome the main diffi-
culty.
The professor further observed that mathematics can be used to
determine the absolute number of work animals in a herd, to predict
changes in the development of shoals of fish in a reservoir, to aid in
the control of agricultural pests, and to analyze phenological observa-
tions. It is obvious that projected fruitful cooperation between biology
and mathematics will produce tangible results.in the near future. The
joint conference held by representatives of both these sciences testifies
to that, he went on.
An epidemic of influenza which raged during the winter in many
countries of the world made its appearance in the form of waves, the
professor said. It contained periods of abatement. It is evident that
a prediction can be made, more or less exactly, by mathematical compu-
tations, concerning the approach of the next "wave" of influenza, Terent? -
yev asserted. The so-called patterns of epidemics can be developed by
the use of mathematics. The best results at present are obtained in
formulating the patterns for some children's diseases, malaria, and a
number of other diseases.
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Scientists propose to develop statistical methods of diagnosing
heart diseases, the professor disclosed. A machine can analyze a
multitude of histories of the disease: information is converted to
punched cards, from which answers can be obtained concerning experiences
of predecessors, A physician is able to come to a more correct decision
on the basis of such an answer.
In conclusion, Prof P. V. Terent'yev said that the immediate in-
troduction of some instruction in mathematics into faculties of biology
and agricultural vuzes is essential. It is also necessary to create
openings for specialists in mathematical biology in the system of sci-
entific establishments of the country, he maintained. It is expedient
that the Ministry of Higher Education, Presidiums of the Academy of
Sciences USSR and of the Academy of Medical Sciences seriously consider
this very important question, the professor concluded.
122. Prof V. A. Gilyarovskiy, Soviet Psychiatrist, Dies
"Vasili Alekseyevich Gilyarovskiy (1875-1959)" (unsigned
article; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk
SSSR, No 6, Jun 59-,-P-P-97--95
Prof Vasiliy Alekseyevich Gilyarovskiy, Active Member of the
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, Honored Worker of Science, and one
of the old-time Soviet psychiatrists, died in his 84th year.
Gilyarovskiy graduated from the Medical Faculty of Moscow Univer-
sity in 1899. From 1919 to 1952 he continuously held the position of
head of the Chair of Pyschiatry, Second Moscow Medical Institute. He
was the founder and director of the Institute of Psychiatry, Academy of
Medical Sciences USSR, for many years. He was also the founder of the
Soviet school of psychiatry, and the author of over 200 scientific works.
His awards include three Orders of Lenin, the Order of Labor Red Banner,
and medals.
123. Prof M. M. Kuznets, Soviet Dermatologist, Dies
"In Memory of Prof M. M. Kuznets" (unsigned article);
Kiev, Vrachebnoye Delo, No 4, Apr 59
Prof Mikhail Mefodiyevich Kuznets, Doctor of Medical Sciences and
head of the Chair of Dermatology of the Kiev Medical Institute, died in
his 59th year after a long illness. Kuznets graduated from the Medical
Faculty of the Kiev University in 1927 and because of his outstanding
work on syphilis as a student he was retained at the Medical Faculty in
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the Chair of Dermatology. He obtained his degree of Doctor of Medical
Sciences in 1937 while at the Medical Faculty. Subsequently, the taught
in Leningrad and at the Kuybyshev Military Medical Academy. During
World War II he served as chief specialist on one of the fronts.
In 1947 Kuznets became head of the Chair of Dermatology, Bashkir
Medical Institute; in 1952, head of the Chair of Dermatology, Kiev In-
stitute for the Advanced Training of Physicians, and finally in 1954
he was elected to his last position. He was the author of over 70
scientific works on various aspects of venereal diseases. His awards
include the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Patriotic War lst Class,
and medals. He was also associated with the Ministry of Health Ukrainian
SSR as its chief venerealogist.
124. Prof A. Ye. Mangeym, Soviet Surgeon, Dies
"In Memory of A. Ye. Mangeym" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 28 Jul 59
Prof Aleksandr Yeftmovich Mangeym, Honored Worker of Science and
an outstanding Soviet surgeon, died in his 67th year after a long and
serious illness. Mangeym graduated from a medical faculty in 1915 and
served in the armed forces until 1921. From 1921 to 1941 he was as-
sociated with the Belorussian State Medical Institute, then from 1945
to 1955 he headed the Chair of Hospital Surgery of the Chernovtsy Medi-
cal Institute. He was the author of over 50 scientific works on surgery
and was awarded the Order of Labor Red Banner and two medals.
125. Prof B. S. Sigal, Soviet Public Health Specialist, Dies
"In Memory of Prof Boris Samoylovich Sigal" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Sovetskoye Zdravookhraneniye, No 5,
May 59, pp 52-53
Prof Boris Samoylovich Sigal, Doctor of Medical Sciences and head
of the Chair of the Organization of Public Health and the History of
Medicine, Leningrad Sanitary-Hygiene Medical Institute, died in his
66th year after a long illness.
Sigal graduated from the Medical Faculty of the Kiev University in
1916 and served in the armed forces until 1925 when he became an in-
structor at the First Leningrad Medical Institute imeni I. P. Pavlov._
He obtained his degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences in 1939 and in 1949
became head of the Chair of the Organization of Public Health and the
History of Medicine. During World War II he headed the Statistical
Bureau of the Sanitation Administration of the Karel'skiy Front.
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Sigal was the author of over 150 scientific works on the problems
of the organization of public health and the history of medicine. He
was awarded three orders and medals of the USSR.
126. New Children's Hygiene Institute Established in USSR
"New Scientific Institute" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 10 Jul 59
A new Scientific Research Institute of the Hygiene of Children and
Adolescents (Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut Gigiyeny Detey i Podrost-
kov) has been organized under the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR. The
institute is to have a Clinical Division with a clinic of 50 beds, and
polyclinical and clinico-diagnostic laboratories.
The new institute will study hygienic requirements necessary for
the personal relaxation of children, the problem of the physiology of
growth, the principals and norms of occupational orientation of adoles-
cents and children, and adolescent pathology, etc.
127. Soviet Medical Literature During 1958-1965 To Be Greatly Increased
"0n the Development of Medical Literature in 1958-1965,"
by V. I. Mayevskiy; Moscow, Zdravookhtaneniye Rossiysko
Federatsii, No 2, Feb 59, pp 15-1
The State Publishing House for Medical Literature intends, during
1958-1965, to increase the number of books and periodicals published by
approximately 2.5 times the number published in 1958.
In addition to existing establishments, two Moscow printing shops
will be enlarged and a new printing and publishing combine will be built
in Ryazan'. It is estimated that the annual number of quires will reach
25,000 by 1965.
Special attention will be given to the publication of medical liter-
ature for the practicing physician. This type of literature will in-
crease from 3,800 quires in 1958 to 11,800 quires in 1965. The amount
of material published by the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR will in-
crease from 1,200 to 5,000 quires. The publication of scientific-
practical literature will increase from 300 to 1,300 quires, and the
publication of medical periodicals from 4,500 to 8,000 quires.
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IX. METALLURGY
128. Rotor Forgings From Steel E1756 for Operation at 600?C
"Structure and Properties of the Metal of An Experimental
Rotor Forging Made of Steel E1756," by G. P. Fedortsov-
Lutikov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, and Engrs M. F.
Sheshenev, N. 1. Butko, R. S. Kaplan, and L. S. Marinenko;
Leningrad, Energomas hi nos troyeniye, No 6, Jun 59, pp 31-35
Mechanical and structural tests were conducted on experimental steel
E1756 for application in forgings of turbine rotors operating at steam
temperatures of 600?C. Steel E1756 was developed by the Branch of High-
Temperature Alloys of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Tech-
nology and Machine Building on a 12% chromium steel base alloyed with
2% tungsten, 0.7% molybdenum and 0.3% vanadium. Testing of the experi-
mental forging was conducted jointly with the Kharkov Turbine Plant.
Preliminary annealing consisted of heating to 850?-870?C and furnace
cooling. Heat treatment was as follows: normalization at 1,0700 to
1,0500C; cooling in air; quenching in oil from 1,020? to 1,050?C; tem-
pering at 66o? to 680?C followed by furnace cooling. Macrostructural
examination,of surfaces of the axial channel, exterior and cross section
disks of the rotor disclosed no defects. Measurements of hardness along
the radii of cross section disks indicated uniform metal structure. No
significant increase of free ferrite was observed in central zones of
the 'rotor. Stipulated yield points for tangential specimens were 44.5
kg/=2 at the central portion and 47 kg/mm2 at the periphery. Impact
strength after 3,000 hours at 575?C remained at the level of 3 kg m/cm2.
Creep strength at 5750C was 8 kg/mm2 at a rate of 1 x lo-5%/hr. Fatigue
strengths were calculated to be 16 kg/mm2 at 5500C, 13 kg/mm2 at 575?C
and 10 kg/mm2 at 600?C. Steel E1756 is considered to have sufficiently
high mechanical and heat-resistance properties to be a prospective mate-
rial for the manufacture of rotors of stationary steam turbines with
steam temperatures at 6000C. Cost of the new steel is approximately
one-half that of austenitic steels.
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X. PHYSICS
Atomic and Molecular Physics
129. Intermolecular Effect
"The Effect of Intermolecular Interactions on Molecular Spec-
tra," by S. I. Kubarev, Moscow'State University imeni Lomon-
osov;?Moscow, Doklad Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 126, No 5, Jun
59, pp 971-974
The author attempts to explain spectroscopic ,phenomena such as
broadening or shifts of lines, by intermolecular interactions. A general
case, adaptable to any arbitrary state of the substance, is analyzed. The
method developed by M. Lax (J. Chem. Phys., 20, 1752 (1952)) is chosen in
connection with the Frank-Condon principle-for crystals. This method may
be applied to analysis of luminescence of complex molecules, but this last
problem requires departure from the semiclassical approach.
130. Photochemical Sensitivity of Silver Chloride Crystals at Lower
Temperatures
"Photochemical Phenomena in Sensitized AgCl Crystals at a Tem-
perature of Minus 2530C," by A. Scholz, Institute of the Physics
of Crystals, German Academy of Sciences, Berlin; Leipzig, An-
nalen der Physik, Vol 3, No 5/6, 1959, pp 298-315
Even though photochemical sensitivity decreases with decreasing tem-
perature, sensitized AgC1 crystals can still be colored photodhemically
at the temperature of liquid hydrogen and below. The photochemical sen-
sitivity at minus 2530 C is increased considerably by a previous irradia-
tion at minus 1850 C.
Photochemical coloration of doped AgCl crystals at minus 2530 C is
interpreted as an indication that a sufficient number of Agp ions have
established themselves in the immediate vicinity of the sites of electron
capture. On the other hand, at temperatures above minus 2350 C, the
movement of silver ions to the Ago interstice must also contribute to
the photochemical processes.
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131. Magnetic Powder Patterns at Higher Temperatures
"Magnetic Powder Patterns at Higher Temperatures," by W. Andrae,
Institute of Magnetic Materials, German Academy of Sciences in
Berlin, Jena; Leipzig, Annalen der Physik, Vol 3, No 5/6, 1959,
pp 334-339
A description is given -of a modified powder,', pattern. :technigiie
.for which a suspension was produced by the introduction of smoke from burned
.Fe(CO)5 in paraffin oil. Acceptable powder patterns were obtained on cobalt
up to a temperature of 4.000, C, at which point the oil began to boil. The
resolution of the usual suspensions was not equaled, even when an emulsifier
(Ca-soap) was added and a slight breakdown of particle agglomerates was
produced by ultrasonic treatment (at 800 kc).
I?`_echanics
132. Boundary of a Gas Mixture
"Slipping and Temperature Discontinuity at the Boundary of a
Gas Mixture," by R. Ya. Kucherov and L. E. Rikenglaz; Moscow,
Zhurnal Eks erimental'no i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36,
No 6, Jun 59, pp 175b-1761
Boundary conditions have been obtained for the hydrodynamical transfer
equations for a gas mixture. The conditions take into account slipping and
the temperature jump at the boundary with a solid surface.
133. Diffusion Equation for Non-Linear Systems
"Phase-Space Diffusion Equation for Nonlinear Systems," by V. B.
Magalinskiy and Ya. P..Terletskiy, Moscow State University, 'Moscow,
Zhurnal Eksperimental' noy i Teoreti cheskoy Fi ziki, ,.Vol: 36, No 6.1.
Jun 59,' pp 1731-1735.. .
The, technique developed by the authors (Z11ETF, 34, 729 (1958); ibid,
36,.. 191' (1959)) on basis of Gibb's method is extended to the case of
diffusi= in phase space.
The general space-velocity equation of motion for the probability
density is derived on the basis of only the general principles of statis-
tical mechanics and an assumption regarding the form of the averaged
equation of motion of the system. In the particular case of a linear
friction law this equation coincides with the familiar space-velocity
Einstein-Fokker-Planck equation.
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A general solution of the diffusion equation thus obtained is derived
for a system in a uniform external field which possesses a nonlinear force
of friction independent of the coordinates.
134. On the Schuster Theory of the Origin of Turbulence
"Investigations on a New Theory of the Origin of Turbulence,"
by D. Ullmann, Institute of Theoretical Physics, University
of Jena; Leipzig, Annalen der Physik, Vol 3, No 516, 1959,
PP 316-322
In 1957, K. Schuster introduced a theory (Annalen der Physik) Vol 20,
1957, p 381) which revealed an instability of the parabolic profile of a
tvo-dimensional Hagen-Poiseuill flow. He employed the method of small
oscillations in his research and introduced an acoustic wave with a longi-
tudinal and transverse velocity component as the interference motion. He
broke with tradition by computing with a spatial damping or undamping of
the interference waves, rather than with a damping or undamping dependent
on time. In all earlier works, the continuity equation was used in the
form of the imcompressibility condition; with Schuster the fundamental
flow itself is incompressible, but the velocity components of the wave
satisfy the complete continuity equation.
In this article, the Schuster theory, which was limited to the special
case of the first harmonic of the transverse oscillation, is generalized
to include the fundamental plus any number of harmonics. It is shown that
the algebraic equations of the fifth degree for the dimensionless propaga-
tion constant, in the supercritical case, permit the existence of only one
undamped wave.
135. Argon Plasma Jet of 15,0000 K
"Description of an Arrangement for the Production of an Argon
Plasma Jet with Stable Electrodes and the Measurement of the
Temperature Distribution Within the Plasma Jet," by W. Neumann,
A. Peters, K. Rademacher, and R. Rompe, Physical-Technical
Institute, Radiation Sources Area, German Academy of Sciences
in Berlin; Berlin, Experimentelle Technik der Physik, Vol 7,
No 2, 1959, pp 77-87--
A description is given of an arrangement for the production of an
argon plasma jet. The plasma is produced in a high-current arc between
a cylindrical tungsten cathode, .and at water-cooled,.-copper ring anode and then
blown by a gas flow out of the ignition chamber through the ring anode.
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The hotter part of the plasma jet, over g,000o K, reached a length of about
15 millimeters with a current of 500 amperes and a gas flow of about 500
liters of argon per hour. The maximum temperature during this time amounted
to about 15,000OK. The temperature distribution of the plasma jet was
determined photometrically, using a monochromatic photograph taken with the
jet at a wavelength of 5,560 angstroms, with the computation based on the
theory of the electron-ion-collision continuum. Several melting experi-
ments with tungsten were conducted; no continuous melts were obtained,
rather only molten spheres about 3 millimeters in diameter, characterized
by considerable porosity.
Nuclear Physics
136. Fission of Th-232 Nuclei
"Fission of Th-232 Nuclei by Negative K - and 7t..- Mesons,"
by M. G. Petrashku and A. K. Mikul, Joint Institute for Nuclear
Research; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 126, No 4,
Jun 59, pp 752-754
Simultaneously with the study of Th fission by /4 - mesons the fission
at 7i - meson capture is studied, because the evaluation of the first
process requires the knowledge of the IT -meson capture effect, the j- -
meson beam being not pure. By comparing the obtained results for Th an U
it is found that the ratio of cross section for Th and U equals the ratio
of cross sections of photofissions.
137. Scattering of U and Th Gamma-Rays
"Computation of Multiple Gamma Ray Scattering of Uranium and
Thorium Families," by A. N. Orlov, V. S. Galishev, and G. G.
Talut;s, Institute of Physics of Metals, Academy of Sciences
USSR, Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 126, No 5, Jun
59, pp 975-978
Some new methods and results of computation of multiple gamma-ray
scattering of U and Th and their decay products in equilibrium with the
mother elements in most simple geometric conditions are described. They
are of special interest in ionization methods of geophysical prospecting.
The most intensive spectral lines of U and Th at equilibrium at E 7 0.5
Mev are tabulated. The absorption coefficients of gamma rays are taken
from a table by C. M. Davisson and R. D. Evans (Rev. Mod. Phys., 24, 79
(1952)).
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138. Measurements of Star-Producing Cosmic Radiation in Lead Agree with
Theory
"On the Transition Effect of the Star-Producing Component of
Cosmic Radiation in Lead.," by I. Hauser, P. Landrock, and K.
Lanius, Institute of Nuclear Physics, [East] German Academy
of Sciences in Berlin, and L. Mitrani and A. Peeva, Physics
Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia; Berlin,
Monatsberichte der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
Berlin, Vol 1, No 1, 1959, pp 5-8 -
recording the frequency of nuclear disintegrations (stars) in
nuclear emulsions under lead absorbers exposed to cosmic radiation at an
altitude of 3,000 meters, many authors have found,ccontrary to theory,
a maximumy'sL~pposedly caused by neutrally produced stars with a low num-
ber of rays.
This article describes briefly a repetition of the measurements made
by Schopper and associates (ME: Rev., Vol 82, 1951, p 444; Z. Naturf.,
6a, 1951, p 603:) The results found here are in agreement with theory,
indicating no maximum for s:?ars with three or more rays under 1-2 centi-
meters of lead.
"On the Transition Effect of the Neutron-Producing Component
of Cosmic Radiation in Lead," by I. Hauser, Institute of
Nuclear Physics, [East] German Academy of Sciences in Berlin;
Berlin, Monatsberichte der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenscha-
ften zu Berlin, Vol 1, No 2, 1959, pp 95-100
In studies of the transition effect of the neutron-producing component
of cosmic radiation, based on measurements of the neutron intensity of solid
absorbers (lead, aluminum, and carbon), several authors point to an occur-
rence of a first maximum in the transition curve at 0.5-2 cm .of' lead,
whereas other authors have not observed any such maximum. Since no satis-
factory interpretation has been given Of the occurrence of maxima in the
transition curves of star-producing and neutron-producing components, a
special absorber design was used for the investigation of the first maximum
of the transition curve of neutron-producing radiation in lead. In con-
trast to earlier works in which BF3 counter tubes were used as the indicat-
ing instrument, the neutron measurements here were confirmed with boron-
doped Agfa K3 emulsions containing 0.063 g/c0 of boron, on the basis of
the reaction B10(n, d ~Li7. The emulsions were exposed for 38 days at an
altitude of 2,630 meters above sea level on Lomnicky Stit in Czechoslovakia.
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Measurements were made in lead up to 2.4 centimeters thick. The re-
sults showed a smooth curve for the integral neutron production correspond-
ing to an exponential decrease of the neutron-producing radiation. In keep-
ing with theoretical expectations, no indication of a maximum was found in
up to two centimeters oi' lead.
139. Repulsive Many-Body Forces Not Required for Stabilization of Nuclei
at Normal Densities
"On the Saturation of Nuclear Forces," by W. Brunner, Institute
of Nuclear Physics, German Academy of Sciences in Berlin, Zeu-
then; Leipzig, Annalen der Physik, Vol 3, No 5/6, 1959, pp 233-
240
This article discusses the question of whether repulsive many-body
forces are necessary for the stabilization of atomic nuclei at normal
densities, or whether the saturation character of nuclear forces can be
explained solely on the basis of hard cores for the nucleons. It is shown
that an approximation representation given by W. Macke (Ann. Physik, Vol
19) 1956, p 89( for the calculation of the total energy of a nucleus leads
to an underestimation of the kinetic energy, and thus gives nucleas den-
sities which are too high. An improved representation of the kinetic
energy is obtained if the density is reduced by a factor of ten. Con-
sequently, the introduction of repulsive many-body forces for the stabiliza-
tion of nuclear material at normal densities is not as compelling as Macke
supposes.
140. Production of Hyperons in Lead and Aluminum Studied
"A Study of A. ? and e ? Particles Produced in Pb and Al," by
Lu Min (9 Cheng Jen-chi (~~ i-- t ), and Li Hao-
nien ( $ ), Institute of Atomic Energy, Academia Sinica;
Peiping, Wu- i lueh- ao (Acta Physica Sinica), Vol 15, No 5,
May 59, PP 230-245
In two experiments undertaken at the Lo-hsueh Mountain Laboratory
during April-November 1955 and August 1956-June 1957, 75,000 pairs of
stereoscopic pictures were made with a 50 x 50 x 28 cm3 multiplate cloud
chamber. Among a total of 550 V? events, 113 were found to be measure-
able and classifiable on the basis of the of - e method. These were
analyzed to obtain data concerning correlation angle distributions of
production plane and decay plane as well as production efficiencies in
light versus heavy elements, and to compare different properties of Vo
particles produced in lead and in aluminum.
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Of the 113 classifiable Vo particles, there were 58 n.? and 38 0 ?
produced in lead and 9 /`? and 6 6? produced in aluminum. A summary
of the authors' analysis follows:
1. The decay angle in the center of mass system of 19? or B? is
uniformly distributed. The correlation angle between the production plane
and the decay plane is also uniformly distributed. No information was
obtained on whether the spins of the V ? particles are larger than 1/2.
2. No asymmetry of angular distribution, indicating nonconservation
of parity is evident in the decays of the A? particles produced in Pb.
For A? produced in Al some indications of asymmetry are noted.
3. The hyperon tends to go backward in the associated production
process as indicated by the momentum spectrum and production angle distri-
bution.
4. The following lifetimes are obtained:
+0.63
'CA? (3.39 ) x 10-10 sec
-0.14
+0.26
(0.86 ) x 10-10 sec
-0.16
5- N(g) : N( 0 ) " 1.4
6. The total cross section for strange particle production is esti-
mated to be of the order of 0.8 mb/nucleon, both for Pb and Al.
7. The Pb nucleus is more effective than the Al nucleus for produc-
ing a V? particle, when we consider the percentage of the V? with respect
to the total number of secondary particles.
The authors acknowledge the guidance of Profs Wang Kan-ch'ang (..
and Chang Wen-yu (iz)- in this work.
[SIR Note: A full English version of this paper is published in the
Peiping, Scientia Sinica, Vol 8, No 5, May 59]
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000100380001-2
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000100380001-2
141. Chinese Research on Strange Pa^ti..1es
"The Properties, Production, and Decay of S?:;z:ange Particles, o ,
by Ho An-hsiang ( Institute of Atomic E ergy,
Academia Sinica; eiping, Wu-.li H.uueh'?pao (Ac: 4;a Physica
Sinica), Vol 15) No 5, May 59, pp 219-239
This paper reports details of an experiment undertaken to study the
properties of AL? and 0? particles; their momentum distributions, and. the
? angular distributions of their decay products in a system at rest.
As reported, for this experiment a 30 x 30 x 10 cubic centimeter cloud
chamber in a magreti,c field of 6.,,r!00 ga:.zss was set up at the Lo ?hsueh
V/?J~ ~ll ~^ ) ? i':le ,bora.tory is siturated 3,185 meters above
sea level. During the period December 1956-December 1957, a group of
30,000 pairs of photographs was taken. Among 105 events of Y particle
9e 350 Oe) were measured
by means of a sensitive coercimeter (with oscillating coil).
It was found that with selective specimen treatment coercive forces
of 1,000 oersted anc? over, and maximum energy products (in relation to
Ni-volumes) of 3.5 . 106 oersted can occur. Heretofore,' these very high
values have been found only in thin tempered films (dNi ^' 150-700 ang-
stroms, tempered for 1 1/2 hrs at 2000 C in vacuum). Since multiple-film
systems with thin copper interlays (dCu