SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100270001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 123
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 20, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

CIA/PB 1.31891 T1.8 APP-vedF-IRtrilcc!nsTrfortio,2200r/pcsisR,rp F I C INFORMATION
FILE
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
20 March 1959
PB 131891 1-18
Distributed Only By
/ , _
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / r (:'?"' cep4.1?J Cr' '0
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES r
WASFUNGTON 25, D.C.
daq EOX
Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription $28.00 ($4 additional for ("Pc
foreign mailing). Single copy $2.75.
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PLEASE NOPE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted from
re,..ently received publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and
China. The information selected is tntendedto indicate current
scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the Sino-
Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is disseminated
as an aid to the United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Biology
II. Chemtstry
Crystallography
Fuels and Propellants
Herbicides
Industrial Chemistry
Insecticides
Isotopes
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
Physical Chemistry
Radiation Chemistry
Miscellaneous
III. Earth Sciences
IV. Electronics
Page,
1
3
3
3
6
7
13
3.14.
15
18
19
21
23
25
Communications 25
Components 26
Computers and Automation 31
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation 35
? Instruments and Equipment 36
Materials 39
V. Engineering 42
Aero Engineering 42
Electrical walgineering 45
Materials and Processes 45
???
a
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VI, Mathematics 49
VII, Medicine 50
Contagious Diseases 50
Epidemiology 51
Hematology 52
Immunology:and Therapy 53
Oncology 59
Pharmacology and Toxicology 65
Physiology 66
Public Healthy Hygienep and Sanitation 70
Radiology 74
Surgery 87
Miscellaneous 87
VIII. Metallurgy 91
IX. Physic 92
Atomic and Molecular Physics 92
Electricity 94
Low Temperatures 95
Mechanics 95
Nuclear Physics 100
Plasma Physics 105
Radiophysics 107
Solid State Physics 107
Spectroscopy 110
Theoretical Physics 116
X. Miscellaneous 117
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I. BIOLOGY
1. Biology, the Future leader in Natural Science
"The Scientific Front -- To a Youth Entering Science," by Aca-
demician A. N. Nesmeyanov) president of the Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Tekhnika Molodezhi, No 10, 1958, pp 10-11
"...Physics today is the leader of natural science. Following it is
chemistry) especially the field of high-molecular compounds in which our
country is preparing to effect new, great strides: having constructed a
powerful plastics artificial material, and synthetic fiber industry and
having rapidly advanced the chemistry of high-molecular mpounds with an
over-all result of advancing chemistry as a whole.
"As a result of this, it is my firm conviction and that of many other
scientists that in the next 10 years biology will become the leader in
natural science since, in the final analysis, man is more concerned with
life than with anything else.
"We chemists dream of the time when biologists can, by using chemical
and physical reactions, direct the life of cells and when chemists can
utilize these principles, based on the chemical activity of cells) in the
chemical industry. You know that a cell is basically a microfactory. Only
now have we begun to understand how a cell produces protein, without which
there is no life. A cell 'stamps' them, just as a part is stamped in in-
dustry. In this function, it uses nucleic acid.
"In a similar way, the viruses 'stamp' the surrounding proteins in the
body of a host, from a chemical point of view appearing as nucleo proteids
which are capable of replication as the result of using'its nucleic acid as
a 'stamp.'
"Somewhere close to this lies the enigma of cancer, which is the re-
sult of incorrect, irregular cell reproduction by an organism. Did the
stamping mechanism break down? Was it broughtin from without? By a virus?
Or develop within the organism? You can be sure of this, the normal pro-
teins of cell replication, which are connected with the 'die' action on
nucleic acid in the cell of the tissue, have been disrupted.
"In this area of enigmas involving life, there is another interesting
problem -- heredity, which is transmitted through embryo cells. How in the
nature of one single cell) which later grows into a complex organism, can
the many characteristics which produce a son not only belonging to the
species but also in many ways similar to the mother and father be 'coded'?
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CPYRGHT
"Genetics, undoubtedlhis one of the growing areas in natural science,
where, in addition to cytology and other branches of biology, physics) chem-
istry, and elements of mathematics) such as information theory) are also in-
cluded. There are many such basic enigmas of life in biology) the investiga-
tion of which will have many practical results. Therefore) in the near fu-
ture, biology will be the leader of natural science.
'...Man did not enter the cosmic era, which formerly seemed fantasti-
cally far away but now is awaiting the first flight to the moon, by words
but by deeds. There is no doubt that even we will see these flights. We
will remember the importance which Columbus' discovery of America had for
humanity, but this discovery was only done within the confines of the
globe."
2
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II. CHEMISTRY
Crystallograph
2. Second Conference on Crystal Growth, 23 March-1 April 1959
Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 1, Jan 59, p 140
The Second Conference on Crystal Growth, organized by the Institute
of Crystallograkily of the Academy of Sciences USSR and the Scientific
Council on the Problem of Crystal Formation, will be held from 23 March
to 1 April 1959. More than 100 papers are supposed to be delivered at
the conference. Scientists of the People's Democracies will present a
considerable number of papers. An exhibition of synthetic crystals and
equipment for growing them is being organized for the conference.
Fuels and Pro2.211141I1_
3. A Method for the Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Jet Fuel
Kerosene
"A Method for the Determination on the Basis of Structural and
Group Composition Data of the Total Quantity of Aromatic Hydro-
carbons in Aviation Kerosenes Containing Unsaturated Hydrocarbons,"
by M. F. Nagiyev and L. I. Tryapina, Petroleum InstitutQ of the
Academy of Sciences Azerbaydzhan SSR; Baku, Doklady Akademii Nauk
Azerbaydzhanskoy SSE, Vol 14, No 12, Dec 58, pp 977-983
A method is proposed for the determination of the total quantity of
aromatic hydrocarbons and the quantity of aromatic hydrocarbons with un-
saturated side chain in jet fuel kerosenes ["aviation kerosenee] con-
taining unsaturated hydrocarbons. The total content of aromatic hydro-
carbons and aromatic hydrocarbons with unsaturated side chains was deter-
mined in jet fuel kerosenes produced by the thermal cracking of different
mazuts. It was found that from the standpoint of the production of kero-
senes containing the least quantity of aromatics the mazut derived from
Karachukhur crude is the best raw material among the three types of mazut
investigated.
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gmapaTIL2Llyikazen Peroxide With Ammonia
"On the Interaction of Hydrogen Peroxide With Ammonia," by K. Ye.
Mironov, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry imeni N. S.
Kurnakov? Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganiche-
skoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 10 Jan 59, pp 153-157
The constitutional diagram of the system 11202 - NH3 was determined.
Tf; was established on the basis of this diagram that four solid phases
ex!dt in the system, i. e., hydrogen peroxide, the compound NH. H2 02
(m.pt.= 4.250)0 the compound 2 1W3.H202 (which melts incongrueftly at
minus 93.50), and ammonia. The existence and stability of the compounds
formed are based on the acidic properties of hydrogen peroxide. The errors
made in previous investigations by workers who tried to establish the
existence of the compound 2 NH3. H202 are pointed out.
5. The Constitutional DiagEem of the System Hydrogen Peroxide - Ethylene
Glycol,
"The Problem of the Constitutional Diagram of the System Hydrogen
Peroxide - Ethylene Glycol" by D. V. Rode and A. V. Zachatskaya;
Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 1, Jen 59,
pp 243-244.
Data obtained in work on the determination of the constitutional dia-
gram of the system hydrogen peroxide - ethylene glycol are described. The
liquidus of hydrogen peroxide could be determined only from 51.35 to 100
% of peroxide and the liquidus of ethylene glycol only from 0% to
37.80 mol % of peroxide. In the concentration range of 37.80 - 51.35 ma %
of hydrogen peroxide no determinations could be made, because no crystals
form in the solutions at these concentrations: vitrification insteal of
crystallization takes place.
The solutions that were investigated proved to be quite stable for
periods up to 230 days. It could be confirmed that hydrogen peroxide is
miscible with ethylene glycol in all proportions without separation into
layers and that work with the solutions in question is safe unless contact
with other organic substances (e.g., those of the skin or clothing) occurs.
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6. The Decomposition of Calcium Peroxide
"The Decomposition of Calcium Peroxide in a Carbon Dioxide Atmo-
sphere," by M. M. Pavlyuchenko and Ya. S. Rubinchik, Belorussian
State University tmeni V. I. Lenin; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Khimii Vol 4, No 1, Jan 59, pp 50-55
It was established in the work described that anhydrous calcium peroxide
does not react with dry carbon dioxide at temperatures lower than that of its
dissociation. Sodium hydroxide and magnesium dioxide, which were used as
catalysts, did not have an effect on the reaction under these conditions.
Beginning with the temperature of 1450 anydrous calcium peroxide decomposes
in a stream of moist carbon dioxide. Addition to the calcium peroxide of
solid sodium hydroxide, magnesium dioxide, or cuprous oxide increases by
several times the velocity of the decomposition of calcium peroxide in the
whole range of temperatures investigated in the work described .(14.5 -
52.5?). The hydrate Ca 02 . 8110 decomposes in a carbon dioxide stream in
the absence of catalysts in the whole range of the temperatures investigated
(15 - 700). The addition of solid catalysts (sodium hydroxide or magnesium
dioxide) to the hydrate increases the rate of decomposition by several times.
The ina7eased reactivity of hydrates is due to the formation of a labile
phase of the peroxide after dehydration of the hydrate.___Ibe peroxide in
this phase is converted more rapidly into the final products of the reaction.
The mechanism of the decomposition of peroxides of alkaline earth metals in
the presence of moisture and carbon dioxide is considered. The mechanism
of the catalytic action of sodium hydroxide, magnesium peroxide, and cuprous
oxide is also subjected to consideration.
7. Ionization Processes in a Gas Stream Behind a Shock Wave
"Investigation of Rapid Ionization Processes in a Gas Stream Be-
hind a Shock Wave," by A. A. Brandt and R. Kh. Kurtmulayev, Phys-
ical Faculty of Moscow State University; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika
Eksperimenta, No 6, Nov-Dec 58, pp 94-97
A method is described for measuring the coefficient of thermal ioniza-
tion of gas in a stream following a shock wave propagating with a velocity
of approximately 3 km/sec. ...Lie duration of the ionization process indicated
oscillographically, which depends on the velocity of the shock wave, com-
prised 200 microseconds. The method that has been developed makes it pos-
sible to measure the ionization constant in a certain finite number of points
(10-15) distributed uniformly along the course of the process with the re-
sult that the ionization pulse and the steepness of fronts can be determined.
The measurements were conducted with the aid of a volume resonator at a wave
length of 10 am.
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P. A Device for Measuring Pressures During Explosions
"On the Measurement of Rapidly Changing Pressures in a Gaseous
Medium," by S. G. Zaytsev, Power Institute, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Pribory I Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 6, Nov-Dec 58,
PP 97-99
The design and method of construction of a piezoelectric sensitive de-
vice are described. In contrast to the operation of most appliances for
the same purpose, the device's own oscillations are not induced by the ac-
tion of force impulses when the duration of the period of front increase
becomes negligibly small. With the use of the device described, it is pos-
sible to determine the form of pressure impulses which correspond to the
explosion shock (in the range of 0.5-100 atmospheres) and carry out these
determinations within a period of time T the beginning of which coincides
with the moment at which the explosion shock begins to act on the sensitive
device. For the devices used, this period of time comprises 60-200 micro-
seconds.
The piezoelectric element is a cylinder of sintered barium titanate 10
millimeters high and having a diameter of 13 millimeters.
Herbicides
9. Investigation of the Herbicide MG-T
"Herbicide MG-T Against Quack Grass," by A. K. Eglite, Candidate
of Agricultural Sciences; Moscow, Zashchita Bastiniy ot Vreditele;L
Bolezney, No 6, Nov-Dec 58, pp 40-41
During 1954-1957 the Soviet Union has been conducting investigations
on the effect of MG-T against quack grass. A technological process for the
production of MG-T (the hydrazile of maleic acid) has been developed by the
Institute of Agricultural Problems under the direction of S. A. Giller, Aca-
demician of the Academy of Scienees Latvian SSR. This compound is being
produced by the Riga'Chemical Combine. It is vapplied in the form of a 33%
concentrate, which has a syrupy consistency.
Small doses of MG-T act on all plants, slowing down their growth. Higher
dosages produce chlorosis and bring about gradual loss of the plants over a ?
period of 1-3 months. Therefore, its use in the field without injury can
only be accomplished by utilizing it before crops are planted.
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The preparation is best used as a 3-10% water solution with the addi-
tion of 0.1% of a wetting agent (0P-10 or OP-7). MG-?T is toxic to both
humans and animals.
10. Herbicides From Wood Pu12,
"Herbicides From the Phenols of Resins Obtained by the Thermolysis
of Wood," by V. Kovalev and D. Tishchenko, Forestry Technology
Academy imeni S. M. Kirov5 &scow, ZhurnalPriklad.ncy Khimii, No 11,
Nov 58, pp 1708-1715
It was shown that a mixture of chlorophenoxyacetic acids (containing
approximately 28-30% of chlorine, having a gram equivalent weight of ap-
proximately 235-250, and obtained from the phenol fraction of wood distil-
late boiling at 180-2100) is a good herbicide with a selective action, which
destroys dicotyledonous plants and certain deciduous plants. This mixture
contains no more than 25% of 2,4-D and 2M-4Kh (2-methy1-4-chlorophenoxyacetic
acid), The high physiological activity of the mixture is the result of the
presence of a considerable quantity Lii) to 40%) of chloroguaiacoxyacetic
acids, which are synergetic to 214-D, and are stimulants of plant growth.
Industrial Chemistry,
11. A Symposium on the Chemi_stilicm.Comounds_
"A Symposium on the Organic and Nonsilicate Chemistry of Silicon
at Dresden, 12-14 May 1958," by V, A. Ponomarenko; Moscow, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR Otdeleni e Kilimicheskikh Nauk, No 11, Nov 58,
pp 1 01-1 03
A symposium on the organic and nonsilicate chemistry of silicon organ-
ized by the [German] Chemical Society of the GDR [Society of German Chem-
ists] was held at Dresden, 12-14 May 1958. Twenty-eight reports were pre-
sented at the conference: 13 by GDR chemists, 8 by USSR chemists, and 7 by
chemists from West Germany. More thar half the reports dealt with research
In the field of the organic chemistry of silicon while the rest were con-
cerned with problems of the nonsilicate chemistry of silicon, the analysis
of organosilicon compounds, and same special applications of organosilicon
compounds in technology. In addition to representatives of GDR scientific
institutions and industry active in the field of organosilicon compounds and.
USSR and West German chemists, representatives from Czechoslovakia partic-
ipated. Besides the official delegation of the Academy of Sciences USSR
consisting of N. S. Nametkin chief of the delegation), EL G. Vbronkov,
A. A. Zhdanov, D. N. Andreyev, and V. A. Ponomarenko, 24 other scientific
workers and engineers from the USSR participated in the symposium.
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One of the most extensive reports presented by a GDR participant was
that by R. Mueller, chief of the Institute of Silicone and Fluorocarbon
Chemistry at Radebeul. In this report, which was of a theoretical nature,
Mueller outlined the history of organic and inorganic silicon chemistry,
from the standpoint both of resemblances of silicon with carbon and of
differences between these two elements. Employing the concept in regard
to the participation of the 3d orbit of silicon in the formation of co-
ordination bonds, Mueller attempted to explain from a unified standpoint
the mechanisms of such reactions of organosilicon compounds as saponifica-
tion, fluorination, polymerization, and hydrolysis.
The problem of the mutual influence of atoms on each other which is
apparent in vibrational spectra (Raman and infrared spectra) of silicon
compounds was the subject of a detailed paper given by G. Kriegsman. In-
vestigation of interatomic distances and bond eaergies of a number of
organosilicon compounds enabled the author of this paper to confirm that
there is an especially strong interaction between silicon and bonds formed
by it with electronegative elements. This characteristic of the bonds of
electronegative elements with silicon, which has been observed before, is
due to a tendency of the silicon atom to full the unoccupied 3d orbit.
A report by S. Munkelt (GDR) dealt with the synthesis of alkenyl-
silanes from chloroalkylsilanes by dehydrochlorination with the use of
ferrosilicon at elevated temperatures. Munkelt developed a continuous
method for the production of alkenylsilanes (vinyl trichlorosilane, allyl
trichlorosilane, and others) by means of this reaction. This method may
become of practical importance. A paper by G. Beyer reported the results
of a very through investigation of the reaction of carbon tetrachloride
with silicon in the temperature range of 200-4000. The author of the paper
established the optimum conditions for this reaction (at a temperature of
approximately 3100) at which the maximum quantity of -9roducts of direct
synthesis containing Si-C bonds is Obtained and a relatively samll amount
of silicon tetrachloride is formed. The compounds C13Si 011CSi C13, C13
I
Cl Cl
SIC= CSI Cl3' and (C13Si) C
could be isolated from the mixture of products. The following reaction
mechanism is assumed:
Si Cl Cl
i
Cl4C-4 C13CCC13 --> C12(=CC12 --) c13Sic==Csic13
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Si
dc CCl? a3sica csia3
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The reports by USSR organosilicon chemists were given on the second and
third days of the symposium. Papers that originated at a number of USSR
laboratories conducting research on organosilicon compounds were presented
by K. A. Andrianov, B. N. Dolgov, A. D. Petrov, and A. V. Topchiyev.
Acting in Andrianov's name and also representing his own institute (the
Institute of Organoelemental Compounds at Moscow), A. A. Zhdanov presented
two reports dealing with the synthesis of polyorganometalsiloxanes contain-
ing titanium, phosphorus) aluminum, and other metals. These reports are
repzesentative of a line of research on which Andrianov had concentrated
during recent years and which he pursued intensively during that time.
Interesting results pertaining to the action of different organic and in-
organic acids and aldehydes on diethyldiethoxysilane and its mixtures with
triethylethoxysilane, which leads to the formation of pc1yAiethylsiloxane
liquids, were reported in a paper by N. S. Leznov: L. A. Sabun, and K. A.
Andrianov. D. N. Andreyev (Institute of Silicate Chemistry at Leningrad)
reported data on the action of silent electric discharges on CH3SiC13 and
(CH3) 281012. The products of condensation that are formed, viz. C13SiCH2-
Si(012)CR2SiC13C13SiCH2CH2Si(C1)2Ch2SiC13, CH3Si(C1)2CH2Si(C1)2CH3, and
others, were investigated in detail in the work described. The results
obtained can be explained satisfactorily by assuming a radica1 chain
mechanism of the reaction.
A detailed report by M. G. Voronkov (Institute of Silicate Chemistry,
Leningrad) reported the development of two new methods for the synthesis
of different alkylalkoxysilanes and siloxanes by the splitting of straight-
chain and cyclic polysiloxanes with alkaxysilanes and halogenosilanes in the
presence of nucleophilic reagents (KOH and others) and electrophilic reagents
(FeC13). The mechanisms of these two reactions were analyzed in detail in
Voronkov's report. A paper by A. V. Topchiyev, N. S. Nametkin, T. I. Cherny-
sheva, and S. G. Durgartyan (Petroleum Institute of the Academy of Sciences
USSR, Moscow) reported in detail new results obtained in the investigation
of the addition of different alkyl-, aryl,- and chlorosiliconhydrides to
allyl- and diallylsilanes, allyloxysilanes, allyl alcohol, dimethylethinyl-
carbinol, and other tertiary alcohols. Benzoyl peroxide and platinized car-
bon were used as catalysts.
Two reports from the Institute of Organic Chemistry (Moscow) were pre-
sented at the symposium. A report by A. D. Petrov, S. I. Sadykh-zade, and
L. L. Shchukovskaya dealt with the synthesis and investigation of the prop-
erties of different acetylenic and dienic organosilicon compounds. V. A.
Ponamarenko reported the results of work on the synthesis of a number of
fluorinated organosilicon monomers such as CB3Si(C1)2CF2CF2H, CR3Si(C1)2-
CF2CF(C1)H, CH3Si(C1)2CH2CF2H, RSi(C1)2CH2CH2CH2OCF2CF2H, RS1(C1)20202-
CH2OCF2CF(C1) Hp etc., by the addition of silicon hydrides to unsaturated
compounds containing fluorine in the presence of catalysts such as platinized
carbon, platinized silicon dioxide, and H2 Pt 016.
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The symposium held at Dresden indicated that the scope of theoretical
work, synthetic work, and applied investigations in the field of the organic
and inorganic chemistry of silicon has expanded considerably in the GDR dur-
ing recent years. The same applies to West Germany.
The visitors from the USSR and Czechoslovakia had the opportunity to
familiarize themselves with the Institute of Silicone and Fluorocarbon Chem-
istry at Radebeul and with the industrial production of silicones at Nuen-
chritz. The principal task of the Institute of Silicone and Fluorocarbon
Chemistry is the development of methods for the production of organosilicon
compounds and fluoroorganic materials and their application in different
fields of technology and industrial production. Approximately 210 scien-
tists, engineers, laboratory assistants, workers, and auxiliary personnel
are employed at the institute. Emphasis on work dealing with the solution
of practical problems is typical for all laboratories of the institute, viz.,
those of direct synthesis, of silicone oils, silicone rubber, silicone res-
ins, varnishes, and lacquers, fluoroorganic materials, the division of ex-
perimental installations) the analytical laboratory, and the laboratory of
physical and. physicochemical testing of polymers. Because of the work done
at the institute, the production of silicones in the GDR (at Nuenchritz)
became possible. The production in question involves the direct synthesir,
of methylchlorosilanes and the production of methylphenylsilicone lacquers,
oils, lubricating greases, antifoam agents, waterproofing compounds, and
other materials.
It is planned to expand the production of organosilicon materials con-
siderably during the next few years. With this aim in view, the Institute
of Silicone and Fluorocarbon Chemistry,at Radebeul and the industrial
stallation manufacturing silicones at Nuenchritz will be considerably ex-
panded. The construction of new laboratories and plant departments has
already begun.
"A Scientific Conference on Organosilicon Compounds at Dresden"
by A. A. Zhdanov, Candidate of Chemical Sciences; Moscow; Vestnik
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 29, No 1, Jan 59, pp 115-117
A Scientific Conference [Symposium] on Organosilicon Compounds was
conducted by the Society of German Chemists [German Chemical Society],
12-14 May 1958, at Dresden. Scientists from the GDR, West Germany, USSR,
and Czechoslovakia participated in the conference.
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In his introductory address R. Mueller (Dresden), director of the Inst-
itute of Silicone and Fluorocarbon Chemistry, pointed out the increasing
scientific and technical importance of the class of chemical compounds with
which the papers given at the conference were concerned. In another report
presented by him at the conference, he discussed the principal characteris-
tics of organosilicon compounds, which are related to the electropositive
nature of the silicon atom.
F. Henglein (Karlsruhe, West Germany), G. Kohlschuetter (Darmstadt)
West Germany), and V. Kuchen (Aachen, West Germany) gave reports at the
conference. Henglein reported on the synthesis of polymers composed of
metal-siloxane groupings containing lead or tin atoms and the synthesis
of organoboron polymers (free of silicon) composed of boryl-formal group-
ings
A number of papers presented at the conference dealt with the poly-
condensation of organosilicon monomers.
A paper by G. Schott and G. Berge (Rostock, GDR) described research
on the polycondensation of diethylsilanediol and dibonzyl-,.diphenyll di-
p-chlorachenyl and di-p-bromophenylsilanediols. As criteria for fol-
lowing the course of the reaction, the content of hydroxyl groups, the
viscosity of the polymer that had formed, and the loss in weight during
the polycondensation were used.
Interesting reports on the interaction of carbon tetrachloride with
silicon, the etherification of phenylsilanetriol with diazomethane: the
conversion of chloroalkylchlorosaanes to alkenylchlorosilanes, higher
cyclic silanes, the preparation aid properties of polysilanes, the colora-
tion of silicon compounds, the structure of solid dioxodisilcxanes in the
powdered state, some siloxanes composed of mono-, tri-, and tetrafunctional,
groupings, and practical applications of organosilicon compounds were also
presented at the conference.
12. Some Scientific Work To Be Done Under the Current seven-Year Plan
and "Inzhenerno-Fizicheskiy Zhurual"
"Soviet Science and the 21st Congress of the CPSU" (unsigned
article); Minsk, Inzhenerno-Fizicheskiy Zhurnall Vol 2, No 1,
Jan 59/ PP 3-5
Soviet scientists, designers, engineers, technologists, and workers
bend every effort to fulfill the assignments of the May 1958 Plenary Ses-
sion of the Central Committee CPSU concerning the acceleration of the de-
ve.l.ppment of the chemical industry with particular emphasis on synthetic
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materials and products made of them. The use of new methods, particularly
employment of radiation emitted by radioactive substances, opens up wide
prospects for the chemical industry. Radioactive isotopes will bring about
a revolution in the petroleum conversion industry; cracking of crude petro-
leum by radiation will become possible.
Many-sided mechanization and automation of production will require
application of the latest scientific results in the fields of semiconductors
and electronics. Research in these two fields is being conducted on an
extensive scale in the USSR. Science and technology are faced with the task
of developing artificially produced materials to be applied in all fields of
technology. The new technology requires heat-resistant, lightweight, and
mechanically strong noncorroding metals and alloys, heat-resistant plastics,
and exceptionally strong fibers and fabrics for special applications.
At the Academy of Sciences Belorussian SSR work is being advanced in
the fields of theoretical and experimental physics, mathematics, chemistry,
nuclear engineering, automatics and computer techniques, metal physics, and
biology.
To establish closer contacts between physicists on the one hand aad
engineers and designers on the other hand, a number of scientific and tech-
nical periodicals has been created, including Inzhenerno-Fizicheskiy Zhurnal,
which covers developments in engineering physics on an all-union scale and
has been published by the Academy of Sciences Belorussian SSE since January
1958.
The principal task of this periodical is to contribute to the most
rapid introduction of the achievements of technical physics into practical
engineering work. The first year of the publication of the periodical (1958)
has shown that there is a great need for a journal of this type. Articles
published in the journal gave information on work done at institutes of the
Academy of Sciences USSR, academies of union republics, higher technical
educational institutions, universities, specialized branch scientific re-
search institutes, and plant laboratories, and on results obtained by pro-
duction engineers active in different cities of the USSR. The principal
scientific fields covered by the journal have crystallized.. They comprise
hydrodynamics, the theory of machines and mechanisms, heat transfer and
mass transfer, transfer in dispersed media, the physics of combustion, the
physics of semiconductors, thermodymmics, nuclear engineering, physico-
chemical mechanics, technological processes, spectroscopy and spectral
analysis, the physics of metals and alloys, equations of mathematical phys-
ics, and the theory of heat conduction. Two hundred twenty articles alto-
gether were published during 1958. One of the characteristics of the
journal is a many-sided treatment of scientific and technological problems.
In addition to theoretical methods, engineering and technological methods
of investigation receive considerable attention and results of tests car-
red out at semiplant installations are reported. Mutual exchange of re-
sults obtained at scientific research institutes and plant laboratories
will contribute to further development of physics and technical progress
in the principal branches of industry, as well as progress of the national
economy as a whole.
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Insecticides
13. New Organophosphorus Compounds Investigated
"New Organophosphorus Compounds for the Control of Harmful
Eurygasters," by B. A. Areshnikov, Candidate of Biological
Sciences, Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute for Plant
Protection: Moscow, Zashchita Rastenly_at Vreditele i Bol-
ezney, No 6, Nov-Dec 58, pp 39-40
Because of the extensive crop damage caused by Eurygasters and because
of the inefficiency of 5.5% DDT dust and the high toxicity ()Of metaphoS
(metaphos is toxic to warm-blooded animals and expensive) the Ukrainian
Institute for Plant Protection has conducted investigations on a series of
new preparations: a 60% concentrate of methylmercaptophos, a 30% concentrate
of the thiono isomer of mercaptophos, technical chlorophos, ,a 64% concentrate
of tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate, a 50% concentrate of vinly phosphate, a
30% wetting powder of metaphos, and others. Methylmercaptophos is" less
toxic to warm-blooaed animals than mercaptophos, chlorophos, or DDT. Also,
a 5% solution of a new organophosphorus insecticide, K-20-35, synthesized
by the Institute of Organic Chemist: j Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR,
was investigated.
On the basis of these experiments, it was concluded that chlorophos,
because of its low toxicity of warm-blooded animals and plants, comparatively
high solubility in water, and good retention of toxicity in solutions, has
great prospects for use against Eurygasters.
However, further study should be conducted with the thiono isomer of
mercaptophos and methyl mercaptophos.
14. Insecticides Containing Aliphatic Nitro Groups
"Insecticides Containing Aliphatic Nitro Groups; Part II -- Some
DDT Analogs," by C. Szantay and R. Soos, Department of Industrial
Organic Chemistry, Budapest Technical University; Budapest, Magyar
Kemiai Folyoirat, Vol 64, No 12, Dec 58, pp 470-471
"Same DDT analogs containing aliphatic nitro groups were prepared. It
was established that the activity of these derivatives as insecticides is
practically independent of the nature of the halogen atoms substituted in
the benzene nucleus. It was furthermore established that the nitroalcohols
formed as intermediates in the synthesis of compounds of this type have a
considerable insecticidal activity.
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"The toxicity of Calandra oryzae of compounds of this class was in-
vestigated. Calandra oryzae is a pest that damages rice crops."
Isotopes
15. Hydrogm-Deuterium Exchange by Ion-Exchange Resins
"Investigation of the Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Reaction on
Ion-Ekchange Agents; Part I, Cation-Exchange Agents," by P. F.
Csanye, Department of Nuclear Physics, Central Physids Institute,
Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest, Magyar Kemiai Folyoirat,
Vol 641 No 11, Nov 58, pp 417-428
"Hydrogen-deuterium exchange on cation-exchange resins (Amberlite IR-
120 and Amberlite IRC-50) in aqueous solutions of deuterium oxide was in-
vestigated as a function of the temperature, the pH 1 and the grain size
of the resin.
"The rate of exchange and the last remaining fraction of molar con-
centration of deuterium are greater in the case of the sulfonated resin
(I11-120) than that of the carboxyl resin (IRC-50), although the ion ex-
change capacity of the lttter is greater.
"At 20? there is no measurable exchange between deuterium oxide and
hydrogen atoms of the cation-exchange resin. As the temperature increases,
the magnitude of exchange becomes greater in the case of amberlite IR-120.
In the case of amberlite IRC-50, there is an increase up to approximately
75?. After this, the quantity of deuterium exchanged drops because of
damage to the resin. In the case of both resins, the exchange rate in-
creases with the temperature. If the pH of the aqueous solution of deuterium
oxide is changed by addition of hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, the finally
exchanged quantity grows in the case of amberlite IR-120 with reduction of
thE pH, because exchange takes place between the acid and deuterium oxide.
In the case of amberlite IRC-50, the capacity for exchange becomes smaller
when the pu is reduced, because under such conditions the dissociation of
the carboxY1 groups is suppressed. The rate of exchange is greater in the
case Of both resins in acidic as compared with neutral solutions.
"The separation coefficient is always smaller than unity in the case
of carboxyl resins, presumably because of the formation of hydrogen bridges
between the carboxyl groups of the resin and the water bound to the resin.
A similar phenomenon has been Observed in the case of -'the adetric acid-
deuterium oxide system.
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CPYRGHT
"In the case of the sulfonated resin, apparent separation coefficients
were found which are greater than unity. This can be explained by the fact
that a part of the BS0q H groups form RS03 - 0111' ion complexes. The forma-
tion of complexes of this type is suppressed at low temperatures and favored
by increases in the temperature."
[For additional information on isotope chemistry, see Item No 51.]
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
16. Thermodynamics of the Formation Df Uranium Oxyhalides
"The Thermodynamics of the Formation of Solid Oxyhalides of
Uranium From the Standpoint of the Substitution Principle;
Part III," by S. A. Shchukarev, I. V. Vasillkova, V. M.
Drozdova, and N. S. Martynova; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Khimii, Vol IV, No 1, Jan 59, p 33-38
The enthalpy of the formation of uranium tetrabramide was determined
more precisely; it was found to be equal to -214.9 kilocalories. The
enthalpies of the formation of gaseous as well as solid oxychlorides and
oxybromides of uranium were compared systematically. The fact that the
enthalpies of formation of solid oxychlorides and oxides of uranium are
very close to each other is brought into relation with the energies of
condensation of the compounds in question. The large energy of condensa-
tion of the oxychlorides makes them stable and reduces their tendency
toward dismutation.
17. The Heats of Formation of Hydrates of Uranyl Chloride and Uranyl Bromide
"The Determination of the Heats of Formation of UO2CL2 aq; UO2Br2-
aq; UO2C12 . H20; UO2C123112. 0; UO2Br2.112 0; and UO2Br2 . 3H20," By
S. A. ShcHukarev, I. V. Vasillkova, V. M. Drozdova, and K. Ye. Frant-
seva; MoscowlZhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii) Vol 4, No 1, Jan 59,
pp 39-41
The heats of dissolution of anhydrous uranyl chloride, anhydrous uranyl
bromide, and the mono- and trihydrates of these compounds in water at 250 C
and at infinite dilution were determined. The heats of formation of UO2C12-
aq; UO2Br2aq; UO2C12.H2 0; UO2C12.31120;UO2Br2H20; and UO2Br2.3H20 were cal-
culated.
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18. The System Uranyl Sulfite - Ammonium Sulfite - Water
"Investigation of the System UO2 SO3 - (NH4)2 503 - 112 0 by the
Solubility Method," by A. Ye. Klygin and N. S. Kolyada; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 1, Jan 59, pp 239-242
The solubilities of uranyl sulfite in solutions of ammonium sulfite
of different concentrations were determined at 250. The solubility product
of uranyl sulfite at 250 and the over-all dissociation constant of the U 02
(S 03)22- ion were calculated.
19. The Colored Complex Compounds of Some Rare-Earth Elements With Alizarin
S and Aluminon
"Investigation of Colored Complexes of Some Rare-Earth Elements,"
by L. S. Serdyuk and G. P. Fedorova; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganiches-
koy Khimii, Vol 4, No 1, Jan 59, pp 88-96
The reactions of the formation of colored complex compounds of lanthanum,
cerium, and yttrium with Alizarin S and aluminon were investigated from the
standpoint of applications in the colorimetric determination of the elements
in question.
20. The Reaction of Zirconium With Morin
"Investigation of the Zirconium-Morin Complex; Photometric Deter-
mination of Zirconium," by A. Schneer and T. Halmos, Institute of
General and Inorganic Chemistry, Lorand Ectvos University of Science;
Budapest, Magyar Kemiai Folyoirat, Vol 64, No 100 Oct 58, pp 371-376
"The properties of the complex compound formed by zirconium with morin
were investigated. This compound is light-yellow, emits a green fluorescence
in ultraviolet light, is readily soluble in water containing alcohol, and is
stable in acidic solutions. It contains the two components in 'the fliolar
ratio of 1:1. The apparent dissociation constant of the complex was cal-
culated on the basis of a Job curve and found to have the value Kd--2.6 X
10-5. This complex compound is suitable for the photometric determination
of small quantities of zirconium. The optimum conditions for this deter-
mination were established."
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21. Separation of Niobium) Titanium, and Tantalum
"Purification of Tantalum from Admixtures of Niobium and Titanium
by the Ion-Exchange Method; Part 2," by the 0. V. Al'tshuler ana
Ye. A. Subbotina; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4,
No 1, Jan 59, pp 28-32
The kinetics and equilibrim of the adsorption of tantalum from hydro-
chloric acid solutions on EDE-10 and AN-2F anion-exchange resins have been
investigated.
The small retention capacity of the resins for tantalum, the absence
of an exchange of tantalum for other ions present in solution, and the
absence of isotopic exchange between adsorbed and dissolved tantalum indi-
cate that the adsorption of this element from concentrated hydrochloric
acid solutions is not of the ion-exchange type. A method is proposed for
the purification of tantalum from admixtures of niobium, titanium,aad other
elements which form complex anions in hydrochloric acid solutions. This
method is based on the difference between the mechanism of adsorption of
these admixtures and the mechanism of adsorption of tantalum by anion-
exchange resins. By using the method in question, tantalum was obtained
which had a content of niobium amounting to 0.009% and a content of titanium
lower than 0.05%.
It was established that, in connection with the purification of niobium
from titanium with the use of a method proposed earlier by the authors of
this article, the content of tantalum in niobium can be lowered by one order
of magnitude. Niobium was thus obtained ?which? cOntailied approximately
0.040% of tantalum.
[For additional information on nuclear fuels and reactor construction
materials, see Item No 64.]
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Physical Chemistry
22. Recent Progress in Colloid Chemistry
"New Ways of the Development of Colloid Chemistry," by Aca-
demician V. N. Rebinder; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR1
Vol 29, No 1, Jan 59, pp 44-51
Colloid chemistry has become,of especial importance from the economic
standpoint, because it deals with the physicochemical characteristics of
materials used in the new technology, i.e., construction materials for
different purposes, ceramics, metal ceramics, glass ceramics, fine-grained
mechanically strong and heat-resistant metals and alloys, and materials
consisting of high-molecular compounds.
At present it is possible to bring about continuous transitions from
lyophobic to lyophilic systems, which is not only of interest from the sci-
entific standpoint, but is also of great practical importance. Structuriza-
tion phenomena consisting Of the formation of spatial agglomerates, thicken-
ing, formation of gels, or complete solidification of systems which initially
had a liquid consistency is typical for the intermediate stages which arise
during these transitions. This makes it possible to obtain within an exten-
sive range between ordinary liquids and solids technically important mate-
rials which possess predetermined structural and mechanical characteristics
with respect to viscosity, elasticity, plasticity, and mechanical strength.
Among those materials one may mention lubricating greases, structurized and
compacted clay soils, ceramics, metal ceramics, crystallized glasses (glass
ceramics), various structural materials, and finely crystalline (i.e., highly
disperse) metals and alloys. The theory of structure formation is at pre-
sent the most important subdivision of a new border-line field of science,
i.e., physicochemical mechanics.
The radical changes which took place recently in the science of dis-
persed systems and the major advances achieved in all its principal sub-
divisions have received a clear expression in the papers presetted at the
Fourth All-Union Conference on Colloid Chemistry that was held 13-16 May
1958 at Tbilisi. This conference was conducted by the Department of Chem-
ical Sciences, Academy of Sciences USSR, together with the Academy of Sci-
ences Georgian SSR. At this conference E. M. Natanson (Kiev) gave a paper
In which he characterized the present-day state of research on colloidal
metals. Natanson demonstrated that highly stable concentrated organosols
of metals can form only when there is structure formation not only in the
total volume of the dispersion mediu, but also in the surface layers.
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Reports by L. Ya. Kremnev and A. B. Taubman presented ideas which
confirmed P. A. Rebinder and E. M. Natanson's concepts in regard to the
role played by the structural mechanical barrier as a factor that assures
a practically complete stabilization of dispersed systems. V. G. Levich
proved on theoretical grounds that the high viscosity of protective films
formed by stabilizers is insufficient for the prevention of coagulation
of particles: a still stronger stabilizing effect is produced by the
elastic network close to the surface of the particles.
A very interesting discussion took place on the problem of stability
and factors producing stability. The following conclusions can be drawn
on the basis of this discussion. The electrical charge of particles and
the diffuse double layer of ions exert a sufficient stabilizing effect only
in dilute disperse systems, i.e., suspensions and sols. The electric effects
do not suffice for bringing about stabilization of concentrated dispersions:
a structural mechanical barrier must form which exerts a strong stabilizing
effect that under limiting conditions consists of the structurization of the
total volume of the dispersion medium with the result that a condition is
brought about which may be described as fixation or freezing of the whole
system in its initial state. As an example, one may mention the highly -
stable foams used for extinguishing fires. They can be produced only with
the aid of structure-forming stabilizers, namely surface-active substances
which function as foam-forming agents that exert an action typirml for the
second type of soaps and soap-like substances with the result that formation
of colloidal structures is brought about, primarily in the surface (adsorp-
tion) layer. Still more highly stabilized foams give rise to solid porous
materials, e.g., foam plastics, porous concrete, etc., which are used for
heat insulation and sound insulation and as materials that float because
of their low specific weight.
[For additional information on physical chemistry, see Item No 7.]
Radiation Chemistry
23. Work on Isotopes and Radiation Chemistr at the Institute of Nuclear
Physics, Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR
"At the Institute of Nuclear Physics) Academy of Sciences Uzbek
SSR," by V. P.; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 1, Jan 59,
PP 79-80
At the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Academy of Sciences Uzbek
SSR, which was founded in 1956, research is being done on problems pertain-
ing to peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The work done there includes re-
search on fundamental nuclear physics. Investigations are also conducted
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on the application of radioactive isotopes and penetrating radiation in
various industrial fields, specifically in connection with the automatiza-
tion of industrial processes. Work on radiation-induced processes in solids
and liquids includes research on the action of gamma rays on silk, cotton,
and cottonseeds.
AS far as work on the application of radioactive isotopes in control
devices is concerned, an investigation is being conducted on the automatiza-
tion of a two-stage process for the disintegration and classification of
sulfide ores at the Altyn-Topkansk Polymetal Combine. A device for the ap-
plication in question has been designed by S. A. Azimov, M. Yu. Borukhov,
and A. L. Iebedev. Furthermore, a standard [multipurpose] device is being
developed for use at installations, the operation of which can be controlled
with the aid of radioactive isotopes.
A group of scientists is conducting work on devices for the determina-
tion of the density and humidity of subsoils at great depths on the basis of
the absorption and dispersion of gamma radiation emitted by radioactive iso-
topes. An improved device for measuring density with the aid of gamma rays
has been developed at the institute. The margin of error in measurements
of this type has been reduced to 1.5%.
Jointly with the Institute of Water Problems and Hydrotechnology of
the Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR, the Institute of Nuclear Physics is
engaged in the solution of a number of problems connected with the develop-
ment of Golodnaya Step' [the Hungry Steppe]. Among the problems investi-
gated are those pertaining to the dynamics of subsoil waters, the control
of the compacting of slopes of canal banks, and the diffusionof water and
saline solutions through porous materials.
At the LaboratrTy of Radiogeology work is being conducted on the ap-
plication of activation analysis for the determination of the content of
dispersed elements in rocks.
At the Laboratory for the Application in Metal Physics of Radiation
Emitted by Radioactive Substances a stereoscopic gamma-ray installation
is being developed for the testing of metals. This laboratory extends
help to a number of Tashkent enterprises as far as practical applications
of isotopes and radiation in the industry are concerned.
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All the investigations mentioned above are being conducted at the Di-
vision of Technology of the Institute of Nuclear Physics. At the Division
of Nuclear Physics, work is being done on neutron physics, nuclear reac-
tions, electronics, mass spectroscopy) radiation physics, and radiation
chemistry. Work in the fields of rad.Lation physics and radiation chemistry
is done with the use of a cobalt installation equipped with a radiation
source that has an activity of 4,000 curies. In collaboration with the
Institute of the Silk Industry and the Physicotechnical Institute of the
Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR, research has been conducted on the killing
of silkworm pupa and preservation of silkworm cocoons with gamma rays.
It was demonstrated that it is possible to kill silkworm: pupa in the
cocoons with gamma rays. The effect of gamma rays on the mechanical char-
acteristics and mechanical strength of natural silk .was invebtigated.
Similar investigations are being conducted on cotton fibers.
Work is being done on the action exerted by gamma rays on the adsorp-
tion properties of solids, the electrical conductivity of semiconductors,
carbohydrates in aqueous solutions, etc. After a research reactor has been
started at the institute, work will be done on neutron physics, nuclear re-
actions, and activation analysis. The nuclear reactor will be used for the
production of radioactive isotopes, primarily those with a short half-life
which are needed for applications at scientific research institutes and
industrial enterprises of Central Asia.
Miscellaneous
24. Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Organized Under Academy of Sci-
ences USSR
"On the Organization of the Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis"
(unsigned article); Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 1,
Jan 59, p 123
The Presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR has decreed that an
Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis (Institute Neftekhimicheskogo Sinteza)
be organized within the system of the Department of Chemical Sciences of
the Academy. The institute will have ten laboratories and a special design
bureau. Academician A. V. Topchiyev has been named director of the insti-
tute, which will do research on polymer materials and on the development of
new methods for synthesizing polyolefins.
With the organization of the Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, the
Institute of Petroleum under the Department of Technical Sciences, Academy
of Sciences USSR, has been abolished.
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25. New Chemistry Planning Institute Organized Under Armenian Sovnarkhoz
"New Scientific Research Institute" (unsigned article); Yerevan,
Kommunist, 11 Nov 58
A new Scientific Research Planning Institute of Chemistry (Nauchno-
Issledovatel'skiy Proyektnyy Institut Khimii) has been organized under the
Armenian Sovnarkhoz in Kirovakan. Its director, E. Ter-Gazaryan, Candidate
of Technical Sciences, points out that the institute will be responsible for
the planning and cost estimation of new chemical production in the Armenian
SSR.
26. Chemicometallurgical Institute Organized in Karaganda, Kazakh SSR
"Karaganda Chemicometallurgical Institute" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 1, Jan 59, p 84
The Karaganda Chemicometallurgical Institute (Karagandinskiy Khimiko-
Metallurgicheskiy Institut) has been organized under the Academy of Sciences
Kazakh SSR. The institute will include 17 laboratories and several divi-1.
sions, which were previously under the Scientific Research Coal Institute,
one of which is the Division of Ore and Coal Dressing.
Thc principal tasks of the institute will be the study of the natural
resources of the Karagandinskiy, Kustanayskiy, and Severo-Kazakhstanskiy
economic rayons, and to work out complex methods of utilizing them in the
national economy.
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III. EARTH SCIENCES
27. Future Improvements in the Seismological Service in the USSR
"On the Improvement of the Seismological Service and the
Development of Scientific Research on Seismology" (un-
signed article); Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 1,
Jan 59, p 122
A report on the status of seismological service and the future de-
velopment of scientific research on earthquakes and seismic regionaliza-
tion of the USSR was discussed at a meeting of the Presidium of the Acad-
emy of Sciences USSR. The report was a joint product of the Institute of
Physics of the Earth and the Council on Seismology of the Academy of Sci-
ences USSR. As pointed out in the report, the network of seismological
stations and the work in general on seismology has improved and has re-
sulted in the publication of an Atlas Se/smichnosti SSR (Seismicity Atlas
of the USS* and, in addition, the Central Seismological Station in Mos-
cow has systematically and continually issued information on all major
earthquakes.
The report indicated that certain shortcomings exist in the organiza-
tion and development of the work on seismology and in seismological sta-
tions. Research on certain problems is not sufficiently carried out and
the time taken for completing specific tasks in this field is too great.
The Presidium has required the Council for Seismology to present a
prospectus on the organization of a uniform seismological service in the
USSR and, together with the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences
USSR, to develop a general plan on establishing new seismological stations
during 1959-1960 in the Far East and the Baykal and Altay Mountain areas,
and also a proposal for developing seismological research in Siberia.
The Presidium has recommended as necessary the establishment in the
next 5-7 years, within the territory of the USSR, some four or five geo-
physital (seismological) observatories fully equipped with high-Avcision
instruments.
The Institute of Physics of the Earth was required to expedite work
on new methods of seismological regionalization and to improve work on
the production of automatically controlled stations and more precise sys-
tems of seismic instruments for registering the intensity of earthquakes
and shocks.
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28. Institute of Geology and Mining of Mineral Fuels, Academy of Sciences
USSR, Is Organized
"On the Organization of the Institute of Geology and Mining
of Mineral Fuels" (unsigned article); Moscow, Vestnik Akad-
emii Nauk SSSR, No 1, Jan 59, p 123
The Institute of Geology and Mining of Mineral Fuels (Institut Geo-
logii i Razrabotki Goryuchikh Iskopayemykh) has been organized under the
Department of Geologicogeographical Sciences, Academy of Sciences USSR,
on the basis of corresponding laboratories of the Institute of Mineral
Fuels and the former Institute of Petroleum, Academy of Sciences USSR.
The institute will have 20 laboratories and will direct the activities of
the Complex Southern Geological Expedition. The director of the insti-
tute is M. F. Mirchink, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences
USSR.
The institute will work on the development of new and improved methods
of prospecting for petroleum and gas, and methods of the intensification in
petroleum and natural gas production.
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IV. ELECTRONICS
Communications
29. Signal Entropy in One-Dimensional Distribution
"Evaluation of Entropy in One-Dimensional Distribution as
Represented by Several Empiric Instances," by G. B. Linkov-
skiy, Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Acad-
emy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey
Shkoly, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, No 21 1958, pp 3-6
A statistical evaluation of the maximum "differential entropy" for
the case of one-dimensional distribution with assigned empiric instances,
is presented in the article. The Kramer theory of asymptotic normalcy
of random magnitude was applied to the analysis of the specific case.
30. Problems in Pulse Coincidence
"Quantitative Relationship for Coincidence of Pulses," by N. M.
Sedyakin? Leningrad Air Force Engineering Academy imeni A. F.
Mozhayskiy, Moscow, Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey Shkoly, Radiote-
khnika i Elektronika, No 1, 1958, pp 90-95
The problem of pulse coincidence is encountered in many fields of
physics) radio engineering and electronics. General solution of the
pulse coincidence problem is derived in this article. Quantitative re-
lationship) characterizing the process of pulse coincidence, is found in
exact form for a random number of pulses of various duration and repetidon
rate.
The information thus derived can find application in testing of equip-
ment, evaluating pulse interference, in the search for radio signals, etc.
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31. Variable Band-Pass Discriminator
"Discriminator With Variable Band-Pass," by V. P. Demin,
Chair of Theoretical Basis of Radio Engineering, Moscow
Aviation Institute; Moscow., Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey Shkoly,
Radiotekhnika I Elektronika, No 2, 1958, pp 187-193
The article discusses the possibility of constructing a variable
band-pass discriminator which utilizes the principle of detuned circuits.
Changes in the band-pass width and sharpness of discriminatioh are ac-
complished by adjusting the discriminator cimuit:, capacitance. The elec-
tronically controlled capacitance of the n-p semiconductor junction is
utilized in this circuit.
An experimental investigation was conducted with discriminators in-
corporating capacitance elements in the form of DG-Ts22, DG-Ts24, DG-Ts27,
P6A, and F6B semiconductor diodes and transistors at a rated frequency of
30 Mc.
The experiment has confirmed the feasibility of such a variable band-
pass discriminator.
32. Phase Modulation Applied to Measurement of Nonelectric Values
"Application of Phase Modulation to Measuring Technique of
Nonelectric Values," by V. I. Ivanov, Moscow Aviation In-
stitute imeni S. Ordzhonikidze; Minsk; Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Energetika, No 11, Nov 58, pp 52-57
The phase-modulation method, based on conversion of phase-modulation
signal to amplitude-modulated signal with high-percentage modulation, is
finding useful application in measurement of nonelectric values. Theoreti-
cal postulates for the validity of this method, as well as a practical cir-
cuit with a capacitive pick-up unit, are presented in this article. The
measuring circuit consists of a passive four-terminal network, in which a
parametric pick-up unit is incorporated. High-frequency voltage from a
stabilized oscillator is fed to input of the circuit. Best results are
obtained when tubes with high amplification factor are used, such as 6N9
and 6N2P. The amplifier section of the device utilizes a differential
amplifier, which automatically compensates for the voltage fluctuation of
the power supply, thus assuring high accuracy of measurements. The final
stage is assembled on the principle of a balanced bridge circuit with a
cathode follower, which possesses high linearity and high current amplifi-
cation. The balanced bridge incorporates 6N7 and 6ZhiLtriodes and an elec-
tromagnetic oscillograph MPO-2.
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It should be noted that the described method can be applied to measure-
ment of small periodic phase changes in electric oscillations, but not ex-
ceeding one angular minute. Relative to the latter problem, notable re-
search was carried out at the Gortkiy Polytechnic Institute.
33. Germanium Power Transistor
"Powerful Germanium Transistor," by A. V. Krasilov, A. B.
Polyanov, and Ye. S. Saltykova; Moscow, Elektrichestvo:
No 1, Jan 59, pp 72-75
The newly developed 207 type germanium power transistor has expanded
the field of their application to the control of power above one kw. Cold
welding vas utilized in the manufacture of this device to obtain the her-
metic seal so essential to the stabaity of transistor operation. These
transistors can operate on current as high as 20 a, which was made possible
through the use of large emitter area (0.5 cm2), more efficient emitter al-
loys, and annular construction of the emitter. The transconductance of this
transistor waries from 25 to 40 a/v. The input impedance for conditions of
a grounded emitter is about 0.5 ohms. This transistor operates satisfac-
torily up to a frequency of 15 kc.
The 207 powar transistor can be utilized in various radio-engineering
circuits and electrical devices. It can also be used as a contactless
switch, as a voltage regulator and as an ultrasonic generator component.
34. Silicon Junction Diodes
"Silicon Junction Diodes," by G. A. Zilikman, Ya. S. Levenberg,
I. P. Lukashova, Yu. I. Sidorov, and S. V. Fronk, Moscow, Elek-
trichestvo No 1) Jan 59, pp 64-68
Silicon junction diodes possess the following advantages over the
germanium type: low reverse current, high rectification factor, efficient
operation at temperatures above 100?C, ease of series connection, stable
operation in the region near a breakdown. The fusion method for prepara-
tion of silicon diodes is most widely used at present.
The article discusses the technology of preparation of the D202 and
r)205 silicon diodes by method of fusion of aluminum with the n-type sili-
con. A gold-antimony (1% Sb) alloy, in which the antimony acts as the
donory.it.used to obtain nonrectifying contact and electrode.
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CPYRGHT
The parameters of the D202, D203, D204, and D205 silicon diodes are
as follows, respectively: reverse voltage, 100, 200, 300 and 400 v; re-
verse current, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5 and 0.5 milliamps; rectified current, 400,
400, 400 and 400 milliamp; direct voltage drop, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 and 1.0 v.
It is bk:Lieved that in the near future it will be possible to build
diodes for 1,000 v revere voltage, rectifier piles to sustain voltage
of several tens of kilowatts, power diodes for current of several tens
of ampere, and diodes of very small reverse current and high operating
frequency.
35. Development of New Vacuum Components in USSR
"To Improve the Products of the Electrovacuum Industry," by
N. V. Zaryanov; Moscow, Vestnik Swazi, No 1, Jan 59, p 11
The article contains the following passages:
"The further development of multichannel radio-relay lines of com-
munications, which are the most economical means for long-distance trans-
mission at' TV and hundreds of telephone channels, will require further im-
provement of existing and development of new radio tubes with high factor
of merit and increased life-time (10,000 - 20,000 hrs). This will be
especially important because intermediate points on radio-relay lines of
communications, in most cases, will be unattended. The service life of a
traveling-wave tube used in radio-relay equipment, should be not less than
10,000 hrs. In such tubes it is expedient to utilize electrostatic focus-
ing of the electron beam or focusing with the aid of permanent magnet.
"At powerful wire-broadcasting centers and at radio broadcasting sta-
tions, a shortage is experienced in good Modulator tubes of 0.5, 1.0, 10
and 20 kw capacity. The electrovacuum industry must develop a series of
high-quality modulator tubes with forced air cooling for new transmitters
and with water cooling for modernizing the transmitters of older series.
"The urgent problem at present is the development of 3, 25, and 50
kw beam tetrodes with activated cathode and forced air cooling. The de-
velopment of power metallo-ceramic tetrodes with forced air andwalm. cooling
of 5 kw capacity and above, for operation at frequencies of 300-500 and
1,000 Mc and to be used in TV transmitters, shculd be continued."
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36. Semiconductor Attenuators
"Attenuator Loads Made of Semiconductor Ceramics," by Ya. I.
Panova, Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute; Kiev, Izvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Radiotekhnika, No 3, May-Jun
56, pp 329-336
The article discusses the characteristics and technology of prepara-
tion of silicon carbide-porcelain wave-guide attenuators. A high level of
power is maintained in the wave guide when the attenuating lining is her-
metically sealed to the metallic walls of the wave guide.
CPYRGHT
"One of the most important problems of the day is the development and
manufacturing of wave guide load resistors which can handle power of the
order of one kilowatt or greater;, and power of several megawatts in the
pulse. For such a case, a large amount of attenuator material he to be
used; thus the "volume" type attenuator material is useful. The requirements
for matching such loads, generally, are not very strict (the voltage tnlvellng-
wave ratio within the operating frequency range can be up to 1.1), but other
requirements are imposed such as high dielectric strength at UHF, thermal
stability, stability of parameters for continuous operation, ruggedness, and
thermal shock resistance.
"During the past several years, the Chair of Dielectrics and Semicon-
ductors, Leningrad Electrical Engineering Institute has been engaged in de-
veloping terminating wave-guide attenuators made from semiconductor material
or semiconductor magnesium ceramics."
High grade attenuators were manufactured from a mixture of black sili-
con carbide and UF-46 grade procelain by means of powder technology.
37. Injection Effect in Transistors
"The Injection Effect of Minority Carriers on Input Impedance
of 'Channel' Transistors," by Z. A. Zubritskiy; Kharykov State
University, Kiev, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy Radio -
tekhnika, No 4, JuI:E7g7T-Ti7775:43-67----
In "channel" (field-effect) transistors current control is effected
with the aid of an electric field. Such an electric field regulates the
width of the space-charge channel in which the current carriers are drift-
ing. The application of an electric field to control the current permits
a very high input impedance in such transistors.
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On the basis of this study, it was concluded that the role of mi-
nority carriers in the transistor channel is very pronounced, thus to a
greater degree determining the channel characteristics of the transistor,
as well as the input impedance and thermal stability. From the stand-
point of behavior of minority carriers, the "channel" type transistors
can be divided into two basic classes: the oscillatory type, with heavy
injection of minority carriers caused by the drain, and the amplifying
type, in which all measures are taken to reduce the concentration of
minor carriers. Both types of these transistors have their own advant-
ages and disadvanta&zIs which determine their field of application.
38. New. Television Receiver "Yubilsr
"Television Receiver gYubileyg" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Vestnik Svyazi, No 12 Jan 59, cover page
The Radio Engineering Industry has developed the small size tele-
vision receiver, the "YUbiley." The set is designed for reception on
twelve channels. The set has 13 miniature tubes; its sensitivity is
275 microvolts. The screen size is 350 x 250 mm.
The power supply can be drawn from an ac line of 110, 127 or 220 v.
The set consumes about 125 w of power.
39. New Soviet Standard Signal Generator
"Standard Signal Generator GSS-28m" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi, No 1, Jan 59: cover page
The GSS-28m generator of standard signals is intended for testing
of receiving sets, antennas, and other kinds of radio equipment. It
generates superhigh frequencies calibrated with respect to frequency,
power, modulation frequency band, pulse duration, and pulse repetition
rate..
The frequency range of the generator is from 3,750 to 7,500 Mc,
and the frequency deviation does not exceed + 2% of the scale value.
The output of the ge;erator is 10 milliwatts on the milliwatt output
and from 10 to 2.10-0 microwatts on the microwatt output.
The power supply can be drawn from 110, 127 or 220 v ac line.
Power consumption is about 300 voltamperes.
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40. Theory of Noisy Quadrupole
"A Contribution to the Theory of Noisy Quadrupoleslq by R.
Paul, Werk fuer Bauelemente der Nachrichtenttechnik, Teltow;
Berlin, Nachrichtentechnik, No 12, Dec 58, pp 548-568
After a general treatment of the noisy quadrupole, characteristic
noise values are given, from which the noise figure can be compiled. For
junction transistors in the audio range and thermal noise values of net-
works, noise values are obtained, preferably by means of measurements in
the case of transistors, but by means of computation from the signal para-
meters in the case of the thermal noise value of networks. The noise fig-
ure is discussed in detail. With a certain dimensioning of the signal
generator, the noise figure has an absolute minimum.
The second part of the article considers the noise component in the
circuit. The circuit can influence the noise figure in various ways.
General transformation equations are given for the calculation of any
desired circuits. Reactance noise and thermal noise are treated separ-
ately. Possible reductions of the noise figure are given, and simple ex-
amples of thermal noise values of networks are compiled in a table.
The third part treats circuitry. The noise behavior of a single
stage, reactance feed-back transistor amplifier is discussed, as is its
behavior with feedback via an ohmic resistance. Whereas, in the first
case, the noise figure drops, in the latter case it rises. The matching
of noise and output can coincide in the case of the grounded base cir-
cuit, but they are connected with a decrease of signal amplification.
Computers and Automation
41. High-Accuracy Multiplier
"Precision Multiplier Unit," by L. N. Fitsner; Moscow,
Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No 1, Jan 59, pp 62-69
The article describes the circuit of a high-accuracy multiplier
suggested by A. A. Fel'dbaum and the author, which is much simpler and
more easily adjustable than the circuits in American practice.
Tis 1iigli-accum2ynmItplier circuit consists of voltage dividing
unit, coarse' system, "fine system, and the adder unit. The input
voltage to the voltage dividing unit is split into two parts, the main
and auxiliary. The main voltage component is fed to the "coarse" system
and auxiliary to the "fine" system. The outputs of the "coarse" and
"fine" systems are mixed in the adder unit. The transient processes of
th,: circuit require about 3-5 millisec. The accuracy of the multiplier
is about 0.01-0.02 % of the output voltage scale.
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42. Multifrequency Telemetering
"Pulse Multifrequency Telemetering Devices," by F. A. Katkov;
Moscow, Avtomatika I Telemekhanika No 1, Jan 59, pp 54-61
In multifrequency telemetering and telesignaling systems using
electromechanical relays operating in a narrow frequency band of two to
three cycles, high stability electromechanical vibrators should be used.
The frequency band occupied by the described telemetering-telesignaling
system is only 200 cycles, allowing assumption of a law level of inter-
ference in the course of the design of the circuit.
A universal chart is given for determination of frequency in the
multifrequency signal depending on required nuMber of commands and the
operating frequency. In this telemetering system sampling for the con-
ditions of the components can be carried out periodically with the aid
of a specially programmed switch.
The described telemetering-telesignaling system can find application
in automatic control of many industrial processes. Another urgent prob-
lem is the development of Multifrequency contactless telemetering-
telesignaling systems.
43. Slot Hydrointegrators
"Slot Hydrointegrators," by L. V. Kuz'menko, Laboratory of
Hydrogeological Problems, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey Shkoly, Elektromekhanika i Avto-
matika, No 2, 1955, pp 85-93
A hydrointegrator for the analysis of various engineering problems
has been recently developed and described in patents (authorship certi-
ficates No 734629 and No 856493). In this integrator: the analogy be-
tween the flow of heat, for example, and the motion of viscous fluid in
a narrow slot is utilized. The basic components of the instrument are
two closely spaced, parallel plates. In the slot letween the two plates,
is placed the examined model and a laminar-flow fluid is circulated. One
of the plates has a highly polished surface and is rigidly mounted in a
metal frame. The size of the polished surface is 65 x 150 cm. The other
surface is formed by a plastic material spread over a plate. A rough
metal net is firmly fixed to the plate to hold securely the plastic ma-
terial. The motion of the fluid between the plates can be observed
through a glass window. The model in question is cut from the attached
plastic material.
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The device consists of the following basic components: the frame,
fixed plate, movable plate with a layer of paraffin, mechanism for lift-
ing and lowering the movable plate, tanks for the fluid and piping for
bringing the fluid to the slot. This hydrointegrator also has a device
for simulating heat capacity and heat transfer. By admitting dye through
the slot the direction of lines of flow simulating the heat flow are ob-
served and photographed.
The low cost (9,000 rubles) of the instrument, speed with which
problems can be solved, ease of observation, possibility of studying
nonstationary'processes are the main advantages of the hydrointegrator.
44. Ferrite Elements Used in Output Unit
"Output Unit on Magnetic (Ferrite) Elements for a Universal
Digital Computer," by Yu. A. Makhmudov; Baku, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk Azerba dzhanskoy SSR Seriya Fiziko-Tekhni-
cheskikh i Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 1 Jun 55, pp 23-37
The results of calculations on a-computer are given at the output
unit. An output unit consists of a printer and a control circuit. At
present, the ST-35 telegraph gear is employed in a number of printers.
Its application permits the simultaneous punching of the results on
perforated tape while the results are printed. In this manner, informa-
tion may be read into the computer again, if it is necessary for the
solution of other problems.
It is possible to print the results of a calculation from the arith-
metical, as well as from the storage, unit of the computer. In particular,
the output unit may be employed for the verification, of the prepared blocks
of the fixed storage unit. The results of the calculations are printed in
the decimal number system.
The central control unit of the computer guarantees the simultaneous
functioning of the printer with the block of the arithmetic unit. That
is, if after the command, in which there is reference to output, there
follows a second command in which there is no reference to output, the
latter is performed in the computer. Rowever? if there is reference to
output in the next command, then the latter command may not be performed.
This command is stored in the command analyzer, UAK, until the printing
of the preceeding command has been completed. Only then is the next com-
mand, stored in the analyzer, performed. Such a control permits the
simultaneous performance of other operations with the printing of the
results.
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The simultaneous operation of the printer and blocks of the arithmetic
unit is possible due to the fact translation of numbers from the binary to
the decimal system is perforthed by a special circuit built in the output.
For this reason, arithmetic blocks are not required during translation.
Interaction of the Individual Assemblies of the Output Unit:
The output unit consists of the following assemblies:
1. Binary-to-binary-decimal-code converter
2. Binary-decimal-to-ST-35-code converter
3. Input distributor of the digits of a number
4. Circuit of the number storage
5. Local program pickup
6. Pickup for coded pulses
7. Converter for one digit coded pulses
8. Output distributor of number digits
9. Output assembly
As was mentioned above, the results of the calculations is printed
in the decimal system. Inasmuch as the result is obtained in the binary
system after calculations in the computer; it is necessary to translate
the binary number into a decimal number.
In view of the fact that the ST-35 is used as a printer, it is neces-
sary to translate the results of the calculation into the code of the ST-
35 before printing. Immediate transfer from the binary system to the ST-
35 code is impossible. For that reason; the result is translated from the
binary code into the binary-decimal code at the beginning. .After this, the
binary-decimal code of a number is fed at the second translator, where it
is translated into the code of the ST-35. The translator from the binary-
decimal code to the ST-35 code only translates one decimal digit at a
time. The decimal digits of a number are obtained one after the other, be-
ginning with that of the highest order at the output of the binary-to-binary-
decimal-code translator. An input distributor is used for distribution of
the digits of a number according to their weight. The digits of a number,
expressed in ST-35 code, are successively Obtained at the output of the
binary-decimal-to-ST-35-code translator. The output distributor arranges
them in the chart of the stored number according to their weights.
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With feeding of the number at the binary-to-binary-decimal translator,
a starting impulse is supplied at the input of the local'program pickup.
After this, the pickup generates the controlling pulses necessary for the
functioning of all the assemblies of the output device.
The coded pulse pickup generates the unique pulses corresponding to
the coded pulses at' the .ST-35 arranged according to time. These unique
pulses are fed at the input of the switch for coded pulses of one digit,
where they are transformed into a series of pulses.
Electromagnetic Wave Pro agation
45. Characteristics of Corrugated Wave Guide
"Study of Electron Bunches in Corrugated Wave Guides," by
V. N. Parygin and R. E. Shilehlinskaya, Chair of Theory of
Oscillations, Physics Faculty, Moscow State University;
Moscow, Nauchnyye Doklady, Vynshey.:Shkoly, Radiotekhnika
Elektronika, No 2, 195871EiTTEM
The article discusses excitation of a corrugated-wall wave guide in
case of uniform motion of electron bunches along the wave guide axis. The
solution of the problem of corrugated wave guide excitation was carried out
with the aid of a perturbation method, when the depth of corrugations were
small compared to the length and other linear dimensions of the wave guide.
In such a case, an interaction between electron flow and first spatial har-
monic (direct or reverse) of the unretarded wave takes place.
Electron frequency multipliers, utilizing separately formed electron
bunches in their transit through a wave guide with corrugated walls, vere
examined experimentally.
Several tubes are described which can serve as a basis for the con-
struction of narrow-band and wide-band frequency multipliers in themallmeter-
wave range.
46. Wave Guide Delay System
"Periodic-Structure Delay System with Contactless Plates,"
by D. I. Voskresenskiy, R. A. Granovskaya, L. N. Deryugin,
Ye. D. Naumenko and N. V. Trunova; Kiev, Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Radiotekhnika., No 4, Ja7I511731,75-470-
789
An analysis is given of a delay system appearing in the form of a
rectangular wave guide with two rows of symmetrically placed plates which
do not touch the wave guide walls. Such wave guides are intended for op-
eration with the traveling-wave tubes having a do field for supplementary
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acceleration of electrons in the interaction space. The influence of the
system dimensions on its electrical characteristics is examined. A method
of "cold" measurement of variance curves, utilizing a resonant model of
the system, is described. The variance curves for several types of such
delay systems were obtained experimentally.
This article was recommended for publication by the Chair of Radio-
Transmitting Equipment of the Moscow (Order of Lenin) Aviation Institute
imeni Sergo Ordzhonikidze.
Interference-Immune Traveling-Wave Antenna
"Traveling-Wave Antenna With Controlled Directivity of Null
Recertion," by S. Ya. Braude, A. V. Men? and I. Ye. Ostrovskiy
Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics) Academy Science
Ukrainian SSR; Kiev, Izvestiya.Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy,
Radiotekhnika, No 40 Jul-Aug 58, pp k15-14.21
Oneof the means of combating radio interferences arriving from a
known direction is by utilizing a receiving antenna having controlled
directivity of null reception, i, e., one that permits change of antenna
pattern direction so as to neutralize the noise coming from a known, di-
rection. The control of the null-pattern is effected generally by an
antenna-goniometer system consisting of two stationary loop antennas and
a goniometer.
The article describes a receiving antenna assembly which was checked
experimentally on intermediate and middle-wave ranges. Such an antenna
can suppress two or more of the radio noises arriving from various direc-
tions. The antenna array consisted of several close-to-the-ground single-
wire antennas connected to the input through a specialbankoE rime inverters.
Such an antenna was found to be effective in case of ground wave reception
and not effective in case of sky wave.
Instruments araajaiLarm
48. Molecular Clock
"Molecular Clock," by N. G. Basov, I. D. Murin? A. P. Petrov,
A. M. Prokhorov and I. V. Shtrakhin0 Physics Institute imeni
P. N. Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR; Gorgkiyp Izvestiya
Vysshikh UcheAmykh Zavedeniyt Radiofizikap No 3, 19580 pp 50-53
At the Physics Institute lmeni P. N. Lebedev the theory was worked out
and a model built of molecular oscillator operating on J 3, K 3 lines
of NH3 (frequency about 23,870 Mc). It was shown that the relative fre-
quency stability of two molecular oscillators can be as high as 10 -11.
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It was shown experimentally that the frequency of a molecular oscillator
can be tuned to the frequency of spectral lines with an accuracy of 10-
20 cycles, i. e., the molecular oscillator can serve as ansabsolute
frequency (time) standard with an accuracy of 10-9.
At two laboratories of the Institute (Laboratory of Oscillations
and Laboratory of Atomic Nucleus), the work ofbunding a molecular clock
is approaching its final phase. The new molecular clock will permit
measuring frequencies in the range of l04 - 107 cycles with an accuracy
of 10-9 for a period less than 100 sec, measuring time intervals with
an accuracy of 2 ? 10-7, generating 5 ? 105 cycle oscillations and its
multiples, with an absolute stability of 10-9.
Since the power of a molF,..lular oscillator is only of the order -10-9
to 10-10 w, a high-stability quartz oscillator was incorporated into
the molecular-clock circuit. The new molecular Clock incorporates three
molecular oscillators, two of which operate alternately in the main cir-
cuit; the third serves to tune the first two with high precision.
49. Method for Measurement of Wactor in Resonators
"Phase Method for Measuring Q-Factor of Resonators with
UHF," by M. M. Karliner; Ikrestiya Vysshikh Uche-
bnykh Zavedeniy, Radiofizika, No 3, 19587g-95-103
The article describes a method and device for measuring the loaded
and natural Q-fe,ctor of cavity resonators. The method is based on measure-
ment of phase-shift in the amplitude-modulated signal which travels through
the resonator and is reflected back. The device permits direct reading of
Q-factor on a pointer-type instrument. The consistent error of the in-
strument does not exceed 4%, while the extreme error might be as high as
6.5%. Experimental verification was conducted on the 3-am range and the
correctness of theoretical calculation was confirmed.
This method can be utilized to investigate the physical properties
of various substances by placing them in cavities (resonators) and measur-
ing small changes in Q-factor. The device is assembled with the following
components: UHF oscillator, modulating oscillator, decoupling attenuator,
measuring line with movable probe, crystal detector, amplifier, phase
Shifter, phasemeter, indicator and cavity resonator. The modulated fre-
quency can be varied from 2.5 to 20 Mc. The phasemeter operates on a
fixed frequency of 500 kc. This device will be used to study ferromag-
netic resonance in nickel and ferrites.
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50.
Radioteles cope With Scanning Radiation Pattern
"Radiotelescope With Scanning Radiation Pattern Operating
on 10-cm Wave," by I. G. Moiseyev, Crimean Astrophysical
Observatory, Academy of Sciences USSR; Gorlkiy? Tzvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebn kh Zavedenly Radiofizika.; No 3, T5581
pp 159-161
At the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory a radiotelescope was in-
stalled for continuous observation of the Sun?s radio-emission. Such
observations were conducted on the 10 am wave. The telescope was
mounted on a parallactic stand which facilitated automatic tracking
of the Sun. The required noise immunity was attained by modulating
the signal with an oscillating radiation pattern. The antenna assembly
of the telescope consists of a truncated parabolic reflector with two
horn radiators. The radiators are connected by a section of rectangu-
lar wave guide in such a manner that the planes of polarization are
mutually perpendicular. A ferrite stub with porcelain activator is
mounted in the wave guide. Under the action of a variable magnetic
field, the ferrite stub rotates the plane of polarization in the wave
guide by ?_ li.5.
The radiotelescope is calibrated with the aid of a noise generator,
which is mounted in place of one of the radiators. The modulation fre-
quency is 180 cycles. Sensitivity of the radiotelescope for frequency
band of 2.5 Mc and a time constant of 3 sec is 4? to 50. Effective
antenna area is 13 m2. The Sun D5 radio emission is recorded on a
paper tape.
The design of individual mechanical components of the radiotele-
scope was done by B. P. Abrazhevskiy and the radio-engineering com-
ponents by V. A. Yefanov and P. N. Stezhka.
51, A Boron Counter for Neutrons
"A Boron Counter ae High Efficiency" by V. N. Bykov and V. A.
Levdik; Moscow, Prilinipkse/ka.irnenta, No 6, Nov/
Dec 58, p 113
?
A counter is described which is filled with enriched BF3 (88* B10)
at a pressure of 700 millimeters of Hg and has a transparent end window.
Because of the use of a window that is highly transparent to radiation
and other design features, this counter is a very sensitive device for
the detection of neutron radiation. It is to be used in structural in-
vestigations by the method of neutron diffraction.
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52. Precision Instrument for Measuring Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive
Deformation
"Quasi-Static Measurement of Piezoelectric and Electro..-
strictive Deformations," by G. Schmidt, Institute of Ex-
perimental Physics, University of Halle (Saale); Berlin,
Experimentelle Technik der Physik, No 6, 1958, pp 250-258
The instrument described here (illustrated on front cover of this issue)
is used to measure, in the temperature range 20-150 deg CI the piezoelectric
or electrostrictive deformations produced by a low-frequency alternating
field. Adjacent to the surface of the object to be tested is a capacitance
sensing device which, with the aid of a vhf-oscillator and a demodulator,
transforms the periodic changes of spacing into a proportional ac-voltage.
The test result is either indicated directly or obtained by means of a
null method. The error amounts to about 3 10-0 and 2 - 10-7) respectively.
In both cases the result relates to the piezomodulus dil (6.9 ? 10-d CGS) of
the quartz oscillator used.
[For additional information on instruments, see Item No 8.]
Materials
53. Tantalum Tellurides
"Investigation of the System Tantalum-Tellurium," by Yu, M.
Ukrainskiy, A. V. Novoselova, and Yu. P. Simanov; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 1, Jan 59, pp 148-
152
Among the chalcogenides of tantalum, only the sulfides and selenides
had been investigated. No data concerning the system tantalum - tellurium
had been published prior to the work reported. The investigation carried
out in this instance established the existence of the compound Ta Te3,
Indicated that a lower tantalum telluride exists, and yielded information
on intermediate phases and compounds with a variable composition.
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54. A Method for the Production of Pure Antimony for Semiconductor
Applications
"The Production of Ultrapure Antimony Metal," by I. Szep
and P. Endroedi, Telecommunication Research Institute;
Budapest, Magyar Kemiai.Folyoirat: Vol 64, No 11, Nov 58,
pp 409-412
"A relatively simple method is described for the production of
antimony metal the purity of which satisfies the requirements of semi-
conductor metallurgy. With the use of the method described, technical
antimony is refined by fractional distillation and then converted into
antimony trisulfide. The precipitate of Sb2S3 is dissolved in hydro-
chloric acid and the antimony trichloride distilled off. The antimony
trichloride is then purified by repeated distillation in quartz equip-
ment. The pure trichloride is decomposed with water and ammonia. The
trioxide that is obtained is reduced with gaseous hydrogen to metallic
antimony. The final product, which is free of arsenic and heavy metals,
has a purity of no less than 99.999 %."
55. Synthetic Mica Under Development
"Synthetic Mica, the Dielectric of the Future," by Engr
A. Kolpakov; Moscow, Leninskoye Znamya, No 225, 23 Oct
58, P 3
Fluorophlogopite is a synthetic mica consisting of the same chemi-
cal elements as natural mica, except that one of the chemical groups in
natural mica is replaced with fluorine.
Natural mica contains hydroxyl groups, which:on heating of the mica
begin to react with each other with the result that water is eliminated
at temperatures above 600-700 degrees. When this occurs, the insulating
qualities of natural mica are destroyed.
Already as early as 70 years ago, the Russian mineralogist K. D.
Khrushchev studied the chemical composition and mineralogical charac-
teristics of synthetic mica after demonstrating that fluorine can be
substituted for the hydroxyl group in natural mica and synthetic mica
produced in this manner.
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Flurophlogopite retains its insulating qualities up to temperatures
of 1,300 degrees and fully meets modern requirements with regard to ap-
plications in radio) radar, atomic reactors) and rocket technology. But
while fluorophlogopite is easily and quickly made in the laboratory, thus
far methods have not been found to produce crystals large enough for the
production of condensers, gaskets, and insulators. The principal diffi-
culty is a purely scientific, crystallographic problem: certain laws
governing the growth of large synthetic mica crystals are not yet suf-
ficiently clear.
Soviet scientists are continuing work on the subject. A number of
scientific research institutes are dealing with this problem, with sci-
entific supervision over the research work in question being exercised
by the Institute of Crystallography, Academy of Sciences USSR. Scien-
tists at this institute have made conaiderable progress toward solving
the problem of semi-industrial production of synthetic mica.
The scientists are confident that the problem of producing large
crystals of synthetic mica can be solved in the next 2-3 years, if
enough personnel are assigned and adequate technical resources are de-
voted to the project. Unfortunately, solution of the problem has not
yet been assixed a high priority. This attitude must be changed in the
near future.
After having started with a small plant that began operation in
1954, the US now has several plants which produce a synthetic mica.
The material produced in the US consists of small crystals. These cry-
stals are powdered and then pressed into solid sheets.
56. Electrostatic Charging of CdS Single Crystals
"On the Electrostatic Charging of CdS Single Crystals
Under the Effect of High Electrical Fields," by K. W.
Boeer and U. Kuemmel, Second Physics Institute of
Humbold University and the Laboratory for the Physics
of Breakdown, German Academy of Sciences; Leipzig,
Annalen der Physik? Vol 2, No 5/6, 11 Nov 58, pp 217-
22
It is shown that unilluminated CdS single crystals are charged
negatively or positively during the passage of current through them,
thus violating the quasi-neutrality condition.. These charges are in-
terpreted through the assumption of a spatially inhomogeneous conduc-
tivity of the single crystals and are considered to be a part of the
known dielectric aftereffects. It is shown, that the conduction pro-
cess of CdS single crystals in high fields cannot be interpreted through
the limitation of space charge as a result of electron injection from
the cathode, as suggested by Rose and Smith (Physic. Rev. 97, 1531
(1955)).
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V. ENGINEERING
Aero EngineeringE
57. Jet Thrust Deflection Aerodynamic SL.S1
"Aircraft Take-Off by Deflection of the Gas Stream of a Jet
Engine," by G. I. Andrenko, Chair of Aerodynamics, Kharkov
Aviation Institute; Kazan', Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnly.A.
Zavedeniy, Seriya Aviatsionnaya Tekhnita? No 3, 1958, pp 8-15
The take-off of an aircraft which has turbojet engines equipped with
a device to shorten take-off distance is discussed. The device makes it
possible to direct downward the stream of gases coming from the engine.
The same device can also be used to decrease landing speed and shorten
braking distance by deflecting the stream in the direction of the aircraft
motion. An advantage of the method is that the additional lifting force
obtained is practica)ly independent of the velocity of the plane.
A preliminary wind-tunnel study of a model with two engines located
on the wings and equipped with the deflecting device Showed that the over-
all picture of pressure distribution on the model changes as a result of '
the interaction between the deflected stream and the airflow. The airflow
in front of the stream is slowed down, causing an increase in the pressure
on the lower surfaces of the nacelles and a portion of the wings and an
increase in pressure on the upper surface of the wings. As a result, for
a given attack angle and air flow velocity, the lifting force increases.
A study of the Influence of only the deflected gas stream on the air
flow over the aircraft showed that the longitudinal moment coefficient is
practically unchanged. To balance the aircraft then, the axis to thrust
should be approximately along the center of gravity, meaning that the
engines Should be located on the wings. If the aircraft is still unbalanced,
so-called gas rudders are required on the rear fuselage.
58. Numerical Method for Calculating Stresses in Frames Described
"On. the Investigation of Stresses in Longitudinal Elements of
Thin-Walled Framed Structures)" by L. A. Kolesnikov, Chair of
Strength of Materials, Khargkov Aviation Institute; Kazan,
Izvesti a V sahikh Urchebn kh Zavedeni Seri Aviatsionna a
Tekhnika No 3, 195:, pp 25-33
A successive approximation method is given for the numerical solution
of the equations of the bending of rods of variable cross section subject
to large and small displacements. An estimate of the error, Which can be
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made arbitrarily small, is possible with the method. The method is illus-
trated with a sample calculation of the compression member of a two-member,
thin-walled beam. The theoretical results are compared with actual measure-
ments. The method is suitable for use with computers.
59. Force in Retraction Strut of Landing Gear Calculated
"Determination of the Required Force in the Retraction Strut of
a Space Mechanism For Retraction of Landing Gear," by V. M.
Khaldeyev, Chair of the Design and Planning of Aircraft, Kazan'
Aviation Institute; Kazan', Izvesti a V sahikh Ucheb kh Zavedeni
Seriya Aviatsionnaya Tekhnika, No 3, 195;, pp 1
2
An analytical method of calculating the load on the retraction strut
of a landing gear is given. The method makes it unnecessary to carry out
laborious preliminary calculations of the kinematics - of the mechanism.
A sample calculation is given.
60. Delta Wing With Minimum Drag
"Delta Wing Having Minimum Wave Resistance for a Fixed Volume,"
by Ye. V. Bulyginal Chair of Higher Mathematics, Novosibirsk
Electrical Engineering institute; Kazan', Izvestiya Vypshikh
Ucheb kh Zaveden Seri a Aviatsionn a Tekhnika No 4757958,
PP 9-1
?
Calculations are presented for the surface of a supersonic delta wing
possessing minimum wave resistance for a fixed volume. Profiles of this
wing are parabolic with slight variations at the root section. Drag of
the calculated wing is 114, percent less than that of a similar delta wing
with rhombic profile.
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61. Calculating Flight Performance Characteristics According to Mach Number
"Calculation of Flight Performance Characteristics of a Super-
sonic Turbojet Airplane," by V. B. Lebedev, Chair of Aerody-
namics, Khar'kov Higher Aviation-Engineering Military School;
Kazan', Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Seriya Aviat-
sionnaya Tekhnika, No it, 1958, pp 22-29
Basic flight performance characteristics of supersonic jet aircraft
are determined by a method based on the comparison of corresponding availa-
ble and required thrust values for a given Mach number of flight instead
of a given altitude as in the graphoanalytical method. Calculations are
performed for the thrust required in steady normal turns and stable hori-
zontal flight at constant altitude and Mach number and an analysis is made
of changes in required thrust with altitude at a constant Mach number.
Maximum and minimum Mach numbers and maximum altitudes of horizontal flight
are. determined and a solution is given for overloading in maximum turns
according to available thrust.
62. Oscillations of an Elastic Plate at a Fluid Surface
"Oscillations of an Elastic Plate in a Fluid," by A. S. Povit-
skiy, Chair of Airplane Aeromechanics, Moscow Aviation Instit-
ute; Kazan', Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Seriya
Aviatsionnaya Tekhnika, No it, 1958, pp 30-35
A study is presented of the two-dimensional problem concerning oscilla-
tions of an elastic plate set at the surface of a limitless fluid which
is considered ideal. Conditions for fixing the plate, density distribu-
tion, and the law for change in plate thickness are arbitrary. Natural
frequencies of a plate fixed at two opposing sides and one supported at
two opposing sides are calculated by a method which may be applied in
the solution of the more complex problems of finding natural frequencies
of asymmetrical and higher forms of oscillations.
[For additional information on aero engineering, see Section IX,
Physics, Mechanics..].
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CPYRGHT
Electrical Engineering
63. ,A11-Union Conference on Electric Locomotive Building
"Summary of the Second All-Union Scientific-Technical Confer-
ence on Electric Locomotive Building" (unsigned article);
Novocherkassk, Izvestiya Vysshykh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy,
Elektromekhanika, No 8, 1958, pp 3-4
The article contains the following passages:
"A resolution was passed to call the conference on electric locomotive
building at least once every 3 years. [Comment: The second conference
was held in Novocherkassk in July 1958.]
"In conjunction with the urgent problems advanced at the conference,
the present issue [No 8, 1958] of the periodical Elektromekhanika on the
whole is devoted to problems of electric locomotive building. In the arti-
cle B. V. Suslov, chief designer at the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive
Building Plant, a review of new types of electric locomotives built at the
plant and their characteristics is given.
"Of special interest was the report presented at the conference about
the new method for analysis of electric locomotive characteristics with
the aid of electronic analogs. The' articles by Eng A. L. Kurochka of the
same plant, Eng N. Kh. Sitnik, and A. P. Bolyayev, docent of Novocherkassk.
Polytechnic Institute, were devoted to the mentioned problem.
"It was noted at the conference that single-phase, direct-current
electric locomotives, particularly the electric locomotives with gas-filled
rectifiers, are the most promising."
Materials and Processes
64. A Magnesium-Thermic Procedure for the Production of Boron Carbide
"Magnesium-Thermic Production of Boron Carbide," by G. V.
Samsonov, Institute ofPowderMetallurgy [Cermets] and Special
Alloys, Academy of ScienCes Ukrainian SSR; Kiev, Ukrainskiy
Khimicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 24, No 6, Nov-Dec 58, pp 659-664.
The Magnesium-thermic reduction of boric acid anhydride in the presence
of carbon (carbon black) to produce boron carbide was investigated. It
was established that the optimum conditions for the process are reduction
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of a charge consisting of briquettes at 1,000-1,20000 and washing out of
the magnesium oxide with acid. Carrying out the process under these con-
ditions makes it possible to produce boron carbide of a rigid stoichiometric
composition corresponding to B4 C which is practically free of unreacted
carbon. This is very difficult to achieve in the thermal reduction of
boric anhydribe with carbon.
It was established that a peculiar characteristic of the process is
formation of particles of two high-melting phases which prevent each
other's growth. As a result, the boron carbide is obtained in the form
of a fine powder which can be sintered easily into dense products.
It is pointed out that boron carbide is one of the hardest materials
available to modern technology and that it also exhibits a superior resist-
ance to wear and a high chemical stability (G. V. Samsonov, L. Ya. Markov-
skiy, Uspekhi Khimii, Vol 25, 1956, p 90). Furthermore, boron carbide
can be used as a starting material for the production of other boron com-
pounds; for instance, metal borides (G. A. Meyerson and G. V. Samsonov,
Zhurnal Prikladnoy Khimii, Vol 27, 1954, p 1135). Because of the high
cross-section of neutron capture of boron, boron carbide is a useful mate-
rial for control rods of nuclear reactors.
65. Zirconium Dioxide - Chromium Cermets
"Investigation of Zr Op - Cr Cermets," by L. P. Kachalova
and A. I. Avgustinik, chair of Ceramics Technology, Leningrad
Technological Institute imeni Lensovet; Ivanovo, Izvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Khimiya i Khimicheskaya Tech-
nologiya, No 5, Dec 58, pp 70-75
Because some investigators obtained results indicating that it is
possible tostabiiivezirconium dioxide with titanium, it was of interest
to investigate the possibility of the stabilization of this oxide with
metallic chromium. By preparing cermets that consist of zirconium dioxide
and chromium, it ought to be posr!.ble to develop materials which combine
the properties of a highly refra .ory oxide with the high heat conductivity
of the metal component.
Using zirconium dioxide mixed with 20% or more of chromium powder,
it was possible to prepare cermets which exhibit a high mechanical strength
and a considerable heat resistance. Because the metal component of the
cermet bears the strain involved in all the volume changes originating
by reason of the high-temperature polymorphic transformations of the mono-
clinic zirconium dioxide, a stabilizing effect is produced.
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Preliminary partial oxidation of the chromium in samples or addition
of 3% of chromium trioxide was found to contribute to the formation of
stable cermets when samples containing 10% of chromium were used; it was
established that the mechanical strength is increased, but the heat resist-
ance is not improved by the addition of chromium trioxide.
Microscopic and X-ray diffraction investigation of samples of the
cermet did not disclose the formation of any phases besides the two con-
sisting of monoclinic zirconium dioxide and metallic chromium. The samples
of the zirconium dioxide - chromium cermets proved heat-resistant in tests
carried out in molten steel at 30650?. They withstood up to 20 changes of
temperature.
In tests in molten brass at 1,0200, the cermets of the -compositions
investigated withstood more than 20 temperature changes.
Zirconium dioxide - chromium cermets are not moistened by molten metal.
Their solubility in the metal depends on the composition of the cermet:
when the chromium content is higher than 50%1 the solubility increases
considerably.
The highest mechanical strength and the greatest heat resistance
were exhibited by the cermets Kh-40 (60% of zirconium dioxide and 40% of
chromium) and Kh-50 (50% of zirconium dioxide and 50% of chromium). Cermets
of these particular compositions can be recommended for industrial applica-
tion.
During vacuum annealing, evaporation of metallic chromium takes place:
for this reason, annealing in vacuum should be carried out in as short a
time as possible. Annealing in an indifferent gas rather than in vc.cuum
is recommended,
66. New Process of Boiler Water Demineralization
"Sodium-Chlorine Ionizing of Water for Industrial Boilers and
Evaporators," by L. S. Foshko, A. S. Losev, and F. G. Prokhorov,
All-Union Heat Engineering Institute; Moscow, Teplotekhnika,
No 1, Jan 59, pp 44-48
A new process of sodium-chlorine ionizing of feed water which utilizes
a weakly alkaline anion-exchange agent continuously regenerated by common
salt solution has been studied under laboratory conditions and with the
aid of ex-oerimental filters.
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The sodium-chlorine ionizing process is based on the passage of water
through two filters, the first one containing a cation-exchange agent and
the second a strongly alkaline anion-exchange agent. The regeneration of
the filter with the aid of common salt solution is attained through the
introduction of sodium cation-exchange and chlorine anion-exchange agents.
During the passage of treated water through the first cation-exchange
filter, the process of na-cationization, i.e., the exchange of cation pres
exit; in the water for the sodium ions, takes place. During the subsequent
passage of Na-cationized water through the second anion-exchange filter,
the exchange of anions for chlorine ions takes place.
The advantages of the chlorine-sodium ionizing process are: simplicity
of equipment, reliability of operation, and low cost of reagent (common
salt). The process permits reduction of mineral content in feed water
down to 0.2 mall even when the original content is as high as 1,000 mel.
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VI. MATEEMATICS
67. All-Union Conference on Mathematical Linguistics, LeningFad, April 1959
"Mathematics Assists ;Linguistics," by L. Bad' and Ya. Kunina;
Leningradskaya Pravda, 4 Dec 58, p 4
CPYRGHT
"An All-Union Conference on Mathematical Linguistics will be held
in April 1959;at.Leningrad University. Scientists from Moscow, Leningrad,
Kiev, Yerevan, and other cities of the country will participate."
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VII, MEDICINE
Contagious Diseases
68. Effects of Several Antibiotics on B. anthracis
"The Action of Several Antibiotics on the Anthrax Pathogen
in vitro," by N. M. Nechayeva, Sb. Nauchn, Tr. L'vovsk. Zoovet.
In-t, No 8, 56, pp 58-60 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal --
CPYRGHT Biologiya, No 10, 25 May 58, Abstract No 43232, by M. I. N.)
CPYRGHT
"The anthrax pathogen is very sensitive to penicillin, streptomycin,
ekmolin, biomycin, and synthomycin. The expediency of testing these
antibiotics on animals experimentally infected with anthrax is considered."
69. Diagnosis of Typhoid With Vi-Bacteriophage
"Accelerated Bacteriological Diagnosis of Typhoid With the Aid
of Vi-Bacteriophage," by A. G. Matus, Sb. Tr. Mold. N-I In-t
EpidemioIq_Mikrobiol,I Giglyeny, No 2, 56, pp 77-87 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal Biologiya, NO 10, 25 May 58, Abstract
No 43272, by. I. Rautenshteyn)
"The Possibility of using Vi-phage for accelerating ii identification
of typhoid hemocultures was examined. According to sensitivity to Vi-phage,.
it was successfully determined, during the first step of blobd investiga-
tion within 2-3 hours after visible growth appeared and without having
to resort to biochemical and serological examination of the cultures
(crushing the hemoculture droplets on the surface of the agar and pouring
on the Vi-phage), that the hemocultures contained typhoid bacilli. It
was demonstrated, by the Vi-phage identification method combined with
the phage-typing method, that the same type of typhoid Bacillus Phage
is always isolated from different patients in contact with a general source
of the disease."
70. Botulism in Yugoslavia
"Botulism. A Report of Four Cases," by Dr Marija Bacun and
Dr Helena Hellenbach; Zagreb, Lijecnicki Vjesnik, Vol 80, No
5/6, 1958, pp 310-319
After a general discussion of the etiology, occurrence, and clinical
treatment of botulism, the authors report on four cases encountered at
the Zagreb Hospital of Infectious Diseases during the period 1949-1957;
these four cases of botulism are the only ones ever encountered at the
hospital. The cases were .all unrelated; in all four patients the charac-
teristic symptoms appeared 5-24 hours after partaking of infected pork or
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CPYRGHT
CpYRGH
sausage. Two of the cases were relatively mild; ophthalmoplegia and
dysphagia regressed completely in 2-3 weeks. In the two other cases, a
paralysis of the respiratory musculature occurred; in one of these cases,
brief treatment in an iron lung brought the patient successfully through
the crisis, but in the other case the inability to breathe came so suddenly
that the patient died before the respirator could be put to u3e. Two of
the patients entered the hospital under suspicion of diphtheria; one entered
for observation; and only one with a diagnosis of botulism. This latter
case involved special diagnostic difficulties, since the woman patient
had taken atropine drops during the first hours of the disease. In all
cases except one, a polyvalent serum was used against the botulism, accom-
TJalied by symptomatic therapy. Only in one case was the remains of the
contaminated ham examined bacteriologically, with negative results. In
the fatal case, the serum of the woman patient was found through tests
on mice, to contain the botulinus toxin. The etiological agent could not
be typed.
Epidemioloa
71. Ixodes Ticks in the Belorussian SSR
"The Species Composition and Distribution of Ixodes Ticks in
Belorussia," by Arzamasov, Vestsi AN BSSR, Ser. Biyal. N.:
Izv. AN BSSR, Ser. 'Biol. N., No 1,57, pp 99-111 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal BrOlOgtya,, No 101 25 May 58, Abstract
No 43428; by N.' A. PT)
"Ixodes apronophorus Sch., I. crenulatus Koch, and I. trianguliceps
Bir., are recorded for the first time in Belorussia; new data on local
distribution, and the host cycle for I. ricinus, Dermacentor marginatus,
and D. pictus are presented."
72. Ixodes Ticks in the Ukrainian SSR
"Ixodes Ticks in the Artificial Forest-Steppe Areas of the
Ukrainian SSR," by S. M. Brovko, Nauchn. Zap. Dnepropetr. Un-t.,
No 54, 1955, pp 61-65 (from Referativayy Zhurnal Biologiya,
No 10? 25 May 58, Abstract No 43427, by N. A. F.)
"Six species of ticks from the Ixodidae family were recorded: Ixodes
ricinus L.,. I. crenulatus Koch, Haemaphysalis punctata Canlet Fanz., Derma-
centor marginatus Sulz., Rhipicephalus rossicus Jak. et K.-Jak., and
Hyalomma plumbeum Fanz."
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73. Ixodos Ticks Distribution in Southern Kazakhstan
"Ticks of the Ixodoidea Family in Southern Kazakhstan," by
A. V. Levit, Tr. In-ta Zool. AN KazSSR; No 7, 57, pp 59-71
Tfrom Referativnyy Zhurnal Biologiya, No 10, 25 May 58,
Abstract No 43429, by N. A. Filippova)
"Sixteen species of Ixodoidea ticks were observed on wild and agri-
cultural animals near Lake Biyli-Kul and in the Kara-Tau Mountains: Argas
persicus Oken, 1818, A. veapertilionis Latr., 1796, Ornithodoros lahorensis
Neum., 1908, Ixodes sp., Haemaphysalis numidiana turanica Posp.-Str., 1946,
H. punctata Can. et Fanz., 1877; Dermacentor marginatus Sulz., 1776, D.
daghestanicus 01. 1929, Rhipicephalus turanicus B. Porn., 1940, R. sonilio
P. Sch., 1935, Rh. schulzei 01., 1929, Hyalommaasiattcum asiaticum Sch.
et Schl., 1929, Hyal, detritum p. Sch., 1919, Hyal. scupense P. Sch., 1918,
Hyal. anatolicum Koch, 1944, Hyal. plumbeum Panz., 1795. The biotypes
and hosts of the ticks are presented."
Hematology
74, Blood Coagulation System Modified InjialtrztEsIA
"Modification of the Blood Coagulation System in Hypothermia,"
by Ts. I. Abakeliya; Tbilisi, Soobshcheniya Alcademii Nauk Gru-
zinskoy SSR, Vol 212No 3, Sep 58, pp 343-347
The effect of hypothermia on the blood coagulation process was studied
in experiments on 13 dogs. The generally accepted methods of cooling com-
bined with the application of ganglion blocking substances and physical
chilling were used until body temperatures of 28 degrees were achieved.
The cooling process was then halted, although body temperatures continued
to drop until they were stabilized at temperatures of'24-26 'degrees.. Half
an hour after the body temperatures were stabilized, a warming process was
begun. Blood coagulation processes were under observation from the very
beginning of the experiments. On the basis of the observations, the follow-
ing conclusions were drawn:
1. Definite changes in the blood circulation system expressed by
a prolonged period of coagulation, a decrease in the quantities of thrombin
and fibrinogen, and a sharp decrease in the number of thrombocytes took
place when hypothermia was applied.
2. These changes were reversed on the 10th day after the chilling,
and the blood coagulation system became completely normalized.
3. The state of hemostasis must be closely watched during surgery
and in the postoperational period.
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75. Book Published on Biochemistry of Blood Coapulation
Biokhimiya Svertyvaniya Krovi, (Biochemistry of Blood Coagula-
tion), by Ya. V. Belik and Ye. L. Khodorova, Publishing House
of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Kiev, 1957 (from
Ukrainskiy Biokhimicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 30, No 6, 1956, pp
944-947)
This book on the biochemistry of blood coagulation reviews both Soviet
and non-Soviet literature on the subject. A total of 747 sources of lit-
erature are quoted dating back to the 19th Century. The various topics
discussed are: the historical background of the study of blood coagulation,
the various componentsoftnebbod coagulation system, and the interrelation-
ships between these components. The book concludes with a description
of the methods of determining these various components, and then describes
their clinical significance.
76. Czechoslovak Research on Colorimetric Determination of Cholinesterase
Activity
"Colorimetric Determination of Cholinesterase in Human Blood,"
Maj Jiri Tulach, Department of Defense Against Biochemical Mate-
rials and Toxicology (KAtedra ochrany proti BCHL a toxikologie);
Prague, Vojenske Zdravotnicke Listy, Nov 58, pp 513-515
This article describes a modified method for colorimetric determina-
tion of cholinesterase activity in the blood, red corpuscles, and plasma,
and discusses the advantages of this modification.
Immunology and Therapy
77. Determination of Spore Concentration in STI Vaccine
"Determination of the Spore Concentration in Live Anthrax
Vaccine STI With the Help of an Optical Bacterial Standard,"
by P. A. Ivashkevich, B. Ya. Mikhaylov, G. I. Rozhkov, and
A. L. Tamarin; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii
i Immunobiologii, Vol 30, No 1, Jan 59, 36-37
A more rapid and convenient method for standardizing bacterial sus-
pensions is described in this article. The purpose of the research was
to determine a correction factor for standardizing live STI antianthrax
vaccine by using the bacterial standard of the State Control Instituteimeni
Tarasevich. Twenty different spore cultures of the STI strain and 8 series
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of prepared vaccine were investigated in 100 experiments. In each case,
the cell concentration was determind simultaneously by optical bacterial
standards and by direct calculation in Byurker or Goryachev chambers.
The specifications of the phase-contrast microscope employed are given in
the text, and the methodology of the experiments is described. Results
are presented in a table. The conclusions offered on the basis of these
results are as follows:
"1. The active quantity of spores in STI cultures and vaccine was
found to be 12 times less when using GKIVS [State Control Institute of
Vaccines and Sera] optical bacterial standards.
"2. The data obtained can be used in production for standardizing
STI vaccine more precisely."
It is stated that analogous data were obtained in additional experi-
ments. The correction factor for the optical bacterial standard for an
STI spore suspension should be one-twelfth and not the one-fifth factor
used at present.
78. Combined Vaccine Against Plague and Tularemia
"The Leukocytic Reaction in Mice Immunized With a Live Asso,
ciated Vaccine Against Plague and Tularemia," by N. F. Kala-
cheva, Scientific Research Institute of Microbiology and
Epidemiology of Southeastern USSR; Moscow Zhurnal Mikrobiologii,
Epidemiologii I Immunobiologii, Vol 30, No 1, Jan 59, pp 43-
44
Experiments in which the leukocytic reaction in response to the
introduction of the two live vaccines and to subsequent infection with
corresponding virulent cultures were performed on white mice to study
the development ofkmalological reactions in associated vaccination with
live plague and tularemia vaccines.
"The observations showed that a mass of plague pathogens and only
isolated leukocytes (2-5 in a field) were contained in smears of peritoneal
exudate from control animals 4 hours after intraperitoneal infection with
plague pathogens. Compact growth of B. pestis was observed in the majority
of cases in blood seedings from these animals. In smears of peritoneal
exudate from mice previously Immunized with plague monovaccine and infected
with a corresponding culture, isolated pathogens were encountered, but not
in all animals; the number of leukocytes attained an average of ten per
field. After seeding the blood, the growth of cultures was seen to proceed
with almost the same intensity as in the controls. In peritoneal exudate
smears from mice immunized with the associated vaccine and infected with
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r
a plague culture, bacteria were not observed individually, and sharply
pronounced leukocytosis was revealed (from 15-20 leukocytes per field).
After the blood was seeded, the growth of plague pathogens Was not
obtained from all animals in the experiment, and was only observed in the
form of isolated colonies. The leukocytic reaction was weak in exudate
from control mice infected with B. tularense--an average of-one to five
cells per field were observed. Compact growth of B. tularense cultures
was obtained in all cases after seeding the blood.
"The leukocytic reaction was sharply pronouned--ten or more leukocytes
per field were encountered--in mice immunized with tularemia.monovaccine
and infected intraperitoneally with a corresponding culture. Growth of
B. tularense was observed only in isolated cases (5 out of 20) after seed-
ing blood on yolks. The leukocytic reaction was sharply pronounced--more
than 20 were seen in a field--in mice immunized with the associated vaccine
and infected with a B. tularense culture. Blood seedings either remained
sterile (75%), or growth was less intense than it was in controls.
"The data presented show that the use of a combination of two live
vaccines provides better protection to the organism than does the use of
monovaccines. This statement is substantiated by the? fact that antagonism
between the aforementioned antigens in the animal organism is absent;
conversely, a reinforcement of the defensive reaction was observed in
several cases.
"The use of the peritoneal test in the research has a number of advan-
tages over the usual method of determining immunity according to the sur-
vival rate--there is almost no correlation with animal intoxication, as
in the survival rate test and affects the anti-infection character of
immunity."
79. Resume of Progress in Tissue Therapy
"New Data on the Theory and Practice of Tissue Therapyl"by
Doctor of Medical Sciences S. R. Muchnik and Scientific Co-
workers F. Sysoyev, I. I. Chikalo, and V. V. Skorobinskaya,
Ukrainian Scientific Experimental Research Institute of Eye
Diseases and Tissue Therapy imeni Academician E. P. Filatova
(director, Prof N. A. Puchkovskaya); Kiev, Oftal'mologicheskiy
Zhurnal, No 8, 1958, pp 451-459
CPYRGHT
"Twenty-five years have gone by since Academician E. P. Filatov pro-
posed the tissue therapy method.
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"During this period, tissue therapy has been introduced into practical
medicine, and it is now one of the most effective methods of treating
various diseases. After first becoming widespread in the Soviet Union,
tissue therapy was accepted by foreign countries and at present there is
hardly a country in which this method is unknown or unused: Tissue therapy
is a nonspecific therapeutic method having complex action on an organism.
Although there is a huge amount of work in this field, the mechanism of
the action of tissue preparations is not yet fully explained; this fact
points out the need for further research in this direction. Only by a
thorough study of the chemistry of biologically active preparations, of
conserving tissue, and of their effect on the organism will a firm basis
for developing the best rational therapy by tissue preparations be obtained.
"In this article, we will present certain data obtained in. recent
years as a result of experimental and clinical research on the problem
of tissue therapy.
"Among the many investigations, the most interesting are those works
dedicated to the problems concerning the effect of tissue preparations
on the resistivity of an organism to pathogenic factors having an infectious
and toxic nature, as well as the investigations concerning the mechanism
of this resistivity.
"Earlier investigations showed that the direct administration of
tissue preparations to an organism changes its immunobiological reactivity,
and activates phagocytes, the production. of antibodies, and barrier func-
tions. In the experiments conducted by D. S. Shchastniy (1955), it was
shown that the prophylactic treatment of animals by preparations of conserved
tissue increases their resistivity to experimental gas gangrene. Animals
treated 24 hours prior to the affliction showed the best resistance to the
action of gas gangrene.
"In earlier works (Burgaft, 1949), it was shown that the direct treat-
ment of frogs by tissue preparations markedly increased their resistance
to the action of lethal doses of strychnine. This was confirmed by Ts.
M. Barg in 1954. In 1957, V. P. .3olov'yeva and also I. I. Chikalo showed
that the prophylactic treatment of animals by tissue preparations markedly
decreased the appearance of toxicosis produced by the subcutaneous adminis-
tration of potassium permanganate solutions to the organism. As is known,
the administration of this substance in predetermined dosage leads to
acute cirrhotic changes in the liver, usually having fatal consequences
in animals. Under the effect of tissue preparations (aloe extracts), as
indicated by the experiments, the resistance of the animals increased.
V. V. Skorodinskaya, Ye. A. Vyrlan, and V. N. Kefer (1958) noticed an
increase in the antitoxic function of the liver in 24 out of 1.1.5 patients
under their care.
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CPYRGHT
"Much interest has been stimulated by the fact that tissue therapy
can be used in conjunction with other therapeutic agents. For example,
along with streptomycin, phthivazide, PASK, and tibone, it can be used in
the treatment of tuberculosis.
"In 1951 at the radiosurgical department of the Central Roentgenologi-
cal and Cancer Institute of the Ministry of Health USSR, tissue prepara-
tions were used on 50 patients suffering various'degrees of radiation
sickness. The use of these preparations proved highly effective. Also,
in 1958, D. Baldan-Dorza showed that as a result of tissue preparations
used on rabbits exposed to X-rays of 620 r, only a mild form of radiation
sickness appeared. A. F. Shcherbine (1958) also showed the effectiveness
of using tissue preparations on experimental animals exposed to irradia-
tion.
"These and other data concerning the efficacy of tissue therapy in
treating skin diseases, scar processes, chronic ulcers, dystrophy, chronic
malaria, and many other diseases indicate that preparations from conserved
tissues increase the protective reaction of an .organimm.and its immunogenic
properties.
"What is the mechanism of rebuilding an organism which occurs under
the effect of tissue therapy?
'Experimental investigations during the past few years permit a
deeper insight into the changes in metabolic processes which are produced
by tissue therapy. These include investigations by I. V. Savitskiy (1957),
which showed that tissue preparations increase the restoration of protein
and formed elements of the blood during anemia and after blood loss and
markedly increase the process of blood regeneration. The author, in coop-
eration.with I. A. Eudchnov and A. A. Shcherbinaya, conducted experiments
on the inclusion of radioactive amino acids as well as radioactive phos-
phorus and iron preparations in the proteins of various tissues and organs,
including the hemopoietic. Experiments indicated that tissue preparations
increase the inclusion of the above-mentioned compounds in the plasma
protein of blood, the erythrocytes, and hemopoietic organs. Under the
effect of tissue preparations, the restoration of protein and formed ele-
ments of the blood is accomplished by the restoration of the proteins.
"The works presented above are only a part of the contributions in
this field during the past years, and the work indicates that this method
is being quickly'developed.' Certain prablems concerning the nature of
biogenic stimulators and their mechanism of action need further study.
The wide application of tissue therapy, its high therapeutic effectiveness,
and its popularity among patients bids the biologist, physiologists,
biochemists, and clinical physicians to further study this new method of
therapy which is one of the outstanding accomplishments of Soviet medicine."
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80. Shock Therapy
"The Antishock Action of Magnesium Ions,". by N. I. Nagnibeda,
Chair of Surgery, Leningrad Institute for the Advanced Training
of Physicians; Kiev, Novyy Khirurgicheskiy Arkhiv, No 5 (215),
Sep-Oct 58, pp 100-106
Guinea pigs were used in experiments conducted to test the effective-
ness of magnesium ions when used in the therapy of shock. A rate of shock
was induced in the animals by the introduction of a mixture of insoluble
barium chloride, normal blood serum, and a sodium chloride solution into
the blood stream. However, when half of the serum in the mixture was
replaced by a solution of magnesium sulfate, the incidence of shock was
considerably reduced. In other experiments in which a state of acute
shock was developed in the animals by the introduction of insoluble barium
chloride and normal blood serum into the blood stream, the substitution
of magnesium hyposulfite for the blood serum prevented the development of
shock. Several series of experiments were carried out; in practically
all cases, the use of magnesium ions either completely prevented the devel-
opment of shock or considerably reduced its incidence.
81. Pathogenesis and Treatment of Third Degree Burns by Novocain Blockade
and Medicated Sleep
"The Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chemical Burns" (Second
report), by Kh. Dzh. Gaysin, Clinic of General Surgery and
Chair of Pathological Anatomy Kazakhstan State Medical Insti-
tute; Alma Ata, Zdravookhraneniye Kazakhstana, No 8, 1958,
pp 40-42
Chemical burns were inflicted on rabbits which were than treated
with a vagosympathetic novocain blockade and/or medicated sleep, using
a daily solution of sodium amytal.
Clinical and histological studies indicate that under the effect of
novocain blockade and medicated sleep, third-degree chemical burns heal
faster than untreated burns. This accelerated healing process is evidenced
by the decreased intensity of the inflamatory processes, speeded sloughing
off of the dead tissue, and speeded granulation and epithelialization.
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Oncology
82. Complex Method of Cancer Therapy
"Experimental Complex and Pathogenic Therapy of Advanced Forms
of Cancer," by Prof I. T. Shevchenko, Kiev Roentgen-Radiologt-
cal Institute and Chair of Oncology, Kiev Institute for the
Advanced Training of Physicians; Kiev, Novyy Khirurgichebkiy
Arkhiv, No 5 (215), Sep-Oct 58, pp 3-8
The application of the so-called "complex method of therapy," in cases
of first, second, and third degree neoplasms is proposed. The method com-
prises special radical measures such as surgery and radiation treatments
combined with pathogenic therapy which tends to stimulate the protective
reactions of the organism and inhibit the development of malignant growths.
Steps should be taken to improve the functions of hemopoiesis. The admin-
istration of the preparation "Lymphln," prepared from lymphatic ganglia
of cattle, should be added to this complex of measures. A diet based on
individual needs is advocated. Empirical data are available on the use-
fulness of radishes, garlic, and maize in the diet. Rest is essential.
83. Cancer Therapy
"Drug Therapy of Malignant. Tumors," by Prof R. I. Sharlay; Kiev,
Novyy Khirurgicheskiy Arkhiv, No 5 (215), Sep-Oct 58, pp 9-14
The author advocates the use of drugs, among them hormones, chemother-
apeutical preparations, antibiotics, antihistamines, and others in the the-
rapy of malignant growths. The mechanism of action of the drugs depends
on the manner in which the diseased cells, as well as the normal cells, re-
act to the same stimulus. The use of hormones, for instance, is based on
the fact that cancer cells of some organs, as well as the normal cells of
the same organ, react similarly to the same stimulus, while the use of
chemotherapeutic drugs is based on the difference in the reaction of diseased
and normal cells to a similar stimulus. Selectivity based on the use of
the proper drug for a specific type of malignancy must be practiced. On
the basis of his personal observations and the literature data available,
the author comes to the following conclusions;
l. Surgical removal of parts or organs affected malignant growths
is necessary; if this is not possible, radiation in combination with drug
therapy should be applied.
2. Drug therapy should be applied in cases of existing or possible
postsurgical metastases.
3. Selective drug therapy must be combined with surgery and radiation.
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84. Radioactive Cobalt in Cancer Therapy
"Therapy of Tumors of the Prostate Gland With Radioactive Co-
balt," by V. A. Mokhort, Chair of Urology, Belorussian Insti-
tute for the Advanced Training of Physicians; Minsk, Zdravoo-
khraneniye Belorussii, Vol 4, No 10, Oct 58, pp 22-24
Published data and clinical observations, this article says, indicate
the effectiveness of the application of radioactive cobalt in cases of
cancer of the prostate gland. Therapy with radioaetive cobalt is prefer-
able to rentgenotherapy since the gamma rays of Co60 are absorbed by the
soft as well as the osseous tissues, and skin and organ tolerance to these
rays is greater than to roentgen rays. Tumor reaction to the cobalt rays
is high. Cobalt radiation was administered to the patients by means of
the GUT-S0-100 apparatus, in a dose of 8844 r. Complications from the use
of radiation were rectitis, cystitis, and epidermitis. These, however, did
not require the termination of the therapy. The immediate therapeutic ef-
fect of the use of radioactive cobalt was satisfactory, the author states
in conclusion, although the comparatively small number of observations con-
ducted requires further study-for definite conclusions
85. ACS in Tumors Therapy
'The Effect of ACS [Antireticular Antitoxic Serum) on the De-
velopment of Induced Tumors in Animals Subjected to the Action
of Ionizing Radiation," by G. F. Dyadyusha, Laboratory of Pa-
thophysiology, Ukrainian Scientific Research Sanitatary-Chemical
Institute, Ministry of Health Ukrainian SSR; Kiev, Novyy Khir-
s.clivurgicheslAr, No 5 (215), Sep-Oct 58, pp 16-22
The effect of ACS on the development of malignant tumors in the organ-
isms of rats subjected to ionizing radiation was determined in experiments
conducted'on the animals. Tumors were induced in the rats by the subcutan-
eous administration of a carcinogen. The animals were divided into three
groups. The animals of the first group were subjected to ionizing radia-
tion in a dose of 200 r on the day preceding the administration of a carci-
nogen; the second group of rats received the same treatment as the first
group, but in addition were given antireticular antitoxic serum to stimulate
the connective tissue system; the animals in the third group were given the
carcinogen but were not irradiated or treated.
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The experiments established that the development and growth of Induced
tumors in the irradiated rats was influenced by the condition of the con-
nective tissue system; that induced tumors developed later in animals treated
with ACS than in animals not treated with ACS; that the percentage of cases
in which tumors developed was smaller in animals treated with ACS than in
animals not treated with ACS; that the irradiated rats with induced tumors
treated with ACS lived longer than the untreated animals; and that as a
result of irradiation with doses of 200 r, conditions favorable to the de-
velopment of induced tumors in the organisms of the rats not treated with
ACS were created. On the basis of the data obtained, it is thought that
treatment with ACS of patients who develop malignant growths or who are
undergoing treatment with large doses of ionizing radiation may be of great
benefit. In may also be assumed that the application of ACS in combination
with other therapeutic agents may contribute to the prevem,on of malignan-
cies as a result of penetratihg radiation. Results are summarized in two
tables.
86. Blastomogenic Chemicals
"The Blastomogenic Activity of Dicyclohexylamine and Dicyclo-
hexylamine Nitrite," by G. B. Pliss, Laboratory of Experimental
Oncology, Institute of Oncology of Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR; Moscow-Leningrad Voprosy Onkologii? Vol ,No 6, Nov-Let
58, pp 659-669
Experiments were conducted on rats and mice to determine the effect
of exposure to the prolonged action of cyclohexylamine, dicyclohexylamine,
and dicyclohexylamine nitrite on the animal organism. The chemicals are
now being widely utilized in industry and agriculture, and according to
experimental data, are highly toxic and are readily absorbed by the un-
damaged skin. The chemicals were administered to the animals in food and by
subcutaneous injections. Sunflower oil and water were used as solvents.
The organs of the animals after their death were subjected..to macro- and
microscopic examinations. The experiments established the toxicity of the
chemicals, cyclohexylamine being the least toxic of the three. It was found
also that cyclohexylamine is not blastomogenic; that dicyclohexylamine and
its nitrite are blastomogenic, the first producing sarcoma at the point of
injection of the chemical, and the second capable of inducing tumors which
differ morphologically, in various parts of the body far removed from the
point of injection. The blastomogenic activity of the chemicals may be
regarded as being of a relatively weak character since the tumors developed
only in a small number of animals, and then only after a prolonged period
of time. Results of the experiments are shown in six illustrations and
three tables.
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87. Experimental Cancerogenesis in Monkeys
"Results of 18 Years of Work Conducted in Sukhumi on Experi-
mental Cancerogenesis in Monkeys," by N. N. Petrov, N. A.
Krotkina, Ye. M. Barabadze, A. V. Vadova, V. I. Gel'shteyn,
R. A. Mel'nikova, Z. A. Postnikova, and E. Ya. Smoylovskaya,
Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Sukhumi Institute- of
Pathology and Therapeutics; Moscow-Leningrad; Voprosy Onko-
logii, Vol 4, No 6, 1958, pp 643-655
This article is a summation of the work done by the authors during the
past 18 years to establish the possibility of experimentally inducing malig-
nancies in animals. The results of the experiments were as follows:
1. The possibility of inducing experimental malignancies in the ani-
mal organism has been established.
2. The maxilla and the bone marrow of the long bones have been found
the most dependable orghns for the development and observation of experi-
mental tumors.
3. Radioactive substances and insoluble radioactive isotopes of silver
have been found most suitable .for the induction of malignant tumors in mon-
keys.
4. Hyperestrinization of the animals with estrogenic substances in
doses of hundreds and thousands and more milligrams continued for a period
of many months is frequently accompanied by the development of atypical
proliferations of an infiltrating character in the uterus, which by penetra-
ting into the peritoneum frequently cause the death of the monkeys through
loss of blood.
5. Observations of experimental cancerogenesis in monkeys provided
considerable data on the biophysicochemical etiology of malignant growths.
Two tables and 13 illustrations and a bibliography of 10 titles are included.
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88 dl-Dihydrosarcomycin in the Therapy of Cancer
"Effect of dl-Dihydrosarcomycin and Its Combination With Omain
on Ehrlich's Ascitic Tumor," by N. I. Vol'fson and V. Ye. Komar,
Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology; Mos-
cow-Leningrad, VoprosyOnkologl.i, Vol 4, No "6, Nov-Dec 58,
PP 730-734
This article is a report on the results of experiments conducted on
mice to determine the effect of d1-dihydrosarcomycin, a close analogue of
sarcomycin, on the ascitic tumor of Ehrlich. The antibiotic dl-dihydro-
sarcomycin was synthesized at the Institute of Medical Chemistry of the
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR and submitted by Prof V. N. Orekhovich,
the director of the institute, to the Laboratory of Experimental Oncology
for testing. The ascitic liquid was injected into the experimental animals
intraperitoneally in doses containing from 100,000 to 10 million and more
tumor cells. The animals were then administered different doses of dl-di-
hydrosarcomycin and dl-dihydrosarcomycin in combination with. omain at vari-
ous periods of time. The experiments revealed that the antibiotic was toxic
to the mice in doses of 2.5-4.0 milligrams; when administered in the early
stages of the development of the affection it is capable of inhibiting the
growth of the ascitic tumors; the action of the calcium salt of the anti-
biotic is similar to that of dl-dihydrosarcomycin itself; the combined ap-
plication of dl-dihydrosarcomycin with main enhances its inhibiting effect
on the growth of the Ehrlich ascitic tumor. It is known that omain and
its derivatives have no effect on ascitic tumors. It is, therefore, thought
that the stronger inhibiting effect of the combination is due not to the
combined application of the two preparations, but to some, other mechanism
of action, Two tables are included in the text.
89. Antibodies Formed Upon Immunization With Tumor Tissue
"Detection of Antibodies in the Complement-Fixation Reaction
in Rabbits Immunized With Various Types of Vaccines From
Brown-Pearce Tumor," by A. M. Gardash'yan and R. M. Radzikh-
ovskaya, Division of Immunology and Malignant Tumors of In-
stitute of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni N. F. Gamaleya,
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow-Leningrad, Voprosy
Onkologii, Vol 4, No 6, Nov-Dec 58, pp 655-659
This article reports on results of studies which were conducted to ex-
plain the formation of antibodies in rabbits immunized with vaccines from
Brown-Pearce tumor and the correlation between the intensity of the immunity
conferred and the titer of the complement-fixation. antibodies. The rabbits
were vaccinated with five different types of vaccine, which consisted of
tumor cells lysed with cytotoxic sera and the supernatent liquid obtained
by centrifuging the vaccines. The vaccinations were carried out in two
cycles. The vaccines were subcutaneously injected to the rabbits in the
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irst. cycle as follows: three injections of one milliliter each, two
injections of 2 milliliters each, and one injection of 3 milliliters.
During the second cycle, the rabbits received three Injections in doses
of 2 milliliters each. The injections were carried out at intervals of
6-7 days, with an interval of 57 days between the cycles. Immunity was
tested by injecting the animals with suspensions of Brown-Pearce carcinoma
in dilutions of 1:20 to 1:160. On the basis of the experiments it was con-
cluded that: immunization of the animals with vaccines from the Brown-Pearce
tumor stimulated the formation of complement-binding antibodies; that
there was no correlation between the degree of intensity of the immunity
and the presence of antibodies in rabbits immunized with a vaccine from
the Brown-Pearce tumor and that therefore the presence of the antibodies
did not indicate that immunity to tumors had been acquired; and that
neither the number of injections nor the quantity of the injected vaccine
affected the titer of the antibodies. Two tables are given to show results.
90.
Induced Tumors of the alaslid Gland
"Experimental Tumors of the Thyroid Gland." by N. P. Napalkov,
Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology,
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow-Leningrad; Voprosy
Onkologii, Vol 4, No 6, Nov-Dec 58, pp 738-750
This article is a survey of Soviet and foreign literature on the de-
velopment of malignant tumors of the thyroid gland and on experimental
methods of inducing such malignancies. On the basis of the published data
available, the author concludes that experimental malignant growths of the
thyroid gland may be induced in animals by the following methods:
1. By administering cancerogenic substances to the experimental animals.
2. By disturbing the secretion of the thyroid hormones.
3. By feeding rations with a low iodine content to the animals.
4. By the prolonged administration of antithyroid substances to the
animals.
5. By the combination of the action of cancerogenic substances and
disturbed hormone balance.
6. By the action of ionizing radiation on the thyroid gland.
7. By the combined action of the above-mentioned factors with the
additional administration of chemical cancerogens.
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The ability of all these factors to induce experimental tumors of the
thyroid gland is based on their capacity to depress synthesis of the thyroid
hormones, and thereby to create conditions which permit the constant and
prolonged irritation of the gland membrane.
Pharmacology and Toxicology
91. Effect of NIUIF-100 on Gastric Secretion
"Effect of NIUIF-100, a Chemical Poison, on the Secretion Func-
tions of the Stomach," by G. A. Zhiznevskiy, Chair of Hygiene
and Pharmacology, Minsk Medical Institute; Minsk, Zdravookhran-
eniy2 Belorussii, Vol 4, No 10, Oct 58, pp 56-58
Two dogs were used in experiments conducted to determine the effect
of NIUIF-100 -- parathion -- on gastric secretion functions. The poison
was administered to the dogs in milk, in doses of 5 milligrams per liter
of milk. The results of the experiments revealed that NIUIF-100 depressed
the cholinesterase activity in the blood serum, creating nimbalance in
the acetylcholine-cholinesterase system; prolonged, administration of the
poison produced a disturbance of the gastric secretion functions expressed
by a change of the quality and quantity of the gastric juice, a change
dangerous to the animal organism. ?
92. Effect of Aminazine on the Uterus
"On the Effect of Aminazine on the Contracting Activity of the
Uterus," by V. K. Zubovich, Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Minsk Medical Institute and Luga Rural Division Hospital,
PUsskRayon, Molodechenskaya Oblast; Minsk, ZdravookhraneniEs
Belorussii, Vol 4, No 9, Sep 58, pp 4346
Report on the results of the experiments which were carried out to de-
termine the effect of aminazine, a drug now used in obstetrical and gyne-
cological practice, on the contracting activity of the uterus. A total of
165 experiments were conducted. The aminazine was administered to the
animals in a nutritive liquid medium. On the basis of the experiments it
was concluded:
1. Aminazine, in therapeutic doses of 1-2 milligrams per kilogram of
body weight, has no effect on the contracting activity of the uterus.
2. Large doses of aminazine, 3 milligrams or more per kilogram of
body weight, sharply decrease and sometimes paralyze the ability of the
uterus to contract.
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3. The action of the drug depends on the individual peculiarities of
the organism, the species of the animal, and the functional condition Of
the uterus.
93. Cancer Therapy With Antibiotics
"On the Problem of the Search For and Evaluation of New Anti-
tumor Antibiotics," by O. K. Rossolimo, Laboratory of Experi-
mental Study of the Therapeutic Properties of New Antibiotics,
Institute for the Search of New Antibiotics, Academy of Medi-
cal Sciences USSR; Moscow-Leningrad, VoRrosy Onkologii, Vol 4,
No 6, 1958, pp 674-679
Mice were used in the experiments in which 246 new antibiotics were
tested in search of-antibiotics to be utilized in the therapy of malignant
growths. Mice were inoculated with Crocker's sarcoma and with Ehrlich-type
Ascitic carcinoma cells. Treatment was begun from 24 hours to the fourth
and sixth day after the inoculation. The results of the experiments were
as follows:
1. Of the total number of antibiotics tested, 187 were found to be
ineffective in the therapy of cancerous growth.
2. The greatest part of the remaining 59 antibiotic substances were
found to possess the ability to arrest the growth of tumors only when ad-
ministered in toxic doses. The arrest of the growth of the malignant tis-
sues was accompanied by the inhibition of the growth of normal tissues.
3. Only 5.7 percent of the antitoxic substances were found to possess
the ability to suppress the growth of malignant tumors in a degree greater
than that of normal tissue when administered in nontoxic doses.
Physiology
94. Human Physiology at High Elevations
"Human Physiology in Highly Elevated Areas," by I. ,terokhin
and A. Tsyrulvnikov; Mosbow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik. 26 ,Dec
58, No 103 (1747), p 4
The author of this article state that mountain climbing is becoming
popular in the USSR. In 1958 alone over 100 Soviet people achieved the
distinction of scaling mountains to heights of over 7,000 meters above
sea level.
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A brigade of physicians from the two largest vuzes (higher educational
institutions) of the country, the Moscow University imeni Lomonosov and the
Moscow Higher Technical School imeni Bauman, accompanied an expedition of
mountain climbers to Tyan'-Shan'. They recorded the effects of high alti-
tude on human physiology. The physiological studies consisted of investi-
gations of the functions of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, a
three-factor [trekhmomentnaya] composite functional test based on the method
used by S. P. Letunov, oxyhemometry, laboratory methods of investigation,
etc.
Physiological observations were begun even before the mountain climbers
left Moscow. Observations of how the human organism adjusts itself during
gradual ascent to higher altitude were made during the entire trip which
members of the expedition took to Frunze (340 meters above sea level), Pr-
zhevalisk (1,200 meters above sea level), Ken-Su (2,700 meters above sea
level), and during several weeks of travel with the caravan from Ken-Su to
their base at the foot of the peak Pobeda on a glacier "Zvezdochka" (4,300
meters above sea level).
Physician Boris Romanov (who is an expert mountain climber) climbed
to the top of Vostochnaya Pobeda mountain, which is 7,050 meters above
sea level. The mountain climbers continued to ascend under extremely
adverse meteorological conditions along the peak of Pobela from Vostoch-
naya Pobeda to the main summit of 7,439 meters above sea level. The authors
of this article state that they were members of this group and that, to-
gether with other mountain climbers, they succeeded in conquering a number
of vertical, snowbound, 4acial walls and steep, rocky elevations. This
ascent to a higher altitule,is Of great interest from the phsyiological
viewpoint, because such a long stay at such a high altitude has never been
recorded.
On the basis of the physiological data obtaind and the medical obser-
vations made, it was possible to envision the functional condition of the
human organism which creates the desire to go mountain climbing. The sig-
nificance of yearlong training was clarified. Exercise taken by members
of the expedition consisted of bicycle riding, light physical exercises
during the spring-autumn season, and skiing during the winter months. At
the start of the mountain climbing season, all members of the expedition
were in good physical condition. This made it possible to reduce the
number of acclimatizing ascents. Specifications approved in 1956 recom-
mend a 2-month acclimatization period with two intermissions for descent
to an altitude of 2,000 meters.
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The authors of this article state that the acclimatization period
lasted only 20 days during their expedition. Despite this, mountain sick-
ness was observed in only 3 out of 65 participants. These three people
were unable to train properly before they joined the expedition. Mountain
sickness, therefore, depends not so much on the adaptability of each in-
dividual to conditions found at high altitudes, but on exercises which
adapt the human organism to these conditions. Yearlong training helps
save time and helps conserve the strength of each mountain climber dur-
ing each stage of acclimatization.
The authamof this article refer to statements of specialists in moun-
tain climbing in countries outside the US. 71,ses specialists abroad seem
to think that only a handful of exceptionally well-trained mountain climbers
can endure conditions found at an altitude of 7,000 meters for a period of
more than 3 or It days unless they are provided with oxygen equipment. An
English mountain climber Lou [Low or Lowe] established a record in 1953 by
remaining at an altitude of 7,000 meters for 11 days during an expedition
to Mount Everest. It took 14 days to climb along the ridge of the peak of
Pobeda: this was done under extremely adverse meteorological conditions.
Members of the expedition felt well and remained cheerful. An increase in
the pulse rate and changes in arterial pressure and in respiration frequency
were noted during climbing; thpse functions rapidly became normal after
crossing was completed, with no ill effects.
Sleep is considered necessary during mountain climbing. The authors
of this article state that everyone slept well and the supply of somnifaci-
ent drugs remained unused. Absence of appetite or any disturbance in ap-
petite, considered to be typical during ascents to high altitutes, was
not noted among members of the expedition. Proper rationing of drinking
water was one of the decisive factors in maintaining efficiency among
members of the expedition the mountain climbers received at least 3
liters of liquids per 24 hours.
Final processing of results of the studies made will aid in solving
such questions as selection of the most reasonable period of stay at various
altitudes for acclimatization purposes, the optimum altitude admissible
during any one expedition, the tempo of climbing and the intensity of act-
ivity during ascent to high altitudes, the judicious use of drinking water,
and food consumption.
More extensive and more detailed investigations must be conducted be-
fore the problems confronting the mountain climbers can be Solved. The
authors state that studies must be continued under actual mountain climb-
ing conditions. They conclude their article by saying that results of
their expedition indicate that this can be done with a minimum expenditure
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of funds. So far all studies have been conducted by physicians who are
mountain climbing enthusiasts; mountain climbing and physiological studies
must be conducted in a systematic manner and according to plan, and must
be directed by such :scientific establishments as the Institute of Physiology,
the Central Scientific Research Institute of Physical Culture, and other
similar organizations.
95. Hematological Changes Following the Freezing and Burning of Tissues
"Concerning the Problem
by P. V. Afanas'yev, V.
Khmel'ilitskaya, Iz1v. A.
Kirg SSE), 1958, Vol 5,
30895)
of the Biochemistry of Thermal Trauma,"
G. Yakovlev, G. L. Frenkel', and Z. D.
N. Kirg SSR, (Izvestiya Akademii Nauk
121-131; 7rom Referativnyy Zhurnal --
Khimiya Biologicheskaya
Khimlya? No 23, 10 Dec 58,Abstract No
"The freezing of dogs' extremities causes the dissociation of glycogen,
and consequently the accumulation of the sugar in the circulating venous
blood and the enrichment of the arterial blood with sugar. The same pic-
tureis observed with regard to residual nitrogen. The level of protein
nitrogen falls in the artexial blood but rises in the venous. Thirty
minutes after subjecting animal tissue to burns there is a sharp rise of
residual nitrogen, sugar, and pyroracemic acid in the burned tissues.
These components seep into the venous blood, and their level, in the gen-
eral circulation, gradually rises."
96. Book. Published on Biochemistry of Trauma
Biokhimiya Travmy (Biochemistry of Trauma), by Prof L. S. Cher-
kasova, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences Belorussian SSR;
Minsk, 1957, 191 pages
The subject of trauma due to various mechanical, thermal, chemical,
radiation, etc. causes is discussed with regard to wounds of soft tissues,
bone fractures, and complications resulting from suppurative infections.
Special subjects discussed include: "Physiological Bases for the Stb.dy
of Trauma"; "Biochemical Disturbances due to Infectious Complications of
Wound Processes"; Biology of Bone Tissue and the Biochemical Characteristics
of Bone Fractures"; "Biochemical Disturbances Arising due to Gunshot Osteo-
myelitis..."; and "General Metabolic Reactions of an Organism to Trauma."
Finally 18 pages of literature from Soviet and non-Soviet sources are cited.
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Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
97. 1957 Research in Ukrainian SSR
"In the Ministry of Health Ukrainian SSR: Results of Scien-
tific Research Efforts During 1957" (unsigned article), Vra-
chebnoye Delo, No 11, Oct 58, pp 1227-1228
The Collegium of the Ministry of Health Ukrainian SSR met in regular
session to hear the report of the Deputy Chairman of the Scientific Coun-
cil of the Ministry of Health Ukrainian SSR, N. B. Man'kovskiy. He spoke
on the progress of scientific research work in the Ukrainian SSR during
1957. He stated that although new methods of prevention, diagnosis, and
treatment of many infections were developed during 1957 and although valu-
able therapeutic preparations were discovered aad new instruments were de-
signed, approval and practical application of new instruments, drugs, methods
of treatment, and medical techniques is proceeding very slowly. Heads of
some institutes take too much .time to submit plans for practical utilization
of results of scientific research. The experimental shops of the Adminis-
tration of the Medical Industry of the Ministry of Health are slow in manu-
facturing newly designed medical appliances.
No definite decisions have yet been made concerning the establishment
of scientific testing shops for manufacture of various models of mechanical
devices and the organization of a laboratory for producing chemotherapeutic
preparations in quantities sufficient for proper testing in clinical prac-
tice. Many therapeutic and preventive medical establishments have received
no information concerning new drugs and new medical techniques.
The Ministry of Health Ukrainian SSR approved the plan for clinical
testing and practical application of new methods of treatment which were
proposed during 1957 and endorsed by the callegium.
The deputy chairman of its Scientific Council further stated that it
was decided to suggest that scientific research institutes and medical in-
stitutes direct their efforts toward solution of the most important problems
with which the medical science and health service are confronted. All plans
for practical application of results of scientific research must be presented
each year to appropriate commissions of the Scientific Council of the Min-
istry of Health Ukrainian SSR not later than 30 January. Any research work
done on subjects that are not of republic level, but which have practical
application in medical practice, must be sent directly to the Scientific
Medical Council.
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The Administration of the Medical Industry and the Main Administration
of Pharmacies (GAPU) have been charged with the function of formulating reg-
ulations dealing with the Central Scientific Experimental Shop (which de-
signs and produces models of new devices and instruments used in cxperi-
ments) and dealing with the factory that approves and manufactures pharma-
ceutical preparations in quantities needed for testing in clinical practice.
The Administration of Major Construction has been made responsible for the
entire preliminary work, consisting of the early preparation of blueprints
in 1959 for construction of shops, an experimental laboratory, and the above-
mentioned factory of pharmaceutical preparations.
The Ukrainian Institute of Sanitary Chemistry, the Ukrainian Instf.tute
of Experimental Endocrinology, and the Kiev and Odessa Institutes of Epi-
demiology and Microbiology have been given funds to manufacture sufficient
quantities of pharmaceutical preparations for experimental purposes.
The administrations of republic and oblast sUentific societies, scien-
tific medical libraries, and GAPU must improve their methods of disseminat-
ing information concerning drugs and medical equipment manufactured in the
USSR and abroad and concerning newest therapeutic and preventive methods
to therapeutic and preventive medical establishments.
In its resolution, thLt collegium pointed out that research has been
managed well in the fallowing fields: tuberculosis and its control, in-
dustrial hygiene in the leading branches of industry and agriculture, hel-
minthiasisand its control, poliomyelitis, physiology and pathology of the
higher nervous system, dysentery and its control, and control of blindness
and glaucoma. Research in the treatment of rheumatism, chemotherapy of ma-
lignant neoplasms, vaccination against influents, treatment of acute child-
ren's infections, the physiology of digestion, the pathogenesis and therapy
of radiation sickness, and complications arising during pregnancy and child-
birth has been progreszing well.
Greater attention must be given to results of research on protection.
against air pollution and pollution of reservoirs in industrial zones, on
estimating maximum permissible concentrations and degree of toxicity of
poisonous agricultural chemicals, on new surgical methods Of treating pul-
monary tuberculosis, and on the albuminous blood substitute VK-8.
Problem commissions have shown improvement in coordinating the work
of various institutes. As a whole, all medical establishments have been
conducting scientific research in a manner that can be considered satis-
factory; a number of substantial shortcomings can be rioted, however. The
problem commissions of the Scientific Council of the Ministry of Health
Ukrainian SSR do not supervise in an adequate manner over an entire year.
Research institutes do not always receive systematic aid, and at times no
proper ntoice is taken of the work progress in the laboratories of institutes.
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Research institutes quite often recuive no informatio
of research efforts of related scientific establishments
commissions and leading institutes do not evaluate progre
the year, but confine themselves to mechanical tabulation o ou
Research in too many subjects is allowed to be carried on in some insti-
tutes: this leads to dissipation of energy; such institutes should channel
their manpower to solving the most important problems. Preventive medicine
has not received the attention it deserves. For example, research in pre-
venting cardiovascular diseases, silicosis, endemic parotitis, and some
others has not been progressing very well. Sufficient interchange of in-
formation between some institutes and various chairs and laboratories is
lacking. The directors of the Kiev Institute of Orthopedics and Traumat-
ology, the Odessa Institute of Psychoneurology, and the Stalino Institute
of the Physiology of Labor have been slow in carrying out their plans.
The cross section of administrative personnel of the Ministry of Health
Ukrainian SSE do not take a sufficiently active part in planning the saien-
tific research that is being carried out in various institutes of the re-
public and do not supervise execution of their plans.
The problem commissions must intensify their efforts in guiding the
work of scientists in the republic so that progress can be made in the
following fields of medicine: hypertension, coronary insufficiency, malig-
nant tumors, tuberculosis, silicosis, and communicable diseases among child-
ren.
It would be expedient to establish "creative collectives" of clinicists
and representatives of theoretical medicine to strengthen in each institute
a desire for developing specific problems, taking into consideration the
type of its personnel, their mission, and their technical equipment. The
deleterious practice of trying to solve several problems at the same time
must be discontinued,
It is further stated in this article that the collegium considers it
necessary to expand exploitation of statistical information and to analyze
morbidity and mortality figures in a more profound manner. This may make
it possible to see more clearly the results of preventive medical measures.
Working conditions in medical research establishments must be improved. There
is a necessity for re-examining the structure of scientific research insti-
tutes, strengthening them with additional personnel, aod reinforcing the
principal laboratories and divisions with modern equipment, instruments,
laboratory supplies, and rea6ents.
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The collegium pointed out that the Dneprovsk, Stanislav, Vinitsa, Odessa,
and L'vov Medical Institutes and the Ukrainian Institute of Eye Diseases
have not been describing their work in an adequate manner. The collegium
noted that good work has been done by the following members of the problem
commissions: Docent I. I. Ovsiyenko and Prof Ye. S. Shul'man, in the field
of helminthiasis control; Prof I. L. Bogdanov, in the field of poliomyelitis;
Prof N. A. Puchkovskaya, in the field of control of blindness and glaucoma;
and Prof A. F. Makarchenko, in the field of industrial hygiene in the lead-
ing branches of industry and agriculture.
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Radiology
98. Purification of Air From Radioactive Aerosols by Various Filters
"Purification of Air From Radioactive Aerosols" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik? No 96, 2 Dec 58, p 3
"During work with radioactive substances at various laboratories and
scientific research institutes, radioactive aerosols having deleterious
effects on people are admitted into the air. To trap these aerosols and
purify atmospheric air, the Moscow Institute of Labor Protection of the
All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions has developed new methods which
use filtration materials made from crudbled rubber, porous air-permeable
rubber, foam plastic, and filtration cardboard. Filters saturated with
radioactive substances caught from air dust are burned in special furnaces
and the ashes are buried in the ground.
"Depending on the thickness of the stuffing (if the thickness of the
stuffing is sufficient) in the filter mesh, which is stuffed with crudbled
rubber for one-phase punification? and the thickness of filtration card-
board for two-phase purification, air purification is 99% efficient. In
especially important cases, use is made of three-phase purification, in
which cases special "FPP-15" filter tissue is used.
"All these types of filters have been subjected to tests at the phys-
icochemical laboratory of the institute and have proved highly effective.
Presently, they are being used under working conditions."
99. Prophylactic Ultraviolet Irradiation of Food Products Recommended
"The Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Mineral and Nitrogen
Metabolism in Adolescents," by A. P. Shitskova and
Kalinina, Division of NutritionP1 Hygiene of Moscow Scientific
Research Institute of Sanitation and Hygiene imeni F. F.
Erisman, Ministry of Health RSFSR; Moscow, Gigiyena I Sani-
tariya, No 11, Nov 58, pp 37-43
At present, there are sufficient data to prove that solar light
throngh its ultraviolet effect causes a number of complicated processes
in the skin and in the reticuloendothelial and central nervous systems,
synthesizes vitamin D, increases the immune reaction, and stimulates
metabolism.
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In the research described, several food products (meat, eggs, cheese,
milk, sausage, sugar, etc.) were irradiated and then given to four adoles-
cents, and the metabolism of calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen, and magnesium
were studied.
Results indicate that prophylactic ultraviolet irradiation increases
the positive balance of minerals and nitrogen. The increase in these
experiments was 34.9 to 62.4; 22.2to 41.9; 26.2 to 32.1 percent for Ca,
P, and N respectively, and 88 to 117 mg per day for Mg.
The authors conclude that prophylactic ultraviolet irradiation acti-
vates the metabolic rate and increases the capacity of tie organism to
utilize nitrogenous and mineral substances, especially calcium.
100. Postirradiation Changes in the Sorption Properties of Free Cells
Closely Linked to Rate of Metabolism
"The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Sorption Properties of
Free Cells," by Ye. A. Ivanitskaya, Institute of Biological
Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Mbscow, Biofizika, Vol 4,
No 1, Jan 59, pp 71-77
The aim of this research was to study the effect of X rays on the
sorption capacity of free cells for radioactive colloidal silver 001?
/,
i.e., erythrocytes and cells of Ehrlich's ascitic carcinoma.
Results indicate the following:
"The sorption of colloids by unirradiated cells at 37?C occurs within
5-10 minutes, after which a state of equilibrium is reached. After irra-
diation, this sorption capacity of the cells decreases and attains a max-
imum decrease (40%) 24 hours after irradiation of cells by 1,000-r. The
sorption of radioactive colloidal gold (A gllO)
decreases sharply when
experiments are conducted at 00C. uddition to changes in sorption
properties after irradiation, a decrease was noted in the electrokinetic
motion of erythrocytes. Changes in sorption properties of erythrocytes
and in Ehrlich's ascitic carcinoma cells indicate that changes occur in
the surface properties of these cells, and Utese changes: apparently, are
closely linked with the rate of metabolism."
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101. Changes in the Physicochemical Properties of Erythrocytes Due to
Gamma-Ray Effects
"Changes in the Physicochemical Properties of Erythrocytes Due
to Gamma-Ray Effects," by Yu. A. Kriger and Ye. S. Yeikhov-
skaya, Soil Biology Faculty of Moscow Order of Lenin Univer-
sity imeni M. V. Lamonosov; Moscow, Biofizika, Vol 3, NO 6,
1958, pp 711-716
Human erythrocytes isolated from plasma were 'washed, centrifuged,
and then subjected to gamma radiation, and the changes were studied with
an electron microscope.
Results indicate the following:
1. Human erythrocytes subjected to gamma rays (a dose of 42 kr, 700
rpm/nin), then incubated, exhibit an increase of low frequency electrical
resistance, which is substantiated by the swelling of the erythrocyte
stroma without rupture.
2. Human erythrocytes subjected to a dose of 84 kr exhibit insignif-
icant amounts of electroconductivity Which is connected with definite dis-
turbances in submicroscopic structure of the erythrocyte.
3. Irradiation of erythrocytes without subsequent incubation causes
increased ion migration into the electron-free medium, as compared with
ion migration of control erythrocytes.
4. Suspensions of irradiated erythrocytes in distilled water exhibit
a gradual decrease of their low frequency resistance, which is a phenomenon
similar to stroma porosis.
The authors conclude that these results contradict Fall's hypothesis
which assumes that the mechanisms for hypotonic hemolysis and radiation
henolysis are identical.
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102. Decrease of Irradiated Erythrocyle Resistance in Alkaline Medium
Linked to Damage in the Lipid Containing Surface Layer
"On the Decreased Resistance of Irradiated Erythrocytes in an
Alkaline Medium and the Relationship of the Latent Period of
Alkaline Hemolysis to Radiation Dose," by K. S. Trincher,
Institute of Biological Physics, Adademy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Biofizika, Vol 4, No 1, Jan 59, pp 78-83
Structural changes in the surface layer of red. blood. corpuscles,
caused by radiation are substantiated by changes in permeability, osmotic
pressure, thermal resistance, surface charge, photolability, and inhibi-
tion of sorption properties. Since radiation inhibition of the sorption
properties of cells has been explained by cbAnges in the surface layer
of cells, the present research attempts to study structural changes in
the surface layer of erythrocytes under the effect of penetrating radia-
tion by determining the limits of acid and alkaline resistance of the
erythrocytes in isotonic solutions.
The author makes the following conclusions:
"The resistance of irradiated erythrocytes to the subsequent effect
of an alkaline medium is sharply decreased as compared with the resistance
of unirradiated erythrocytes. This is apparently linked to the radiation
injury of the lipid components of lipoproteins in the surface layer of the
cells.
"The resistance of irradiated erythrocytes to acidic medium is approx-
imately equal to that of unirradiated erythrocytes.
"The correlation of the latent period in the process of alkaline
hemolysis to the dose of radiation can be expressed as a simple decreasing
exponential function.
"The author theorizes that the surface layer of erythrocytes contains
a large number of independent radiosensitive areas, the damnee of which
substantiates the 'Target Theory."
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103. Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Plant Lipoxidase Enzyme System
"Changes in Lipid Metabolism of Plants Under the Effect of
Ionizing Radiation," by Ye. V. Budnitakaya, L. G. Borisova,
and A. G. Pasynskiy, Institute of Biochemistry imeni A. N.
Bach, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Biokhimiyal Vol 23,
NO 6, Nov/Dec 58, pp 849-855
The present research is an in vivo study of tbe.effects of X-ray
irradiation on lipoxidase activity in sprouts of various plants (wheat,
barley, soya, pea, etc.).
The authors make the following conclusions:
"Data, established for the first time in plants, confixm that signif-
icant changes occur in the lipoxidase enzyme system in in vivo experiments
due to X-ray Irradiation.
"A higher sensitivity to the effect of ionizing radiation has been
determined in lipoxidase activity in in vivo leaves of plants, and changes
in lipoxidase activity were induced by significantly lower doses (30-50 %)
in in vivo than in in vitro tests. A phase of enzyme systmn activation
by comparatively lower doses of irradiation and shorter incubation period
after irradiation was also noted. It was established that &Flanges in the
relative permeability of leaves of plant sprouts due to the effect of
ionizing radiations, which confirm the presence of disturbances in the
internal cellular structure, facilitate the leakage o? electrolytes into
the external medium. A change in the over-all permeability, or a change
in the internal structure, probably leads to the changes Observed in the
activity of lipoxidase after the irradiation of plant sprouts.
"A significant increase was noted in the quantity of peroxides of
unsaturated fatty acids after the exposure of sprout leaves of beaas and
barley to low doses of irradiation (1,000 0; this was probably brought
about by an enzymatic effect.
"One may postulate that the significant physiological effect and the
toxic property of peroxides of unsaturated fatty acids play a great role
in the intoxication of plants under radiation effects."
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104. Effects of Local and Distant X-Ps.y Irradiation of Mouse Ovaries
"The Role of Local and Distant Effects of General X-Ray
Irradiation on Injuries to Mouse Ovaries," by 0. N. Petrava,
Institute of Genetics of Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR? Vol 123, No 6, 21 Dec 58, pp
1018-1021
The estrus cycle and the fertility of femmle mice were studied. with
regard to local X-ray irradiation of the ovaries, to the simultaneous
irradiation of the ovaries and. the head, the to total irradiation.
Results indicate that irradiations Irith. single 100 r doses are non-
lethal but sterilizing, and exert very injurious effects on the ovaries
regardless of Whether the irradiation is general or limited to the gonadal
region. Furthermore, data indicate a significant parallelism between the
course of the disturbed estrus cycle and the irreversibly destroyed fertil-
ity after either general irradiation or local Irradiation of the ovaries.
The author concludes that,
nonlethal but sterilizing dose o r rays is a result of the effect
of direct local injuries."
105. Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Glutathione and Coenzyme A
"The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Certain Nonprotein Thio-
Compounds of Animal Organisms," by M. B. Gintdburg, Ukrainian
Scientific Research Sanitary Chemical Institute; Kiev,
Biokhim4a, Vol 23, No 6, Nov/Dec 58? pp 840-844
The effect of ionizing radiation on nonprotein sulfur-containimg
compounds, i.e., glutathione and. coenzyme A (C00, was studied. Changes
in the activity of CoA ama changes in glutathione. content after irradia
tion, and changes in the Activity of.e .1n various tat tissues uncler.the
effect of arseniccontdining thto -cthOind.s were determined.
Results indicate the following:
"The activity of CoA in rat liver and brain is significantly decreased
at definite periods after total irradiation as campared with the nbrLal
controls.
"The activity of CoA in the liver and brain of irradiated rats under
the effect of thio-poisons is inhibited significantly more thea that of
control normal prinmls. The quantity of gIutelione in the liver of irra-
diated rats is slightly increased. -within 24 hours, while the quantity of
glutathione in the brain remains unchanged. all during the 48-hour experimen-
tal period.
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"Thus, as a result of irradiation, the sensitivity of CoA toward
thio-poisons? at definite periods after irradiation, is distinctly ?
increased. in the tissues of irradiated animals as compared with the nor-
mal controls (in the liver in 48 hours, aad in the brain during the 24-
48-hour period)."
CPYRGHT
106. Certain Biochemical Changes in Tissues Dcposed to Very Large Doses,
of Ioaizin6 Radiation
"Biochemical Changes due to the =feet of Large Doses of
Ionizing Radiation," by R. Ye. Libinzon; Moscow, Biofizika,
Vol 4, No 1, Jan 59, pp 89-100
Biochemical changes due to the effect of very large doses of ionizing
radiation (gamma rays) on bone marrow, spleen, liver, brain, and eggs were
studied. Essentially, the following responses were observed: (a) irra-
diation of dogs by 114-240 kr caused immediate "death under rays"; (b)
irradiation of dogs by 15-120 kr produced symptoms of nervous system
injury, and death within 24 bours; (c) irradiation of dogs (and of rats)
by 5-10 kr caused a special farm of acute radiation sickness, and death
in 4 days; and (d) doses below 1,200 r produced the most classical picture
of acute radiation sickness, characterized, by injury to the hemopoietic
system.
The author makes the fo:Llowing general conclusion.s:
"The decrease in DNA and RDA due to large doses of ionizing radiation
is detected sooner, and the fall is greater ia bone marrow than in the
rest of the tissues studied. The average decrease in the DNA level in
the various tissues of the Ftnirmls dying in the ionizing radiation field
was 38%, while thpt in bone mrrow was 50%. The greatest nucleic acid
decrease was in bone moTow? then in spleen., and then live. Changes in
nucleic acids found in brain tissue and in eggs were not significant.
The extent of DNA. and RNA denrease ta tissues was linked to the duration
of animal survival.
"Irradiation of aximals ta powerful fields of ionizl.ng radiation
induced essential changes in the composition of DNA. nese chaogos wire
substantdated by decreased ram nitrogen content.
"Total irradiation of dogs by very large doses of ioniztbg radiation
produced a mnifold increase in the! nonprotein nitrogen of blood sermn.
A rise in the serum protein level was Observed in all animals sUbje2ted
to radiation doses of 15-240 kr.
"Adenosinetriphosphate activity in the bone marrow decreased 50% 5
hours after irradiation with 50 kr, but no changes were detected in spleen,
liver, or "hrain enzyme activity."
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107. Postirradiation Therapeutic Effect of Certain Nucleotides and
Nucleosides
"The Effect of Certain Nucleotides and Nucleosides on the
Regeneration of .Hemopoietic Tissue After Irradiation," by
Karpfel', Yu. Soshka, and V. Drashil, Institute of Biophysics
of the Cze.'ioslovak Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Biolizika,
Vol 4, No 1, 1959, pp 64-70
Since it has been demonstrated by many researchsrs that the synthesis
of desoxyribonucleic acid is significantly decreased after irradiation,
the present research attempted to modify DNA synthesis and through this
modification cause the regeneration of hemopoietic tissue by the use of
certain nucleotides and nucleosides that are part of the DNA molecule.
Substances used for postirradiation therapy included thymidylic acid,
desoxycytidylic acid, desoxycytylic acid, desoxycytidylir.; acid plus thy-
midylic acid, desoxyadenylic acid, desoxyadenylic acid .plus desoxyguanidine,
cytidylic acid, desoxypyrdine, and desoxycytidine.
The effect of desoxyribonucleotides and. desoxyribonucleosides was
evaluated according to the blood picture, and the effect of desoxycytidylic
acid and cytidylic acid was studied with regard to the synthr.sis of DNA
in vitro bone marrow suspensioz.ts. and in vivo tests on mice.
Results verify that of the substances used, desoxyribonucleotides
which corta:1.n the pyrimidine base exert the mst favorable postirradiation
effect both on the blood picture and on animal survival. In this research,
desoxycytidylic acid, and its mixture with thymidylic acid, when used in
small doses, exerted the best effect, and the use of thymidylic acid alone
in large quantities also had a favordble effect. Desoxyribonucleosides
had an u:eavoroble effect. athonnbleotides were ineffective.
108. Histoautogra*Ic and Histochemical Research on the Inclusio:a of
Radioactive Phosphorus in Various Cells of the Nervous System
"Histoautoradlographic and. Histochanical Study of the Incluzion of
P32 Into Nerve Cells," by N. D. Gradheva, Central Scientific
Research Roentgenoradiological Institute; Moscow., Doklady
Fauk SSSR, Vol 123, no 5, 11 Dec 58, pp 937-940
The characteristics of phosphorus metaboliam in the nerve cells of
various branches of the nervous system of rabbits were studied. D1fferen-
tial histoautoradiographic and histochamical studies determined the rate
of inclusion and the relative level of radioactive Phosphorus in RNA, DNA,
and phospholipids after various subcutaneous doses of this isotope ww:kl,
administered.
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109. Neutron Radiation Effects on Caryopses Tested
"Research on the Effect of Neutrons on Dry Caryopses of
Diploid and Tetraploid Winter Rye" by L. P. Breslavets and
Z. F. Mileshko, Institute of Biological Physics, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklakr Akademii NaUk SSSR, Vol 120,
No 2, 11 May 58, pp 429-430
Research was conducted on dry grains of diploid and autoploid rye
(Moscow selected variety) and on tetraploid grains irradiated with various
doses of hot neutrons in an effort to compare the radiosensitivity of
various types of herbs and gratas to hot neutron radiation.
Experiments indicate that, judging by rate of sprouting and height
of 18-day seedlings, the tetraploids which have a slower rate of growth
under control conditions are less sensitive and have greater resistance
to neutron radiation than the diploids.
110. Radiation Disturbances cf.i7 Nucleic Acids Related to Changes in
Oxidative Phosphoryllation
"On the Capacity of DesoxyrEbonucleic Acid to Stimulate
Oxidative Phosphoryllation After Irradiation," by A. M. Kuzin
and Ye. V. Budilova, Institute of Biological Physics, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akadmnii Nauk SSSR, Vol 120,
No 2, 11 May 58, pp 361-363
Experiments were conducted on albino rats irradiated with 1,000 r,
and desoxyribonucleic acid was administered to them before and after
irradiation, and changes in oxidative phosphoryllation were determined.
Results indicate that unirradiated desoxyribonucleic acid is capable
of stimulating oxidative phosphoryllation in hepatic suspensions of irra-
diated animals. Irradiation of solutions of desoxyribonucleic acid causes
depolymerization and partial decomposition and completely deprives DNA of
its stimulating effect on oxidative phosphoryllation.
These results point to a still unexplained link between the DNA of
the nucleus and oxidative phosphoryllation in the mitochondria and. give
probable bases for assuming thaz charges in nucleic acids resulting from
irradiation are linked with the simultaneous induction of disturbances in.
oxidative phosphoryllation in irradiated cells.
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111. X-Ray Radiation Effects on Brain Tissue Composition
"The Effect of..% Ito on Nerve:
Minayev and R. I. Skvortsova,
(Problems of the Biochemistry
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian
Referativnyy Zhurnal.9.Khimiya
10 Dec 58, Abstract NO 30991)
Tissue Metabolism," by P. F.
Nervn. Sistemy
of the Nervous Ststem), Kiev,
SSR, 1957, 289-294 (from
Biologicheskaya Khimiya, No 23,
"Local irradiation of the cerebellum of guinea pigs by X-ray doses
of 16,000 and of 9,000-12,000 r caueed-very insignificant changes in the
glutamic acid (a decrease of 6-12 mg %) and glutamine (a rise of 5-14. mg %)
content in the brain tissue.. The quantity of ammonia remained unchanged
in all cases of.local irradiatibn of theberebellum. After total irra-
diation by doses that exceed the lethal dose by , 2-4.5 times (1,000 and
2,000 0, the level of glutamic acid in the brain is decreased by 20-38
mg %, and the level of glutamine is also decreased, while there is an
insignificant rise in the ammonia level."
112. Polosukhin Antishock Fluid Combined With Drip HemotransfUsion in
Peptone Shock
"Comparatiye,Evaluation of Certain. Methods of Treatment of
Experimental Shoft Under Conditions of Radiation Sickness,"
by Yu. M. Bryakin, Institute of Clinical and. Experimental
Surgery of the Academy of Sciences, Kazakh SSR; Alma Ata,
Zdravookhraneniye Kazakbstana, No 8, 1958, pp 42-48
riments for studying the course and treatment of peptone shock
against a background of radiation sickness were conducted on dogs.
Specific items included: (a) the use of A. P. Polosukhin's amtishock
fluid (25 ml of sodium chloride, 1.5 ma. of calcium Chloride, 0.5 ml. of
sodium hypophosphate, and distilled water to bring the volume to 500 ml);
(b) the use of E. A. Asratyan's antiahock fluid (16 ml of sodium chloride,
1.5 ml of sodium bromide, 1.2 ma. of Aodiwn bicarbonate, and distilled water
to bring the volume to 1,000 ml); (c) the use of the neuroplegic mixture
(2 mg of aninazine, 2 mg of dimedrol, 0.1 ml. of a one-% morphine sulfate
solution, 0.1 ml of a one-% atropine sulfate solution, and physiological
salt solution to equal 10 ml per kg body weight); (d) transfusion of
fresh whole blood; and (e) the combined. use of A. P. PolosUkhin's anti-
shock fluid plus fresh blood. Control and experimental dogs were irra-
diated with 500 r total X-ray dose.
IN
.-
Th e data obtained indicate that "experimental peptone shook arising
during the initial phase of acute radiation sickness is characterized by
a high mortality rate.'
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"Experimental peptone shock arising in dogs during the peak of acute
radiation sickness is absolutely lethal.
"Experimental peptone shock arising in dogs during the peak of acute
radiation sickness is characterized by a poorly expressed erectile phase,
an extremely severe torpedo phase, and by acute leukopenia.
"The lowest resistance of dogs in peptone shock and under conditions
of acute radiation sickness coincides with the peak of acute radiation
sickness.
"Experimental data for shock therapy against a background of acute
radiation sickness prove that the antiahodk fluid of A. P. Polosukhin is
most effective, especially in conjunction with drip hemotransfusion."
113. Pro h lactic and Tbera
? -
utic Use of Vitamin B-Cam lex and. Vitamin
B12 Alone on the Course of Radiation Sickness
"The Effect of Vitamin B-Complex on the Resistance of an
Organism To Radiation. Effects," by A. N. Liberman, Central
Scientific Research Laboratory of Kharkov Naval Academy inert!
S. M. Kirov; Kiev, Fiziologicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 4, No 6, .
Nov/Dee, 58, pp 814-82O
Three series of tests conducted on cats and mice in an attempt to
study the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of vitamin B.-complex on
radiation sickness demonstrated the following:
1. The therapeutic use of vitamin B-complex (B1, B2, B6, B12, PP;
folic acid, and paraamindbenzoic acid) has a favorable effect on the
course of radiation sickness, increases the survival rate, decreases loss
of body weight, and aids in the oxidation-reduction processes in the
cellular respiration of a number of vitally important organs.
2. On the contrary, the caMbined use of a prelimirwry injection of
vitamin B-complex and its therapeutic use during radiation sickness causes
a more severe course of radiation sickness, decreases the survival rate,
increases loss of body weight, and impairs the oxidation-reductio a processes
in a number of vitally important organs.
3. The cadbined preliminary and therapeutic use of vitamin B12 alone
produces positive shifts in oxidation-reduction processes in a *amber of
organs, but these shifts are less pronounced than those resulting from the
therapeutic use of vitamin B-complex.
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114. Scientific Reviews' of Biological Sciences Commences Series With
Radiobiology
Itosi Vauki,
Biologicheskoye Deystviye Ioniziruyushchikh IzlucheniY,
(Scientific Reviews, Biological Sciences, No 1, Radiobiology,
Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations), edited. by Prof
A. M. Kuzin, (Doctor of Biological Sciences;) Moscow, 1957,
436 pages
This book was written because work accomplished in various fields
of radiobiology, both in Soviet and non-Soviet countries, is expanding
at such a rapid rate that regular scientific reviews, of which this is
the first, in radiobioldgy have became necessary. Most of the work on
radiobiology appearing in this review was accomplished. between 1953 and
1955. It is suggested that regular reviews in radiobiology appear every
2-3 years to bring scientists up to date with the progress.
The different chapters dealing with various topics are reviewed by
specialists actively engaged in their respective fields Of radiobioldgy,
although not all the fields are thoroughly reviewed. Topics discussed
in detail include the following: problems connected with the effect of
massive doses of ionizing radiation; biological effects of chronic irra-
diation with small doses of radiation with regard to sensitivity and
immunity; gonadal sensitivity and genetic dangers, and the possibility
of the formation of new types of organisms; limits of permissible doses
of radiation; the use of radiation in agriculture and entomology; and
the dangers of possible migration and concentration of radioactive ele-
ments in nature.
The book concludes with a discussion of the peaceful uses of ioniz-
ing radiation, and protection from its harmful effects.
CPYRGHT
The following is the table of contents:
Page
1 Introduction, by A. Ph KUzin 5-8
2. Biophysical Bases for the Effect of Ionizing Radiations,
by V. N. Benevolenskiy, V. I. Korogodin, and G. G. Polikarpoir 9-49
3. Biochemical Effect of Ionizing Radiation, by A. IC
Huzin, and N. B. StrazhevSkaya 50-99
4. The Protection of an Organism From the Effect of Ionizing
Radiation by Means of Chemical Compounds, by Ye. F.
Ramantsev 100-114
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Page
5. The Effect of Ionizing Radiations on Microorganisms,
by G. A. Medvedeva 115-129
6. The Effect of Ionizing Radiations on Plants (Physiol-
ogical Research), by I. M. Vasil'yev 130-148
7. The Comparative Effect of Various Types of Ionizing
Radiations on Animal Organisms, by M. P. DomsLlak 149-170
8. Cytological and Histological Research on the Effect
of Ionizing Radiations on Animal Organisms, by A. L.
Shabadash 171-188
9. Pathological Changes Caused by the Effect of Ionizing
Radiation, by A. Ye. Ivanov and. V. V. Shikhoryrov 189-213
10. Circulatory Changes due to the Effect of Ionizing
Radiatiolla, by M. S. Lapteva-Popova and V. A. Gubin 214-261
11. The Effect of Ionizing Radiations on the Function
of the Nervous System, by N. N. Livshits 262-283
12. The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Immunity, by
P. N. Kiselev and A. P. Buzini 284-312
13. The Effect of Ionizing Radiations on Insects, by
A. A. Peredel'skiy 313-328
14. Radiation Genetics, by M. A. Arsen'yeva, M. L.
Bel'govskiy, N. L. Delone, O. N. Petrova, V. V.
Khvostova, and N. I. Shapiro 329-378
15. Ecological Study of the Effect of Ionizing
Radiations, by A. A. Peredel'skiy 379-392
16. Techniques of [Studyingl the Effect of Ionizing
Radiations on Biological Objects and Dosimetry,
by A. V. Bibergal'
17. Table of Contents
393-435
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Surgery
115. Tantalum Suturing
"Apparatus for Nerve Suturing," by T. V. Kalinina andEnsx L.I.
Kukushkin, Scientific Research Institute of Experimental '
Surgical Apparatuses and Instruments; Moscow-Leningrad, Vest-
nik Khirur5ii imeni I. I. Grekov, Vol 81, No 11, Nov 58,
pp 122-126
This article gives a brief descriptionjpf an apparatus for utilizing
tantalum for suturing nerves. It consists of a sleeve with projections
which, when manipulated, by the surgeon, become embedded in the epineurium
of the cut nerve and pull the cut ends of the nerve together; clamps
through which the suture passes are then released, suturing the nerve and
forming a knot. Tantalum causes little tissue reaction.
116. New Surgical Instrument
"New Instrument for Dilating the Lumens of Blood Vessels," by
D.A. Donetskiy, Institute of Surgery imeni A. V. Vishnevskiy,
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow-Leningrad, Vestnik
Khirurgii imeni I. I. Grelcov? Vol 81, No 11, Nov 58, pp 120-
122
A description of a new instrument used in surgery to dilate lumens
of blood vessels, to insert cannulas, and to facilitate the suturing of
blood vessels in cases of deep-seated chest and abdominal injuries, is
given in this article. It consists of two pairs of narrow plates assembled
in such a manner that when pressure is exerted, the ends of the instru-
ment diverge into four mutually perpendicular directions.
Miscellaneous
117. Instruments and Apparatus
"New Medical Instruments," by M. Mirskiy; Moscow, Meditsinskiy
Rabotnik, No 9 (1757), 30 Jan 59, p 4
This article describes new surgical and medical instruments now being
exhibited. Among the exhibits is a new reflector light "Svet-14" for use
in surgery. The new light has 14 reflectors and illuminates an area of
about 400 millimeters providing a light of 20,000-60,000 luxes. The light
has a television camera which can be replaced by either a photo or a movie
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camera, and a microphone. Special radiation equipment which emits ultra-
violet rays and makes possible the diagnosis of tumors, fungus infections,
and other pathological tissue modifications is attached to the light.
The new light was designed at the Laboratory of Optical and Technical
Light Instruments of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Medical
Tnstruments and Equipment.
Other ekhibits include a new device for the administration of gas
anesthetics; several new diagnostic and therapeutic instruments for physi-
cians specializing in otorhinolaryngology, among them an olfactor for
determining the sensitivity of the olfactory sense; a rhinopneumometer
for determining the permeability of the nasal passages; a hydroionizator--
an original and highly productive aerosol generator Which pan convert
aqueous solutions of drugs into clouds of finely dispersed aerosols.
The latter may be used not only for the prophylaxis and therapy of respir-
atory diseases, but also for the disinfection of air and dwellings. It
may also be successfully used as a geaerator of hydroions.
Other exhibits include a so-called vacuum-extractor for use by gyn-
ecologists and obstetricians, and which is to replace the forceps now
used; a container for storing radioactive cobalt preparations Which per-
mits the storing of such preparations with a charge equal to 650 mil-
ligrams of radium; an apparatus for diagnosing tumors by means of ultra-
sound, making it possible to identify a malignant growth before it can
be diagnosed by means of X rays; the apparatus "SEA-1" for the automatic
counting of erythrocytes and leukocytes; a. special headlight for use by
otorhinolaryngologists; a "kaitometer" which makes it possible to deter-
mine the concentration of carbon dioxide in exhaled air; a spirametdbalo-
graph for determining basal metabolin; a new model of a universal inhala-
tor; apparatuses for the electrical stimulation of respiration and. for
use in microwave therapy; a phonoelectrocardiograph, and other instruments
and apparatuses.
118. Air Blast Injuries
"B. N. Nifontov, Vozdushnaya Vzryvnaya Ttavma (Air Blast
Trauma)," review by N. A. 0balisovvMoscoW-Leningrad,,Vestaik
Khirurgii imeni I. I. Grekov? Vol 4, No 9, Sep 58, pp 150- -
151
This article is a critical review of this 160-page book (Medgiz? 1957)
written by B. N. Nifontov. It consists of six chaptens;.a conclusion;
apoendixes containing lists of drugs, instruments, and equipment which
should be available at first aid points which serve persons suffering from
air blast injuries; and a bibliography of Soviet and foreign liteiaiure on
the subject.
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In the first chapter, the author briefly cites literature dealing
with the history of the problem, the mechanism of air blast waves, and
their effect on human and animal organisms. The final section of the
chapter is devoted to a description of the characteristics of atomic
bomb exp3osions.
The second chapter is devoted to a description of the experiments
which vere made by Nifontov to explain the pathogenesis and cause of
injuries caused. by air blast waves,
A pathological-anatomical picture of the changes which take place
in the organism as a result of air blast waves is given in the third
chapter. Death in most cases is caused by injuries to the blood. vessels,
and the pulmonary blood. vessels in particular. '
Chapters 4 and 5 deal with the nature of injuries which maybe caused
by air blasts. These maybe grouped as follows: general contusion by air
waves; reactions caused. by air Waves; air wave contusion of the chest and
abdomen; air wave contusion of the auditory organs; contusion of the brain.
The symptoms of each group are described in detail.
In the sixth chapter the author deals with the therapeutic methods
to be used in case of air blast traumas.
Nifontov is criticized for his failure to include in the bibliography
the works of such well-known scientists as A. L. Abaskev-Konstantinovskiy,
L. I. Smirnov, P. Ye. Snesarev, and N. A. Zavadskiy. The reviewer con-
cludes that despite the number of defects, the book contains information
of interest to military field surgeons.
119. Presidium Sessions of Academy of Medica Sciences USSR
"In the Presidium of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR,"
by M. A. Ivanova; Moscow, Vestnik Akudemii Meditsinsklkh Nauk
SSSR, No 1, Jan 59, pp 91-95
The 24 September 1958 session of the Presidium of the Academy of
Medical Sciences USSR heard the report of the Deputy Chairmw) of the Problem
Commission, Prof N. Ye. Sukharevoy? on the "Status of the Present and
Future Development of the Problem of Acute Children's Infections in 1959-
1965."
According to the report, methods for obtaining a highly active and
highly purified scarlet fever toxin have been developed, and the immu-
nological effectivity of the so-called "mirror immunization" against
scarlet fever has been studied. The report also indicated certain short-
comings in the organization and struggle against children's infections.
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In his report, Sukharevoy proposed the following to improve future develop-
ment of the problem of acute children's infections: (1) a more complete
study of the reaction of the child's organism to active immunization against
various infectiono-the study of this reaction has not been conducted thus
far in the USSR; (2) the study of the evolution of infectious deseases;
(3) the study of the process of recuperation after acute children's infec-
tions.
During the discussion of the report Prof D. A. Zhdanov stated that
it was imperative to improve clinical statistical research and to improve
the qualifications of pediatricians and other medical workers in the
field of acute children's infections. Other speakers discussing this
report were Prof I. V. Davydovskiy, Prof. L. V. Grechishnikova, Prof V. D.
Soboleva, Prof Ye. M. Ravikovich, and Prof 0. D. Sokolova-Pomareva.
In the 1 October 1958 session of the Presidium, Prof M. M. Nevyadam-
skiy's report on his research on the establishment of the microparasitic
nature of tumor cells was made. After considerable discussion of his
report, it was established that there have been no new findings in the
work of Nevyadomskiy.
120. Plenum in Moscow on the Problem of Decreasing Infectious Diseases
"Plenum of the All-Union Council of Sanitary Education," by
S. ShUkhman; Minsk, Zdravookhraneniye Belorussii, No 10, Oct
58, p 74
A plenum of the All-Union Council of Sanitary Education was held in
Moscow in July 1958 concerning the problem of decreasing infectious
diseases. A report by V. M. Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health USSR,
pointed out that one of the most important factors for lowering the inci-
dence of infectious diseases is the need for improving sanitary education
among the masses during 1959-1965. Other speakers included P. r, Divakov,
M. A. Rayg, S. I. Rizov, and Orlova, Senior Inspector., Main State Sanitary
Inspectorate, Ministry of Health USSR. It was pointed out at the plenum
that by 1957 the incidence of dysentery and diphtheria had decreased more
than hRlf in Kharlkov since 1953.
121. All-Union Conference of Neurosurgeons To Meet in Late Manch 1959
"All-Union Conference of Neurosurgeons" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 13 Feb 59
The All-Union Conference of Neurosurgeons, which had. been scheduled
to meet in Moscow fraa 23 to 28 February 1959, has been postponed until
23 March 1959. The conference will last until 28 March,
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VIII. METALLURGY
[For information on metallurgy, see Section IT, Engineering, Materials
and Processes.]
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IX. PHYSICS
Atomic. and_liMolE:13jELII!VILial
122. Radiation of MovingsideredPote
"Radiation of a Point Chavge Moving Uniformly Along the
Axis of a Circular Opening in an Infinite, Ideally Conducting
Plane," by V. Bobrinev and V. Braginskiy? Moscow State
University imeni M. V. 7Jomonosov; Moscow, Doklady Akademii
NaukSSSR, Vol 1232 NO 4, 1 Dec 582 pp 634--636
The radiation of a point charge moving with uniform velocity along
the axis of a circular hole in an infinite0 ideally conducting plane is
considered. The electric field in the wave zone ie determined as the
sum of the solution of the nonhomogeneous wave equation with homogeneous
boundary conditions and the solution of the homogeneous equation with
nonhomogeneous boundary conditions. An expression for the radiation
of the point charge is given.
123. Cherenkov Radiatto.z
"Cherenkov Radiation Emitted by Dipole Moments," by V. L.
Ginzburg.and V. Ya. Eydman, Physics Institute imeni Lebedev2
Academy of Sciences 1.SSR2 and Gor'kiy State University; Moscow
Zhurnal EkEpaimental'aoyTeor.212Linlay Fiziki0 Vol 350
No b?Ti2)0 Dec i1512
Cherenkov radiation emitted ty electric and magnetic, dipoles
moving in a continuous medium or in a channel or slL, is analyzed.
124. A2.....,..1E2L1.232.2f Electron Lenses
"On the Measurement of Astigmatism of Eleetri2a1 Electronic
Lenses," by R. Gobrec'at, Heinrie't Hertz institute for Oscillation
Reseanch, German Academy of Sciencs, Berlin-Adlershof; Berlin,
Emsimentelle Technik Pbzsi., No 62 1958, pp 241-249
Ira strict rotational symmey of the eleetric field to be projected
is assumed, no astigmatism can ocr.n.J.r in the projection of an object point
located in the optical axis. Even if the object point is a very short
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distance from the axis, no astigmatic error can be observed. The first
signs of astigmatism appear when the main beam angle is about 2 degrees,
corresponding to a distance of the object point from the optical axis
of 3.5 mm. The first measurable deformation of the image figure is pro-
duced at an objc.---ct point distance of 5 um and a slit diameter of 3 mm.
With increasing focal length the astigmatic image increases in
size, bm, this increase is relatively slight in the case of an acceler-
ating lens. Both the slit diameter and the distance of the object
point from the optical axis influence the degree of astigmatism. The
computation of the Seidel coefficient on the bas of imge error theory
leads to expressions which are complicated; an easier method is by
determining the value of the astigcatic error experimentally.
Two electron lenses were used in the experiments
Electrcde Electrode Total Length Eccentricity
0 D Length .of Lens e,
No 1 4o
No 2 4n
411.5
90
5
0.125
44.5
90
10
0.167
125. Influence of Iorizing_212211auL2se on Solid Surfaces
"The Influence on Solid Surfaces by an Ionizing Gas Atmosphere.
III. The Reduction of Oxide-Containing Zinc by Hi-," by
W. Lippert and H. Schmellenmeier, Potsdam; Berlin, Excerimentelle
Technik der Ftmik, Nc 6, 19589 pp 276-278
Investigations of the reducing effect of bydrogen ions on zinc
oxide containing zinc films, which form the cathode of a glow discharge
in hydrogen, confirm the inclusion hypothesis of Seeliger. The dependence
of reduction on current shows that the decrease of zinc atoms with depth
in the surface layers is not exponential, but very rhpid. The process
is therefore not she of diffusion.
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126. Effective Iodization Potential Plasma
"On the Calculation of the Effective Ionization Potential
in Plasmas," by H. Bother, Institute for Radiation Sources,
(East) German Academy of Sciences, Berlin; Leipzig,
Anmilen der Physik, Vol 2, No 5/6, 11 Nov 58, pp. 326-328
In recent years, several theoretical considerations have been
proposed for the problem of the total energy levels and the ionization
energy in ionized gasses. Whereas, for the calculation of the total
energy levels in general, a raw estimation of the term (limiting quantum)
number ng is sufficient, thermodynamically less plausible assuaq,tions
are often introduced in order to compute the drop of the ionization
prtentialPUL
The separation of the Coulomb field by the Debye potential has been
considered responsible for the limnation of the term number. For an
effective density of state Ne sr.1010cm73, the optical limit of existence
is more strongly reduced by the probability of transitionof the valence
electrons to neighboring ions; but for Ne=101?cm-3, (Tmr8,000?K), an
adiabatic dispersion model is no longer applicable, since only a few charged
particles are left in the Debye sphere. Experimental values obtained for
ng seem to indicate another: heretofore not considered, influence on 4
14. Apparently there is an independent imitating of the term (limiting
quantum) number by the ionization frequency atoms eceited by
electron collision.
The term (limiting quantum) number computed here in relation to
the carrier density is in better agreement with experimental values.
(plotted here from spectrograms of varied mercury discharges) than that
computed by other methods.
Electricity
127. Action of a Circular Current
"The Interaction Between a Medium and a Ring Type Current
Incident on It," by V. N. Tsytovich, Moscow State University;
Moscow, Zhurnal Elm eutaltrioy ? Teoret1212221222.1E111,
Vol 35, No .Dec 5 pp 1 .07-i71-6?
The spectral distribution of the current in a ring which impinges
with a constant relativistic velocity on a medium possessing arbitrary
E(61J)and p is analyzed. The reflection criterion for nonrelativistic
velocities and expressions for the acting forces are derived..
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Low Temperatures
128. Lambda Transition in He
"Observation of a Lambda Transition in Helium for a Heat Flow
Through a Phase Boundary." by V. P. Peshkov, Institute of
Physical Problems, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Eksperimental/noy I Teoreticheskoy Fiziki? Vol 35, No 6 (12),
Dec 58, pp 1350-1354
Experiments on the density and temperature discontinuity observed
at the boUndary between the superfluid and nonsuperfluid helium in the
pre:Jence of a heat flow are described. The reasons for stability of the
boundary are explained, and some examples of violation of stability at
larg densities of the heat flow are presented.
Mechanics
129. Contractions of Cylindrical Shells Studied
"Stability of Cylindrical Shells From the Viewpoint, of the
Mathematical Theory of Elasticity," by K. F. Voytsekhovskaya,
Institute of Mathematics,. Academy of Sciences Ulcrainian SSR;
Moscow, 22hlalyikhaq2111LEELLE, Vol 123, No 4, 1 Dec 58,
pp 623-626?
The.stability of the contraction of a cylindrical shell is considered
on the basis of the equations of.the,mathematical theory of elasticity
with consideration of the deformation of the boundary surface of the
body, but without consideration of the turning components.
130. StabiliSy of Wakes Investigated
Formation of Oscillations in the Wake of a Body," by V. N.
Arkhipov, Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosav;
Moscow, D.s....g..,_1.adyol Alcademii Napk SSSR, Vol 123, No 4, 1 Dec 58,
pp 620-622
The stability of a plane-narallel flaw of a viscous incompressible
fluid on which a two-dimensional perturbing motion is Imposed. is 'in-
vestigated. .Tollmien's'expression'is 1.1ed for the velocity distribution in
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the wake of a body. It is noted that the results support hypothesis
advanced by Petrov that the system of vortices in a wake is a result
of perturbations which develop after the transition to a state of insta-
bility.
131. Stability of Periodic Motions in Discontinuous Case Considered
"On the Stability of Periodic Motions," by M. A..Ayzerman and
F. R..Gantmakher; MoscowPhysicotechnicalInstitute; Prikladnaya
Matematika I Mekhanikal Vol 22, No 6, Nov/Dec 58, pp 750-756
The stability of the periodic solution z=z9(t) with period
of the system of differential equations
dz/dt f(z,t) ; f(z,t1)::f(z,t)
is investigated. It is nOted that Lyapunoy (Liapounoffil Poincare, and
others assumed that the right sides of the; above equations are continuous
and can be represented as the sum of a linear term plus a nonlinear ze-
mainde-r:. Ili this paper, the more general discontinuous case is considered
Where the surfaces of the discontinaity are given as
Piz (zIt)= 0 ( a=1:2, . ? .)
and it is assumed that the right sides f(z,t) of the equations can have
discontinuities at these surfaces.
It is shown that Lyapunov's theorem on linear approximation and the
themem of Andronov and Vitt, that a unique root of the characteristic
equation need not be assumed in investigations of stability in the autonomous
case, can be generalized to the more general systems considered in the
paper. The method of point transformations is used instead of the direct
Lyapunov method, and variation equations are used instead of the repre-
sentation of the functions f(z,t) by the sum of a linear term and a
nonlinear remainder.
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CPYRGHT
132. Solutions to Equations for Rotation of a Top Given
"On Certain Particular Solutions of the Problem of the Motion
of a Heavy Solid Body Around a Fixed Point," by A. A. Bogoya'..
blenskiy, Moscow; Moscow, Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika,
Vol 22, No 6, Nov/Dec 58, pp 738-749
Several sets of solutions are given to the equations for the motion
of a heavy solid body around a fixed point in the case when the center
of gravity of the body lies on one of the main axes of inertia. Various
initial conditions are considered.
133. Bonnet's Theorem Generalized and Applied to Motion of Two Attracting
Bodies
"On Bonnet's Theorem," by V. A. Yegorov, Moscow; Moscow,
Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 22, No 6, Nov/Dec 58,
pp 721-729
Bonnet's theorem is generalized to show that ?a -Point
acted on by a resultant force can move aleng a certain
curve if. motion- along this ' curve is possible' under the action
of the, component forces. The generalized 'theorem is' applied
to .certain statements .of. Lagrange and 'Tallkvist concerning
motion along the branches of hyperbolas in the problem
of two .statiobary attracting center's.
Bonnet's theorem is stated as folloas:
"If several masses m, 101 m",... are subject to the forces
F, F7, are moving from a point A with velocities Ire, Vo, vo,"*
are of different magnitudes but have the same direction, and describe
the same curve ACB, then a certain mass M which is subject of the
resultant of the forces F, F', F",..., which moves from the point A
with velocity V, and which has the sane direction as the velocities
vo, vo', will describe the-CUrVe AUBrohly irtheordes
Fp F', F",... are independent of time and the initial kinetic energy
MV02 of the mass M is equ9.1 to the sum mv02 + mv0I2 + mv0"2 +... of the
kinetic energies of the masses in, m',
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134. Oscillations of Penduluin With Movin Fulcrum Studied
"On One Case of Small Oscillations of a Physical Pendulum
With Moving Fulcrum," by V. D. Andreyev, Moscow; Moscow:
Prikladzaya Matematika ? Mekhanika, Vol 22, No 6: Nov/Dec 58,
PP 730-737 .
The problem of small oscillations near the position of relative
equilibrium of a symmetrical physical pendulum with fulcrum point Which
moves close to the Earth's surface is considered. The parameters of
the pendulum are chosen such that at the position of relative equilibrium
the axis of dynamical symmetry coincides with the direction to the center
of the Earth.
Snall oscillatons of the axis of dynamical symmetry of the pendulum
near the direction to the Earth's -center are considered for the case
when the axis of dynamical symmetry does not coincide with the direction
to the Earth's surface at the moment motion begins. The oscillations
are studied to determine the degree of stability of the position of
relative equilibrium. It is assumed that the fulcrum point of the
pendulum moves along the Earth's surface, taken as a sphere, and that
the Earth's gravitational field is neutral. Also considered is the case
of arbitrary motion of the fulcrum point close to the Earth's surface
and the nouneutrality of the Earth's magnetic field is taken into account.
The compensating moments which must be applied to the penfEnlum in order
that a position of relative equilibrium exist are also determined for
this ease.
135. Com ression of Solid Body by Shock Wave Studied
"Physical Phenomena Observe3 During the Expansion in Vacuum of
Bodies Compressed by Stroug Shock Waves:" by Ya. B. Zel2f2ov1ch
and Yu. P. Rayzer; Moscow: Zhurual Ekserimental'noy Teore-
ticheskoy Fiziki,.Vol 35, N3-6-7f7:7577577-557T02-14d6---
The glow appearing in an opaque initially solid body, after compression
by a strong shock wave with subsequent excansion in vacua& is studied. ?
Condensation of vaper of the sbstaues szd reconbination of ious end electrons
under these conditions are also studied. The possibility of using this
glow to measure the temperature of the look?;y is discussed.
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136. Perturbations Caused by:Nose Section of Rocket Considered
"On the Solution of a Certain Variation Problem of Supersonic
Flows," by G. I. Kbstychev, Chair of Aerodynamics, Kazan'
Aviation Institute; Kazan?, Izvestiya Vysbhikh Uchebnykh
Zialf222121.aleriya Aviatsionnaya Tekhnika; No 3, 1958; pp 3-7
The problemofdataanining the shape of a body of rotation with
minimum wave resistance under perturbed flow is considered. The author
comments that in a previous paper he considered the shape of a wing
profile or the nose section of a body of rotation which would have
minimum wave resistance under supersonic flow at constant velocity.
In practice however, it is noted; case s of a body in a perturbed flow
are freluently encountered, such as in calculating the nonnose stages
of a multistage rocket, where flow perturbations introduced by the
nose stage must be considered.
137. External Ballistics of Free-Flight Rockets
"Solution of the Basic Problem cif the External Ballistics
of Free-Flight Rockets for One Optimum Flight Condition,"
by A. S. Galiullin, Chair of Higher Mathematics, Kazan'
Aviation inotitute; Kazan', Izvestiya
ni
Zavadeuiy Avintsionnaya Tekhinka4 No 11., ivtiet=a--
Aloplying basic assumptions of Bo I. Feodostyev and G. B. Siuyarev
(Vvedeniye v Rakatnuyu Tekhniku [Introduction to Rocket Engineering],
Oborongiz,779-56), this article presents solutions for problems concerning
minimum target delivery time of a free-flight rocket. COnclusions on
movement stability are derived using results of am earlier work by the
author A. S. C!alinllin, E:Ustaf2ivosti DvillyzInlyaEle1y_52229n1
Peramenuoy DIEssy. lot?. the Stability of Movement of. a Heavy Point of
Variable Vg1711-; WOUICB of the Kazan Aviation Institute, No 37, 1957).
138. Deflee;ion of a Satellite From an Elliptic Olecit
orm?Ymuftio .??,...sw sus nar, ??????? ...-??????.????wa???????
"Descent of a Satellite on am
Barabanov and B. A. Rayzberg,
Leninsrad Military-Mechanical
Vvsshikh U.chebnNkh Zavedeniv,
1958, pp 3-8
Elliptic Orbit," by A. T.
Chair of Aerogasdynamics,
inotitute; Kazan', Izvestiya
Aviatsionnava TekhnIETTE-T?
A study is presented of the problem of determining the deviation
of a satellite from the elliptic orbit on which it would have moved in
the absence of air resistance. As the disturbing force only drag is taken
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into account adds considering its influence weak; the method of small
perturbations is applied in solution of the problem. Given elements of
modulo and eccentricity for an undisturbed orbit, the constructional
parameter of the satellite and the value of density as a function of
altitudes the descent and change in orbit period of the satellite may
be determined by applying functions derived in this work.
Nuclear Physics
139. Coulomb Energy of W-Isotopes
"Coulomb Excitation of High Energy Nuclear Levels in Even
Isotopes of Tungsten," by D. G. Alkhazov, A. P. Grinbergs
G. M. Gusinsklys K. I. Yerokhina, and I. Kh. Lemberg,
Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, ZhurnalEksperimental,noyiTeoreticheskc/
Fiziki, Vol 35, No 6 (12), Dec 58, pp 1325-1334
Natural tungsten and samples of tungsten enriched with isotopes of
W-182, W-134, and W-186 were irradiated with 8.3- to 14.5-Meva1pha particles.
The existence of the following excited states has been established:
W-182,- 1.22 Mev; W-184 - 0.90 Nev; W-186 - 0.73 Mev. The reduced transition
probabilk,lies to the ground state B(E2) calculated for each of these levels
were fou n91 to be, respectively, 0.051, 0.038, and 0.40 (in units of
e2 x 10-40 om4). The assumption that these levels are of a vibrational
type is discussed.
140. Energy Spectra of Cosmic Radiation
"Energy Spectra and Nuclear Interactions of Cosmic Ray
Particles," by N. M. Kocharyans G. S. Saakyans and Z. A.
Klrakosyan, Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences Armenian
SSR; MoscOw, ;Zhurnal Ekser1inental9noy ? Teoretichesko
Fizikis Vol 35, No 12 Dec 58, PP 1335_1311.9
Results of investigation carried out at an altitude of 3,200 meters
above sea level at the Aragats high-altitude laboratory during 1953-1956
are presented. The energy distributions of protons and 11-mesons with
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energies up to 100 Bev were investigated. The measured.proton and II-
meson spectra can be approximated respectively by the expression
3.2 x 10-3(2i-E-2.6dE (for E..> 3 ,Bev) and 0.5 (5-11-E)-3dE (for E>4 Bev).
Data are presented for the cross sections for inelastic nuclear interactions
of high energy -mesons and protons in graphite, copper, and lead. The
proton and 7t'-meson inelastic nuclear interaction cross section 0a, were
found to be equal. In graphite, copper, and lead, respectively, the
following values were found:aa.= 0.65, 0.75(7b, and 0.90-0, where
or trae(1.4 x 10-13 A1/3)2 is the geometrical nuclear cross section.
O
141. Various Zn-69 Reactions
"The Ratio Between the Isomeric and Ground State Yield's of Zn-69
Produced in Various Nuclear Reactions," by K. I. Zberebtsova?
T. P. Makarova, Yu. A Nemilov, and B. L. Funshtelm, Radio
Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; MOSCOW, Zhurnal Eksperi-
mental'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 35, No 6 (12), Dec 58,
PP 1355-1357
The ratio betweentbeamomtscf Zn-69 atoms produced in the isomeric
and ground states in the Zn-68 (d,p)Zn-69, GL-69 (n,p) Zn-69, and -
Ga-71(d11)Zn-69 reactions was studied. In the first reaction the relative
yield of the isomeric state first increases, with the deuteron energy and
then remains constant (about 0.5 bf the ground state yield). In the ,
second 1.reaction'. the ratio is 1.4 for' a, neutron .energy of -
14 Mev and in the third reaction about 0.5 for'. a .ileuterpn:
energy. of 6-8.14ev. .The 'results obtained are .discussed
the basis. of various interaction mechanisms (direct interaction
and.: compound nucleus formation).
142. Decay of Carbon Nuclei
"Multicharged Particles Emitted in Disintegration* of Carbon
Nuclei by 660-Mev Protons," by V. I. Ostroumov and Yu. P. .
Yakovlev, Leningrad Polytechnic Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal
Eksperimentallnoy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 35, NO 6 (12),
Dec 58, pp 1358-1363
Multicharged particles ejected from a thin polystyrene film bombarded
with 660-mcv protons and possessing ranges larger than 20 p were investi-
gated by means of nuclear emulsions. The effective cross section for the
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production of these particles and their angular and energy distribution
have been obtained. Measurements of the thicknesses of tracks produced
by the fragments were employed to determine the charge of particles with
ranges above 40 p in the emulsion.
143. Genoa Emission From As-76
"Hard Gamma-Radiation From As-76. The As-76 Decay Scheme," by
L. V. Gustova and 0. V. Chubinskiy, Leningrad State University;
Moscow, Zhurnal sperimental'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki,
Vol 35, No 6 (12), Dec 58, pp 1369-1379
Measurements of the hard gamma radiation emitted by As-76 have been
carried out. Six gamma-lines with energies of 1.21, 1.43, 1.76, 2.08,
2.42, and 2.65 Mev have been observed and their relative intensities have
ben determined and found to be,,-500;--54; 37; 100; and 5.7 - 4.6,
respectively. The decay scheme of As-76 is discussed. It is suggested
that the following excited states exist in the Se-76 nucleus: 0.56 Mev
(2-0; 1.21 Mev (2+); 1.76 Mev (1.2-0; 2.07 Mev (1.2i); 2.42 Mev (2.3t);
and 2.64 Mev (31.). It is also suggested that levels with energies-1.02
Mev and--1.26 Mev (01-or 4i) may exist.
144. Proton Polarization
"Polarization of Protons Elastically Scattered on Si-28 Nuclei," by
P. V. Sorokin, A. K. VaPter, I. Ya. Malakhov, and A. Ya.
Taranov, Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of Sciences of
Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental'uo i Teoretiche-
skoy Fiziki, Vol 35, No (12), Dec 58, pp 1386l390
The degree of polarization of protons scattered through angles of
600, goo, 1250, and 1500 in the center-of-mass system and energy interval
of 1.6-2.2 Mev is determined on basis of a phase shift analysis of
experimental data on the elastic scattering cross pection. Polarization
at angles of 600 and 900 has been measured, the He nucleus being used
as analyzer. Computations and experimental results agree within the
accuracy of measurements.
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145. Radio Waves in Atomic Explosions
"Radio Emission in an Atomic Explosion," by A. S. Kompaneyeto,
Institute of Chemical Physics: Academy of Sciences USSR,
Zhurnal Eksperimentalinoy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 35,
No 6 (12), Dec 58, pp 1538-1544
It is shown that in an atomic explosion in which gamma quanta are
emitted symmetrically radio waves are emitted due to the presence of a
current in the ionized air. The duration of the oscillations in each
half wave is of the order of 10 microsec and fox...equal asymmetry of
gamma-ray emission the amplitude of the oscillations weakly depends on
the total emission.
146. Meson Decay
"Electron-Positron Pairs Formed at the Decart?
by Yu. A. Budagov, S. Viktor, V. P. Dzhelepov, P. F. Yermolov,
and V. I. Moskalev, Joint Institute of Nuclear Research;
Moscow, ZhurnalEksperimental'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki,
Vol 35, Mr2) , Dec 58, pp 1575-1577
Observations were carried out in a diffusion chamber filled with
hydrogen under 25 atm pressure and located, in the path of 150-Mevot-
-mesons from the synchrocyclotron of the Joint Institute for Nuclear
Research (see "Report on the Conference on Wilson Chambers, Diffusion
and Bubble Chambers," by the same authors. Jointllastitute for Nuclear.
Research, Nofember 190). Fourteen cases were observed of charge exchange
int- -meson decay on hydrogen with a subsequent decay'of7t0 -meson
according to R. H. Dalitz scheme (Proc. Phys. Soc., A 64, 667, 1951)
to an electron-positron pair and a rquantum. The experimental results
are tabulated and the energies of the electron and positron calculated
from the curvature of the track within un accuracy of 15%p The research.
on the subject continues and further results will soon be published. .
147. Triple Scattering of 660-Mev Protons.
"Triple Scattering of 660-Mev Protons. I. Measurement of the
Depolarization Parameter D(90?)," by Yu. P.-KUmekin, M. G.
Meshcheryakov, S. B. Nurushev, and G. D. Stoletov, Joint
Institute for Nuclear Research; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental'-
noy I Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 35, No
pp 1398-1401
Experiments on triple scattering of 660-Mev protons aredescribed.
The depolarization parameter D(900) has been found equal to 0.931- 0.17.
The result indicates that pp-scattering through an angle of 900 is mainly
due to the C(cri+ cl)n term in the scattering matrix.
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148. Modeling of Star Production
"A Model of the Multiple Production Process," by G. I. Kopylov,
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; Moscow, Zhurnal EksperF-
mental'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 35, No 6 (12), Dec 58,
pp lLI.26l11.31I.
The suggestion of contructing a "random star table" capable of
reproducing the theoretical concepts about the multiple production of
elementary particles in a form suitable for comparing with experiments
is analyzed. It is shown that a table of this type can be set up for
energies up to 10 Bev.
149. High-Energy Mu-Mesons
"Passage of High-Energy Mu-Mesons Through Matter," by I. L.
Rozental,,and V. N. Strelltsov, Physics Institute imeni Lebedev,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow;Zhurnal Eksperimental'noy
I Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 35, No'6 (12), Dec 58, pp 1440-1446
The traversal of thick layers of matter by high-energy mu-mesons is
analyzed taking under consideration the ionization losses, Bremsstrahlung,
emission of pairs, and "star" production. The distribution of the energy
losses are taken into account for the last three processes. It is shown
that the account of the distribution function leads to a decrease of the
mu-meson flux at sea level computed on the basis of the mean energy losses.
[For additional information on nuclear physics, see Item No,12.]
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Plasma, Physics
150. Shock Waves in Magnetohydroaynamics
"The Stability of Shock Waves in Magnetohyarodynamics," by
S. I. Syrovatskiy, Physics Institute imeni Lebedev, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental'noy i.
Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 35, No Dec 5 ? pp 1466-1470
The interaction between shock waves in a magnetic field and magneto-
hydrodynamic waves of small amplitude is analyzed. The condition of
stability with respect to spontaneous emission of weak magnetohydrodynamic
waves by a shock wave has been obtained. The coAditions under which the
linear equations for a small perturbation are not solvable have been
found. This case is interpreted as a disintegration of the shock wave.
151. Pinch Vibrations
"Surface Vibrations of a Charged Pinch in a Longitudinal
Magnetic Field," by Chia? Ki-hua, Moscow State University;
Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental'noy i Teoreticheskoy FLziki,
Vo1,35? No Dec 55, pp11i75-']A80 '
The problem of surface vibrations and stability of a hydrodynamic
charged pinch located in an external magnetic field is analyzed. The
study is an extension of the well-knowiwork of Krusal-Schwarzchild and
R. J. Taylor (Proc Phys Soc, B70, pp 31 and 1049, 1957) on the stability
of an unchangad hydrodynamic, pinch. A dispersion equation for surface
waves is found and various consequences related to 'the Vibration spectrum
are analyzed. It is observed that from the expevimental poivt of view
these results may be useful for the clarification of the nature of
radiation from a plasma in a magnetic field, a problem which still awaits
final solution.
152. Plasma Desy Rates
"Comparison of the Decay Rates of Plasma in Hydrogen and
Deuterium," by G. I. Glotova. V. L. Granovskiy, and V. I.
Savoskin? All-Union Electrical Engineering Institute; Moscow,
Zhurnal Eks erimental'no i Teoretichesko Fiziki Vol 35,
The deionization rate in hydrogen .snd deuterium at pressures p of
15-600 F,Hg, tube diameters 11=3.2-6.5, an, and values of the preceding
current 10=60 - 1500 ma was 'studied with the help of oscillography of.
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the ion current recorded with a negative probe. Under the specified
conditions the relative?deionization rate in H and D decreasedwith time.
The pressure dependence of the rate of the process is not a monotonic
function and passes through a maximum at pd---10-L to I mon Hg0 The
ratio of the deionization "time constant" (initial, as well as final)
in D and RTD/TH is close to 1.4, i. for all pressures under
diffusion conditions (p