SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT NUMBER T-2

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100110001-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 129
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 1, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 25, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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 CENTRAL INTE 1G.- CE AGENCY
SCIE TIFI%C
INFORMATION REPORT
25 luly Is
u_S 12EF,41FrMS T CF C nara~--
QFRCE OF TEEFNQ 5"cZV=,
WA LGJ C ""r5.. ?'`
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated :information extracted from
publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and China. The in,.-
formation selected is intended to indicate current scientific
developments and activities in the USSR, in the Sino-Soviet Orbit
countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is disseminated an an aid to
United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC- INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
Page
1.
Astroncany
1
II.
Chemistry
2
M.
Electronics
23
IV.
Engineering
36
V.
Mathematics
37
VI.
Medicine
42
VII.
Metallurgy
84
VIII.
IX.
Physics
Miscellaneous
87
NOTE: Items in this re_oort are numbered consecutively.
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1. Data on Continuous Emission ci' Spectra of AG DraNX Mor., and T( Or,-.
-
Discussed
"Concerning the Nature of Continuous Emission, " by L. V.
Mirzoyan, Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, Academy of
Sciences Georgia SSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Vol 110, No 4, 1 Apr 58, pp 667-670
Discusses data on continuous emission of spectra of AG Dra, NX Mon
and VY Ori. The results obtained by K. H. Bohm (Zs. f. An. (1957) are
interpreted as explaining the continuous emission as being not only of
nonthermal origin, but as generated by radiation of relativistic elec-
trons in the magnetic fields of the upper layers of the stellar atmos-
pheres.
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II. CHEMISTRY
Analytical
CPYRGHT
2. New Chromathermograph
"The KhT-2 Chromathermograph," by Engr Ye. P'esc,ka; Moscow,
Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, Vol 3; No - 7, 7 r.ec 58,
p
"The Design Bureau of Petroleum Instruments (1:N??) developed t:.r
thermodynamic gas analyzer KhT-2 as a result of work done jointly with
the All--Union Scientific Research Institute of Petrc:'::.eu.?n Geology and
Prospecting (VNIGNI).
"The new device that has been developed makes it possi2 e to cor,,-
duct three basic types of analysis, viz., by stationary chrora.therrno-,
graphy with an uninterrupted feeding of the gas being analyzed., statl.on-,
ary chromathermography with intermittent feeding of samples of the gas
being analyzed, and nonstationary chromathermography.
"The first two procedures are especially well suited for the detec-
tion of microimpurities, because the sensitivity of The analysis is in-
creased tenfold as a result of enrichment. Application of the third
procedure considerably improves the degree of separation of complex mix--
tures.
"In analysis by the method of stationary crromathermography thn
purified carrier gas is fed into the proportioning device; the gas to be
analyzed is also conducted there. Analysis according to the first two
procedures begins with the switching-in of the p.; oportion.ing device by
the cycling relay. Thus, the sample of the gas is introduced into the
air current and is conducted into the column. After sonic tine, a ther-
mal field develops in the column. This field has a straight-:Line ad-
vancing front slanting forward and exhibits a steep drop In the 'hack.
The field moves from the entrance end of the colxmi to the exit end.
"The magnitude of the thermal wave is such that the layer of a.-
sorbent always has a sufficiently long cooled section which prevents
passage of the unseparated mixture through the column.
"Every component of the mixture being analyzed moves together w ,tl?
the thermal field in the zone of its characteristic termeratur. e. As
the temperature zones approach the exit end of the column, the corre-
sponding components of the mixture come out of the column and after e.
second purification are transferred into the receiver of the fixation
[recording] device.
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,'The analysis is completed when the exit end of the column is heated
to a teraperatu.??e which exceedu the characteristic tempcra0.re of the heasr,-
iest component of the mixture being analyzed. After the end of the analy-
sis, the apparatus is prepared for the analysis of the succeeding sample.
"Analysis of the nonstationary chromathermography type made on the
KhT-.2 device differs from the procedure described above in that the cycli.ri
relay has been reset in such a manner that heating of the column begins at
the exit end and the thermal field moves from the exit end to the entrance
end (i.e., from the top to the bottom).
"Consequently, the components of the mixture being analyzed move from
the cold portion of the adsorbent layer to the heated portion and receive
a corresponding acceleration, which considerably improves the degree of
separation.
"The KhT-2 chromathermograph makes it possible to analyze within 6
minutes a complex mixture of saturated hydrocarbotss (up to and including
hexane) with a sensitivity approaching 0.0020.
"The conditions under which the analysis is conducted are automati-'
cally regD.ated by the setting of the relay and can be readily clia.nged.
The analyzer can be equi.bped with different; columns for the analysis of
various other hydrocarbons and of their isocompounds.
"The separatIoen column, which is executed in the form of a spiral
metal tubes contains 20 grams of adsorbent. The length of the layer of
adsorbent in the column is 3.5 meters.
"Working drawings for the series production of the KhT.2 chrome.--
thermograph are being completed at V1VIGNVI and KBNP at present. Work is
also being done on extending the range of applications of this device.
Testing of the ITT-2 ch_omathermograph under industrial conditions has
been started at the Moscow Petroleum Conversion Plant."
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Defoliants
3. Preharvest Elimination of Cotton Leaves by Chemicals
"New Chemicals for the Preharvest Elimination of Cotton
Leaves," by L. I. Korolev, V. A. Voytekhova, and L. D.
Stonov, Scientific Research Institute for Fertilizers
and Insectofungicides and the State Institute of Applied
Chemistry; Moscow, Vestnik Sel'skokhozyaystvennoy Nauki,
No 1, Jan 58, pp 82-90
The results of tests made- in 1955 and 1956 with 106 chemicals are
described. Most of the chemicals which proved effective belong to two
groups of chemicals: compounds of monochloracetic acid and hydrazine.
It is recommended that the search for new chemicals among the deriva-
tives of these compounds be continued.
Fuels and Propellants
4. New High-Energy Fuels
"New Fuels for Planes Propelled by Reaction Motors," by Engr.-.
Maj V. Parfenov, Candidate of Technical Sciences; Moscow, So-
vetskiy Voin, Vol 39, No 22, Nov 57, p 24
More than 100 tons of kerosene is loaded on a modern bomber before
the flight. A plane weighing 80 tons weighs 180 tons after it has been
fueled. The large weight of the fuel considerably reduces the useful load
of the plane.
When chemical fuels are used, the energy contained in the outer shell
of electrons is utilized exclusively, while the energy of the atomic nuclei
remains unused. To reduce the weight of the fuel, elements with a small
nuclear mass are preferred, e.g., hydrogen, lithium, beryllium, and 'boron.
The energy contained in the nuclei of atoms can be utilized by employ-
ing nuclear fuels. However, the application of nuclear fuels will not re--
suit in an increase in the useful load of the plane, because heavy shield-
ing made of lead, iron-reinforced concrete, or similar materials will be
required.
Under the circumstances, extensive research is being done on new types
of chemical fuel with a higher calorific value and efficiency. For in-
stance, chemists are attempting to utilize the heat-which is -evolved during
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the combustion of powders of light metals. Finely. dispersed metal dust is
introduced into ordinary fuel. Of the greatest interest from the standpoint
of the propulsion of planes are suspensions containing finely dispersed mag-
nesium, aluminum, beryllium, and boron.
However, fuels in which finely dispersed metals are contained give
rise to difficulties because of the possibility of clogging: complicated
pimps and filters which are not clogged by the suspended particles of metal
will be required. Another possibility of increasing the efficiency of liq-
uid fuel is by dissolving in it metal salts such ai lithium nitrate or lith-
ium perchlorate.
Other types of high-energy fuel are compounds of boron including bo-
ranes and their derivitives. Pentaborane is considered to -be the best among
the boron fuels. This compound has the greatest content of energy per unit
of weight and vol-me; on combustion it evolves 1 1/2 times more heat than
ordinary types of aviation fuel. Pentaborane burns rapidly; for this rea-
son large quantities of it will be oxidized in small combustion chambers.
As a result, one may reduce the length of the engine and lower its weight.
However, the application of pentaborane does not bring about a techno-
logical revolution in engines that will be used in the future: this fuel
cannot supply a sufficient amount of energy for Jet and rocket missiles to
be used for flights in outer space. Interplanetary flights will be possible
soon if employment of free-radical fuels becomes- feasible. Free radicals
can be produced by the application of high temperatures, exposure of mole-
cules to the action of high-frequency electric fields, irradiation with
gamma rays, or bombardment with high-energy particles. For instance, sta-
ble radicals can be obtained by bombarding in this manner methyl alcohol
which has been brought to a low temperature. During the past 6 years,
other methods of producing free radicals at very low temperatures have also
been proposed. However, the concentrations of free radicals which have
been obtained in laboratories do not exceed one percent, while a concentra-
tion of at least 10% will be required for applications in reaction engines.
One of the problems in connection with the application of free-radical
fuels will be the storage of these chemically unstable fuels. At present,
cooling to low temperatures approaching the absolute zero is regarded as
the only method for the stabilizs.t-ton and storage of free radicals. After
being cooled to temperatures i.r this range all gases and liquids are
transformed into solids. When free-radical fuels are used instead of the
ordinary chemical fuels ergnloyed at present, bars consisting of solid free-
radical fuel will be transported to planes instead of hundreds of tons of
kerosene. 'm,ese bars will be transported in special refrigerators. To
burn the new type of fuel, reaction engines of special design will be re-
quired. The solid free-radical fuels consisting of single-atom molecules
unusual properties, as has been found out in experiments. Even at very low
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temperatures they, emit blue light and periodically exhibit flashes of
colored light. When the temperature has been raised to a small extent
(to 20 or 30 above absolute zero),, the excited atoms in the solidified
fuel combine at an intensive rate into molecules, evolving hugh quanti-
ties of heat and lei ght.
Scientists are of the opinion that free-radical fuels will be ap-
plied for the propulsion of some jet engines and rocket engines within
5-10 years. The application of such fuels will considerably increase
the cruising range and useful load of planes (to :Illustrate the greater
efficiency of solid free radical fuels, one may say that the use of 16.5
tons of solid fuel consisting of atomic hydrogen will increase the range
of the plane to six times above that of a conventional plane fueled with
100 tons of kerosene).
5. New is
of Fuel
"New Types of Puel for Reaction Engines," by Ergr-Maj V. Par.-
fenov, Candidate of Technical Sciences; Moscow, Sovetskaya
Aviatsiya, No 233, 2 Oct 57, p 2
This article is almost identical with that published by the same
author in Sovetskiy Voin (zce Item No i, above); it gives the following
additional Eoformatiorx in regard to ,the possibilities of adding metals
and metal compounds to hydrocarbon fuels: "It has been reported that it
is possible to disperse lithium or lithium hydride in kerosene."
6. New Fuels for Planes and Rockets
"The Search for New Types of Fuels," by V. Kemskiy, Candidate
of Technical Sciences; Moscow, Sovetskaya Aviatsia, No 79,
3 Apr 58
Developments in the field of high-energy fuels for supersonic planes
and far-range rockets are discussed on the basis of work done outside the
USSR, particularly in the US. After outlining the objections to the use of
liquid hydrogen (its large specific volume) and berylium and its compounds
(excessive cost; and toxicity), the author discusse8 im the following man-
ner the prospects of the use of boron and boron derivatives as fuel:
The thermal energy release capacity of boron is 40% higher than that
of kerosene. Furthermore, the efficiency of boron as a fuel can be im-
proved by combining it chemically with hydrogen. Among the hydrogen com-
pounds of boron (boranes) tiu ee compounds, namely, diborane, pentaborane,
and decaborane, have been investigated most thoroughly. According to
reports in the non-USSR press, at least two types of borane fuel are
available. Although the exact chemical constitution of these fuels has
not been indicated, there are reasons to believe that one of the- new ex-
otic fuels of this type is a modification [a homolog or derivative] of
decaborane.
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The erection of five industrial plants producing approximately 20
tons of borane fuel per day is planned in the US for 1958-1959. However,
on the basis of the production capacity mentioned, the total quantity of
borane produced at all of these plants in 4 days will be required for
fueling a single B-52 bomber. Nobody has yet flown a plane equipped with
an engine operating on pure borane fuel. However, experiments have shown
that boranes can be used as fuel for liquid-propelled rockets and ram jets.
The principal product of the combustion of boranes, boron oxide, clogs and
corrodes turbine blades. For this reason boron fuels cannot be used yet
for turbojets and turbines. The US Air Department has given out a con-
tract for the development of a new bomber using borane fuel. According
to press reports, this bomber will use conventional fuels at cruising
speed and employ borane fuel when approaching the target. This, according
to the designers, will make it possible to approach the target and fly. away
from it at a speed twice the cruising speed.
According to reports in the non-USSR press, a new exotic fuel con-
taining boron was used in launching the US earth satellites.
Free-radical fuels and the use of liquid hydrogen heated by the ra-
diation of the Sun for the propulsion of space' reconnaissance vehicles
are also under consideration.
7. Nature of Interaction Between Methane and Ozone
"The Interaction Between Ozone and Methyl Hydroperoxide," by
N. A.hleymenov and A. B. Nalbandyan, Institute of Chemical
rthysics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 118, No 1, 1 Jan 58, pp 125-127
It was established in earlier work done by the authors that ozone
below its temperature of decomposition does not react directly with meth-
ane (cf. N. A. KLeymenov, I. N. Antonova, A. M. Markevich, and A. B.
Nalbandyan, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 30, 1956, p 794). There is,
however, a reaction between molecular 'ozone and methyl hydroperoxide,
which is an intermediate product formed predominantly at low tempera-
tures. The kinetics of the reaction between methyl hydroperoxide and
ozone have been investigated in this instance. The velocity constants
of this reaction at temperatures of 25-640 C were determined.
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Industrial
8. Subterranean Gasification of Coal With Use of Steam and Oxygen
"Preliminary Results of the Investigation of the Process of
Subterranean Coal Gasification Using Steam-Oxygen Blowing in
an Experimental Section of the Moscow 'Podzemgaz' Station,"
by N. Z. Brushteyn, Candidate of Technical Sciences, and Engr
M. A. Kulakova, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of
Subterranean Gasification [VNIIPodzemgaz]; Moscow, Podzemnaya
Gazifikatsiya Ugley, No 4, Oct-Dec 57, pp 7-11
Experimental work on the subterranean gasification of Moscow lignite
using steam-oxygen-air blowing was originally conducted at the "Podzemgaz"
(Subterranean Gasification) station in the vicinity of Moscow. In work
done before 1954, the possibility of producing by this method a gas with
the correct ratio of (CO + H2)/N2 for the synthesis of ammonia was estab-
lished. The results are described in articles published in Podzemnaya
Gazifikatsiya Ugley, No 2 and 4-5, 1954. In 1954 the installation for
the production of oxygen had to be repaired: blowing with oxygen was
interrupted until 1957 and then resumed. Results obtained in 1957 are
described in the present article. In the experiments that were conducted
air-oxygen mixtures containing 60, 65, 67, and 70% of oxygen were em-
ployed. The favorable results obtained in 1953 were confirmed'in the work
done at present. Gasification of the identical lignite by the fluidized
solids method with the application of steam-oxygen-air blowing was per-
formed for purposes of comparison. It was established that gas produced
by '`.Mowing with oxygen-enriched air has an increased heating value, so
that it can be used to advantage as a fuel gas.
9. Present Status of Subterranean. Gasification of Coal on an Industrial
Scale With Use of Oxygen Blowing
"The Economic Expediency of Using Oxygen in the Subterranean
Gasification of Coal," by Ye. K. Shmakova, Candidate of Eco-
nomic Sciences, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of
Subterranean Gasification; Moscow, Podzemnaya Gazifikatsiya
Ugley, No 4, Oct-Dec 57, pp 67-69
As early ao 1935-1936, USSR investigators considered the possibility
of using oxygen in the subterranean gasification of coal with the view
of making this process more efficient and improving the quality of the
gas. However, the use of oxygen for this purpose was not feasible at he time because only'limi.ted facilities for its production were available and
the cost of this gas was high. The situation has changed since the end of
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World War II: high-capacity installations for the production of oxygen have
been developed and subterranean gasification of coal with the use of oxygen
can now be transferred from the experimental stage to the stage of indus.
trial application.
A considerable expansion of the use of oxygen has been provided for
under the Sixth Five-Year Plan: oxygen will be used to an increased ex-
tent in metallurgy, in the chemical industry, for the conversion of natural
gas to acetylene, and in the gasification of solid fuels to produce gas for
technical applications. The application of oxygen in the subterranean
gasification of coal will be expedient in connection with this expansion of
the production and uses of oxygen.
It hack been established in 1935 in experiments conducted at the Gor-
lovsk "Podzemgaz" station that by using air enriched with oxygen to an
0 content of 65% one can produce a gas with a high calorific value from
c9al by the,method ci subterranean gasification. Experiments at the
"Podzemgaz" station in the Moscow region established that oxygen blowing
is also of advantage in the gasification of lignite [see Item No 8, above].
Gas produced by oxygen blowing can be used for increasing the calorific
value of gas for power generation produced at, the "Podzemgaz" station in the
Moscow region. By using the oxygen capacit;; available at this station (1,000
cubic meters of 02 per hour) and employing the oxygen efficiently, one can
produce approximately. 2,400 cubic meters of gas per hour with a calorific
value of 1,740 kilocalories. By mixing this gas with ordinary gas obtained
by subterranean gasification of coal, one can increase the average calorific
value of the gas by 50-60 kilocalories at a total output of.40,000 cubic me-
ters of gas per hour.
Calculations made by the technicoeconomic sector of the All-Union Sci-
entific Research Institute of Subterranean Gasification show that it pays
to use oxygen even in the Moscow region, where the cost of electric power is
very high. In regions where the cost of electric power is lower (the Donets
Basin, Angren, the Kuznetsk Basin, etc.) application of oxygen blowing in
the subterranean gasification of coal will be of correspondingly greater
advantage than in the Moscow coal-bearing region.
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10. Distribution ?'P Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in Gasification of
Coal With Oxygen Blowing
Trudy Instituta Goryuchikh Iskopayemykh AN SSSR Tom-Vi
,
Podzemnaya Gazifikatsiya Topltva Works of the instiute of
Mineral Fuels, Academy of Sciences USSR, Vol 7, Subterranean
Gasification of Coal), Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow, 1957,
113 pp, reviewed by'S. P. Golger; Moscow, Podzemnaya Gazifi-
katsiya Ugley, No 4y Oct-Dec 57, pp 69-71
"In an article entitled 'Regularities Underlying the Process of Steam.-
Oxygen Gasification,' B. M. Derman demonstrates that the analytical solution
of the problem of the distribution of CO2 concentrations and temperatures,
CPYRGHT as applied by B. V. Kantorovich in the case of the oxidation of carbon with
oxygen, can be expanded to cover the oxidation of carbon with pure oxygen.
"Using.the method of genera]. process characteristics which has been
developed by Kantorovich, Derman solved the problem of the distribution of
carbon dioxide concentrations and temperatures throughout the length of the
reaction space during the gasification of carbon with water vapor or a wa-
ter vapor-oxygen mixture."
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11. Feview of USSR Developments Pertaining to Application of Oxygen in
litrog;er. Industry
"Application of Oxygen in the Nitrogen Industry," by Engr Ye.
Ya. Mel'nikov and ? Lr S. I. Kargin; Moscow, Kislorod, Vol XI,
Ito 1, Jan 53, pp 1-16
In the introduction to the article, current trends in the applica-
CPYRGHT tion of oxygen in the USSR nitrogen industry are characterized as follows :
"In the nitrogen industry of the USSR, which was created during the
years of the First Five-Year Plans, oxygen has been used from the very
beginning in the technological processes that were applied. This oxygen
was obtained as a by-product of the production of nitrogen by air frac-
tionation. However, the scale on which this oxygen was used at first in
the nitrogen industry was rather limited: it was employed only in the
preparation of the catalyst for the ammonia synthesis. The by-product
oxygen originating at nitrogen fertilizer plants was used in considerably
larger quantities for welding. Under the Second Five-Year Plan, the by-
product oxygen from these plants was already being used on a relatively
extensive scale for enriching the air by meann of which ammonia and nitro-
gen oxides are oxidized in the production of dilute nitric acid.
"At this time, intensive research and planning activities were begun
with the aim of expanding the raw material base of the nitrogen industry,
which was originally based on the intermittent gasification of coke and
separation of the coking gas by the deep cooling method. Methods were
investigated for the catalytic conversion of natural gas and of coke-
oven gas into nitrogen-hydrogen mixtures. This included methods involv-
ing the application of pure oxygen and gasification of low-grade lignite
and coke with the aid of pure oxygen. The possibilities were studied of
applying oxygen in blast furnaces in combin.tion with the production of
gases for the synthesis of ammonia. The application of oxygen in the
production of calcium carbide combined with the use of the gases obtained
for the synthesis of ammonia or for organic synthesis was also subjected
to investigation. Furthermore, work was done on the application of oxy-
gen in the production of concentrated nitric acid by direct synthesis.
"Beginning with 192, by-product oxygen was used more widely for
technological applications.
"At about this time, the use of oxygen for increasing the conver-
sion efficiency in the production of dilute nitric acid under pressure
was begun. In 191, a gas generator unit was started which supplied
omen for the continuous gasification of coke in connection with the
production of synthetic ammonia, with the result that the quantity of
ammonia produced was considerably increased and the use of metallurgical
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coke, which was in short supply, could be reduced. After World War II,
oxygen was used more extensively, as can be seen from the fact that the
use of oxygen for technological applications was 3.5 times larger in 1950
than in 1945 and 5.7 times larger in 1956 than in 1945.
"During the postwar years, broadening of the raw material base of
the nitrogen industry was begun and this industry was combined with that
of heavy organic synthesim. More economical technological processes which
were further advanced from the technical standpoint and more efficient
were developed.
"The discovery of new maj.;r occurrences of petroleum and natural gas
in the USSR, the construction of a network of long-distance pipelines,
and research, planning, and experimental work which had been done created
the prerequisite for an extensive use under the Sixth Five-Year Plan of
natural gas as a raw material for the production of ammonia. In addition
to the waste gases of petroleum refining, natural gas forms the cheapest
crude material for the production of ammonia."
In the text of the article the technological aspects of a numher
of processes are outlined which are based on the application of pure
oxygen. Industrial procedures are discussed which will be introduced
into the nitrogen industry of the USSR soon. The article discusses in
some detail the gasification of lignites in a gas generator designed by
GIAP (State Institute of the Nitrogen Industry), the continuous gasifica-
tion of coke, the gasification of peat, the catalytic conversion of gase-
ous hydrocarbons by reacting them with oxygen and steam, the high-temper-
ature conversion of hydrocarbon gases, the partial noncatalytic oxidation
of mazut and petroleum, the low-temperature oxidation of the higher hydro-
carbons of by-product petroleum gases, the production of acetylene from
natural gas, and the use of oxygen in the production of nitric acid. The
bibliography which follows the article lists 14 USSR references, one
Italian reference, 3 German references, and an article contributed by an
American (P. Sherwood) to a German periodical.
In the section on the gasification of lignite in the GIAP gas genera-
tor, the gasification of powdered lignite of low grade by a fluidized
solids procedure is described. The procedures used are the water-gas
process and the so-called semi-water-,as process [a combination of the
generator and water-gas processes].
In the section on the continuous gasification of coke it is brought
out that semiwater gas for the production of ammonia and water gas for
the production of alcohols and hydrogen can be produced by the continuous
gasification of coke if oxygen rather than air is used.
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In the section on the L = ac:
that more than 6a;* of tha - rL peaa :psis are f
~-
'that in some sections of the .:,:-R ..mot he ohc= .,:-_-
rials peat can be used as a raar miter al fo= a .- c m- za:.~
pertaining to the con~re_rsja..* of mat - a sue--' an sccaae 3_-e- 3_
GIAP gas generator Sires used. szr-l methcds ..
W ~ _ a
and oxygen or steam and. g--= mere a_. = L
In the part of the article th t e _rrcuctin of ar t7 -
lene from natural gas, the corzc?;* -_ ;ar-~ a cf other-
into acetylene by combining the .-.- --_s
methane into acetylene au.I _- en a e_ c ,._ y the `-
dation of methane with iescr _ -_- r e_--:L-- sas is ` _ul_ c
of the thermocatalytic a c tion: sf n. o-: >,:'-a = a,ce _ne _ 2. - s jrthe-
sis gas can be used. far the protect. tea, ; thy or ~cn
alcohol, hydrogen,, etc- Zt is ate that to ac-et'-
lene will soon be applied. extea~~-rely .r ~ the MS `aT ,P=TT _
In the section on the use of C:zz _._ o ---_` ..
the production of dilute nitric aid by the -d;. = c a=m= fm . d.th o
gee and. the productian: of drat, acid - ou a f
nitrogen oxides (derived. f== =!-ar M the
of concentrated nitric acids a,.~-or; o tc tae g7-- in lae
article., ammonia is oaidi--ed. csza ---ticaliy 't-, s by c the
Subsequent oxidation. of M to NCS is a!zsc efffeote-E by c '`'' air
to the extent of 95`;x, bile o ty`% of the M We j
oxygen. The final stage of the of c -nm of
, ~ - =e a
nitrogen tetroxide (IT Q) wit ate' -ice
pressure of 50 at=spaere gage. At thaw=. stage =2 ;-
principal role in the process. The re$c ~?? taL-- _l; ace
according to the equation
It is stated. that the pro rctian of
direct synthesis using o':;jgen is the azSR
nitrogen industry at present.
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12. New Method for Synthesis of Organosilicon Fluorides
"A Method for the Preparation of Fluoroderivatives of Silicon,
Tin, and Sulfur," by A. A. Yakubovich, S. P. Makarov, and V. A.
Ginsburg; Moscow, 2hurnal Obshchey Khimi4 Vol 28, No 4, Apr 58,
pp 1036-1033
The interaction of acetyl fluoride with alkoxy derivatives of Sn,
Si, and S was investigated. It was found that there is substitution of
alkoxy groups by fluorine, with the result that the corresponding fluoro-
organoelemental compounds are formed.
13. Treatment of Central Aa3Ln Saline Waters With Ion-Exchange Resins
"The Problem of the Application of Ion-Exchange Resins for
the Treatment of Salin Waters," by Ye. V. Shtannikov; Tash-
ke:at, Uzbekski;r Khimicheskiy 7hurnal No 1, Feb 58, pp 1--
18
On the basis of experimental work that has been done, it is concluded
that the ion-exchange resins Espatit-1 and EDE-10 can be used to advantage
in the conversion of Central Asian saline waters to potable water. The
salin waters treated in the work described contained on the average 6-7
grams of salt per liter and the salt content in some instances was as high
as 10-31 grams per liter.
14. Properties of Ion-Exchange Membranes
"The Electrochemical Characteristics of Ion-Exchange Membranes,"
by V. A. Zarinskiy and Ya. M. Kots, Institute of Geochemistry
and Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I. Vernadskiy, Academy of
Sciences USSR, and Scientific Research Institute of Plastics,
Ministry of Chemical Industry USSR; Moscow, Khimicheskaya
Proomyyshlennost', No 2, Mar 58, pp 115-116
The electrical resistance and ion transfer numbers or 17 USSR cation-
exchange and ion-exchange membranes have been determined in experimental
work based on the electrolysis of KC1. It was established that the major-
ity of the synthetic ion-exchange resins of which the membranes consisted
are suitable for high-voltage electrolysis (up to a potential of 2,000
volts), because they do not deteriorate from the action of the heat de-
velcped in the process of electrolysis.
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Nuclear Fuele and Reactor Construction Materials
15. Electrolytic Deposition of U, N p_, Pu, and Am
"Electrolytic Deposition of Strong Layers of Uranium, Neptunium,
Plutonium, and Americium," by G. I. Khlebnikov and Ye. P. Dergu-
nov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 4+, No I+, Apr 58, pp 376-377
Procedures for the electrolytic deposition of thin, mechanically
strong uranium, neptunium, plutonium, and americium layers in the prep-
aration' of targets to be bombarded in cyclotrons and other accelerators
are described. In addition to being mechanically strong, such to gets
must stand intensive bombardment with heavy charged particles (N1 , C12,
o16, and 018 ions) at a high density of these particles and also sharp
fluctuations of the temperature (from room temperature to 500-706). The
procedures used, which are described in detail, involve deposition from
aqueous solutions to which formic acid or ammonium oxalate has been added.
16. Methods for Determination' of Thorium, Beryllium, and Lead Isotopes
"Methods for the Determination of the Absolute Age of Geological
Formations," by V. I. Baranov, Doctor of Physicomathematical
Sciences, and K. G. Knorre, Candidate of Geological-Mineralogical
Sciences; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 28, No 3,
Mar 58, pp 112-113
The Commission on the Determination of the Absolute Agra of Geological
Formations at the Department of Geological-Geographical. Sciences, Academy
of Sciences USSR, conducted 10-14+ December 1957 at Leningrad a symposium
on methods for determining geological age. Some of the papers presented
at the symposium dealt with analytical procedures for the determination
of radioactive elements in connection with work of this type.
The method for the determination of microquantities of thorium with
the application of 7. I. Kuznetsov's "thoron" reagent was considerably
improved at the Radium Institute imeni V. G. Khlopin. By selecting op-
timum conditions, the absolute error in the determination of thorium can
be brought down to ! 0.3 Y . By making determinations at two different
acidity levels, it wau possible to eliminate the effect of rare-earth
elements on the results.
The participants in the symposium heard the abstract of a communica-
tion.by Peters and Arnold concerning work done by these investigators out-
side the USSR on the beryllium method for the determination of the age of
marine deposits. They conducted this work on samples of red clays, in
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which they expected to find the greatest accumulations of beryllium. The
results obtained are preliminary, because a sufficiently precise method
for the quantitative determination of beryllium has not yet been devised.
A number of reports discussed the use of glauconite for the determina-
tion of the age of alluvial rocks. Fr?a thermore, the ionium method for
the determination of the age of marine e.`.eposits was described. A method
involving the determination of radioactive carbon with the aid of liquid
scintillators, which had been developed at the Radium Institute, attracted
considerable attention.
Of great interest is research on the isotope composition of lead con-
tained in radioactive minerals, which was initiated by a team of workers
at the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I.
Vernadskiy and has been expanded during recent years. The results re-
ported at the symposium indicate that it is possible to detect in radioac-
tive minerals lead corresponding to different ages of these minerals.
A report by E. V. Sobotovich and other workers at the Radium Insti-
tute described attempts to investigate the type of lead contained in
radioactive minerals by distillation and selective extraction of lead
isotopes by the treatment of the minerals with different reagents.
17. Books on Structural Materials for Protection Against Radiation From
Nuclear Reactors
Moscow, Sovetskiye Knigi, No 171, 1957, pp 32-33
The following books on materials used for biological protection
against radiation from nuclear reactors are described:
Zashchit a Svoystva Stroitellnykh Materialov Primenyayemykh pri
Sooruzhenii Yadernykh Reaktorov i Uskoritelev Protective Properties of
Structural Materials Used for Construction of Nuclear Reactors and Ac-
celerators)., by A. N. Komarovskiy, Atomizdat, first quarter of 1958.'
CPYRGHT
"Gives experimental data on the protection against radioactive
radiations of various structural materials used for the biological shield-
ing of nuclear reactors and accelerators and related equipment. Prepared
for atomic energy specialists."
S etsial'n a Stroitel'nyye Materialy, Primen diva Biolo i-
cheskov Zashchity Yade ykh Reaktorov i Uskoritelev (Special Structural
Materials Used for the Biological Shielding of Nuclear Reactors and Ac-
celerators), by A. N. Komarovskiy, Atomizdat, first quarter of 1958.
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"Presents numerous data from Soviet and foreign practice and re-
search on special structural materials used in construction of nuclear
reactors and accelerators. The physicotechnical properties of these
materials, their technology, and the characteristics of the work in the
laying of heavy and hydrated concrete arr_o discussed. Prepared for atomic
energy specialists."
[For additional information on the chemistry and technology of nu-
clear fuels and reactor construction materials, see Item No 104.]
Organic
18. Addition
of.
Trialkvlphosphites to Conjugated Systems
"Addition of Complete Esters of Phosphorous and Phosphonir
Acids to Conjugated Systems. V. Concerning the Reaction Mech-
anism, of Trialkylphosphites With Conjugated Systems," by V. A.
Kukhtin and Gil 'm Kamay, Kazan Chemicotechnological Institute;
Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey I4iimii, Vol 28, No 5, May 58, pp 1196-
1200
The effect of solvents on the reaction of tributylphosphite with
methacrylic acid was investigated, and it was established that polar sol-
vents accelerate, this reaction. Conjugated reactions of trialkylphos-
phites with alpha, beta-unsaturated acids and alkyl halides were also
studied. Simultaneous reaction products were isolated and a scheme for
the reaction is proposed.
19. Esters of Phosphonic and '.Thiophosphonic Acids Synthesized
"New Method for the Synthesis of Esters of Phosphonic and Thio-
phosphonic Acids. XXIX. Addition of Dialkylphosphorous Acidc
to Esters of Vinylacrylic and Sorbic Acids and to 3,5-Heptadiene-
one-2," by A. N. Pudovik and I. V. Konovalova, Kazan State Uni-
versity; Moscow Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 28, No 5, May 58,
pp 1208-1211
An investigation was made of the addition of dimethylphosphorous
and.d3eth3d1:hospharous acids to the following diene systems activated by
electronegative groups: ethyl esters of beta-vinylacrylic, sori.Ac, and
butadienephosphonic acids and to heptadiene- 3, 5-one-2.
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20. Triaroxyphosphazoacyl Compounds
"Triaroxyphosphazoacyls;": by A. V. Kirsanov, G. I. Derkach,
and R. G. Makitra, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academy of
Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey IChimi, Vol
28, No 5, May 58, pp 1227-1232
Triaroxyphosphazoacyl compounds of the aromatic oeries were prepared.
Trimethoxyphosphazo-3,5-dinitrobenzoly 'was 'also prepared and'some of
the chemical properties of these compounds studied.
21. Cholinesterase Inhibiters Increase Action of Dithilin
"The Effect of Various Medicinals on the Action of Dithilin,"
by A. F. Danilov, Fiziol. Rol' Atsetilkholina i Iz skani e
Novylth Lekarstv. Veshchestv (Physiological Role of Acetylchol-
ine and the Search for New Medicinals), Leningrad, 1957, pp
1+06-1+13 (from Ref~rativn Zhurnal -- Khimiya, Bi.ologiche-
CPYRGHT skaya Khimiya, No 8, 1958
Abstract No 1071
"Cholinesterase inhibiters (prozerine, phosphacol) increase the.ac-
tion of dithilin. Intravenous injection of morphine, atropine, and
scopolamine increase the action of dithilin by over 15%. Adenoline is
an antagonist to dithilin."
22. Improved Synthesis of Phenyldichiorophosphine
"Improved Methods of Synthesis of Phenyldich1orophosphine and
Phenylphosphonic Acid Dichloride," by Ye. L. Gefter, Scientific
Research Institute of Plastics; Moscow, Zhurn ' Obshchey Khimii,
Vol 28, No 5, May 58, PP. 1338-131+0
Relatively simple methods were worked out for the synthesis of phenyl-
dichlorophosphine and phenylphosphonic acid dichloride with yields of
about 90% of the theoretical,.
23. New Method for Synthesis of Unsymetric Dialkyihydrazines
"Synthesis of Unsymmetric Dialkylhydrazines," by B. V. Ioffe,
Chemical Institute, Leningrad State University; Moscow, Zhurnal
Obshchey Khimii, Vol 28, No 5, May 58, pp 1296-1302
The easiest method for the synthesis of unsymmetric disubstituted
hydrazines is by the reduction of nitrosamines with a large excess of zinc
dust in acetic acid. A preparative procedure that has been worked out in
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detail is available only for dimethylhydrazine; however, this method has
also been applied for the preparation of diethylhydrazine and (with some-
what worse results) for the preparation of the simplest aromatic hydrazines.
Attempts to synthesize mixed unsymmetric aliphatic hydrazine by this
method were unsuccessful.
A simple procedure is proposed for the synthesis of dialkylhydrazines
by the reduction of nitrosamines with zinc amalgam in hydrochloric acid.
The following homologs of unsymmetric dimethylhydrazine have been synthe-
sized by this method and characterized by determining their physical con-
stants: diethylhydrazine, di-n-propylhydrazine, di-n-butylhydrazine,
methyl-n-butylhydrazine, methylisobutylhydraziiie,: methyl-n-propylhydrazine,
and methylisopropylhydrazine. The last two substances are described for
the first time.
It was found that with increasing size of the.alkyl radicals the yield
of hydrazines drugs to some extent, while the yield of by-products (sec-
ondary amines) increases.
When methylphenylnitrosoamine is reduced by the procedure described,
me'thylaniline is obtained.
Radiation Chemistry
24. Effect of Fast Electrons on Ethylene
"Transformations of Organic Compounds Caused by High-Energy
Radiation; Part 3 -- Transformations of Ethylene Due to the
Effect of Fast Electrons," by B. M. Mikhaylov, V. G. Kiselev,
and V. S. Bogdanov, Institute of Organic Chemistry imeni N. D.
Zelinskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 5, May 56, pp 5k5-
5}9
The following results were obtained in the experimental work de-
scribed:
As a result of radiolys:..,s ethylene is transformed mainly into butane,
acetylene, and liquid hydrocarbons. In addition to butane and acetylene,
the gaseous products of.the reaction contain small quantities of CHI,
C2H61 C4H8, and H2," ,s well as traces of propene. The liquid products
which boil up to 1300 consist of C6 and C8 aliphatic hydrocarbons. The
higher-boiling fractions contain considerable quantities of aromatic and
unsaturated hydrocarbons.. The fQraatLOnQfbutane, hexanes, octanes, and
other higher alkanes takes place by the mutual condensation of aliphatic
biradicals with an even number of carbon atoms. This condensation is
followed by hydrogenation.
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The energy yield of the reaction [G value] is 16 molecules per 100 eV.
Lowering of the initial pressure increases the degree of decomposi-
tion of ethylene without affecting the qualitative course of the reaction.
Dilution of the ethylene with nitrogen results in increased conversion
and a sharp lowering of the yield of gaseous hydrocarbons. Dilution with
hydrogen has practically no effect on the radiolysis of ethylene.
25. Interaction Between Deuterium Molecules and. Solid Hydrocarbon Polymers
Under Effect of Nuclear Radiation
"Isotope Exchange Between Gaseous Hydrogen and Solid Polymers
Under the Action of-Nuclear Radiation," by Ya. M. Varshavskiy,
G. Ya. Vasil'yev, V. L. Karpov, Yu. S. Lazurkin, and. I. Ya,.
Petrov; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 118, No 2,
11 Jan 58, pp 315-316
When hydrocarbon polymers are subjected to the action of nuclear
radiation, gaseous products consisting chiefly of hydrogen are evolved.
To establish whether or not this process is reversible, i.e., whether
hydrogen from the gaseous phase reacts chemically with the polymer and
is retained by it, the interaction of gaseous deuterium with a number
of polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, butadiene rubber
and polymethylmethacrylate) was investigated. The greatest quantity of
deuterium was found to enter into dzemical combi_?mtaon with polyr hyler atulpaly-
prgll.eae. Isctr#c exchange pxtceeds ata slower rate inthe cases of polybutadiene
and polystyrene and no exchange at all was observed in the case of poly-?
methylmethacrylate. There is either a chain reaction between polymer
radicals and deuterium molecules or isotopic exchange between these radi-
cals and deuterium. Comparison of the rate of isotopic exchange of poly-
butddiene with that of polyethylene shows that addition of hydrogen at
double bonds apparently does not take place. The low rate of exchange
in the case of polystyrene can be explained by the high radiation stability
of this substance, i.e., the low yield of radicals formed from it.
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Radi ochemistry
26. Use of Radioactive Isotopes for Investigation of Intercrystalline
Adsorption "Use of Radioactive Tracers to Solve Problems of Adsorption at
Internal Surfaces of Solid Bodies," by V. I. Arkharov, S. M.
Klotsman, and A. N. Timofeyev; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 1+,
No 11., Apr 58, PP-380-381
On the basis of work done by V. I. Arkharov, S. M. K.otsmann, A. N.
Timofeyev, and others, interrelationships between intercrystaliine absorp-
tion of radioactive tracer atoms and dispersion of radiation on the one
hand and intercrystallinc adsorption of tracer atoms and diffusion of
these atoms (both along grain boundaries and within grains) on the other
hand are discussed from the standpoint of appUcation s of the tracer method in the
study of 1 xtetn .t (intercrystaiU.ne) adsorption phenomena and the investigation
of the grain structure of alloys. According to the bibliographic references
given, the work described was done mainly at the Institute of Physical
Metallurgy, Ural Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
27. Radiochemical Investigation by USSR Antarctic Expedition of Rate of
. Deposition of Silt in Indian Ocean
"The Rate of -Silt Deposition in the Indian Ocean," by V. I.
Baranov andl' L. A. Kuz'mina, Institute of Geochemistry and
Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I. Vernadskiy, Academy of Sci-
ences USSR ~oscow, Geokhimiya, No 2, Apr 58, pp 99-106
The First hoviet Antarctic Expedition (1956) investigated an ex-
tensive area ofd the Antarctic shore, the Tasmanian Sea, and the Indian
Ocean. One of !the subjects of the investigation conducted was the rate
of deposition of bottom silt. Thi rate was determined on the basis of
the change of the ionium concentration with the depth of the silt layer.
The ionium concentration and also the thorium concentration were deter-
mined in samples taken from the bottom by means of a core sampling device.
A method developed by the authors of the article was used in determining
these two elements. By using a luminescence method, uranium was also de-
termined in the silt samples. The contents of uranium and thorium were
correlated with those of magnesium and iron. The results obtained are
discussed in some detail.
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28. Determination of Solubility With Aid of Nonisotopie Tracers
"Solubility Determination of Difficultly Soluble Cbmpcunds Ib-
ing Radioactive Tracers of Similar Elements, "by N, B. M k yev;
Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol lf,, No 4, Apr 55, pp 351-358
The relationships have been established which govern the transfer
into solution of microelements present in the form of compounds that are
truly isomorphous with the compounds of macroelements when there is partial
dissolution of the solid phase that contains the microelement. A method
has been developed for determining the solubility of difficultly soluble
compounds with the aid of radioactive tracer compounds which exhibit true
isomorphism with the compound investigated, but contain a tracer which is
not isotopic with the similar element of this compoi7nd.. The effect
which the degree of thermodynamic equilibrium between the preci-
pitate. and the saturated solution has on the 'type of curves used for
the determination of solubility has been studied. A method has been pro-
posed for the detersninal;ion of the solubility of difficultly soluble com-
pounds in solutions which contain the same ions. The relationships that
were established could be confirmed using as examples the determination
of the solubility of barium sulphate using Sr90 and of the solubility of
potassium chioroplatinate using Csl34.
Miscellaneous
29. Aerosol Dispersal by Helicopter
"Testing of Helicopter With an Aerosol Generator," by V. F.
Dunskiy and A. F. Funikov; Moscow, Zashchita Rasten3 of
Vrediteley i Bolezney, No 3, May/Jun 5 , pp 20-21
Type AG-L6 aerosol generators have not been used in agricultural avia-
tion because they do not prodha.ce a strong enough stream for the speed of
the airplane. More powerful aerosol generators have not yet been devel-
oped. However, since the introduction of helicopters to agricultural avia-
tion, new possibilities for the aerial dispersal of aerosols have been
created.
The advantages of a helicopter are that it has a much slower speed
and a strong downdraft forcing the aerosol down and around the plants,
and that it can be used to spray plants growing on hillsides.
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III. ELECTRONICS
Communications
30. Plans for Future Development of Radio Communications
"Development of Radio Communications, Radio Broadcasting and
TV Broadcasting" (unsigned article); Moscow. Radiotekhnika,
No 5, May 58, PP 3-6
The completion of the wire broadcasting system embracing all of the
territory of the USSR is planned for the 1959-1965 period. After this
system has been completed, each family will have service of either a radio
receiver or a wired loudspeaker outlet. The number of radio receivers
and wired radio outlets in the USSR should be increased to 25-30 per 100
persons, as compared to the present of 15 per 100.
The basic drawbacks of the wire-broadcasting system have been over-
come recently by the improved production of semiconductors, miniature
parts and printed circuits, thus greatly increasing the prospects for the
development of efficient multiprogram wire-broadcasting systems.
During the same period, a great number of older radio broadcasting
stations will be reconstructed, to operate on a more efficient system of
anode (plate) or auto-anode modulation. Steps will be taken to initiate
two-program broadcasting from Moscow to Leningrad, Kuybyshev, Chelyabinsk,
Minsk, Riga,-Tallin, Kharkov, Gor?kiy, and other towns utilizing low-
frequency cables.
At present, more than 40 TV broadcasting centers and retransmitting
stations are in operation in the USSR, and about 60 more such centers and
stations are in the process of construction or planning. A number of
trunk and local republic radio-relay lines are planned for the same period.
Construction of a radio-relay line to accommodate several hundred
telephone channels and one TV channel will be started in the near future
from Moscow in the southern direction. A similar powerful radio-relay
like will be built in the direction of the Urals. During the same period,
an expansion will be undertaken of intraoblast and intrarayon networks
communications in Siberia, the Far North, Kazakhstan, and the Far East,
where the radio communication is often the only means of communication.
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During 1959-1965, a series of studies will be conducted to develop
new efficient communication systems; the exact scientific and technical
approach to such problems has not yet been fully established. Theoretical
and experimental investigations in building multichannel communication
systems u';?lizing waveguide lines now point to the feasibility of wave-
guides as reliable transmission ducts for thousands of communication
channels
The most important problems of the iu ure will be the mastery of the
millimeter wave technique and the development of efficient flexible wave-
guides and multiplex equipment.
31. New Radio-Relay Equipment
"Radio-Relay Equipment, ?Vesna?" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Vestnik Sveyazi, No 3, Mar 58, cover page 2
The Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Communications
USSR has developed new "Vesna" radio-relay equipment intended for use on
radio-relay stations for lines up to 5,000 km.
The equipment will be manufactured in two models and will operate in
frequency range of about 4,000 Mc. The first model will operate with
three main trunks and one service duplex trunk; each main trunk will ac-
commodate up to 2110 telephone channels and two radio programs or one TV
program.
The second model will operate with five main trunks, one reserve
trunk and one service trunk; each main trunk will accosmodate up to 600
telephone channels and two radio programs or one TV program.
32. Multichannel System of Wire Broadcasting
"To Speed-up the Development and Application of Multichannel
System of Wire Broadcasting," by 0. V. Yefinov; Moscow, Vestnik
Syrazi, No 3, Mar 58, pp 8-9
CPYRGHIThe article contains the following passages:
"In our country, there has been continuous development and improve-
ment of multiprogram broadcasting which utilizes both the "over the air"
broadcasting system, comprising some long- and medium-wave broadcasting
stations, as well as ultrashort-wave broadcasting utilizing the TV net-
works. At present, in a greater part of our country two-republic program
reception is possible.
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"If we take into account the fact that wire broadcasting and radio
broadcasting in the USSR should mutually supplement each other, then it
will become evident that intensive work is required in the development
and application of the multichannel wire broadcasting.
"In 1955-1956, the Ministry of Communications USSR again resumed
research in the field of multichannel wire broadcasting. The Scientific
Research Institute of the Ministry of Communications USSR was entrusted
with the responsibility of developing a system capable of transmitting
several communication channels over the same wires."
"The following carrier frequencies were adopted: for the second pro-
46 kc (operating band 40-52 kc) and for the third program 78 kc
(operating band 72-84 kc).
"Plans have been made to organize, this year, in both Moscow and
Kiev, experimental stations for three-channel wire broadcasting.
"However, the majority of wire broadcasting stations still remain
single-program stations."
33. Reduction of Noise in Radiotelephone Reception
"Increasing the Noise Immunity of Reception by 'Limi.ting the
Derivative Envelope," by N. F. Vollerner; Kiev, Izvestiya V F-
shikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy - Radiotekhnika, No 2, Mar Apr 5 ,
Pp 157-165
The problems associated with decreasing noise interference in the
reception of AM radiotelephone programs are discussed. A number of known
methods for increasing noise immunity are examined and criticized.
The author suggests using the difference between the shape (that is,
the steepness of the wave front or derivative envelope) of the signal
envelope and the noise envelope. It was discovered that it is possible
to decrease the speed of rise and fall of the noise envelope to a minimum,
providing an undistorted reproduction of the radiotelephone transmission.
A series of curves is given showing signals limited according to
their derivative sinusoidal envelope for various levels of derivative
envelope.
Two methods are proposed for limiting the derivative envelope in
radio receivers -- control of amplification in relation to the level of
the derivative (by the use of negative feedback), and direct limiting of
the differentiated envelope.
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In conclusion it is stated that selectivity using the derivative
envelope is a more accurate method for reducing noise interference in
radiotelephone programs, and may reduce the noise level by 5 to 7 db in
comparison with amplitude limiting.
34. Analysis of Modulation and Demodulation
"The Amplitude and Frequency of a Modulated Carrier Wave," by
A. Ditl, A. S. Popovs, Research Institute for Communications
Engineering, Prague; Leipzig, Hochfrequenztechnik and Elektro-
akustik, Vol 66, No 5, Mar 58, pp 160-167
The article shows that, if the processes of modulation and demodu-
lation can be idealized in certain points, mathematical expressions can
be found, which in a formal sense, are not much more complicated than the
expressions which describe a linear signal distortion. It is further
shown that from these expressions general conclusions can be drawn re-
garding various types of modulation.
Examples include: single sideband amplitude modulation with and
without a carrier wave; the influence of a brief interference pulse on
the output signal in the case of frequency modulation; the packing effect
of frequency modulation; and the influence of a reflected wave on the
output signal in the case of frequency modulation.
35. Facsimile Machine FTAP
"Facsimile Machine FT.P," unsigned article; Moscow, Vestnik
Svyazi, No 3, Mar 58, cover page
The facsimile machine FTAP was developed in the USSR for intraregion
and intracity communication. The image is recorded on a roll of electro-
chemical paper 220 mm wide.'? The speed of transmission is 120 lines per
minute? It requires 12 minutes to record a 220 mm by 300 mm image. The
FTAP machine uses 127- or 220-volt alternating current. The lower con-
sumption is about 370 w.
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Cc :nens
336. 112'J-h-C.ual.ity Precision ua-t- ~esc^a
Vy-
"II! gh-Quality Precision Aesonatcr With Sit T ems- at -e-e De-
pendence." by }1. G. Vlasin,,p.~ C-. N [ =Md:yac' a =.i "M. I.. ?r-eslsu-
skiy; Moscow, Doklady Al ~j~Lm 1 S3R. Vol 119.. lic 3, 22 _'_"
58, pp 481-483-
An AT-cut double-corrre.> craart= lens -..s used by tae --Ea
ing a precision resonator for as op t-: Y-ediuerr? of L Vic. fn =in re
the ruggedness of the resonator, t e crysal was =cn rted s ue; ae_r- it
to two strung wires which also se_?-re as current Conductors. S Lierricg
was accooapLished by burning dots of silver into the Czyz .al
surface. Such a construction redace- the equivalent of the
resonator to 2-6 ohms.
After a series of espe-rnents, was es-,.ablis ed. that high ere ti-
cal parameters can be obtained by us g 31.5 al ter lenses of 1512
curvature . The crystals used in this a -m- were, ?in most. .sea . only
ground, result ins gjty _ ' -
~; factor t;f :.ale and ~.
the crystals f Urthe_r increases the quality factor. The tuned.
wer_ sealed in glass envelopes and f" at _e I at - mmZ
after evacuation. The helitua E as as re. id:e d the "~'-7 fa,-"^ of .,e r
(I:a_,r
na',or. , but greatly increased , its heat :. _s . r ..
The aging characteristics of this .,fie of reso for h`-- %t_ 'zt 'cer-
fully established.
Ce-s
37. Information Machine ::itii ne _ ~ ~ Pe a cr
"A Machine-Bib? iographer:
CPYRO1
,May58,p68
"Hundreds of books and thousands of avrti_c?es on he most,
varied.
branches of knowledge are printed yea=ly a d go into cook =epos=t i .
A special index card is prepared for each book bea_ besides
itle:
and author I s name ... the subjec ;, prod? a dealt a?it by tLe:
clusions. and other data. Th's card it peas 1e to gain
complete information on each tpr rated unlit"' a before one be:=_e_ di-
rectly familiar with it. Even so, a very t a=c-,t of 4 is
wa~
in selecting literature on a specific rzroIclem.
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ICT
"The Laboratory of Electromodeling, Academy of Sciences USSR, is
desiiing a special information machine. It consists of a large, high-
speed "nemory' ('library'), a 'reading' device (for 'scanning' and process-
ing the information), devices for input, of information (they perform both
machine translation from a foreign language and 'translation into the ma-
chine language' -- coding).
"A basic characteristic and virtue of the new information machine is
the permanent, high-speed, machine 'memory.' The content of information
material is applied in the form of capacitances on metallized printed
sheets which are subsequently compressed into blocks. Since this machine,
unlike those which have `reen built up to the present, has no mechanically
moving parts, it is capable of operating for a long time at an information
reproduction rate heretofore unattainable.
"When an inquiry is entered the machine codes it and develops an in-
formation search progralii. The 'reading' device, following the program,
selects the needed material and processes it.
"When selection and processing of the material has been completed,
the machine feeds the material out for printing on output printing mecha-
nisms.
"The length of time taken for recording and computing is of the order
of 6 to 10 millionths of a second. Contact-less relay elements provide for
X') operations per second. More than a billion cells make up the per-
maneni- 'memory' of the machiLte; its 'reading' rate is about a million
pages of information per hour."
An illustration accompanying the above article shows three line draw-
ings: A perforator for registering information on the sheets; a block
("book") of 512 sheets ("pages") each containing 512 binary symbols; a
single cassette which, for purposes of size comparison, is shown in juxta-
position to a cathode-ray tube unit and a cigarette lighter.
[SIR Note: The cassette in the illustration io not further described.
It is possibly a segment of a ferrite core memory used for temporary in-
formation storage during machine operation.]
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Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
38. Probability Density and Spectrum of Stationary Processes
"On Measuring the Probability Density and Spectrum of Station-
ary Time Processes,, by P. Fey; Leipzig, Hochfrequenztechnik
and Elektroakustik Vol 66, No 5, Mar 58
pp 141-1 42
The reasons are given for the limited resolution in the measurement
of the spectrum and probability density of stationary time processes. The
integral equation which describes the relationship between actual and
measured values is given and solved. The possibility of obtaining a so-
lution through electrical analogy is pointed out. A simple example is
used to illustrate the relationships. The author expresses thanks to Prof
Dr Engr H. Fruehauf, director of the Institute for High-Frequency Engi-
neering and Electron Tubes, Dresden Technische Hochschule, for guidance.
39. A New Balanced Mixer With Greater Stability
"A New Balanced Mixer for the Centimeter -Wave Band," by Yu. Ya.
Yurov; Kiev, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, No 1,
Jan/Feb 58, pp 82-88
A new balanced mixer is described which has, in comparison with exist-
ing mixers, greater decoupling, higher stability, and smaller dimensions.
The mixer is a rectangular cavity in which the local oscillator excites
a type 0, 1, 2 field, and the incoming signal excites a type 0, 2, 1 field.
Narrow resonant slots serve as the connection between the cavity and the
waveguides. Two detectors are arranged symmetrically relative to the axis
of the cavity, parallel to the zero reference line, so that the electric
fields of the signal have identical directions and those of the local
source have opposite directions. The detectors are terminated with sec-
tions of coaxial line having movable plungers for tuning. Three tuning
rods are located at the corners and in the center of the cavity for the
purpose of increasing decoupling between the channels. As a result, sta-
CPYRGHtle decoupling reaches a value of 4+0-50 db.
"In analyzing the processes within the mixer, a method is suggested
for computing fields of higher modes originating near thin conductors and
narrow slots in waveguides and cavities. The local fields around these
fields are considered as being similar to fields of a first approximation,
originating around thin wire and slot antennas in free space. With this
method it is possible to compute the return loss and to determine the con-
ditions for matching the proposed mixer with a rectangular waveguide."
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Rectangular Waveguides With Attenuating Structures
CPYRGHT
"Choice of Parameters of an Attenuating Ridge Structure in a
Rectangular Waveguide According to Given Electromagnetic Para-
meters," by N. V. Trunova; Kiev, Izvestiya Vysshilch Uchebnykh
Zavedeniy - Radiotekhnika, No 2, Mar
"A series of curves is given which enables one to select the dimen-
sions of a rectangular waveguide with a double ridge-type structure used
as an attenuator in a traveling-wave tube, according to given values of
maximum operating frequency, power, and efficiency of the tube"
Graphs are computed. for the frequency amplification band at a fixed
plate voltage. A comparison of synphase and antiphase waves is made, and
C PYRG H-t,he data, including waveguide dimensions, are included in graphs.
"It is seen from the data that for high-power traveling-wave tubes
with a large amplification factor and a tuning band of less than 5%, it
is preferable to use synphase waves."
41. Examination of Auto-Oscillations in Traveling-Wave Tube
"Traveling-Wave Tube as an Oscillator," by G. N. Rapaport,; Kiev,
Izvestiya V shikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy - Radiotekhnika, No 2,
Mar Apr 5b., pp 202-20
Auto-oscillation is examined in a traveling-wave tube with positive
dispersion of the delay system and feedback in the reflected wave. It is
found that for optimum parameter values the electron efficiency of the
tube in standing-wave systems may reach 33%. The power of a self-
oscillating tube in a standing-wave system with small gain parameter and
strong feedback may be considerably higher than the saturation power in
CPYRGI' amplification system.
".Its is experimentally and theoretically proven that oscillations of
a definite order are more readily generated in a standing-wave system if
the electron velocity is increased somewhat above the velocity of the
wave; the greater the length of the tube, the less need be this increase.
"As in backward-wave oscillators, the starting current of the os-
cillator in a traveling-wave tube in a standing-wave system is inversely
proportional to the cube of the length of the system."
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142. New Linear Electron Accelerator
"A Linear 6.-mev Electron Accelerator," by 0. A. Val'dner, 0. S.
Mtlovanov, G. A. Tyagunov, and A. V. Shal'nov; Kiev, Izves ti a
Vyssliikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy - Radiotekhnika, No 2, Mar/Apr 58',
pp 222-230
Gi.res the general principles of operation and construction of elec-
tron accelerators. The 6-mev accelerator described consists of two
separate sections -- a buncher in which the phase velocity changes from
= 0.11. to = 0.97, and an accelerator where the phase velocity is
bons4;ant and equal to the speed of light j = 1.
The first section of the accelerating waveguide is made of a seamless
copper tube having an inner diameter of 90 mm. Diaphragms are made of
copper and are mounted in the waveguide by a thermal-shrinkage method
using liquid nitrogen. The second section is made of separate rings and
diaphragms. A tolerance of ? 0.02 mm is used for all dimensions of the
accelerating waveguide sections.
Power loss in the high-frequency tract of the accelerator is 11. db.
The pass band of the matched waveguide of the accelerator is 6 Mc for a
standing-wave coefficient of not more than 1.3.
The fundamental technical characteristics of the accelerator were
obtained experimentally.
A number of appl:'.ations are suggested for linear electron acceler-
ators, among which are the generation of millimeter waves, industrial
ra.diography, and in medicine.
11.3. Equations for Irregular Waveguides With Nonhomogeneous Medium
"Waveguide Equations for Irregular Waveguides," by B. F. Yeme-
!in; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, Vol III, No 5, May
58; pp 615-627
Waveguide equations are derived which are applicable to waveguides
having changing cross-sections, curved axes, and twisted surfaces as well
as to those classes of waveguides having all three irregularities simul-
taneously with a nonhomogeneous medium.
The equations are an infinite system of ordinary linear differential
equations for the amplitudes of coupled E- and H-waves. The equations are
relatively simple and facilitate the study of irregularities in waveguides
produced by an anisotropic medium.
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41L. Wave Propagation in Partially Filled Regular Waire uJides
"On the Question of Wave Propagation in Waveguides;LTilled With
a Medium of Variable Permitivity and Permeability," by V. B.
Brodskiy; Moscow, Radioteklinika i Elektronika, Vol III, No 5,
May 58, pp 628-633
A regular waveguide is examined which is partially filled with an
isotropic medium having permitivity and permeability which are given
functions of coordinates. The problem of wave propagation in such a
waveguide is solved by means of an expansion of the individual functions
of an empty waveguide, whereupon a system of linear differential equa-
tions of the first order is obtained for the expansion factors.
An analogous problem is solved for cavity resonators filled with a
similar medium.
45. Examination of Wave Propagation in Bent Waveguides
"Wages in Bent Tubes," by A. G. Sveshnikov; Moscow, Radiotekh-
nika i Elektronika, Vol III, No 5, May 58, pp 641-64`-
An approximate method is given for solving problems of propagation
of acoustical waves in waveguides having arbitrary changes in direction
and slightly deformed cross-sections. This method is also applied to the
propagation of electromagnetic waves in twisted rectangular waveguides
with constant cross-section using a curvilinear system of coordinates.
46. Device for Measuring Small Time Intervals
"Device for Measuring Microsecond Time In?servals," by B. A.
Predein; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 2, Mar/Apr
58, pp 31-36
The article describes a device, designated as Di-0.1, capable of
measuring time intervals in the range from 5 to 256 microseconds with an
accuracy of about ? 0.1 microsecond. The device utilizes simultaneously
two methods of direct measurement of time: a method of oscillator-scaling
circui?.% and the method of "measuring line" [delay line).
The instrument consists of a quartz controlled oscillator, a pulse
shaping line, a measuring circuit in the form, of an. artificial delay line
and a scalar circuit. The instrument IV-0.1 permits direct reading of
short time intervals between two electric pulses on a luminescent indi-
cator.i
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After a certain rearrangement of the measuring circuit, the sensi-
tivity of the instrument can be raised to 10 -9 seconds.
47. High-Voltage Ion Gun
"Ion Gun Operating at 20 to 30 Kilovolts," by D. N. Bukhov-
skaya; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperiment;a, No 2, Mar/Apr
58, PP 49-51
The article describes the principle of operation and construction
of a laboratory ion gun operating with a potential of 20 to 30 kv. A
high-voltage discharge produces an ion beam in the instrument. This type
of ion gun with ion-beam energy up to 35 kev is widely used in electron-
optical devices.
The instrument, built by the author and P. V. Zaytsev, is made of a
discharge chamber and a high-vacuum chamber separated by a diaphragm,
t1irough which the ion beam passes. In the discharge chamber a hollow
anode and a stainless steel cylindrical cathode are mounted on a porcelain
insulator. The opening in the cathode, through which the beam passes,
should be sufficiently small to maintain a pressure of 10-3- mm Hg in the
discharge chamber, while a high-vacuum of 10-4 mm Hg is maintained on the
other side of the cathode. The ion--beam current should be of the order
of 15 to 20 microamperes. The power supply to the gun is obtained from
a high-voltage rectifier with a grounded negative term:Lna1.
A series of experiments were carried out in order to determine the
effect of ion irradiation on various metals.
Magnetic, Dielectric, Semiconduc?'.or Materials
48. Examination of Transfer Characteristics of Junction Transistors
"Transfer Characteristics of Semiconductor Triodes," by T. M.
Agakhanyan; Kiev, Izvesti Vysshikh Ucb.ebnykh Zavedeniy -?
Radiotekhnika, No 2, Mar Apr 5 8., pp 194-2016
The transfer characteristics of an ideal transistor are examined and
the effect of impedance of a pulse generator at the input of the transis-
tor is computed. Approximate equations are derived which characterize the
parameters of an equivalent circuit of a real junction transistor.
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CPYRGHT
"From an analysis of the processes in the region of the base of an
Ideal transistor, it follows that a decrease in the impedance of the os-
cillator results in a decrease in the delay time as well as in the rise
time of lp-he output pulse, whereas in real transistors a decrease in this
impedance causes an increase in the rise time. The latter is a result of
internal feedback which is due to the voltage drop throughout the dis-
tributed impedance of the base. Elimination of internal feedback by the
use of neutralization circuits permits a decrease in pulse front distor-
tion in circuits using semiconductor triodes.11
49. Method for Determining Characteristics of Transistor Trigger Circuits
"An Analysis of Junction Transistor Trigger Circuits," by V. V.
Chervet;sov; Kiev, Izvesti Vysshikh Uchebn kh Zavedeniy, No 1,
Jan/Feb 58, pp 95-10
Because of the nonlinearity of transistor characteristics in pulse
systems, it is often necessary to use methods of analysis based on the
linearization of the static characteristics of transistors in three spe-
cific areas of operation. Each segment of the static characteristic of
the transistor corresponds to a segment of the voltampere static charac-
teristic of the circuit. Voltampere static characteristics which enable
one to analyze the circuit in detail may be obtained experimentally or
computed analytically.
Voltampere characteristics are computed for a trigger circuit with
one and with two stable equilibrium positions, and these results are com-
pared graphically with experimental results.
Amplitude and duration of pulse rise are also determined and a method
for selecting the emitter impedance of a trigger circuit is given.
Radar
50. Radar Operating on Millimeter Waves
"Radars on Millimeter Waves," by 1. Yur?ev; Moscow, Sovetskaya
Aviatsiya, 6 Mar 58
The article, which does not identify the radar as Soviet or Western,
CPYRGI1 tains the following passages:
it "The described radar has a resolution of only 9 meters, which affords
a view not only of individual aircraft: but also of the tail assembly and
thus the possibility of identifying the type of aircraft. It, also permits
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the tracking of an automobile as it turns from the road to the airfield,
and of the driver as he steps out of the cab. However, the range of
visibility of such an installation is small: the range indicator is de-
signed for a distance of 0.5 to 16 kilometers.
"The peculiar feature of this radar is the use of two separate an-
tennas, one for reception and one for transmissions Thus the necessity
for a transmit-receive switch is eliminated, and the construction of the
antenna-waveguide section is simplified; besides, the use of two antennas
permits a reduction of the noise caused by rain approximately 3,200 times
as great as that of stations having only one antenna.
"As is mentioned in some foreign literature, beside observations
over the airfield surface, the millimeter range radars may be used as
radio-detonators, identification systems, airborne intercepting stations,
bomb and gun sights, etc."
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IV. ENGINEERING
51. Soviet Improvement of Alkaline Battery Reported in Czechoslovak Press
"Improvement of Soviet Alkaline Batteries" (unsigned article);
Prague, Obrana Lida, 22 May 58, p 2
Alkaline storage batteries were improved in the Soviet Union by adding
mercury to the nickle-oxide electodes. An even better electrochemical
efficiency has been achieved by adding 3 percent powdered barium..
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V. MATHEMATICS
52. Large Deviations of Random. Variables
"Concerning the Probability of Large Deviations of Random
Variables," by I. N. Sanov; Moscow, Matematicheskiy Sbornik,
CPYRGH o1 fit'' (8 4)., lo. 1, 1957 pp 11..10+
"The problem, concerning the determination of the probability for
large deviations of random variables commands constant attention. Many
important invk:stigations devoted to this question exist of which we
should name, above all, the works of N. V. Smirnov, H. Cramer, and V. V.
Petrov. The proti?~ms concerning the probability estimate for large de-
viations of an empirical distribution curve of the random variable
after N independent selections from the theoretical distribution curve,
as well as the problem concerning the probability estimate of large de-
viations of a ramiom variable sample taken from a general set from the
mean value of terms of a variation series, are closely related to this
problem. Distributions of the so--called normal deviations in the two
previous cases were obtained in the works of A. N. Ko:lmogorov and N. V.
Smirnov.
+ Qo?
"It is clearly shcyt n that the notion of the integral .ln(dF/d O) d
~J-
titer'. in the p?: es-ent work plays rjn impoy tanr, :: ole in problems concerning
large deviations. (This integral is defined for any two distribution
f notions F(x) and 0 (x) . )
"In the work, a definite approach to the problem of large deviations
for sufficiently large orders of these deviations is employed . For ex-
a cle, for deviations of a .no.?~ali zec? number of m successes in N independ-
ent trials in a Bernoulli system with. a probability of suect ss in one
trial p (0 0.p ' 1) ?fhe following asymxptoti c exps essions were obtained for
the probabilities:
"p (m-Np/ V pN q A), where A is a constant and q 1-p (the Laplace
Integral Meorem).
"The asymptotic formulas for the probahilites in the works of N. V.
S.tnirnov, H . Kramer, and. V . V . Petrov w ere found to be
P (m-Np/ Ipq ANN , tinier e 0 G A,
0 GAG 1/2.
"In the presen-` work, the following as totic fo.mi las for the proba-
bility of a Bernoulli system. are obtained:
P (m-Np/ NPQ > . ' (N) ), where X (N) O(N1/2) .
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CPYRGHT
"For this reason, the methods developed in the present work must not
be considered as a replacement of the methods indicated in the above works,
but as a complement to these methods. The development of these methods to
the point where they give all fundamental results of the above-mentioned
investigations is, however, of great interest. It was stated. that there
exists a real possibility for accomplishing this. The value of such a
method would rest in its single approach to an entire circle of diverse
problems ."
53. Spheroidal Functions
"Asymptotic Representations of Spheroidal Functions With- an
Azimuth Index m. .w 1," by M. G. Belkina; Moscow,. Dokla
CPYRGH. demii Nauk SSSR, Vol 114 No 6, 1957, pp'1165--1188
"Let an equation be given of the form
Y? ? + c2 p(i) Y = 0, c>> 1, where the function p('2) has n
first order poles and zeros at the points k. Further, let it be given
to select a standard equation
y' ? + P( }o) y= 0, for ;thich the independent solutions yl ('p) and
P2~ ( i0) are known and where the poles and the zeros ;(Pk of the coefficient
(P) may be set in a reciprocal, single-valued., and monotonic correspond-
ence vith I k such that poles correspond to poles and zeros to zeros of the
same order. Then the asymptotic representation of the general solution of
(1) is
Y(7j) Y1 [ P (-'?)] + B2 y2 [r(l?)] }
where the connection between the independent variables is given by
r- c ) iv
k ~h
and the additional conditions
(~D) d fo = c Vo'p' (I d (1 M1, 2; ...
k-1, k+l, .:.n).
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"In the present work, the spheroidal functions of A. A. Dorodnitsyn,
J. A. Stratton, P. M. Morse, L. J. Chu and R. A. Hutner were used to ex-
preF,s the functions Y 07).
"After the development which followed., values of
x 2/c2 were calculated by the expressions of
Airy, Besael, and the expression developed in the paper and tabulated..
The results of these calculations were then compared with the true value.
The expressions relating the above symbols are:
c2 x- 2, p (7) = 1 -f-~/l -~2 and C -;--,(,I* 1)77-/2 for
54. Autonorphisms and Flows in Lesbegue Systems Found Nonisomorphic With
Each Other According to Modulus 2
"A New Metric Invariant in Transient Dynamical Systems and
Automorphisms in Lebesque Spaces," by Academician A. N.
Kolmogorov; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 119,
CPYRGH9? 5' 1958, -rP 861-864
"It is well known that a considerable part of the metric theory of
dynamic systems may be presented as an abstract theory of flows St~ in
Lebesque spaces M with measure invariant in the terms in relation to
isrmorphisms according to modulus zero (see the survey work of V. A. Rokh-,
lin, Usp. Matem. Nauk. 4, 2 (30), 1949, in which the presentation is sim-
ilar in respect to definitions and notations). The measure on M we will
presuppose normalized by the condition
/L(s. (m) = 1
and nontrivial (i.e., we presuppose the existence of a set A = M with
0 C,LA.(A) < 1). Many en ples of transient automorphisms and transient
flows with a so-called multiple-counting Lesbegue spectrum are known (for
autcmorphisms see (1) and section 4 of the present work, and for flows seq
have e type
--
---- ---
au tomorpQisms and one type o `'r flows . The question of whether
t w)
he au tomorohisms of type o (corresponding to a flow of type are
isomorphic with each other according to modulus 2 has remained open till
now. It is shown in sections 3 and 4 that the answer to that question is
negative in the case of autamozphisms, as well as in the case of flows. ..The
new invi.~riant permitting on to split up the class of automorphisms So
and the class of currents jw on a continuum Of.invariant subclasses is
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CPYRGHT
entropic per unit of time. In section 1 the necessary data from the infor-
mation theory are presented (`he concepts introduced here concerning con-
ditional entropy and conditional information and their properties probably
have wider interest; although, the complete presentation immediately relates
to the determination of an ciiount of information from (7) and to numerous
works developing this definition). In section 2, the determination of the
characteristic h is given and its invariance is proved. In sections 3-1.,
examples of automorphisms and flows are indicated with arbitrary values of
h within the limits 0 e+ -decay was
studied using photographic emulsions. Values are found for a in the
formula
1 + a coso , a - (~_ i3) (1 -0
describing the angular distrl.r?. ion of electrons in ? -> e-decay. In
the above expression, ~ is the depolarization coefficient for ?. -mesons,
0 is the angle between the direction of the electron and. the spin of
the ? -mesons, and ) is the relative contribution: of vector and pseudo-
vector interaction in the ~ -decay of ?.-meson. Two different values of
.a were found for an emulsion in a magnetic shield and in a magnetic field
of 1,100 G.
111. Scattering Amplitudes of Photons on Nucleons
"Approximate Equations for the Scattering Amplitudes of Photons
on Nucleons," by A. N. Tabkhelidze and V. K. Fedyaiin, Joint
Institute of Nuclear Research; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk
? SSSR, Vol 119, No 4, 1 Apr 58, pp 690- 93
Approximative equations of physical amplitudes are obtain;..d on
th,_~ basis of dispersive correlations for Compton scatt,yr;..)g. The kine-
me.tic --mplitude is analyzed, and the dispersive correlations for rela-
tivistic as well as for physical amplitudes are derived.
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112. "Sampler" Used on Aircraft to Detect Nuclear Explosions
"How They Find Out About Atomic and Thermonuclear Explosions,"
by M. Neyman, Doctor of Chemical Sciences; Moscow, Sovetskaya
Aviatsiya, 30 Mar 58, p 4
An instrument called a sampler and used for detecting atomic and
nuclear explosions is described. It is mounted in the wing of an air-
craft. A shutter in the front of the instrument is opened by the pilot
and the air which is sucked into the sampler passes through a paper fil-
ter. The plutonium, -uranium 235, and fission fragments which collect on
the filters are examined with a special radiometer and their nature deter-
mined. After passing the filter, the air goes through an alkaline solu-
tion and radioactive carbon dioxide is absorbed. The presence of large
amounts of radioactive carbon indicates that the exploded bomb was thermo-
nuclear.
113. Multiple Scattering of Protons in Lead and Copper Measured
"Investigation of the Multiple Scattering of Protons," by F. R.
Arutyunyan, Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR;
Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki,
Vol 3I., No , Apr 5 , pp 800-806
The multiple scattering of 90-200 Mev protons in lead plates and of
40-60 Mev protons in copper plates was investigated. Plate thickness
varied from 7 to 2 mm. Curves of the differential distribution of the
scattering angles are given.
The experimental data are compared with the multiple Coulomb scatter-
ing curves for point nuclei and extended nuclei. Disagreement between- the
experimental and theoretical values for nuclei of finite dimensions is at-
tributed to the occurrence of diffraction scattering.
The integral cross section of nuclear scattering of protons is found
in the angle region where Coulomb scattering is small in comparison with
nuclear scattering. This value is found to be in good agreement with the
value predicted by the optical model for an "absolutely black" nucleus.
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1114.. Electron Yield From Aluminum Bombarded by Gamma Quanta Measured
"Electron Yield Under the Action of Gamma-.Quanta," by M.. V.
Khatskevich and E. M Tsenter; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental'no
i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 34, No 4, Apr 58, pp 807-810
The absolute yield of electrons from an aluminum target under the
influence of 2.62-Mev gamma quanta was measured. A value of 1.3 ? 0.2 elec-
trons per quantum was obtained. Agreement with the theoretical value of
1.6 electrons per quantum is termed satisfactory. Data from the litera-
ture on the absorption of monochromatic electrons was 'used in the cal-
culations.
The possibility of obtaining absolute values for these quantities on
the basis of data for various elements is proposed by the authors.
11'.. New Method of Determining Constant of Nuclear Magnetic Screening
"Computation of the Constant of. Nuclear Magnetic Screening," by
I, IT. Aleksandrov, Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy cf-Sci-
ences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 119, No 11.,
1 Apr 58, pp 671-674
To analyze spectra of nuclear magnetic resonance, a knowledge of the
constant of magnetic screening is of importance, because it determines
the value of the chemical shift of lines. Both known methods of deter-
mining this constant, one based on the theory of disturbances (N. E.
Ramsey, Phys. Rev,, TT, 567, 1950; 78, 699, 1950; 83, 51+0, 1951; 86, 21+3.
1952) and the other using the variational principle (J. F. Hoenig, J.
Hirschfelder,, J. Chem. Phys, 23, 11.74, 1955; B. R. McGarvey, J. Chem. Phys. ,
26, 221, :1.957; -27, 6, 195 , are considered unreliable. A new method
of determining the constant of magnetic screening is suggested, which is
based on the method of molecular orbits. As an example, the constant of
magnetic screening is computed for the hydrogen molecule, t~;~ing a sim?-
plified expression of effective potential.
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116. Internal Conversion Electrons Used to Study Lower Excitation Levels
"Study of Lower Excited Levels of U235 From Internal Conversion
Electrons," by Ye. F. Trem'yakov, G. I. Grishuk, and L. L. Gal'-
din; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks eri?mental'no i Teoretichesko Fiziki,
Vol 34, No 1, Apr 5, pp 8i1- 19
The internal conversion electrons emitted by excited U235 nuclei fol-
lowing the alpha decay of Pu239 were studied. The results were compared
with theoretical values for the coefficients of internal conversion in the
LI-, L11-, and L111-shells, and the multipalarity of the transitions was
established and the spin and parity of the first six levels were deter-
mined.
It was shown that the first five levels form a rotation band with
K 1/2. More exact values for the energies of the excited levels were
obtained.
117. Bubble Chamber Study Gives Farther Evidence c.? Parity Nonconservat:"Lon
"Angular Correlations of it + - L t --e t -Decays in - ropane
Bubble Chamber," by V. V. Barmin, V. P. Kanavets, B,. V. Mo-eozov,
and I. I. Pershin; Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperimentallnoy i Teoreti-
chesl_oy Fiziki, Vol 34, No , Apr 58, pp 4330-835
A total of 6, 760 cases of t -- 41 L + --e + -decay were photographed
in a 2-liter propane bubble chamber. The value of a in the formula for
the angular distribution of positrons
dN (1* a cos ? ) d n /471
was determined to be -0.19 ? 0.03, for propane.
It is claimed that this result confirms Lee's and Yang's hypothesis
of parity nonconservation in wear interactions.
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118. Further Evidence of Parity Nonconservation in Weak Interactions
"Polarization of Electrons in ~ -Decay," by A. I. Alikhanov,
G. P. Yeliseyev, V. A. Iyubimov, and B. V. Ershler, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperimental'noy i Teoretiche-
skoy Fiziki, Vol 34, No E, Apr 5 , pp 7855-799
Experiments to determine the longitudinal polarization of
electrons, a phenomenon predicted by theory in connection with the hjr-
pothesis of parity nonconservation in weak interactions, are described and
analyzed. A brief account of this work was delivered by the USSR delega-
tion at the Rochester Conference ill 1957. Several errors which appeared
in this account have been corrected.
The azimuthal asymmetry in the one-dimensional scattering of elec-
trons through an angle of approximately 900 was the phenomenon used to
determine the longitudinal polarization of electrons in @ -decay. To
obtain electrons with a spin component perpendicular to the velocity, the
longitudinal polarization of the electrons was transformed into transverse
polarization. This was done by passing an electron beam through inter-
secting electric and magnetic fields which rotated the spin with respect
to the direction of the electrons without any change, to a first approxi-
mation, in the direction of the electrons. The formulas describing the change inspin
orientation were derivedby K. A. Ter-Martirosyan. The deriviation is given in an
appendix to the article. It was found that. electrons are emitted with a
spin counter to the direction of their motion. The degree of longitudinal
polarization was consistent with the -v/c law to an accuracy of 15% for
electrons with a mean energy of 300 kev and 40% for electrons with a meat;
energy of 750 kev. It is commented that the results of this and other ex-
periments are strong evidence of the nonconservation of parity in weak
interactions.
1].~. Czechoslovak Paper Reports East Ge,-Yn?,n Microscope Development
"It Measures Atomic Nuclei" (unsigned article); Prague, Lictova
Demokracie, 12 Apr 58, p 2
"The 'Carl Zeiss' Factory in Jena placed into operation a nucleus-
measuring microscope by which it is possible to measure atomic nuclei at
energies up to 100 billion electron volts."
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120. Paramagnetic Resonance Method Used in Study of Activator in Phosphors
"Application of the Method of Paramagnetic Resonance to the In-
vestigation of the Activator in Phosphors," by A. A. Manenkov,
A. M. Prokhorov, Z. A. Trapeznikova, and M. V. Fok; L,:ningrad,
Optika i Spektroskopi_ya, Vol 2, No 4, Apr 57, pp 470-474
The method of paramagnetic resonance is applied to the study of ab-
sorption lines corresponding to magnetic dipole transitions between the
lower levels of energy of paramagnetic ions under a constant exterior
magnetic field. Phosphor po.'lers SrS-Eu, SrS-Gd, and SrS-Tb were tested
as well as artificial single crystals CaF2 activated by Eu. The study
olo spectra of paramagnetic resonance of SrS-Eu and CaF2Eu supplied the
absolute value and the sign of ratio of nuclear magnetic moments of two
isotopes Eu: u ` 151 / 152 = + 2.24 f 0.03. It. was attempted to
reveal variation of the valency state of the activator by exciting phos-
phors SrS-Eu. Sm and SrS-Tb, Sm.
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tico
121. Improved Complex Interference bight Filters
"Complex Interference Light Filters With Improved
Characteristics," by K. D.. Sinel'nikov, I. N. Shklyarev-
skiy and N. A. Vlasenko, Kharkov State University;
Leningrad, Optika i Spektrosko iya, Vol 2, No 4, Apr 57,
pp 534-536
The authors continue their previous studies (Uch. zap. Kharkovsk.
Univ., Tr. fiz. otd. 6, 147, 1955; Z', 26, 96, 1956) of complex inter-
ference filters Ml D1 M2 D2 M3, where M1, M2, M are reflecting layers
and Dl. D2 are dielectric layers. The special filter described here was
prepared by taking two simple filters D1 M1 M2 and compressing them as
to form a wedgelike air gap between the M2 layers. Such a complex filter
was fixed before the slit of a DFS-4 spectrometer with automatic recorder.
It narrows the half-width of the passing band and provides better contrast
of the pattern.
122. Luminescence of Ice in an Electric Field
"Luminescence of Ice in a Strong Electric Field," by A. V.
Astafurov, Tomsk Polytechnic Institute, Laboratory of High-
Tension Techniques; Leningrad, Pptika i Spektroskopiya, Vol
2, No 4, Apr 57, p 540
The author revealed luminescence of ice while testing electric
strength of thick ice. The luminescence starts at a pulse front length
of 3 to 4.1C'-7 sec and an amplitude over 70 kv. The intensity of lumi-
nescence increases with lowering of the temperature.
123. pectrophotometry of Light Scattering Media
"Some Problems of Spectrophotometry of Light Scattering
Media," by A. P. Ivanov; Leningrad, Optika i Spektreskopiya.
Vol 2, No 4, Apr 57, pp 524-529
The problem of best response of spectrophotometric met''ods of light
scattering media is analyzed with respect to the absorption index of the
dispersed medium and the reflection coefficient of the powder. The most
suitable function 5 (R) which will best represent the absorption spectrum
using the absorption characteristic K (a) obtained from reflection
spectra R ( a) is (R) 0 (1-R)2 R
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124. Optics of Uniaxial and Unirefracting Magnetic Crystals
"Optics of Magnetic Crystals. III. Uniaxial and Unire-
fracting Magnetic Crystals," by F. I. Fedorov, Institute
of Physics and Mathematics.. Academy of Sciences Belorus-
sian SSR; Leningrad, Optika i Spektreskopiya, Vol 2, No 4,
Apr 57, pp 514-523
In previous articles (ibid.,, 1, 926, 1956; ibid., 2, 361, 1957) the
author developed a general theory of optical properties of transparent
magnetic crystals. The present article analyzes a particular case of
magnetic anisotropic media in which the tensor determining the optical
properties of the crystals has two coinciding proper values. In such
crystals birefringence and linear polarization should not exist.
A classification of magnetic crystals according to their optic
properties, which substantially differs from similar characteristics of
nonmagnetic crystals, is presented. One type are optically isotropic
magnetic crystals with cubic syngony and tensors differing from a unique
tensor only by a numerical factor. The possibility of existence of
another type is principally established. These are unirefracting magnetic
crystals in which all three proper values of the tensor coincide.
In this case each direction has its unique speed of light and birefring-
ence and linear polarization are inexistent. Other types are uniaxial
magnetic crystals in which the tensor has only two different proper
values, one of which is double (such crystals have only one binormal);
and biaxial magnetic crystals in which the tensor has three different
proper values (such crystals have two binormals and two biradials).
Their optic properties are complex.
125. Depolarized Light Scattering in Liquids Studied
"Depolar=zed Light Scattering in Liquids and Relaxation
Processes," by I. L. Fabelinskiy, Physics Institute imeni
Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR; Leningrad., tika i
pektroskopiya; Vol 2, No 4, Apr 57: pp 510-513
An attempt is made to explain the wing of the Rayleigh line of light
scattering in a liquid. The author together with 0. A. Shustin (Izv. AN
SSSR, Ser. fiz.; 87, 538, 1953) devised a direct interference method of
experimental study of the wing of the Rayleigh line and he revealed that
an intensive section of depolarized light adheres to the unshifted line.
The results of determination of the relaxation time in liquids of low
viscosity obtained by the above method are tabulated in a range from 0 to
60 cm-1.
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126. Deter.mins.i.l.on of Optical Anisotropy and Polarizability Tensor of
Molecules
"Determination of Optical Anisotropy and Polarizability
Tersor of Molecules by Means of Light Scattering in Solutions,"
by S. A. Bogdanov, M. F. Vuks Lnd V. T. Yelfimov, Leningrad
State University, Military Academy of Rear Services and
Transport; Leningrad, OOptika i Spektrografiya, Vol 2, No 4,
Apr 57, pp 502-509
The method of light scattering of solvents proved suitable for
determining the opt11cal anisotropy of molecules and is particularly
advantageous In treating substances which are difficult to study in the
vapor phase. The comparison of optical anisotropy of mono- and disub-
stituted derivatives of benzene, studied by light scattering of solvents,
exhibited in all cases a deviation from additivity. It proves a notice-
able interaction of bonds.
127. Tables of Polarizability of C .-H and C .-C Bonds Revised
"Addititii?ty of the Polarizability Tensor and the Polariza-
biljties of Bonds," by M. F. Vuks, Scientific Research
Physics _nsti.tute, Leningrad State University; Leningrad,
Opttil , i Spektrosko r}a, Vol 2, No 4, Apr 57, pp 494-501
The main polarizabilities of C-H and C-C bonds are computed again
on the basis of CHo group and methane and ethane molecules, because the
available tables by K. G. Denbigh (Trans. Farad. Soc., 36, 936, 1940)
are considered not accurate enough. The results show that in the mentioned
tables the ar_'%sotrnpy of these bonds has been given a slightly too high
value. The improved tables of polarizability of bonds and additive
valency-opt: Kcal. schematic are used for computing the values of optical
anisotropy of a series of paraffin and alcohol molecules. The newly ob-
tained data are ifl good agreement with experimental data.
128. Ltu essence Spectra of Plastic Scintillators Studied
"L1 mines sense Spectra of Plastic Scintlllators with Triphenyl-
pyrazoline," by Ye. A. Andreyeshchev and I. M. Roman; Lenin-
grad, Optska i Sektroskopiya, Vol 2, No 4, Apr 57, pp 488-493
Luminescence spectra of plastic sclntillators on polystyrol base
with addition. of trlphenylpyrazoline were studied by means of a mono-
chromator and a photoelectron multiplier. The luminescence was excited
by beta--particles or by mercury lines of 2537 and 3650-3663. It was
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found that the energy migration on account of absorption by triphenyl-
pyrazoline of the polystyrol luminescence plays a secondary role. Not
below 80% of triphenylpyrazoline luminescence originates in radiationless
transfer of excitation energy even at low concentration of triphenyl-
pyrazoline (10-3 gr/gr).
129. Temperature Dependence of Luminescence in Plastic Scintillators
Studied
"Temperature Dependence of Luminescence in Plastic Scintil-
lators With Triphenylpyrazoline," by I. M. Rozman; Leningrad,
Optika I Spektroskopiya, Vol 2, No 4, Apr 57, pp 480-487
This study is of interest for scintillation counters as well as for
explanation of the radio luminescence mechanism. Luminescence was ex-
cited by ultraviolet, gamma, beta, and alpha emission. It was found
that the dependence of radio luminescence of polystyrol on temperature
coincides with temperature dependence of photoluminescence. The notice-
able drop of dependence of luminescence of plastic scintillators on
polystyrol base with increasing concentration of triphenylpyrazoline is
connected with the presence of radiationless excitation energy migration
from the first substance to the second.
130. Interaction of Centers of Blue and Green Luminescence in ZnS-Cu
Phosphor
"Interaction of Centers of Blue and Green Luminescence in
ZnS-Cu Phosphor," by M. V. Fok, Physics Institute, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Optika I Spektroskopiya, Vol 2,
No 4, Apr 51, pp 475-479
The interaction of centers of blue and green luminescence occurs by
means of hole migration in the valency zone from one center to the other.
It was found, in agreement with computations, that, on excitation in the
absorption band of blue centers, the extinction of the blue band is de-
layed at a certain instant and continues In parallel to the green one.
It is possible to excite the blue band even or. absorption of the exciting
light by centers of the green luminescence. In such case the blue band
extinguishes in parallel with the green.
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131.. Variations of Intensity Distribution in Luminescence Spectra of
Anthracene and Naphthalene
"Variations of the Intensity Distribution in Luminescence
Spectra of Anthracene and Naphthalene," by I. Ya. Kucherov,
A. N. Faydysh, and Z. N. Fesenko; Leningrad, Optika i Spek-
troskopiya, Vol 2, No 4, Apr 57, pp 462-469
The use of anthracene and naphthalene crystals in scintillation
counters stimulates interest in their optic properties. Their lumi-
nescence spectrum consists of five bands. The intensity distribution
of these bands varies widely, depending on the crystalline size, the
temperature, and the concentration of impurities. This variation is
ascribed to reabsorption. The effect of reabsorption on energy transfer
from the basic substance to the impurity is also investigated. It is
concluded that the reabsorption of luminescence by the basic substance
contributes to the reestablishment of excitons and enhances the energy
transfer.
132. Abs orption Spectra of Benzene Homol ues Analyzed
"Absorption Spectra of Benzene Homologues. III. Absorption
of Light by Dialkylbenzenes," by V: L. Broude, Physics In-
stitute, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, Kiev; Leningrad,
O ika i Spektroskop a, Vol 2, No 4, Apr 57, pp 454-461
Absorption spectra of seven crystals of ortho para-, and meta-
dialky7.benzenes were analyzed in polarized light at liquid nitrogen
temperature. The comparison of results showed that it is possible to
excite two mutually perpendicular oscillations in molecules of dialkyl-
benzenes, as was shown. previously in alkyl benzene (see article by author,
ibid., 1, 387, 1956). One of the oscillations corresponds to a purely
electronic transition and the other to its combination with a not entirely
symmetrical oscillation Bi in orthd.., meta-, and para-dial kylbenzenes.
Such spectral structure is characteristic for benzenes and is con-
sidered as a splitting of molecular oscillations of Egg (520 cm -1)
benzene, the source of the series.
The presence of spectral absorption bands, polarized in the molecule
in mutually perpendicular directions, facilitates, by photometering the
absorption spectra in the near ultraviolet, the determining of the orienta-
tion of molecules in the investigated cross section.
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133. Dispersion and Absorption of Light in Anthracene Crystals at 20.40 K
"Dispersion and Absorption of Light in Anthracene Crystals
at 20.4?K," by M. S. Brodin and A. F. Prikhot'ko, Physics
Institute, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, Kiev, Lenin-
grad, Optika i Spe ktroskoDiya, Vol 2, No 4, Apr 57; pp 448??
453
Dispersion and absorption curves of light in anthracene crystals at
20.4?K are plotted for oscillations of the light vector parallel and
perpendicular to the monoclinic axis b. Curves of reflexion of crystals
under the same conditions are computed. The data obtained are used for
finding the oscillating energy of a and b components of the first electron
oscillating transition in the crystal: #1,Lb = 0.12 and
;tLi f :, 0.05. By
comparing these values with the oscillating energy in the case of anthra-
cene vapor absorption, the oscillating energy of the third component of
the crystal spectrum could be evaluated, 5 0 1// 1 0.13.
Experimental details and a description of the cryostat are.included
by the authors.
? 134. Absorption and Emission of Light by Impurity Centers of IsotroiDic
Dielectric
"Absorption and Emission of Light by Impurity Centers," by
A. F. Lubchenko, Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences
Ukrainian SSR, Kiev; Leningrad, Cptika, i Spektroskopija,
Vol 2, No 4, Apr 57, pp 439-447
The absorption and emission of light by impurity centers of an iso-
tropic dielectric, having its absorption band distant from the impurity
absorption band, are studied. The concentration of the Impurity is as-
sumed to be small, and therefore the interaction of the impurity centers
may be neglected. In computing the matrix elements of transitions, the
nonmultiplicability of the wave function is taken under consideration
with a resulting pattern of the impurity emission and absorption_ bands
slightly different from those previously computed (A. S. Da.vydov, ZhETF,
24, 197, 1953; S. I. Pekar, ZhETF, 22, 6419 1952,; A. F. L'ubchenko,~Ukr.
Fiz Zhurn., 1, 265, 1956; ibid., 1 ., 281; 1956). The possibility o r . .
creasing the intensity of the long-wave edge of the luminescence spectrum
and the short-wave edge of the absorption spectrum with lowering of the
temperature is indicated.
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135,. Intermolecular Interaction in Chloroform and Bromoform Solutions
"On Intermolecular Interaction in Chloroform and Bromoform
Solutions? II," by V. M. Chulanovskiy and M. P. Burgova;
Leningrad, Optika 3 Spektroskopiya, Vol 2, No 4, Apr 57,
pp 433-.1F3g
Problems connected with the shift of the absorption band of the CII
group in solutions of CHC13 and CHBr3 in various solvents are analyzed.
A theoretical solution is attempted by constructing a simple model. It
shows the complex character of the variation of the energy constant of
the valency oscillations. Two factors interfere: the weakening of the
intramolecular bond and the appearance of a new intermolecular bond.
The strong shift to higher frequencies of the CH band in deformation
oscillations of the second type of bond. and the neligible shift of the
first type of bond (see previous article by authors, Opt. i Spekt.,
2) 330, 1957) are explained graphically by the appropriate use of models.
136. Effect of solvent on Optical Activity of Molecules in a Solution
"On the Influence of the Solvent on the Optical Activity of
Molecules of the Dissolved Substance," by V. M. Agranovich;
Leningrad, Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 2, No 4, Apr 57,
pp 426-432
"Results of previous works (S. I. Pekar, ZhETF, 22, 641,, 1952;
A. S. Davydov, ZhE"l?F', 24, 197, 1953) are analyzed for a theoretical
study of the effect of the solvent on the optical activity of the mole-
cules in the solution. The dispersion of this optical activity and its
temperature dependence are discussed.
137. Observation of Anomalous Dispersion in Processes of Brief Duration
"An Arrangement for the Observation of Anomalous Dispersion
in Processes of Short Duration," by A. M. Shukhtin and V. S.
Yegorov, Scientific Research Institute of Physics, Leningrad
State University; Leningrad, Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 2,
No 4, Apr 57, pp 543-544
The optical equipment of D. S. Rozhdestvenskiy (Anomalnaya Disper-
siya [Anomalous Dispersion],, published by Academy of Sciences USSR, 1951)
for observation of anomalous dispersion requires long exposure due to
inadequate light power which lowers the value of the optical system for
the study of "wings" of spectral lines. The "wing" method is very useful
for studying processes of very short duration, such as wire explosions,
pulse discharge, shock wave, and deionization in a gas discharge. To
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Improve the equipment, a pulse dischares in a low pressure gas tube was
used as a source of continuous spectrum. The continuous spectrum was
observed in the range of 6500 to 2200 A, although foreign literature in-
dicates that such a surge also gives a strong infrared emission. Wings
were observed near the spectral lines Nel - 6402 i and 6383 A.
Spectral Analysis
138. Spectral Analysis of Uranium Oxide and Thorium Oxide
"Analysis of Low Volatile Oxides For Halogens," by M. P.
Chayka; Leningrad, OJptika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 2, No 4,
Apr 57, pp 421-425
A method of spectral analysis of uranium oxide and thorium oxide for
small impurities of fluorine and chloride is described. The source of
light is a gas discharge tube with a hollow cathode. This method detects
fluorine in a concentration of 104%. The accuracy of the method is
about 10%. The equipment and its operation are very simple. The time
exposure for uranium oxide is 5-6 minutes, and for thorium oxide, 8-9
minutes.
139. Methods of Measuring Temperature of Spark Discharge Analyzed
"Temperature Distribution in the Plasma of Low-Voltage and
High-Voltage Discharges," by D. B. Gurevich and V. K.
Prokof'yev; Leningrad, OJptika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 2,
No 4, Apr 57, pp 417-420
Methods of measuring the temperature of a spark discharge were
analyzed. A correct temperature evaluation of plasma discharge requires
a good resolution in time of the separate glowing zones. The author,
as well as H. Huldt (Sp. Acta, 7, 264, 1955) drew attention to the fact,
that spectroscopically measured temperature varies depending on what
spectral line is chosen. It also was found that different zones of the
flares possess different temperatures, even at the same instant. This
work was submitted to the editors on 6 September 1956.
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Superconductivity
140. Superconductivity
"The Application of the Variational Principle to the Theory
of Superconductivity," by 1. A. Kvasnikov; Moscow: Doklady
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 119, No i+, 1 Mar 58, pp 675- 7677
Further development is presented of a previous study by the author
(DAN, 119, No 3, 1958) in which the variational principle was applied to
research on thermodynamic properties of a superconducting system by the
new method of N. N. Bogolyubov (ZhTF, 34, No 1) 1958). The results
obtained gave a good expression of the asymptotically accurate (at V-boo,
N-*oo, N/v = constant) solution of the specified problem. The variational
principle is applied to a system with a Hamiltonian of a more general
type than that used in the computation by N. N. Bogolyubov, D. N, Zubarev,
and Yu. A. Yserkovnikov (DAN, 117, No 5, 1957).
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Theoretical Physics
141. Nast German Treatise on Magnetohydrod amics
"Observations on the Hydromagnetic Theory of Plasma" and
"Hydromagnetic Waves," by Heinz Kautzleben, Deutsche Akademie
der Wissenschafben zu Berlin, Geoma etisches Institute Pots-
dam, Abhandlung Treatise Nr 20, Berlin, 195 , 127 pp
In the preface, Prof G. Fanselau, Karl Marx University, Leipzig, says
that the two articles grew out of a thesis work under his direction; pub-
lication was considered advisable, because the results of Kautzleben's
research went beyond the scope of a thesis, in importance, and especially
since Kautzleben discovered a number of erroneous conclusions and inade-
quacies in the current literature on the subject. The texts of the au-
thor's conclusions follow:
CPYRGHT The following is the text of the author's conclusions to "Observation
on the Hydromagnetic Theory of Plasma":
"This work attempts to present the fundamental principles of a hydro-
magnetic theory. The point of departure is ;,he view that such a theory
must be based on the results of individual areas -- the electrodynamics
of a continuum in motion and the plasma theory. The essential results are
given below:
"1. Hydromagnetics [magnetohydrodynamics] is understood as a
macroscopic_phenomenologic theory of the phenomena and processes produced
by the combined effect of mechanical and electromagnetic forces in a
plasma which is influenced by an external magnetic field. In such a case,
the plasma is said to be continuously distributed in space. The occur-
rence of electrically charged particles is described solely by the material
property, 'electrical conductivity.' Materially intrinsic internal ef-
fects which disturb the character of the continuum are excluded.
"Hydromagnetic processes are combinations of hydrodynamic motion
and change of electromagnetic field. The motion is influenced electro-
magnetically; the field is changed by the motion. Hydromagnetics is there-
fore an extension of hydrodynamics by ponderomotor forces of electromag-
netic origin and a carrying over of electrodynamics to continua in motion.
"2. The Maxwell theory, which applies only for the inertial system
in which the body is at rest, does not apply in the electrodynamics of
bodies in motion. Minkowski has given an extension of the phenomenologi-
cal observations of Maxwell to bodies in motion. The connection between
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the four field variables -- electrical field strength, induction, dis-
placement, magnetic field strength -- is expressed by four field equations
which are invariant with respect to the Lorentz transformation, and there-
fore have the same form in the system in which the body is at rest and in
the system of the observer. The reduction to two field variables is pro-
vided in the system at rest by the Maxwell material equations, in the
system of the observer by tLe Minkowski equations; they are only the same
when the material constants of the vacuum apply.
"3o In all macroscopic problems only those velocities occur which
are very small in relation to the velocity of light in a vacuum. The
theory thus remains within the nonrelativistic boundary. The motion of
the plasma continuum may, at most, be quasistationary. This follows from
the discussion of the Minkowski theory. The system in which the body is
at rest, moves with the observed volume element toward the system of the
observer. Strictly speaking, this motion must be translational. By
approximation, one additional quasistationary type of motion 3s permitted.
Thus only motions of the plasma may be taken into account, which are
slowly variable in respect to space and time.
"1.. The problem of the ponderomotor forces of the electrcmagnetic
field in matter has not yet been solved. The equation of force for sta-
tionary fields is sufficient for the limitations given here.
"5. Plasma is characterized by the occurrence of essentially differ-
ent components. The theoretical treatment is very much influenced by this.
The laws of statistical mechanics cannot be carried over directly to
plasma, because of the extensive and relatively strong Coulomb forces.
In a gas-kinetic sense, there is no such thing as a collision, but only
an electrostatic influence by widely separated partners. A coiis.on be-
tween charged part".cles is the sum of many small deflections.
"6. Statistical mechanics generally fails because of the excessive
mathematical difficulties. In certain rare cases, a macroscopic theory
with its relatively great simplicity is possible. It. can be applied only
when strong effects are lacking on paths which are short in comparison'
with the average mean path.
"The simplest phenomenological th- -)ry of the plasma, which in-
cludes the above-mentioned property, is the plasma dynamics of Schleuter
and others. This is a hydromechanics of several Vmztua!..ly penetrating
continua; the electromagnetic variables are connected by means of the
equations of the electron theory.
"The ordinary magnetoionic theory represents the limiting case
of plasma dynamics, if we consider, within an immovable continuum in the
presence of a primary magnetic field, the motion of an. electron gas of
such low density that the gas pressure within this electron continuum can
be neglected.
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"7. A phenomenological theory of a simple plasma continuum in an ex-
ternal magnetic field can be presented only with considerable limitations.
It would require that the densities of the charged and uncharged particles
be great, that the magnetic field, on the other hand, be weak, and that
the change of motion take place slowly. The reduction of the various
continua to a single continuum is possible only within the limits of line-
arized problems, whether the individual components are considered equal,
or whether the neutral gas is preferred. Materially intrinsic internal
effects, which cannot be described in accordance with a hydromagnetic
theory, occur in the case of nonlinear disturbances.
"Displacement current is, by nature, :foreign to hydromagnetics.
It occurs when the changes of motion take place so rapidly that the motion
of the heavy particles becomes negligible. Problems in which the displace-
ment current is to be taken into account involve a separation of the uni-
form continuum, which is by no means acceptable.
"Hydrodynamic equations can be combined only when, firstly, the
acceleration of the diffusion currents relative to the center of gravity
and, secondly, a charge separation through motion effects are excluded.
According to research by Larenz, a separation of charge can occur in com-
pletely ionized gases in the case of processes which propagate faster than
the ionic noise.
"8. From the individual impulse balances of plasma dynamics, a re-
lationship can be derived for the conductivity of a weakly ionized gas in
which the conductivity tensor is represented in the same form as in ordi-.
nary statistical theory. This tensor applies only for quasistatic prob-
lems in which the energy exchange, in the case of collisions with the
neutral particles, is of the same order of magnitude for all charged com-
ponents.
"The character of the conductivity is influenced by three parame-
ters: the density of the plasma (described by-the various collision fre-
quencies), the intensity of the external magnetic field (described by the
Lamor frequency), and the character of the motion (described by the wave
frequency). The macroscopic parameters of the conductivity can be applied
only when the density is relatively great: the wave frequency must be
very small in comparison with all collision frequencies. In the general
case, the conductivity of the hydromagnetic continuum is a tensor. When
the magneti. field is weak (the Lamor frequencies very small in comparison
with the collision frequencies), an isotropic conductivity can be used.
"9. These requirements limit the area of application to a very few
problems. The followin? either cannot be treated or can be treated only
with considerable limitations:
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"a. All problems in which the displacement current is materially
intrinsic, for example, the propagation of radio waves in ionized gases.
"b. All problems in which the motion can no longer be considered
quasi stationary. This is the case with all rapid oscillations and waves.
"c. All problems in which a charge separation takes place as a
result of the motion. This includes all phenomena with velocities which
are essentially greater than the usual sonic velocity in plasma. In the
broadest sense, the compressible plasma can be treated only within limita-
tions (requirements b and c, above, do not apply independently).
"d. All problems in which the nonlinear terms are essential.
This includes, for example, the hydromagnetic dynamo theory and the prob-
lem of hydromagnetic shock waves.
"The preceding work represents only a first attempt to combine the
results of various fields of activity in a purely macroscopic theory of
the magnetic field. This necessary step has been given very little atten-
tion in earlier investigations of hydromagnetic problems. This work,
then, does not claim to even mention all the problems.
"It is my very pleasant duty to thank Prof Dr G. Fanselau for suggest-
ing this study and fbr his willing support at all times. I am also very grate-
ful for the valuable discussions with and suggestions from Dr 0. Lucke."
The text of the author's conclusions to "Hydromagnetic Waves" follows.
"Hydromagnetic waves are wave disturbances with such small amplitudes
that a calculation of interference, such as is used in acoustics, is possi-
ble. They represent practically the only problem in which all the.require-
ments, which must be proposed in the application of the hydromagnetic-ap-
proach, are satisfied.
"Waves can propagate in a hydromagnetic continuum because it possesses
stability of configuration. The medium as a whole provides the inertia;
the restoring force is produced by a combination of gas pressure and elec-
tromagnetic forces. The possibility of the propagation of compression and
dilatation waves is present. Through the so-called 'freezing of the lines
of force,' the magnetic field gives the plasma a sort of transverse ri-
gidity, which affords an additional possibility of oscillation. The re-
sult of this is a new type of motion, the Alfven wave. This is a trans-
verse hydromagnetic wave, the velocity of which is determined by the
intensity of the external magnetic field., the density, and the direction
of propagation. Its greatest velocity is in the direction parallel to the
external field; normal to the field, the velocity is zero.
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"The hydromagnetic continuum is triply refractive. Two Alf\ren waves
and one sound wave occur, which, in the general case, are coupled with one
another. They always propagate in a positive and negative dire,rb3on.
Hydromagnetic waves are periodic motions. There are also aperiodic forms
of motion which are produced by the attenuation.
"An uncoupling of the waves, and the appearance of the individual
wave types independently, are possible only under certain conditions:
"a. Separation in the case of preferred propagation direct';ions ? In
the case of a propagation parallel to the external magnetic field, the
two Alfven waves appear separately. The sound wave is not influenced by
the magnetic field. The sound wave, which is extensively influenced by
the magnetic wave, coupled with a strongly damped ''ave., propagalas perpen-
dicular to the magnetic field.
"b. Uncoupling in the case of varying type of conductivity: The
three waves occur coupled in the anisotropicall.y conducting hydromnagnetic
continuum. In the case of isotropic conductivity, the sound wave and one
Alfven wave occur coupled; the second Alfven wave occurs Independently.
"c. Limitation through kinematic conditions: The ccompressible
plasma is the usual case. In the incompressible case only oneAlj':ven
wave is possible, because of the transverse rigidity produced 'by the mag-
netic field.
"Undamped hydromagnetic waves occur only in a plasma, with no mechani-
cal fric]4on and infinitely great conductivity. Mechanical and magnetic
viscosity is produced by attenuation effects which are very similar to one
another.
"The characteristic property of hydromagnetics is the coupling of
hydrodynamics and electrodynamics. This hydromagnetic coupling is con-
ditioned by the ratio of the ponderomotor force of the elec rumagnetic
field to all other forces (pressure gradient plus external mechanical
forces). If the ratio is great, a strong coupling takes place; this is
the area of hydromagnetics. If the ratio is small, a separation of hydro-
dynamics and electrodynamics takes place. In the case of weak coupling,
hydromagnetic resonance takes place. This occurs when hydrodynamic os-
cillations excite natural oscillations of the electromagnetic system.
"If an understanding of the mechanism of these new waveforms and the
method common to all development stages of the theory for the unbounded
medium has been provided, the purpose of this work has been f ufl lied.
With regard to the possibility of application in the plasma theory of the
ionosphere, the theory of hydromagnetic resonance in a bounded medium
must be expanded."
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Miscellaneous
142. Physicists
Meet in Leipzig
"Physicists From 12 Countries in Leipzig" (unsigned article);
Berlin, Vorwaerts, 28 Apr 58, p 2
On 27 April. 1958, more than 400 physicists and scientists from East
Germany and other countries attended the annual meeting and theoreticians
conference of the East German Physics Society in the new Physics Institute
of the Karl Marx University in Leipzig. Among those present from East
Germany were Prof Dr Gustav Hertz, director of the Physics Institute;
Prof Dr of Engineering Barwich; Prof Dr Thiessen, chairman of the East
German Research Council; and Professors Rompe, Havemann, von Ardenne, and
Goerlich. State Secretary Dr Girnus and Prof Dr Mayer, rector of the
Karl Marx University, were also present at the opening of the conference.
Also taking part in the 4-day conference was a Soviet delegation
under the leadership of Professor Bogolyubov, and physicists from Czecho-
slovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumania, China, France, and Great
Britain. Also present were Frau Prof Lise Meitner., long-time assistant
to Max Planck, Prof Dr Heisenberg and Max von Laue, and others from.West
Germany. Prof Dr Heisenberg spoke on advances in the theory of elementary
particles (Elementarteilchen), after which speeches were heard by Pro-
fessors Migdal and Ivanenko of the USSR and Prof J. P. Vigier of Paris.
Prof Dr Robert Havemann spoke "On an Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
(Quantenmechanik)."
143. Czechoslovak Atomic Scientists Travel to Soviet Union
"Czechoslovak Atomic Scientists to the Soviet Union" (unsigned
article); Prague, Obrana Lidu, 20 May 58, p 1
On 19 May 1958, Vacl.av Petrzilka, Corresponding Member of the Czecho-
slovak Academy of Sciences (Ceskoslovenska akademie ved), and Engr Cestmir
Simane, director of the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Ustav jaderne fysiky)
of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, left to attend the meeting of the
Scientific Council of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna
near Moscow. The meeting was to be held from 21 to 25 May.
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141. Determination of Moisture Content of Materials by Gammascopy
"Determination of Moisture Content of Materials by the Gamma-
scopy Method," by L. G. Polozova, Candidate of Geographic Sci-
ences, and R. P. Reyzman, Candidate of Technical Sciences;
Tallin, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Estonskoy SSR, No 2, 1957,
pp 122-130
A fairly reliable method was developed for the rapid determination
of the moisture content of samples of structural materials. By means of
this method, variations in moisture content of a sample can be determined
without interrupting the experiment or destroying the sample. This method
should considerably facilitate the study of the laws of movement of mois-
ture in solid bodies.
145. Czechoslovak Atomic Energy Research and Application
"The Atomic Age and New Roads of Research" (unsigned article);
Bratislava, Lud, l.l. Apr 58, p 3
The atomic electric power pla.:c which is to be started in 1953 in
Slovakia and whose electric power output 'sill reach 150 kilowatts will be
the largess: in Europe. The plant will be gas-cooled and will use heavy
water as the moderator.
A workers collective from the UJF (Ustav Jaderne fysiky, Institute
of Nuclear Physics) has been working for some time on research connected
with the establishment of a large plant working with heavy water. Some
problems must still be solved, such as the manufacture of immense pressure
vessels which will contain the atomic reactor, preparation of atomic fuel
and its processing after the frequent "burning up" in the reactor, the
problems of the regulation of atomic reaction, and the behavior of new
types of materials under intense radiation and heat in the reactor, such
as graphite, heavy water, uranium, alloy steels, and specialized metal
alloys.
It is predicted that in 1965 about 2 billion kilowatt-hours will be
produced per year by atomic electric power plants in Slovakia and Moravia.
An original, automatic "gammagraph," designed by the Institute of Oncology
(Onkologicky ustav) in Bratislava, and P 32 (radioactive phosphorous),
used in the treatment of leukemia and "polycytemie" [presumably polycy-
thernia], are some examples of the use of radioisotopes. The "gammagraph"
automatically registers the activity of various parts of the thyroid gland.
Radioisotopes of cobalt and iridium have been used in the inspection
of castings and welds for some time in large engineering plants. Turbine
walls up to 20 centimeters thick have been examined in such a manner.
Tagged atoms are used in water research activities, and radioisotopes are
also used in agriculture.
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146. Soviet Handlin of Secret Inventions, Discoveries, and Rationalizers
Suggestions
"Secret Inventions, Discoveries, and Rationalizers Suggestions"
(unsigned article); Leningrad, Izobretatel'stvo SSSR, No 12,
CPYRGHT57' pp 23-24
"Those inventions, discoveries, and rationalizer's suggestions which
concern the defense of the state are classified secret.
"The Committee for Inventions and Discoveries under the Council of
Ministers USSR and all other organs which handled inventions, discoveries
and rationalizer's suggestions can classify them secret if this is con-
sidered to be in the best interests of the state.
"When the decision is made to classify an invention, discovery, or a
rationalizer's suggestion secret, the author or responsible organization
is immediately notified. Declassification, on the other hand, would be
handled in the same manner.
"The publication of material on any invention, discovery, or rational-
izer's suggestion, which is classified secret or the dissemiuation of
their essence by any means would constitute a criminal act subject to
prosecution.
"When an author believes that his suggestion may have a secret nature,
he is obligated to take all necessary precautions against improper dis-
semination and is required to hand over the suggestion to the interested
state organ of the USSR.
"To develop secret inventions, discoveries, or rationalizer's sug-
gestions, the interested enterprise is required to furnish for the authors
a special billet, and to prevent them from working on their inventions,
etc., at home.
''Declarations on secret inventions, with the exception of top secret
inventions of defense significance, are accepted and examined by the Com-
mittee for inventions and Discoveries under the Council of Ministers USSR,
which can receive these declarations through the secret organs of any
enterprise, establishment, or department.
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"Declarations on top secret inventions pertaining to new methods of
armament and combat techniques and their tactical use are accepted and
exanined by the Ministry of Defense USSR, which also examines complaints
of inventors on problems of author's certificates of a given invention,
the utilization of a given invention, and the granting of compensation for
the invention.
"The registration of the given invention and the granting of the
author's certificate are conducted by the Committee for Inventions and
Discoveries under the Council of Ministers USSR on its presentation by
the Ministry of Defense USSR."
14+7. Committee on Inventions and Discoveries Under the Council of Minis-
ters USSR and its Relationship to Academy of Sciences USSR
"The Registration of Scientific Research Work by the Insti-
tutes of the Academy of Sciences USSR" (unsigned article);
Leningrad, Izobretatel'stvo SSSR, No 6, Jun 57, p 34+
The Committee on Inventions and Discoveries under the Council of
Ministers USSR( has investigated the status of the preparation for presen-
tation for registration of scientific work done by the following insti-
tutes of the Academy of Sciences USSR: Institute of Semiconductors,
Marine Hydrophysics Institute, Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute, In-
stitute of General and Inorganic Chemistry imeni N.'S. Kurnakov, Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Geological Institute, Institute of Biochemistry
imeni A. Nr Bakh, Institute of Automatics and Telemechanics, Institute of
Radio Engineering and Electronics, the Power Engineering Institute imeni
S. M. Krzhizhanovskiy, and the Physics Institute imeni P. N. Lebedev.
The committee pointed out that the Presidium of the Academy of Sci-
ences USSR did not take proper measures in the timely presentation for
registration of completed scientific research work of scientific establish-
ments of the academy. Only 104 projects were presented for registration
by 15 March 1957. The greatest majority of the scientific establishments
of the academy only recently began to prepare work for presentation for
registration.
The scientific establishments of the Academy of Sciences USSR, con-
trary to the existing laws on registration of work, have directed material
on completed scientific research, due for registration, directly to the
All-Union Institute of Scientific and Technical Information for publica-
tion, and published the material, before registration, in the periodicals
of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
These shortcomings are the responsibilities of the various depart-
ments of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
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V. A. Fillipova, representative of the Presidium of the Academy of
Sciences USSR, has informed the Committee for Inventions and Discoveries
that to eliminate shortcomings in the registration of completed scientific
research work, the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR has insti-
gated the following measures:
1. The presidium has issued a special directive to the departments
of the Academy of Sciences USSR on expediting the prese-atation for regis-
tration of completed scientific work.
2. The presidium has informed all heads of scientific establishments
of the necessity for a radical improvement in protecting the state's and
author's rights through the timely presentation for registration of com-
pleted scientific research work and notifications on inventions and dis-
coveries done as a result of the completion of this research work.
3. The presidium will analyze, during its sessions and sessions of
the bureau of the academy's departments, problems concerned with improving
the presentation for registration of scientific research work, and will
take necessary measures which will guarantee the presentation to the com-
mittee of all relevant registrations of scientific research work completed
by scientific establishments in 1955-1956.
The Committee for Inventions and Discoveries has published the follow-
ing recommendations for the Academy of Sciences USSR:
1. Reports are to be presented at all meetings of the Presidium of
the Academy of Sciences USSR, from the departments of the academy-on the
presentation by scientific establishments of the registration of the com-
pleted work in 1955-1956 and on measures for the guarantee of a timely
presentation for registration of work which will be completed in 1957.
2. A member of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR is to
be selected to coordinate the work of presenting for registration com-
pleted research.
The committee together with the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences
USSR has decided to determine the more important scientific work completed
by scientific establishments of the academy and to analyze them in the
committee with the aim of taking necessary measures for the expeditious
introduction of these works into the national economy.
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148. USSR Participation in Work of UNICEF
"Aid to Children in Underdeveloped Countries" (unsigned arti-
cle); Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 43, 30 May 58, p 4
The USSR contributes 2 million rubles yearly into the UNICEF fund.
In addition, 300,000 rubles was contributed in 1958 by the Ukrainian SSR
and 150,000 rubles by the Belorussian SSR. The USSR maintains a close
tie with the administration of UNICEF through the Executive Committee of
the Red Cross and Red Crescent of the USSR, and through N. I. Chikalenko,
its presidium member.
149. Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR Forms an Affiliate
"New Scientific Center in Western Kazakhstan" (unsigned arti-
cle); Alma-Ata, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, No 75, 30 Mar 58, p 4
By decision of the Coordinating Council of the Academy of Sciences
USSR, a West-Kazakhstan Affiliate (zapadno-Kazakhstanskiy Filial) of the
Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR has been formed. The affiliate is located
in Gur'yev, Gur'yevskaya Oblast, and will consist of four scientific re-
search institutes and three sectors. The four institutes are the Mining-
Geological (Gorno-Geologicheskiy) Institute, the Institute of Petroleum
(Nefti), the Institute of Chemistry and Mineral Salts (Khimii i Mineral'-
nykh Soley), and the Institute of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology (Ikhtiologii
i Gidrobiologii). The three sectors are the Sector of Power Engineering
Sektor Energetiki), Sector of Construction and Construction Materials
Sektor Stroitel'stva i Stroitel'nykh Materialov), and Sector of Economics
Sektor Ekonomiki).
150. Prospective Plan for Scientific Research of Academy of Sciences
.Ukrainian SSR
"Ukrainian Scholars Discuss the Prospective Plan of Scientific
Research" (unsigned article); Kiev, Pravda Ukrainy, No 92,
28 Apr 58, p 3
Delegates at the 2-day general meeting of the Academy of Sciences
Ukrainian SSR discussed the results of the work of the academy for 1957
and the outlook for the scientific research of its institutes, labora-
tories, and observatories for the coming years.
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The report of Academician A. V. Palladin, president of the Academy
of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, concerned the plan for the development of sci-
entific research of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR for 1959-1965.
The report discussed nearly 90 basic problems in the fields of technology,
physicomathematics, chemistry, geology, biolog;~, and social sciences.
In the field of physicomathematical sciences, Ukrainian scholars are
scheduled to conduct major research in the problems of theoretical physics,
nuclear spectroscopy, atomic energy, radiophysics and electronics, radio-
astronomy, physics of low temperatures, physics of semiconductors and
cathode electronics, and physics of supersonics. Research on nuclear
physics will be considerably broadened on the basis of the atomic reactor
and special laboratories which are being constructed and should be com-
pleted by 1959.
A wide range of research is planned in the field of chemistry. The
principal channel or research will be in the development of the natural
raw resources of the Ukraine, and the obtaining of useful materials for
the preparation of plastics, synthetic fibers and rubber, paints, and
other materials. Several new laboratories are to be organized in order
to do this work. Research is also to be undertaken in the development of
special chemical compounds for insect control, the chemical refining of
petroleum, the purification of drinking water, and the development of
new anticorrosive substances.
In the field of geology, research will be channeled toward broadening
the knowledge of the natural resources and mineral wealth of the Ukraine
and, the enlargement of the natural resource bases for various branches of
the nat-ional economy. Research will also be conducted in the prospecting
4or and establishing of new nonferrous, rare, and scarce metals and ele-
ments and new coal deposits in the region of the Upper Donbass, the
';_,' v'Lvsko-Volynskiy Basin, and others.
The development of biological sciences, as discussed at the general
meet ngr; will revolve around improvement in the fields of animal husbandry,
pla%xt cultivation, and medicine. In particular, research will be con-
ducted on such important problems as "Protein, the Carrier of Life.." "Basic
.Jaws of the Biolbgical~Action.. of Nuclear Radiation," "Photosynthesis,
Nutrition, and Growth of Plants as the Theoretical Basis of Cultivation,!'
71 The Basic Problems of the Development and Life Action of Man," and "The
Bi,'achemistry of the Nervous System."
The plan for scientific research in the field of technology will in-
c.;.i:,.ide the study of the methods for increasing production 100-200 percent
within the next 15 years. Also studied will be the formation of the sci-
entific basis of the automatization of production processes, the des--'.. Ping
of highly effective gas turbines, and the future perfection of welding.
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Likewise, important strides will be undertaken, according to the
plan, in the field of social sciences, especially in archaeology, economy,
history, philosophy, and literature.
The following members of the academy gave reports at the general
meeting; I. Z, Shtokalo, Active Member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrai-
nian SSR; V. M, Glushkov, Doctor of Physicomathemat;ical Scienns-s, member
of the newly organized Computer Center of the academy; K. A, Kornev, Doc-
tor of Chemical Sciences, head of the Laboratory of High Molecular Com-
pounds (newly. organized laboratory within the institute of Crganic Chem.i--
try, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR); I. G. Pidopl'i chko, Doctor of
Biological Sciences; K. Z, J.Titomir, Corresironding DYember of the Academy
of Science, 'Ukrainian' SSR and deputy director of the Tns itute of Mining,
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; V. Ya, K3.imenko, Candidate of Geologico.
mineralogical Sciences; X. P. Semenenizo, vice-president and Active Member
of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; P. N. Pershin, Active Member of
the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; R, Ye, Kavetskiy, Active Member of
the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; D. F. Ostryanin, Corr.ecponding
Member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; N. P. Barabashov, Active
Member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; M, F. Ryl?skiy, Active
Member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Yed A. Shilov, Active
Member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; K. K, Khrenov, Active
Member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; V. Ye, Lashkarev, Active
Member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Yu, K. Delimarskiy Active
Member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; S. 1. Tetel?baum, Corre-
sponding Member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; and T, Na Frant-
sevich, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR,
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151. Uzbek Academes of ricultural Sciences Organized
"Uzbek Academy of Agricultural Sciences" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Vestnik Sel?skokhoz stvenno Naukio No 10,, Oct 57,
pp 154,155
Within the framework of the newly organized Uzbek Academy of Agricula.
tural Sciences are included all the major scientific research institutes of
the republic which are concerned with research on cotton growing,, mechaniza-
tion and electrification, irrigation, animal husbandry,, karakul productions
and veterinary medicines experimental stations., and the Tashkent Agricultural
Institute. The new academy will be the center of agricultural studies in
the Uzbek SSR.
The following have been named Active Members of the academy: K. Z.
Zakirov, Doctor of Biological Sciences A. D. Dadabayev, Doctor of Biological
Sciences; M. Karimov, Doctor of Biological Sciences; S. N. Ryzhov, Doctor
of Agricultural Sciences.; V. Ye. Yeremenko; A. A. Rakhimov Candidate of
Agricultural Sciences; N. M. Mannanov; and M. V. Mukhamedzhanov. The follow-
ing have been named Corresponding Members of the academy; G. A: Koshevnikov,
Doctor of Technical Sciences; M. M. Mirzayev, Candidate of Agricultural Sci-
ences; M. T. Tadzhiyevas Candidate of Agricultural Sciences; Ye. M. Yershova,
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences; F. I. Uchevatkin,, Candidate of Agricul-
tural Sciences; D. K. Saidov, Candidate of Biological Sciences; F. N. Nadzhimov,,
Candidate of Technical Sciences; and G. N. Gavrilov.
K. Z. Zakirov was elected president of the academy, S. N. Ryzhov and
A. D. Dadabayev vice-presidents,, and A. A. Rakhimov chief scientific secretary.
The following were elected to the presidium of the academy$ A. D. Dadabayev,
V. Ye. Yeremenko, K. Z. Zakirov, N. M. Mannanovs M. V. Mukhamedzhanov, A. A.
Rakhomov;, and S. N. Ryzhov.
15~ Foreign Members of Academy of Sciences USSR
'For:~ign Scholars Are Members of Academy of'Sciences USSR"
~; ?ars igned article); Moscow., Nauka i Zhiznp No 5, May 5 8s p 73
The following foreign scholars are members of the Academy of Sciences
7SSRs Zdenek Ne,jedly, president, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences,, Corre-
sponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR-, Todor'Pavlovp presidents
tulgarian Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sci-
ences USSR,. Stefan Mladenov, Active Member, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,,
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR; Kazimierz Nitsch,
Active Member, Polish Academy of Sciences, professor of Slavic Philology.,
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR; and Max Fasmer, East
German linguists Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences UTSSR.
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153. Foreign Biological and Medical Specialists Elected Members of Academy
of Sciences USSR
"Elections in Academy of Sciences USSR" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 50, 24 Jun 58, p 3
In line with the expansion of international ties, the Academy of Sciences
USSR has considerably increased the number of its foreign members. Thirty-
two new members from foreign countries have been elected to the academy. Among
them are the following biological and medical specialists:
Karl Sigban, Swedish chemist, noted for his work on roentgenoscopy.
S{.r Cyril Norman Hinsheliwood, English physicochemist, noted for his
work a1 the chemical kinetics of bacterial cells.
Frantisek Sorm, vice-president of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences,
noted for his work in biochemistry.
Marcel Zenon Bacq, professor of therapeutic pathology, Medical Faculty,
Liege University, noted for his work in physiology, pharmacology, and radio-
biology, and neural disorders.
t;lev Wulf Bronk, American neurologist, noted for his work on electron
Th.ars Thiology of the nervous system.
Yen Debowski, Polish biologist.
Wilder Graves Penfield, Canadian neurosurgeon, noted for his work on
the human brain cells.
Kay 'Ulrich Linderstrem-Lang, Danish biochemist, noted for his work on
proteins.
:tstvan Rusnyak, president, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, noted for his
work or.. the biochemistry of vitamins and pathogenesis of diseases of the
kidneys.
Traian Sav'ua.escu, Rumanian, botanist, microbiologist, and phytopatholo-
gist, president of the Rumanian Academy of Sciences.
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154a East German-USSR Technical and Scientific mMiqtLon Meets
"Technical Exchange Between USSR and GDR E cpan_dnd" f unsigned
article),; Berlin,, Neues Deutschland, 20 May 58, p 5
The seventh session of the Soviet-,[East] GF:rman Commission for :'fie. chni sal-
Scientific Cooperation between the USSR and the GDR was concluded with the
signing of a communique. The communique emphasizes the fact that cooperation
between the two countries is increasing each year. ;K'ncrearsing numbers of
specialist delegations are furthering the mutual gathering of information
concerning production processes and new discoTrerie,s in various branches of
industry and the transmission of technical data and production samples. The
commission agreed on measures which are designed to expand and increase this
cooperation.
155. Czechoslovak Scientists Honored
"Awarding of 'Klement Gottwald'' State Prizes" (unsigned article);.
Prague, Obrana Lidu 8 May 58, p 1
Czechoslovak president Antonin Wovotny, has announced that the "Klement
Gottwald" State Prizes have been awarded to a group of workers in albumen
research at the Chemical Institute (Chemicky ustwvv;) of the Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences (Ceskoslovenska akademie ved), which was led by Academi-
cian Frantisek Sorm and Engr Dr Borivoj Keil, for outstanding scier..tific
work in the field of albumen microstructure; to Docent Dr Engr Ctibor
Blattny for scientific work in the field of viroses of economically important
plants and other plants and to Engr Jiri Korb1 for working out an original
method of elementary analysis of organic compounds.
156. Death of East German Scientist Reported
"Prof Dr Eggebrecht Died" (u:nsigned article);, Halle, Dyer N us W q.
12 Mgr 5,
Prof Dr Heinrich Eggebrecht, director of the Institute for Seed Testing
and Seed Research of the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena, died recently
in Halle at the age of 60. Since 1981 he had also worked. as department chief
of, the Research Institute for Experimental Age :.c 1, ltur_^e in O's=.,na
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157. Ledebux Prize Competition Awards
"Leedebur Prize Competitions of the Society of German Miners and
Metallurgists"; Berlin., Giessereitechn No 2, Feb 58,, inside
back cover
The Ledebur Prize was awarded for the first time at the annual Main
Assembly of the Society of German Miners and Metallurgists on 14 November
1957. Prof Dr Engr 0. Oelsner,9 chairman of the society, awarded the prize
to Graduate Engineer J, Loehn of Freiberg, for his paper titled "The Separa-
tion of Zinc Particles (Zinckies) From Ores in Bezirk Freiberg;," and to
Graduate Engineer J. Schleier of Freiberg, for his "Paper on Improving the
Reran Process." Both papers will be published in the periodical Neue Huette.,
The article also presents the regulations for competing for this prize in
1958.
158. New Hun ian Doctorts and Candidates of Science in 1957
"Report of the Scientific Qualifying Committee (unsigned article
Budapest, Magyar Tudomax , No 7-10, 1957; pp 338..341, 428.430
The Scientific Qualifying Committee haw awarded the degree of doctor
or candidate of science to the following persons:
JJ:anos Ac ,e7, Doctor of Mathematics, for his dissertation, "The Theory
of Geometric Objects." His opponents were Gyorgy Hajos and Alfred Rehyi,
Academic, i.ans, and Otto Varga,, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences.
Janos Rollo, Doctor of Chemistry, for his dissertation., ."Some Theoretical
and Industrial Applications of Quaternary Vapor-Liquid Systems in Equilibrium."
His opponents were Geza Schay, Academician , and Arpad Gerecs and Janos Proszt,
Corresponding Memoers of the academy, Denes Bachrach, Candidate of Medicine,
for his dissertation, "The Main Problems of Hypothalamic Neurosecretion."
His opponents were Janos Szentagothai, Corresponding Member of the academy,
and Karoly Farkas; Doctor of Medicine.
.f Eecze) Candidate of Veterinary Medicine, for his dissertation,
"Investigation of the Sexual Function of Hybrid Species in Males." His
opponents were ,rst-iran Meszaros and Andor Szepeshelyi, Candidates of Veteri-
nary Medir.%ine
Gyorgy Csaba, Candidate of Medicine, for his dissertation., "Data on the
Biology of He:terotransplants." His opponents were Zoltan Alfoldy and Pongrac
'Dad-s, Candidates of Medicine.
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Sandor Dan, Candidate of Medicine, for his dissertation, "Theoretical
and Practical Problems in the Functional Diagnosis of the Liver." His
opponents were Jozsef Sos, Doctor of Medicine, and Antal Fischer., Candidate
of Medicine.
Lajos Daniel, Candidate of Biology., for his dissertation," Investiga-
tion of the Biology of Pollen in Artificial Cultivation." His opponents
were Aladar Porpaczy, Corresponding Member of the academy., and Sandor Sarkany.,
Doctor of Biology.
Egon Geal, Candidate of Engineering, for his dissertation, "Microwave
Ribbon Lines." His opponents were Edvin Istvanffy, Doctor of Engineering,
and Tibor Hoffman, Doctor of Physics.
Matyas Gerbner,, Candidate of Medicine, for his dissertation, "The Con-
nections Between Higher Nervous Activity and Kidney Function." His opponents
were Mihaly Foldi, Doctor of Medicine, and Gyorgy Adam, Candidate of Medicine.
Janos Guoth, Candidate of Veterinary Medicine, for his dissertation,
"The Conditioning of the Thyroid Gland." His opponents were Janos Mocsy,
Academician, and Armand Kemeny, Candidate of Veterinary Medicine.
Andras Hajnal, Candidate of Mathematics, for his dissertation., "In.-
'lr?estigations in the Sphere of the Axiomatic Agglomeration Theory." His
opponents were Peter Rozsa and Janos Suranyi., Doctors of Mathematics..
Mihaly Horanyi, Candidate of Medicine, for his dissertation., ""Study of
Blood Coagulation in Natural Plasma." His opponents were Endre Zieney, Doctor
of Medicine, and Mihaly Gerendas, Candidate of Biology.
Bela Janko, Candidate of Biology, for his dissertation, "Investigation
of Leaf Morphogenetics." His opponents were Sandor Sarkany, Doctor of Biology
and Mihaly Maroti, Candidate of 'Biology.
no Jaray, Candidate of Engineering, for his dissertation, "?_ a.e Rela.
t.ion Between the Granular Structure and the Physical Characteristics of Soils."
His opponents were Frigyes Kovacshazy and Arpad Kezdi, Candidates of. Engineering.
Tibor J'avor, Candidate of Medicine:., for his dissertation., "Investigations
of the: Pathology of the Stomach." His opponents Jozsef Sos., Doctor of
Medicine,, and Bela Fornet, Candidate of Medicine.
pianos Katona, Candidate of Engineering, for his dissertation., ~IElectrolytic
Condensers. His opponents were Ernc Winter;, Academician, and Edvin Istvanffy,
Doctor of Engineering.
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Jeno Kertesz, Candidate of Medicine,, for his dissertation, "New Results
in the Use of Prosthetics in Cases of Bone Deficiency of the Face or Jaw."
His opponents were Laszlo Molnar and Istvan Varga,, Candidates of Medicine.
Bela Kozma, Candidate of Physics, for his dissertation, "Prediction of
Surface Air Currents." His opponents were Laszlo Egyed, Docto), of Geology
and Mineralogy, and Bela Bell, Candidate c-2 Physics.
Sandor Lang, Candidate of Medicine, for his dissertation, "Role of the
Factors Governing the Regeneration of the ATP Content of Muscle." His opponents
were Mrs Ilona Balo, Doctor of Medicine,, and Is Vilmos Szekessy, Candidate
of Medicine.
Dezso Lazar, Candidate of Medicine,, for his dissertation. "Experiences
in Plastic Surgery of the Antethoracic Esophagus." His opponents were Bela
Molnar and Pal Rubanyi, Candidates of Medicine.
Istvan Magyarosy, Candidate of Chemistry, for his dissertation, "Proc-
essing of Calcium-Aluminate Slags in the Alumina Industry." His opponents
were Bela Lanyi, Doctor of Chemistry, and Jozeef Talaber, Candidate of
Chemistry.
Janos Major, Candidate of Medicine, for his dissertation, "Reoperation
of Astrocytomas of the Cerebellum in Childhood,E' which was defended in the
USSR.
Gyorgy Ocskay, Candidate of Chemistry, for his dissertation, "Investiga-
tions of the Furylketoximes Group." His opponents were Arpad Gerecs, Corre-
sponding Member of the academy, and Laszlo Mester, Doctor of Chemistry.
Zoltan Ozorai, Candidate of Physics;, for his dissertation, "One Type
of Characteristic Weather Situation Occurring In Our Country." His opponents
were Laszlo Auieszky, Candidate of Physics, and Zoltan Berkes, Candidate of
Geography.
Kato Penyi0 Candidate of Mathematics, for her disseertation, "A Conjecture
of Gyorgv Po:Lya." Her opponents were Pal E~rdos and Laszlo Kalmar, Correspond-
ing Members of the academy.
imrr Safarik, Candidate of Chemistry,, for his dissertation,, "Study of
the Anode Polarization of the Pt.Electtrode in H2SOL. Solution." His opponents
were Pal Szarrvas, Candidate of Chemistry, and Marta Deri, Candidate of Engi-
neering.
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Istvan Sajo, Candidate of Chemistry, for his dissertation,""The Forma-
tion of the Vanadium (V) Complex on and Its Utilization in Analysis." His
opponents were Laszlo Zombori, Candidate of Chemistry, and Jozsef Mika.,
Doctor of Chemistry.
Tmre Szebenyi., Candidate of Chemistry,, for his dissertation, "Desulfuriza-
tion of. Pehroleum Distillates Through Hydrogenation." His opponents were Gyula
Nyu1 and Laszlo Vajta., Candidates of Chemistry.
Pal A. Szilas, Candidate of Engineering, for his dissertation,, "Deter-
mination of Operating Characteristics of Gas-.Free Oil Wells From Surface
Statistics:." His opponents were Richard Falk, Candidate of Engineering,
and Zoltan Gyulay, Candidate of Geology and Mineralogy.
Vera T? Sos, Candidate of Mathematics, for her dissertation.," A Geo-
metric Interpolation of Continuous Fractions and Its Application in the
Theory of Diophantine Approximations." Her opponents were Alfred Renyi,
Academician,, and Janos Suranyi, Doctor of Mathematics.
Gyula Vajda, Candidate of Medicine,, for his dissertation, "Pathological
Aspects of Cytotropine." His opponents were Endre Jeney and Jozsef Sos9
Doctors of Medicine.
Ardor KPrtesz;, Doctor of Mathematics, for his dissertation,, "The General
Theory of Operator Moduli." His opponents were Laszlo Redei, Academician.,
Laszlo Fuchs,, Doctor of Mathematics,, and Janos Szendrei,, Candidate of Mathe-
matics.
!van Rode, Doctor of Medicine, for his dissertation, "Clinical and
Radiation Biological Properties of Mellanoglastoma." His opponents were
Laszlo Haranghy, Corresponding Member of the academy, and Nandor Ratkoczy
and Lagos Szodora.i.
Lajos Szeniczei, Doctor of'Engineering9 for his dissertation., "Strength
Calculation of Bevel Gear Drives." His opponents were Jeno Egervary,
Ac.ademic.,ian; Laszlo Gillemot, Corresponding Member of the academy; and Emil
Videkhr, Doctor of Engineering.
no Szep, Doctor of Mathematics, for his dissertation., "A New Enlarge-
ment of Rings." His opponents were Gyorgy Hajos and Laszlo Redei, Academi-
cians., and Laszlo Fuchs., Doctor of Mathematics.
Pet r Veghelyi9 Doctor of Medicine., for his dissertation,, "Hibernation
in Pediatri:-s." His opponents were Odon Kernel-Fronius,, Corresponding
Member of the academy, and Szilard Donhoffer and L'ozsef Sos9 Doctors of
Medicine
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Karoly Bakondi, Candidate of Engineering, for his dissertation, "The
Workability of Metals." His opponents were Andor Hornung, Doctor of Engi-,
neering. and Sandor Ulbrich, Candidate of Engineering.
Mihaly Beck, Candidate of Chemistry, for his dissertation, "Data on
the Chemistry and Analytical Use of Complex Compounds." His opponents were
Janos Proszt, Corresponding Member of the academy, and Laszlo Zombori,
Candidate of Chemistry.
!van Bocsa, Candidate of Agronomy, for his dissertation, "Experiments
in the Development of a Hungarian Monoecious Hemp." His opponents were
Laszlo J. Berzsenyi and Ferenc Beke, Candidates of Agronomy.
Matyas Bognar, Candidate of Mathematics, for his dissertation, "Inter-
polation of Topological Space Into Euclidian Space." His opponents were
Laszlo Fuchs, Doctor of Mathematics, and Gyula Soos, Candidate of Mathematics.
Miklos Boszormenyi, Candidate of Medicine, for his dissertation, "Re-
lapses in Cases of Adult Alveolar Tuberculosis." His opponents were Ferenc
Kovats and Karoly Farkas, Doctors of Medicine.
Gyula Csikai, Candidate of Physics, for his dissertation, "Investigation
With Wilson Chamber of the Recoil Effect of the Neutrino and the Angle Cor-
relation of the Electron-Neutrino in the beta Decay of He6." His opponents
we a Zoltan Gyulai, Academician, and Gyorgy Marx, Doctor of Physics.
Karoly Gyonos, Candidate of Chemistry, for his dissertation, "Theoretical
and Practical* Investigation of Heat Penetration as a Factor in Preservation
by H_at.?Treatmente" His opponents were Zoltan Sandor and Konstantin Vukov,
Candidates of Chemistry.
Lagos Gyorgy, Candidate of Medicine, for his dissertation., "Comparative
Pb.armacalogical Investigation of Paralyzers of the Sympathetic Nervous System."
His opprrnen',s were Kalman Lissek, Academician, and Gyula Mikes, Candidate of
Med,i, i +e.
Ferenc K.ajtor, Candidate of Medicine,, for his dissertation, "Analysis
of the Convulsion Potential Induced by Evipan Anaesthesia in Persons Having
Parietal Lobe Epilepsy." His opponents were Bela Horanyi, Doctor of Medicine,
and Ferenc Obal, Candidate of Medicine.
Arpad Kardos, Candidate of Engineering., for his dissertation, "Investiga-
tion of the Workability of Aluminum Alloy." His opponents were Laszlo Kazinczy
and. Sandor Ulbrich., Candidates of Engineering.
Kalman Kovacs, Candidate of Medicine, for his dissertation, "Role of the
Hypothalmus-Hypophysis System in the Metabolism of. Water." His opponents
were Miklos Julesz and Mihaly Foldi, Doctors of Medicine.
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Kaziner Nagy, Candidate of Physics, for his disserilration, "Investigation
of th~ Physical Nucleon Through Configurational Spatial Techniques." :!Iis
opponents were Janos Horvath and Karoly Nagy, Candidates of Physics.
Szaniszlo Priszter, Candidate of Biology, for his dissertation.,
"E:.ological-Areogeographic Relations of Adventitious Plants 'of Hungary."
His opponents were Rezso Soo, Academician,, and Zoltan Karpati, Doctor of
Biology.
W. os Sin, Candidate of Medicine, for his dissertation, "The Trans-
planting and Fate of Preserved and Fixed Blood Vessels." His opponents
were Istvan Kunos and Gyula Botar, Candidates. of Medicine.
Oeno Schlattner, Candidate of Chemistry, for his dissertation,,
nafluence of Ash on the Fuel Value of Hard Coal." His opponents werre
Elemer Szadeczky-Kardoss, Academician,,') and Bela Vecsey, Candidate of
Engineer. ing .
Arpad Szeghegyi, Candidate of Engineering, for his dissertation.
"Fi.e4trotechnical and Technical Aspects of Ilgner Drives." His opponents
we.:ce Pal K. Kovacs, Corresponding Member of the academy,, and Erwin Kiss;,
Candidate of Engineering.
Gyula Szelecky, Candidate of Medicine, for his dissertation, "Post-
oz)a.:ative Basedow Crisis." His opponents were Endre Hedri and Ferenc
Cza,yda?-?,Pommersheim., Candidates of Medicine.
Pete z' Szepfalusy, Candidate of Physics, for his dissertation, "..T;' anther
Derw:'c:pment of the Statistical Treatment of Fermi Gas." His opponents were
,: F anon -';o3',,rath and Albert Konya, Candidates of Physics.
.!,LLia Tenyi, Candidate of Medicine, for her dissertation, "The Origin
of ;'?n~r'r~ :8~ Sclerosis and Clinical and E perimenLe-1. InVestigations of the
Changes Which Accompany It." Her opponents -(a,cere Gabcr: Czonic.zey
FT,d G'jorgy Gabor, Candidates of Medici. e .
"Cnc:e '1`omka, Candidate of Medicine, for his dissertation,, "Stn.:tdy of
C,'on U.`;ioned. Reflex Associations in Early Childhood Based on thn Tore, of
rThe dissertation was defended in the USSR.
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