SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100370001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 121
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: August 21, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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PORT"
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PB 131891, T-28
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
21 August 1959
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
J r )) ,, 1
I\PCald3 CCdiPr
~7 n qq//
Jnunar~',rlcff ,.."~~~ror 1/1.-a
Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription $28.00 ($4 additional for
foreign mailing). Single copy $2.75.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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This report presents unevaluated information extracted from
recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and
China. The information selected is intended to indicate cur-
rent scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the
Sino-Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is dissemi-
nated as an aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Biology
II. Chemistry
Fuels and Propellants
Industrial Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Insecticides
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction
Materials
Organic Chemistry
Radiochemistry
Miscellaneous -Mendeleyev Congress
III. Electronics
Automation and Computers
Communications
Components
Instruments and Equipment
Materials
Wave Propagation
Miscellaneous
IV. Engineering
Page
1
51
62
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Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Immunology and Therapy
Oncology
Physiology
Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
Radiology
Surgery
Miscellaneous
VII. Metallurgy
VIII. Physics
Nuclear Physics
Plasma Physics
Solid State Physics
Theoretical Physics
P.&e
66
66
69
71
71
72
76
79
89
91
93
95
95
102
105
log
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CPYRGHT
1. Disinfection of Soils by Gamma-Radiation
"Concerning the Possibility of Using Gamma-Radiation for
Disinfecting Soils and Control of Clubroot of Crucifers,"
by Candidate of Technical Sciences L. S. Lur?ye and L. G.
Ter-Simonyan, All-Union Scientific Research Institute for
Electrification of Agriculture and The Scientific Research
Institute of Vegetable Cultivation; Moscow, Doklady Vsesoy-
uznoy Akademii Set?skokhoz ystvenn kh Nauk imeni V. I.
Lenina, No 6. 1959, pp 28-29
In comparison with available physical and chemical methods for dis-
infecting soils the most important expected advantages of using gamma-
radiation for this purpose are: (a) the practical possibility of
guaranteeing the necessary technical and economic effectiveness of
disinfection; (b) special preparation before sterilization need not
be performed, such as cultivation, removal of roots, drying or moisten-
ing maintaining a determined temperature, etc; (c) the process of soil
sterilization can be completely mechanized; (d) in the future, there is
a possibility of increasing the profitableness of gamma-apparatuses
designated for soil sterilization by using them in other branches of
agriculture (prolonging vegetable storage time, preseeding treatment
of seed, etc.)
2. Radiation Effects on Stored Potatoe Tubers
"On Certain Physiological and Morphological Changes in
Eyes of Potato Tubers Under the Effect of irradiation,"
by 'Vi'e. G. Sal?kova, and N. P. 'LCcre:bleva; Dokl Akademii
Nauk SSSR, 1958, Vol 121, No 6, pp 1097-1:L50y roar
ReferativnZhurnal--:W.imiya9 Eiolr>gichslcad~a Khimiya,
No 1 25 may 59, bstraf; No 12754, by Sa?'kova)
"It was. shown that irradiation has different effects on the respira-
tion of meristematic and reserve tissues of potato 'tubers. The respira-
tion of the eyes is increased after irradiation by doses of 2,000-
5,000 roentgens, and is decreased after the effect of doses of 1.0,000
roentgens and higher. The decrease in respiration after irradiation by
doses that suppress germination Is irreversible. The respiration of
the reserve tissues in the tubers is increased after irradiation by
doses of 10,000-20,000 roentgens but in 2-3 'weeks returns to the original
level. The activity of oxidative enz;rnes immediately after irradiation
is unchanged. The difference in the oxidative en ymes after i-6 months
of preservation is connected with the significant morphological differences
in the eyes of the control and irradiated tubers. Irradiation leads to
increased pH value in all tissues of the eyes, and to shifts in the iso-
electric zone of the proteins to the acid side."
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CPYRGHT
3. Radiation Effects on Chlorophyll of Wheat Leaves
"The Effect of X-Ray Irradiation on the Content of Chlorophyll
and Hemicellulose in Wheat Leaves," by I. M. Vasil'yev, Chin
Su-Yun, and N. D. Rybalka, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1958,
Vol 121, No 3, pp 450-452; '[From Referativnyy Zhurnal--
Khimi Biolo icheska Khimiya, No 10, 25 May 59, Abstract
No 12755, by Ye.?Sal'kova
"After irradiation of wheat sprouts by doses of 3,000-5,000
roentgens, chlorophyll accumulated in the leaves. The accumulation of
chlorophyll is the result of suppressed growth caused by irradiation.
The content of hemicellulose in irradiated plants decreases as a
result of their depolymerization."
4. New Czechoslovak Biometeorological Observatory Established in Brno
"New Observatory Belongs Among the Best," (unsigned article);
Prague, Prace, 18 Jun 59, p 1
A new biometeorological observatory has been constructed at the
Higher Agricultural and Forestry School (Vysoka skola zemedelska a
lesnicka) in Brno, which was established 40 years ago. The research
observatory has 23 branch stations which are used for practical train-
ing in agricultural and forestry meteorology and bioclimatology. As far
as construction, equipment, and planned research activity is concerned,
the new observatory is ranked among the best work centers of this type,
not only in Czechoslovakia., but elsewhere. The registering instruments
in the meteorological booths are inspected daily to determine whether
they register data precisely.
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II. CHEMISTRY
Fuels and Propellants
5. Use of Oxygen in the Low-Temperature Coking of Coal
"Application of Air Enriched With Oxygen in the Low Tem-
perature Coking of Coal," by N. V. Lavrov, Doctor of
Technical Sciences; I. A. Makarov, Candidate of Techni-
cal Sciences; Engr V. S. Miroshnichenko; A. L. Perepelitsa,
Candidate of Technical Sciences; Engineer A. Ye. Pinsker;
and Engr I. I. Chernenkov; Moscow, Kislorod, Vol 12, No 2,
Mar/Apr 59, PP 1-9
Using an industrial multizone shaft furnace with internal heating,
and applying blowing with air enriched with 30-35% of oxygen, one can
obtain, in addition to low-temperature coke and tar, power gas with a
raised heat content (up to 2,200 kilocalories per normal cubic meter).
When the air is enriched with up to 40% oxygen, a technological gas is
produced from which one can obtain, by further conversion, a nitrogen-
hydrogen mixture for ammonia synthesis. When the air is enriched with
up to 50% oxygen and higher, and the flow of combustion gases ("smoke
gases") from the zone of drying to the zone of low-temperature coking is
prevented, one can obtain a gas with a heat content of 1#000 kilocalories
per normal cubic meter, which is suitable for household applications.
No reconstruction of the furnace is required if oxygen-enriched air is
used. The furnace operates in a normal manner, assuring the required
productivity and a quality of low-temperature coke which is not inferior
to that obtained when blowing with air that has not been enriched with
oxygen. It has been established that it is possible to increase the
efficiency of the process, i.e., increase the output of the furnace.
The use of 100% oxygen per 1,000 kilocalories of gas produced in 'the
process described is 2-2.5 times lower (in standard cubic meters) than
the quantity which would be required when blowing with pure oxygen. The
calculated cost of a thermal unit contained in the gas produced by low-
temperature coking with air enriched with oxygen is lower than the cost
of a thermal unit contained in gases applied in industry that are produced
by current methods for the gasification of solid fuels. The cost of a
thermal unit contained in gas produced by the method described in this
article approaches that supplied in the form of natural gas under con-
ditions encountered in Eastern Siberia.
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CPYRC
The following editorial comment precedes this article:
"The application of oxygen in the low-temperature coking of coal
has not yet been discussed in technical literature. The use of oxygen
in the low-temperature coking of coal in multizone shaft furnaces with
internal heating, i.e., in furnaces of a type which are widely used in
industry, is of great interest because the process in question rc .kes it
possible to produce, besides low temperature coke, also tar, and in ad-
dition, a gas with an increased heat content (3,800-4,000 kilocalories
per standard cubic meter). This gas can be used for technological ap-
plications and for household needs. The use of oxygen per 1,000 kilo-
calories of heat content of the gas is 2-2.5 times lower than in the
steam-oxygen gasification of coal.
"The process in question is suitable for application in regions
which have a plentiful supply of cheap coal suitable for :! ow-tcrxperature
coking but are lacking deposits of natural gas., as far as could be es.,
tablished in prospecting. Before the process described is applied, it
should be subjected to technical and economic analysis, taking into con-
s ~Y.cleration actual conditions in the region where application is conte=?19,tr;,d.
"In connection with the publication of this article, the Board of
Editors of Kislorod expresses the hope that the new industrial process
involving application of oxygen will attract the attention of specialists
and also of scientific research, planning, and design organization."
6. Methods to Prevent Boiling of Liquid Oxygen Due to Superheating
"Superheating and Sudden Boiling of Liquid Oxygen," by M. le.
Lebedev, Candidate of Technical Sciences; Mosccw, Kislo:'od,
Vol 1?, No 2, Mar/Apr 59, pp 15-21 ___W~~
The sudden boiling of liquid oxygen in open vessels (i.e., at a
constant pressure) and in closed vessels (i.e., at a constant volume
of the vessel and the vapor) is considered. Measures are recommended
which would prevent sudden boiling due to superheating and avoid damage
to equipment from this cause. These measures consist of placing pieces
of cermet materials into the liquid oxygen, ?.zn.ersing a tube into the
liquid, or introducing small hoods or bells into the vessel at places
where the rate of heat transfer from the outside is greatest.
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7. Measurement of the Gas Temperature Behind a Shock Wave
"Measurement of the Gas Temperature Behind a Shock Wave,"
by S. A. Losev and N. A. Generalov, Physical Faculty;
Moscow State University, Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta,
No 3, May/June 59, pp 108-110
The method of measuring gas temperatures on the basis of emission
and absorption capacity at wave lengths corresponding to the D-lines of
sodium was applied under laboratory conditions for the measurement of
high temperatures which develop in gases behind a strong shock wave. To
determine absorption, illumination produced by an IPS-500 pulse lamp was
used. Temperatures up to 4,0000-5,0000 could be measured with an'error
of + 100-2000 K.
Industrial Chemistry
8. Development of a USSR Ultrasound Viscosimeter
"An Ultrasound Viscosimeter," by N. Illinskaya; Moscow,
Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, Vol 4, No 66 (521),
7 Jun 59, p 2
Measurement of the viscosity of molten resins is important in the
control of polymerization and polycondensation processes. Hitherto, to
control viscosity individual measurements were made on samples taken
separately. A sample of the liquid material was allowed to cool to room
temperature and then subjected to investigation in the laboratory. Thus,
there was a delay in determining viscosity. While the laboratory deter-
mination was being carried out, the reaction in the plant equipment
continued: as the size of the molecules increased, the concentration
and the viscosity of the substance changed in the reactor.
Workers at the Automatics Laboratory (headed by M. Parlashkevich)
of the Scientific Research _institute of Plastics developed a device for
the continuous measurement of viscosity. An ultrasound viscosimeter
was developed after lengthy research conducted under the direction of
Engineers I. Kogan and L. Menes. This device automatically measures the
viscosity in an extensive range of temperatures (from minus 100 degrees
to plus 200 degrees) and pressures.
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The ultrasound viscosimeter consists of two parts, i.e., a sounding
device immersed in the substance being tested and an electronic unit.
The two parts are joined by an electrical line. Operation of the
device is based on the automatic recording of the damping of free vibra-
tions of a magnetostriction plate welded into the extreme end of the
sounding device. Longitudinal vibrations of the plate at the tip of
the sounding device generate transverse waves'-in the medium being in-
vestigated. As a result, the vibrations of the plate are gradually
damped. The damping that is produced depends on the viscosity of the
substance.
The ultrasound viscosimeter was tested at the Karbolit Plant in the
vicinity of Moscow. The first shipment of viscosimeters of this type
will be released at the end of 1959.
With the use of viscosimeters of the type described, the control
of polymerization and polycondensation processes can be made automatic.
The viscosimeters can also be used in other branches of industry where
control of viscosity is required, for instance, cracking processes and
pressure molding or casting.
The staff of the Laboratory of Automatics has furthermore developed
two simple devices for complete automatic control of catalyst feeding in
the continuous production of phenolformaldehyde resins. These devices
are a proportioning appliance with a small output and a conductivity
meter. The new devices are already in use at an experimental industrial
(pilot-plant) installation of the Plastics Institute in connection with
work on the continuous production of phenolformaldehyde resins.
Inorganic Chemistry
9. Separation of Rare Metals by the Amalgam Method
"A Mercury Trap," (unsigned item); Moscow, Znaniye-Sila,
Vol 31, No 6, Jun 59, pp 22-23
Many valuable metals, e.g., gallium, thallium, and indium, occur in
various ores in insignificantly small quantities. By treating these ores
with an acid, one may bring these metals into solution in the form of
their salts. However, it is rather difficult to separate the metals
from the resulting solutions, because a cubic meter of solution contains
much less than a gram of the salt of the rare metal.. To isolate the rare
metals in a pure state, the so-called amalgam method for the extraction
of rare metals from aqueous solutions has been developed at the Institute
of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR.
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If a zinc amalgam is introduced into a dilute aqueous solution of a
thallium salt, the zinc will go into solution while the thallium will be
transferred into the amalgam. Thallium from a very large quantity of
aqueous solution passed in a stream over the amalgam can be concentrated
in a relatively small quantity of mercury. By using an electrolytic
method, thallium and other rare metals can be separated from the amalgams
in a state of high purity. The purity of the metals produced in this
manner is of the order of 99.9999 percent.
Insecticides
10. (3-Fluoroethyl Esters of Phosphorus Acids Tested for Insecticidal
Activity
"Organophosphorus Insecticides. (3-Fluoroethyl Esters of
Phosphorus Acids," by M. I. Kabachnik, Ye. I. Golubeva,
D. M. Paykin, M. P. Shabanova, N. M. Gamper and L. F.
Yefimova, Institute of Elemental Organic Compounds of the
Academy of Sciences USSR; Leningrad.-Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey
Khimii, Vol 29, No 5, May 59, pp 1671-1680
Thirty-one new compounds, derivatives of thio- and dithiophosphoric
and thio- and dithioalkylphosphinic acids containing the 13 -fluoroethyl
groups, were synthesized, characterized, and tested for their insecticidal
activity. A majority of them exhibited weak activity and only two of
them -- 0,0-diethyl-S-0-fluoroethylthiophosphate (E-31) and 0-methyl-S-
13-fluoroethyldithiomethylphosphinate (E-36) -- are equal in activity to
thiophos and mercaptophos.
The structural formulas given for these compounds are:
(E-31) (C2H5O)2P(O)SCH2CH2F and
(E-36) CH3 i P S
CH30 SCH2CH2F.
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CPYRGHT
Insecticides
11. (3-Fluoroethyl Amidoesters of Phosphorus Acid Found to be Weak
"Organophosphorus Insecticides. Several Amidoesters of
Phosphorus Acids Containing the (3 -Fluoroethyl Groups,"
by M. I. Kabachnik, Ye. I. Golubeva, D. M. Paykin, M. P.
Shabanova, N. M. Gamper, and L. F. Yefimova, Institute
of Elemental Organic Compounds of the Academy of Sciences
USSR; Leningrad-Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29,
No 5, ,May 59, pp 1,680-1,683
R0. /0
with the general formula , P
FC2H4 O N(c i 2 were synthesized, character-
Several alkyl-f -fluoroethylchlorophosphates with the general
formula ROB 0
and alkyl- P -f luoroethyldimetthylamidophocsphates
_w, n / P
n ~
Fr.
ized, and tested for both systemic and contact types of insecticidal
activity. In comparison with thiophos and mercaptophos these substances
were weak insecticides.
12. Synthesis of New Esters of Dithiophosphoric Acid
"From the Field of Organic Insectofungicides. XLII.
Synthesis of Several Mixed Esters of Dithiophosphoric
Acid," by N. N. Me1'nikov, K. D. Shvetsova-Shilovskaya,
M. Ya. Kagan, and I. M. Mil'shteyn, Scientific Institute
of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides; Leningrad-Moscow,
Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 5, may 59, pp 1612-
161k
"To investigate the mechanism of the action of and the relationship
of the insecticidal activity of mixed esters of dithiophosphoric acid to
their structure, 21 compounds (17 of which have not been described in the
literature) were synthesized, having the general formulas (RO)2PSS(CR2)n
and (RO2)PSS(CH2)nQAr. All of the mixed esters of dithiophosphoric acid
were synthesized by reacting calcium dialkyldithiophosphates with the
corresponding halide derivatives."
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13. New Insecticidal Compounds Synthesized
"The Synthesis and Investigation of Mixed Esters of
Phosphoric Acid with the General Formula 0^P(OR)20R',"
by V. G. Pesin and A. M. Khaletskiy; T.r. Leningr. Khim.
Farmatsevt. In-ta (Works of the Leningrad Chemico-
Pharmaceutical Institute), 1958, Ser. 5, 56-67 (from
Referativn yy Zhurna l--Khimi a, No 10, 25 May 59, Abstract
No 31957, by V. Gilyarov)
GPYRGI-I
"In the search for biologically active substances compounds of
the constitution (3-Cl-6..[(RO)2P(0)]C6H3)2S (I) were prepared according
to a method already described (F. R. Atherton and others, J. Chem. Soc.,
1945, 660). In a typical experiment, 131 zal of (C2E;.50)2P(0):H in 200 ml
of ether are added to 130 g of 2,2'-dihydroxy-5,5'-dichlorodiphenylsulfide,
350 ml of ether, 340 ml of CC14 and 340 ml of (C2H5)3N (30-35?, 25 min.);
stirring is continued for 2.5 hours; the filtrate is then concentrated
by evaporation; the yield of I (where R is C2H5) is nearly quantitative,
b. pt. 35-35.50. Furthermore, other compounds similar to I were obtained
which decomposed during distillation at 1 mm (the radical R and the
values for n20D and d20 20 are given): CH3, 3.5360, --f C4
11-9., 1.5190,
1.197; iso-C4xq) 1.5135, 1.031; iso-?C5H11, 1.5103, 1.162; iso-c3H7, 1.5232,
1.235; 061111, 1.5330, 1.209; C2H:50C2H4, 1.5200, 1.261; c3,159 1.5425,
1.283. The following reaction mechanism was proposed: (R0)2P(0)H (II)
in the presence of (C21[5)3N reacts with CC14 in the form of (RO)2PONH(C2S5)3
(III) to form an unstable addition product which subsequently decomposes
by a type of Arbuzov rearrangement with the formation of (R0)2P(0)Cl and
NE(C2x )3c0l , which, with 11 yields LTI and CHC1... II(where R is C
-H5)
fungicidal, and insecticidal properties.
s
5 3
is obtained from C3H5OH, PC13 and CCl4; the yield is 86.4%. To avoid an
explosion, distillation is discontinued when about 15% of the original
volume remains the flask. I (where R Is C2H5) exhibits bactericidal,
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14. Simultaneous Extermination of Rodents and Their Ectoparasites by mw~
the Use of Ethylenefluorohydrin
"Ethylenefluorohydrin -- An Agent for the Simultaneous
Extermination of Rodents and Ectoparasites," by N. M.
Dukel'skaya, Ye. Kh. Zolotarev, and S. P. Motornyy,
Complex Zoological Entomological Laboratory of Moscow
State University; Moscow, Vestnik Moskovsko o Univer-
siteta-Seriya Biologii, Pochvove eniya, Geo ogi , Geo-
grafii, No 1, 1959, pp 65-71
Laboratory tests with ethylenefluorohydrin have shown that this
substance is extremely toxic to rodents (LD100 for white and gray rats
is 0.5-0.6 mg/kg of body weight) and possesses insecticidal and acari-
cidal properties. Ethylenefluorohydrin can be used for the simultaneous
extermination of rodents and their ectoparasites, and also for blood-
sucking insects (mosquitoes), flies, and other insects.
The lethal dose of ethylenefluorohydrin for rodents is lower than
that which has been established for the extermination of the ectoparasites
-- fleas, lice, and mites. Because of the absence of defensive reE,ctions
relative to this poison, even at high concentrations, rodents eat up the
poisoned food baits in quantities which contain much more than a lethal
dose of ethylenefluorohydrin. Hence, they easily accumulate a toxic
dose which is toxic to insects and mites which feed on their blood.
Thus, in a short time the simultaneous extermination of the rodents and
their ectoparasites is achieved.
Field tests'have shown that upon extermination of common voles with
a grain bait, which contains 3% ethylenefluorohydrin, fleas (100%) and
lice (94.5%) die simultaneously with them. Gamasid mites being faculta-
tive blood-sucking pests, die in insignificant numbers.
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Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
15. The Decomposition-Pressures of Uranyl Nitrate Hydrates
"The Dissociation Pressure of Uranyl Nitrate Crystal
Hydrates," by V. M. Vdovenko and A. P. Sokolov;
Moscow, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 2, May 59, pp 117-120
The decomposition pressures of the hexahydrate, trihydrate, and
dihydrate of uranyl nitrate in the temperature range of 20-600 were
determined. The pressures of water vapor in the system [UO2 (NO3)2 ? 3H2 0]-
- U02(NO3)2 aq - (H20) were measured in the temperature range of
60P-700. An investigation was made of the thermodynamic characteristics
of the hydrate systems formed by uranyl nitrate.
The hydrates of uranyl nitrate are components of the aqueous-organic
solvate systems formed by uranyl nitrate, which are of importance in con-
nection with the extraction of uranyl nitrate with organic solvents.
16. Addition Compounds of Uranyl Nitrate With Organophosphorus Compounds
Investigation of the Formation of Complexes of Uranyl
Nitrate With Organophosphorus Compounds," by V. G. Voden,
G. P. Nikitina, and'M. F. Pushlenkov; Leningrad, Radio-
khimiya, Vol 1, No 2, May 59, pp 121-130
The composition of complex compounds formed by uranyl nitrate with
the di-n-butyl ester of n-butyl phosphinic acid (DBEBP) and tri-n-butyl-
phosphine oxide (TBPO) was determined; It was established that the com-
position of these compounds corresponds to the formula U02 (N03)2 ? 2T,
where T is DBEBP or TBPO. The constants of complex-formation were found
to be of the order of magnitude of 12 for UO (NO 3)2-2 TBP (where TBP=
tri-n-butylphosphate) and 9.5 X 102 for U02 2(N03)2.? 2 DBEBP. The mag-
nitude of the association constant of the complex U02(NO3)2 ?2 TBPO,
which has been calculated, is of the order of 3.8 X 106.
The observed increase of constants of complex-formation in the series
of additives (CiH90)3 PO -` (Ci1,H9) PO indicates that the phosphoryl 3 group plays a prtncirs1 role in the formation of the complexes.
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17. Extraction of Plutonium With Tributyl Phosphate
"Distribution of Plutonium During the Extraction With
Tributyl Phosphate," by A. M. Rozen and E. I. Moiseyenko;
Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 5, May
59, pp 1209-1215
The coefficients of distribution of tetravalent and hexavalent
plutonium during the extraction with a 20% solution of tributyl phos-
phate in kerosene were determined. The acidity of the aqueous phase
containing nitric acid was varied in the range of 0.1-10 mols per
liter and the uranium content in the range of 0-400 grams per liter.
The distribution curves of Pu (VI) and Pu (IV) were determined. The
relationships which affect the distribution of these two ions are
discussed and interpreted.
18. The Effect of A1pha_Rays Emitted by Plutonium on the Valency
State of This Element
"The Effect of Alpha-Radiation Emitted by Plutonium on
the Valency State of This Element in Nitric Acid Solu-
tions," by P. 1. Artyukhin, V. 1. Medvedovskiy, and A.
D. Gelman; Leningrad, Radiokhim, No 2, May 59,
pp 131-135
The effect of N03 and H4 ions on the rate of reduction of Pu6+
under the action of its own alpha radiation was investigated. It was
found that in nitric acid solutions, the initial velocity of the re-
duction of Pu64' increases with increased concentration of the nitrate
ion and decreases with increased concentration of the hydrogen ion. It
is assumed that the reduction of hexavalent plutonium in nitric acid
solutions takes place as a result of the action of hydrogen peroxide
and nitric acid formed under the action of alpha radiation.
19. Production of Heavy Water and Heavy Hydrogen
Industrial Methods for the Production of Heavy Water," by
N. M. Zhavoronkov and K. :1. Sakodyr kiy; Masco, Khimicheskaya
Promyshlennost', No 3, Apr/May 59, pp 22'1-234-
Industrial methods for the production of'deterium and heavy water
are reviewed on the basis of non-USSR publications. Industrial proc-
esses based on electrolysis, chemical isotope exchange, distillation
of water, and distillation of hydrogen are described. it is stated that
the production of deuterium by the distillation of hydrogen was originally
applied on an industrial scale in the USSR. A USSR installation consist-
ing of units which treat 4,000 cubic meters of hydrogen per hour each is
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described on the basis of report No 2,323 presented at the international
Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy held in Geneva in 1958 (the
authors of the paper are M. P. Malkov, A. G. Zel'dovich, A. B. Fradkov,
and I. B. Danilov), Evaluation of economic factors, the capital invest-
ment necessary, and the cost of the heavy water produced by different
methods leads the authors to the conclusion that the two-temperature ex-
change between water and hydrogen sulfide, as applied at the Du Pont
Savannah River Plant in the US, is the only method available at present
by which heavy water can be produced in unlimited quantities at a low
cost.
The method of hydrogen distillation is not regarded as satisfactory
from the standpoint of the production of deuterium that may be needed as
fuel for thermonuclear generation of power, because the demand for ordi-
nary hydrogen for other purposes limits the production of deuterium by
this method (i.e., the deuterium is only a by-product). The water..hydiogen
sulfide exchange method is regarded as preferable, because it is free of
this shortcoming.
20. Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Between Water and Isoamylthiol
"The Rate of Hydrogen Exchange Between Water and'Isoarlthiol
in the Medium of an Inert Solvent," by K. I. Sakodynskiy and
N. M. Zhavoronkov, Chair of the Technology of Fixed Nitrogen
and Alkalis, Moscow Chemico-Technological Institute imeni
V. I. Mendeleyev; Moscow., NauchWe Doklady Vsysshe Shkoly --
Khimiya i Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiya, No 2, May 59, pp 256-259
The investigation described was carried out to obtain additional
data on the hydrogen isotope exchange between S-H and 0-H groups. On
the basis of the results obtained, it is concluded that the exchange
reaction between water and isoamylthiol in an inert solvent proceeds
with a high velocity and is completed within 30 seconds. Acetone was
used as a solvent.
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21. The Properties of Niobium Iodides
"Preparation and Properties of Niobium Iodides," by D. M.
Chizhikov and A. M. Grin'ko, Institute of Metallurgy imeni
A. I. Baykov,?Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 5, May 59, pp -9-7-9---791-
Depending on the temperature of the heated niobium and the method
of preparation, products of the reaction of niobium with iodine vapor
may have a different composition. By carrying out this reaction, iodides
which, according to the chemical analysis, have the composition Nb 15
Nb 14, or Nb 13.2 were obtained. On the basis of X-ray diffraction
analyses, the assumption is made that the reaction product consists of a
solid solution containing niobium iodides of different composition.
When a reaction product of this type is heated in vacuum, elemental
iodine is evolved. At 600-6300 there is sublimation of iodide. At 7000
disproportionation of the iodide takes place with the formation of niobium.
When powdered niobium and iodine are heated in an evacuated and
sealed vessel, the reaction Nb * 1.5 22 = Nb 13 takes place in the tem-
perature range of 580-6000 at a stoichiometric ratio of the reacting
elements corresponding to the equation given. The niobium triiodide
which is formed sublimes at 600? and deposits in the form of needle-
shaped crystals. Some chemical properties of niobium triiodide were
determined.
22. Refining of Niobium by the Iodide Method
"Iodide Refining of Niobium," by D. M. Chizhikov and A. M.
Grin'ko, Institute of Metallurgy imeni A. A. Baykov, Acad-
emy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Khimii, Vol 4, No 5, May 59, pp 9 2-9
A method is described for the preparation of pure niobium by thermal
decomposition of niobium iodide at a temperature of the heating filament
in the range of 1,300-1,600? and a temperature of the vessel in the
range of 400-6000. Some characteristics of niobium iodide were deter-
mined. The high ductility of the metal obtained, the low values found
for the microhardness of the metal, and analytical data indicated that
the niobium iodide used had a high degree of purity with respect to the
content of foreign metallic and gas admixtures it contained.
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23. Production of gets. llic Zirconium by the Electrolysis of a Melt
Containing Potassium Fluorozirconate
"Investigation of the Decomposition Potential of the System
K2ZrF6-NaCl-KC1," by A. N. Sheyko and F. G. Feshchenko,
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of
Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Kiev, Ukrainskiy Khimicheski
Zhurnal, Vol 25, No 2, Mar/Apr 59, pp 166-172
The decomposition potentials, the reverse electromotive force of
polarization, and the cathodic potentials in fused potassium fluoro-
zirconate and in the system K2ZrF6-KC1-NaCl were investigated and the
effect on them of the temperature, the gas medium above the melt in
the cathode space, and the concentration of K2ZrF6 were determined. It
was established that three decomposition potentials are characteristic
for the electrolysis of molten potassium fluorozirconate: the first
corresponds to the reduction of zirconium salts to a lower valency of
zirconium, the second to the deposition of metallic zirconium at the
cathode, and the third to the decomposition of potassium fluoride with
the formation of metallic potassium at the cathode. The lowest values
of the decomposition potential are obtained when air fills the cathode
space above the melt and the highest when argon fills this space.
24. The Polarography of Zirconium
"The Polarographic Behavior of Zirconium in Aqueous
Solutions," by I. A. Korshunov and N. I. Malyugina,
Scientific Research Institute of Chemistry at Gor'kiy
State University imeni N. I. Lobachevskiy; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neor anichesko Khimii, Vol 4, No 5, May 59,
pp 1Y077-4080
The polarographic behavior of zirconyl ions in aqueous solutions
of different acids and salts was investigated. It was established that
the limiting currents which are observed correspond to catalytic reduc-
tion of hydrogen ions in the presence of zirconyl ions. When the zir-
conyl ions form complexes with ions of citric, oxalic, tartaric, or
other acids, the catalytic effect of zirconyl ions is lost.
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25. Extraction With Water of Products of the Interaction of Niobium
and Tantalum Pentoxides With Caustic Alkalis
"Products of the Interaction of Niobium and Tantalum
Pentoxides With Caustic Alkalis," by A. V. Lapitskiy,
Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, Moscow State University;
Moscow, Vestnik Moskovsko o Universiteta-Seriya Mate-
matiki, Mekhaniki stronomii Fiziki, Khimii, Vol 13,
No 6, Nov Dec 58 published in March 1959T., pp 121-126
The products of the interaction of niobium pentoxide and tantalum
pentoxide with caustic alkalis were investigated. It was established
that upon interaction of tantalum pentoxide with solutions of sodium
hydroxide there is formation of different aqueous tantalates, (ortho-
tantalate, pentatantalate, and hexatantalate of sodium) depending on
the concentration of the initial caustic solution. More precise data
were obtained on the refraction indices of sodium pentatantalate and
sodium hexatantalate. The refraction indices of sodium orthotantalate
were determined for the first time. The process of the decomposition
with water of alkali melts containing niobium and tantalum was investi-
gated. A possible mechanism of the hydrolytic splitting of highly
alkaline tantalates is proposed. It is pointed out that melting of
niobium and tantalum concentrates with caustic alkali followed by ex-
traction of these elements with water is one of the methods for the
separation of niobium and tantalum from mineral raw materials. The
purpose of the investigation described was clarification of the proc-
esses occurring during this type of extraction.
26. Ether Addition Products of Beryllium Halides
"Synthesis of Ether Addition Products of Beryllium Halides,"
by N. Ya. Turova, A. V. Novoselova, and K. N. Semenenko;
Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4+, No 5, May 59,
pp 1215-1216
A method for the synthesis of products formed by the addition of
ether to beryllium chloride and beryllium bromide is described. The
syntheses were carried out by the direct reaction of metallic beryllium
with halogens or hydrogen halides in absolute ether.
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27. Dissociation Pressure of Sodium Fluoroberyllate
"Investigation of the Dissociation Pressure of Sodium
Fluoroberyllate of the Composition Na 2BeF4," by A. V.
Novoselova, F. Sh. Muratov, L. P. Reshetnikova, and I.
V. Gordeyev; Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, Moscow State
University; Moscow, Vestnik Moskovskoga Universiteta-
Seriya Matematiki Mekhaniki Astronomic Fiziki Khimii,
Vol 13, No 6, Nov/Dec 5 (published in March 1959).
pp 181-190
The vapor pressures of beryllium fluoride in the temperature range
of 762?-1,103?, the vapor pressures of liquid sodium fluoride in the
temperature range of 1073-1193?, and the dissociation pressures of sodium
fluoroberyllate (Na2BeF4) at temperatures between 1,009 and 1,197? were
determined. It was established that, because of the presence of complex
molecules in the vapor phase, the apparent partial pressure of sodium
fluoride above sodium fluoroberyllate is considerably greater than the
vapor pressure above pure sodium fluoride. It follows from the experi-
mental results obtained in the work described that thy, vapor phase above
fused sodium fluoroberyllate contains complex molecules of the composi-
tion NaBeF3.
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Organic Chemist
28. The Synthesis of Fluorinated Styrenes'
"Fluorinated Styrenes; Part 4 -2,5 Difluorostyrene and 2,5-
Difluoro-beta -fluor ostyrene," by D. V. Talalayeva, G. V.
Kazennikova, and K. A. Kocheshkov, Physicochemical Insti-
tute imeni L. Ya. Karpov; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii,
Vol 29, No 5, 1959, pp 1,593-1,595
For the first time 2,5-Fluorostyrene has been prepared. A method
has been worked out for the production of 2,5-difluorophenyl lithium,
which is used as a starting material for the synthesis of 2,5-difluorostyrene
over 2,5'-difluorophenylmethylearbinol. For the first time 2,5 Difluoro-
-P -fluorostyrene has been prepared. The procedures used for the synthesis
of the compounds mentioned are described.
29. The Reaction of Phosgene and Trialkylphosphites Re-investigated
"On the Reaction of Phosgene and Trialkylphosphites," by
K. A. Petrov, N. K. Bluznyuk, and V. Ye. Burygin; Moscow-
Leningrad, -Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 5, May 59,
pp 1,486-1,491
The authors firmly established that phosgene reacts with trialkyl-
phosphites with the formation of the dialkyichlorophosphates, alkyl
chloride, and carbon monoxide. This contradicts the results obtained by
M. I. Kabachnik and P. A. Rossiyskaya (Izvestiya AN SSSRA OKhN, 1957, 48)
who claimed that methyl chloride and the ester of chloroformylphosphinic
acid are formed in the reaction of phosgene and trimethyiphosphite.
Dialkylchior ophosphates react with intermediate phosphites to form
the tetraalkyl esters of diphosphonic acids with the P-P-bonding or their
isomeric subphosphates.
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CPYRGHT
30. New Bacteriostatic and Growth-Promoting Substances
"Esters of Thiosulfonic aids - Now Antibacterial and Growth
Substances,: by B. G. Boldyrev; Nauchn. Zap, L?vovsk. Poli-
tekhn. In -t (Scientific Notes of the Lvov Polytechnical In-
stitute , 1957, No 62, 353-362 (from Referativn Zhurnal
-- Khimi , No 9, 10 May 59, Abstract No 32581, by I. Mill -
shteyn
Alkylesters of alkanethiosulfonic acids with the general formula
RS02SR' (I) are obtained by the action of alkyl halides on the water-
acetone solutions of the K-salts of thiosulfonic acids; the latter are
formed by'the interaction of the corresponding sulfonic acid chlorides
with an aqueous solution of KSH. In experiments in vitro all compounds
exhibited marked tuberculostatic activity but in tests in vivo they did
not manifest therapeutic activity because of their inactivation in the
living organism. I compounds exhibit maximum bacteriostatic and bacterio-
cidal activity in relation to bacteria (B) of the Xanthomonas genus, some-
what lower activity with respect to B of the Corynebacterium genus and a
minimum activity towards bacteria of the Pseudomonas and Erwiniagenera.
The results of field tests are also presented in the abstract.
31. Preparation of The Dialkylamides of Vinylsulfonic Acid and the
Dialkylaminoethanesulfodialkylamides
"The Reaction of Aliphatic Amines with 13 -Chloroethaxie ul-
fochloride," by K. A. Petrov and A. A. Neymysheva; Moscow-
Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshche ?Khim1i, Vol. 29, No 5, May 59,
pp 1,1.914.-1, 9
"Up to the present, not one representative of the dialkylamides of
vinylsulfonic acid has been described. Experiments to obtain them by
reacting aliphatic amines with A -chloroethanesulfochloride have not
been successful.
"In this investigation conditions have been found whereby vinyl-
sulfodialkylamides and d3.alkylaminoethanesulfodialkkylamides were obtained
by the action of dimethylamine and diethylamine on ( -c;hloroethanesul.-
fochloride. Yields up to 50% were obtained. The reaction was conducted
in absolute ether or chloroform at various temperature (from -10 to + 60o C)
with a molar ratio of sulfochloride to amine of 1:3".
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32. A New Method of Obtaining Dialkylthiophosphinic Acids Described
"A Method of Obtaining Dialkylthiophosphinic Acids," by T. A.
Mastryukova, A. E. Shipov, and M. I. Kabachnik, Institute of
Elemental Organic Compounds of the Academy of Sciences,,' USSR;
Moscow-Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 5, May
59, pp 1,450-1,453
A method was developed for synthesizing dialkylthiophosphinic acids,
R2PSOH, by the action of Grignard reagent on dialkylphosphorous acids with
the subsequent addition of sulfur.
The acids, R2PSOH, (where R s C2H5, C3H7, iso-C3H7, C4H9, i6o-C4H9
and C6H5CH2) were obtained by this method with a yield of 64-81%.
The structure of the dialkylthiophosphinic acids obtained by this
method was confirmed by an alternate. synthesis of the ammonium salt of
dipropylthiophosphinic acid whose physical properties were found to be
identical to those of the salt obtained by the method described.
33. A Newer, Simpler Method of Preparing Phosphorus Diiodide and
Triiodide Described
"The Preparation of Phosphorus Diiodide and Triiodide," by
Ye. S. Levchenko, I. E. Sheynkman, and A. V. Kirsanov,
Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences,
Ukrainian SSR; Moscow-Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshchey'IShimii',
Vol 29, No 5, May 59, pp 1,474-1s 77
After a series of experiments, the authors found that phosphorus
diiodide and phosphorus triiodide can be obtained in a completely
pored state directly from iodine and red phosphorus with the subsequent
crystallization from a suitable solvent. The best solvents are chloro-
benzene and dichloroethane, for phosphorus diiodide and phosphorus
triiodide, respectively.
The authors found that phosphorus diiodide has a melting point of
126?-127? C, not 124.5?, as previously reported.
A chemist under laboratory conditions can easily prepare one kilogram
of pure phosphorus diiodide in one work day.
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0
CPYRGHT
34. A Method of Obtaining the Dialkyl Esters of Vinylphosphinic Acid
and Substituted Diamides
"Method of Obtaining Dialkyl Esters of Vinylphosphinic Acid
and Substituted Diamides," by M. I. Kabachnik and T. Ya.
Medved', (Invention No 116882); Moscow.. Byulleten' Izobrebeniy,
No 12, 1958, p 28
"A method of obtaining the dialkyl esters of vinylphosphinic acid
and substituted diamides is characterized by. the fact that the acid
chloride of chloroethylphosphinic acid is dehydrochlorinated at 330-
34o0 C by passing over barium chloride deposited on pumice, into the
acid chloride of vinylphosphinic acid; the later is brought into interac-
tion with alcohols to obtain dialkyl esters or with secondary amines to
obtain substituted diamides."
35. New Esters of Alpha hydroxyalkylthiophosphinic Acids Synthesized
"On the Reaction of Dialkylphosphorous Acids with Aldehydes
and Ketones. XX. The Esters of Several alpha hydroxyalkyl-
thiophosphinic Acids," by V. S. Abramov and V. K. Khayrullin,
-Kazan Chemicotechnologieal Institute; Leningrad-Moscow,
Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 5, May 59, pp 1,599-1,604
Dialkyithiophosphorous acids can be obtained directly by the re-
action of hydrogen sulfide with dialkylchlorophosphites, giving good
yields.
Dialkyithiophosphorous acids enter a condensation reaction with
aldehydes and ketones to form esters of alpha hydroxyalkylthiophosphinic
acids. Ten different esters of alpha-hydroxyalkylthiophosphinic acids
were synthesized and characterized for the first time.
The condensation reaction with aldehydes and ketones takes place
with the enol form of the thioacid: The reaction of the formation of
esters of alpha hydroxyalkylthiophosphinic acids and the presence of
chlorine atoms in the thioacid radicals favor the displacement of the
tautomeric equilibrium in the direction of the enol form.
The esters of alpha-hydroxyalkylthiophosphinic acids are easily
decomposed with scission at the P-C bond by heating and the action of
alkalies which can be explained by the presence of a hydrogen bond.
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36. New Esters of Dialkylarsinous Acid Synthesized
"Concerning Several Esters of Dialkylarsinous Acids," by
Gil'm Kamay and B. D.- Chernokal'skiy, Kazan Chemicotech-
nological Institute imeni S. M. Kirov; Leningrad-Moscow,
Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 5, May 59, pp 1,596-
1, 599
Two methods were proposed for synthesizing the esters of dialkylarsinous
ac ids :
(a) by reacting dialkyliodoarsine with the corresponding sodium alcoho-
RAs - 14 NaOR' -----------~ R jAs - OR' NaI,
R/ R
(b) 'hy heating bis(dialkyla,syl) oxide with alcohols in the presence
of calcium carbide which acts as a water-removing agent
R R
+ 2R' OH
R As - 0 - Ag/~R
R
2 R \As - OR' H2O.
The authors found that method (b) yielded better results.
The ethyl, n-propyl, and n -butyl esters of diethylarsinous acid;
the ethyl ester of di-n-propylarsinous acid; the ethyl and the n -butyl
esters of methyl -n butylarsinous acid were obtained for the first time.
The authors established that the alkyl eaters of dialkyl-arsinous
acid interact with alkyl halides to form ionic salts. They also showed
that esters of dialkylarsinous acids are hydrolyzed in air with the
formation of the corresponding dialkylarsinic acids.
The physical data are set forth in two tables.
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37. Arbuzov Rearrangement Studied
"On the Mechanism of the Arbuzov Rearrangement," by A. I.
Razumov, Kazan Chemicotechnological Institute; Leningrad-
Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 5, May 59,
PP"i,635-l,639`--_
The general scheme of the mechanism of the Arbuzov rearrangement
was presented by A. Ye. Arbuzov in the following form:
(1)
(RO) 3P 4 R'X (RO) RI
3 ~x
(2) (RO)P~
3
X
0 R'
---P(0) (OR) 2'4 RX.
A. I. Razumov studied this mechanism in detail and'as a result of
his study came to the following conclusions, and observations:
After studying the velocity of rearrangement of the ethyl esters of
phosphorous, ethyl- and diethylphosphinous acids, it was shown that each
substitution of an ethoxy group by an ethyl significantly increases the
velocity of the rearrangement. An explanation was proposed as to the
reasons for this difference in rearrangement velocity.
The author showed that traces of amine in triethylphosphite reduce the
velocity of its rearrangement.
On the basis of a critical examination of published data and also of
special experiments, a broader interpretation of the Arbuzov rearrangement
is given.
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CPYRGHT
New Class of Compounds Synthesized
"Research on the Synthesis and Rearrangements of Unsaturated
Organogermanium Compounds. 1. Synthesis of Mono-, Di- and
Triatomic Tertiary gamma -Germaniumacetylene Alcohols," by
I. A. Shikhiyev, M. F. Shostakovskiy, N. V. Komarov, and I. A.
Aslanov; Moscow-Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29,
No 5, May 59, pp 1,549-1,551
38.
"For the first time, the interaction of dimagnesiumdibromod.-
methylethynylcarbinol with alkylgermaniumbromides was investigated and
a method was developed for synthesizing a new class of compounds- the
germanium-containing tertiary mono-, di- and triatomic acetylene alcohols.
"The following compounds were prepared and characterized:
(2-methylbutyn-3-o1-2) -4-trimethylgermane, bis -(2-methylbutyn-3-o1-2) -4-
dimethylgermane and tri-(2 methylbutyn-3-o1-2)-methylgermane.
"The reaction of bis-(2-methylbutyn-3-o1-2)-4-dimethylgermane with
acetic anhydride was studied. From this it was established that the cor-
responding acetate of bis-(2-methylbutyn-3-o1-2)-4-dimethylgermane was
formed."
39. Quantitative Determination of Hexachlorocyelohexane Isomers in
Technical Hexachlorane
"The Employment of the C136 Isotope for the Quantitative Deter-
mination of Hexachiorocyclohexane Isomers in Technical Hexa-
chiorane," by L. A. Krasnousov, Ye. V. Volkova, and P. V.
Zimakov; Tr. Komis, po Analit. Khimii AN SSSR (Works of the
Commission on Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences,
USSR), 1958, 9(12), 356-360 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal --
Khiml.ya, No 9, 10 May 59, Abstract No 3 2566, by T. Levi)
A method described earlier for determining th~ isomer of
hexachlorocyclohexana (I), based on the use of C13 R_eferativnyy Zhurnal-
Khimiya, 1957, 1483), was modified to determine other isomers of I and
for use in serial analyses. The perfected method is based on the measure-
ment of the specific activity of the dry, tagged isomer which is applied to
a paper target as drops of a solution in toluene, whereupon the latter is
eliminated. For determining fie isomer, a weighed quantity of he tagged
isomer (obtained by chlorination of C6H6 in UV-light with Cl , diluted with
C12), about 0.05 g with a specific activity of 1000-1200 disintegrations/min/
mg is added to a weighed in quantity (0.1-0.4g) of hexachlorane; the mixture
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is homogenized by dissolving in acetone which is distilled off. For deter-
mining gamma-I the weighed in quantity is extracted with C3H70H (2 x 1 ml)
with heating; the extract is evaporated to 30% in a vacuum; the crystals are
separated; the mother liquor is evaporated to dryness and the crude gamma-
I is recrystallized from 0.5 ml of C2H550H. For determining the alpha-isomer
the other components are washed with CH30H (2-3 x 1 ml). Then the alpha-I
is dried and dissolved in toluene (20-40 mg/g). After thisp 2-3 drops of
the solution are applied to a tracing paper target (18 x 20 mm); the target
is covered with a sheet of tracing, paper and clamped to a counter which
measures the specific activity. The method was verified on artificial
mixtures and technical hexachlorane (by the addition method); the mean
error was about 0.5%
Radiochemistry
40. Papers on Radiochemistry, Nuclear Chemistry, and Radiation Chemistry
Presented at the Eighth Mendeleyev Congress
"The Eighth Mendeleyev Congress," by V. P.; Moscow Atomnaya
Energiya, Vol 56. No 6, Jun 59, pp 677-678
At the Eighth Mendeleyev Congress of General and Applied Chemistry
held on 16-23 March 1959 at Moscow, Academician A. P. Vinogradov (Head
of the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I.
Vernadskiy) presented a report titled "Fundamental Problems of Radio-
chemistry," which was received with great interest.
Vinogradov stated that radioisotopes produced in connection with
applications of nuclear energy for industrial or scientific purposes are
used extensively in synthesis and as a means of inducing the polymerization
of organic compounds. As a result, new substances with characteristics
of value from a technical standpoint are obtained. Vinogradov emphasized
that during the past few years it was possible to isolate several new
transuranium elements by radiochemical methods.
A central point of attraction at meetings of the Section of Radio-
chemistry and the Chemistry of Isotopes were reports of Soviet and American
scientists on the synthesis of element 102. Papers on this subject were
given G. N. Flerov,the USSR scientist, and A. Ghto so, a scientist active
at the University of California. Both USSR and American scientists obtained
identical results concerning the existence of element 102.
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A number of reports presented in the Section of the Chemistry and
Technology of Polymers dealt with successful applications of penetrating
radiation in the synthesis of polymers.
At the last meeting of this section, Academician A. P. Aleksandrov
reported on "The Chemical Aspects of the Application,-of Nuclear Energy."
In this report, Aleksandrov discussed the prospects of the application of
nuclear energy for technological purposes. He emphasized that the direct
application of nuclear radiation for chemical purposes may become one of
the most profitable uses of the energy contained in nuclear fuel. For
instance, by using the radiation emitted by spent fuel elements from the
nuclear energy electric power plant that is being built in Voronezh Oblast
one can vulcanize hundreds of thousands of automobile tires per year. In
his report, Aleksandrov mentioned many types of chemical manufacture in
which radiation energy can be used to advantage. He said that extensive
possibilities are open to the new field of science, i.e., radiation chemis-
try. He emphasized particularly that radiation chemistry makes it possible
to manufacture products with entirely new properties, and which cannot be
produced by ordinary methods. Considerable attention is being paid to
radiation chemistry in the USSR: a number of institutes conduct work in
the field of radiation chemistry, using cobalt-60 radiation sources, ac-
celerators, and nuclear reactors.
41. The Decay of Se72
"The Chemical State of Products of the Decay of Se?2," by
A. Halpern, Institute of Nuclear Research, Polish Academy
of Sciences; Moscow, Zhurnal Neor nicheskoy Id im:t. Vol 4.
No 5, May 59, pp 1,205-1,20
The chemical forms of the stabilization of, As72 atoms, were investi-
gated after formation of these atoms from H2Se(203 as a result of the
capture of an orbital electron. It was found t1 vat at 200, 44-3% of As72
on the average are stabilized in the trivalent state and 55.7% in. the
pentavalent state. At minus 1960, the corresponding vt:lues are 31+.3%
of As III and 65.7% of As V.
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42. The State of Protactinium in Aqueous Solutions
"The State of Microquantities of Radioactive Elements in
Dilute Solutions; Part 7 -- Investigation by the Adsorption-
Desorption Metho& of the State of Protactinium in Aqueous
Solutions," by I. Ye. Starik, L. D. Sheydina, and L. T.
Il'menkova; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 2, May 59,
pp 168-170
An investigation of the absorption of protactinium on quartz glass
from nitric acid and hydrochloric acid solutions in the pH range of 1-14'
showed that the adsorption maximum is located in the range of pH = 5-5.2.
The shape of the curves of adsorption and desorption of protactinium by
quartz in contact with aqueous solutions indicates that the ionic form
of this element is predominant at low values of pH (lower than 4.4.5) and
the colloidal form at values of pH higher than 5. The solubility product
of the hydroxide Pa (OH)5 at a protactinium concentration amounting to
10-12 mols per liter was found to be equal to 10-55.
43. Chinese Preparation of Phosphorus 32
"Preparation of Radioactive Phosphorus-32 by the Nuclear
Recoil Method Using Tributyl Phosphate as a Target," by
Li Hu-hou ( 4 ), Institute of Atomic Engergy
Academia Sinica; eiping, K'o-hsueh Tung-pao (Scientia),
No 11, 11 Jun 59, p 364
The author reports a recent experiment on the preparation of phos-
phorus 32 by the Szilard-Chalmers process. One kilogram of tributyl
phosphate used as target material was irradiated by a polonium beryllium
neutron source with a specific activity of the order of microcuries. The
isotope was separated with H20. The yield was 15 curies of radioactive
phosphorus. Its energy was determined at 1.725 Mev; its half-life, at
14.4 4. 0.3 days. This compares with 1.708 Mev and 14.30 days reported
in the literature, the author says.
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Miscellaneous
4I+. The 8th Mendeleyev Congress
"Results of the 8th Mendeleyev Congress," by S. Ya..Plotkin,
Candidate of Technical Sciences; Moscow, IChimicheskaya Nauka
i Promyshlennost', Vol 4, No 2, May 59, pp 1k5-153
The Eighth Mendeleyev Congress of General and Applied Chemistry was
held on 16-23 March 1959 in Moscow. This congress was the most extensive
and representative chemical meeting ever held in the USSR. More than
5,000 scientists, engineers, and persons active in the industry participated
in the congress, including in addition to USSR chemists, chemists from
Austria, Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, the US, France,
West Germany, and other countries.
Of great interest were reports on new developments in the field of
the chemistry of radioactive elements and isotopes and also papers deal-
ing with applications of these elements and isotopes in scientific re-
search. Progress in the rapidly developing field of radiation-chemical
reactions was reviewed in some papers.
A report entitled "Fundamental Problems of the Chemistry of Polymers"
was presented by Academician V. A. Kargin. Kargin pointed out that the
primary task of USSR polymer chemistry is the synthesis of new polymeric
substances stable under the effect of high temperatures and resistant to
oxidation. In addition to thermal stability, polymers of this type must
exhibit the necessary mechanical strength at ordinary temperatures: this
means that the temperature at which embrittlement develops must be suf-
ficiently low. In'other words, thermostable polymer materials must have
satisfactory operational characteristics within a very extensive temperature
range.
Consequently, the problem of extending the temperature range in which
polymer materials can be used consists not only of the production of
polymers whch are stable at very high or very low temperatures, but also
involves the development of materials which exhibit a high tensile strength,
are sufficiently elastic, and have a high impact strength.
The second task which has to be accomplished is the development of
polymers which not only have superior characteristics, but which can be
produced at a low cost and made available in suffic:'.ent quantities.
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The third task consists of the solution of problems involved in the
conversion of polymers to finished products.
At the present stage of development of synthetic chemistry and poly-
merization techniques, one, can introduce into almost any organic compound
groups which are capable of undergoing polymerization or polycondensation,
so that the compounds in question can be converted into polymers.
Clarification of the mechanism of catalytic polymerization processes,
which lead to the formation of regularly formed chains, is undoubtedly
one of the principal tasks of present-day polymer chemistry.
Kargin pointed out that the emphasis which was placed on synthetic
polymers distracted the attention of research workers from natural polymers,
primarily cellulose. However, the role'played by cellulose as the most
common and accessible textile material is still very important, particularly
if the possibilities of modifying cellulose fibers chemically are taken
into consideration. The best method of modifying and thus improving cel-
lulose is the grafting of synthetic polymers, primarily acrylonitrile, to
the surface of synthetic fibers.
Academician A. N. Nesmeynov presented a report entitled "The Periodic
System of Elements and Organic Chemistry." Nesmeyanov's report dealt with
the chemistry of organoelemental compounds.
He discussed the capacity of elements to form organoelemental compounds
in relation to the position of the elements in the periodic system, then
analyzed the problem of the stability of organoelemental compounds as af-
fected by the nature of the compound and the species of radicals contained
therein. The organoelemental compounds of nontransition metals were dis-
cussed. The author of the report characterized' the most important methods
of the synthesis of organoelemental compounds of nontransition metals,
including metallization, step wise alkylation, and the "onium" method of
synthesis. After this, Nesmeyanov dwelt on the practical applications of
compounds of this type, pointing out their importance as antiseptics,
chemotherapeutics, anti-knock agents, and insecticides. He also discussed
their use as transmitters of organic radicals and anions in polymerization
reactions.
The report considered in detail organometallic compounds of transition
metals, namely carbonyls, "cenes", and complexes of aromatic nuclei with
transition metals. He summarized the results of work on "cenes", i.e.,
organometallic compounds with a sandwich structure, research on which was
initiated by the discovery of ferrocene in 1952. Nesmeyanov outlined the
results of research on the chemistry of ferrocene conducted at the Insti-
tute of Organoelemental Compounds, Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow State
University, and in the laboratories of scientists active outside of the
USSR.
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In conclusion, Nesmeyanov reviewed the progress achieved during recent
years in research on polyheteroatomic organoelemental compounds, organo-
elemental compounds with homoatomic chains, and organoelemental compounds
with heteroatomic chains.
The basic problems of chemical kinetics were discussed extensively in
a report by Academician N. N. Semenov, who pointed out that free radicals
play a principal role in chain reactions which take place in connection with
such important industrial processes as cracking, oxidation, polymerization,
etc. The reactivity of radicals is determined quantitatively by the constant
of the rate of the reaction of these radicals with different molecules,
i.e.,
K % Be EIRT
where E is the energy of activation.
The velocity constant, and consequently, also the velocity of the
reaction, depends principally on the magnitude of the activation energy E.
Even a small change in E brings about a considerable change in the velocity,
whereas changes in B ["predeksponent"] result in proportional changes of
the velocity. Polanyi was the first to establish the relationship which
exists between the magnitude of the activation barrier E (i.e., the
magnitude of the energy of activation of an exothermic reaction) and the
heat effect of the reaction:
= A
- a(q)
Semenov de9tribed research he conducted on a great number of radical
reactions, for which experimentally determined values of 6 and q were
available. He found that in every case (with the exception of reactions
in which halogen atoms participate) the relationship E = 11.5 - 0.25 (q)
applies to exothermic reactions and the relationship E = 11.5 4 0.75 (q)
to those that are endothermic. This rule, in addition to making it possible
to calculate the activation energies of radical reactions in a number of
cases, enables one to approach a solution of the problem of 'reactivity,
because, if this rule is assumed to be rigidly valid, the activation energy
is determined solely by the thermal effect of the reaction.
Semenov stated that at the Institute of Chem'_.cal Physics and the
Laboratory of Anisotropic Structures, new and interesting data on free
radicals were obtained by applying the method of paramagnetic resonance.
Interesting results were obtained in the investigation by the method
of paramagnetic resonance of complexes formed by the co-precipitation of
ribonucleic acid, together with proteins. The complexes that are formed
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give a very broad signal similar to that emitted when the paramagnetic
resonance of metals is measured. The number of unpaired electrons was
found to be very high, as much as 1021 electrons per gram. One may assume
that the intact electron pairs of nitrogen become unpaired and the electrons
then enter into strong mutual interaction with other unpaired (free) elec-
trons (Blyumenfel'd).
A report on the principal problems of radiochemistry was presented by
A. P. Vinogradov (a complete text of Vinogradov's report will be published
in Khimicheskaya Nauka i Promyshlennost', Vol 4, No 4, 1959).
A report by V. P.. Nikolayev dealt with problems of the construction
of chemical plant equipment. Nikolayev brought out that in connection
with the expansion of the construction of chemical equipment, which has
been foreseen under the Seven-Year Plan, there will be increased produc-
tion of high-strength heat-resistant steels and expansion of the produc-
tion of titanium, tantalum, and alloys of tantalum with niobium, as well
as a number of other construction metals. There will also be considerable
expansion of the application of plastics and other nonmetals as construc-
tion materials for chemical equipment.
Academician A. P. Aleksandrov discussed the chemical aspects of the
application of nuclear energy. He stated that one of the most important
tasks of present-day science is the development of direct means for the
chemical application of nuclear radiation. According to Aleksandrov, the
radiant energy of spent fuel elements from only one of the nuclear power
plants being built in the USSR can be'used to vulcanize hundreds of thou-
sands of tires and to produce a huge quantity of polyethylene. Radiation
chemistry opens new possibilities of improving the efficiency and reducing
the production cost in connection with important technical processes, such
as the fixation of nitrogen in the form of nitric acid or ammonia, or the
production of polymers with any predetermined set of properties. Many
chemical reactions of this type are accompanied by the evolution of energy
which can be utilized additionally for the generation of electric power.
More than 100 papers and communications were presented and discussed
in the Section of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology. The tasks of USSR
inorganic chemistry in connection with the decisions of the 21st Congress
of the CPSU were discussed. Among these tasks are the synthesis and in-
vestigation of inorganic polymers with suitable characteristics required
for technical applications, development of the chemistry of semiconductors,
many-sided utilization of chemical, agrochemical, and metallurgical raw
materials, development of the chemistry and technology of rare metals, and
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theoretical research on the chemistry of simple and complex
compounds of all elements of the periodic system. The Chinese
scientist, Lu Ta-kang, presented a report in which he discussed
basic trends in inorganic chemistry and also reported that all
rare-earth elements had been isolated [in China] in the form of pure salts
by the application of ion-exchange resins.
Reports were given on the chemistry of the rare elements gallium,
indium, scandium, and hafnium. Some problems of the synthesis of peroxide
compounds were discussed and also the characteristics and applications of
such compounds.
Reports by L. Kolditz and F. Tilo (GDR) on monomeric and polymeric
fluoroarsenites and fluoroantimonites were heard with great interest.
More than 200 reports and communications were presented in the Section
of Organic Chemistry. Among them was a report on the stability of organo-
silicon compounds and their susceptibility to hydrolysis. This report was
presented by G. Schott (GDR). The papers on the chemistry and technology
of organoelemental compounds dealt principally with problems of the chemis-
try of ferrocenes and of organic compounds of other transition elements,
the synthesis and properties of onium compounds, investigation of tautomer-
ism on the example of organoelemental compounds, and investigation of pro-
cesses of telemerization and syntheses based on telomers (A. N. Nesmeynov
and co-workers).
Among the reports presented in the Section of Analytical Chemistry
was one by V. Kemula (Poland) on a polarographic method for the determin-
ation of small quantities of impurities by the suspended drop method and
one by E. Minczewski (Poland) on titrations in nonaqueous solvents. Con-
siderable attention was paid at meetings of this section to chromatographic
research, mass chromatography (G. Schay, Hungary), the application of
radioactive isotopes in the investigation by the chromatographic methods of
processes of complex-formation, and determination of rare elements by
methods of isotope dilution.
In the Section of Physical Chemistry, information was presented on
the theory and application of the isotopic kinetic method for the in-
vestigation of the mechanism of complex reactions. A number of reports
dealt with the role played by tunnel effects in reactions of hydrogen
isotopes and low-temperature reactions.
Thirteen papers dealt with oxidation reactio~zs and reactions of free
radicals. Among them was a report on the kinetics of vapor-phase nitration
of alkanes and the interactions of alkyl radicals with nitrogen dioxide.
Considerable attention was paid ?t~ fundamental Iroblems pertaining to
catalysis.
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More than 80 reports were presented in the well-attended meetings of
the Section of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers. Papers given in this
section reported results of research on the synthesis of thermostable organo-
metallic polymers of a new type, i.e., polyorgano-alumosiloxanes. Informa
tion'was given on the most urgent present-day problems of polymer chemistry,
i.e., those pertaining to the production of block and graft copolymers.
More than 20 communications dealt with the physics and physical chemistry
of polymers. A report entitled "Research on the Production of the Synthetic
Fiber Vinylon from Polyvinyl Alcohol" was given by Li Hsing-jih (China).
In the Section of Agricultural Chemistry, Fertilizers, and Insecto-
fungicides a great number of reports dealt with new insecticides and the
insecticidal activity of organophosphorus compounds and organic derivatives
of arsenic. Among the many compounds discussed were esters and ester amides
of pyrophosphoric, thiophosphoric, and dithiophosphoric acids, dichlorovinyl
esters of ethylphosphinic acid, products of the alkylation of thiophos,
and esters of alkylthioarsinic acids. The results that were obtained in
investigations on a new class of organophosphorus insecticides were reported,
as well as a new method for the preparation of trialkyldithiophosphates and
tetraalkyldithiopyrophosphates by the interaction of dialkoxyphosphondisul-
.fides with trialkylphosphites.
Furthermore, reports were given on methods for the synthesis of in-
secticides by the interaction of cyclochloropentadiele with different un-
saturated compounds and also on the synthesis of secondary trichloromethyl-
carbinols and their esters. Scientists from China, Hungary, Rumania, and
Bulgaria participated actively in meetings of the Section of Agricultural
Chemistry, Fertilizers, and Insectofungicides.
In the Section of the Chemistry and Technology of Silicates, the most
important problems were discussed which have a bearing on the implementation
of the extensive program that has been drawn up for the expansion of the
production of construction materials. Reports on the following subjects
were made: the investigation of the structure of various new types of glass
and the development of scientific methods for controlling the properties
of glass. results of investigations dealing with cements (adhesives),
phenomena of resonance absorption by alumosilicates in the region of radio
frequencies, electrochemical properties of silicate systems, and heat-
resistant concrete.
In the Section of Theoretical and Applied Electrochemistry, more than
90 reports and communications were presented and discussed. The reports
? giver in this section dealt with the development of electrochemical methods
in nonferrous metallurgy and possible ways of further increasing the veloc-
ity of electrochemical processes, specifically by sharply raising the cur-
rent density. Considerable interest was evinced towards reports dealing
with work on electrochemical methods to be applied in the technology of
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rare metals and the further development of electrochemical production
methods, particularly as far as the manufacture of caustic alkalis and
chlorine is concerned. There were also reports on the energy of solvation
of ions and molecules, as well as reports on other subjects.
Still other reports dealt with problems involved in the theory and
practical application of processes of the deposition of metals and amalgam
metallurgy, the corrosion of metals, and a new field of polarography, i.e.,
the polarography of fused media. Alloys of tantalum with niobium,which
have been obtained by the electrolysis of melts, can successfully replace
pur tantalum and niobium in the chemical industry, in the production of
evacuated electrical devices, and in a number of other fields of technology.
The method which has been developed makes it possible to produce alloys of
niobium with tantalum from any tantalum-niobium ore, avoiding the difficult
and complex operation of separating tantalum from niobium.
Electrochemists from Poland, Hungary, Italy, and the GDR presented
reports in the Section of Electrochemistry. Of particular interest was
a report by the Polish scientist, V. Kemula, on a new electrochemical
method of analysis which makes it possible to detect the presence of im-
purities, even wher they constitute only one hundred millionth part of
the principal component.
In the opinion of participants at the meetings of this section,
particular attention should be paid in the current Seven-Year period to
the electrochemical synthesis of organic compounds, the electrochemistry
of rare metals and semiconductors, the production of metals of ultra-
high purity, and methods for the development and application of heat-
resistant coatings.
The principal subjects with which the Section of Radiochemistry and
of the Chemistry of Isotopes was concerned were problems in the field of
chemistry of uranium and transuranium elements, the behavior, of radio-
active isotopes in different processes, the most important theoretical
and experimental problems of radiation chemistry, isotope exchange, etc.
Reports presented in this section dealt with some newly discovered chemi-
cal properties of neptunium, new data on the chemistry of americium, etc.
Interesting reports on methods for the synthesis and identification of
element 102 were given by A. Ghiorso (US) and G. N. Flerov.
Extensive discussion of reports on different subjects demonstrated
that fundamental research in the field of radiochemistry with the applica-
tion of the newest methods is being conducted by USSR scientists.
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Fundamental problems of the chemistry of metals and alloys are at
present attracting a considerable amount of attention on the part of
investigators and engineers who are active in this field. More than 60
reports presented at the congress dealt with problems of this type. The
reports in question discussed properties of different elements of the
periodic system from the standpoint of metal chemistry, the chemistry of
nitrides of high melting metals, the properties of alloys of rare elements,
results obtained in research on some metal systems, and problems of the
chemistry of semiconductor alloys. It was noted that one of the most im-
portant problems of metal chemistry is the advancement of research on the
electronic structure of metals and alloys.
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III. ELECTRONICS
Automation and Computers
45- Industrial Automation in USSR
CPYRGHT
"Automation of Industry is Important Link in Engineering Prog-
ress," (unsigned article); Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemekhanika,
No 6, Jun 59, pp I-IV
The article contains the following passages:
"The level of scientific and engineering development in our country
at present is such that it affords the possibility of introducing exten-
sive automation to all branches of the national economy and revision of
technological processes so that they will be adaptable to complete auto-
mation.
"In general, however, automation in our country lags behind the
requirements of national economy, also the level of automation develop-
ment in certain capitalistic nations, especially that of the UL. We
are automatizing generally not all of the phases of production processes,
but merely certain sections of the processes, thus failing to attain full
efficiency.
"The following are the principal reasons for slowness in the automa-
tion of our industry.
"Automation is often applied prior to detailed study of the techno-
logical process itself or, to already existing processes which are not
adaptable to automation.
"Estimates of expected improvement in efficiency are often not made
prior to the design of automated installations.
"Other reasons are the insufficient number and capability of the
automation instrument building enterprises, inconsistency of the products
of these enterprises, lack of certain important automation instruments,
obsolescence of a considerable part of the presently manufactured instru-
ments; all this complicates the design and introduction of new systems of
automation.
"A lack of qualified personnel to conduct scientific and research
work, instrument design, construction, installation and operation of auto-
matized installations is felt. Training of experts in-the field of autom-
ation proceeds at present at such a slow pace that a gap between the demand
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CPYRGHT
for such experts and their availability is increasing steadily every year,
rather than becoming smaller. The number and capability of scientific-
research organizations 'bviously do not match the demands arising in this
field. Insufficiency in experimental facilities at the institutes, design
bureaus, and the plants have resulted in the delay of research work, and
especially in its application to practice. As a result, numerous new
technological ideas of tremendous significance to the national economy,
which originated in the USSR, were often applied in practice abroad before
they have been realized in the USSR." .
46. Stai~ic Characteristics of Reactor Control Systems
"Computation of the Static Characteristics of Systems With Re-
actor Control," by D. A. Alenchikov; Moscow, Avtomatika i Tele-
mekhanika, No 5, May 59, Pp 595-605
This work represents an expansion and development of the graphical
methods of computing the static characteristics of systems with reactor
control which were proposed by V. S. Kulebakin "On the Use of Semicon-
ductor Rectifiers in a System of Automated Electric Drive," Publishing
House of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Department of Technical Sciences,
No 2, 1958.
Graphical Methods for solving nonlinear problems encountered in the
design of complicated systems with reactor control are discussed. A
graphical method is given for constructing the trajectories of operating
points with consideration in the first apprcDcimation of losses in the
reactor which are dependent on the operating current as well as on the
voltage drop in the saturable reactor.
A detailed account is given of a method for constructing the charac-
teristics of load output values.
47. Simulation Used for Discrete Action Systems
"On the Use of Simulation for the Analysis of Linear Pulse Sys-
tems With Variable Parameters," by G. P. Taktakovskiy', Moscow,
Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No 5, May 59, pp 583-590
"The article examines the question of simulation of discrete action
linear systems having variable parameters to obtain a pulse response in a
form suitable for further use.
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"It is shown that a pulse response, as a function of the moments of
application of the pulses, may be obtained by means of simulation of a
pulse system related to the initial system. Means for forming structural
diagrams of models of related pulse systems are found which are analogous
to existing methods of simulation of continuous-action systems."
48. Conference on Automatic Control
"Sixth Scientific-Technical Conference of Young Scientists of
the Institute of Automation and Telemechanics of the Academy of
Sciences USSR," by S. P. Adamovich, V. M. Baykovskiy, V. Yu.
Kneller, 0. P. Kuznetsov, A. A. Maslov, D. P. Pemelin, B. P.
Pemrukhin, and A. B. Shubin, Moscow, Avtomatiika i Telemekhanika,
No 5, May 59, pp 682-687
The sixth scientific-technical conference of young scientists of the
Institute of Automation and Telemechanics of the Academy of Sciences USSR,
organized by the Committee of the All-Union Lenin's Young Communist League
of the Institute, was held on 19 and 21 January 1959.
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor V. S. Pugachev, in his report
"Basic Problems of the Theory of Information and the Theory of Statistical
Solutions and Their Importance in the Develo;ment of the Theory of Auto-
matic Control," gave an account of three classes of problems which require
statistical methods for solution. These were problems of filtering signal
from noise, problems of transmission of information through noisy channels,
and problems of building self-adjusting systems.
Further reports at the conference were given in the following sections:
I and II -- automatic control, III -- computer devices, IV -- elements and
devices of automation and telemechanics, V -- the theory of transmission
of information, VI -- the theory of relay action devices, and VII -- auto-
matized electric drive.
[For additional information see also under Engineering.]
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Communications
49. Power-Line Carrier Application
"Equipment EPDK-3 and.EUDK-3 for High-Frequency Channels of
Telephone Communications and Telemetering," by R. A. Izrailev,
F. S. Kra-snov and E. I. Stolyar; Moscow, Elektricheskiye
Stantsii, No 6, Jun 59, pp 71-75
In 1958, the radio industry began the production of high-frequency
power-line carrier equipment for telephone communications and telemetering,
which were designated EPDK-3 (terminal sets) and EUDK-3 (intermediate
repeaters). This equipment is designed for one telephone channel and two
duplex telemetering channels to be installed, on 35 and 110 kv power lines.
The permissible attenuation for each link of the communication line is
3.5 nepere when the level of noises is minus 4 nepers, and 6 nepers in
absence of poise. Two-sideband amplitude modultition is utilized in this
equipment. The carrier frequency can be selected in the range from 50 to
500 kc. The master oscillator operates with an accuracy of 0.1% without
a quartz-crystal stabilizer. she power of the carrier frequency at the
transmitter output is 3 w for the frequency range of 50 to 350 kc, and
2.5 w for frequency range of 350 to 500 kc. The transmitted frequency
band of the telephone channel is 300-2,400 cycles, for the telemetering
channel it is 2,710 cycles (subcarrier 2,790 cycles) and 2,980-3,320 cycles
(subcarrier 3,150 cycles).
The first experimental unit of this power-line carrier equipment was
installed for testing purposes in the Donbass Power System.
50. "Radio Communication Competition of Amateurs
"1959 Field Day," by N. Kazanskiy, Moscow, Radio, No 6, Jun 59,
p 16
The 1959 Field Day radio communication competition for radio amateurs
will be conducted uninterruptedly for 24 hours from 18:00 25 July to 18:00
26 July [Moscow time ?]. The competition will be conducted on the follow-
ing three frequency ranges: 38-40, 144-146 and 420-425 Mc. Hundreds of
amateur radio operators are expected to participate in the competition.'
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51. Power Addition of Several VHF Oscillators
"Bridge Methods for Addition of Power From Several VHF Oscil-
lators and Transmitters," by V. M. Katushkina and Z. I. Model',
Moscow., Elektrosvyaz', No 7, Jul 59, PP 17-25
The,article describes the multipolar bridge network and the iterated
;network system of power addition from several VHF oscillators (covering
meter and centimeter ranges.)
The multipolar bridge network method. for. adding the power from several
VHF oscillators or transmitters not'directly coupled has been widely:used
during the past several years. The multipolar bridge network consists of
a single synmetrical device with the number of inputs equal to the number
of oscillators. To realize such a system, Z. I. Model' and A. A. L'vovich
have suggested a special bridge assembled with components having lumped
constants. The iterated network principle was suggested by V. M. Katushkina
in 1956 and was based on the use of bridge which permits adding up power
from two' oscillators without losses. Utilizing this principle it is pos-
sible to add up in the first link the power of two equal oscillators, and
in the next, link to add power of the first two with the power of the third
oscillator, etc.
The iterated network system is also adaptable for combining the power
from a system of waveguides.
52. Recent Soviet Patents in the Field of Communications
"Authorship Certificates," (unsigned article), Moscow, Elek-
trosvyaz', No '1, Jul 59, PP 78-79
Class 21a, 801. No 117874. M. V. Tsalyuk and I. P. Yu.denkov. Self-
Exciting Full-Wave Oscillator With Two Tubes.
Class 21a1, 7055. No 118048. 0. V. Tregubov. A Method for Measuring
Telegraph Distortiofis.
Class 21a3-, 3235. No 1171.45. V. S. Babenko, G. I. Byalik and P. V.
Sbmakov. Encoding Cathode-Ray Tube.
Class 21a1,-32 5 No 117682. K. 1. Medvedev. A Method for Making
Cross-Line Grid in Television Transmitting Tube.
Class 21a1, 3254. No 117824. A. P. Nefed'yev. Transmitting Tele-
vision Cathode-Ray Tube.
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Class 21a1, 3254. No 117847. K. K. Derkach and E. I. Saradzhishvili.
Device for Correcting the Nonuniform Sensitivity of Television Transmit-
ting Tubes.
Class 21a1, 342o. No 117859. Ya. A. Ryfkin. Method to Improve
Resolving Power of Storage Transmitting Television Tubes.
Class 21x1, 341. No 101193. V. V. Odnol'ko. Device for Reproduc-
tion of Color Television Images.
Class 21a2, 1801. No 117133. L. Ye. Leykhter and B. I. Chernyayev.
Method for Improving the Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Low-Frequency Amplifiers.
Class 21a4, 2205. No 117316. S. F. Stepanenko. Method to Improve
Noise Immunity of Amplitude-Modulated Telegraph Signals.
Class 21a4, 4868. No 117037. A. I. Germ. Waveguide Phase Inverter.
53. Fundamental Scheme For Development of a General Theory of Electrical
Signals
"On Fundamental Principles of the Theory of Electrical Sig-
nals," by F. H. Lange, Rostock; Leipzig, Hochfrequenztechnik
and Elektroakustik,Vol 68, No 1, May 59, pp 25-35
It is shown that the heretofore urkrrwn parameters, entropy and correla-
tion coefficient, can, without restriction, be incorporated into a general
system of electrical parameters which embraces the new statistical approach
as well as the traditional time and spectral approaches, correlation
analysis being the link which joins probability theory to spectral. analysis
and practical statistics. The scheme proposed here gives a good survey
of the classification and possibility of mutually converting all heretofore
introduced signal parameters, and is considered a suitable basis for the
development of a general theory of electrical signals.
Components
54. Transistorized Integrating Amplifiers
"Integrating Transistor Amplifiers," by A. A. Groshev, Moscow,
Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1,038-1,046
Integrating amplifiers incorporating electronic tubes are widely used
in automation, radar, and computers.
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Research was conducted to find out the extent to which transistors
could replace the tubes in these integrating amplifiers and to improve
the reliability of the equipment. Formulas were derived for calculation
of transfer factor and time constant for a transistorized integrating
amplifier. Calculations were carried out for both single and multistage
integrating amplifiers.
The calculated values were in good agreement with the experimental
results, as seen from one special case: input impedance (calculated)
2.7 Mohm, (experimental) 2.9 Mohm; amplification factor 700 and 650;
equivalent input impedance 0.968 and 0.99 Mohm; time constant 6.85 and
6.50 sec. The type P6G transistors were used for this experiment in
the integrating amplifiers.
55. Traveling-Wave Tube Absorbers
"Thin-Film Helical Absorbers for Traveling-Wave Tubes," by
V. V. Slutskaya and S. I. TJgorskaya; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i
Elektronika, No 6, Jun 59, pp 988-994
An absorbing thin-film helix insert placed between the inlet and
outlet of the traveling-wave tube will prevent the onset of undesired
oscillations and stabilize the operation of the tube.
The article describes the characteristics of thin-film helices
from various materials used as local absorbers in traveling-wave tubes.
The thin-film helical absorbers were prepared in the following manner:
on the surface of the tube's bulb or on a thin glass tube which fits
tightly over the tube's bulb a thin film of metal or alloy is deposited
by the method of evaporation in vacuum. The pitch of the helix is
chosen so that the retardation from the main helix be equal to that
from the insert helix. The direction of the main helix winding is in
opposite direction to that of the insert helix to insure maximum power
transfer from the main helix to the insert helix. For mechanical sta-
bility, the thin-film helix is covered with high-temperature lacquer
(K-44). The following materials were used for deposition of the thin-
film helices: nichrome, constantan aquadag and tin chloride. The experi-
ment was conducted in the frequency range from 1,660 to 2,000 Mc.
? The ease of changing the position of the helical inserts or replacing
one type with another, offers new possibilities for experimental investi-
gation and practical utilization of traveling-wave tubes in new fields of
high-frequency technique.
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Instruments and Equipment
56. Stability of Molecular Oscillator
"Absolute Stability of Molecular Oscillator with an Ammonia
Molecular Beam," by N. G. Basov and A. N. Orayevskiy, Physics
Institute imeni P. N. Lebedev; Moscow, Radiotek}anika i Elek-
tronika, No 7, Jul 59, pp 1,185-1,195
The author proposes to improve the frequency stability of a molecular
oscillator by incorporating two mutually coupled cavity resonators.
A theoretical analysis is given which establishes the dependence
of molecular oscillator frequency on its basic parameters. The investi-
gation culminates in, the conclusion that a molecular oscillator utilizing
two counter molecular beams and the 3.2 line of ammonia inversion, can
attain frequency stability of the order of 10-10 to 10-11.
57. Oscillograph Recording on Semiconductor Coated Paper
"Oscillograph Records a Finished Graph," (unsigned article);
Moscow, Izvestiya, 16 Jun 59
A new oscillograph was developed by the joint efforts of the Scien-
tific.Research Institute of Electrography, Lithuanian SSR, and the In-
stitute of. Physics of the Earth, Academy of Sciences USSR. In this
oscillograph the recording. is done on a paper tape coated with an inex-
pensive semiconductor material. The record appears in a visible form on
the tape at the time of recording and does not require any further proc-
essing.
It is expected that mass production of such osciilographs will be
organized in 1960 in Lithuania and Moldavia.
58.
Visual Method of Saw-Tooth Voltage Examination
"Visual Method for Determining Nonlinearity of Saw-Tooth Vol-
tage," by D. I. Atayev; Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekpnika, No 6,
Jun 59, pp 35-38
The author suggests a new method for fast and precise determination
of nonlinearity of saw-tooth voltage.
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The conventional' direct observation of saw-tooth voltage does not
reveal the degree of nonlinearity with high precision. However, if the
linear saw-tooth voltage is fed to an oscilloscope after being differen-
tiated., then pulses with horizontal flat top will be observed. If the
saw-tooth voltage is nonlinear, then the flat top of the pulse, depending
on the nature of nonlinearity, will have either a positive or negative
slant. Thus, a rough appraisal of the nonlinearity of saw-tooth voltage
can be obtained by observing its derivative on the screen. For a more
precise estimate, measurement is made of the difference of the saw-tooth
voltage derivative at the beginning and the end of the pulse. The latter
is accomplished by feeding to the horizontal deflection plates of the
cathode-ray tube the differentiated saw-tooth voltage and to the vertical
plates, in proper sequence, a scanning voltage of triangular or sinusoidal
wave form.
The device comprises the following units: saw-tooth voltage generator,
differentiating circuit, linear amplifier, sinusoidal oscillator, phase
inverter, push-pull amplifier, and pulse shaping circuit. The device is
capable of handling frequencies up to 100 kc.
Materials
59. Indium Arsenide - Indium Selenide Solid Solutions
"Investigation of the In As-In2 Sea Section of the System
In-As-Se" by S. I. Radautsan, Moldavian Affiliate of the
Academy of Sciences USSR and Physicotechnical Institute,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Khimii, Vol 4, No 5, May 59, pp 1,121-1,12
Solid solutions in the system indium arsenide-indium selenide were
investigated by thermal analysis. The results obtained confirmed the
data on this system published earlier, which were based on the results
of an investigation by the X-ray diffraction method. The investigation
in question was carried out from the standpoint of possible applications
of solid solutions in this system as semiconductors.
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60. Barium Titanates
"Conditions for the Formation of Barium Titanates," by E. K.
Keler and N. B. Karpenko, Institute of Silicate Chemistry,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 14, No 5, May 59, PP 1,125-1,137
The constitutional diagrams of the system BaO - T102 and of the
calcination products in the system BaCO3 + Ti02 were investigated to
establish the composition and properties of the barium titanates that
are formed. Data are given on the barium titanates, the existence of
which was established.
61. Parameters of Minority Carriers From Transit-Time Measurements Alone
"A Method of Determining the Diffusion Constants of the Drift
Mobility and Life of Minority Carriers in Semiconductors by
Means of Transit.-Time Measurements," by G. Richter, Physical
Technical Institute, [East] German Academy of Sciences; Berlin,
Monatsbericlate der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
Berlin, Vol I, No 1, 1959, PP 8-9
CPYRGHT
Following is the full text of a brief report submitted 27 October 1958:
"In their well-known transit-time experiments, Haynes and Schockley
(Phys. Rev., 81, 1959, P 835) neglected diffusion effects in the determina-
tion of the drift mobility M . In the method proposed here, the diffusion
of the carriers is taken into account, making it possible to determine,
on the basis of transit-time measurements alone, the mobility, the dif-
fusion constant, and the life of minority carriers independent of one
another.
"A disturbance of the minority carrier concentration, which shifts
within the crystal. under the effect of drift and diffusion, can be described
from the one-dimensional point of view by the differential equation
(1) D L1 N - IU E _ Ot
and suitable boundary and initial-value conditions. The solution for the
case where a short-lived ( L t < ' ) disturbance has taken place at an
arbitrary point within the crystal-(emitter x = 0) is as follows:
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I P 2E2
(2) N(x,t) 1 exp 2D X - + 4 D t - x2
4A Dt ED
"At the distance x from the emitter, let there be a collector. The
measured collector current is proportional to N(x,t). The time tm between
injection and the maximum collector current is determined experimentally. '8 N "tm is defined by the condition = 0, which results in the rela-
tionship Tt_
(3)
X2 = 2D + 4 D +14 2 E2
t2' t ?C
between t, x and E.
"Method I: With a previously fixed distance x between emitter and
collector, two pairs of values, (ti, El) and (t2, E2) are measured. With
the aid of the Einstein equation e D, and 'C can be determined
from equation (3).
"Method II: With a variable distance x between emitter and collector
(injection by moveable light sonde), two pairs of values (tml, xll~)Iand (t2m2, x2 )
are measured, the electrical field being constant; as in Method-, M afd t
can be determined by means of the Einstein equation.
"A combination of Method I and Method II can be used for, an experi-
mental testing of the Einstein equation.
"(Detailed treatment will appear during 1959 in Annalen der Physik.)
"Designations: D diffusion constant
/ A drift; mobility
T life of minority carriers
At duration of injection."
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Wave Propagation
62. Unidirectional Waves in Waveguides
"Surface Waves in Ferrite Filled Waveguides," by A. L.
Mikaelyan and A. K. Stolyarov; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elek-
tronika.. No 7, Jul 59, pp 1,079-1,093
Waveguides filled with ferrite are capable of forming unidirectional
waves, thus offering the possibility of building a new type of limiting
gates. The operation of such a limiting gate is based on the fact that a
wave having some specific direction will experience great attenuation,
while a wave having other direction will pass with little attenuation.
The behavior of waves in flat waveguides with one side wall and in common
rectangualr waveguides was investigated. Theoretical calculation and
experimental data have. shown that in all ferrite-filled waveguides, it is
possible to form ferrite-surface waves with fery low phase velocity. It
was also shown that the surface wave will form when the magnetic permeability
of ferrites is either negative or positive; that even in nonsymmetrical
systems the ferrite-surface wave might possess unidirectional properties;
and that the ferrite-surface wave may also propagate in tapering waveguides
filled with ferrite.
The experiment was conducted at a frequency of 3,1+00 Mc with a
44 X 25 mm waveguide filled with polycrystalline ferrite.
63., Side-Lobe Radiation of Paraboloid
"Side Radiation of Ideal Paraboloid With Circular Aperture," by
L. B. Tartakovskiy; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, No 6,
Jun 59, pp 920-929
The article compares the current and aperture methods of parabolic
antenna calculation, pointing out the limitations of the latter.
The current-method calculation of radiation pattern for parabolic
antennas permits study of the side lobes for their shape and intensity
level. The current method has potential possibilities for further re-
finement by introduction of diffraction correction of current distribution.
The basic difference between the current method and the aperture method
consists in the appearance of a nonlinear component of the phase function,
the gradient of which is small in comparison with the gradient of the
linear component.
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A series of formulas are given which permit simple calculation of the
configuration of the side lobes, which depend primarily on the current
distribution over the circular aperture, the wave length, diameter of
the aperture, and the focal distance.
64+. Traveling-Wave Antennas
"Traveling-Wave Antennas With Resistance Coupling," by G. Z.
Ayzenberg; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 6, Jun 59, PP 3-16
Resistance coupled traveling-wave aptennap (authorship certificate
No 97750, 22 June 1953, G. Z. Ayzenberg) are now widely used at radio
stations in the USSR. The article gives the parameters of such antennas,
and explains their advantages. A series of new formulas are derived for
calculation of the directive gain of traveling-wave antennas for various
arrangements of the antenna components.
The outstanding advaptages of traveling-wave.antennas are their
noise immunity and relatively small area, as compared to equivalent aten-
nas of other design. In general, the characteristics of a traveling-wave
antenna are determined by the number, and length of dipole arms, the value
of resistance coupling, the characteristic impedance of collecting feeder
and the height of antenna suspension. The optimum height of antenna sus-
pension is from 40 to 100 m for longer waves and from 12 to 20 m for shorter
waves. A series of radiation patterns show that the' level of side lobes
is very low;, of the order 0.05 to 0.1.
The resistance coupled traveling-wave antennas are recommended as
receiving, antennas for short wave operation on account of better noise
immunity characteristics.
Considerable research was conducted by L.. K. Olifin and N. N. Shergin
with traveling-wave antennas having a characteristic"impedance of 160 ohms
and decoupling resistance of about 190 ohms, which proved to be the most
efficient variant.
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Miscellaneous
65. New Soviet Book Criticized
"The Book of P. P. Mesyatsev 'Application of Theory of Proba-
'bility and Mathematical Statistics in Design and Production of
Radio Equipment,' "by M. I. Eydel'nant; Tashkent, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk Uzbeks SSR Seriya Fiziko-Matematicheskikh Nauk,
No 2, 1959, pp 85-91
C HT The author severely criticizes the book, describing it as useless
and even misleading.
"2present all the comments which arise during the reading of the
book 'Application of Theory of Probability and Mathematical Statistics in
Design and Production of Radio Equipment' (Moscow, Defense Publishing House)
it would be necessary to rewrite the whole book (it has 16.5 signatures),
and in addition to supplement almost each sentence with appropriate com-
ments. Therefore, we will limit,ourselves with a- more or less detailed
ex niination of the first two chapters of the book's total of five, assum-
ing that this will provide sufficient information as to the character of
the whole book.
"In general it is difficult to understand what the author is talking
about, especially for those who do not understand what is meant by 'complex'
and 'simple' events.
"Assertions of the author that 'the efficiency of production does
not depend on the error probability' (i.e., does not depend on the proba-
bility, and consequently on the actual percentage of rejects) is obviously
an absurdity.
"Example 29 is curious from the standpoint of the absurdity of the
answer.
"In example 51, again, the formulated conditions are not clear.
"In conclusion we should note that the examined book contains a
multiplicity of gross mathematical (and not only mathematical) mistakes
and errata (and at end of the book only an insignificant portion of these
mistakes is pointed out,)"
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66. Recent Soviet Patents in the Field of Electronics
"Class 21. Electrical Engineering," (unsigned article); Mos-
cow, B leten' Izobreteniy, No 10, 1959, pp 17-27
Class 21a, 2001, No 119889. V. Z. Poyzen and T. V. Makarova. Pola-
rized Relay.
Class 21a1, 36.
Amplifier.
No 119892.
V. Ye. Khazatskiy. Magnetic Trigger
Class 21a1, 36.
No 119893.
L. A. Chinenkov and E. D. Demin.
Closed-Circuit Shift Register Built With Magetic Elements Having Rectangu-
lar Hysteresis Loop.
Class 21" 8 02 No 119897. I. I. Blashkin. Network for Parametric
Stabilization of Frequency in an Oscillatory Circuit.
Class 2la4 , 3511. No 119899. S. D. Dodik. High-Precision Compen-
sated DC Voltage Regulator.
Class 21a4, 6601. No 119900. K. M. Pyabov. Omnidirectional
Antenna for Reception of Vertically and. Horizontally Polarized Radio Waves
in a Four-Band VHF Range.
Class, 21b2 27012 No 119902. A. Kh. Cherkasskiy. A Method of Conver-
sion of Heat Energy Into Electrical With the Aid of a Thermoelectric Gener-
ator.
Class 21c, 35pr7. No 119908. N. F. Shishkin, P. Ya. Danilin, V. P.
Oleksevich and V. I. Prokof'yev. Fast Acting Switching Device.
Class 21e, 28. No 119928. A. A. Batovrin and N. P. Galich. Ipduc-
tion Type Phase Inverter.
Class 21e, 3010. No 119931. B. Ye. Rabinovich and A. M. Fedorov.
Electronic Diode Voltmeter.
Class 21e, 371l0? No 119935. L. I. Rabkin, Ye. V. Ebanoidze, Z. A.
Isayeva and-N. P. Goryachev. Method of Ferrite Testing.
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67. Soviets Hold Second Conference on Problems of Contemporary Gyroscopy
"Second Scientific and Technical Interv-uz Conference on
Problems of Contemporary Gyroscopy," by Ye. F. Otvagin,
Secretary of the Organization Committee; Leningrad,
Izvesti Vysshikh Uchebn kh Zavedeniy, Priborostro eni e,
No 5, Sep Oct 1956, pp 161-163
The Second Interv-uz Conference on Problems of Contemporary Gyroscope
Technique, convoked by decision of the Ministry of Education USSR, took
place in the Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics from
24 to 27 November 1958.
Representatives from 16 educational institutions, scientific research
institutes, special design bureaus, and plants -- about 70 organizations
and institutions from 12 cities in the Soviet Union -- participated in the
conference.
The following specialists in instrument building from the countries
of the People's Democracies were also present: Prof Lin Shih-ou, Docent
Wen Ch''en-yuan, and Candidate of Technical Sciences Chang Yen-shen, People's
Republic of China; Prof Kasimir Hlembicki, Poland; and Senior Instructor
losef Kamarad, Czechoslovakia.
A. A. Kapustin, chairman of the Organizing Committee, director of the
Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics (LITMO) and Candidate
of Technical Sciences, in opening the scientific and technical conference
emphasized the important role of contemporary gyroscope technique and elabor-
ated on the basic tasks of the conference.
Fifteen papers delivered by representatives of 11 organizations were
read and discussed.
The first paper, by V. N. Lavrov (All-Union Scientific Research Metro-
logical Institute -- VNIMI), Candidate of Technical Sciences, "The Practice
of Developing and Applying Gyrocompasses in Mining," was de-roted to the
development of mine surveying gyrocompasses and the peculiarities of their
application. For 7?years,the work with gyroscopic methods was oriented
around 600 mines with an average accuracy of. 1'30". The future investi-
gations of VNIMI were directed at the creation of improved special mine
surveying gyro-compasses with the sensing element in a floating gimbal.
The paper of Docent V. S. Novoselov (Leningrad State University) on
"Oscillations of Nonstationary Stabilized Gyroscopic Systems on a Fixed
Base" had a theoretical char'wter. Novoselov suggested a method of separat-
ing fast and slow oscillations (based on the change of the independent
variable) for gyroscopic systems with constant coefficients.
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Candidate of Technical Sciences P. A. Il'in's (LITMO) paper, was
devoted to the creation of new small-size designs of gyroscopic registers
of ship rolling, which were completed in several variants.
The paper of V. S. Mochalin, Candidate of Technical Sciences, "On
the Question of Constructing Differential Equations of Motion of Certain
Gyroscopic Systems," aroused an active interest from the audience.
The second day of the conference was opened with the paper of Academic-
ian A. Yu. Ishlinskiy (Moscow State University), on "Concerning the Auto-
nomous Determination of the Position of a Moving Object by Means of a
Spatial Gyrocompass, a Directional Gyro, and an Integrating Device." The
paper contained the theoretical basis for a design sketch of a ,hew gyros-
copic gyrolatitude-compass instrument which is simpler in a technical re-
spect than similar well-known design schemes.
G. P. Shishkin, chief engineer of the Institute of Mechanics of the
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, spoke on the experiment of developing
a three-axis gyrostabilizer for a loop antenna intended for aeroelectrical
prospecting for natural resources. In creating the stabilization system,
units of series-produced instruments were used.
The four succeeding papers were devoted to problems of the theory and
design '.mprovement of mine surveying gyrocompasses.
Engr I. B. Zhitomirskiy examined the problem concerning the influence
of external torques on the stability of readings of the gyrocompass with
centering control of the sensing element on a pivot, and from the point of
view of the physics of the phenomena he estimated the order of magnitude
of each disturbing influence.
A detailed paper on "Magnetic Shielding of Mine Surveying Gyrocompasses"
:ras delivered by Engr N. P. Tikhomirov (VNTMI). As has become known, changes
in the magnetic field of 0.02 oersteds and higher influence the gyrocompass
.readings, as a result of which special magnetic shields are proposed. The
report aroused great interest and received a high evaluation by the delegates
of the conference.
The third day of work of the conference began with a paper by Ye. F.
Levchuk (Kazan State University) on "Mine Surveying Gyrocompass With an
Unloaded Sensing Element in a Fluid""which contained the theoretical basis
of a two-stage gyrocompass whose bearings are completed in the form of
pivots resting on watch jewels.
The paper of M. A. Sergeyev (LITMO), Candidate of Technical Sciences, on
"Two Degree Gyrocompass With a Proportional Characteristic of the Recovering
Torque and With a Zone of Insensitivity" contains the theoretical determina-
tion of types of motion of the sensing element of the gyrocompass in azimuth
during equalization of the lifting force and the weight force. Watch jewel
bearings were also used on the precession axis.
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The paper,of B. I. Nazarov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, "On Errors
of a Two-Degree Integrating Gyroscope Depending on the Oscillations of the
Base" aroused great interest. The author has developed a theory taking into
account the oscillations of the base and evolved a formula for errors which
increase with time in the case of a fixed relationship of frequency and
phase-shift between the external oscillations along two axes. The derived
formulas were confirmed by experimental data.
S. S. Rivkin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, delivered a substantive
paper entitled "On the Influence of Error of a Gyroscopic Device on the
Dynamic Accuracy of Automatic Stabilizing Systems." On the' basis Of the
statistical theory of stationary random processes the author made a determ-
ination of the errors of the gyrohorizon and of the entire system of auto-
matic stabilization of an inertial mass for real conditions of ship motion.
As a result of the conducted investigation, a method for estimating the
influence of errors of gyroinstruments on the dynamic accuracy of stabili-
zation systems was developed.
The following two papers, which provoked lively discussion, were de-
livered the final'day of the conference:
"The Effect of Ship Maneuvering on Gyrocompass Readings," by M. M.
Bogdan'ovich, Candidate of Technical Sciences, and "A Gyrocompass With an
Electromagnetic Pendulum", by Engr B. M. Mitnik, (Central Scientific Research
Institute of the Maritime Fleet -- TsNIIMF). The latter paper, based on a
theoretical foundation, suggested uniting a directional gyrocompass with
a gyrolatitude-compass or with a gyrocompass and indicated the possibility
of creating a two-system instrument.
In the resolution adopted by the conference participants it is indi-
cated that the following are tae basic problems in the field of applied
gyroscopy:
1. The development of methods of gyrostabilization of moving objects
2. Improvement of gyrosystem elements by increasing their sensitivity,
accuracy, reliability, decreasing size and weight, and also consideration
of the economy of designs
3. The development of new methods for analyzing the accuracy of gyros-
copic systems
4. Introduction of methods for statistical processing of readings
of gyroscopic instruments to determine their probability characteristics
under various conditions of operation, on the basis of the theory of auto-
matic regulation; the utilization of frequency methods and methods of
statistical dynamics
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5. The use of modern computing and calculating equipment in gyroscopy
6. The development of small-size gyroscopic equipment
7. The creation of a gyroscopic indicator of the latitude and longi-
tude of a bite
8. Further improvement of special gyroscopic equipment for recording
oscillations of objects, as well as designing of instruments for processing
recordings of oscillations.
It was recommended that in teaching courses on gyros copy and within
the system of the Scientific and Technical Society for Instrument Building,
the problems of analyzing the accuracy of gyroscope instrument operation
under actual conditions on the basis of the utilization of probability and
frequency methods of the theory of automatic regulation be examined.
It was proposed that in the work of a subsequent intervuz scientific
and technical conference on the problems of gyroscopy, reports be provided
on methods of teaching gyroscopic disciplines in the vuzes, for exchanging
of experience, and for the establishment of fundamental regulations on
questions of teaching gyroscopy.
The conference turned to the Commission on Terminology of the Academy
of Sciences USSR with a request for developing terminology of applied gyro-
scopy.
Even though work was not conducted in separate sections in the confer-
ence, all papers were heard with great attention and stimulated a lively
interest. The conference was conducted under business-like creative con-
ditions on the proper organizational level. During the course of the con-
ference, a general viewpoint was determined on certain important problems;
scientific relations between various institutions and organizations were
strengthened.
68. Stability of Aircraft With Autopilot
CPYRGHT
"The Effect of Certain Typical Nonlinearities on the Adjustment
of an Autopilot," by M. Ye. Salukvadze, Tbilisi; Moscow, vtoma=
tika i Telemekhanika, No 5, May 59, pp 553-563
"The method of power balance is used to study the effect of nonlinearity
of the control element, on adjustment of an autopilot as displayed in. restric-
tion of the aileron angle during investigation of roll stability. Considerable
drive nonlinearity and quasi-nonlinearity of the mixer relay of the autopilot
during investigation of the longitudinal stability of the aircraft was observed."
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Regulation limits of the transmission ratios of the autopilot which
correspond to the stability of the flight system are derived.
The author expresses thanks to A. M. Letov and B. V. Shirokorad for
their assistance.
69. Periodic Motions in Servomechanism of Autopilot
"A Study of the Periodic Motions in the Vibrating Circuit of
an Electrical Servomechanism with Constant Disturbances," by
I. N. Krutova, Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No 5,
May 59, pp 564-575
The present work is a continuation of an earlier article by the author
["The Dynamics of the Vibration Circuit' of a Servomechanism in a System of
Free Oscillations," Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No 4, 1959] in which the
circuit and principles of operation of the vibration circuit of the servo-
CPYRGHTmechanism of an autopilot were given.
"In this article, the author considers a vibration circuit having
two parallel control channels. Processes in the circuit are described 1'.y
three first-order equations. Dynamics of the circuit are examined by means
of a phase plane and the method of point transformation. The stability and
singularity of self-oscillations which arise as the result of constant dis-
turbances and also the parameters of self-oscillations and static character-'
istics of the circuit are determined."
70. Applications for induction Tachometer
"Induction Tachometer as. an Angular Acceleration Pickup,"
by S. T. Kazaryan; Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemekhanika,
No 5, May 59, pp 676-681
The possibility of using a do induction tachometer as an angular ac-
celeration pickup is examined. The principle of operation is based on the
fact that a change in the speed of rotation of the rotor of the tachometer
results in a change in the magnetic field of the instrument, the transverse
component of which -- the transverse flux -- will induce an emf in the trans-
verse winding. The magnitude of this emf will be directly proportional to
the angular acceleration of the rotor and the direction of emf will depend
on the sign of angular acceleration.
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71. Sensing Elements in Aviation Automation Systems
"Th_?rmal Errors Compensation of Elastic Sensing Elements in
Aviation Automation Systems," by N. Ya. Vovchenko; Novocher-
kassk, Izvesti V sshikh Ucheb kh Zavedeni , Elektomekhamlka,
No 5, may 59, pp 53-58
In aircraft automation systems transducers are widely used with
flexible-membrane sensing elements which are capable of measuring pres-
sure, altitude, speed, etc. These flexible-membrane transducers often
operate at temperatures above 200?C and require, therefore, some correc-
tion of readings due to temperature fluctuation..
The compensation for such reading errors caused by temperature fluctu-
ations can be effected by incorporating the proper resistors into the elec-
tric circuit of the device. These heat-sensitive resistors are generally
connected in series with the potentiometer, and are selected in accordance
with the characteristics of the elastic sensing element, the transmission
mechanism and the potentiometer. Self-balancing bridges are also widely
used as the temperature-error compensating units.
The described method of error correction due to temperature fluctuation
is applicable not only for cases of potentiometric pick-up of the signal
from the elastic sensing element, but also for cases of signal pick-up with
the aid of capacitive, inductive and induction transducers.
72. Design of Boilers with Supercritical Parameters
"Unit-Connected Boilers of 300,000 w Capacity with Steam Para-
meters of 300 atm abs, 650?C," by V. M. Biman and K. A. Rakov,
All-Union Heat Engineering Institute, Moscow, Tenloenergetika.
No 7, Jul 59, pp 46-55
During 1956-1957, at the All-Union Heat Engineering Institute and
Orgenergostroy eight variants of superparameter boilers with steam gene-
rating capacity of 830 tons per hour were worked out. These boilers were
designed to operate at a steam pressure of 300 atm abs and temperature of
650?C, burning pulverized coal from the Moscow basin. The boilers have
provision for two intermediate steam reheatings, one at 60 atm abs from
420 to 570?C and the other at 14 atm abs from 370 to 570?C. The tempera-
ture of feed water was fixed at 275?C. The over-all efficiency of the
boiler is expected to be about 94+%.
The authors compare the eight proposed variants of boiler construc-
tion, pointing out the specific advantages of each layout.
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73. Hydraulic Turbine Controls
"Hydraulic Turbine Control System at the Volzhskaya [Volga]
Hydroelectric Station imeni V. I. Lenin," by M. I. Smirnov;
Moscow, Energomashinostroyeniye, No 6, Jun 59, pp 8-11
The hydraulic turbines of the Volga Hydroelectric Station were de-
signed and built at the Leningrad Metal Plant and are unique with respect
to their size and power generating capacity. The power generating capacity
of each unit is 126,000 kw, the diameter of the water wheel is 9.3 in, and
the weight of the unit is 1,400 tons. Due to the unusually large size of
the turbine and the absence of fast-operating gates in front of the turbine,
very rigid demands were posed for the regulating system of these turbines.
Thu turbines Of the Volga Hydroelectric Station are of adjustable-blade
propeller type having a twin-system of regulation acting simultaneously on
the wicket guides (gates) and the propeller blades.
The system of automatic control consists of the following units: a
complex regulator unit controlling the wicket guides and the propeller
wheel, lubrication pressure system of the control devices, servomotor
operating the wicket guides, servomotor operating the propeller blades,
and a device for protecting the turbine from racing. The operating charac-
teristics"of this automatic regulating system are as follows: closing time
of the wicket guides (gates) is about 11 sec, closing time for the blades
of the propeller is about 55 sec, maximum increase in the head pressure at
the time of load,removal is about 20%, maximum increase of turbine speed is
about 31%.
Special tests conducted in 1958 with the aid of oscillographs have
shown that this system of regulation has very satisfactory dynamic char-'
acteristics.
74. Effect of Superimposed Direct Current Magnetization
" -
s for.Determinixzg Harmonic Content of Magnetizing
Current When Superimposing Direct Current on Alternating,"
by M. S. Libkind and G. I. Kugushev, Power Engineering
Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Elektrichestvo,
No 7, Jul 59, pp 55-57
An :investigation of the harmonic content of magnetizing current, when
a strong do field is superimposed on a 50 cycle ac field, was undertaken
in an effort to develop new control static devices which would improve the
power factor in ac power lines. In this investigation the principle of
magnetic amplification was applied to high-power electrical equipment.
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Experiments were conducted with superimposed magnetization on high-
power transformers in the Moscow Regional Power System network (at a
400-kv substation in 1956). Numerous oscillographic charts depicting the
shape of magnetizing current curves under various conditions were obtained
in the process of investigation.
It was disclosed that even a small deviation of the magnetic flux
form from the sinusoidal has a pronounced effect on the harmonic content
of magnetizing current. Charts were constructed which permit determining
the harmonic content of magnetizing current with an accuracy of 10% for
the first harmonic and up to 40% for the second, third and fourth harmonics,
for conditions of simultaneous application of dc and ac fields.
75. Synchronous Condensers for Complex Power Networks
"Problem of Application of .'Booster Synchronous Condensers," by
N. N. Shchedrin and Yu. A. Rozovskiy, Direct Current Scientific
Research Institute; Minsk, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy,
Energetika, No 4, Apr 59, pp 1-7
The most effective way of maintaining the stability in a unified complex
electric power network, is the maintenance of voltage stability at the high-
voltage buses of the intermediate substations. This can be achieved by in-
stallation of booster synchronous condensers.
Investigations conducted by the Institute of Electromechanics
(Academy of Sciences USSR), the All-Union Scientific Research.
Iu ren ttbci iy6i Pic Researgc. Inst- ute e annd grad Polytechnic ocer Engineering Direct
Institute have shown that in case of effective control of excitation, the
static stability of the system can be maintained with the help of a rather
limited capacity of synchronous condensers. Special parameter booster
synchronous condensers, in conjunction with efficient regulation and proper
generator breaking, are sufficiently effective to increase the transmitting
capacity substantially, permitting in many cases solution of the problem of
system stability without resorting to installation of serial capacitors.
76. Vectorial Representation of "Opposition Quadrupoles"
"Representation of Electrical Quadrupole and Magnetic Dipole
Radiation," by A.Rubinowicz, Institute of Physics, Polish
Academy of Sciences, Warsaw; Max-Planck-Festschrift 1958,
Berlin 1959, pp 65-82
If a linear electrical dipole loaded by the current i(t) and located in
space by the vector is opposed by a second, equal.but antiparallel, dipole
by means of a displacement expressed by the vector , the result will be a
current system which emits an electrical quadrupole radiation and a magnetic
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dipole radiation. The magnetic dipole radiation produced in such a case
corresponds to a magnetic dipole moment which is perpendicular to the plane
of the two vectors a and /(7 . It is equal to the dipole moment of a cur-
rent loop which is loaded with the current 1/2J(t) and which has the con-
figuration of the edge of the parallelogram determined by the ort and
vectors. The electrical quadrupole radiation is determined by a degenerate
symmetrical tensor T . The directions of the other two major axes are
given by the two angfe bisectors of the directions of the two vectors U-f
and ,& . The absolute values of the corresponding eigenvalues are equal to
the squares of the diagonals of a rhombus with sides l/2(c(p )l/2, which
is extended in the directions of the two vectors od and ' . A method is
described for representing the "spherical-function quadrupoles," which in-
dicated the electromagnetic radiation of the individual Zeeman components
of an electrical four-terminal network, by means of the above "opposition
quadrupoles."
77. Reinforced Concrete in Heavy Machine Building
"Application of Reinforced-Concrete in Heavy Machine Building,"
by-K. N. Kartashov and I. G. Lyudkovskiy, Moscow, Promyshlennoye
Stroitel'stvo, No 6, Jun 59) PP 33-39
The.axticle discusses the possibilities of utilizing prestressed rein-
CPYRGHI 'orced concrete in heavy machinery construction.
"The Scientific Research Institute for Concrete and Reinforced Con-
crete in cooperation with the Central Scientific Research Institute of
Technology and Machine Building, has completed the engineering project
for a prestressed-concrete power press. The metal and labor expenditures,
as well as the total cost of the reinforced concrete presses is only one
eighth that of all-metal presses built in the US. At present, the rein-
forced concrete presses can be built with considerably greater power than
the all-metal presses, because the power of the latter is limited by tech-
nological capabilities of the plant and available transportation facilities."
78. New Acoustic Method of Nondestructive Inspection
"New Acoustic Method of Material Inspection and Certain Data on
Its Application," by Yu. V. Lange, Moscow, Priborostroyeniye,
No 6, Jun 59, pp 23-25
The new acoustic method of nondestructive material.inspection is
especially suitable for examination of bonded laminated and honeycomb
structures. The method is based on measurement of mechanical resistance
to elastic vibrations induced in the examined material and by reading the
response of the pick-up unit.
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This principle, in the author's opinion, has been applied for the
first time by Prof A. V. Rimskiy-Korsakov of the Acoustics Institue,
Academy of Sciences USSR, in his study of mechanical resistance of various
materials to vibration. This new method of materiology was called the
"reaction method," and was found to be very effective in flaw detection in
the bonding of composite materials.
The basic component of the device is a pick-up unit consisting of two
piezoelectric elements connected by a road made of sound transmitting
material. The upper piezoelectric element is excited from a sound gen_er-
rator and serves as a source of elastic vibrations. The second piezoelec-
tric element is connected to an amplifier. The pick-up unit is terminated
by a feeler-tip, which is in contact with the examined material. A force
of reaction is produced when the pick-up unit is pressed against the exam-
ined material, causing mechanical deformation in the second piezoelectric
element and subsequent potential rise in it. Such a potential at the pick-up
unit is proportional to the mechanical impedance of the material. If the
bonding between the layers or honeycomb structure is good, the mechanical
impedance of the material is also high. The pick-up unit can operated in
the range of frequencies from 2 to 7 kc, depending on properties of examined
material. Even individual cells of the honeycomb panels can be tested for
proper bonding.
This method permits the inspection of materials which formerly could
not be satisfactorily inspected by conventional riethods.
79. Construction of new Patent Office in USSR
"New Building for Library of Technical Patents," (unsigned article);
Moscow, Izobretatel' i Rats ionalizator., No 5, May 59, p 24.
The construction of a seven-story building to house the All-Union National
Library for Technical Patents will begin this year in Moscow on Berezhlcov-
skaya Naberezhnaya (waterfront). This will be the All-Union Center for Col-
lection, Study, Dissemination, and Extensive Utilization of Soviet and Foreign
Patents. In numerous rooms of the new building will be displayed drawings,
patterns, and models; lectures, consultations, and seminars on the subject
of the inventor's rights, economics, and engineering will be conducted here.
Conferences, meetings, and assemblies will take place here.
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80. Motion of a Liquid in Open, Prismatic Channels
"Generalized Law of Bakhmetev," by K. I. Dolmatov, Tashkent
Institute of Railroad Transport Engineers; Tashkent, Dokla
Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoy SSR, No 5, May 1959, Pp 8-11
The fundamental equation of the erratic motion of a liquid in open,
prismatic channels with slope i > 0 has the form
dh i x2-1
x2-j
where x is the relative outflow characteristic, and j is the depth function
of the current.
Merry methods exist for the integration of this equation (see Chertousov
M. D., Gidravlika (Hydraulics), Gosenergoizdat, Moscow -- Leningrad, 1957).
All of these methods postulate a certain connection between the relative
outflow characteristic and the relative depth of the channel. A general
law is established in the mentioned work from which it is possible to ob-
tain any known law between x and h.
The fundamental equation of the erratic motion of a liquid in open,
prismatic channels for 1:;,0 is described by
d.s x2
dh ? i (X2 - 1
In the present work, solution of this equation is sought in the form
s - hf(x), where f(x) is the unknown current function.
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81. Imaginary and Real Roots of Algebraic and Transcendental Equations
Determined by Iteration Method
"On Some Iterations of High Orders," by Sh. Ye. Mikeladze,
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences Georgian
SSR, Tbilisi Matematics Institute imeni A. M. Razmadze,
Tbilisi State University imeni Stalin; Tbilisi, Soobshch-
eniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoy SSR, Vol 22, No 3, Mar 1959,
pp 257-2
A general method of obtaining iterations of a high order is given
for one equation and a system of equations. The consequent iteration
converges rapidly to the solution (solutions) sought for, wherein it is
not certain that the derivatives of all orders of the functions used de-
fining the iteration existed. Thus, for one equation, as well as a system
of equations, the method enables determination of imaginary, in addition
to real, roots. The method can be applied equally well to algebraic and
transcendental equations.
82. Errors Introduced in Approximate Methods for Determining Eigenvalues
of a Hermite Kernel Discussed
"Concerning an Estimate of the Error of Approximate Methods
of Determining Eigenvalues of a Hermite Kernel," by I. P.
Mysovskikh; Moscow, Matematicheskiy Sbornik, Vol 1+8(90),
No 2, Jun 59, pp 137-148
Two basic methods are encountered while considering approximate methods
for solving integral equations. The first method is the method of substi-
tuting the kernel with a close one (for example, the degenerate kernel),
and the second method is the method of mechanical quadratures. While the
problem concerning an estimate of the error introduced during the solution
of a nonhomogeneous equation has been solved satisfactorily, (see L. V.
Kantorovich and V. I. Krylov, Priblizhennyye metody vysshego analiza
[Approximation methods of High Analysis], Gostekhizdat, Leningrad, 1950,
L. V. Kantorovich, "Functional analysis and applied mathematics," Usuekhi
matem. nauk, Vol 3, No 6(28), 1918, pp 89-185, and I. P. Mysovskikh, Con-
cerning an estimate of the error arising during the solution of an integral
equation by the method of mechanical quadratures," Vestnik LGU, seriya matem
mekh. i astr., Vol 19, No 1+, 1956, pp 66-72), the same cannot be said
regarding the corresponding problem of an error estimate for eigenvalues.
From the few works on an estimate of the error for eigenvalues, the author
point out the work of H. Wielandt, "Error Bounds for Eigenvalues of Sym-
metric Integral Equations," which appeared in Symposium in Applied Mathe-
matics, Vol 7, published in New York, Toronto, and London, 1956. An estimate
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appeared there of the error magnitudes for reciprocals by eigenvalues of
the Hermite kernel calculated by the method of mechanical quadratures.
However; the a priori estimates indicated there are too high.
In the present work, a posteriori estimates are given of the error
arising during approximate calculation of eigenvalues of a Fredholm
integral. equation of the second kind with a Hermite kernel.
83. Convergence Rate to Normal Distribution of Sums of Independent
Random Variables
"On One Class of Limit Theorems for Independent Random
Variables," by V. V. Petrov; Moscow, Teori Vero tnoste
i Yeye Primenyeniya, Vol 4, No 2, Apr-Jun 59, pp 224-228
This paper deals with the rate of convergence to the normal law in L2
of the distribution function and the frequency function of sums of non-
identically distributed independent random variables.
84. Multidimensional Diffusion Processes
"On Boundary Conditions for Multidimensional Diffusion
Processes," by A. D. Ventt$el'; Moscow, Teoriya Veroyat-
nostey i yea Primeneniya, Vol 4, No 2, Apr-Jun 59,
PP 172-165
The problem considered in the paper is as follows: given an elliptical
operator M in a closed bounded region K, the most general boundary conditions
are sought, which restrict M to an infinitesimal operator of a Markov process
in K. This problem is solved for the case of K being a circle or,a sphere
and only for processes invariant by rotations. In the general case when a
process is given, boundary conditions are found which are satisfied by all
smooth functions in the domain of the infinitesimal operator of the process;
however, it is not known whether this domain can be constructed from the
boundary conditions.
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85. Bound for the Sum of Independent Random Variables
"An Extremal Problem in Probability Theory," by Yu. V.
Prokhorov, Mathematics Institute imeni V. A. Steklov,
Academy of Sciences, USSR; Moscow, Teoriya Veroyattnnosstte_,Y
i Yeye Primeneniya, Vol 4, No 2, Apr-Jun 59, pp 211-214
The following two theorems were proved: let a 1, ~ 21 . . . , ~ n
be independent random variables satisfying the conditions
n
M k : 0, Ikl c, 1 G k~ n, E Dk Q'2
n=1
and let ~ be their sum such that
- ~ 1 + ~ 2 +
Theorem 1. For all x > 0
. . 1 ~ . Then
P Xj t exp ~ -2c Arsh a
Theorem 2. The right side of (1) is in a certain sense the "true"
bound for P { I x) .
(1)
86. Completeness of the Solution for an Integral-Differential Equation
"Concerning the Completeness of the Solution of an
Integral-Differential Equation," by R. M. Martirosyan,
Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Akademy of ;
Sciences, Armenian SSR; Yerevan, Doklady Akademii Nauk
Armyanskoy SSR, Vol 28, No 3, :Tun 59, PP 97-108
The`problem concerning the completeness in L2(O,oo) of the solutions
4) (x, X n) of the equation
00
"(x, A) + (~ - 9.(x) - r(x) (x, A) + T(x,t) X
X .p (t, A ) dt 0 (1)
for A . n is investigated on the assumption that the solutions
(Q (x, n) of the equation
+ ( X -q(x)) ? (x, 0
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87. Cornish-Fisher Expansion Related to Asymptotically Normal
Transformations of Random Variables
"On the Transformations of Random Variables," by L. N. Bol'shev;
Moscow, Teoriya Vero tnoste? i yeye Primeneniya, Vol 4, No 2,
Apr-Jun 59, pp 136-149
In the paper the relationship between asymptotically normal trans-
formations of random variables and the Cornish-Fisher expansion is
established. This relationship enables asymptotically normal transfor-
mations to be constructed by a general method. Some generalizations of
Wilson-Hilferty and Bartle~t transformations may serve as examples. The
percentage points of the ?(, distribution with n degrees of freedom,
n 80, are given.
The last example is devoted to the construction of normal random
numbers.
88. Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Systems of Linear Differential
Equations With Polynomial Coefficients to Possess Solutions in
Polynomial Form
"Finite Form of Solutions of a System of Linear Differential
Equations With Polynomial Coefficients," by N. 1. Tereshchenko;
Kiev, Ukraipskiy Matematicheski Zhurnal, Vol 11, No 1, Jan-
Ma.r 1959, pp 93-10
This paper discusses systems of linear differential equations with
polynomial coefficients. The necessary and sufficient conditions are
established for the existence of solutions of such systems in finite form,
i.e., in the form of polynomials. A simple algorithm is given for finding
the solutions in finite form.
An example is presented showing the practical application of the
results.
89. Distribution Function for Sums of Independent Random Variables Expanded
"Asymptotic Expansions for Distributions of SIM.s of
Independent Random Variables," by V. V. Petrov; Moscow,
Teoriya Veroyatnostey i YeYe Primenyeniya, Vol !+, No 2,
Apr-Jun 59, pp 220-2224
Asymptotic expansions are given for the distribution func~ion anj
frequency function of sums of nonidentically distributed independent random
variables.
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VI. MEDICINE
Bacteriology
90. Disinfectants Cause Morphological Changes in STI Vaccine Spores
"Electron Microscopic Investigation of Morphological Changes
in Spores of the STI Anthrax Vaccine Under the Effect of
Several Disinfectants," by P. A. Ivashkevich, S. D. Belokhvostov,
and Yu. S. Voronin; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii,
i Immunobiologii, Vol 30, No 6,, J9. pp 74-77
The authors of this article employed electron microscopic methods to
study morphological changes in spores of the STY live anthrax vaccine under
the effects of aqueous solutions of formaldehyde, monochloramine, diocide,
and a freshly prepared mixture consisting of a 17% aqueous solution of
formaldehyde and 10% (by weight) monochloramine.
It was determined in the first stage of the research that STI vaccine
spores can differ morphologically, depending on the method of culturing
and the culture mediuu on which they were prepared. The differences are
apparent in the basic structure of the spore surface, its size, and its
form. Of the three morphological types distinguished, spores of the
third type, cultured on agar, were found to. be the most resistant to all
the above-mentioned disinfectants. These results are shown in a table.
Seven illustrations demonstrate the morphological alterations produced in
the spores by the disinfectants.
The following conclusions are presented on the basis of these experi-
E" ,T ments
C PYR
"1. It was established on investigation by electron microscopic
methods that formaldehyde does not cause visible changes in spores of the
STI anthrax vaccine and that the action of chlorine-containing preparations
was accompanied by swelling and a decrease in the electro-optic density of
the spore membrane.
"2. The strong sporocidal action of mixtures containing 17% form-
aldehyde and 10% monochloramine (disinfecting formula No 2) in aqueous
solution is evidently conditioned by the rapid penetration of form-
aldehyde into the spore as a result of the disintegration and increase
in the permeability of the spore membrane under the effect of mono-
chloremine."
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91. Effect of Disinfectants on Spores of STI Vaccine
"Morphological Characteristics and Resistance of Spores of
the Antianthrax STI Vaccine to Certain Disinfectants," by
P. A. Ivashkevich, S. D. Belokhvostov, and G. I. Rozhkov;
Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiologii idemiologii, i Immunobiologii
Vol 30, No 6, Jun 59, PP 78-81
This article is introduced by a brief discussion of the permeability
of the membranes of various sporogenous microorganisms (B. cereus, B.
megatheriu!, B. subtilis, B. anthracis, and B. anthracoides) in which
it is suggested that the number of layers forming the membrane may affect
the resistance of the organism to the action of physical and chemical
factors. The purpose of the research reported in the article was to
investigate the characteristics of the structure of antianthrax STI
vaccine spores and their resistance to a number of disinfectants.
The morphology of the spores was studied by means of an EM-3 electron
microscope; ordinary light and phase-contrast microscopes were also used.
The existence of three distinctly different morphological types of spores
was established by electronoscopic methods. These types are illustrated
and are described in the text. The differences were not apparent when the
spores were examined with an ordinary light microscope.
The resistance of the different morphological types of spores to
formalin, monochloramine, diocide, and a. freshly prepared mixture of 17%
aqueous formaldehyde and 10% monochloramine was tested. The article states
that these experiments were performed according to the methods described
in 0r anizatsionno-Metodicheskikh Materialakh o Dezinfektsii, Dezinsektsii,
i Deratizatsii Organizational-Methodological Data on Disinsection, Dis-
infection, and Deratization) 1950, edited by V. I. Vashkova. A table shows
results of the experiments.
The authors state that on the basis of the data presented and other
published information, it may be presumed that spores with a rough, uneven
surface possess one more layer than spores having a smooth surface, and
that the increased resistance of morphological types II and III spores is
connected with the presence of this additional layer. Other conclusions
CPYRGHT presented are as follows:
"The presence of three morphological types of spores was established
upon electron microscopic examination of the STI anthrax vaccine.
"The morphological characteristics of the spores are connected with
the method of culturing.
"The morphological types of spores described did not have uniform
resistance to disinfectants. Spores from agar cultures were found to
be the most resistant."
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92. Soviet and US B. tularense Strains Studied Comparatively
"Certain Differences in the Tularemia Pathogen in the Old and
New World," by N. F. Olsuf'yev, 0. S. Yemel'yanova, and T. N.
Dunayeva, Tularemia Laboratory, Department of Natural-Focus
Infections, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni
Gamaleya; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR,
Vol 14, No 6, Jun 59, pp 51-57
? This article reports the results of a comparative study of Soviet
and US B. tularense strains which was carried out on the basis of ra-
views of published information on the subject, and examination of US
virulent Schu strain; the strain was acquired from professors in California
and Kansas. It is pointed out that this strain is widely employed in the
US in experimental laboratory work and does not differ in virulence from
other strains isolated from rabbits and ticks and used for the same pur-
poses. Virulent strain No 503, isolated from Dermacentor pictus Herm.
ticks by N. G. Olsuf'yev in 1949, was chosen for comparison with the US
strain. Virulence and morphological, cultural, biochemical, and antigenic
characteristics of the two strains were compared.
The results of the. experiments on virulence following the subcutaneous
introduction of the Schu and 502 strains to white mice, guinea pigs, white
rats, and rabbits are given in a table.
Analysis of the results of these experiments led to the following
CPYRGHT conclusions:
"l. It was shown in experiments on laboratory animals that tularemia
strains isolated within the USSR have lower virulence than the standard
American Schu strain. The most substantial differences were observed
in testing on domestic rabbits, for which the DCLM of our strains is
approximately one billion times greater than the American strain.
"2. Our strains, differing from the American, do not ferment glycerin.
"3. The biological differences noted characterize, according to
published data, all or most of the strains isolated in the USSR or the US
which, permits us to consider the population of B. tularense distributed
throughout the old and new worlds as two varieties.
"4. The essential differences between B. tularense and Pasteurella
or Brucella provide the basis for agreeing with K. A. Dorofeyev's sugges-
tion (1947) to separate the tularemia pathogen into the independent genus
Francisella.
"5. The name Francisella tularensis palaearctctica Olsuf?yev,
Yemel'yanova, and Dunayeva should be adopted for the European-Asiatic
(palaearctic) variety of the tularemia microorganism, whereas the name
Francisella tularensis tularensis McCoy et Chapin should be reserved for
the American (non-Arctic) variety."
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Epidemiology
93. Clinical Analysis of Hog Cholera in Chinese Children
"Clinical Observations of 30 Cases of Salmonella Choleraesuis
Infection in Wuhan Children," by Tsou Chen
Department of Pediatrics, Wuhan Military Hospital; Pe3iping,
Chung-hua Erh-k'o Tsa-chih (Chinese Journal of Pediatrics),
Vol 10, No 3, May 59, pp 241-242
The author describes the clinical characteristics of 30 cases of
proved Salmonella choleraesuis infection which occurred in Wuhan area
during 1955-57. The patients were from 4 months to 8 years old. Twenty-
two cases occurred in 1957. Blood cultures were positive in 29 cases.
The blood was taken 4-15 days after onset. Treatment with synthomycin
was satisfactory in 16 cases, the patients receiving daily doses of
50-70 milligrams per kilogram of body weight orally or 30 milligram per
kilogram of body weight intramuscularly. The manifestations were similar
to the typhoid-septicemic type of salmonellosis described by L. E. Holt
in 1953.
94. Initial Report on Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Fever in Sinkiang
"Sinkiang Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever," by Jen Min (11--. ) 9
Department of Infectious Diseases, People's Liberation Army
Hospital No 12; Peiping, Jen-min Pao-chien (People's Health),
No 5, May 59, pp 404-408.
This article analyzes the clinical and epidemiological features of
an endemic, tick-borne relapsing fever found in the Sinkiang area.
The author reports that the number of cases treated at his hospital
gradually rose from one in 1954 to 11 in 1957, totaling 26 cases in 46
months. He assumes that many other cases have gone unrecognized because
of lack of information and inadequate medical facilities.
As reported, an epidemiological investigation was conducted in 1957
by the author's department in cooperation with Li Tzu-i ( ~' )
of the Epidemic Control and Quarantine Station, Sinkiang Military District.
Four species of ticks were found in the burrows of rodents found in the
homes of patients. One species, Ornithodoros papillipes, proved to be
vector of spirochetal relapsing fever after the spirochetes were isolated
from the blood of small animals which had been inoculated with coxal
gland secretion of the tick.
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Differential diagnosis is discussed with emphasis on tick-borne
versus louse-borne spirochetal relapsing fever. The specific fever curve
of the former is plotted to show irregular intermittence. Unlike louse-
borne relapsing fever, Sinkiang tick-borne relapsing fever does not respond
to penicillin treatment or to a single course of treatment with neoarsphena-
mine, the author says. However, several courses of treatment with neoars-
phenamine were effective in eight cases.
95. Brucellosis in East Germany
"On the Importance of Brucellosis in Human Medicine," by
H. Kneidel and E. Toeppich, Academy of Social Hygiene, Labor
Hygiene, and the Advanced Training of Physicians, Berlin-
Lichtenberg; Leipzig, Monatshefte fuer Veterinaesmedizin,
Vol 1 4,, No 1.3, 1 Jul 59P PP1}07 B--~~.~~
Medical statistics of East Germany, West Germany, Czechoslovakia, and
Poland for the period 1951-1958 show an increase in the number of officially
reported cases of brucellosis. In East Germany those areas with the great
number of reported cases of brucellosis in humans also showed many cases
in livestock herds; on the other hand, some areas with numerous cases of
brucellosis in livestock showed no cases at all of brucellosis in humans,
or a number of cases far below that expected. Of 102 officially reported
cases of brucellosis in humans, 39 were contracted by veterinarians
(38.2%). In 28 of these cases, the infection probably resulted from ob-
stetrical activity, in 2 cases from slaughtering, in one case from work
in the laboratory, in one case from handling virulent vaccine, anc'.in
7 cases the method of infection could not be established.
The maximum period from the occurrence of the first symptoms to the
time of diagnosis was 133 days; the average was 32 days for persons
trained in veterinary hygiene, and 44 days for the untrained.
According to available East German statistics, during the period
19h8-1957, 3 percent of all veterinarians contracted a manifest brucellosis;
for farmers the rate was only 1.4 out of 100,000.
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Immunolo and The Therapy
960 Antibiotics Effective Against E:xosrimental Tularemia
"A Comparative Study of the Action of Several Antibiotics on
Experimental. Tularemia," by S. A. Tsareva, ]institute of
Microbiology and Epidemiology of the Southeastern USSR; Mos-
cow Zhurnal 1Mikrobiolagii9 Epidemiolo gii i Mom biol. p
Vol 30, NO, Jun 59, p 130
This article is the author's summary of a study of the effectiveness
of the Soviet antibiotics streptomycin, biomycin, levomycetin, colimycin,
synthomyein, albomycin, and e1aolin against experimental tularemia. White
mice infected with 10 del of a virulent etrai.n of B. tula;reirnse were used
to determine the therapeutic action of these antibiotics. The daily dose
of all the antibiotics was 2 mg, and of ekmolin, 0-5 al, Streptomycin,
colimycin, and albomycin we:e introduced subcutaneously and biomycin,
levomycetin, and synthomycin, oral.'va The following conditions were con-,
sidered in evaluating the therapeutic action of these antibiotics: the
number of times the daily dose was introduced (one and three times a day);
the initiation of therapy (simultaneously with imE'ection of 2-4, 48, and 72
hours post infection); and the duration of the course of therapy (7, 10,
and 14 days).
As a result of the experiments performed, it ;%,as established that
streptomycin, biomycin, levomycetin, and colixaaycin are effective anti-
biotics in the therapy of tularemia. Syxathomycin, aibomycin, and ekmolin
had no therapeutic effect against experimental tularemia.
CCnncoa. :
97. Hungarians Report Soviets Find Sausa . :ar, Facilitate Cancer ?oayma-
tion
"Interesting D coveries of Soviet Scien.t1 is Concerning
Cancer" (unsigned article); Badapes o, Ia jE Lze , 16 Jun 59
A nation vide oncology service has been operating in the Soviet Union
since 194.5. Institutes have been established in all parts: of the country
for the detection and treatment of cancer.
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A. Novikov, director of the Moscow Oncological Institute, has said
the following concerning the results of screening examinations done so
CPYRGHT far:
"In the course of almost 15 years of work we have examined more than
100 million persons; 8-10 million men and women are screened yearly. The
Soviet research institutes are seeking to discover to what extent air pol-
lution increases the incidence of lung cancer. On the basis of suggestions
made by the researchers, state organs are taking steps to install special
smoke filters to decrease air pollution.
"The work of the Leningrad scientists produced interesting results.
They showed that certain smoke curing processes in the meat industry
result in materials being introduced into fillings which, after entering
the body, may facilitate cancer formation. On the basis of their recom-
mendations, the experts in the meat industry are developing new smoke
curing processes for the preparation of sausages.
"As a result of the successful work of the Soviet cancer prevention
service, the number of cancer cases is decreasing at a fast pace."
Physiology
98. Gastric and Pancreatic Functions Affected by Tempea-ature
"Effect of High Temperature on the Secretory Function of the
Stomach and Pancreas," by N. I. Putilin and L. N. Staritskaya,
Kiev Scientific Research Institute of Nutrition, Laboratory of
Physiology; Kiev, Fiziologichnyy Zhurnal, No 3, May/Jun 59,
pp 315-321
The authors of this article state that the results of experiments on
dogs revealed that high environmental temperature (450C) causes a consid-
erable increase in the latent period, a decrease in the amount of gastric
and pancreatic juices secreted during the reflex phase, a considerable in-
crease in the period of secretory activity, and a decrease in the total
amount of juice secreted during the period of secretory activity. A dis-
torted secretion picture was noted in the experiments in which animals
were fed meat and bread. It was found that the effect which high environ-
mental temperature has on the secretory activity of the stomach and pan-
creas depends on the period of time that the experimental animals spent in
such an environment and also on when they were fed. The indicated changes
were observed to a greater degree in those animals which were fed imme-
diately before or after exposure to action of high temperature. The in-
dicated changes in the secretory activity of the stomach and pancreas were
much less prominent in animals which were fed an hour before or an hjur
after being exposed to action of high temperature.
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99. Chinese Study Human Salt and Water Requirements in High Temperature
Environment
"A Further; Study of the Water and Salt Metabolism of Men Working
in Hot Environments," b Yang Hun ( '1133~a ), Huang Mei-Hsia
( , ), Chang Merl -pen ( 4 )
and Hsia kh-chun ( r ~~ , ), Department of Physi-
ology and Department of Labor Hygiene, Wuhan Medical College;
Peiping, Sheng-li Hsieh-pao (Acts Physiologica Sinica),9 Vol 22,
No 3, Sep 5 by PP 167-192
In 1955, a study was conducted to establish a suitable regime of water
and se,lt intake for Chinese workers employed under high environmental tem-
peratures. The authors' initial results were published in the No 1, 1957,
issue of Wuhan I-hsueh--yuan Hsueh-pao (Journal of Wuhan Medical College).
The present experiment was undertaken to confirm those results.
Fiftyc-four workmen were selected as subjects. Except for one who
was 52, all were 20-35 years of age, and most of them were 20-26 years old.
The subjects were divided into three groups as follows: (1) high salt
intake, 30 grams per day; (2) moderate salt intake, 24 grams per day; and
(3) low salt intake, 16 grams per day. The environmental conditions under
which the men worked ranged as follows: temperature 32-42 degrees centi-
grade, relative humidity 39-86 percent, black body temperature 37-55 degrees
,centigrade, radiant heat intensity 0.8-1.6 calories per square centimeter
per minute, wind velocity 0.8-2.0 meters per second. All experimental con-
ditions were controlled as rigidly as possible.
There was no significant difference in the physiological indexes be-
tween the first and the second groups, while those of the third group
with low salt intake showed a large negative balance of sodium chloride
and significant increases in the specific gravity of plasma and rectal tem-
perature. The authors, therefore, conclude that more than 30 grams of
sodium chloride per day is apparently unnecessary for those who perspire
6 liters a day, that 24 grams per day is sufficient, and that less than
16 grams per day under the same conditions may be detrimental.
The relation between water intake and production of perspiration is
discussed. No rigid regime for water intake is considered necessary. --
Abstract
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100. Chinese Observe Changes in Acetylcholine Content of Brain During
Experimental Traumatic Shock
"The Nervous Mechanism in Experimental Shock and Accompanying
Changes in the Acetylcholine Content of the Brain," by Chen
Chao-hsi (fit Department of Physiology,
Chinese Academy of edical Sciences; Peiping, Sheng-1i Hsueh-
pai (Arta Physiologica Sinica), Vol 22, No 3, Sep 50, pp 256--
275
A total of 298 normal) male albino rats were used in the controlled
experiments reported in this paper. Traumatic shock was induced in some
of the animals by crushing and then beating the hind limbs. Functional
changes which occurred in the brain were studied by investigating the
quantitative changes in cerebral acetylcholine, The nervous mechanism of
traumatic shock was thereby explored.
From the results of the experiments the author draws the following
conclusions:
1. A marked increase in the acetylcholine content of the brain occurs
in experimental traumatic shock. This phenomenon, which possibly indicates
central inhibition, was prevented in traumatized animals when a tourniquet
was used effectively to check bleeding.
2. Application of the tourniquet for 15-20 minutes on the root of
both hind limbs proved to be a reliable method for preventing the shock in-
duced by trauma on the hind limbs. Local circulation as well as local
nerve: conduction could be completely blocked by the mechanical compression.
On release of the tourniquet, the local blood flow was immediately restored,
but the nervous function showed no improvement during the 30-minute obser-
vation period. This latter fact indicates that the'shcck-preventing effect
of the tourniquet depends chiefly on blockade of the local nervous conduc-
tion which protects the central nervous system against invasion of nocicep-
tive impulses coming from the injured area.
3. Evidence of the nervous mechanism of shock was afforded by the
facts that shock could be induced by traumatizing the perfused hind limb
which has been left with nerves ac the only means of communication with
the rest of the body, and by prolonged electrical stimulation of the
sciatic nerves of conscious rats.
4. Results of the study indicate the importance of the early removal
of local stimulating agents and the blocking of local nerves for. 15-20
minutes in the prevention and management of surgical shock.
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Footnotes give the following information:
The present st}zdy was conducted under the guidance of Prof Chang
Hsi-chun ( 3 h ,~ ) .
Some of the results reported in this paper were presented at the
13th Annual Conference of the Chinese Society of Physiological Science
in 1956. The entire paper was recently presented at the 21 January 1958
meeting of the Peiping Chapter of the society.
The author's current mailing address: Department..of Physiology,
Ch'i-ch'i-ha-Frh Medical College, Ch'i-ch'i-ha-erh, Heilungkiang Province.
[SIR NOTE: A 12-page English version of this article appears in
the Peiping Scientia Sinica, Vol 8, No 5, May 1959.1
101., Chinese Demonstrate Inhibition of Acid Phosphatase by Heparin
"Preliminary Report on the Inhibition of 1,t Mammary Gland Acid
Phosphatase by Heparin," by Ku Kuo-yen (4#, 14
4 ), In-
stitute of Experimental Biology, Academia Sinica; Pe ing,
Shih-yen Shen -wu Hsueh-pao (Acta Biologiae Experimentalis
Sinica , Vol ,, No 2,9 Dec 58, pp 181-189
The author reports on experiments conducted on animals to study the
inhibitory effect of heparin on the acid phosphatase of the rat mammary
gland. His preliminary conclusions follow:
1. Heparin can inhibit the activity of acid phosphatase of the rat
mammary gland.
2. The inhibitory effect of heparin can be abolished by the intro-
duction of toluidine blue.
3. The inhibitory effect of heparin was dependent on pH and heparin
concentration. Other things being equal, the lower the pH, the greater
the inhibition; the higher the heparin concentration, the greater the
inhibition.
4. Inhibition is effectec1. when heparin combines directly with the
acid phosphatase, possibly through a salt linkage. The combination is
reversible. The complex is disassociated by raising the pH, and enzyme
activity reappears by the subsequent removal of heparin.
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The author mentions other experiments performed in his laboratory
which demonstrated the inhibitory activity of heparin on the acid phos-
phatases of the lungs, kidneys, and ]hers of man, rat, and rabbit.
The author acknowledges the help of Prof Ch'eng Yao-chin (L
)Aj~Ad who edited his manuscript.
Public Health, Hygiene and Sanitation
102. Filtration Used to Purify Air From Microorganisms
"Filtration as a Method of Purifying Air From Microorganisms."
by Ye. Yu. Zuykova, Institute of General and Communal Hygiene
imeni A. N. Sysina; Moscow, Gigiyena i Sanitariya, Vol 24,
No 6, Jun 59, pp 72-73
This article reports a comparative study of the filtration capabil-
ities of two types of filters, the FP-5 and No 3 membrane filters. The
CPYRGHT author's description of the research is as follows:
"In this research, membrane filters, ordinarily used for filtering
water, were tested for purifying air from microorganisms suspended in it.
For this purpose, thp filters were previously sterilized by boiling and
were then dried., since wet membrane filters are practically impermeable-
to air. Two series of investigations (20 experiments in each series)
were performed to test the effectiveness of each of the aforementioned
filters. The first series was performed in one of the cabinets of ..the,
laboratory with the natural microflora of contained in the air (a dust
phase bacterial aerosol). The second series of experiments was carried
out in an experimental chamber with a capacity of 250 liters, into which
an 001 ml suspension of a B prodigiosum culture in physiological solution,
containing 200 million microbial cells per ml (droplet phase of a bacterial
aerosol), was dispersed. The B. prodigiosum bacterial aerosol can be
considered as being finely dispersed since the size of the majority of the
droplets varied from 2?10 microns.
"In both series of investigations, the effectiveness of filtration
.was tested according to the following method: Air from the laboratory room
or experimental chamber was drawn through two filters placed one in front
of the other; the first was a test filter of the EP or membrane filter
No 3 type, and the second was a control. The control filter was also a
No 3 membrane filter. In this manner, air was drawn either through an FP
type filter and then a No 3 membrane filter or through two No 3 membrane
filters (the first, a test filter, and the second, a control). The control
No 3 membrane filter was seeded on nutrient agar, and the effectiveness of
the air filtration was calculated according to the number of mature colonies
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CPYRG
on it. A parallel determination was made of the content of bacteria
in the air of the laboratory, or the concentration of B. prodigiosum in
the air of the experimental chamber. A parallel study of the filtering
capacity of FP filters and No 3 membrane filters was done in each experi-
ment during one workday.
T "The bacterial count of the air in the laboratory in which the ex-
periments were performed fluctuated from 600 to 3,500 bacteria per cu m;
the average number of bacteria was 1,500 per cu m, in connection with
which it should L' mentioned that such microorganisms as Sarcinia, Staphy-
acoccus albicans and aureus, and gram-positive sporogenous bacilli pre-
dominated. The c:verage concentration of B. prodigiosum in the air of the
experimental chamber was 29,000-30,000 bacteria (per 250 liters).
"Each experiment consisted of two control analyses by the determina-
tion of the total seedability of the laboratory air or the B. prodigiosum
concentration in the experimental chamber, two tests of the effectiveness
of FP filters, and two tests of the trapping capacity of the membrane fil-
ters. It was established as a result of the investigations carried out
that FP and No 3 membrane filters trap an overwhelming majority of the
microorganisms suspended in the air, both in the dust and droplet phases
of a bacterial aerosol.
"In the experiments carried out in the laboratory room, the trapping
capacityof the FP type filters fluctuated from 99.81% to 100% (an average
of 99.97%). It was 99.9 and 100% in the majority of cases. The trapping
capacity of membrane filters was also high; it varied within the limits of
99.89 and 100,, with an average of 99.966%. In the experiments carried
out in the experimental chamber, it was established that type FP filters
trapped 100% of the dispersed cultures of B. prodigiosum in 19 out of
20 cases, and 99.995, in coy one case, with an average of 99.998%. The
membrane filters trapped 99.978` of thc; dispersed Bo prodigiosum cultures.
"Certain differences in the results obtained when the experiments were
carried out in the laboratory room and in the experimental chamber can be
explained by isolated cases in which the membrane filters were contaminated
at the time of seeding, since, even when all precautions were obs`rvtc!, it
was difficult to keep the dishes from becoming contaminated from the air.
During the filtration of the air from the laboratory, it was impossible
to differentiate the foreign contamination from passage through the filter,
whereas in the experiments with the droplet phase of the B. prodiglosum
aerosol, only the number of colonies of extraneous bacilli which were
not encountered in the air of the room were caculated.
"The filters investigated had a high trapping capacity with respect
to a bacterial, aerosol in the dust and droplet phase.
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on it. A parallel determination was made of the content of bacteria
in the air of the laboratory, or the concentration of B. prodigioepm in
the air of the experimental chamber. A parallel study of the filtering
capacity of FP filters and No 3 membrane filters was done in each experi-
ment during one workday.
"The bacterial count of the air in the laboratory in which the ex-
periments were performed fluctuated from 600 to 3,500 bacteria per cu m;
the average number of bacteria was 1,500 per cu in, in connection with
which it should be mentioned that such microorganisms as Sarcinia, Staphy-
lococcus albicans and aureus, and gram-positive sporogenous bacilli pre-
dominated. The average concentration of B. prodigiosum in the air, of. the
experimental chamber was 29,000-30,000 bacteria (per 250 liters).
"Each experiment consisted of two control analyses by the determina-
tion of the total seedability of the laboratory air or the B. prodigiosum
concentration in the experimental chamber, two tests of the effectiveness
of FP filters, and two tests of the trapping capacity of the membrane fil-
ters. It was established as a result of the investigations carried out
that FP and No 3 membrane filters trap an overwhelming majority of the
microorganisms suspended in the air, both in the dust and droplet phases
of a bacterial aerosol.
"In the experiments carried out in the laboratory room, the trapping
capacity._of the FP type filters fluctuated from 99.81% to 100% (an average
of 99.97%). It was 99.9 and 100% in the majority of cases. The trapping
capacity of membrane filters was also high; it varied within the limits of
99.89 and 100%, with an average of 99.966%. In the experiments carried
out in the experimental chamber, it was established that type FP filters
trapped 100% of the dispersed cultures of B. procUgiosum in 19 out of
20 cases, and 99.995% in of y one case, with an average of 99.998%. The
membrane filters trapped 99.978% of the dispersed B. prodigiosum cultures.
"Certain differences in the results obtained when the experiments were
carried out in the laboratory room and in the experimental chamber can be
explained by isolated cases in which the membrane filters were contaminated
at the time of seeding, since, even when all precautions were observed., it
was difficult to keep the dishes from becoming contaminated from the air*.
During the filtration of the air from the laboratory, it was impossible
to differentiate the foreign contamination from passage through the filter,
whereas in the.!experiments with the droplet phase of the B. prodigiosum
aerosol, only the number of colonies of extraneous bacilli which were
not encountered in the air of the room were calculated.
"The filters investigated had a high trapping capacity with respect
to a bacterial aerosol in the dust and droplet phase.
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"Comparing the characteristics of the FP type filters and membrane
filters, it should be mentioned that FP filters are more suitable and
simpler for the rapid filtration of large volumes of air than membrane
filters, since both are characterized by low resistance to a current
of air. Membrane filters having high trapping capacity, at the same time,
create high resistance to the passage of air. Also, they are rather
fragile.
"On the basis of the experimental data, FP type filters can be recom-
mended for use in ventilating ducts and in equipment for conditioning the
air to purify it from microorganisms whenever necessary."
The conclusions presented on the basis of this research are as follows:
"1. Air filtration is one of the simplest and most prospective
methods of purifying air from microorganisms suspended in it.
"2. It was established as a result of the experiments carried out
that FP type filters and membrane filters have high trapping capacity
with respect to bacterial aerosols, either in the dust or droplet phase.
An average of 99.998% of a B. prodigiosum bacterial aerosol in the droplet
phase is trapped with FP type filters, and 99.978%, with membrane filters.
"3. FP type filters are simpler and more suitable for use than mem-
brane filters and can be recommended for purifying air from microorganisms."
103. Aerosols Used to Control Mosquitoes
"An Effective Method for Controlling Mosquitoes," by Agrono-
mist K. Mamayev; Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 22 May 59, p 2
Various repellants (kerosene) clove, and anise, and other oils) have
been used for protection from blood-sucking insects (mosquitoes., gnats,
and gadflies) but they all have pungent, unpleasant odors. A better agent
for protection is dimethylphthalate, which is a colorless oily liquid
with a very weak aromatic odor.
However, all these liquids offer only individual protection. Scien-
tists have long sought an effective method for collective protection
against the blood-sucking insects. Finally their efforts have been su.c?-
cessful. For the past several years aerosols -- poisonous fogs -?- have
been used for exterminating mosquitoes in Pioneer camps, rest home areas,
areas around hospitals and. sanitoriums, and living areas of sovkhozes and
kolkhozes. The aerosols are produced by the AG-L6 generator which forms
the fog from a solution of DDT or hexachlorocyclohexane dissolved in
mineral oils. On settling, the fog covers plants completely with fine
droplets. Insects which alright on this toxic medium are killed. In addi-
tion, the aerosols do not damage woods, undergrowth, and grasses; they
possess no harmful effect on domestic animals. The generators are usually
mounted on trucks.
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Since 1955 the Moscow Oblast Station of Green Plant Protection
has used aerosols yearly to treat areas around pioneer camps, sanatoriums,
rest homes, and hospitals.
104. Biological Gloves
"Biological Gloves," by D. Romanov, Industrial Sanitation
Doctor, Gor'kiy; Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 22 May 59, p 3
At the Gor'kiy factory "Krasnoye Sormovo", for work requiring the
handling of different solvents and synthetic tars, a protective paste is
used on the hands -- the so-called. "biological gloves." The preparation
of the paste is simple; it consists of 300 g of casein gum "extra,"
10 g of 25%'amnonia, 300 g of glycerine, 850 g of alcohol, and 850 g of
water.
The finely dispersed, gray-yellow casein is dissolved in half the
water, after which the ammonia in the remaining water, the glycerine, and
the alcohol are added in that order. A gray-cinnamon mixture having a
pungent odor is obtained.
Before starting his work, the worker smears the paste on his hands.
On setting, it forms a stable, colorless or slightly cinnamon-colored
film in the form of a glove. It is easily washed off with warm water
and soap.
Radiology
105. Effect of Different Ranges of Hypothermia on the Course of Radiation
Sickness
"The Effect of Hypothermia on Changes in Blood Protein Com-
position During Radiation Sickness," by P. I. Abakeliya,
.T.-N. Dzhaparidze, and M.'G. Gachechiladze, Soobshch. AN
GruzSSR (Reports of the Academy of Sciences Georgian SSR),
195$. Vol 21, No 1, pp 109-114 (From Referativnyy Zhu.rnal --
Xhhimiya, Biologicheskaya Khimiya, No 10, 25 May 59, Abstract
-CPYRGHT No 12930, by I. El'man
"The irradiation of dogs by 400 r doses of X-rays produced a distinct
picture of radiation sickness. Cooling of the animal organisms to a body
temperature of + 28 to + 29? C, effected immediately after irradiation
and during the climax of radiation sickness, had a favorable effect on
the course of the sickness. The blood protein composition of the animals
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maintained at cool temperatures did not change sharply, and within 40.?60
days after irradiation it was completely normalized. Cooling of the
animals to + 24 to + 250 C had no beneficial effect, and the dogs died
from radiation sickness as did those in the control group."
105 b. Vitamin B, Administered Before Irradiation Ineffective for Survival
? "The Effect of Vitamin B12 on the Survival of Mice Subjected
to Total Irradiation by Various Doses of X Rays," by G. D.
Berdyshev, Sb. Nauchn. Rabot. Molod kh Uchenikh. Med. In-.t.
Tomsk, Tomskiy Un-t, (Collection of Scientific Works of Young
S
cientists of Tomsk Medical Institute, Tomsk University),
1958, pp 30-32 (From Referativn Zhurnal-..Khimiya Biologi
~n\io~uT cheskay K~ya, No 10, 25 May 59, Abstract No 12354, by
CPYRGHT
"In experiments on a large group of white mice (a total of 384) sub-
jected to total irradiation by various doses of X rays (350, 500, and
750 r), it was established that vitamin B12 administered to animals before
irradiation had no essential effect on the survival of mice as compared
to control animals, nor did it cause a change in their weight."
106. Agents Which Block Blood Oxygen Transport Have Prophylactic Effect
in Radiation Hazards
"On the Antiradiation Protective Effect of Substances Which
Block Oxygen Transport by Hemoglobin," by E. Ya. Grayevskiy?
and M. M. Konstantinova. Dokl. A N SSSR, 1958, Vol 122, No 3,
381-384 (From Referativnyy Zhurnal-,-Khim3.ya Biologicheskaya
Ej miya, No 8, 25 Apr 59, Abstract No 10603, by 1. Chertkov
"A dose of 3.5 kg [sic; presumably mg] of NaN02 was administered-to
mice intraperitoneally, or the mice were maintained in an atmosphere con-
taining 0.5% CO, and at various periods afterwards were irradiated by
a dose of 900 r (at a rate of 600 r per min). A statistically reliable
connection was noted between the amount of methemoglobin formed and the
degree of protection afforded the animals from the lethal effect of ion-
izing radiation. The protective effect produced by the prophylactic ad-
ministration of NaNO? or by the inspiration of CO is dep?ndent on the
hypoxia which is produced in an organism due to disturbed 02 transport."
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107. Fluctuation of Blood Alkaline Reserve in Acute Radiation Sickness
"The Status of the Blood Alkaline Reserve in Acute Radiation
Sickness," by B. S. Babashev, Tr. In-ta Klinich. i Eksperim.
Khirurgii AN KazSSR (Works of the Institute of Clinical and
Experimental Surgery, Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR), 1958,
No 4, pp 64-67 (From Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Khimiya, Biolo-
icheskaya Khimiya, No 10, 25 May 59, Abstract No 12929, by
I. El'man
"The blood alkaline reserve fell sharply in dogs subjected to X-
irradiation by doses of 500-600 r. The maximum drop was noted during the
8-10-day period after irradiation and was equal to 28.7 or 14.9% of the
volume of carbon dioxide, depending on the dose of irradiation."
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108. Conference Report on Radibbiology
Radiobiologiya; Trudy Vsesoyuznoy Nauchno-Tekhnicheskoy Kon-
ferentsii Primeneni Radioakti ka i Stabil nykh Izoto ov
i Izlucheniy v Narodnom Khozyaystve i Nauke Radiobiology;
Works of the All-Union Scientific-Technicel Conference on the
Use of Radioactive and Stable Isotopes and Radiations in the
National Economy and Science); Moscow, 1958, 286 pp
This book, Radiobiologiya, (Radiobiology) is a collection of reports
presented at the radiobiological section of the All-Union Scientific-
Technical Conference on the Use of Radioactive and Stable Isotopes and
Radiation in the National [Soviet] Economy and Science, 4-12 April 1957.
The contents and abstracts of certain of the reports are presented
below.
1. Concerning the Initial Mechanisms of the Biological Effects of
Ionizing Radiations, by A. M. Kuziil
2. Biophysical Research on Radiation Reactions of an Organism, by
G. M. Frank
3. Ionizing Radiations and Cell Metabolism, by M. N. Mrysel'
1+. Concerning Changes in the Biological Characteristics of the
Blood in Irradiated Animals (The Problem of Toxemia), by P. D. Gorizontov
5. The Significance and Nature of Primary Radiation [Induced]
Genetic Changes, by N. P. Dubinin
6. The Kinetics of Radiochemical Transformations in a Biosubstrate
and the Prophylactic Effect
7. The Biosynthesis of Purines and the ltabolism of Their Precursors
Under Normal Conditions and After Roentgen Irradiation, by G. A. Kritskiy
8. Structural Changes in Connective Tissue Proteins in Acutt Radia-
tion Sickness Caused by Roentgen Rays, by L. T. Tutochkina, N. D. Petrova,
L. I. Polikarpova, and V. V. Shikhodyrov
9. The Effect of Intensive Irradiation on the Structure and Certain
Physiological Characteristics of Microorganisms, by M. N. Shal'nova
10. The Effect of Gamma-Neutron Radiation on Microorganisms, by
T. S. Remezova
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11. Conditions for Increased Biosynthesis of Ergosterol by Yeast
Organisms, by R. D. Gal'tsova
12. Concerning the Role of Local and Distance Effects of Ionizing
Radiations, by E. Ya. Grayevskiy, N. F. Barakina, A. A. Neyfakh, Z. N.
Faleyeva, and I. M. Shapiro
13. The Effect of Ionizing Radiations on Factors Which Determine
the Composition and Properties of the Immediate Nutritive Enviro+ agent
of Organs and Tissues of Animal Organisms, by L. S. Shtern
ll+. Concerning the M?chanism of Early Changes in the Permeability
of Histo-Hematic Barriers Under the Effect of Roentgen Rays, by M. M.
Gromakovskaya, and S. Ya. Rapoport
15? The Effect of Roentgen Rays of the Histamine Content of Tis-
sues, by Ye. I. Krichevskaya
16. Concerning the Distribution of Dyes Introduced Intravenously
Into Tissues of Mice Under Normal Conditions and After X-Ray Irradia-
tion, by L. I. Korchak
17. A Hemotoxic Factor in Tissues of Animals Subjected to the
Effect of Ionizing Radiations, by S. A. Koro1' and M. R. Med.nik
18. A. Comparison of the Protective Effect of Homogenates of
Hemopoietic and Other Tissues, by Yu. Soshka
19. The Effect of Certain Humoral Tissue, Factors on the Synthesis
of DNA After Irradiation, by V. Drashil and Yu. Soshka
20. Concerning the Role of the Adrenals in the Development of
Radiation Sickness, by A. V. Tonkikh
21. Concerning the Pathogenesis of Endocrine Disturbances Due
to Radiation Injuries (The Reaction of the Anterior Lobe of Hypophysis
to Irradiation), by Ye. A. Moiseyev
22. Cytochemical Changes in the Central Nervous System Due to
the Effect of Ionizing Radiations, by A. L. Shabadash
23. The Influence of Various Doses of Ionizing Radiations on
the Morphology of the Brain and Internal Organs of Animals Subjected
to Total Irradiation in Physiological and Pathological Conditions, by
M. M. Aleksandrovskaya
2I+. Vital Control of Disturbances of Oxidative Processes i:.a the
Central Nervous System, by A. D. Snezhko
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25. Super-Slowing of Rhythm During Changes in the Electrical
Potential of the Cerebral Cortex and of the Hypothalamus Due to Radia-
tion Injury, by N. A. Aladzhalova
26. Concerning the Problem of the Effect of Ionizing Radiation on
Animals With a Different Type of Nervous System in Physiological and
Pathological Conditions, by L. I. Komlyarevskiy, L. S. Gorsheleva, and
L. Ye. Khozak
27. Concerning Certain Disturbances of the Higher Nervous Activity
in Rats Born of Mothers Subject to Ionizing Radiation During the Period
of Pregnancy, by I. A. Piontkovskiy, I. A. Volodina, and V. Ye. Miklashev-
skiy
28. The Role of the Nervous System in the Radiation Reactions of
an Organism, by P. F. Minayev
29. Disturbances in the Cortico-Visceral Interrelationships in
Acute Radiation Sickness, by I. T. Kurtsin
30. An Analysis of the Effect of Roentgen Rays on the Secretory
and Motor Functions of Small Segments Cut Out of the Lesser and Greater
Curvatures of the Stomach, by A. V. Solov'yev and 0. V. Solodkina
31. The Role of the Superior Cervical Sympathetic Ganglia in
Reactions to Penetrating Radiation in Control Rats and Rats Acclimatized
to Hypoxia, by Z. I. Barbashova
32. Physiological and Biochemical Data on the Nature of Hemorrhage
Due to Experimental Radiation Injuries of Animal Organisms, by B. A.
Kudryashov, G. V. Andreyenko, P. D. Ulitina, G. G. Bazaz'yan, V. Ye.
Pastorova, N. P. Sytina, T. M. Kalishevskaya, and Ye. Ye. Shimonoyeva
33. The Functional Condition of the Skin Vessels After Total
Irradiation of Dogs by Roentgen Rays, by V. V. Yakovlev
34. Concerning the Problem of the Significance of the Functional
Condition of the Liver in the Development and Course of Radiation Sickness,
by M. F. Belovintseva and Ye. N. Speranskaya
35. Radiation Stimulation of Plants and Its Possible T'r.cosetical
Interpretation, by N. V. Timofeyev-Resovskiy and N. V. Luchnik
36. The Effect of Neutrons on the Growth and Development of Plants,
by S. Tselishchev and V. Mogilevkin
37. The Effect of Ionizing Radiations on Changes in the Components
of Enzyme Reactions in the Lipid Metabolism of Plants, by Ye. V. Budnit-
skaya
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CPYRGHT
Abstracts of Articles From Book on Radiobiology
"Biophysical Research on the Radiation Reactions of an Organ-
ism," by G. M. Frank, compilation, Radiobiologiya (Radiobio-
logy), M., Academy of Sciences USSR, 1958, p'p 11-25 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal--Khimiya, Biologicheskaya Khimiya, No 7,
10 Apr 59, Abstract No 8701, by Ye. Limanova
"The investigation of radiation reaction of mammals is possible
by three methods which complement each other: (1) the study of the
phenomena on model systems; (2) parallel study on models a:7d in vivo;
and (3) in vivo investigation of initial reactions of an organism
(the study of the bioelectric currents, oxidative processes, and dis-
turbances in the structure of the cerebral cortex). These approaches
are critically evaluated and illustrated by examples."
"The Biosynthesis of Purines and the Metabolism of Their Pre-
cursors Under Normal Conditions and After X-Irradiation,".by.
G. A. Kritskiy, compilation; Radiobiolotiya (Radiobiology),
M., Acaderror of Sciences USSR, 1958, pp 68-73; (from Refer-
ativnyy Zhurnal--Khimiya Biologicheskaya Khimiya, No 7,
10 Apr 59, Abstract No 8699, by N. Pokidova)
"It was shown that C14 in pigeon liver homogenates is deposited
chiefly in the adenine group of AMP [adenine monophosphate] and in
the hypozanthine group of IMP [inosine monophoshate]. Free hypoxan-
thine which is deposited in liver homogenates is almost absent in the
nucleotides of the liver. This points out the necessity of the ribo-
sidation of purine precursors during their biosynthesis, and the
biosynthesis of purines in the pentose-phosphate cycle. It has been
established that following the total irradiation of pigeons, the
synthesis of hypoxanthine is increased immediately after irradiation
but it is harply decreased during the ensuing days. The incorpora-
tion of C1' from 1-C14 glycine into organic acids is decreased after
irradiation. The great resistance of pigeons to X-irradiation may
be connected with the increased synthesis of purines in the pigeon."
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"Structural Changes in Connective Tissue Proteins in Acute
Radiation Sickness Caused by Roentgen Rays," by L. T. Tutochkina,
N. D. Petrova, L. I. Polikarpova, and V. V. Shikhodyrov, com-
pilation, Radiobiologiya, (Radiobiology), M., Academy of Sci-
ences USSR, 1958, pp 74-79 (from Referativn Zhurnal--Khimi a,
Biologicheskaya Khimiya, No 11, 10 Jun 59, Abstract No 14390, by
K. Maskhuliya
"X-ray irradiation decreased the uptake of C14 glycine in the procol-
lagen of the skin of rats, and during the 13-20-day period after irradia-
tion, the C14 uptake into the muscle proteins of mice was also decreased.
After irradiation, the uptake of C14 in the liver proteins of mice rose
at first but then fell. Changes in the metabolism of procollagen were
more notic able and were observed earlier than the beginning of the inhibi-
tion of C1 uptake into muscle proteins; the latter ran paralle with the
loss of weight in the irradiated animals. The inhibition of Cl~glycine
uptake into the procollagen during the early phase of radiation sickness
was not connected with decreased food intake (in contrast to the later
phase), but intensive destruction of the cellular elementa in connective
tissue occurred during this phase. The idea of the possible activation
of proteolytic enzymes is postulated. The intravenous administration of
IL-salts of chondroitin sulfate (0.3-1 mg/9 weight) 5-10 minutes before
irradiation increased the survival rate of the mice. It is thought that
although the changes noted in collagen proteins were not specific for
radiation sickness, evidently they do play an important role in the path-
ogenesis of this sickness."
"Conditions :?or the Increased Biosynthesis of E:?gosterol by
Yeast Organismp," by R. D. Gal'tsova and I. P. Vakina, c':im-
pilation, Radiobiologiya (Radiobiology), M., Aca5,enKy of Sci-
ences USSR, 1958, pp 97-102; (from Refe.r?ati nyy Zrur:::!al-.-
Khimiya, Biologicheskaya Khimiya, No 8, 25 Apr 59, Abstract
No 9573, by V. Tovarnitskiy)
"It was shown that the ergosterol (I) content in various yeast cul-
tures differs (0.!-3.5%). The best producers of (I) are. Sacch. carls-
bergensis 10D {3.)+-3.5%), and Sacch. carlshergensis Froli.>--:.Y(2.4% -
2.5%). X-ray irradiation (60 kiloroentgens) i n'creases tb content of
(I) in the two above-mentioned yeast strains up to 5.5% and G.6%,
respectively. Studies were conducted on the effect of various nutri-
tion conditions on the content of (I) in yeast organisms,. It was shown
that by excluding or restricting nitrogen nutriti n, and in the presence
of sources of C such as saccharose, glucose, or pyruvic acid, the con-
tent of (I) in yeast is increased by a factor of 2 to 2 1/2. The simul-
taneous effect of X-irradiation and the unilateral carbohydrate nutri-
tion makes it possible to raise the increment of (I) in the yeast organ-
isms even higher, and, by using strains with a high capacity for the bio-
synthesis of (I) (Sacch. carlsbergensis 10D), to, raise the content of (I)
to 10% in 3-4 days and to 12% in 5-6 days."
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"The Effect of Ionizing Radiations on Factors Which Determine
the Composition and Properties of the Immediate Nutritive
Environment of Organs and Tissues of Animal Organisms," by
L. S. Shtern, compilation, Radiobiologi as (Radiobiology) M.,
Academy of Sciences USSR, 1958, pp 112-120; (From Referativnyy
Zhurnal-Khimiya, Biologicheskaya Khimiya, No 10, 25 my 59,
Abstract No 12919, by N. Pokidova)
"Following X-ray irradiation, early changes are observed in the
functional condition of the histo-hematic barriers(GGB). After total
irradiation of the animals, an increase was noted in the permeability
of the GGB, which arises at various periods in different tissues; how-
ever, after 2-3 days the permeability decreases sharply. Irradiation
increases the permeability of the placental barrier and of the GCB of
the fetus at all stages of its development, even in the first hours.
Irradiation causes the inhibition of the synthesis of high-polymer
phosphorus compounds and of a number of enzyme systems. The administra-
tion of 25% alcohol at the rate of 2 ml/100 g of body weight 30 minutes
before the irradiation'of mice increases their survival and decreases
injuries to bone marrow."
"X-ray Effect on the Histamine Content of Tissues," by Ye. I.
Krichevskaya, compilation, Radiobiologiya (Radiobiology), M.,
Academy of Sciences USSR, 195 pp 126-129; (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal--Khimi a Biologicheska a Khimiya, No 7, 10 Apr 59,
Abstract No 8679, by V. Korzhov)
CPYRGHT
"After the X-ray irradiation of rats by 800 r doses, a marked increase
was noted in the concentration of histamine in various tissues. At the
same time, differences were noted in the reactions of various tissues.
The maximum increase of histamine in the skin and stomach was attained
within 5 minutes after irradiation. During the ensuing period, the con-
centration of histamine started to fall, and by the 72d hour it was
significantly below normal. In the liver and kidneys, the maximum rise
was noted 60 minutes after irradiation, and by the 72d hour it remained
above normal. Changes in the concentration of histamine in the brain
and blood at various periods after irradiation were insignificant."
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"Cytochemical Changes in the Central Nervous System Due to the
Effect of Ionizing Radiations," by A. L. Shabadash, compilation,
Radiobiologi a (Radiohiology), M., Academy of Sciences USSR, 1958,
pp 161-167; from Referativxiyy Zhurnal--Khimiya, Biologicheskaya
Khimiya, No 7, 10 Apr 59, Abstract No 8673, by N. Pokidova)
"The study of the cy tochemi stry of nucleoproteins of the central
nervous system of cats, rats, and rabbits subjected to total irradiation
by doses ranging from 150-1,000 r showed that the bbrain substance is
sensitive to ionizing radiation. After nonlethal X-ray doses, the histo-
chemical changes were unevenly pronounced in the various bra:iches of the
nervous system and were not qualitatively identical. The selective vul-
nerability of the diencephalic region to ionizing radiation wac noted.
In 50-60% of the experimental animals, a significant decrease occurred
in the content of the ribonucleoproteins in the mitochondria toward the
end of the first week, and there were disturbances in their morphology."
CPYRGHT
"A Vital Observation of Distur',banceo- in Oxidative P r s es
the Central Nervous System," by A. D. Snezhko, compilation
Radiobiologi a (Radiobiology), M., Academy of Sciences USSR,
195 PPP 177-183 (from Refe:cativnyy Zhur:ral--Khimiys, : ilogi-
cheskaya Khimiya, No 8, 25 Apr 59, A"ostract No 10100, by
N. Poki dova )
"After the direct effect of ionizing radiation o.i the brains of
experimental animals, polarographic deternninations showed that the quantity
of 02 in the brain during the first hours after irradiation is increased
above the normal level, as a result of the inhibition of the respiratory
function of the tissue.. After irradiation of the abdominal region, 02
pressure in the brain is decreased in a reflex manner in ra.spon-se to
peripheral imq-ralses. The subcortex afte ? ary localization of irradia-
tion evidently reacts sooner, but recovers sooner from the injuries. It
is possible that the rhythmic fluctuations of 02 pressure which are detected
in various living systems reflect the aex'obic pha;;e of the respiratory
cycle. A temporary block of the respiratory rhythm, evident in all living
systems, was detected during the first hours after irradiation."
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"Physiological and Biochemical Data on the Nature of Hemorrhage
in Experimental Radiation Injury of Animal Organisms," by B. A.
Kudryashov, G. V. Andreyenko, P. D. Ulitina, G. G. Bazaz'yan,
V. Ye. Pastorova, N. P. Sytina, T. M. Kalishevskaya, and Ye. Ye.
Shimonayeva, compilation, Radiobiolo i a (Radiobiology), M.,
Academy of Sciences USSR, 195d,, pp 237-243 (from Referativnj
by
"A study of the components of the coagulation system of white rats
under the effect of roentgen rays or of internal gamma radiation showed
that the hemorrhagic syndrome which arises as a result of radiation
injury is caused both by a deficiency in blood prothrombokinase which is
connected with a sharp decrease in thromboplastic activity and by decreased
capillary resistance. Prophylaxis was attained by 'lumbar shielding'
(screening of the upper lumbar region) in combination with the administra-
tion of vitamin B12 (eight injections of 5 gammas each) and folic acid
(15 injections of 2 mg each). In cases of hemorrhage due to wounds in
the parenchymatous organs, quick and desirable hemostasis was obtained
by plugging the wounds with a fibrin sponge moistened with a very active
solution of thrombin. The authors conclude that in 'lumbar shielding'
the screening of the liver has the determining factor.'1.
Surgery
109. Chinese Report on a Year's Use of Hibernation Anesthesia
"The Application of Artificial Hibernation in Surgical Opera-
tions," by Chao Chun ( ' ) and Hsieh Jung
Surgical kiesthesia Group of Peking Union Hospital, Chinese
Academy of Nbdical Sciences; Peiping, Jen-min Pao-chien
(People's Health), Vol 1, No 5, May 59, pp -x?03
The authors sum up a year's (September 1957-August 1958) experience
in the use of artificial hibernation for 86 major operations on 8.4
patients. They conclude that for carefully selected, suitable cases,
hibernation anesthesia, produced by the combined use of aerve-blocking
drugs and artificial hypothermia, plays a definite role in preventing
surgical shock, ensuring a smooth operation and good recovery. The
literature on the subject is reviewed.
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110. Chinese Research on Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration
"Studies on Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration. VIII.
Reaction of- Organism to Pre erved Skin Transplanted Onto Skin
Wound," by Chu Jun ( %P ), Institute of Experimental
Biology, Academia Sinica; Peiping, Shih- en-sheng-wu Hsueh-pao
(Acta Biologiae Experimentalis Sinica), Vol 6,? No 2, Dec 56,
pp 97-loo
The author reports experiments conducted to study the white rat's
reaction to preserved heterodermal grafts and the effect of such grafts
on experimental skin wounds. It was found that the transplanted skin,
which had been preserved in formalin or alcohol and thoroughly washed
before use, formed a temporary protective cover over the wound for about
3 weeks. During that time the connective tissues in the wound grew
rapidly and infiltrated the graft, forming fibrous scar tissue. The
epidermis of the wound also grew horizontally into the graft so that
in 2 weeks the distinction between the dead transplanted skin and the
tissue of the living rat became hardly noticeable. After 3 weeks the
skin graft gradually wasted away.
According to the author, the results indicate that clinical use
of preserved skin grafts may be practi'al.
Five of the author's earlier research reports an the ^?'_)ject of
wound healing and tissue generation are cited as references. They
are as follows:
"Studies on Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration. I. Contraction
in the Healing of Skin Wounds in Rats," by Chu Jun; Peiping, Shih-yen
Sheng-wu Hsueh-peo (Acta Biologiae Experimentalis Sinica), Vol , 1955,
pp 293-336
"Studies on Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration. II. Histolog-
ical Studies on the Healing Process of the Wound of Whole Shin Defect
in Rats," by Chu Jun; ibid., Vol 5, 1956, pp 173-198
"Studies on Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration. VI. Growth
and Behavior of the Epidermis and Connective Tissues in the Healing of
Incised Wounds in Rats," by Chu Jun; ibid., Vol 6, 1958a, pp 19-36
"Studies on wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration. VII. Reac-
tions of the Orgarisan to Collagenous Materials," by Chu Jun, 1958b
(unpublished)
"Studies on Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration. V. The Healing
Process of Chemical Wounds in Mouse Skin," by Lu Shu-hsia ( & ~,k )
and Chu Jun; ibid., Vol 6, 1958, pp 9-18 FX_
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111. Electro-Narcosis Method Dovelorped by Soviets
"Electro-Narcosis" (unsigned article); Prague, Ceskoslovensky
Cerveny Xri z, No 6, Jun 59, p 17
According to a brief article in the Czechoslovak Red Cross monthly,
a collective at the Soviet Research Institute of Experimental Surgery has
developed a working model of an instrument to induce electro-narcosis.
Electronic gears control the amount of current applied to the patient,
and electromechanical equipment automatically discontinues the current
in: the event of damage. The electric impulses are visible on an oscil-
loscope.
During experiments on animals, one electrode is placed on the eyes
and one on the tail of the experimental animal. Workers at the institute
have been able to minimize the pain to such an extent that they can perform
cavity operations, amputations, etc. without causing damage. The animals
were still unable to feel pa3_n 8-15 minutes following the operations.
Miscellaneous
112. East German Medical Research Institutions
"Scientific Research Institut tons of he German Democratic
Republic," by Prcf Ye. Khol'shteyn; Moscow, M!ditsinski Rabot-
nik, 30 Jun 59
The Berlin Academy of Social H,rgiene, Labor Hygiene, and the Advanced
Training of Physicians is subordinate to the Ministry of Health., German
Democratic Republic. Within the network of the academy them. is a Clinic
and Polyclinic of Occupational Diseases.
The polyclinic is located in a new four-story building and has a
number of therapeutic cabinets for treating all types of ambulatory
patients. The clinic has a number of specialized departments such as
de:^matolog;r and X-ray. Patients afflicted with occupational diseaines
of the lungs, with dermatosis, and with problems of locomotion are treated
in the clinic. In addition to treating patients, these two establishments
compile data for establishing social security benefits and do scientific
research in various specialized fields.
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The basis scientific research institutions of the academy include
the Institute of Labor Hygiene, which is engaged in research on the
problem of the prophylaxis of occupational pathology. To control the
current spread of occupational diseases affecting lungs, a number of
silicosis treatment stations have been established in East Berlin,
Dresden, Jena, Magdeburg, etc. Other departments of the institute are
located in Stalinstadt.
The Institute of Applied Physiology is about to be organized and
established; however, work is being carried on in applied physiology
in such fields as the wireless transmission of medical measurements.
The Institute of Social Hygiene, like the above two institutes, is
subordinate to the academy and is working on the. solution of problems
of school hygiene and research on cancer, caries, and goiter.
The Institute of the Organization of Public Health is primarily
concerned with maintaini:ag the health and well-being of the East German
population. The Department for the Advanced Training of Physicians and'
Pharmacists and the Scientific Research Institute of Labor Hygiene in
Jena are also within the network of the academy.
17:3. Floating Hospital on Caspian Sea
"News Items From the Socialist Camp--a Floating Hospital"
(unsigned article); Brussels, Le Drapeau Rouge, li+ May 59, p 4
According to this item in a French-language Communist newspaper,
when any of the thousands of fishermen on the Caspian Sea become ill,
they will no longer have to return to port fur care. A floating medical
establishment has been organized for them with hospital service, an
X-ray room, a diagnostic laboratory, a dental clinic, and an operating
room. The Caspian Sea fishermen also have at their disposal a dispensary
ship whose personnel includes a surgeon, a dentist, a dermatologist, and
a therapist. Its laboratory is well-equipped to perform all kinds of
analyses.
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114. Preparation of Special Tubing and Rods From Molybdenum Disilicide
"Technology for Preparing Tubing and Rods from Molybdnum
Disilicide," by G. V. Samsoncv and P. S. Ktslyy, Institute of
Powder Metallurgy and Special Alloys, Academy of Sciences
Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Ogneupcry, No 6, 1.959, pp 276-278
Molybdenum disilicide powder with a starch paste plasticizer (2 to'
4% by mass) is both compacted and extruded in a special die press opera-
tion to form tubing and rods. Blanks are dried for 24 to 48 hours at
room temperature and then placed in a tubular graphite furnace under a
covering of beryllium or aluminum oxide. Sintering consists of heating
to 600 to 700?C in a hydrogen atmosphere and holding at this temperature
for 30 minutes, followed by heating to 1,950?C and holding for 5 to 10
minutes. Blanks are then furnace-cacled to 900-1,000?C. Shrinkage was
12 to 20% and porosity varied from 5 to 12%. Variation of porosity along
a 400- to 500-mm length of tubing did not exceed one percent.
Oxides of silicon, aluminum and 2.irconium were added to powder mixtures
in tests to increase the electrical resistance of ) S12 t? bing anti rods.
S102 is considered most acceptable as it produces a Linear change in the
ratio of specific electrical resistance to the cpa.antity added. A'10%
admixture of S102 lowers the mechanical c+trcngth of MkiSi2 heating com-
ponents but increases air oxidation resistance and operating temperatures
from 1,660-1,680?C to 1,710-1,730c'C. MoSi2 eleme:ias containing SiO2 will
give long service in an oxidizing wdium at 1,650 to 1,680?C if given a
preliminary firing in such a medium at 1,700 to 1,740?C. Thermocouples
with an outer case of MoS12 and ix er core of bcro:a carbide or boron
saturated graphite have a thermal coefficient of therroelectromotivt
force equal to 28.3 micrcJolts/ degree, whereas iy the'500 to 1,800?c
range, the ratio of this cc: fficieut to tenr,Lx:rature is sharply linear.
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115. High-Speed Tools from Cast. Precipitation Hardening Alloys
"Investigation of Cast Precipitation Hardening Cutting Tool
Alloys," by Engr A. D. Flement'yev, Tomsk Polytechnic Institute;
Stalinsk, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy -- Chernaya
M tallurgiya, No 3, Mar 59, pp 77-83
Vacuum induction melts of alloy 8 (60% Fe, 20% Co, 20% W) wtth single
and complex admixtures of Ni, Cr, Mn, Si, Ti, C and V were employed in
tests to develop high-speed cast nickel-cobalt-tungsten cutting alloys.
Best overall qualities of hardness, red hardness, and stability were
obtained with the complex admixture of 0.1 to 0.2% C, 0.2% Ti, 1% Mn
and 1% Ni. Recommended three-step tempering consists of heating at
550?C for 15 minutes, 650?C for 15 minutes and 550?C for 1 hour. Cutting
tools from an alloy designated as "No 94" (1% Mn, i% Ni) 0.15% C) had a
life of 26 minutes as compared to 3.3 and 1.3 minutes for standard high-
speed steels R18 and R9, respectively, under identical conditions.
Additional satisfactory results with admixtures of boron and larger
quantities of manganese and chromium indicate the possibility of further
improvement of cast precipitation hardening cutting tool alloys.
(For additional information on Wtallurgy see also under Chemistry,
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Constr'action Nkiterials )
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VIII. PHYSICS
Nuclear Physics
116. Analysis of Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance
"The Use of Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance for Determining Lat-
tice Vibrations in the Chlorate Series," by V. S. Grechishin
and F. I. Skrypov, Leningrad State University imeni Zhdanov;
Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 126, No 6, Jun 59,
pp 1229-1231
The temperature dependence of frequency of the nuclear quadrupole
resonance is investigated in the chlorate series with one- or two-valent
metals. A superoscillator with self-damping and high response was used
for the observation of the quadrupole resonance. The signal of the nuclear
quadrupole resonance in barium. chlorate at room temperature exhibited two
peaks, because the frequency was modulated in such a way as to provide
resonance conditions twice during a modulation period. The experimental
results are tabulated.
117. Energy Spectrum of Photons
"The Fine Structure of the Energy Spectrum of Photoprotons
From Ca-40," by A. P. Komar and T. N. Dragnev, Physicotech-
nical Institute of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Leningrad
Polytechnical Institute imeni Kalinin; Moscow, Doklad
kademii Nauk USSR, Vol 126, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1234-1235
The energy and angular distribution of photoprotons from Ca-40 were
studied by means of the photoemulsion NIKFI-22 of 200p thickness. A Ca-
40 lamina with a thickness of 8.4+ mg/cm2 was irradiated by gamma rays from
the synchrotron of the Physicotechnical Institute of the Academy of Sci-
ences USSR with a maximum energy of 85 Mev. The obtained histogram of
energy distribution was analyzed by the method of Ye. P. Ferreyra and P.
Ya. Valoshek (Materials of the International Conference in Geneva 1955
(1958)). The curve exhibits some peaks, particularly within the range
of 9.5-12 Mev, which may be explained by resonance.
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118. Scattering of Fast Charged Particles
"Excitation of Collective States in Nuclei by Scattering of
Charged Particles," by S. I. Drozdov; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks eri-
mental'no i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59,
pp 1875-1861
Elastic and inelastic scattering of fast charged particles on black
nonspherical nuclei is investigated in the diffractional approximat..on.
The radius of the nucleus and its nonsphericity parameter can be deter-
mined by comparing the calculations with the experimental data.
119. Superfluidity of Nuclei
"Investigation of the Superfluid State of Atomic Nuclei, "by
V. G. Solov'yev, Joint Institute of Nuclear Research', Moscow,
Zhurnal Eks erimental'no i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36,
No 6, Jun 59, pp 1869-187k
The variational principle proposed by N. N. Bogolyubov, (DAN, 119, 52
(1958)) and the physical ideas and mathematical methods developed in the
theory of superconductivity are applied to a study of the properties of
heavy nuclei. Residual interactions between nucleons located in the outer
shell which lead to the appearance of the superfluid state of the nucleus
are considered from the viewpoint of the nuclear shell model. The energy
of the ground superfluid state and of a set of excited states is computed
for an even, as well as odd, number of nucleons in the shell. Some regular-
ities in the level pattern of even-even nuclei and nuclei with odd A values
are revealed.
The energy changes of the ground nuclear state caused by a change in
the number of nucleons in the outer shell by unity have been calculated.
From these calculations it can be concluded that even-even nuclei are more
stable with respect to 13 -decay than odd-odd nuclei and the results
quantitatively agree with the semi-empirical Weizsacker formula. The re-
sults depend only slightly on the choice of a nuclear model and are also
valid for strongly deformed nuclei.
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120. Annihilation of Positronium
"Three-Photon Annihilation of Positronium in the P-State," by
A. I. Alekseyev, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute; Moscow,
Zhurnal Eks erimental'no I Teoreticheskoy Fiziki Vol 36,
No 6. Jun 59, pp 1 39-l
A relativistically invariant expression for the probability ampli-
tudes of three-photon annihilation of positronium has been obtained
by summation of an infinite number of graphs of a definite class. The
probability for three-photon annihilation of positronium in the P-state
is calculated in the nonrelativistic limit and the selection rules for
this process are found.
121. Wave Functions of Mesic Atoms
"Energy Levels and Approximate Wave Functions of Mesic Atoms,"
G. Ye. Pustovalov, Moscow State University; Moscow, Zhurnal
2.s erimental'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, N-0-6,-Jun 59,
pp 1806-1817
The energies of the 1S-, 2S-, 3S-, 2P, and 3P-levels of mesic atoms
are computed in the nonrelativistic approximation under the assumption of
a uniform nuclear charge density distribution within a sphere of radius R.
By numerical solution of the Schroedinger equation, formulas are deduced
for the dependence of the quantum defect n on t: RoZ/au (au is the Bohr
radius of the meson orbit). Approximate wave functions of the correspond-
ing states are presented. It is shown how relativistic corrections and
level shifts due to change of the shape of the nuclear charged distribution
can be found by employing these wave functions and perturbation theory.
122. Transition Probabilities in Nuclei
"Transition Probabilities between the Levels of the Rotational
Band of Nonaxial Nuclei," by A. S. Davydov and V. S. Rostov-
skiy, Moscow State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental?'-
nnooyii Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59, pp 17dd-
1796
The energies and wave functions of the rotational states (J ' 4)
of nonaxial nuclei are calculated. The reduced probabilities for E2
transitions between them are derived. Conditions under which the rota-
tional states can be characterized by quantum numbers K are ascertained.
It is shown that when the shape of the nucleus deviates from axial sym-
metry the interval rule 1:3; 3:7: 12 observed in,tbe ' rotational band of axial
nuclei is violated. The theory is compared with experiments.
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123. Electromagnetic Cascades
"Monte-Carlo Computation of Electromagnetic Cascades With Ac-
count of the Effect of the Medium on'the Bremsstrahlung," by
A. A. Varfolomeyev and I. A. Svetlolobov; Moscow, Zhurnal
Eksperimental'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Jun
59, pp 1771-1781
Electromagnetic cascades initiated by 109, 1010, 1011, 5.1011, 1012,
and 3.1012 ev primary electrons are computed for .depths ; up to 2.8.
radiation units. The Monte-Carlo method was employed. Real (nonasymptotic)
cross sections for elementary electromagnetic processes in the photographic
emulsion were taken into account. Two types of calculations were carried
out: those based on the Bethe-Heitler formulas and those based on formulas
which take into account the effect of multiple scattering and polarization
of the medium on bremsstrahlung.
124. Reaction Threshold
"Resonance Effects in the Scattering of Particles Near the Reac-
tion Threshold," by A. I. Baz'; Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperimental L
noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1762-
1770
The energy dependence of the scattering cross section X(aa)X near the
threshold of the reaction X(ab)y (X, a, Y are arbitrary particles) is stud-
ied under the assumption that long-range attractive forces act between b
and Y. It is shown that if these forces are capable of producing a bound
state of particles b + Y, then resonances should be observed in the scatter-
ing cross sections. These resonances are located below the threshold of
the reaction X(ab) Y. A detailed study is made of the case when attractive
Coulomb forces act between b and Y. The number of resonances in this case
is found to be infinite and their density trends to infinity when the thres-
hold is approached from below.
125. Special Case of a Stripping Reaction
"Comparison of the Differential Cross.. Sections for the (d,p)
and (d,t) Reactions," by A. B. Kurepin and V. G. Neudachin,.
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow,
Zhurnal Eks erimental'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36,
No 6, Jun 59, pp 1725-1730
The (d,t) reaction is regarded as a special case of a stripping reac-
tion between two complex systems. The reduced widths derived from the
(d, t) and(pd) reactions by choosing various triton wave functions are
compared. The neutron wave function relative to the deuteron in triton
when yields best agreement with the experiments is found. A value ti
0.40 is derived for the probability to find the triton in the "deuteron +
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126. Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering
"Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering in High Angular Momentum States,"
by A. F. Grashin, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute; Moscow,
Zhurnal Eks erimental'no i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36,
T6, Jun 59, PP 1717-172
The properties of the one-pion exchange approximation of nucleon-
nucleon elastic scattering are considered in detail. The scattering
phase shifts are computed. A new procedure for phase shift analysis is
suggested which should lead to a reduction of the multiplicity of the
solution and permit one to obtain more accurately the experimental phase
shifts.
127. Generation of ?T-Mesons
"Generation of 9T-Mesons by High Energy Cosmic Ray Alpha-
Particles," A. A. Loktionov and Zh. S. Takibayev, Institute
of Nuclear Physics, Academy of Kazakhstan SSR, Moscow, Zhurnal
Eksperimental'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Jun
59, pp 1697-1702
The experimental data are compared with the hydrodynamical theory
of multiple meson production. It is shown that for showers with an energy
10 Bev per nucleon, the reF;u1ts of an analysis of the observed tar
parameters do not contradict the concept of an interaction between the
incident alpha-particle and a "tunnel" consisting of the'nucleons of the
target nucleus.
128. Increase in Cosmic Ray Intensity
"A Case of Sharp Increase of Cosmic Ray Intensity in the
Stratosphere," by N?. P. Rymko, V. F. Tulinov,.and A. N.
Charakhch'yan, Physics Institute imeni Lebedev, Academy
of Sciences USSR, Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental'no i
Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol No 6, Jun 59, pp 1687-1689
An increase of the intensity of the cosmic radiation was observed
in the stratosphere on 8 July 1.958 at a latitude of 61.?N. At an altitude
of 30 km the intensity was more than twice the normal value. On the other
hand, at latitudes of 510 and 410 no increase was observed.
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129. Depolarization of P+-Mesons
"Depolarization of M+ -Mesons in Photographic Emulsions," by
A. 0. Vaysenberg, N. V. Rabin, and V. A. Smirnitskiy, Insti-
tute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Academy of Sci-
ences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental'no i Teoretichesko
Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1 -1__6
The asymmetry coefficient in 7i+ - P+ _ e+ -decay has been measured
in an ordinary and diluted NIKFI-R emulsion, and in the same emulsion
placed in a strong magnetic field. An analysis of the results obtained
and also of those contained in the literature indicates that the asym-
metry coefficient in the NIKFI-R emulsion (a= -0.077 + 0.012) is signif-
icantly smaller than that for the Ilford G-5 emulsion (a= -0.139 + 0.014).
A two-fold dilution of the NIKFI-R emulsion with gelatin leads to a sharp
increase of the asymmetry coefficient (a= -0.127 + 0.028). The polariza-
tion in the NIKFI-R emulsion is restored by application of a magnetic field,
the asymmetry coefficient being increased up to a= - 0.28 + 0.02 at a field
strength of 17,000 G.
130. Distribution of 7t?-Mesons
"Reaction of p+ p -, p +7t? in the Energy Range From the Tb es-
hold to 665 Mev," by A. F. Dunaytsev?and Yu. D. Prokoshkin,
Joint Institute of Nuclear Research; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks eri-
mental'no i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6. Jun 59.,
pp 1656-1671
The angular distribution of 7T?-mesons produced in proton-proton
collisions have been investigated at 400 - 665 Mev. The distributions
were fotmd to be close to isotropic in agreement with the phenomenological
resonance theory of S. Mandel'shtam (Proc Roy Soc, A 244,491, 1958). The
total cross sections were measured in the energy range 313 - 665 Mev. At
energies above 400 Mev, the main contribution to the reaction cross section
is given by the resonant transitions. At the lower proton energies the non-
resonant Ss-transition becomes essential, its contribution to the total
cross section being 0.032 ? ? 10-27 cm2. The comparison of the measured
cross sections of neutral and charged, pion production with those calculated
from the resonance theory makes it possible to conclude that the transition
with the total angular momentum J= 2 is preferential.
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131. 660 Mev Proton and Nuclei Interaction
"Interaction Between 660 Mev Protons and Atomic Nuclei and the
Nuclear Internal Momentum Distribution of Nucleons," by L. S.
Azhgirey, I. K. Vzorov, V. P. Zrelov, M. G. Meshcheryakov,
B. S. Neganov, R. M. Ryndin, and A. F. Shabudin, Joint Insti-
tute of Nuclear Research; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental'no i
Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59 pp 1631-1649
An investigation is carried out on the angular distribution and (by
magnetic analysis) on the energy spectra of secondary particles (mainly
protons with energies 60 Mev) emitted at angles of 7, 12.2, 18, 21,
and 300 in reactions between 660 Mev protons and the nuclei of Be, C,
Cu, and U. The cross sections for the emission of such secondary charged
particles increase with decrease of the angle. In the order of decreas-
ing energy the various spectral regions of all investigated elements cor-
respond respectively to diffractional scattering of protons on nuclei (in
the small angle region), single quasi-elastic proton-nucleon collisions,
71 - meson production on bound nucleons, and intranuclear cascade.
The experimental energy spectra for single quasi-elastic proton-nucleon
scattering are comparei with the spectra computed in the impulse approxima-
tion under various assumptions regarding the momentum distributions of the
nucleons in the nuclei. The Be and 0 data are consistent, with a Gaussian
nucleon momentum distribution with a l,/e value at an energy of approximately
20 Mev.
132. Instant Spectrum of the Hard Component of Cosmic Rays
"Instant Spectrum of Particles of the Hard Component of Cosmic
Rays at an Altitude of 9 Km," by L. T. Baradzey, M. V. Solov'-
yev, Z. I. Tulinova, and L. Z. Filatova, Institute of Nuclear
Physics, Moscow Sta`e University; Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperimental'-
noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1617-1620
With the aid of a cloud chamber in a magnetic field the instant
spectrum of iasticles of the hard component of cosmic rays has been
obtained at an altitude of 9 km for momentum values lying between
0.3.109 and 6.109 ev/c. In the indicated momentum range the particles
were separated with respect to charge. It is found that in the (1-5)109
ev/c instant range protons comprise (50 ? 10) percent of the total number
of particles.
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133? Scattering Amplitudes Analysis
The Possibility of Determining the 7T - 7( Scattering Ampli-
tudes by Analysis of the ~ + p -> N +,g + IT Reactions Near
the Threshold," by A. A. Anse1'm and V. N. Gribov; Moscow,
Zhurnal Eks erimental'no i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36,
No 6. Jun 59, pp 1890-1693
It is shown that a study of the e + p -- p 7T+ + g-., p+7t?
t 1 t?, n+ g+ + 7T ? reactions near their threshold should permit one to
determine the scattering amplitudes of 7T -mesons on 7T -mesons for zero
energy if the meson-meson interaction is of a resonance nature, and to
determine a certain combination of these amplitudes if the interaction
is not of a resonance nature.
Plasma Physics
131. Acceleration of Plasma
"Acceleration of Plasma Clusters'by High Frequency Electro-
magnetic Fields," by M. A. Miller, Radiophysical Institute
of Gor'kiy State University, Moscow, Zhurnal Ecsperimental'-
noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36,, Nob, Jun 59, pp 1909-
1917
It is shown that it should be possible to accelerate clusters of a
completely ionized quasi-neutral plasma located in a moving high frequency
potential well. If the well is formed by the fields of two waves of dif-
ferent frequency it can be accelerated only by changing the frequency of
one of the waves or by employing wave guides of varying cross section.
Some peculiarities of linear and cyclic plasma accelerators are considered.
135. Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics
"'Theory of Relativistic Magnet ohydrodynamic Waves," by I. A.
Akhiyezer and R. V. Polovin, Physicotechnical Institute,
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks eri-
mental'no i Teoretichesko Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6. Jun 59.,
pp 1 5-1 52
One-dimensional simple waves in relativistic magnetohydrodynamics
and relativistic hydromagnetic discontinuities (contact, tangential,
Alfven, fast and slow shock waves) are considered. The Zemplen theorem
is proved for shock waves of arbitrary intensity.
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136. Motion of a Plasma Loop
"The Motion of a Plasma Loop in,Axially Symmetrical Magnetic
Fields,"'by L. M. ICovrizhnykh, Physics Institute imeni Lebedev,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental-no i
Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Jun .59, pp 1834-1836
Some problems related to the dynamics of a. plasma loop located in
an inhomogeneous axially symmetrical magnetic field are considered.
137. Radiation of a Moving Charge
"The Radiation Force in the Motion of a Charge in a Medium," by
V. L. Ginzburg and V. Ya. Eydman, Railiophysics Institute of
Gor'kiy State University,, Moscow, Zhurnal EkGperimental'noy i
Teoreticheskoy Fiziki; Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59, pp 18-23-1833
The radiative force is computed for a charge moving in a medium which,
in the general case, is considered to be anisotropic and gyrotropic. The
radiative force in a medium can play a significant role when the particle
moves in a magnetoactive plasma, in channels and slits in dielectrics, and
also in wave guides. At velocities larger than the phase velocity of light
in the medium the radiative force which changes the amplitude of the oscil-
lations and. which is related to the emission of anomalous Doppler frequen-
cies, possesses a different sign than that of radiative friction due to
the emission of normal Doppler frequencies. The total radiative force which
is responsible for the change in the amplitude of the oscillations of a
particle in an isotropic medium corresponds to friction aLl~o in the case
of superlight motion. However this friction may be appreciably smaller
than the radiative friction encountered at sub:Light velocities. In an
anisotropic mediun amplification of the oscillations may occur instead of
friction. The decrease of the radiative friction or the appearance of the
amplification may be related to the peculiarities of the anomalous Doppler
effect as revealed by a quantum mechanics analysis and also to the un-
strability of the supertight particle beams.
138. Magnetohydrodynamic Waves
"Cylind ical and. Plane Ma.gnetohyd-rodynamic Waves, " by K. P.
Stanyukovich, Higher Technical School imeni Bauman; Moscow,
Zhurnal Ek.sperimental'noy 5. Teoreticheska Fiziki, Vol 36,
No 6, Jun 59, pp 1782-17
Cylindrical waves produced in a conducting medium by a magnetic field
are considered.. The two cases when the field is directed along the Z axis
and along the angle cp are analyzed. Special attention is paid to "sound"
waves as well as to those possessing velocities close to that of light.
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139. Parameters of High-Temperature Plasma
"Spectroscopic Investigations of Powerful Pulsed Discharges in
Hydrogen. III. Determination of the Parameters of a High-
Temperature Plasma," by S. Yu. Luk'yanov and V. I. Sinitsyn;
Moscow, Zhurnal Eks]2erimentallnoy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki,
Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1621-1624
Results of spectroscopic measurement of the parameters of a high-
temperature plasma are presented. It is shown Coat at the moment of
maximal constriction the density of the charged particles at the axis
of the discharge is 35- 40 times greater than the initial density of
the neutral atoms. The ion temperature in this case attains a value of
1 - 2 million degress.
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Solid State Physics
1l+0. Ginzburg-Landau Equations of Superconductivity
"The Microscopic Deduction of the Ginzburg-Landau Equations in
the Theory of Superconductivity," by L. P. Gor'kov, Institute
of Physical Problems, Acadeqr of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Eksperimental'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6.,'
Jun 59, pp 1915-1923
It is shown that the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau equations are
valid in superconductivity theory in:the London temperature range. near
TC. A doubled electron charge, however, is involved in the theory, this
being related to the physical meaning. of W (x) as the wave function of
Cooper pairs. The constant x is found to be small. The problem of the
surface energy on the boundary between the normal and superconducting
phases near Te is discussed.
141. Cherenkov Radiation
Transition Radiation and the Vavilov-Cherenkov Radiation," by
V. Ye. Pafomov, Physics Institute imeni Lebedev, Acadenpr of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks rimental'noy i Teoretiches-
koy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59, PP 1. 53-4656
The angular distribution of the radiation -emitted by a charged par-
ticle passing through the boundary between vacuum and an isotropic fer-
rodielectric and between vacuum and a dielectric crys?~al is considered.
It is shown that the radiation significantly' depends on the sign of the
group velocity. Transition-radiation is considered in connection with
those peculiarities of'the .Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation which occur in
crystals and also in isotropic media in the frequency range with a nega-
tive group velocity. The "reverses" Doppler effect is considered.
142, Thermal Conductivity of Superconductors
"Effect of Anisotropy on the Thermal Conductivity of Supercon-
ductors," I. M. Khalatnikov, Institute of Physical Problems,
Acadenpr of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks rimental' no i
Teoreticheskcy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1 l -l 22 .~
The electron part of the thermal conduct ivity_of superconductors.. is
calculated with consideration of anisotropy. It is shown that for uiiiaxial
crystals the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity may be dif-
ferent along different crystallographic axes.
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143. Van Der Waals Forces
"Van Der Waals Forces in an Inhomogeneous Dielectric," by
I. Ye. Dzyaloshonskiy and L. P. Pitayevskiy, Institute of
Physical Problems, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Eksperimentallnoy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No-S7-
Jun 59, pp 1798-1805
The nonadditive part of the free energy of an inhomogeneous dielectric
caused by long wave fluctuations of the electromagnetic field in it is com-
puted by aid of the diagram technique. The corresponding part of the stress
tensor (stress tensor of Van der Waals forces) is also computed. Formulas
for Green's functions of the electromagnetic field in an absorbing medium
are also presented.
144. Conductivity Electrons in Diamond-Type Crystals
"Electrical, Optical, and Elastic Properties of Diamond-Type
Properties of Diamond-Type Crystals. IV. Interaction Between
Conductivity Electrons and Lattice-Vibrations,". by V. S. Mash-
kevich, Kiev Polytechnic Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks eri-
mental'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59,
PP 1736-1742
The interaction be+ween conductivity electrons and lattice vibra-
tions due to the polarization related to them is considered. The possibil-
ity of existence of polaron states is investigated. The electron mobility
is evaluated.
145. Electron-Spin Resonance of F-Centers
"Contribution to the Theory of Electron-Spin Resonance of
F-Centers in Crystals With NaCl-Type Lattices," by L. A.
Shulman, Tadzhik State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperi-
mental'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Ju'h 59,
pp 1709-1716
Two F-center models are employed: the De Boer model and the Hilsch-
Pohi model. The wave function of the ground state of the F-center is set
up for each of the models (molecular orbit approximation). The hyperfine
interaction between the F-center electron and magnetic moments of the
nuclei of the first and second coordinational spheres is considered. The
coupling constants for the corresponding spin Hamiltonian are computed.
Paramagnetic resonance absorption of radio frequencies of F-centers is
considered. The shape and width of the absorption band are obtained.
The theory is found to agree with the experimental data for the KCl crys-
tal.
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146. Neutronographic Study of Mn and Fe Carbonates
"Neutronographic Investigation of the Antiferromagnetism of Nh
and Fe Carbonates," by R. A. Alikhanov, Institute of Physical
Problems, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks eri-
mental'n i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59,
pp 1690-1696
A method for low temperature neutronography of powders has been
developed. The anti ferromagneti c structure of MnCO33 and FeCO has been
investigated. It is shown that in NhC03 the spins in the antiferro-
magnetic state lie in the basis plane and symmetry plane. In FeCO
the spins are directed along the rhombohedral axis. According to ;zyalo-
shinskv, this should signify that MnC03 is weakly ferromagnetic.,, whereas
FeCO3 is not.
117. Properties of,Gd
"The Magnetic Properties of Gadolinium Oxides," by K. P. Belov,
M. A. Zaytseva, and A. V. Fed'ko, Moscow, State University;
Moscow, Zhurnal Eks rimental'n i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki,
Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1672-1679
The temperature dependence of the magnetic properties of gadolinium
ferrites with garnet and perovskite structures and also of gadolinium
manganite has been measured. It is found that at the compensation point
and Curie point there is an anomalous growth of the coercive force and a
very small paraprocess in garnet-ferrite. There is also an anomaly in
the behavior of the temperature dependence of magnetrostriction. The
perovskite gadolinium ferrite possesses a weak ferromagnetism of the
hematite type. After heating the sample in a field' above the Curie point
the magnitude of this ferromagnetism increases. Gadolinium manganite has
paramagnetic properties, but in the region of helium temperatures magnetic
hysteresis phenomena are observed.
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1)8. Galvanometric Phenomena in Cr
"Investigations of Galvanometric Phenomena in Chromium at Low
Temperatures," by Ye. S. Borovik and V. G. Volotskaya, Physico-
technical Institute, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow,
Zhurnal Eksperimental'n i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36,
No 6, Jun 59, PP 1650-1655
The Hall effect and variation of the resistance of chromium is studied
in magnetic fields up to 27,000 Oe at temperatures of from 4.2 to 78?K.
The concentrations and mobilities of the electrons in chromium are cal-
culated from the data obtained. A preliminary investigation of the proper-
ties of zirconium has been carried out.
149. Plastic Deformations of Rock Crystals
"Investigation of the Initial Stages of Plastic Deformation of
Rock Salt Crystals," by R. I. Garber and L. M. Polyakov,
Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR;
Moscow, Zhu;nal Eks rimental'n i Teoretichesko .Fiziki,
Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1625-1630
Plastic deformation processes in rock salt involving the formation
of elementary displacements which constitute a special deformation state
are investigated. Further deformation leads to the formation of single
gliding bands. The activation energy required for annealing of the
residual stresses in the elementary displacements is twice as small as
that of the slipping bands. Additional attenuation of light has been
detected near the traces of the elementary displacements. It is sug-
gested that this is due to the effect of the line inhomogeneities which
are oriented differently on both sides of each trace. Some traces of
elementary displacements have been found to contract after the load is
removed as in the case of elastic twins of sodium saltpeter. The trace
of the elementary displacement on the lateral surface of the crys al
has been found to have a smooth profile which extends over 1,500 A.
This smooth profile can be satisfactorily explained by the effect of
surface tension forces which are thermodynamic equilibrium with the
additional residual strains stresses.
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150. Sound Absorption in Superconductors
"Problem of Thermal Conductivity and Sound Absorption in Super-
conductors," by V. Z. Kresin, Moscow State Pedagogical Insti-
tute; Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperimental'noy i Teoreticheskoy
Fiziki, Vol 36, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1947-19W
The problem of sound absorption in superconductors in the case when
w'C