SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100160001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 115
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: October 3, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
bistributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
~o i~ai~,~c~uv~
.. n~ : r,~ ,~: ~
Issued Semi-monthly. Price: Per year $28.00; Single issue $2.75.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents uneva],uated information extracted from
publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and China. The in-
formation oelected is intended to indicate current; scientific
develo~ents and activities in the 1 RTSSR, ' ~' in ,the 'Sino-So~ri~t
Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is disseminated as an
aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Page
I.
Biology
1
II.
III.
Chemistry
Earth Sciences
~,
19
IV.
Electronics
20
V.
Engineering
~5
VI.
Mathematics
1}1
VII. .
Medicine
42
''VIII.
Metallurgy
gg
Ix.
Physics
gq
X.
Miscellaneous
106
NOTE: Iteme in this report
are numbered consecutively.
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I. BIOS,OGY
1. Effect of X Radiation on Lipoxidase Activity of Flants
"The Effect of Ionizing Radiations on the Activity of Lipoxidase
in Seedlings of Various Plant Species," by Ye. V. Budnitskaya,
I. G. Borisova, and A. G. Pasynskiy, Institute of Biochemists y
imeni A. N. Balch, Academy of Sciences, USSR; Moscow, Dok~l.ad~
Akademii Nauk SSR, Vol 120, No 1, May~Jun 58, pp 140-143
A previous work (Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol 110, No 4, 1956, p 603~by
the above authors is cited in which it was demonstrated that lipoxidase in
vitro is quite resistant to the action of ionizing radiation.
In the present work the effect of X-irradiation on lipoxidase in vivo
was studied. Seedlings of beans, peas, wheat, and ',buckwheat were X-
irradiated with doses ranging from 1,000 to 50,000 r and the lipoxidase
activity determined.
It was found that the degree of reaction of lipoxidase in plants to
irradiation varies from species to species. For example, irradiation of
buckwheat seedlings with 1,000-50,000 r leads ?to a slight drop in lipoxidase
activity within 2 -4 hours; there is a sharp drop in activity at the end of
24-48 hours. However, lipoxidase of seedlings of wheat and beans becomes
"activated" (in most cases by more than 100~i) when irradiated with the same
dose, during the first 2~+ hours following irradiation.
2. Chinese Study Mating Process of Tsutsugamushi Mites
"Observations on the Mating Process of Acomatacarus yosanoi
Fukusumi et Obata, 1953, With Discovery of Its Spermatophores
~Acariformes: Trombiculidae) (Studies^vn Tsutsugamushi, Part
XV.)," by Wen Ting-huan (~ ~ ~ ), Departmeht of
Parasitology, Shanghai First Medical College; Pei in Ting,,-wu
Hsueh-pao (Acta Zoologica Sinica), Vol 10, No 2, 195 , PP 213 -
221
This article represents "the first published account" of tsutsugamushi
mites depositing spermatophores. The discovery was made during a series of
~'" observations on the mating process of the mite, Acomatacarus yosanoi Fukuzumi
et Obata, 1953 (aka Acomatacarus ma~esticus Chen and Hsu, 1955)? Material
resembling the sporagonium of the Mucorales fungi appeared in rearing dishes
f and was at first mistaken as fungal matter which Krischnan and others in 19+9
had reported difficult to control in the breeding :~ahd maintenance ' df
Trombicula deliensis. Close scrutiny revealed that they were in fact apes -
matophores. Since there is no sexual dimorphism in the adult mites, the
males were determined by the spermatophores they deposited.
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Further experiments discredited Wharton's supposition (1952) that
copulation occurs in trotnbiculid mites, for it was observed that the fe-
males became inseminated and deposited fertilized eggs only after malting
contact with the spermatophores deposited by the males.
A full description of the spermatophores and other details of the
experiments are included in the article.
The author concludes t11at the mating process of A. yosanoi can easily
be controlled and that the mites can easily be bred and maintained in the
laboratory.
"Stud3,es on the Ecology of Trombicula Deliensis and Methods for
Their Eradication," by Yu En-shu (~' ~~, ~ , ) ~ Chou Yao-min
( I nJ ~~ ~`-~.~~ ) , T ~ in Shih-thing ( -,~;~ ~~" ~~? ) , and Wu Hsi -i
(~ ~~ ~(~.~ ), Fukien Epidemic Con ro Sta ions Peiping, K'un-
ch'u,1g fIsu -pao (Acts Entomologica Snnica), Vol 7, No 3, 1957,
pp 363-372
This article presents the conclusions of studies undertaken by the
authors during the previous 3 years on the behavior of the tsutsugamushi
mite, Trombicula Deliensis, and eradication methods. Details of many of the
experiments have been reported in other Chinese periodicals, as indicated in
the authors' bibliographic citations.
This item includes the following data:
The larvae obtained from live rats can be reared artificially to the
second generation within 4g-65 days.
In studies on crawling rate, it was found that hungry, artificially
bred larvae crawled at an average rate of 31.1+ millimeters per minute, as
compared with the rate of J2.1 millimeters per minute for hungry ones ob-
tained from rats.
T. deliensis, E. indica, and Acomatacarus sp. can maintain life in
sea water. Most of them die within a day, but some E. indica mites can
live as long as 6-10 days in sea water. In well water, E, indica can even
develop from larvae to nymph.
Two types of T. deliensis mites were Pound in the Ping-t'an, Fukien,
area. Those found on rats near the sea were larger, orange, easier to
breed artificially, and more resistant, as indicated by the fs,ct that they
would continue to crawl on a body surface for 11+-36 minutes after potassium
sulfide solution was applied. Those found on rats farther away from the
sea were smaller, light-red, and difficult to breed, and ceased to crawl 3
minutes after potassium sulfide was applied.
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The results of mite control experiments using various insecticides are
reviewed.
3. Chinese Study New Aphid-Borne Virus Disease of Millet
"Studies on Red-Leaf Disease of Foxtail Millet Z. Red-Leaf, a
New Virus Disease of Foxtail Millet, Trans issi le by Aphids,"
by Yu Ta -fu (j~i~ ~ !,~ ) , Pei Mei -yun ( ~ ~) , and
Hsu Shun-ken (~~ u~ ), Institute of Applied Mycology,
Academia Sinica; Pe3:ping;`Chih wu- in -1.1 Hsueh'- o (Acta
?? Phytopathologica Sinica), Vol 3, No 1, 1957, pp 1-1
This item reports a "new" disease of the cereals which farmers in
China call "red-leaf." According to the authors, the disease has occurred
in epiphytic scale in most millet-growing areas of North China, affecting
20-30 percent of and sometimes entire crops. Details of experiments under-
taken to study the nature of the pathogen, characteristics of the disease,
mode of transmission, host range, chemical control, and resistant strains
are presented.
It??was found that red-leaf is a persistent, aphid-borne, virus disease
of (oxtail and other varieties of millet. Other cereal grasses, including
corn, a~~e also susceptible. Symptoms of the disease vary with different
varieties of taillet, the general characteristics being reddening, or yel-
lowing, of the leaf blade, sheath, and spike; shortening of internodes,
stunted growth, wrinkled leaf surface, wavy leaf margin, deformed spike,
and underdeveloped root systems.
The authors say that red-leaf resembles the yellow dwarf disease re-
ported by Oswald and Houston (1953) but has striking differences. Their
tests eliminated many causes and transmitters of the disease otrier than
virus ind aphids, respectively.
3-
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II. CHEMISTRY
Chemistry and Technology of Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
4. Existence of Coffinite in USSR
"The First Finding of Coffinite in the USSR," by Ya. S. Filipenko;
Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 4, Jun 58, pp 581-582
Coffinite, a uranium silicate newly discovered :in the US, was found in
1956 in the USSR. The mineral investigated in the USSR, which occurred in
the form of outcroppings in granite, exhibited properties identical with
those of coffinite from the US Arrowhead mire.
5. Investigation of Effectiveness of Li uid Metals as Heat Transfer Agents
"Heat Transfer to Liquid Metals," by S. S. Kutateladze, E. M.
Bor~shanskiy, and I. I. Novikov; Moscow, Atomnaya EnergiVa~
Vol 4, No 5, MaY 5~, pp x+22 -x+36
This article reviewc~ the principal investigations done by USSR and
non USSR workers on heat transfer between solid surfaces and a stream .of
molten metal. The results of experiments on heat transfer to the liquid
metal during flow through long and short tubes or thin slots, :IlengL?hwise
flow of the molten metal around bundles of rods and plates, transverse flow
around cylinders, free convection, and condensation of the vapors of liquid
metals are discussed. The effect of additives on the efficiency of the heat
transfer is discussed. Problems are considered which are connected with the
boiling of liquid metals and with the effects of moistening on hydraulic re-
sistance and the rate of heat transfer. Formulas are given for the calcula-
tion of the heat transfer.
Results obtained with lead bismuth eutectic, sodium, and potassium-
sodium are reviewed. Results of experiments with mercury magnesium amalgams,
mercury to which sodium has been added, lead, tin, and cadmium are discussed.
It :is stated that the experimental data which are available do not make it
possible to draw any definite conclusions in regard to the effect of surface
active agents (e.g., magnesium or sodium added to mercury in contract with
steel) on the heat transfer to liquid metals.
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6. Mechanisms of Deformatien of Zirconium
"The Modes of Deformation of alpha-Zirconium," by Xu. N. Sokur-
skiy and L. N. Protsenko; Moscow, Atom.~aya Lnergiya, Vol ~+, No 5,
May 58, pp 1~1i.3 -~}47
The modes of deformation of iodide alpha -zirconium were investigated
on large-grained polycrystalline samples subjected to deformation by an
~ upsetting operation. The orientation of tY.e grains was determined on the
basis of Laue diagrams. The indices of deformation were determined by the
method of two surfaces and the method of the geometric location of poles.
?~ The date obtained are given and the deformation characteristics of alpha,-
zirconium correlated with its high ductility.
Industrial Chemistry
7. Recent Developments in S~2thesis and Application of Ion Exchange Resins
"Ion :Exchangers," by V. S. Titov, Scientific Research Institute
of Plastics; Moscow, Nauka i Zhizn', No 7, Jul 5~, PP 25-29
During recent years, the application of ion-exchange resins has ex-
panded in the industry, public health activities, and scientific research
work.
A very important application of ion-exchange resins is in ?the desalt-
ing of sea water in order tb render this water drinkable. In 1954, a small
unit for the desalting of sea water was installed at a radar station mai:~-
tained by the US Air r orce on an island off the Pacific coast of the US.
This unit operates on the electrodialysis principle and is equipped with
ion-exchange diaphragms, By using ion-exchange diaphragms, or_e card even
desalt sea water without applying electric power.
Application of ion-exchange resins for fihe cot~centra~tion of gold from
dilute solutions resulting from the hydrometallurgical treatment of gold
ores is .feasible and of importance from the standpoint of actual use of this
process at present. In 1955, A. B. Davarkov, docent at the Moscow Chemico-
technological Institute imeni D. I. Mendeleyev, discussed this sub3ect and
demonstrated pieces of gold obtained from water that contained only a few
milligrams of gold cyanides per liter. Davankov also advocated corecentra-
?, tion by means of ion-excY+~r~ge resins of the gold contained in sea water.
According to his calculations based on an annual production of approximately
10 tone of gold from sea water, the losses due to the deterioration of the
ion-exchange resin will amount to 5 million rubles, while gold worth x+00
million rubles will be produced, However, the practical app'!i.cation of ion-
exchange resins for the concentration of gold from sea water must be rel-
egated to the indefinite future.
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Treatment of blood with a special ion-exchange resin, according to a
procedure developed by A. A. Bagdasarov and his collaborators in 1955, elim-
inates ?the calcium salts contained in the blood with ?the result that the
?tendency of the blood to coagulate is reduced and the blood can be preserved
for a much longer time.
Work on the synthesis of ion-exchange resins has expanded greatly
since World War II both in the USSR and in other countries.
To produce ion-exchange resins based on polystyrene, styrene is
copolymerized with divinylbenzene, which serves as a cross-linking agent.
The resulting resin is sulfonated and becomes capable of exchanging cations.
To obtain an anion-exchange resin based on the styrene-divinyl-benzene
copolymer, the latter is treated with nitric acid and the nitro groups that
have been introduced in this manner are then reduced to amino groups. In
the USSR, the sulfonated polystyrene cation-exchange agents KU-2 and SDV-3
are produced and also the aminopolystyrene anion-exchange resins AV-15, AV-
17, AV-18 as well as several others.
Special grades of rubber can also be treated with su7.furic acid in
such a manner that they are converted into cation-exchange resins. Such
ion-exchange resins derived from rubber are known as SBS and SBSR resins in
the USSR, As distinguished from rubber, the cation-exchange resins derived
from rubber are brittle and swell in water.
The USSR cation exchange resins KB-4, KNID, and I4+'IG are ? analogs 'of
acrylic resins: their acidic properties are due to the presence of acrylic
acid carboxyl groups.
Among phenol-formaldehyde ion-exchange resins, one may mention the
sulfonated phenol-formaldehyde cationic resins KiT-1 (Rspatit -1) and MSF.
The urea-guanidine and melamine anion-exchange resins N-0, MMG, and
AN-1 are well-known.
Starting with diverse initial materials, Soviet chemists have developed
a considerable variety of ion-exchange resins containing different acidic and
basic groups. A ma,~or contribution to the science and technology of synthetic
ion-exchange materials has been made by Prof I. P. Losev and his collabora-
tors at the Moscow Chemicotechnological Institute imeni D. Z. Mendeleyev and
by workers at the Scientific Research Institute of Plastics.
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Ion-exehr.tag~e resins are of importance in the treatment of water used
at power plants. By using aulfonated cation-exchange resins and ordinary
anion-Exchange resins, one may remove almost completely all inorganic sub -
stances from the wa~ber, except for a small quantity of ailicic acid, be-
cause silie~.~ acid is not removed by ordinary anion-exchange resins. After
this purification, the water can be used for the production of low-pressur~a
steam (steam having a pressure of 10-15 atmospheres). ,Horae~, atmodexn. power
plants steam at a pressure up to 100 atmospheres or higher is used. At
these pressures ailicic acid volatilizes together with the steam and is dE-
posited on the tuxbine blades. Forl,this reason, the feed water must be
freed of ailicic acid. This can be done by means of the strongly basic
an~:on-exchange resins AV-16 and AV-17, which have been developed iu the
USSR. These resins are already being used for the treatment of the 'feed
water at some USSR power plants.
Losses of sugar are considerably reduced when sugar solutions are
treated with ion-exchange resins at sugar manufacturing plants. Ion-exchange
resins can also be used as therapeutic agents in medicine, but this type of
application is still in the experimental stage, On the other hand, these
resins are already being applied in the production of antibiotics and other
physiologically active agents. Ion-exchange resins are also used as chroma-
tographic adsorbents, as insoluble acidic and basic catalysts which do not
contaminate the product, in electrochemistry, in the production of pure re-
agents, in radiochemistry, and in many other fields ~of chemistry and tech-
nology. Selective ion-exchange resins which adsorb ~;nly definite ions will
be developed in the near future.
Inorganic Chemistry
8. Research in Field of Inorganic Chemistry in Ul~ainian SSR
"Third Ukrainian Republic Conference on Inorganic Chemistry,"
by 0. I. Shor; Kiev, Ukrainskiy Khi.micheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 24p
No 3, May~Jun 58, pp +119-1'-+21
The Third Ukrainian Republic Conference on Inorganic G'hemistry was,
held from 28 January to 1 February 1958 at Kiev. It was called by the De -
partment of Chemical and Geological Sciences and the Institute of General
~. and Inorganic Chemistry, both of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR.
Plenary sessions and two sectional meetings were held. The first sectional
meeting dealt with the structure of inorganic compounds and sure elements
_ and the second with investigation of inorganic raw materials. Two hundred
persons participated in the conference and 43 reports were giver.
.. 7 _
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At the first plenary session, which was held 3ointly with the Kiev
Department of the All-Union Chemica]. Society imeni D. I. Mendeleyev, the
introductory address by Ye. F'ialkov (Kiev) was followed by a report on
progress of inorganic chemistry in the Ulcrainiar~ USSR during the past 40
years, ti~hich was given by Yu. K. Delimarskiy (IS'iev).
A. K. Babko (Kiev) told about fluoride complexes of metals investigated
with the aid of the metal tracer method. It was established that the stabil-
ity of the fluoride complexes depends on the position of the complex-forming
element in the periodic q~~~+em.
A report by A. I. B.rodskiy and I. F. Franchuk (Kiev) discussed the
mechanism of 'the formation of peracids at the anode and of the hydrolysis
of these acids. The investigation in question was carried out with the aid
of heavy oxygen.
I. G. Ryss (Dnepropetrovsk) reported on new research on complex com-
pounds of fluorine and boron. In the work described the hydrolysis of BF3
complexes was investigated. The probable mechanism of the hydrolyb3,c reac-
tions was considered and the equilibrium constants of these reactions were
calculated.
At the second plenary session a report by 0, Ye. Zvyagintsev (Moscow)
on Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii was heard with great interest. During the
discussfion of this report it was noted that ',the foundation' of Zhurnal
N_eorganicheskoy Khimii testifies to the extensive development of research
on inorganic chemistry in the USSR. The hope was ~expres~ed~ that the
Presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR will expand the volume of this
periodical and expedite the publication of new periodicals on radiochemistry
and electrochemistry.
Ye. E. Fialkov reported on methods for the separation of rare-earth
elements and on the effect~? which the properties of the complex compounds
of these elements have on their separation.
I. Ye. Starik and L. D. Sheydina (Leningrad) reported on a method de-
veloped by them which makes it possible to separate microquantities of
protoactinium from microquantities or macroquantities of zirconium with a
sufficiently high yield of protoactinium.
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In a report by I. E. Sheka, B. A. Vo;ytovich, and L. E. Nisel'son (Kiev)
it was b*~ought up that it is possible to use the reaction of the chlorides
of zirconium, hafnium, niobium, and tai2ta~.um with phosphorus oxychloride for
the separation of niobium anc~. tantalum when zirconium is present.
At the third plenary session G. V. Samsonov (Kiev) gave a report on
the chemistry and technology of boron compounds of alkaline earth metals
and rare-earth metals. Samsonov?s paper outlined the condition under which
borides can be synthesized and discussed the effect of the electronic struc -
ture of elements on the properties of alloys and~or melts.
V. V. Udovenko and U. Ye. Fial.kov (Itd.ev) demonstrated in work done by
them that the tetrachlorides of silicon and germanium are very inert as far
as formation of complex compounds by them is concerned.
A, M. Gurevich (Leningrad) reported on the results of'the investigation
of the composition and structure of solid phases and equilibriums in the sys -
tems.
U02(N03)2 - NaOH - H2O2 - H2O and U02(N03)2 - KOH - H2O2 - H2O
N. V. Aksel'rud and V. P. Spivakovskiy (Kiev) reported on a new var-
iant of the potentiometric method employed for the investigation of basic
salts ar_d metal hydroxides as well as on a method for the evaluation of the
activities of cations on the basis of the composition :df .solutions;' the
activity of chloride ions, and the mean coefficient of the act ivity of the
bhloride:. By using this method, some basic chlorides and hydroxides of zinc,
cadmium, indium, and several lanthanides were im*estigated.
V. P, Chalyy and S. P, Rozhenko (Kiev) investigated the kinetics and
mechanism of aging of hydroxides of a number of metals using! ' the X-ray
method. At the final plenary session V. A. Lunenok-Burmakine reported on
the results of the investigation of the mechanism of some reactions of
oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and persulfate.
At meetings of the Section of the Structure of inorganic compounds
and Rare Elements, 14 reports were presented and discussed. In one of
these reports, S. I. Yakubson and N. E, Kostromina (Kiev) reported on re-
sults of the physicochemical investigation and synthesis of salts formed
by lanthanides (lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, and ytterbium) with gluconic
acid. In another report presented in this section, I. A. Sheka and D. A.
Voytovich (Kiev) reported on the results of an investigation by methods of
physicochemical analysis of the interactions of zirconium tetrachloride and
hafnium tetrachloride with methyl alcohol. I. V. `:Vinerov :and~Ye: I.
Kushnirskaya (Odessa) investigated the solubility of zirconium oxychloride
in water and hydrochloric acid.
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At meetings of the Section of Inorganic Raw Materials, 20 xeports
wero presented. A paper by B. A. Shoylchet ('Y.evpatoriya) dealt with new
results obtained in research work done in connection with the organization
of the production of magnesium cxide e,nd the extraction ~ dP boxort ? Pram
brines. This report resulted in a lively discussion ~.n connection with the
planned construction of a plant at which brines Pram Sivash lakes will be
utilized.
A. I. Klimovich and Ye. P. Berkman (L'vov) reported on the production
of phosphorus by the reduction of calcium orthophosphate with methane.
S. V. Kushnir and Ye. P. Berkman (L'vov) reported on work dealing with
the production of carbon bisulfide by the reduction of sulfur dioxide with
methane.
A. N. Kuznetsov and N. F. Kulish (Dnepropetrovslr) investigated the re-
duction of ferrous metals with carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
A resolution passed by the conference pointed out that it', is necessary
to expand research on the chemistry of individual elements, particularly in
the field of the chemistry of rare and dispersed elements; to do more work
on the structure of inorganic compounds, chemical equilibriums, and the
kinetics and mechanism of chemical reactions; to expedite work on the syn-
thesis and properties of peroxides, borides, nitrides, and carbides; and to
expand investigations on the chemistry and technology of zirconium, hafnium,
germanium, titanium, beryllium, rare-earth elements, gallium, indium, and
thallium and on the chemistry and technology of the conversion of natural
salts and brines found in the Ukrainian SSR.
9. Conversion of ifydro en Peroxide and Water Vapors Into Hydrogen Superoxide
"The Reaction of Dissociated H2O2 and 0 Vapors at a Temperature
oP Minus 1961pe," by A. I. Gorbanev, A.~. Tsentsiper, P. M.
Zhitneva, and M. S. Danilova; Institute of General and I~,orga~aic
Chemistry imeni N. S. Kurnakov, :Ac'ademy of Sciences USSR;
Novosibirsk~zv_estiya Sibirskogo Otdeleniya Akademii Nauk SSSR~_
No- 5, May 58, PP ~?3 -51
A substance has been synthesized at minus 196? from hydrogen peroxide
vapor and water vapor dissociated in a glowing discharge. It was found that
the .yields of the final products (H2O, H2O2, and 02 evolved on heating) de-
pend on the generalized kinetic parameter up~v, where u is the power of the
discharge in kilowatts, v the velocity in mol.s per hour at which the vapor
of the ini'cial substance is supplied, and p the pressure in mm Hg of the
initial substance at the entrance to the discharge tube. The shape of the
kinetic curves indicates that water is an intermediate product of the de-
composition of H2O2 vapor in the discharge tube. The composition of dis-
sociated H2O vapor differs from that of dissociated H2O2 vapor mainly as far
as the oxygen content is concerned.
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Tt was established that the product obtained from dissociated H2O2
vapor is richer in hydrogen peroxid6 by a factor of 2 than that obtained
from H2O and that it is also richer in a substance which evolves oxygen on
heating (supposedly H2O4). 'The molar ratio of evolved 02 to 02 is ap-
proximately 0.3 in the case of H2O2 vapor and approximately 0.2 in the case
of water vaFar.
A re~..ction scheme is proposed which explains the relationships found
including both those which pertain to processes taking place in the dis-
charge tube and those occurring on the cold surface of the trap.
Physical Chemistry
10. Research on Kinetics of Combustion of Hydrogen
"Investigation of the Kinetics of the Combustion of Hydrogen
With Oxygen Above the Lower Limit of Self -Ignition," by L. V.
Karmilova, A. B. Nalbandyan, and N. N. Semenov, Institute of
Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 32, No 6, Jun 1958, pp 1193-120~-
The kinetics of the combustion of hydrogen above its lower limit of
self-ignition have been investigated in the temperature range of 460-6000.
The dependence on the pressure of the induction period which precedes the
ignition has been determines: in the same temperature range. It was dem-
onstrated that, in complete accordance with'?the theoretical concepts for-
mulated by N. N. Semenov as early as 1944, the maximum of the velocity of
the reaction is displaced into the range of low ratios of burning-out as
R=pl/p becomes smaller. This confirms the conclusion in regard to the
format~on above the lower limit of H2-02 self-ignition of high concentra-
tions of hydrogen atoms, the presence of which disturbs the proportionality
between the velocity c:P the reaction and the pressure drop in the reacting
system. On the basis of the kinetic data obtained, 'the values" oP ''ths'?
veloc{.ty constants of the reaction of branching H+ 02 = OH+O were calculated
far -carious temperatures. By using three different methods independent of
each other, the energy of activation of this branching reaction was deter
mined. All th?^ee methe,is led to a practically xd.::x.tical value of E2:
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Radiation Chemistry
11. Photochemical Decom osition of Ozone in Liquid Phase
"Some Correlations in the Photochemical Decomposition of Ozone
in the Liquid Phase", by A. V. Pankratov and S. Ya. Pshezhetskiy,
Physicochemical Institute imeni L. Ya. Karpov; Moscow, Zhurnal
Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 32, No 7, Jul 58, pp 1605-1611
The work described was curried out with the purpose of clarifyitlg the
role played by chains in the photochemical decomposition of ozone.
Earlier investigations of the photochemical decomposition of ozone in
the gas phase showed that the quantum yield of the reaction amounted to 3-6,
which may be the case when the reaction proceeds over short chains. The de-
velopment of chains in this process is possible only because cif the par-
ticipation of oxygen molecules which have an excess of energy, i.e.~ energy
chains develop. In the absence of chains the quantum yield of the reaction
cannot be higher than 2, in ac~~ordance with the formulation of the reaction
in two stages, as shown below:
03 ~ 02 + ~
O -t- Og = 2 02
~~
However, in view of the fact that the quantum yields are only
slightly higher than 2, an uncertainty remains in regard to the chain char-
acter of the reaction.
To solve the problem concerning the chain nature of the reaction, the
photochemical decomposition'of ozone in the liquid phase was investigated.
Because of the formation of molec~.il.ar associations, more favorable,;:.condi',
tions for the transmission of excitation energy between molecules exist in
a liquid than in a gas.
It has been:shown. b~y~ ~. 'Yae~?Pshezhetskiy, Id Ab. Myasnikov, and. N. A.
Buneyev (Dborn3~ Rabot o Radiatsionno Khimii [Collection of Papers on
Radiation Chemistry , Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences USSR,
1955, p 133) that the formation of ozone from oxygen under the action~~of
fast electrons proceeds much more effectively in the liquid phase than in
the gas phase. This is due apparently to the greater participation of
excited oxygen molecules in the liquid phase,
In the work described in this instance, the quantum yield of the photo-
chemical decomposition of liquid ozone exposed to the action of ultraviolet
light was measured. Tt was established that at minus 183?C the quantum yield
of the reaction in the liquid phase reaches 25. When the liquid ozone has
been diluted with oxygen, the quantum yield drops.
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The value obtained for the quantum yield shows that the photochemical
decomposition of ozone in the liquid phase proceeds by a chain mechanism
with the participation of excited oxygen molecules.
Radiochemistr
12. 195? USSR Conference on Application of Radioactive Isotopes in Analytical
Chemistry
"A Conferences on the Application of Radioactive Isotopes in
Analytical C'ramistry," by Yu. A. Zolotov; Moscow, Atomnaya
Energ ya, Vol ~+, No 5, May 5a, pp x+93 -x+95
[SIR Note: This report supplements information given in "Application
of Radioactive Isotopes in Analytical Chemistry (Conference in Moseow)" by
S. S. Rodin, Vesi;nik Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 28, No 2, February 1958, pp
108-110, and ~'A Conference on the Application of Radioactive Isotopes in
Ana1?,~rtical Chemistry;" by A. N. Yermakov, Zhurnal Analitichesko Khimii
Vol 13, No 2, R3arch/April 1958, pp 262-263 cf. Scientific Information Re-
port, PI3 131881 T1). ]
About 50 reports were presented at the conference. Of these reports,
26 were given sic the conference and 24 published in the form of abstracts.
All reports presented at the conference will be publishe4 in a collection
of papers entitled Primeneni~e Radioktivnykh Izotopov v Analiticheskoy
Khimii (Application of Radioactive Isotopes in Analytical Chemistry .
Analytical Methods Based on Measurements of Radioactivity
I. P. Alimarin and G. N Bilimovich (Institute of Geochem~.stry and
Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I. Vernadakiy, GEOKhI) reported on a method
developed by them for the separation of tantalum from titanium, zirconium,
and niobium and the determination of tantalum by the method of isotope
dilution. The precipitatirn of tan~alum was carried out with a new organic
reagent, viz., the ammonium salt of benzenPSeleninic acid.
Radiometric. titration, a new method of volumetric analysis in which
the end point is determined by measuring the radioactivity of the solution
was discussed in two reports. IG. B. Yatsimirskiy ?+and Ya. N. Ro~lyakova
(Ivanovo Chemicotechnologieal Institute) reported on the application of com-
-- Alex compour+ds (luteosalts) of cobalt 60 for the determination ~ of large
anions such as phosphate,?sulfate, and molybdate by the method of radiometric
titration. I. NI. Korenman and F. R. Sheyanova (Gor'kiy State University)
pointed out the possibility of applying nonisotopic tracers in radiometric
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titrations. For instance, the determination of mercury present together
with zinc can be carried eut by titrating with dithizon and using Zn 5,
which functions as a nonisotopic tracer for mercury.
A new method of rapid analysis based on the reflection (reverse
dispersion) of beta rays is being successfully developed in the USSR. This
method is based on work done by A. A. Zhukhovitskiy ~ arld 'others.' V: B.
Gaydadymov (GEOKhT) presented a paper prepared by him and by L. I. I1'ina
(Moscow Electric Bulb Plant) in which the application of this method for the
determination of the composition of tantalum-niobium alloys was described.
Methods for Isolation and ,Separation of Elements
A considerable number of papers and communications
presented at
the conference dealt with problems in this field.
Radioactive isotopes are being used extensively as tracers in the
chromatographic separation of elements. Their use in this manner makes it
possible to observe the course of the separation and to study the distribu-
tion of substances between the solution and the adsorbent. Furthermore, as
has been noted by N. N. 5enyavin (GEOKhI) in his report, the solution of
some ~oblems to chromatography is inherently impossible without the applica-
tion of radioactive isotopes. This applies to the investigation c(if the
separation of very small quantities of substances, quantitative~anaJ.~reis
with the application of isotope dilution, enc. Ye. I. I1'yeako, B. P.
Nikol'skiy, and A, M. Trofimov (Radium Institute of the Academy of Sciences
USSR) reported results obtained in the investigation of the adsorption of
ruthenium on ion-exchange resins. L. V. Borisova {GEOKhI) reported data
obtained in the investigation of the distribution of rhenium and molybdenum
between the ETE-10 anion-exchange resin and hrrdrochloric acid solutions.
It is known that in the chromatographic separations of rare-earth
elements the proper choice of the complex-forming substance, a solution of
which is used for the elution of ions from the column, plays'a considerable
role. A paper by A. K. Labrukhina, K. Yun-pin, and V. Knoblokh (GEOKhI)
dealt with a new complex-forming substance, namely trioxyglutaric acid,
which proved not to be inferior to lactic acid in its effectiveness as an
eluant.
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Five papers dealt with problems pertaining to the coprecigitation
of elements together with inorganic collectors (scavengers). Among these
papers one may mention "The Coprecipitation With Metal Hydroxides of Some
Elements Present in Low Concentrations," by Yu. V. Morachevskiy and A. I.
Novikov (Leningrad State University), and "The Carbonate Method of the Sep-
aration of Microquantities of Uranium From Weighable Quantities of Tron,"
by I. Ye. Starik, F. Ye. Starik, and A. N. Apollonova (Radium Institute of
the Academy of Sciences USSR). Morachevskiy and Novikov's paper dealt with
the coprecipitation of strontium,~t~~~ cerium, yttrium, rhenium, gallium,
indium, and zirconium.
V. P. Shvedov and L. M. Tvanova (Radium Institute of the Academy
of95~ciences USSR described methods for the separation of the isotopes of
Mo , Age, Cd 5, and Ba1~0 from complex mixtures.
Some General Problems of Analytical chemistry
The application of radioactive isotopes in the determination of
a number of physicochemical constants which are of importance in analytical
chemistry (e.g., solubilities, dissociation constants of complex compounds,
etc.) is of considerable interest.
Work on the ef'f'ect exerted by the solvent on the solubility of
silver and cesium chlorides was reported in a paper by N. I. Izmaylov and
V. S. Chernyy (Khar'kov State University). The authors of this paper cor -
rel.ated the solubilities with the dielectric constant of ~~the ~eolv~nt.
D. M. Ziv and I. A. Efros (Radium Institute of the Academy of Sciences USSR)
presented a communication that was of interest from the standpoint of the
methods applied by them; they proposed the determination of solubilities
by an ultramicromethod.
From this standpoint of the novelty of the method, one may also
note a communication by N. P. Komar' (Khar'kov State University) on the
application of radiochemical measurements in combination with determinations
of the molar coefficient of absorption for the investigation of complexions
in two-phase systems.
A ccnsiderab~e number of papers dialing with applications of radio-
active isotopes in production control, e.g., in connection with the produc-
tion of rare metals (A. A. Grizik and N. I. Marunina, State Scientific Re -
search Institute of Rare Metals), was presented at the conference.
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13. Use of Radioactive Triphenylstibine for Control of Successive Pumpi~
of Different Petroleum Products Through Pipelines
"A Radiometric Method of Monitoring for Interfaces Between Dif-
ferent Varieties of 011 Products Pumpsd Through a Single Pipe-'
line," by Vo?tlokhin, A. Z. Dorogochinskiy, and N. P, Mel'nikova;
Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 4, No 5, May 58, pp 475-77
Experiments conducted at the Groznyy Petroleum Scientific Research
Institute on the radiometric monitoring of the interface between diesel
fuel and kerosene pumped successively through the same trunk pipeline are
described. Triphenylstibine containing Sbi24 was used as a tracer compound
marking the interface. The results are considered satisfactory and ,;the
method is considered safe as far as exposure af'.personnel to radiation and
contamination of the pipeline with radioact.Lve material are concerned. On
the basis of ,the results obtained, the procedure described has been intro-?
duced at the Groznyy Trudovaya and Bavly-Kuybyshev ~.ipelines.
14. Dernitz Chemicopharmaceutfcal Plant Starts Production of New Pharmaceu
ticals
"New Preparations Becoming Familiar," by N. Yemel'yanova, Kiev;
Moscow,~Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 15 Jul 58, p 1
In 1958, the Dernits Chemicopharmaceutical Plant started production
of some new drugs: adaline, isophenine, bromural, synthomycin, and sodiwa
gluconate. Also, construction is under way for a 300-liter-capacity reactor
for the production of splinine. In another department, the plant is expect -
ing to start quantity production of piperazine. It is anticipated that this
plant will fulfill the piperazine requirements of the Ukrainian SSR for med -
ical purposes as well as producing about 40 tons for the collective farms
to be used for poultry and milk production. Since the nearby Dernits Meat
Combine is a valuable source of raw materials, the plant is planning to
start production of glutamic acid, vitamin B12, ATP, cortisone, and other
preparations derived from meat products. ..
16
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Miscellaneous
15. Conference on Chemistry of Complex Compounds
"Announcement by the Organization Committee" (unsigned item);
CPYRC;HT Moscow, Uspekhi Khimii, Vol 27, No 5~ ]4ay 58, p 668
"The Eighth ,A11~Jnion Conference on the Chemistry of Complex Compounds
is proposed to be held in Kiev in May-June 1959. Those desiring to present
papers or short communications should contact the Organization Committee
and submit the title and thesis of their paper together with the permission
of the director of the institution or enterprise not later than 1 October
1958.
"Theses should be submitted in two copies, typewritten, double-spaced,
using only one Bide of the paper. The size of the theses should not exceed
two typewritten pages, including tables and drawings.
"The exact date of the meeting will be published later.
"Address of the Organization Committee:
1. Moscow V-71, Leninskiy Prospekt, 31~Institute of General and In-
organic Chemistry imeni N. S. Kurnakov, Academy of Sciences USSR.
2. Kiev 30 u1. Leontovich, 9, Institute of General and Inorganic
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR."
16. Organization of Chemical Research in Kazakh SSR
"The Prospects for the Development of Chemical Industry in
Kazakhstan and the Tasks of Scholars in Light of the Decision
of the May Plenum, Central Committee CPSU," by A. B. Bekturov,
Active Member, Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR; A].ma~ta, Vestn~,k
Akademii'Nauk Kazakhskoy SSR, No 7, Jul 58, pp 3-12 ..
In the Kazakh SSR at present, scientific research in chemistry is be-
ing conducted in the Institute of Chemical Sciences, Academy of Sciences
Kazakh SSR; the Institute of Petroleum, Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR; the
Institute of Mineral Resources; Kazakh State University;' chemistry chairs
of various vuzes (higher educational institutions) of the republic, and a
number o~ plant laboratories.
l7
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? The Institute of~Chemical Sciences, Academy of Sciences Kazakh 5SR,
has completed more than 60 research projects thus far. In Kazakh State
University there have been completed a series of important studies on the
physicoc:~emical characteristics of the salt from Lake Balkhash and studies
on the synthesis of medicinal .preparations which will act as a substitute
for cocaine and morphine.
The author points out several shortcomings in chemical research. Up
to the present the scientific chemical institutions of the republic have
done little on the synthesis of polymer materials or on the study of
physicochemical properties. Also, there is insufficient coordination of
the plans for scientific research between scientific establishments, de-
partments, vuzes, and plant laboratories. For example, the study of rare
elements is conducted in the Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Dressing,
Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR, and the Institute of Chemical Scienceo,
Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR; both are doing independent research on the
same subject.
Other shortcomings revolve around the fact that, frequently, completed
projects are not introduced into production, sometimes due to insufficient
initiative on the side of the institute and sometimes due to the fault of
the economic organizations.
In connection with the development of the chemical industry in Kazakh-
stan, the following important tasks are to be accomplished a sharp ex-
pansion of research on the study and production of monomers (semiconductors),
expansion of theoretical and technological study oT' the synthesis of monomers
and polymers, a study of the salt reserves of the republic, and the develop-
ment of new and more economic methods for processing rare elements from ores.
To fulfill these tasks the following measures are necessarys (1) to
strengthen and expand the Institute of Chemical ;'Sciences, ?Adademy ' of
Sciences Kazakh SSR, and the Institute of Petroleum in the City of Gur'yev;
(2) to organize a new Scientific Research Institute of Organic Chemistry
in the city of Karaganda, an Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
in ~kstc1xn ~ Kazakhstan, and a branch Scientific Research Institute for Planning
in the chemical industry and eptablishments;~ (3) to establish in the Insti-
tute of Chemical Sciences, Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR, a Division of
High-Molecular Compounds with a Laboratory for the Synthesis of Polymers
and a Laboratory of Ion Exchange Resins and to organize within the institute
a Laboratory of thn Chemistry of Rare and Dispersed Elements, a Laboratory
of Roentgenostructural Analysis, a Laboratory of Hydrogenation Under High
Pressure, a Laboratory o~ Isotopes, a Design Bureau, and a Division of Eco-
nomics of the Chemical 7nduatry; (~+) to "increase the number ~of persons work-
ing in the chemical industry and chemical research to 500 persona within the
next 3 years; (5) to begin construction, no later than 1958, on the 'main
building of the Institute of Chemical Sciences, Academy of Sciences Kazakh
SSR., and to inte::sify research in ~1~ant :Laboratories of the chemical industry
in the republic; (6) to expand the research work at the Chemical Faculty of
the Kazakh State University and in the ';,himkent Technological Institute; and
(7) to organize the publication of:a.i.special monthly scientific periodical
called the Kazakhskiy Khimicheskiy Zhurnal (Kazakh Chemical Journal).
?
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17. D_isperaion Analysis Method Proposed to Find Accuracy of General
Means
"Dispersion Analysis During Evaluation of the Accuracy of Ir-
regular Measurements," by Prof N. I. Lebedinskiy, Central
Asian Polytechnical Institute; Moscow, Izvestiya Vysshilth
Uchebnykh Zavedeniy~ Geodeziya i Aerofotos'emka, No 2, 1958,
PP 15-32 _
The results of measuring will be irregular if they express the mean
of several series of regular measurements having a different number of
final measurements or means from several series of irregular measurements.
A11 measurements may be assumed equal (proportional) to the number of
measurements or inversely proportional to the square of the mean quadratic
error. Exact coincidence of the values of the weights found by these
methods is possible oril.y for the same series of observations.
In the aggregate consisting of q series of regular measurements,
the mean quadratic error of unit weight as well as the error of the
weighed means may be determined by the slopes (1) of the individual ob -
servations from the weighed mean,,(2) of the aeries of means from the
weighted mean, and (3) of the mean in each series. Correspondingly,
three ind~:pendent empirical dispersions may be obtained, the variation
?~etween which indicates the presence of systematic errors in the indi-
vidual series stipulated by this or by other methods of ~.ntroducing the
weights.
The question arises, which combination of the three dispersions is
necessary to obtain an estimate of the general mean. Such a problem
arises in the presence of several series of different volume for irregular
measurements.
The solution of this problem cannot be accompl3.shed within the scope
of the theory of errors. The author demonstrates tha?.t the dispersion
anaysis method of proces~i;lg observations developed i.1 matYiematical sta-
tistics enables one to acccmiplish a solution.
[For additional information on earth sciences, see Item No 139.]
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IV. ELECTROPIICS
Communications
18. A Reinterpretation of Kotel'nikov's Theorem
"On Kote1'nilsov's Theorem," by A. A. Kharkevich; Moscow,
Radiotekhnika, No 8, Aug 58, pp 3-10
A reinterpretation is made of Kotel'nikov's theorem (sampling
theorem) in an attempt to show its present applicability in communica-
tions technology. The theorem states, in part: "Any function F(t),
consisting of frequencies from 0 to fl, may be continuously transmitted
with any degree of accuracy with the aid of numbers following in sequence
within a period of 1 sec." The theorem makes it possible to replace
2fl
the transmission of a continuous function with the transmission of a
discrete sequence.
A number of recent works concerned with Kotel'nikov's theorem was
examined by the author and a new understanding of the theorem is arrived
which substantially differs from the original. The theorem is considered
to apply to random processes having an unlimited spectrum and is seen as
"an approximate (and not a precise) statement which may be used to obtain
an approximate expression for a process in a series form according to lag
functions or to determine approximately the number of measurements of a
random vector, beginning with a given accuracy in the determination of the
epsilon-entropy."
In the author's opinion, Kotel'nikov's theorem "has acquired a deeper
theoretical meaning and a wider practical application."
19. Fixed Frequency Radio Receivers
"Ether Radio-Point," by N. Goryunov; Moscow, Radio, No 8,
Aug 58, PP 25-26
The term "ether radio-point" (efirnaya radiotochka) is beginning to
appear in the Soviet literature more often. This article interprets the
ether radio-point as follows:
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"Et:her radio-point is a rad'a receiver previously tuned, as a rule,
only to one local radio broadcasting station. Such az ether radio-point
is in many cases one of the siauplest means fcr radiofication of villages.
Tn case of proximity to tre l~roadcast3ng station, a common cryst~,1-
detector receiver employing audio-frequency amplification can be used
as the ether radio-point."
20. New Radio Receiver "Voskhoci"
"Radio Receiver 'Voskhod, "' by Ye. Dryzgo and Ya. Levin;
Moscow, Radio, No ~~~ Aug 58, p 23-2~+
The radio receiver "Voskhod," built with eight transistors, draws
its power. from four "Saturn" batteries. The receiver covers the wave
ranges from 720 to 2,000 meters and from 187 to 577 meters. Sensitiv-
ity of the receiver when operating with a whip antenna is about 70 micro-
volts and its output is about 350 milliwatts. The function of the trap-~?
si~tors .'~ as follows: one functions as a frequency converter; one,
local oscillator and mixer; 2, IF amplifier; and 3, AF amplifier. The
receiver is made of three mocks: an audio-frequency unit, an intermediate-
frequency unit and a detector with radio-frequency unit. The receiver
uses printed circuits throughout. The over-all dimensions of the receiver
are 222 x 282 x 158 millimeters and its weight is 3.5 kilograms.
CPYRGHT
21. The :Llth All Union Competition of Radio Operators
"Keep It Up, Expert Radio Operators:" by V. Lykov; Moscow,
Radio,' No 8, pug 58, p 3 CPYRGHT
The article contains the following passage: "The following figures
are very s gnificant: at the 10th All Union Competition of the radio
operators, 103 teamms participated with a total of 1,030 men, while at
the 11th All.-Union Competition the number of teams participating was
1,905 with 9,525 men."
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Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
22. Cylindrical Waveguide With Magnetized Ferrite Filler
"Gyromagnetic Cylindrical Wa~reguide of Fin.tte Length," by L. G.
Lomize; Moscow, Radioielchnika i L'lektronika, 1Vo 7, Jul 58,
CPYRGHT pp 896-907
"The propagation of electromagnetic waves in a gyromagnetic wave-
guide of finite length is considered and an approximation is made of
reflection and refraction at the ends of the waveguide. Results of some
numerical computations are given for a waveguide with a relatively large
electrical radius. It is shown that reflections at the ends of a wave-
guide substantially affect the rotation of the polarization plane and in
some cases lead to an abnormal Faraday effect. A family of curves is
given by which the parameters of magnetized ferrite which fills the
waveguide ara determined."
23. Wave Propagation in Irregular Filled Waveguides
"Srregular Waveguides With Varying Dielectric Filler," by
B. Z. Katsenelenbaum, Institute of Radio Engineering and
Electronics of the Academy of Sciences, USSR; Moscow,
CPYRGHTRadiotekhnika i Elelstronika, No 7, Jul 58, pp 890-895
"A study is made of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a
waveguide filled with a material whose specific inductive capacitance
(E) and permeability (,u) depend on all three coordinates. The substance
of this method is that at any point x, y, z the E- and H-fields are
divided 3.nto wave fields, capable of existing in certain regular wave-
guide, 3n which E and ? are the same functions of coordinates x and y
in a +,r;~.nsverse cross -section as E and ? in an irregular waveguide for.
a given z."
Coupling co~~f.ficients are found for waveguides with varying cross-
sections and general equations are obtained for irregular bent waveguides.
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21+. Wave Diffract~'on in a Half-Infinite Grating of Infinitel~Long
Conductors
"Diffraction of an I.lectromagnetic Wave in aHalf-Infinite
Grating," by Ya. N. Feld; Moscow? Radiotelt~..iika i Elelctronika,
No 7, dtz7- 58 s PP 882 -889 -
The author suggests a method for applying Halbert?s nonhomogeneous
problema solved in quadratures, to a study of wave diffraction in half-~
infinite gratings. When a solution of the latter involves a large num-
ber of calculations, the problem is reduced to a variatirn and solved
by means of expansion to a series by special polynomials."
25. Use of Do
ler Effect to Determine Sai;ellite `1'ra~ectory Parameters
"Use of Doppler Effect to Deteizr!i~~.e the Orbital Parameters of
Artificial Earth Satellites 9" by V. A. ICotel'nikov,, V. M.
Dubrovin, V. A. MorozovD 0. N. I`Zzlzigrz~ end A. &I. Shm~thovslsoy,
Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronicse Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow9 Radiotekhn3ka i Flelttronika, No 7,
J'ul 58, pp 872-881.
The use of the Doppler effect in determining the time of maximum
approach of satellites to a. receiving point and their corresponding
velocity and slant range is examined. These parameters are derived for
~.n appz?oximation of the orbit 9 by a tangent, and the errors aril ing
from the use of this method are determined,.
Expressions for computing time of maximum approach are given for
the case when the true frequency of the transmitter is known and when
only the approximate frequency is known.
Experiments based on the Doppler effect were conducted in the In-
stitute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences
USSR using signals from the first and second satellites. Observations
were made at a~frequency of x+0,002 kc.
It is concluded that the Doppler effFCt may be successfL7].1y used
to determine the orbital parameters of Esx?th sa,tel.lites. Ari accuracy of
0.2-1 second was achieved in determining the ~t,3me of passing of the
satellite over the observation point, and velocity and slant range were
determined wi+.h an accuracy of 3?5 0.
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26. General Dis erp lion Equation for Delay Sys?t;ems
"Dispersion Equation for an N-Rod Delay System" by V. N.
Dashenkov; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elelttronika~ No 7, Jul 58r
PP 933?~9~~1~
Bused on the theory of multiconductor lines, a dispersion equation
is developed for the periodic structure of a delay system9 each period of
which contains n-rods of equal length. 7n certai.n planes where the
cross ?~section of the rods changes abrt~.pta,y and also at the ends s the
rods are connected with each other and with the ground by susceptances.
The dispersion equation is derived by the use of matr:[.x equations for
currents and voltages of multiconductor lines.
It is shown that this dispersion equation inc.i?~ades, for particular
cases, the dispersion equations developed previot~ely for other structures.
The author acknowledges the agsictance of Docent V. A. Tolstilcov and
Professor V. Z. Kalinin.
27. Comparison of Diaphragm-Type Waveguides
"Some Peculiarities of Coaxial Diaphragm~Type Waveguidesy"
by G. 1. Zhileyko; Moscow Radiotekhnikar No 8~ Aug 58,
PP 2~ -29
The properties of coaxial diaphragm-type: wavegt~idss axe examineda
based on the determination of high-frequency power flux for E-mode waves,
and a compaxison is made of various types of diaphragm waveguides. It
is found that coaxial lines .with diaphragms on both conductive surfaces
1:nder certain conditions ~ may be' used suceessfull~t for a wide range of
phase velocities. The possible use of these wavpg+.~ides in traveling wa,v~e
tube systems (in particulars spirotrons) and in low?>velocity accelerators
is also mentioned.
28. increased Coupling in Slot Resonators
"On the ~eory of Twin-Unit Slot ResonatorsD" by M. F. Stel?-
makh; Moscow Radiotekhn.ika~ No 8, Aug 58, pp 30-36
Ars examination is made of the possil~~lity o:t' obtaining greater
crnxpling for the odd harmonics of antis~~mnetr:~r_e1 wavF:s :ir slot resona-
tors by longitudinally displacing one slotted unit relative to the other.
Results of these experiments are usef~.:1. ~?n the design of traveling wave
and backward-wave tubes which rely on tre interaction of electron flow
with a fie~.d of odd harmonics. Disperr~icn equations and coupling coef-
f icients are derived for this system.
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It was found that a greater coupling coefficient of odd harmonics
for antiaymmetrica?1-type waves could be obtained by displacing the units
of a slot resonator by a half step without essentially changing the
dispersion propArties of the system. For symmetrical waves, such a
displacement may change the dispersion charact~;ristics of a1.]. odd har-
monica.
The author expresses his appreciation for assistance in this work
to S. D. Gv~~zdover and L. N. Loshakov.
Instruments and Equipment
29. Use of Electron Microscopes for Studying Cathode Surfaces
"Development of Electron Microscopy Methods for CJbserving the
Microgeometry and Emission Centers of Thermionic Cathodes,"
by G. V. Spivak, Xe. M. Lcbinina, I. S. Sbitnikova, I. A.
Pryamkova, and D. N. Vinogradov, Physics Faculty of Moscow
State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow, Radiotekhnika
i Elektronilsa, No 8, Aug 58, pp 1077-1083
Results are given of electron microscope observations of the emission
distribution of a number of oxide-, L-cathode, and impregnated thermionic
cathodes. A comparison is made between images obtained by means of
combined-secondary and thermoemission microscopes and a correlation is
established between the microgeometry and emission distribution on the
cathode surfaces. Observations of pulse emission from pores of an L-
cathode at a magnification of approximately 4000X were made by means of
stroboscopic emission of ahigh-magnification electron microscope.
30. New High -Vacuum Electron Microscope
"A High-Vacuum Emission Electron Microscope," by B. N. Ponov
and A. V. Druzhinin; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika,
No 8, Aug 58, pp 1084-'1091
An electron microscope is described which operates with a vacuum
of (2-3) x 10-7 mm gg and a maximum voltage of 30 kv. Magnification
of the microscope is 300-500X. With this mi^roscope it is possible to
observe simultaneously the emitting surface, photograph the image and
measure the current from a small sector of the cathode. Work functions
for various sections of the cathode surface may also be measured. A
special molybdenum anode is described which may be moved between the
cathode and the focusing diaphragm and serves to activate the cathode.
The optical system of the microscope consists of an inversion lens and a
projection lens .?
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"The system may be used as a phase modulator having a modulation in-
dex in a ran6e up to 9C?. Tn this case, nonlinear distortions are de-
termined almost entirely by the phase detector characteristic. When used
as a frequency detector, nonlinear distortions ar~~ determined by the
modulation characteristic of the reactance tube. The basic advantage of
this type of frequency detector is its Simplicity of tuning and control."
Components
The authors consider the possibility of using the microscope in the
e?L?udy of the distribution of active materials on the surface of rnetal-
film cathodes.
The authors acknowled;~e the assistance of D. V. Fetisov in the con-
struction of electrostatic lenses for the system and of M. M. Fedorov.
31. implications of a Phase Automatic Frequency Control System
"Applications of Phase Automatic Frequency Control," by A. D.
Artym; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 8, Aug 58, pp 37-46
The author examines briefly the principle of operation of a phase
automatic frequency control system and discusses the applications of the
CPYRGI~~tem as a band filter, frequency modulator, and phase detector.
CPYRGHT
ra io in us ry, we may s a e at a shot+, perio o , equality
of transistors has great~y improved. To replace the poorly constructed
transistors of P1, P2, and P3' series there are fully modern semiconduc-
tor devices with sufficiently stable parameters. The production of dif -
fused and surface barrier transistors which would operate satisfactorily
at high frequencies up to Vim' has begun. Together with improvement of
quality, the volume of production of semiconductor devices has sharply
increased."
32. Smproved Soviet Transistors
"Semiconductor Technology for Village Radiofication," unsigned
article; Moscow, Radio, Nc 8, Aug 58, pp 16 17 CPYRGHT
The article contains the following passage: "To the glory of our
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33. Experimentation With Porous Niclcel-Oxide Cathodes
"Technology of the Preparation of Porous Nickel-Oxide Cathodes
and Results of Experimentation," by N. G. Arshanskaya, V. S.
Parkhomenko, and N. I. Raskina; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Flek-
tronika, No 8, Aug 58, pp 1058-1063
The preparation of porous nickel-oxide cathodes having larger surface
areas is discussed and results of experiments using various types of
cathode bases and activating substances are given.
Coatings were applied to the cathode bases by means of dry sintering,
using a carbonyl nickel powder ano', baking in ahydrogen-filled furnace
at a temperature of 1200?'C.
Emission properties of nickel-oxide cathodes i~rere examined in experi-
mental diodes -- type 6D3D lighthouse tubes -- and ixi actual instruments.
Results of experimentation showed that tubes using cathodes with
thorium and a tricarbonate had higher parameter values than tubes with
thorium and a dicarbonate. Both types of cathodes were found capable of
operating for an extended period of time drawing a current of 500 ma~cm2.
Among the advantages of porous nicltel-oxide cathodes in comparison
with ordinary oxide cathodes are their increased current density (up to
0.5 a~cm2), their resistance to sparlting at high voltages, and their
greater antivibration qua:Lities.
3~+. Pu1se~~Amplification in Trigger Circuits
"Pulse Amplification of Electrical Signals," by P. G. Tager,
A11 Union Scientific Research Cinephotographic Institute,
Ministry of Culture USSR; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika,
No 7, Jul 58, pP 918-927
A method is described by which the high dynamic transconductance
found in tubes of trigger circuits is used for the pulse amplification
of signals with various .amplitude values (in contrast to the two ampli-
tude values obtained in ordinary trigger circuits). Some of the char-
acteristics of the pulse method of amplification are listed and problems
related to this method are theoretica]1y and experimentally examined.
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35. ;~?Lrument for Control of Manufacturing Processes
"Standardized Apparatus for Control of Manufacturing Proe- .
eases Utilizing Radioactive Isotopes," by K. It. Shpor and
V. A. Yanushkovsltiy; Moscow, B~eten' Tekhnilso-IItonomiche-
skoy Informatsii,~ No 2, 1958, pp~j-30
The Tallin Plant of Control-Measuring Instruments, in cooperation
with the Physics ;Institute of the Academy of Sciences Latvian SSR, has
completed the necessary arrangements for series production of standard-
ized equipment intended for control and regulation of manufacturing proc-
', eases with the aid of radioactive isotopes.
This standardized apparatus incorporates an electronic unit URAP
which registers radioactive radiation, and a radioactive data transmit-
ting unit RD. The electronic unit URAP-l is eased with instruments for
registration. of the posstion of a moving element tagged with a radioac-
tive isotope, unit U.EtAP??2 is used in devices' based on registration of
contin>ous radiation from the controlled medium and unit URAP-3 is used
for registra.t-,ion of intermittent radiation. A11 three units are as-
sembled in identical hermetically sealed containers and can be used in
the presencse of dust and moisture. The radioactive data transmitters for
different units differ from each other by the type of gas -discharge
halide co>rzters and the type of radiation source used.
The described tan.its may be incorporated into devices for the control
of liquid level in n.ontransparent containers used in continuous flow
processes, also for counting articles on conveyers, registration of
radioactive mark on motion-picture films, etc.
The sensitivity of the electronic units of URAP type is from 250 to
1,000 pUises per second. The maximum length of cable connecting .the
radioactive data transmitter to the URAP unit should not exceed 20 meters.
Computers and Automation
3G. Plectrod~ra.amic Multiplication and Division Device
"IsLectrodynam:Lc Device for. Multiplication and Division," by
z. B. Vaysmang Moscow, Priborostro ey niye, No 8, Aug 58, p 16
A two-unit-, model of ari electrodynamic, multiplying device was developed
by K. :~. Goryachev. The main components of the multiplying device are:
br~.~ches ~ electromagnet cores, coils, ball bearings of the loving system,
mov:tng frame and the stationary part of the inductive data-transmitting
unit. Static tests of the device have shown that, for current range of
pl.as or m3.nus 30 m911iamperes; the error of mathematical operation does
not exceed 1.5~.
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37. Synthesis of Multitact Relay Systems Accomplished by the Use of
Punch Cards
"Punch Card Method of Synthesis of Multitact Relay Systems,"
by V. I. Shestakov; Moscow, Avtomatilsa i Telemelthanilca, Vol 19,
No 6, Jun 58, pp 593-605
The paper deals with avector-algebraic method of synthesis of multi-
tact systems of two-pos~.tion relays by using special cards. This method
is applicable for synthesis of both autonomous and nonautonomous relay
systems .
38. New Results for Solving Differential Equations With Retardation
"Solution by the Operation Method of Certain Differential
Equations in a System of Differential Equations Having a
Retarded Argument," by P. A. Murav'yev; Moscow, Matematiche-_
1~ Sbornils Novaya Seriya, Vol 44 (86), No 2, 195 , Pp 157
For the description of many processes having a reaction the neces-
sity of solving differential equations with retardation frequently arises.
Such equations are often encountered in the technology of automatic
controls and are solved in closed form only in ideal exceptional cases.
For this reason, all new methods for solving differential equations with
retardation have theoretical and practi~a7. interest.
Wtth the help of the operational method the author was successful
in obtaining severe]. new results in the solution of that problem. We
stated the2n in a quadratic form and thus at a length suitable for a
limited journal article. We will consider only linear differential
equations and a system of equations with constant coefficients and
constant positive retardation.
39? A Program for Symbolic Programing
"Symbolic?Programing on the Electronic Computer of the Academy
of Sciences, Latvian SSR," by E. I. Arin' and M. A. Shneps,
Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences Latvian SSR; Riga,
2zvostiya. Akademii Nauk Latviyslcoy SSR, Vol 131, No 6, 1958,
;gyp 101-107.
During ~:he construction of a program for an electronic computer the
correct order of the addresses in the commands and the correct numbering
of the cells present considerable diffiCtal.ties.
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In ~l;h.e process of delay a,nd read,~ustment of the program the necessity
~.s n.lwa,ys present to change the ntuabers of the cells and addresses con-
tained itt them. 'C'hat is extremely difficult and one of the chief sources
of err. or. The so-called method of symbolic programing utilized on certain
.II3M ntachiues is well ltnown; arrangement for the required numbers of cells
and addresses is conducted on the machine itself. This method is enveloped.
for single-address systems d;zring the construction of which application
of the method of symbolic addresses is already provided for.
In the present work a program for accomplishment of the indicated
o~~eration eta a machine built by the Academy of Sciences Latvian SSR is
presented. The machine itself is an insignificant modification of the
M-3 Sov~.et computer. For that reason in the future a system. of the Soviet
computer's codes is used. We only assume that;
a. The machine of the Academy of Sciences Latvian SSR has a fixed
tnEmory and 30 b~.nary digits after the decimal point.
b. ~1t is atwo-address computer; the code of operation occupies
the s;3.~c Yrighest orderer the first address occupies the 7th-18t}t orders
a.~d the secorLd address occupies the 19th-30th orders.
c. The memory of the calculator has 1,02+ cells; external storage
is not yet provided.
~+0. Electronic Computers in Photogrammetry
"The Application of Electronic Computers in Photogrammetry-"
Professor A. N. Lobanov, Doctor of Technical Sciences,
Military-Engineering Academy imeni V. V. Kuybyshev; Moscow,
Zzvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zayedeniy, Geodeziya i Aerofotos'-
Y, emlta, No 2, 5~ pp 57 ~5'- '.'
At present, topographical maps are made as a rule by aerophotographs.
Bench marks necessary for making maps are also determined by aerophoto-
graphs as a result of the development of three-dimensional phototriangu-
lation. During this the phototriangulation grids are oriented relative
to the geodesic coordinate system ar_cording to the accuracies of the field
preparation of the aerophotographs. The volume and cost of the field
g;nodesic work performed during tying-in of the aerophotographs substan-
tially 3eperids on the accuracy of three-dimensional phototriangulation.
~t ~.s well k^otitim. that the most accurate methods of three-dimensional
photctrian6~i!lation are the analytical methods. Except for high accuracy
these fiE'hhods possess no merit; for gauging of aerophotographs simple
instruments of the stereocolorimeter type are used. Nevertheless analyt-
ical. instrt:.ments of three-dimensional triangulation a.re not employed owing
to the greai; volume of caletalations in the preparation.
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This disadvantage is removed during; utilization of electronic com-
puters which enable one to perform more than 10,000 arithmetical opera-
tions per second. The operat:ing accuracy of such a machine is extremely
great and is limited only by the number of digits in the counters. The
enormous velocity and high accuracy of the operation of? electron~.c com-
puters guarantee the possibility of applying the planning machines of
analytical three-dimensional phototriangulation, in practice free of any
errors of method. In addition, more perfect methods of leveling photo-
triangul.ar grids are rendered by the application.
This article considers one of the fundamental problems of the analyt-
ical method of three-dimensional phototriangulation~ determination of
the elements of the mutual orientation of aerophotographs. The method
of successive approximations is applied for the solution of this problem
on electronic computers.
Materials
~+1. Emission Properties of Barium Tungstate anal Barium-Calcium Tun state
"Thermionic Properties of Barium T~angstate," by M. L.
Kanitsa, A. I. Mel?nikov, A. V. Morozov, B. N. Popov, R. B.
Sobolevskaya, B. M. Tsarev, and A. R. Shulman; Moscow,
Radiotekhnika i P].ektronika, No 8, Aug 5S, pp 1010-1016
The article is concerned with a study of the thermionic properties
of barium tungstate (Ba2W0() and barium-calcium tungstate (Ba~CaW06) and
is part of a more general study of the thermionic properties of certain
semiconductor barium salts.
Measurements of work functions were made by Richardson's method at
voltages of 2$0??300 v. Maximum emission was observed at temperatures of
1050-11000 K. Further increase in temperature caused a reduction ??n emis-
sion. bnission current density of Ba~WO~ cathodes was approx?!mately 100
times greater than that of Ba~CaWO(, cathodes, the latter being equal to
tenths of a microampere per square centimeter.
Al+.hough barium tungstate was found to be a cornparitively good en".ittar,
it is noted that the exper-?ments were conducted at temperatures lower
than the operating temperature of pressed cathodes.
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1~2. Emission Characteristics of Some Rare-Barth Oxides
"Em~.ssion Properties of Rare Earth r~ietal Oxides," by B. S.
ICul'varslsaya, V. B. Marchenko, and G. V. Smepanov; Moscow,
Ra.diotelchnika i Elektronika, No 8, Aug 58, pp 1005-1009
The thermoelectronic and, secondary emission characteristics of a
number of rare-earth metal oxides are examined. In measuring secondary
emission properties, the relationship between .the coefficient of secondary
emission and velocity of primary electrons, collector potential, and
the angle of incidence oi' primary electrons are determined. The coef-
'_ f icienta of secondary emission for all the oxides studied (with the ex-
ception of erbium oxide) were within the limits of 2-2.8.
The Richardson method was used to meas~wre thermoemission properties
of oxides of lanthanum, praseodymium, n.eod.ymium, samarium, eruopium,
gadolin~.:un, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbitun, ytterbium, lutecium,
and yttrium.
?!he fart that the emission values lie within marrow l:tmits is ex -
plained by the identical nature of the outer electron shells. of all rare-
Earth elemen~s. 'I'.ee correspond.~.ng electron levels are transformed in the
oxide crystal to higher energy lev?ls which essentially affect electron
erris s ion.
It is concluded that a great number of rarF~-earth metal oxides, and
~?n particular the oxides of yttrium and gadolinium, may be used as cathode
rraterials in instruments which presently use thorium oxide cathodes.
The author acknowledges the assistance of Professor B. M. Tsarev
and Yu. F. Sokolov.
43. Review of Papers Presented at USSR Conference on Scint311ators
"Review of Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskiya,
CPYRGHT
Vol ?2, No 1, 1958" ~uns3gned art:~.cle); Moscow, Atomnaya
Energiya, Vol 4, No 5, May 1958, P x+99
. "This issue of the periodical contains the published transactions
of the First All-Unior. ;onference on the Syrthesis~and Investigation of~
Scintillators for the Detection of Nuclear Radiation held at Moscow on
23-25 October 1956. '
f
"The papers presented at this conference discussed problems pertain-
ing to the synthesis of various scintillators, .the investigation of the3x
1!aminescence and scintillation characteristics, the development of photo-
electronic multipliers, and also the application of scintillators in
physical research and in the construction of industrially produced equipm~t~
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A number of papers describe methods of growing scinti7lator crystals.
The amplitude resolution obtained with the use of NaI-Tl crystals ex-
cited with gamma radiation emitted by Cs137 co:,iprises 8-12 percent when
photoelectronic nnil.tipliers of the types FEU-S and FEU-24 are used.
"The characteristics of the following scintillators for the record-
~!ng of fast thermal neutrons are given: Ba F2 crystals (without an acti.-
vator); Li I activated with Ti 'and Sn; scintillators containing organo-
boron compounds; industrially produced detectors of thermal and fast
nPU~trons; etc.
"Several reports deal with plastic scintillators. In these,papers
methods are discussed for the synthesis of scintillators that are based
on polystyrene having a high transparency for its o~n radiation and a
maximum ratio between the energy yield and the duration of the scintitla-
+,ion. Results of in~~estigations are reported which dealt with the mechan-
ism of the transfer of energy in scintillators, the dependence of the
luminescence yield on the temperature, and the damage done to plastic
scintillators by ionizing radiation.
"Data on the design and operational characteristics of new US5R
photoelectronic multipliers of the types 1S, 1.B, 1V, 2M, and 2B are given.
Scintillation methods for the ~.etection of beta- and gampaa-radiation and
some instruments the operation of-which is based on these methods are
described. " . '
Patents
44: Soviet Patents in the Field of Electronics
"Publication of Authorship Certificates Awarded for Inventions
Registered With the State Invention Register of the USSR,"
(uzzsigned article); Moscow, Byulleten' Izobreteniy, No~3, 1958,
PP 45-75
.Class 21x1, 701? No 111350; V. Ye. Bukh-Viner -- A method of trans-
mission of discrete signals ~~
Class 21a1, 70 No 111254; V. I. Kirsaiiov and I. A. Aleshin --
Device for restoration of telegraph signals at the output of the teletype
Class 21x1, 1301. No 112121; V. G. Nalivkin and Yu. Ye. Livshits --
A cire~iit for electrical phasing of facsimile apparatus
Class 21a1, 32~,. No 110981; M. 0. Gliklikh, V. G. Tsukerman, and
A. Ya. Rogovskiy =- A method for reading text and apparatus for utilising
this method '
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C'.:1a,ss 21a19 32~. No 112123; V. G. Nalivltin. A method t'or automatic
increase of contrast of facsimile blaclt-and-white :tmages
Class 21a1~ 36. No 112100; A. G. Konstantino?vslciy -?- Transistorized
rel.axe~:tj.r~Y: oscillator
Class S~.a1D 36. No 112111+; A. B. Aronov, V. M. Ivanova, and A. 1. ,
De?lokanev -?- Precis ion generator of square pulses
Class 21a2~ 1808. No 112022; 0. B. Rosenbauli and R. N. Rodin --
T~~o??S+age magnetic amplifier
i;lass 21a4, 21. No 111373; A. M. Poltras~ M. ye. Certsenshteyn and
1. ~. G=ak -- Waveguide splatter with controlled r.ouplang
Glass 21a1~', 804. No 111736; L. N. Tyu1'nakov -- A method for obtain-
ang m:~1.lamicrosecond pulses ?
C.'..ass 21a~', 76. No 111256; R. G. Varlamov -- A method for electronic
:Lr,?^trament protection 'from thermal shocks
Class 21-b, 2701. No 112018; A. Kh. Cherltasskay ?-- Thermobattery
Cls,:;s 21r r 35. No 1?.1527; V. A. 7.'ro~.tskay -?-? Arc quenching chfuuber
Class 21.c' 5401' No 111453; V. ,ti'. Tr.oyanovski.y' and A. A. Merkulov
-- A rrzethod of preparation of maz~iat~~re ohmic resistors
Class 21gr 1306? No 111685; G. A. Semenov -- A method of rcanufactux-
ing copper grads for klystrons
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45. Determining Vertical Wind Perturbations for 2ncreasing Aircraft
StabiJ.ization
"On Determining Vertical Wind Perturbations," by A. L. Gorelik;
Kiev, Avtomatyka, No 2, Apr-Jhn 58, pp 12-18
The design of autopilots has heretofore been based on the assumption
that the flying plane is subjected to isolated bumps. One way of increas-
ing stabilization precision by means of autopilotis would be to design them
proceeding from the fact that a plane in flight is subjected to accidental
perturbation. The solution of the problem involves gathering considerable
statistical data on the nature and properties of these accidental perturba-
tions.
One of the most convenient methods of investigating perturbed air is
to record rolling of the plane (by means of sun photographs, for instance)
with subsequent mathematical analysis of the experimental data to determine
the correlative functions and the spectral density of the rolling. This
method was applied to a study of the atmosphere over central Ukraine in the
summer at heights of Hl 1,000, meters and H2 ~ 5,000 meters.
The normal correlative function of the roll of t':~e plane may be approxi-
mately expressed by the equation
r~ 1 - -~~
~, G cvs~ `~', ..
The spectral density equation for wind perturbations is given by
C~Tw~at?~a ~~-~ la+ ~a
w .~
The spectral density of these perturbations has a maximum in the
frequency rtinge W = 0.1,- 0.15 rad~sec. As the altitude increases, there
is a rise in~the frequency at which the spectral .density of perturbations
attains 3.ts maximum.
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l~~. C,'o.n:~'ex~~~nce on Theory of Invariance sud Its Use in Automatic Devices
"A_anounceanen?I;. by the Organization Committee, " (unsi~ied item);
CPYRGHT~~j "''' Avtomatyka, No 2, Apr-J'un 58, inside back cover
"~I'b.e Conference on the Theory of Invariance and Tts Application in
Ai.toma?t,ic Devices w311 be held 1-4 October 1958 in Kiev.
"The conference is being convoked by the Bureau of the Department of
Technical Sciences of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR together with
K3,ev city seminar on the theory of automatic regulation (Academician A. yu.
Ishlinski.,y} s,nd the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Academy of
Sri.e:~aces ~Tkc~ainian SSR.
"^cien?l-,3.fic associates of the Institute of Automatics and Telemechanics
+,Moscow), tb.e Institu'~.e of Electrical Engineering (Leningrad), and a number
of other organizations wi11 participate in the conference.
"Fakers in ?the following categories will be read:
"l. General problems.
"2. Tla.eory of open-loop systems controlled by a single exci'r?ation.
"3. ~.eort,? of combination systems controlled not only by excitation
bat also by means of a closed reverse loop.
"!+. Ai.~:homat:ic r~ud connected regulation (system invariance).
"S. A;~p]l.cation of the theory of combination regulation to cybernetic
:sy~;tems w~itn self-changing characteristics.
"~. .A.pplica?~ion of the theory of combination rega].ation in power engi-
nee:r~ing, eleci;ric drives, electroautomatics, and other branches of engineering.
"Persons desiY~ir~ to present a paper at the conference should send their
applics,?~ion *,o Kiev, ul. Chkalova, 55b, Institute of Electrical Engineering
of the AcadFany of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, to N. A. Kachanov, Candidate of
TeC,hnjCal Sciences, scientific secreta~?y of the conference.
"A sh,o :-?~ s~runaxy of papers should be sent in two copies no later than
1 Se.pt'.embe:~ 19~5~ ~'~
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~+'(? S . Ya . Gersh, Qtzt;itsanding Soviet Low-Temperature Specialist, Dies
"S ,. Ya. Gersh" (unsigned article); Moscow, Prom ?shlenno-
Nltonomi,chesltaya Gazeta, No 87, 23 J'u1 58, p
Prof Semen Yakovlevich Gersh, Doctor of Technical Sciences, head of
'!:hP C'n.a.I.r of Refrigeration and Compressor Machines, Moscow Higher Technical
~chcol imeni Bagman, and an outstanding specialist in the field of 1ow-
_ -~:empexati~;, e engineer. ing, died on 1g J~z1y 1958. Gersh had been associated
with the Moscow Higherr? 7'erhnical School imeni Bauman since 1933. He was
the author of over 5C scientific works on liquid gases and their application
?_ in ?~.:.he field of refrigeration. Gersh had worked for ~F5 years in engineering
a:nd scientific research ar.d was the .founder of the Laboratory of Deep Freeze,
Mo~:cow Hit~hea? mechnical School imeni Bauman.
I
!+8. New ~mthe?f~ic 2nsu,lations
"His~h-~Molec~.zlar Compounds, " by ~'r?of K. A. Andrianov; Moscow,
E1elr.~,ric1-,.estvo, No 8, Aug g8, pp 1-!~
An analysis of the performance of. about 100,000 electric motors in coal,
m.e?~a.1lurgical, machine-h~;~ilding, and other industries has disclosed that more
+.,han ?O~O of all failtt-~?es were due to breakdown in insulation and that the
a.~re.~?a,ge life of insulati on ?of electric motors was at a very low figure of
Awe arf-;isle stx?esaes that the problem of increasing the service life of
elec?L~?7 c machinery insulation is of extxeme urgency. The growth of produc-
tion o:~ high-molecular compounds, synthetic fibers, and plastics in the USSR
ha,s pFa~i.tted considerable reduction in the use of thermally unstable natural
and Flan?t materials and their replacement with more stable high-molecular com-
Fo~zrzds.. Mary ~iyrathe~sic high-molecular compounds such as phenol-formaldehyde
resins, silicon-organic polymers, polyester resins, polyvinyl chlorides,
;~~ol;rethylene, and poly~~iny1 acetal for enamel insulation have proved their
CPYRGHTd"~a'bili~'y and reliability under difficult operating conditions.
"A sha:+^p increar~e and expansion in utilization of high-grade synthetic
~i.igh-n~.olecular compounds replacing the natural and plant materials should be
accompanied in ou-r opinion by an increased utilization of glass fibea?,
are. es?FOS, r..ica, a.nd 'slya.dinit.' Combination of the desirable properties of .
,polymers w~.th the the:~~nal stability of glass fibers, mica, and asbestos might
consiclerably increase the reliability and prolong the service life of electric
eci~.:.iLment . "
For instance, the average life of coal-cutting machine insulation with
old--t;~e (Class B) insulation ,gas only 3-h months; the service life has in-
creased to ?_-3 years with the use of silicon-organic insulation.
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149. New Dcvcloprnents in l~namel Insu:ation
"Heat-Resistant Wirc f'or Windings," by Prof V. A. Privezentsev,
Moscow Power Engineering Institute; Moscow, I;:Lektrichestvo,
No $, Aug 58, Pp 5-11
Although the production of enamel-coated electric wire in the USSR is
about 50yb of that of braided insulation wire, the production of high-
strength polyvinylacetal varnlsh wire is only about 106 of the total enaule:L
wire production. There was considerable expansion in the manufacture of
high-strength exiamel wire in 1956-1957 as a resul?~ of mastering the tech-
nique of producing polyan,...de-resol base insulation at the "Yuzhkabel',"
"Estikabel'," and "Kuybyshevkabel'" plants.
The research work for the development of high-strength enamel wire hav-
ing Class Bheat-resistant properties was recently conducted at the Sc9.en-
tific Research Institute of the Cable Industry in two directions: develop-
ment of new types of polyamide-epoxy varnishes and of varnishes on the base
of polyurethane resins.
50. Casting Polyester Resin Insulation
"Casting Insulation on the Base of Unsaturated Cold-Hardening
Polyester Resins, " by R . K . Gavurina, P . A . Lledvedeva, Sh . ~.~ .
Yanovskaya, B. I~ Shklyar, Ye. K. Dobrer, and V. M. Barzilovich;
Moscow, Vestnik Electro-Promyshlennosti, No 8, Aug 5$, pp 6-10
Several grades (F,AF) of casting compounds on the base of unsattLrated
polyester resins which harden at room temperature were developed and tested..
These compounds were cast in units up to 5 kg withou?~, developing cracks.
Quartz powder was used as a filler with these polyester resins to improve
technological properties.
The possibility of practical utilization of these newly developed
polyester resins was tested with a Type TCh?-2 transformer. The results of
the experiment have shown that the polyester insulation possesses satisfac-
tory electrical characteristics when used in electric machinery operating
in the voltage range from 0.5 to 3 kv.
The physical characteristics of the compound AF were as follows:
specific density, l.7 g~cm3; compressive strength, 1,800 kg~an2; tensile
strength, 360 kg~cm2; impact strength, 10 kg.cm~cm2; resistance to mois;:~zre
absorption, 0.380 in 30 days; resistance to heat, 65 according to Maxrtens;
tangent of loss angle at 50 c, from 0.04 to O.13; dielectric strength fer
one-rcinute test, 14 kv~mm; dielectric strength for gradual voltage :~%se,
25 kv~mm; and specific resistance, 1013 ohms.
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51. Soviet High-Precision Visibility Meter
"Problems in Measuring Visibility With Polarized Meter of the
L. L? Dashkevich System," by T. A. Glagoleva and A. r. Trusova,
Moscow Institute of Labor Protection of the All-Union Central
Council of Trade Unions; Moscow, Svetotekhnika, No 8, Aug 58,
pP 1- 5
CPYRGHT The article contains the following passage:
"In our opinion the polarized binocular visibility meter of the L. L.
Dashkevich system is the best existing instrument for measuring visib~.lity.
The construction of the device is based on ?the manner of approach to thres-
hold visibility by means of lowering contrast. It is well known that the
contrast sensitivity is a function of vision which responds to ?the differ-
ence of illuminating conditions in a highly sensitive and stable manner.
The reduction of contrast in the Dasl~kevich meter is achieved while main-
taining the constancy of background brightness; therefore, the conditions
for observer adaptation do not change during the measurement.
"The operation of the meter is based on optical matching of the ob-
served object with the background and bringing .the contrast to its threshold
value by quenching one of the plane-polarized object images by means of ro-
tating polaroids."
52. Subscription to Soviet Patents Now Available
"State Publishing House of Standm~ds" (advertisement); D+Soscow,
Byulleten' Izobreten3.y, No 4, 19513, back cover
CPYRGH~'he advertisement reads as follows:
"Attention: The State Publishing House of Standards is continuing to
accept subscriptions in 1958 for invention descriptions for authorship
certificates and patents registered with ?the State Register of the USSR
for the years 1950 to 1958.
"The descriptions will conta~.n complete delineations of the essenr_e of
the registered invention, its specific peculiarities, and the possibilities
of its practical utilization.
"Each description is accompanied by all necessary schematic drawir_gs.
"Subscriptions are accepted for any specified c::.ass of patents ar_d ;.~
authorship certificates as a whole.
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CPYRGHT
"During the yeo,r up to 6,000 descriptions will be issued covering 89
classes. The average cost of one description will be 50 kopecks. All
necessary material for making{ a subscription wi11 be sent immediately on
request .
"Please direct requests to:
"Moskva, Z-90, 2-ya Meshehanskaya ul., d. 5l. Otdel rasprostraneniya
Standartgiza (Moscow, Z-g0, 2-nd MeshchanRko.ya st., house 51, Distribution
Department, 'Standartgiz')."
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V2. MATFICMATICS
53? Nonlinear Differential Dguations
"Investigation of the Solution for a System of Nonlinear
Differential Dquations Containing Small Derivatives With
Certain Derivatives, " by K . V . Zadiraka; Kiev, Ulcrairslsiy
Matematicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 10, No 2, 1958, pp 121-127
The author investigates the solution of a system of nonlinear
differential equations containing a small parameter with certain deriva=
tives and rapidly oscillating terms. It is shown that the solution of
such a system uniformly tends toward the solution of a degenerated system,
averaged by the argument t~~Z, when the parameter ~ tends to zero.
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VII. MEDICINE
Behavioral Sciences
51E. Soviet Concept of Character
Vo ros Psiltholo 11 Kharactera (Problems of the Psychology
of Character , by Niltolay Ih-titriyevich Levitov, Institute
of Psychology, Academy of. Pedagogical Sciences RSFSR, State
Scientific Pedagogical Publishing House of the Ministry of
Education RSFSR; Moscow, 1956, 368 pp
Author of this book makes an attempt to throw light on the subject of
character as something that reflects personality. He states that the need
for a book like this has been felt in both scientific research and in the
teaching profession. Practical problems in education have persistently
indicated the need for generalization, critical re-examination, and further
elaboration of what has been done in the field of the study of character.
The author states that personality is a process or operation of an
individual who organizes experience and reacts effectively to situations
confronting him. This organizing process will of necessity reflect the
cultural training he has experienced.
In reflecting briefly on the emergence of character traits, the author
of this book states that "personality is aa~ outcome of the interaction of
cultural agents and the individual. We may be able to distinguish the main
aspects of this process in an individual who develops and matures under the
tutelage of parents and teachers wl.1o are intent on patterning him according
to the culturally prescribed and socially sanctioned modes of action, speech,
CPYRGF~''d belief .
rr~ergence of creative forces and evolution of character of a Soviet
man we.e brought~.about by the Communist revolution in Russia. The profile
of a Soviet man began to be molded under the guidance of the Communist Party
during the stormy days of the October revolution and the fight against the
White Army and foreign interventionists; it continued in the days of all-out
efforts to restore the shattered economy, in the days of industrialization
and collectivization of agriculture, and during the struggle against the
German fascist aggressor.
"Little progress his been made, in the USSR, in the field of study of
the character of a Sp~riet man. The Soviet psychologists have been giving
ever greater attention in their research to the problem of personality.
This can be explained by the fact that, before the meaxiing and formation of
character can be clarified, it is necessary to have an idea of what person-
ality is because personality finds its strongest expression in character.
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"Leading scientists and thinltei~a of the past were greatly engrossed in
the study of the personality of a specific man, living within the limits oi'
a group of people representing definite social conditions. The question of
the psychology of personality occupied a prominent place in the philosophical
teachings of Russian revolutionary democrats lilte Belinskiy, Hertzen, Cherny-
shevsltiy, and Dobrolyuk,ov. Understanding human psychology and manifestation
of personality belongs, however, to Russian teachers and psychologists like
Ushinskiy.
"Actually, the theory of personality received its scientific basis in
the works of the rounders of Marxism and Leninism. The only correct concep-
tion of common attributes of personality and conditions governing its for-
mation can be found in the teachings of Marx, Engels, and Lenin.
"Utilizing the rich Zieritage of the most advanced Russian pedagogical
thought and encouraged by utterances of M. Z. Kalinin, N. K. Krupskaya, and
A. S. Pdaltarenko, Soviet pedagogy is solving one of its main problems: that
of molding a new man, a partisan for Communism. Many scientists have made
contributions to the effort of creation of a Soviet man. A prominent place
in that respect is occupied by many psychologists and by Pav1:~v and his
teachings concerning higher nervous activity. Soviet literature and art
also have contributed to solving this problem. We only stand on the thres-
hold of this great and interesting trend. For that reason not all questions
can at present be examined with the profoundness desired.
"To understand the personality of a Soviet man and to mo~~.fy it propes~ly,
especially during the early period of his life, it is importan~~ that those
personal traits of an individual which malse up his character are investigated.
Recognition of the distinctive features of a Soviet man gives you a sort of
ltey to recognition of his personality even though the personality of an indi-
vidual may not be decided solely on the basis of his character traits."
The following outline of the principal traits of a Soviet man is offered
by N. D. Levitov (page 91). He states. that this outlinE~ may be used for re-
cording personality evaluation:
1. Communist consciousness and conviction.
2. Soviet patriotism.
3. Attitude toward work.
1+. Attitude toward science, art, and~no.ture.
5. Attitude (of an individual) toward himself.
6. Attitude (of an individual) toward other people and toward the
collective.
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Levitov further ,states . that the conclusions .arrived at 'were
not arrived at accidentally. The factual material in the book was made up
mainly of data collected as result of a study conducted among the upperclass-
men of Moscow public schools. Literary works were also utilized to a con-
siderable extent. He expresses the view that the theory concerning the na-
ture of formation of character and personality of a .Soviet man may be
formulated on the basis of combined efforts of psychologists, teachers,
artists, and writers of literary works.
CPYRGHT Thetable of contents of the boolt follows .
Introductior_
3
Chapter I. Understanding Character
1.
Personality as a social and historical category
6
2.
Psychology of personality
11
3.
Character in a broad sense
11+
4.
Character in a more strict sense
16
5.
Physiological basis of character
22
6.
Natural disposition as a character component
29
7.
Will as a character component
36
Chapter II. Character and Other Personality Features
1.
Character and temperament ~
~.7
2.
Character, intellect, and aptitudes
59
3.
Character and individual differences in psychic processes
71
1+.
Character and psychic conditions
78
Chapter III. The Structure of Character
1. Character traits
83
2. Natural character traits of the Soviet man
91
3. Psychological characteristics of natural disposition
110
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~+. Volitional character traits of the Soviet man
115
5. Patterns of formation of character as a whole
126
6. Interdependence of character traits
131
Chapter N . Manifestations of Character and Methods of
Studying It ,?
1. Manifestation of character during activity
137
2. Manifestation of character in speech
148
3. Manifestation of character in the external profile of man
156
~+. Significance of vital situations for the manifestation
of character
162
5. Methods of character study
l68
6. Source material on which to base character estimates
185
Chapter V. Individual and Typical Character Traits
1.
Unity of the individual and the typical in character
lg6
2.
The question of classification and typology of characters
206
3.
A study of the characters of individual students
217
4.
Character types among students
230
5.
From characteristic tc~ rharacterological biography
237
Chap
ter
1.
VI. Basic Conditions of Character Formation
Social enviroiunent and. its significance in character
formation
243
2.
Biological conditions for character formation
246
.3.
Determinative significance of training in character
formation
249
4.
The role of the family in character formation
252
5.
The role school, pioneer, and komsomol organizations play
in character formation
257
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 App
6. Self-training as a method of character formation 263
7. Behavior of an individual and its significance in
character formation 266
Chapter VII. Character Formation in Various Age Groups
1. Preschool age
2. The lower grades
272
285
3. The intermediate grades 293
4. The higher grades 308
Chapter VIII. Methods of Training the Character of Soviet Man ,
1. Ideological and political education and character
training 321
2. Effect of personal conduct on character formation 329
3. The personal conduct of the teacher 332
4. Character training during work 336
5. Character training in the collective 341
6. Organszation of a way of life ~ 348
7. Interrelation of methods of char~~cter formation 354
8. The individual approach to training 255
Conclusion 364
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Epidemio7.ogy
55? Natural Distribution of R. burneti
"The Problem of the Distribution of Rickettsia bur neti in
Dlature," by P. N. Blinov, All-Union Institute of Experi-
mental Veterinary Medicine; Moscow, Zhurnal Milsrobiologii,
E idemiolo ii i Irmnunobiolo ii, Vol 29,- N- o $, Aug 5~-
PP 5-
Special studies on the distribution of the Q fever pathogen in nature
are reported in this article. The work was done in two locations in the
southerr. USSR which were threatened with Q fever; epidemiological and
epizootological characteristics of these points with respect to this disease
are discussed. A 1957 outbreak in which half the worlters of a dairy products
farm were invol~red is analyzed. Cattle and horses were also tested serologi-
cally and the elimination of R. burneti with animal excreta was investigated
by infection of white mice. To substantiate conclusions drawn from results
of the latter experiments, the author examined grasses collected from pastures
in which animals threatened with Q fever were kept. A table included ~.n the
article is enti+.ied "Results of Biological Investigations of Cattle With
Clinical Symptoms of ~, Fever."
The following conclusions are presented on the basis of the entire
study'CPYRGHT
"1. In active foci of Q fever, the pathogen of the disease can be
widely disseminated in nature due to its elimination by infected ticks, other
wild inhabitants, and agricultural animals.
"2. The fact that cattle with Q fever can eliminate the pathogen into
the environment with milk, mucus, and feces was verified. The presence of
Rickettsia in cattle feces was observed within 70-90,days (time of observa-
tion) after Q fever was diagnosed.
"3, The high survival rate of Rickettsia in the external environment,
particularly in manure, in dust on pastures, and in water was substantiated.
"tE. Data from the im estigations indicate a good possibility for humans
and agricultural animals in Q fever foci to b.~come infected by aspiration and
by the alimentary route."
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56. Cholera in China Said To Be Imported
"The Problem of the Endemicity and Periodicity of Cholera in
China," by K'o Kuan-t'ien and Gnien [sic] Shou-min, Public
Health Division, Chinese Union Medical College, and Sanitary
Antiepidemic Bureau, Administration [Ministry] of Public Health
of China; Moscow,Lhurnal bli_k_r_o_b_io~lo~.ii~E;~idemiologii i
Immunobiologii, Vol 29, *+0 7, Jul. 5tt, pp ti5-90
Various statistics on the endemicity and periodicity of cholera in
China from 1881 to the present are analyzed in this article. Several
, conflicting a~,rguments concern3.ng the occurrence and location of endemic
cycles are presented, concluding with the authors' opinion that cholera
is not endemic in China. This view is discussed in detail and substanti~
ated by statistical data for the Shanghai area presented in two tables.
Also, evidence is offered to support the supposition that the appearance
of cholera at a warm time of the year and its complete absence during cold
weather can be caused rv importation of the disease. The article concludes
CPYRGHTwith the following statements:
"Whoever supports the theory of the endemicity of cholera in China, in-
tentionally or otherwise, cres?tes a smoke screen which conceals the bacterio-
logical warfare waged by the e;zemy. They employ this theory through a desire
?to exonerate the Kuomintang regime, which did not know how to suppress cholera
in the country. The theory is also leveled against recent measures taken to
prevent the importation of cholera into the country.
"We have every reason to believe that cholera is an imported disease in
China and that the theory of endemicity and periodicity is devoid of scien-
tific basis."
Hematology
57. Ir..itial Favorable Results Reported in Using "AZK" Apparatus for Arti-
ficial Circulation Under Clinical Conditions
"Hematological Factors in Artificial Circulation While Using
Apparatus for Artificial Circulation," by L. A, Levitskaya,
I. D. Shishkina, N. I. Kondrat'yeva, and N. S. Supko, Scien=
tific Research Institute of Experimental Sw?gical Apparatus
and Instruments (director, M. G. Anan'yev), Ministry of
Health USSR; Moscow, Eksperimental'naya Khirurgiya, No 3,
MaY~Jun 58, PP I+2-~+7
The authors have used the."$IK" artificial-blood-circulation apparatus
oi~ dogs. Determinations of prothrombin time, blood coagulation index, "
leukocyte and erythrocyte count, etc. indicate that the AIK apparatus can be
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used for artific~,a1 circulation. It causes no hemolysis, and there are no
contraindications for its use. By using the AIK :.apparatus, certain links
in the blood coagulation chain have been clarified. Heparin dosage under
normal conditions and under hypothermia is prescrib~sd.
58. Arrest of Cerebral Circulation Under Hypothermia Tolerated for 18 Minutes
"The Arrest of Cerebral Circulation Under Conditions of Hypo-
thermia," by Ye. V. Gukevich, Vinnikovskiy Rayon Hospital of
L'vovskaya Oblast (chief physician, V. S. Cherednik; and
scientific director and head of the CY~air of Faculty Suxgery,
Therapeutic Faculty, Lvov Hedical Institute, Prof G. G. Kara=
vanov); Moscow, Eksperimental'naya Khirurgia, No 1, Jan~Feb,
58, pP 30-35
Tests were conducted on 102 rabbits subjected to hypothermia for the
purpose of studying the limits of cerebral circulation arrest.
On arresting cerebral circulation by clamping both carotid arteries and
both cerebral arteries under hypothermia (26-27?C), the condition was toler-
ated'fdr?15-18 minutes, and the first death occurred after 20 minutes (as
compared with 3-~+ minutes tolerance under normal conditions). At 26 to 27?C,
oxygen consumption decreases F~2.7~, while blood sugar level rises 20-3086.
59? Book P~zblished on the _'Arm IPK" Plasma Substitute Antishock Fluid and
the Mechanism of Its Thera eutic Effect
"Book Shelf" (unsigned article); Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik,
No 50, 21+ Jun 58, p 4
The following book is listed: Plazmozameshchayttshchaya Antishokova~ra ,
Zhidkost' "Arm IPK" i Fiziolo icheski ~Iekhanizm Lechebno o De tvi
"Arm IPK' Plasma-Substitute Antishock Fluid and the Physiological l4echan-
ism of 'Its Therapeutic Effect), by S. A. Akopyan, Yerevan University, Pub-
lishing House 1958, 2~+1 pages.
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60. Effects of Low Temperatures on 131ood Properties
"The Effect of Unusually Low Temperatur. e on Ce3~?ta:Ln Physico-
chemical Properties of Sheep B].ood," by F. A. Aliyev, Candi-
date of Veterinary Sciences; Moscow, Dokls. y Vseso zno
Ordena Lenina Akademii Sel'sko-khoz stvenn kh Nauk imeni
V. Z. Lenina, Vol , Apr 5 , pp 37- 0
Two series of tests at temperatures ranging between 0 to ~-~+ and
-10 to -20?C were conducted on sheep to study the effect of a cold en-
viro~nent on the physicochemical properties of the blood.
Results indicate the following: Moderately low anti very low tempera-
tures accelerate tY~e erythrocyte sed3.mentation rate, decrease erythrocyte
resistance, decrease a]kali reserve, delay blood coagulation, and increase
catalysis. Repeated exposure to moderately low temperatures acclimatizes
the fa.~m animals, and. changes in the blood subside.
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Immunology and Therapeutics
61. Virulence of B. pestis Affected by Immune Organism
"The Effect of a Naturally Immune Animal Organism on the Virulence
of the Plague Pathogen," by Ye. L. Semenova, Central Asian Scien-
tific Research Antiplague Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiolo ii,
CPYRGn~-r idemi?logii i Immunobiologii, Vol 29, No 8, Aug 5 , pp 23-2 N
"The purpose of the research was to explain the effect of the organism
of dogs which possess species immunity against plague on the virulence of
pathogenic mocroorganisms.
"Virulent B. pestis strains 100 and 1918 were selected for the experi-
ments. An agar culture of a 2-day growth of a loopful (about 1.5 billion
microbial cells) was put on a strip of thick papex which was put into the
lumen of a three-layered tube of filter ~,aper. i'he latter was inserted
into 3-month-old puppies under the aponeurosis or into the peritoneal ca~rity
and withdrawn every 7-14 days. B. pestis isolated by seeding from the
strips of paper or from the walls of the tube were passed again. For sub-
sequent passage, a culture was taken from a colony with the most typical
formation. The morphology of the cells and the character of their growth
on culture media were tested after each passage through the animal organism.
The biochemical characteristics of the cultures were studied only at the
beginning andthe end of the experiments; properties of virulence were tested
on white mice six animals for each dose) only after 3, 6, and l0 passages.
Initial strains which were seeded in the same manner were always used as
controls.
"B. pestis strain No 100 was passed ten times in all; out of these
ten passages, a tube with a culture was seeded under the aponeurosis six
times, and into the peritoneal cavity, four times. Asa rule, this cul-
ture could be found in the animal organism over the course of 94 days.
B. pestis strain No 1818 in tubes was introduced under the aponeurosis
four times and into the peritone&1 cavity twice, and remained under the
effect of the organism for 58 days. Three puppies were used for each
strain. The tubes with the cultures were seeded into ~bYlem alternately.
The seeding and withdrawal operations were performed under ether anesthesia
while maintaining asepsis. The puppies were all in good condition after
the operation.
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"Toward the completion of ?L?he experiments, the puppies were killed,
and their internal organs were aub,)ected to caxeful bacteriological exami-
nation. Plague pathogens were not observed in any case. In tubes with-
drarm from tho peritoneal cavity or aponeuroses of the animals, B. pestis
was readily observed, although its growth on culture media was frequently
scanty (in the form of isolated colonies). Specific microorganisms could
not be isolated in four cases (after the tubes had been ]eft in the organism
for 14 days.
"Passed cultures did not differ from initial cultures in cellular
morphology, in the characteristics of their growth on culture media, or
in biochemical characteristics. Very small, isolated achromogenic colonies
without, pronounced centers, which consisted of compact, circ~.~l.nr zones
with fibrous, serrated borders and which grew in bouillon in the form of
fragile clumps on the bottom of the test tube appeared only in seedings
from first-generation cultures of typical growth. Small gram-negative
bacilli, polymorphous in size and staining, were observed in smears. The
culture was lysed by specific bacteriophage. It did not change sugar,
alcohol, urea, or milk. White mice infected subcutaneously (four mice)
or intraperitoneally (four mice) with 0.5 ml of the bouillon from the cul-
ture survived. They died only after repeated infection with 100 Dcl of
the initial strains, but they died later than control animals.
"Studies of virulence in passed cultures showed that an appreciable
decrease in virulence occurred only in the te~hth-generation of strain ZVo
100, White mice infected with 10 anal 100 microbial calls survived; al.l
died from doses of 1,000 microbial cells, but tb.ey lived five times as?
long as control animals. White mice died from doses of 100 and 1,000
microbial cells of sixth-generation, strain No 19'18, but they lived 11-15
days, whereas the control animals died on the 5th~6th day.
"initial cultures and tenth-generation strain No 100 and sixth-generation
strain No 1918 were maintained fort 5 years without reseeding on meat-peptone
agar (pH, 7.2) in wide, sealed test tubes at room temperature. Morphological
and biochemical characteristics of the cultures preserved as described
above did not differ from the characteristics of the initial strains, but
they were markedly less virulent; white mice infected with tenth-generation
strain No 100 survived a dose of 1,000 mi.croorgariisms, and only part: of
the animals died from a dose of one billion microorganisms; animals infected
with sixth-generation 1918 only survived doses of l0, 100, and 1,000 microbial
cells. Under the same conditions of preservation, initial cultures~of both
strains maintained their original virulence.
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"The experiments performed showed that microorganisms die off gradually
in the organisms of dogs which have species immunity to plague. Scanty
growth following seeding from tubes and the appearance of avirulent variants
after the first pa8sage substantiate this. On the whole, the cultural
characteristics of the microorganisms were not altered appreciably despite
their multiple and prolonged residence in the animal organism. However
residence in the animal organism had a considerable effect on the virulence
of the microbial ce11s; virulence was markedly decreased and was found to
be less stable during prolonged preservation of the culture in agar."
62. Method of Administering Infections Without Needles
"Injections Without Needles" (unsigned article);'Moscow,
CPYRGIditsinskiy Rabo?tnik, 26 Aug 58, p ~+
"Many patients, particularly those needing frequent infections (in
sugar diabetes, postoperative septic conditions, etc.) and children (in
various mass inoculations) do nut withstand infections well. At the Lab-
oratory of General Surgical Instruments, Scientific Research?Institute
of Experimental Surgical Apparatus and Instruments, Min~,stry of Health
USSR, Hngineers M. M. Trusov and B. P. Ippolitov and P. D. Belyakova,
Candidate of Medical Sciences, designed an infector with no needle -- an
apparatus for introducing therapeutic substances without needles under
high pressure.
"The apparatus consists of an electric motor, a system of replaceable
detainers, and nozzles connected by rubber hoses to ampules filled with
the therapeutic preparation. The rep3~ceable detainers make it possible
to create pressure of 75-250 atm, and the therapeutic substances easily
penetrate subcutaneous .cellular tissue under these pressures with nozzles
having one or two openings 0.12-0.1~+ mm in diameter. The volume of the
preparations introduced can vary from 0.2 to 1.0 ml. The higher the Ares-.
sure, the more deeply the therapeutic substances penetrate into the tissue
In this manner, the needleless injector permits the subcutaneous or in-
tramuscular introduction of preparations.
"The injections are performed autofnatically by means of touching
the skin surface with the nozzle and pressing the release mechanism.
"The institute prepared an experimental sample oP the needleleas
injector and tested it on animals. The apparatus will be tested in a
number of Moscow clinics in the very near future."
[For additional informa~ion on immunology and therapeutics, see Items
No 73, 88, and 89,.1
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Physiology
63. Effects of Radial Acceleration Investigated
"Respiration and Respiratory Metabolism of Gases in Man Sub-
~ected t Radial Acceleration," by V. I. Babushkin, .P.,K.
Isakov, ~. B. Malkin, and V. V. Usachev; Moscow, Fjaiol~o ich~e-
ski Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenov, No 4, Apr 58', pp 3-~+2-
37
Experiments were conducted with five healthy men, between 20 and 25
years of age, to gain a clearer understanding of the functional changes
that take place in a human organism due to radial acceleration and to make
possible evaluation of various antigravity suits. It was found that radial
acceleration caused an increase in pulmonary ventilation, oxygen consumption,
.and exhalation of carbon dioxide, as well as a considerable rise in energy
expenditure. These changes are commected~ witla~ the development of compensa-
tory reactions, particularly with a reflex increase in the tonus of skeletal
muscles. Determination of energy expenditure during radial acceleration
may serve as one of the indices of the magnitude of compensatory reactions
in the ad,~ustment of the human organism to the changing conditions pro-
duced by the action of gravitational forces.
64. Changes in Biochemical Blood Composition Due to Centripetal ~.ccel.eration
"Effect of ~Centrip~thl Accelerations on Content of
Acetylcholine, Adrenalin, Adrenaline-bike Substances, Po =
tassium,e?d Sodium in the Blood of Animals," liy A. S. Barer,
Central Institute for the Advanced Training of Physicians
(V. P. Lebedeva, director), Moscvta (received by the editorial
office on~7 Debember 1957; submitted by V. N. Chernigovskiy,
Active Member of the,Academy of Medical 'Sciences USSR;
Byulleten~ Eksperimental'noy Biologii i Meditsin~, No 7, J1zl
~---r _ _
' Experiments were conducted with 300 white rats and 5 dogs to deter-
mine what changes take place in the amount of adrenalin, acetylcholine,
adrenalin-like substances, potassium, and sodium in the blood after the
action of centripe~al accelerations. It was noted that there is a definite
dependence of changes in the content of these substances on the magnitude,
direction, and duration of accelerations. Morphological changes were also
observed in various tissues of the animal organism after undergoing a large
number of accelerations. The article illustrated by three photomicrographs
and includes three tables.
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F5. Experimental Data on General Vertical Vibration
"Experimental Data Concerning the Effect of General Vertical
Vibration on Change in Body Weight oP Growing Rats," by A. F.
Lebedeva, Sanitary Hygiene Medical Institute; Moscow, Gi~i en_a_
Trudy i Professionalnyye Zabolevaniya, No 3, May/,Tun 5 ,8 pp
25 -2ti
The purpose of this work was to study the effect of the vibration
factor on body weight in relation to exposure time.
Three groups of rats were exposed to general vertical aibration, 6-7
hertz and an amplitude of 2-2.5 mm, for 2-2'1/2 months. The first group
(8 rata) was exposed daily for 5 consecutive hours; the second group (40
rats) was exposed daily for ~+ consecutive hours, and the third group (36
rats) was exposed daily for 3~consecutive hours. The rats received a
diet of 68 calories per day for each 100 g of weight.
As a result of the experiments, the following conclusions were derived;
1. The vibration parameters selected were sufficiently strong in-
hibitors which, with prolonged action, can produce the development of
diffused inhibition. Vibrations over a short period of time caused a pre-
dominance of excitation over inhibition. With vibrations over a long
period of time, various degrees of inhibition were observed.
2. Protracted systematic vibration action retarded the accumu~.ation
of body weight in young rats.
Public Health, Sar~i.tation, and Hygiene
6?. Foam Rubber Used in Face Masks
"On the Use of Foam Rubber as a Material for Dust Filters and
Respirators," by Yu. S. Koryukayev, Sanitary-Hygienic Medical
Institute, Leningrad; Moscow, Gigiena Trudy i Professional'nyye
Zabolevaniya, No ~+, Jul/Aug 58, pp 55
Foam rubber was tested and found satisfactory for use as dust filtex'ing
material in face masks. The testing was first done mechanically using
tobacco dust. A thickness of 15-20 mm retained 70-80~i of the dust particles.
One of the greatest advantages of using foam rubber for this purpose is
that after use the face mask can be washed out in ordinary soap and water,
thus renewing the mask's efficiency. A disadvantage is that there is no
satisfactory standard for pore size.
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Radiology
67. Prompt and Extended Antibiotic Treatment of Staphylococcus Pneumonia
During Radiation Sickness Most Effective
"Treatment of Staphylococcus Pneumonia in Radiation Sickness,"
by P. N. Kisel~ev, R. M. Rabinovich, and T. D. Meter, Central
Scientific Research Roentgeno-Radiological Institute, Ministry
of Health USSR; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 3, No 4,
Jul/Aug 58, pp 41-46
A study was made of the possibility of treatiing experimentally pro-
duced staphylococcus pneumonia in irradiated animals by various antibiotics.
Pneumonia was produced by the intratracheal introduction of staphylo-
coccus aureus on the 7th day after irradiation with 500 r of X rays. Five
series of teats showed the progress of the development of staphylococcus
aureus in irradiated and nonirradiated rabbits and albino rats when treated
with penicillin, bicillin, and streptomycin.
Results, illustrated in a diagram, prove ?that the number of microbial
foci in the lunge is definitely decreased by the 3d day, and reaches zero
by the 6th day due to therapy by streptomycin, while in the untreated ir-
radiated animals even on the 11th day there is evidence of infection. $ow-
ever, in 10~i of the cases, starting with the 8th to the 9th day after
antibiotic treatment, there was evidence of a new rise in the multiplication
rate of staphylococci, due chiefly to the appearance of penicillin- and
streptomycin-resistant strains of microorganisms. Eecovery in the un-
irradiated untreated animals infected with staphylococci was faster than
in the treated irradiated ones.
An analysis of the results of antibiotic therapy of staphylococcus
pneumonia against a background of radiation sickness, at present, leads
one to the conclusion that an early diagnosis can result in full recovery
by using streptomycin, penicillin, bicillin, and their appropriate combi-
nation if therapy is started on the 2d to the 3d day after the onset of
pneumonia. However, considering the fact that penumonia is developing
against a background of decreased immunity due to radiation sickness, re-
covery will require a long course of treatment.
The authors conclude that treatment of staphylococcus pneumonia is
riot successful in 100, of the cases because of delay in the beginning of
therapy, the possibility of the development of antibiotic-resistant strains
of ~lcroorganisms, a short course of therapy, and the necessity of combining
various antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs. Finally, in about 10~ of
tYie.cases antibiotic therapy is ineffective, and leads to the development
of a chronic form of pneumonia which terminates in the death of the organism.
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6a. Penicillin and Bicillia Proved Superior to Bion~ycin in Treating
Combined Tn~uries in Radiation Sickness .r
~.____.
"Experimental Study of the Effect of Biot0.Ycin, Bicillin
and
Penicillin in the Treatment of Complex In~uries~" by G.
T.
Golikov, Chair of Battlefield Surgery ,(head, Prof A.
N.
Berkutov) :Military-Medical Ordex of Lenin Academy imeni
S.
M. Kirov; Mos:F i.,l~c ::sis''',itu.+,e af' In.~E'er~tiou.s Di.see.ses, a,nd
the rest by memo::=:.rs of.' l:ns?t.it~ztF~ o:F 1~'etar. t~?f_o~;y, Academy of.' Medical Sci-
ences USSR; Tnstit~a.te of E:~.pnri:ne~7.t;.til.:i. Medi.:~iz~ t'Ze ~;~~::.~ol.cxrs of 1.e;nux hygiene and ,~,c..
cupational da.sea.ses am~~ng pets?r,:1~:~m ?~o;?~:r-~;:?s ofi' t:he AzF:~?ba,ydzhan SSR
and the pr. oblem of endemic: goi.~t~:r.? ~a,h.:I.:'h :Lr, wides'rr. ead ir,. the xegubwie.
OthFr,? to.E~ics we>:?e try be rJ.:I.,sFases c?r: z~,att~?a,y,, for..i asld the problem
of develc?p:irng more anal bettor hr~r.~. t'~h x? ~~s~~rts ~.xi the republic .
~, o?g ..
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91. Soviet ~anita,~L-ion Yhysieia,zis G:i?~r- 2.
Ari exact numerical solution of the equation set is carried out for
an elliptic nucleus with account of all multiple interactions, the wave
function being a,^..sumed constant on the nuclear surface. ?`~~e si@nificance
of higher. harmonics is determined in the Le,gendre polynomial expansion of
the equation on the nuclear surface. The computations were compared with
experimental data:
11~+. Beta and Gamma Decay
"Polarization Co?-relation of Beta-Particles and Gatmna Quanta
in Allowed Decay of Oriented Nuclei," by A. Z. Dolginov,
Leningrad Physic technical Institute, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscows Zhurnal Eks.er3xnental'no i Teoretiche~ko
Fiziki, Vol 35, No l 7 ,Jul 5 y PP 17 ?1 3
Formulas are deri?red for the correlation between the polarization
of beta-particles and the circular polarization of the subsequent gaunna-
qusnta in allowed beta-decay of oriented nuclei.
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115. Weals Nuclear Interactions
"On the Theory of Weals Interactions . I, " by ~Cu. A. Gol' fand,
Physics Institute imeni Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Zhurnal Eks~e_r~i_m_e_n_t~al'noy i Teoretichesltoy Fiziki,
Vol 35, No 1 7 ,?,Tu1- 5 p 170-177
A scheme of a universal four-fermion interaction is suggested, dif -
fering from the usual schemes by the introduction of quantized fields into
the theory. Electron and positron beta-?decays are described by di~'ferent
Fermi interaction variants. The CPT-theorem is invalid, but the theory
is invariant with respect to CP, CT, and PT transformations. The main
consequence is that the analyzed system leads to a new ?~ype of theoreti-
cal scheme.
116. Fast Particle Pnergy
"Determination of the Energy of Fast Particles From the Angular
Distribution of the Reaction Products," by A. I. Nikishov and
I. L. Rozental', Physics Institute imeni Lebedev, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Elts erimental'no i Teoretich-
skoy Fiziki, Vol 35, No 1 7 , Jul 5 , PP l 5?1 9
The error appearing in the determination of the energy E of fast
colliding particles from the angular distribution of the produced par-
ticles is analyzed. It is found that in order to determine the energy
with the help of this method it is necessary to consider the relation
between the total number of observed star tracks and the energy E. The
relation predicted by the Landau theory is applied in this work. An
approximate distribution of E as a function of angles and the number of
the observed tracks is obtained.
117. Internal Conversion Electrons
"Polarization of Internal Conversion Electrons Emitted After
Beta-Decay," by V. S. Berestetsltiy and A. P. Rudik; Moscow,
Zhurnal IIts erimental'no i Teoretichesko Fiziki, Vol 35,
No 1 7 , Jul 5 ~ PP a? 59 ?1
The correlation between the polarization of conversion electrons and
the direction of electrons emitted in the preceding beta decay is analyzed.
If the Coulomb field of the nucleus is neglected, it is found in the case
of a magnetic multipo~e that the polarization is 'longitudinal and is in-
dependent of the energy. In the case of an electric multipole, longi-
tudinal as well as transverse polarization exist and are related to the
energy.
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118. Photoproduation of Electrons
Photoproduction of Electrons and ? Meson Pairs on Nucleons,"
by I. T. Dyatlov; Moscow, Z.'~urnal Eks .erimental'no~i~
Teoreticheslcoy_Fiziki, Vol 35, No 1 7 , Jul 5 , pp 154-158
Photoproduction of electrons or ? mesons pairs on nucleons by high
energy gamma quanta is analyzed, and the conditions under which the cross
sections for these processes can be expressed through the electromagnetic
form factors of the free nucleon, are shown.
119. Experiments on Ku,3 Decay
"on the Possibility of Determining the Interaction Constants
From Experiments on It?33 Decay," by I. G. Ivanter~ Iu~titute
of Scientific anformat3on, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Zhurnal Eks erimental'no i Teoretich~sko Fiziki, Vol 35,
No 7 ~~. 5 s Pp 111. -115
Expressions for the spectra and polarization of }~-mesons created in
Ki13 decays have been obtained for fixed tt -meson energies and arbitrary
complex interaction functions. Tt is shown that within an accuracy to an
insignif scant phase shift one can determine from measurements of the
spectra and three polarizations all interaction functions except the
second vector, which, under the conditions of the given experiments, can-
not be separated from that of the first vector and scalar interaction
functions. The presence of tensor interaction can be ascertained Prom
measurements on the spectrum and polarization of ? mesons near an energy
close to the maximum va:Lue.
120. The Fermi Liquid
"Contrib~a:tion to the Theory of the Ferm.~. Lic~taid," by L. D.
Lar.:aauD ;Lnstitute of Physical Problems, Academy of Sciences
U5SR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erjntental?no i Teoretichesko
F!ziki, Vol 35, No l 7 , Jul 5 , Pp 97-103
The scattering properties for the angle 0? of quasi-particles col-
liding in a Fermi liquid are considered. gt :is shown that the amplitude
of this scattering depends significantly on the limit to which the ratio
of the transfer of momentum and energy during the collision approaches
as these quantities tend to zero. It is ascertained which of these 13.mits
is connected with the energy of the quasi-particles involved iii the gen-
eral theory of the Fermi liquid previously developed by the author.
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121. Reac~~ion on Polarized Protons
"investigation of the p +~ p ~ d .F ~t* Reaction on a Deam of
Polar. ized Pro~t;ons," by Y~L IC. Akimov, 0. V. Savchenlto, and
L. M. Sorolto, Joint Institute of Nuclear Research; Moscow,
Zhurnal NIc_ sperimental'no i Teorei;ichesko r~I+iziY.i, Vol 35,
No 1 7 , -Jul--5-~~ pp 9 -9
The angular dependence of the symmetr;~ of 7ttmesons emitted in the
p ~? p -~ ~ ~} d reaction was measured on a polarized beam of 536, 616,
and 654 Nkv protons. A direct proof of the existence of a d-state of
the mesons in the p +~ p -~TC~' ~ d reaction has been obtained. The results
of the experiments are consistent with the assumption that the amplitudes
of the s - and d-transitions are much smaller than that of ,the 1D2 ~ 3S1P2
transition. Limiting estimates of the values of some of the partial cross
sections are presented.
122. Charged Pion Production
"Measurement of the Total Charged?(-Meson Production Cross
Section inn -~ p Collisions at a Neutron Energy of 586 MeV,"
by Yu,. M. Kazarinov and Yu. N. Simonov, .Joint Institute of
Nuclear Research, Laboratory of Nuclear Problems; Moscow,
Zh9~rna1 Efts erimental'no i Teoretichesko Fiziki, Vol 35~
No 1 7 ,Jul 5 ~ pp 7-
The total yield of charged n mesons produced iri collisions between
586 MeV neixtrons and protons was measured at angles between 15 and 120?
(in the laboratory system). Assuming the charge symmetry of nuclear
forces the total cross section for production of TC~' andn-mesons derived
on the bass of the experimental data was found to equal d(np-~ TC'~') a
d( np -- ~ " ) ~ (2.0 ?~ 0.5) ? 10 -27 em2 .
123. Decay Scheme of Mo-9g
"Oxi the Decay Scheme of Mo-99," by I. V. Estulin, G. M.
Ghernov, a.nd Z. V. PastukhovaD Nuclear Physics Institute of
Moscow State LTnives ity; Moscow, Zhurnal F,ksperimental' nom i
Teore?t~ich~sko~r Fiziki, Vol 35, No 1,7 , Jul. 5 s p~ P 71?77
The a?~gular correlation of 742-180 kev ga~rmaa,-quanta emitted in the
decay of Mo-~99 was measLSed. By chemica3, separation of Te-99m. it is
proved +,hat the beta-mtrans ition in Mo-r99 with E~ :- 1.23 Mev leads to an
isomer level in Tc ~-~9 and that (7 ~ 1) ~ "of the 140 kev gamma-quantum in-
tensity is not .related to the isomeric transition. Arguments are presented
ir.. favor of the following characteristics of the ground state of Mo??99 as
3/2 ~ and of the excited states of Tc~-99 of 92?_rkev energy as 3/2+ or 5/2~
and of 180 ke~r energy as 7/2~.
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121. Ener r Spoc?bru of Positive Pions
"Er~er~;y Spectra. and Agular Distribution of ?-' Mesons Produced
in ~~ - p Collis Ions a.t 6G0 - 670 Mev, " by /L. G. Meshlsovslciy,
Ya. Ya. Sh~zlamov, and V. A. Shebanov; Moscow, Zhurnal IIts~ri-,
menta].'noy i Teoreticlie;,l:oy Fizilci, Vol 35, No 1 7 , Jul 5 ,
Ply ~~~?~-
The enPrOry spectra of T" mesons produced in p ~- p collisions at proton
energies of 670 Mev were investir~ated for observation angles of 19030',
38? and 56?. T~ has been found tl~ta.t in the c . m. s . the shape of the ~ ~'
meson spec+,rum for the pp ~ pn~~~r reaction depends on the emission angle.
The angular distribution of ~-;.~ mesons produced in 660 MeV p-p collisions
is given in i~he c . m. s . b y the formula : dd~d ~ Z - [ (0.97 ~} 0.06) ~} (0.05 ~
0.21) cost .1; x?10??27 cm2 sterad-1. The total cross section was found to
equal (1!E .1F + 1.2) ? 10-27 cm2 .
125. Secondary Nuclear Reactions
"Secondary Nuclear Reactions in Bismuth and Lead Induced by
High Energy proton Bombardment," by B. V. Kurchatov, V. N.
Melshedov, L. V. Chistyalcov, M. Ya. Kuznetsova,, N. I. Boris ova,
and V. G. Solov'yev; Moscow, Zhurnal l;ks erimental'no i
Teoretichesltoy I'iziki, Vol 35, No l 7~, J~u1 5 , pP 5 - 3
The production of astatine isotopes (Z 85) by.bombardment of
bismuth (Z a 83) and. lead (Z o 82) with protons at energies up to 480
Mev was studied by a radiochemical method. The cross sections for At-211
and At-210 production from bismuth were found to equal 6.10-29 and 2.10-29
cm2, respectively. The formation of light isotopes At-210 and At-203
was established. At-21l was detected in lead (r1?---10-31 cm2).
The phenomena observed are explained bJ ass Wning them to be the re-
sult of secondary reactions of capture of the disintegration products
(~ -particles or lithium nuclei). Formation of light astatine. isotopes
is explained by high energy proton capture with subsequent emission of
7?~- mesons and several neutrons. The cross section for production oi'Ol. -
particles with 1;~ 20 Mev from bismuth irradiated by 480 Mev protons was
determined from the astatine yield and found to be 5 - 6.10-25.cm2.
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126. Photographic Action of Ionizing Particles
"Survey of Soviet Work on the Photographic Action of Ionizing
Particles," by A. L. K_wrmuzhansltiy and R. P. Soltitekiy,
Moscow, Zhurnal Nauchno i Priltl.adno Fotografii i Kinema-
tografii, Vol 3, No E, 3hl Aug ~ , pp 299-3o
The authors, underlining USSR precedence in developing and using
the photographic method in nuclear physics, state that there are hundreds
of available works on the subject. However, they limit themselves in
this survey to worlt relating to development of the basic principles of
the photographic method and clarification of the nature of the photographic
action of ionizing particles.
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Cosmic Rays
127. Theory of Showers
"On the Cascade Theory of Showers," by I. P. Ivanenko, Moscow
State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Rks eri.mental'~ i Teo-
reticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 35, No 1 7 , Jul 5~, pp 7.3?_-1~-
The equation for the average number of particles created in a layer
of finite thickness and possessing energies exceeding some given value has
been solved, taking into account collision losses. The solutions obtained
are compared with those of the u4ua1 cascade theory. An expression has
been obtained for the mean energy of particles of a cascade shower at any
stage of i?ts development.
Theoretical Physics
128. New Variation Principle Used in Setting Superconductivi~ Criteria
"Concerning a Variation Principle in the Many ?~ody Problem," by
S. V. Tyablikav, Mathematics Institute 3.meni V. A. Steklov, Acad -
emy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklad_y Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 121,
No 2, 11 Jul 58, Pp 25~-252 ...._W......n ..
A variation principle is formulated which states that the second varia -
tion of the expression for the energy of the ground state is positive when
a solution of the generalized Fok method gives the minimum energy of the
ground state. Since there is always a solution of the ordinary Fok method
contained in the solutions of the generalized method, it follows that the
energy minimum should be sought in the wider crass of solutions of the
generalized method when the ordinary method does not give a minimum.
The new method is used in problems connected with the electron theory
of solids such as determining superconductivity criteria in the calculation
of a crystal lattj.ce.
_99 ?.
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129. Probability Theory in Quantum Mechanics
"Quantum Mechanical Probabilities as Sums Over Trajectories,"
by G. V. Ryazanov, Moscow State University, Moscow, Zhurnal
Eksperimental'noy i Teoretichesk~ Fiziki, Vol 35, No 1 7 ,
J'u1 58, pp 121-131
A new formulation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, that is, a
general definition of the probability for any evexst, is proposed. The
physical content of quantum mechanics reduces to a single principle which
is similar to the G?lbbs principle and permits otae to solve problems with-
. out recourse to wave factions and operators.
Electronics
130. Gas Dischar^ge
"Anodic Oscillations in Arc Discharge in Zn,ert Gases," by Z,
Efextdi.}rmv, Uch. zap. Azerb. un-ta, 1957, No 9, pP 23-40 (from
Referatiynyy Zhurnal -- Fizika9 No 7, Jul 58, Abstract No 16063)
Plasma oscillations in a frequency range of lO~' to 106 cycles were
studied in a cylindrical discharge tube (diameter 35 mm, length 500 mm)
filled with Ar (or Ne, Kr or He) at pressures of 7^'10-3-1 mm Hg and dis-
charge currents of 2 to 300 ma? The cathode of the tube was of the oxide
type, d;s~ectly heated, the anode was movable and of various shapes (wire,
flat, cylindrical). Apart of the measurements was carried out by means
of a cylindrical probe. Stable anodic oscil~.ations occurred only with the
use of wire (rod) anodes of small dimensions. The amplitude of oscillations
rises ?pith increasing discharge current and the potential of gas ionization
and decreases with increasing anode area anal gas pressure. The oscillation
frequency increases with increasing discharge current and with decreasing
ion mass (raster than m-~ 2). At certain pressures the frequency has a
maximum.
st was established that the positive column does not play an essential
role in the excitation of anodic plasma oscillations. The dynamics of de-
velaping a second plasma (by Langmuir's met3~.od) is studied. The relat:tonship
of the maximum, medium, and minimum values of the anodic voltage drop t?,o
pressu_~?e, current strength, and anode area is foun3. The obtained eaeperi -
men~;aJ data facilitate the explanation of the s,nadic oscillations ae a re-
sul?L? of periodic break-down of the negative space charge around the anode
by posits?~~e ions. The maximum anode voltage drop equals the break-down
?roltage and is not bFlow the potential of gas ioz~:iza?tion.
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"Anodic Oscillations in Arc Discharge in Mercury Vapor," by
I. Efendiyev, Uch. zap. Azerb. un-ta. 1957, No 8, pp 9-22
(from Referativnyy'Zhurnal -- Fizika, No 7, Jul 58, Abstract
No 160 2~_____
Plasm oscillations were studied oscillographically in a frequency
range of 10 to 105 cycles . l'he oscillations wete: :generated in an arc dis -
charge in a permanently evacuated cylindrical tube (diameter 35 mm, length
350 mm} with a liquid mercury cathode and an anode of various shapes: wire,
flat, sectional cylindrical. The Hg vapor pressure was regulated by the
temperature of a water bath (10 to 55oc). The :discharge current varied from
0.1 to 7 a. The plasma oscillations oi' most stable frequency and highest
amplitude occur in the case of a wire (rod) anode with the least area. With
an increase of area the plasma oscillations become chaotic.
The transition from stable to unstable oscillations is accompanied by
a characteristic change in anode luminescence. The frequency of stable os-
cillations increases with pressure and current,:;strength, and the amplitude
increases with the rise of current strength but drops with higher pressure.
The wandering of the cathodic spot does not play an essential role and leads
only to the appearance of supplementary chaotic oscillations with a low
amplitude. It was established by means of probe measurements that the plasma
oscillations occur in the near-anode region and are caused by the instability
of the anodic voltage drop. Tn the case of stable oscillations the mean
value of this voltage is higher than the excitation potential of Hg atoms;
in the case of chaotic, lower. The character of relationship of the anodic
voltage drop to the current strength and pressure is the same as for the
amplitude of stable oscillations. The coaxial magnetic field (up to 580
Oersted), created by means of an ironclad lens, lowers the stability of os-
cillations. The effect of the field is maximum if the lens is located in
the anode region of discharge.
131. Kinetic Equations of Semiconductors
?'Nonequilibrium Processes in Impurity Semiconductors," by V. P,
Shabanskiy, Physics Institute imeni Lebedev, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental!noy i'Teoretieheskoy Fiziki,
Vol 35, No 1(7 , Jul 5 , pP~+3-153~
Kinetic equations for impurity semiconductors which take into account
transitions from impurity levels to the conduction band are considered. An
explicit expression for the energy and kinetic coeffici^nts are given for
? cases when the lifetime of electrons in the conduction band is determined
by photo and triple recombination processes, under the assumption that the
free electron (hole) distribution function has the form of an equilibrium
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distribution function with a certain effective temperature. Nonradiative
transitions which differ for the triple recombination no:2radiati?ae transi-
tions are introduced phenomenologically. In this case, because of such
transitions in the equilibrium state, the kinetic and energy coefficients
can be expressed in terms of the electron lifetime. The equations thus
obtained permit one to determine the electron temperature and the numbe~^ of
electa?ons in the conduction band in various nonequilibrium pro~~esse:~.
Magnetism
132. Hall Effect in Ferromagnetics
"Hall Effect in Ferromagnetics,?' by V. A. Lipatova, Tr. Ural?-
skogo politekhn, in-ta, 1957, sb. 729 PP 21-34 (from rye a at~vn,~
Zhurnal -- izika, 0 7, Jul 58, Abstract No 15770)
A study of the Hall effect below and above the Curie point was carried
out on three samples of ferromagnetic alloys Cu-Ni with various content of
components. Measurements showed that the e.m.f. of Hall may be expressed
by the formula E ~ = R1Jib t R2Hib, where R1 and R2 are the exti^aordl.nary
and '~re ordinary Hall constants, respectively, J' - the magnetization, i -
the current density, b -the thickness of sample. Th9.s follows from the
fact that the relation Ex : f(J) differs from a linear one, and the re-
lation Ex~,j= f(H~,j~>represents a straight line. Measurements abo~re the
Curie point showed trot the e.m.f. of Hall may be considered as the sum of
the e.m.f. depending on J~ and the e.m.f. depending on H, not only in a
ferromagnetic but also in a paramagnetic.
133. Hall Constant in Ferromagnetics
"Temperature Dependence of Hall Constant in Fea?romagnetics,'?
by V. A. Lipatova, Tr. Ural'sko~o politekr~n~ in-ta, 1957, sb.
729 Pp 35-x+0 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Fizika No 7, Jvi.
58, Abstract No 157 9
Three ferromagnetic alloys Cu Ni with Curie points Tc 192, 152, and
92?C are studied for their temperature behavior of the Hall constant Rl be-
low Tc. The temperature coefficient Rl below and above To decreases with
an increase of Cu concentration and at a concentration of .~.,.- 27 `~ Cu changes
its sign. During the transition th-^ough Tc the temperature behavior of Rl
does not change.
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134. Hall Effect at Low Temperature
"Hall Effect in Pure Nickel at Helium Temperatures," by N. V.
Volkensteyn, G. V. Fedorov, and S. V. Vonsovskiy, Institute of
Physics of Metals, Ural Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal.Eks erimental'no i Teoreticheskoy, Vol
35, No l(7), Jul 5 pp 5
Experimental data are presented on the Hall effect in pure nickel
(99.9990 in a wide range of temperatures going down to the temperature of
liquid helium. It is shown that the ferromagnetic constant R1 sharply
drops with the temperature T and has a minimum at 20-30Q K. A physical
interpretation of the observed phenomena is proposed which is based on the
(s -d) exchange model.
135. Excitation of Hydr omagnetic Waves
"On the Theory of Excitation of Hydromagnet.ic Waves," by A, T.
Akhiyezer and A, G. Sitenko, Physicotechnical Institute, Academy
of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Ekes eri~ment~al~'no~i_
Teoreticheskov Fiziki~ Vol 35, No 1 7 Jul 5th, pp 11 -16 20
Excitation of hydromagnetic and magnetoacoustic waves by external
currents 'is investigated. Damping of the waves due to conductivity and
viscosity of the medium is taken into consideration. Excitation by cur -
rents is compared with excitation by mechanical means in respect to in-
tensity.
Mechanics
136. Expression Given for Accumulation of Disturbances in Nonatationary
S stems
"On the Accumulation of Disturbances in Nonstationary Linear
Systems," by Ya. N. Roytenberg, Moscow State University imeni
M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow, Daklady Akademii N~:uk SSA Vol 121,
No 2, 11 Jul 58, pp 221-22T+
Tre accumulation of disturbances is considered 'for nonstationary
linear systems described by the differential equafi,ions
n
kl~ f~k(D)yk= IL3(t)D-:?' R~(t)~x~~t) (~
_ ~io3 =
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where f~k(D) are polynomials in D, wk,ose coefficients are given functions
of time and D = d/dt is an operation indicating differextiation with re-
spect to time.
The form of the general solution is given. An expression is found
for the maximum deviation in the system at some fixed time, wren the ex-
ternal forces are limited according ?to the modulus ~x.~ (t)~ L K1
137. Homing Guidance in Proportional Navigation Discussed
"Proportional Navigation as a Problem in Cybernetics," by A~ S.
Kel'~on and 0. V. Grigor'yev, Leningrad Higher Engineering Naval
School imeni Admiral Makarov; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Vol 121, No 3, 21 Jul 58, pp 432-435
The dynamics of homing guidance in proportional navigation and the
choice of an automatic control oystem which will provide stable guidance
of an object to a trrget are considered. It is commented that previous
works on proportional navigation are restricted to a kinematic study of
the relative motion of two points, employ numerical integration methods,
CPYRGHT and arrived at results which are not vaa_id.
"The idea of proportions) navigation is to counter the i^ota~;irg tend-
ency of the line of sight, or the line of target joining tre object and the
target, and, consequently, the tendency of the object trajectory to approx-
imate a rectilinear path of parallea. approacho The law oi' p~ oportional
navigation is
.,~ ; b ~
where 'l~l is the angle of rotation of the velocity vector o?? the object,
"~ is the angle of ;~otatlor~ oi' the line of target, and b is the naviga-
tion constant."
The differential equations are given for the motion of an object in
a horizontal plane, assuming that the target velocity is constant in mag-
nitude and direction, the object :?elocity is constant in magnitude, and the
navigation constant is equal to 2.
These equations are solved in closed form fcr the tx~a~ectory of the
object anti the angular velocity of the line of target, and a law for the
change in rudder angle is obtained from the solutions for at~;ack angle and
turning P ngle .
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CPYRGHT
11TH earlier wor. k:s, (A. I~o.:lte, C?u.idancey 1~T. Y?. ' 95 L. C o T~. ~tuar,
J Appl F`hxs, lg, No l2, 1948, ~ where p:: opartional ravigatia~z was considered
in terms of the kinematics of ?L?he re:Lative ~%otion of two poi:zts, the pos-
sibility of the ob,~ect intercepting the ?~ar{~et was determined on the basis
of the magnitude of the angular ~Telocity of the velocity vector of the
object. This is equivalen~b to seying that it is retermined on the basis
of the magnitude of ti^e noa~mal accelerai;?ion whAn blze velocity is constant
in magnitude. This conclusion is based oaz the in~.:orrect assumption (Locke,
Ibid that the rudder ang7.e is proportions,l to the a:~agular veloci~hy of the
velocity vector. Locke, on tY?.e otheM ha:c;.d~ after arriving at a contradic-
tion with hats own conclusion, anal .Adler (F. P. Adler, J App). F'.~?yv9 27, No
5, 1956; after him, assert t;ha?b for a real body, considered as a solid body
wi~~h a co;.trol ;Nudde.r., amiss is unavoidable, which is nom true."
The a?~zthors claim +,ti~a,t ?their p~^f s~~rLua;~ion resolves t3Zis "seeming con-
tradictiono ?' Limits on the ;^a~bio off' t%~o ob~jeot velocity to the target
velocity within which intercepti~~n wil:i oc.our ar~~ gi?ven. Ou?bside :hose
limits the rudder angle is said to increase without limit close to the
target and intercepti.or: is termed impossible. In the case whet: object
velocity i.s less that! target velocity, it is stated tha?b misses will de-
crease as the initial lead a:zgle and angle of 'c~he line of sight approach
values COT'Y?E6pG1'~diYzg tD paral:! P:l. ar~proach,
.~ lps ...
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138. Scientific Activities of Gosplan and Sovnarlchozes of 'Crkt.?airian SSR
"Tasks of Planning Organs in Loti?tection With the Rear. ganization
of the Administration of the Na?ciottal 1';conomy," by l'. Senin;
Kiev, ICommunist LJic?ainy, 110 5, P!{a?r 58, pp 28-38
Goap?.an Ukrainian SSR has the ??u~?etion of coorditu3ting the thematic
plans of all scientific, planning, and edkca?;ional institutions within the
territory of the Ukrainian SSR for. the purpose of increasa.ng the efficacy
of scientific research and the elimination oi' duplication in the develop-
ment of individual problems. Gosplan Ul~,ath2:ian SSR, therefore, has under
its jurisdiction nearly 'j'0 percetat of all p?_anniw,g, desigc~, and scientific
research institutions which were 3'orme;.aly auto;^dittate to union republic
ministries and departments.
For the past several years certain scientific research institutes
have been severed from idastri.al establishmentJ, which has lowered their
work considerably, Hence, to improve the work of scientific ~?esearch and
planning organizations their admin:i.stration had ~o? 'be i?eorgani2ed. Tn
1958 some 30 percent of? all scie:iti:E~.c research and plann~i.n?g orgarixa-tiorls
are to be administrativel.~ subardi*ta'cA 'co f~os plan U'k`rai nie~n SS.R ar~d ?the rent
are i:.o be admi.nistrativE~y subo:~3i..ate to th.e variru,s c3o~r~xarkFiozes {coun-
cils of national econom~.? oi:' ~:he rep~zblic. ':~1-.e following insti?L-utes hF.ve
been ;:Laced under the aaminis?:,ration of sotn?~arkhozes: the Dnep;?npetrovsk
Scientific .Research Turbi.Ze Institute; Y,rivoy Rag P1an~;ir~g and DeWi~Y in-
stitute "Giprorudtnash"; Makeyevlta Sci.er.,cific Research %r_stitute for Safety
in Work in -the Mining Industry; anal Sta'! irso ?'n.s?titL~te ?'Do*_tgiprouglemash."
139? Three.I~ew Academia Sinica Branches Established
"Academi Sinica Wuhan Bra;:,ch Fz?epa,~~a?cory Gamm:Lt?tee gx~ug~~rated,"
by Chou Eat-sg, Peiping, K' o-~sve~ ~"u,i~=oa,e ~(S?.:ientia j, F.7o 4,
1958, pp 122 -123
This article reports -f;he inauLr~;.?at~.~on of ~;he Preparatory C?o;~m'iittee
for the Wuhan Branch of the Acade~tia Sinica on lg ~ia~.~a;ary 1958.T.S,.e ex-
pressed mission of fire branch is "to supervise tha ecademy's research com-
ponents in the Wuhan area, to pro;.nc7(;c bette;? liaison^~ wi?ci;. nonacade>ny i~e-
search b~~dies, and gradually to becu~ie the organizer aiz~. moti~a?ator of
scientii is .activities in that area."
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Seven new institutions, besides the 7-year old Institute of ):isdro-
biology, make up the Wuhan Branch. They are the [Wu-hang Microbir,~i.~;fical
Laboratory Laboratory of Geodetics and Cartography (j~ ~;~~ 4 I~ ~ . ,~ t!
:J .~ \ a__~?-"_2 __~ n.------'---- /~~. ~k: ,1.!- ..n .dlr.. + t -
oraf,ory of Mathematics, Institute of Phil.oso~hy anc~i Soc~.al `sciences (~J'
i~~X ~~- ~ ~%'' ,~~ /~ j~ ), Wuhan Botanical Gardens ( ~~ ; ~i~-
.~'1 I~ ) ? and uha Bran/cy~ Library.
The article gives a summary of the organizatio~o. and work of each oJ"
the above institutions. The information includes the following<
The Snstitute of Hydrobiology, which moved to Wuhan from Shanghai
in 1954, has five research divisior..s (,~;,~~) : botany, invertebrate xoologyy
ichthyology, fish pathology, and chemistry.
Preparations for the Microbiological Laboratory were initiated in
1956 and the laboratory was ?just recently formally established. The lab -
oratory will place emphasis on virusee and soil microbes, according to ?the
"1956-1957 Long Range Plan for Scientific and Technical Development." I?t
will conduct studies on the physical, chemical, biological, and immunolog-
ical properties of animal and plant viruses and bacteriophages, their
growth and propagation, and the interaction between viruses and paras?ltes.
The research pro,~ects i.n the field of soil microbiology are the micro??
biologicals processes found in the chief soil types acid crop systems; char-
acteristics of microbial colonies found among the roots of various plants
and their effect on plant nutrition; physiology of soil microbes, partic -
ularly the actinomyces; etc. The laboratory will also conduct work on
biological control of plant diseases.
The Laboratory of Geodetics and Cartography was formerly the Geodetic
Surveying Division of the Institute of Geography. In 1957 it became a:~
independent organization and was moved from Nanking to Wuhan. The re-
search tasks of its three divisions of astronomical and geodetic surveying,
aerial surveying, and cartography, respectively, include the 3'ollowir~go
methods and instruments used in applied astronomy, large-scale adjustment
problems, gravity measuring instruments and methods, may projection prob r
lems, studies in geomorphology, and the application of gravity in geodetic
surveying; methods for establishing heater density of control points and
greater density of elevations in aerotriangulation; close -range photor,*ram-
metry; and the making and publishing of large-scale maps according to
actual. measurements. In addition to these projects, the laboratory will.
cooperate with the State Bureau of Geodesy and Cartography in studying grob -
lems of radio orientation surveying encountered in aerophotogrammetry, it
taking gravity measurements a+ points throughout the country, and in :let-
ting .up an observation station in Wu-ch?ang to note gcavity changes.
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The mission of the Geophysical Observatory is ?to conduct research
on upper atmosphere physios to meet China's needs for developing upper
atmoophere aeronautl,cs (airplanes, rockets, guided missiles, etc.) and
for improving radio communication. The work will be carried out 'by the
observatory's three research divisions, as described below.
The Ionosphere Division investigates the physical properties of the
ionosphere and their effect on electric wave propagation. Specific pro~_
ects growing out from this central theme ares absorption and polarf.za-
tion of reflected waves, the study of ionospheric "wind," ?~at~].ysia cf
regular and irregular changes seen in records of ionosphere over China,
short-wave communications frequency forecast over China, changes in in-
tensity of artificial satellite signals, and short-wave field intensity
measu^?ements.
The Atmospheric Ozone and Nightglow Division will conduct studies
centered in the physical properties of the ozo:~e layer and of nightglow
-- specifically, improvement of observation methods, the chemical con-
stitution e,nd physical processes of the upper atmosphere, changes in
spectral line intensity as effected by time and latitude, determination
of al~itudes, and the causes of nightglow.
The Cosmic Ray Division's reseazch will be centered in problems re-
lated to cosmic ray intensity and cosmic ray showet~s. The relation of
cosmic ray intensity to atmospheric phenomena, solar activity, terrestrial
magnetism, the ionosphere, the ozone layer, arzd nightglow will be studied
as will the relation of large showers to small showers, their particle
distribution, properties, incidence angles, e?~c.
"Academia Sinica Chekiang Branch Gr nized," by Yang Hsuan-
~en; Peiping, K'o hsueh T'r~ng-pao ~Scientia), No 13, 1958,
pp 4~'T!+o8
This article reports the formal organization of the Chekiang Branch
of the Academia Sinic during a meeting held in Raukow, 18-19 dune 1958.
Chou Chie:~-,jen ( ~ ~ ), governor of Chekiang Province, is branch
president.
On the organization structure and mission of ~~he branch the article
gives the following informations
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The following provincial and muncipal rersearch institutes form the
basis for th.e Chekiang Brancho Ap.?icultural Research Institute, Silv'i-
cultural Research Institute, Tea Research Institute, Zoological Research
Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Hygiene, Hanlcow Botanical Gardens,
Marine Products Experimental Station, I`resh Water Products Experimental
Station, Nati~re Medicine Research Institute, Weaving Research Institute,
Institute of Applied Chemistry, Basic Materials Testing Laboratory, Ning-
po Industrial Research Institute, and Wen-shou Industrial Research Yxi-
stitu?te. The branch has three departments (?technioal sciences, basic
~+ sciences acid social sciences) and a Scientific Information Office( ~? ,~~
~~- ~d ,~ ~
The branch's policy is to unite the masses in the interest of pro-
duction, promote research in the basic sciences on matters of special
concern, a,~d initiate positive research in the philosophical and social
sciencee. Its mission is to assume, under the guidance of the Provincial
Party Committee and the Provincial People's Gou~zcil, the unified leadership
of scie;:~tific research throughout the province, raise the masses' level of
inventiveness, control the political ideology of scientific agencies, and
train and augment the scientific force.
The Chekiang Branch will soon construct a 10,000-square meter science
building in the outskirts of Hanlcow. It will also set up research insti-
tutes of philosophy and social sciences and cooperate closely with all
higher professional schools in the province. (Singe the ir~itiatic~aa c~I'
the '"leap forward" movement, the number of higher professional schools has
,~timped from five to over 50. )
"Academics Sinica Shensi Branch Inaugurated," by Huang Wei;
Peiping, K'o-hsueh Tung-pao (Scientia), No 10, 1958, p 316-
317
This article reports the inauguratio?: of the Shensi Branch. of the
Academia Sinica on 27 April 1858. ~ Established on th.e foundatio:~s of the
acs envy's Siam Business Office, the STM~ensi i~yar~ch bias fov~ divisions
(,~ ), specializing in basic and earth sciences, biology, teci?~ical
sciences, philosophy and social sciencee, respecti'v'e?.y.
At present there are five research bodies in Shensi Province which
belong to the Acad~da Sinica< the Sian Institute of Agi^icultural L'iology,
Sian Archaeological Laboratory, Sian Seismological Station, Satellite Ob-
servation Ststion, and Huang Ho Middle Reacher, Water and Sail Conservation
Expedition. The Shensi Branch will supervise the work of these components
besides that of five other research componerA'ts 'to be established it the
firs'r half of 1,958, The new research bodies will be the Institute of
Agr. icul'tural Machines and Implements ( ~ ~ ~~'' ~ ~~~ ~y J ~i~ ), the
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Institute of Fower Research (~~ ~ ~~ 'j`,' rF ), the Laboratory of
Chemical Technology (~(~ T ~ ~~ ~~( ), the Laboratory of Geology
( ~L~ ~~~ ~? L~~', !~1 ), and th~ Institute of Philosophy and Social Sci-
ences (~ 41 ~~ ~ ~ ~:,;~~^ ~ ~ ~~~ - ) ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
The article mentions the general taslcs of each new research body.
140? Recent Developments in Academia Sinica
"News Briefs" (unsigned article}; Peiping, IC'o-hsueh T'ung-
p ?z No 7, 1958, p 224
The Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of the Academia Sinica
has bAen divided into two institutes with separate heads: Institute of
Physiology, Feng Te-p'ei, director; and Institute of Biochemistry, Wang
Ying-lai, director.
The Wuhan Microbiological Laboratory (~ 7~ ,~p~ ~. ~ ,a{~ '~
,) of t17e Academia Sinica recently was formally established .
The Laboratory of hydraulic Engineering, Academia Sinica, was merged
with the Water Conservation Researchi Institute of the Ministry of Water
Conservancy. The resulting institute is known as the Water Conservation
Research Institute o~fr the Academia Sinica and the Ministry of Water Con-
servancy (7,K ?~~~ ~ .I ~`-ti~ ~1 -~~ ~ '.'r! ~~' ~ )
The inst ~ '' ~~ ~ ~ .r.. iU ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ > ~. .~~ 't~ ~~ ?
itute s ovisiona off ce staff i eludes uan ~ n-hsi (~
,~?=~ ), Chang Kuang-tou (,~ '~, %~ ), Chang Tzu-tin ~~='-~ ~ ?~~), Chang
Jen~ (?'~ ~(.~ ), S'si.eh~~hia ~ se (~' ' ~~ j ), Yang Chia to (~ '~~ ,~ , ),
and Li Shu-ming (_, Q- ).
TY.e Preparatory Office for the PeipinAsk~ojomical Observatory was
recently set up with Ch'eng Mau-lan ( .~, ~ ~ as director.
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