SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100080001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 131
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 19, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 13, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

CIFI/ ForRei..494611114SEPI-Fii 13.04C I ENT IFIC I NFORM,AT I ON
REPORT NUMBER 8
i3 JUNE
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Number 8
tI 1(;
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION
REPORT
13 June 1958
Premed by
Foreign Documents Division
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
2430 E. St., N. W., Washington 25, D.C. gye is,ecoiao
9,??4ie4. _44,
doe BOX
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted from
publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and China. The in-
formation selected is intended to indicate current scientific
developments and activities in the USSR, in the Sino-Soviet
Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is disseminated as an
aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Astronomy
II. Biology
III. Chemistry
IV. Earth Sciences
V. Electronics
VI. Engineering'
VII. Mathematics
VIII. Medicine
IX. Metallurgy
X. Physics
XI. Miscellaneous
NOTE: Items in this report are numbered consecutively.
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I. ASTRONOMY
1. China Holds Conference of Hour System Workers
"Conference of Special Group on the Hour System," by Wang Yang,
Peiping, K'o-hsueh T'ung-pao (Scientia), No 1, 1958, pp 31-32
Representatives of ten major institutions concerned with research in
geodesy and allied sciences convened in Shanghai 9-11 October 1957 as a
Special Group on the Hour System. The 3-day conference was called by
Sikawei Observatory on behalf of the Department of Physics, Mathematics,
and Chemistry of the Academia Sinica.
The conference discussed the trend of future developments in Chinese
work on the hour system as well as the present work at Sikawei Observa-
tory. Having observed some of the important aspects of time work at the
observatory, such as astronomical chronometry, time signal broadcasting,
receiving, and recording, and astronomical clock work, it made the follow-
ing recommendations:
1. That a national hour system commission, with subsidiary sub-
committees, be established under the leadership of the Department of
Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry, Academia Sinica, to promote the
advancement of Chinese work.
2. That time service at Sikawei Observatory, which can meet the
immediate astronomical and geodetic needs for time signals, be brought
up to the level of work in advanced nations.
3. In order to raise the quality of time work at Sikawei, to pro-
mote the use of the hour system and better cooperation between hour system
workers, and to investigate local factors in chronometry and longitudinal
measurements, that additional chronometric stations be established at the
following points and that Sikawei Observatory coordinate and use the data
collected by the new stations: Purple Mountain Astronomical Observatory,
State Bureau of Surveying and Cartography, Bureau of Geodesy and Cartogra-
phy of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army, Laboratory of
Geodesy and Cartography of the Academia Sinica, and Wuhan Institute of
Geodesy and Cartography.
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2. Yugoslav Astronomer Studies in USSR
"Residence Study of Belgrade Astronomers in the Soviet Union"
Sarajevo, Oslobodjenje, 18 Feb 58, p 4
At the beginning of March, Vasilije Oskanjan, science associate of
the Belgrade Astronomical Observatory, arrived in the Soviet Union, where
he stayed at the invitation of the Soviet astrophysicist Professor Ambart-
sumyan, director of the observatory in Byurakan (Armenian SSR).
During a 6-month period in the USSR, the Yugoslav astronomer will
study the methodology of research on variable stars, which he is also
working on in the Belgrade Observatory. He will defend his doctoral dis-
sertation before Soviet scientists.
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II. BIOLOGY
3. Importance of Nucleoproteids to Organisms and Viruses
"The Importance of the Nucleoproteids for the Origin and Sub-
sistence of Organisms and Viruses," by H. Menze; Berlin, Das
Deutsche Gesundheitswesen, Vol 12, No 26, 27 Jun 57, pp 815:820
On the basis of the assumptions that nucleoproteids select from
heterosyntheses the material for autosynthesis, and that the effect of
nucleoproteids is based on two properties of macromolecular nucleic acids,
namely, their faculty of identical reproduction and for storing up a pro-
tein adequate for their configuration, the article draws the following
conclusions:
The chemical behavior of nucleic acids affords two possible effects,
the influence of the selection on the heterosyntheses and the production
of specific proteins (ferments).
The identical reproduction of genes and the transfer of their speci-
ficity to gene products are based on the same mechanisms.
The development of the virus as a dysbiotic process took place at the
same time as the development of life as a eubiotic process.
The stepwise action of the genes at the right time and at the right
place in the course of evolution indicates mutual phylogenetic adaptation
of the extent of autosynthesis to differentiations of heterosynthetic
processes.
Life and its evolution have come about through the successive adjust-
ment of heterosynthetic and autosynthetic functional units.
The polyphaenia of the genes and polygenesis of the characteristics
do not pose insuperable difficulties to our understanding.
Concepts such as the control, model, and influence of the genes are
not necessary for the explanation of the function of the genes.
It is known that the nucleoproteids are capable of identical repro-
duction, of self-duplication, of autosynthesis; and it ls known that the
materials necessary for the synthesis can be obtained only by forms which
are capable of metabolism, thus by heterosyntheses, and must be selected
from these syntheses. This selection process is known from the course of
virus infections. Since viruses appear to be the best model for the genes,
it is often considered reasonable to assume the same selection process for
genes. Complex and successively adjusted biological heterosyntheses,
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however, are only conceivable in things which have form and structure,
which offer, at least temporarily, a certain separation and guidance for
the possibilities of action on the part of chemical and physl-cochemical
processes. Only those things can be ascribed "life" which exhibit form,
structure, metabolism, reproduction, and, closely allied to the latter,
heredity and mutation. For this reason, the occurrence of individual
properties of "life" in nucleoproteids cannot be used as a basis for con-
sidering nucleoproteids "living substances," but rather only as an in-
dication of the presence of one component of life, one process which helps
to bring the many billions of molecules of a cell in !.o a living entity.
4. Microtome Perfected
"Perfected Microtome," by M. S. Sominskiy, Candidate of Physi-
comathematical Sciences, Institute of Semiconductors, Academy
of Sciences USSR (Leningrad); Moscow, Priroda, Vol 47, No 3,
1958, pp 73-74
After discussing the inconvenience and difficulties encountered in
using carbon dioxide to freeze or keep tissue specimens frozen on the
-stage of the standard microtome produced by the Khar'kov Medical Equip-
ment Plant, the author describes a special microtome stage developed by
Ye. A. Kolenko of the Institute of Semiconductors, Academy of Sciences
USSR, which employs a "semiconductor thermoelectric battery" (thermo-
couple device) to freeze the specimen. The thermocouple is positioned
so that the cold junction is exposed and the hot junction enclosed in the
body of the stage. The specimen is placed in contact with the cold junc-
tion and is completely frozen within 4-5 minutes. The actual temperature
attained is measured with a spherical semiconductor microthermistor. The
device can be operated under laboratory conditions on standard line volt-
ages by employing a BSA 10 selenium rectifier or under field conditions
by hooking it up to "any automobile generator." It requires only 2 volts
at 10 amperes. Sections down to 2 microns can be made with the stage
adapted to the standard Khar'kov microtome (after first removing the
carbon dioxide stage). To supply the needs of scientific and teaching
institutions, Leningrad Plant No 2 of the Ministry of Local Industry will
begin production of this freezing stage and the required selenium recti-
fier. The microtome itself may also be obtained from this plant. An
illustration of the semiconductor freezing stage and the microtome with
which it is used accompanies the article.
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5. Prof Rudolf Weigl, Polish Biologist, Dies
"Rudolf Weigl" (unsigned article), Warsaw, Medycyna Wetery-
naryjna, Nov 57, p 701
A Polish veterinary medicine monthly reports the 11 August 1957
death of Prof Rudolf Weigl, eminent biologist. Born in Przerow on 2 Sep-
tember 1883, he entered the Natural Science Department of the Jan Kazimierz
University in Lwow in 1903. In 1907, he received his PhD, and in 1913,
the degree of docent in zoology, comparative anatony, and histology. Dur-
ing World War I he worked as a parasitologist in a military laboratory,
and later did research on typhus, virus biology, and vaccine production.
During the occupation period, Weigl was appointed to the Microbiology
Chair of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow.
[For additional information on biology, see Item No 71.]
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6.
III. CHEMISTRY
Electrochemistry
Current Trends in Work on the Development of Fuel
Cells
"The Fuel Cell," by D. Yu. Gamburg, Candidate of
ences; Moscow, Nauka i Zhizn', Vol 25, No 1, Jan
Chemical Sc-
8, pp 17-22
The principles of the operation of fuel cells and the advantages to
be expected from the development of practically applicable cells of this
type are reviewed. It is pointed out that persistent work is being done
both in the USSR and abroad on the development of fuel cells with reliable
operational characteristics and that a certain measure of success has been
attained in this. Work on cells that operate at 700-900?C, burn gaseous
fuel, and employ a solid electrolyte is regarded as most promising. It
is stated that the solid electrolyte which is used must satisfy the con-
ditions formulated by Schottky. These conditions are discussed in some
detail. The design of a water gas fuel element proposed by E. Gorin (USA)
is described. The author states that althouga Gorin's proposal appears
to be of interest, fuel cells operating on different principles must also
be regarded as promising on the basis of results obtained in the labora-
tory. Among cells which operate on principles different from that on
which Gorin's cell is based, he mentions those proposed by Soviet sci-
entists (0. K. Davtyan, P. M. Spiridonov). As an initial advantage to
be expected from the use of fuel cells, a 10-20% increase in the effi-
ciency of the conversion of chemical energy of the fuel into electrical
energy is mentioned by the author. At the conclusion of the article it
is stated that fuel cells, when they have been developed to the stage of
industrial production, will be used principally in transportation (on
railroad engines and ships), because they lack moving parts, are noiseless
in operation, and furnish a direct current of low voltage. As another
potential (pplication of fuel cells, their use as a source of power at
communication centers in areas which lack an electric power network is
mentioned.
The author says that the use of natural gas in fuel elements and the
generation of water gas for such cells on the basis of petroleum gasi-
fication and the employment of heavy petroleum residues must be regarded
as very promising.
A bibliography consisting of five USSR references follows the arti-
cle.
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CPYRGHT
A comment by Academician A. N. Frumkin serves as an introduction to
the article. Frumkin says in part:
"In evaluating the prospects of fuel cells, one cannot start from the
fesults of thermodynamic calculations and compare these results with ac-
!Alai efficiencies of installations that operate on different principles,
e.g., thermal plants for power generation. The reason is that nobody has
succeeded as yet in constructing a fuel cell which operates on natural
fuel or generator gas steadily enough or for a long enough time to make
possible a determination of the actual efficiency of the cell.
"Notwithstanding this conservative estimate, I am of the opinion
that in view of the great importance which must be attached to even a
partial success in efforts to develop a fuel cell, work on this subject
must be continued both as far as designing of highly efficient low-
temperature gas cells and experimental research on high-temperature cells
(particularly those operating on solid electrolytes) are concerned. Con-
siderable progress in the last-mentioned line of research would become
possible if a sufficiently well-conducting solid electrolyte were found
through which the transportation of current would take place entirely by
means of oxygen anions.
"One must at the same time remember that in the field of chemical
sources of electric power other problems of great economic importance
must be solved besides that of the fuel cell. Among them are those per-
taining to the development of new sources of power with a high specific
output and potential or of storage batteries which do not contain non-
ferrous metals that are in short supply."
7. USSR Work on Fuel Cells
"The Fuel Will Not Burn," by Engineer L. Yur'yev; Moscow,
Znaniye-Sila, Vol 33, No 3, Mar 58, pp 1-4
A fuel cell designed by 0. K. Davtyan, which operates on gaseous
fuel (e. g., generator gas) and employs a solid electrolyte, is described.
It is stated to have an efficiency of 58% and to supply 5 kilowatts per
cubic meter of cell volume. Fuel cells developed at Academician A. N.
Frumkin's laboratory are also mentioned. These cells, in which hydrogen
is oxidized, are said to have an efficiency in excess of 60%
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Industrial Chemistry
8. A Process for the Production of Hydrogen Fluoride by the Hydrolysis
of Calcium Fluoride and Fluorite
"Kinetics of the Pyrohydrolysis of Calcium Fluoride and Fluo-
rite Under Dynamic Conditions" by M. A. Mikhaylov, Far Eastern
Affiliate, Academy of Sciences USSR, Izvestiya Vostochnykh
Filialov Akademii Nauk SSSR, Novosibirsk, No 9, Oct 57, pp 64-68
The kinetics of the hydrolysis of calcium fluoride and fluorite (flu-
orspar) with steam flowing at a constant velocity were investigated at the
temperatures of 10500, 11500, and 1250?. It was established that at 12500
the reaction of the hydrolysis of fluorite proceeds accordiAg to the
Kolmogorov-Yerofeyev kinetic equation with a value of n close to unity.
With the lowering of temperature the region to which this equation applies
becomes more restricted; toward the end of the process, n has a tendency
to increase. This is due to the effect produced by the solid reaction
product, which is more pronounced at lower temperatures.
The investigation was carried out because conversion of fluorite by
hydrolysis would be of particular interest from the standpoint of indus-
trial application in the rar East, where considerable deposits of this
mineral exist, but no sulfuric acid produced locally is available.
9. The Oxythermic Method for the Production of Calcium Carbide
"A Review of the Periodical and Patent Literature for 1954-1956
on the Production and Application of Calcium Carbide," by L.
Morcz and B. Novikov; Moscow, Khimiya i Khimicheskaya Tekhno-
logiya, Vol 8, No 11 (94), Oct 57, pp 3-12
The use of oxygen blowing (the oxythermic method) in the production
of calcium carbide is discussed on the basis of British, Danish, and
German patents. It is stated that the oxythermic method, to which much
attention is now being paid in the Western technical literature, is based
on a principle originally developed In the USSR.
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Ncsclear Chemistry and Technology
10. Separation of Uranium From Vanadium and Other Metals by Electrolysis.
in the Presence of Ethylenediaminetetracetic Acid
"Separation of Uranium by Inner Electrolysis in the Presence
of Vanadium, Aluminum, Chromium, Nickel, and Cobalt," by Yu. V.
Morachevskiy and I. A. Tserkovnitskaya, Leningrad, Vestnik
Leningradskogo Universiteta, Vol 12, No 6, Seriya Fiziki i
Khimii [Physics and Chemistry Series], No 3, May 57, pp 127-130
It has Leen established that uranium can be separated quantitatively
by electrolysis from V, Al, Cr, Ni, and Co when Trilon B [ethylenediamine-
tetracetic acid] is present.
11. Determination of Uranium in Sea Water by Coprecipitation With Meth 1
Violet Thiocyanate
"Organic Coprecipitants; Part 8 -- Coprecipitation of Uranium
for Its Determination in Sea Water," by V, I. Kuznetsov and
A. A. Akimova, Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemis-
try imeni V. I. Vernadskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khimii, Vol 13, No 1, Jan-Feb 58,
PP 79-82
A method for the determination of uranium in sea water after this
element has been separated by coprecipitation from other elements which
are present is described. It was established that addition to acidified
sea water of ammonium thiocyanate and methyl violet brings about quanti-
tative coprecipitation of uranium with methyl violet thiocyanate even when
uranium is present in a dilution as high as 1:1010. The precipitate
formed in this manner was filtered off and ignited. The uranium present
in the residue was determined radiometrically and by the fluorescence
mPthod in NaF beads, using an FM-42 fluorometer.
When coprecipitation of uranium with methyl violet thiocyanate is
employed, other elements which form complex thiocyanate anions of insolu-
ble thiocyanates (i.e., Hg, Ag, Bi, Zn, Cd, Mo, Fe3, etc.) are also pre-
cipitated. Because these elements are present in very insignificant
amounts in sea water, no difficulties arise in that respect. The pre-
cipitation of other elements besides uranium can be reduced considerably
by adding the sequestering agent Complexon III.
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Uranium contained in water from the Sea of Japan and Pacific Ocean
water, and salt solutions to which uranium had been added was determined
by the method described. This method was used in connection with work
done for the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1956-1957 by V. M. Kutyurin
on the diesel-electric ship Ob'.
[SIR Note: A paper on the determination of uranium by this method
was presented by Kuznetsov and Akimova at the Conference on the Applica-
tion of Radioactive Isotopes held in Moscow on 2-4 December 1957. Cf
"Application of Radioactive Isotopes in Analytical Chemistry" by S. S.
Rodin, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 28, No 2, Feb 58, pp 108-110,
Item No 16, below.]
12. A Procedure for the Determination of Uranium, Thorium, and Ionium
Present Together
"Determination of Uranium, Thorium, and Ionium in Marine Silts,"
by L. A. Kuz'mina, Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical
Chemistry imeni V. I. Vernadskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR,
Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khimii, Vol 13, No 1, Jan-Feb
58, pp 100-106
A method has been developed for the determination of uranium, thor-
ium, and ionium in a single weighed sample. The completeness of the
separation and radiochemical purity of thorium isotopes have been checked
by melns of tracers. This method was found suitable for the analysis of
marine silts as well as of rocks, ores, and minerals. It is applicable
at thorium contents from 5 X 10-5 to x.10-4% when the uranium content is
x.10-4% and at uranium contents up to 70% when the ionium content is
h4 /
x.10p -- kexpressed in uranium equivalents), The absolute error in the
determinations did not exceed 10-15%.
13. Similarity Between the Crystal Structure of BiIn2 and That of Some
Uranium Intermetallic Compounds
"New Data on the Structure of BiIn2 and the Possible Structure
of 19311.27 1059, NaHg2, UHg2, UZr2, and TiU2," by Ye ? S ?
Makarov, Institute of Geochemistry imeni V. I. Vernadskiy;
Moscow, Kristallografiya, Vol 3, No 1, Jan-Feb 58, pp 5-9
X-ray investigation of a BiIn2 single crystal showed that this com-
pound has a structure of the N12In type with a ratio of axes c/a = 1.197.
It is assumed that T1B11.27 4 1.59, NaHg2, UHg2, U7r2, and Tt02 have an
ana..ogous structure.
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CPYRGHT
14. Applications of Complex Compounds in the Fields of Nucicar Energy
and Semiconductor Technology
"Progress in the Field of the Chemistry of Complex Compounds,"
by Prof 0. Ye. 'Avyagintsev; Moscow, Khimicheskaya Nauka
Promyshlennost', Vol 3, No 1, Jan/Feb 58, pp 93-97
This article reviews the theoretical aspects of work on the chemis-
try of complex (coordination) compounds and current trends in this field
as well au practical applications of compounds of this class. Particular
attention is paid to work done in the USSR. A bibliography consisting of
16 USSR references and six non-USSR references is appended to the article.
practical applications are concerned, the following information
As far as
is given:
Application of Complex Compbunds in Field of Nuclear Energy
"It is known that within the next few years, five large nuclear
electric power stations with a capacity of 400-600,000 kw each will be
erected in the USSR. These power stations will operate on thermal neu-
trons, using as fuel uranium dioxide or metallic uranium. The protective
coating for these power reactors is being made of a zirconium alloy (cf
I. V. Kurchatov, "Some Problems of the Development of Nuclear Power,"
Pravda, 20 kay 1956).
"In connection with this one must first of all mention the prob-
lem (that has been partly solved) concerning the development of a basis
for the production of pure initial materials for nuclear reactors, namely
of uranium, thorium, zirconium, graphite, etc. Very high requirements in
regard to purity are put to these materials, especially as far as the
content of some impurities is concerned. For instance, uranium must not
contain boron in quantities exceeding one 10,000th part of 1% and zircon-
ium must be free of hafnium.
"The refining of thorium, uranium, zirconium, and other materials
is completely or almost completely based on the application of the chemis-
try of complex compounds. For instance, in many cases uranium is obtained
by the so-called carbonate method. This method involves conversion of
uranium into the complex compound Na4 [UO2 (co) 3] which is soluble in
water, while iron, aluminum, manganese, and other impurities remain in the
insoluble residue under the conditions applied. To purify uranium, a
compound investigated by P. G. Melikov and L. V. Pisarzhevskiy is also
used, viz., peruranic acid which is obtained by the action of hydrogen
peroxide on solutions of uranium salts according to the following formula:
u 0 (V03)2 + 3 H2 02 -4 H2 U 06 ? 2 H20 + 2 H NO3
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CPYRGHT
"A high degree of purification of uranium from admixtures is
achieved by its precipitation in the form of peruranic acid.
"Metallic thorium is obtained by the electrolysis of a mixture
of fused salts of thorium with sodium chloride and potassium chloride.
As thorium salts for electrolysis, complex compounds are used which are
obtained by fusing Th F4 with KF, namely K Th F5, and K2Th F6.
"Another still more complex, but very important, problem is the
treatment of products of the reactions taking place in nuclear reactors.
These products consist for the most part of unconsumed nuclear fuel and
contain fission (splinter) products formed from this fuel aR well as newly
formed heavy atoms of plutonium or of the uranium isotope U433.
"The orTaration of complex mixtures of compounds of different
elements is based on a number of methods, namely:
a. Precipitation of some elements in the form of insoluble com-
pounds widle others remain in solution;
b. Conversion of same elements into volatile compounds and dis-
tillation of these elements in the form of such compounds;
c. Conversion of some elements into compounds soluble in organic
solvents, so that extraction of these elements can be carried out;
d. Selective adsorption of some elements on adsorbents and
separation by washing out these elements from the adsorbents (chromatogra-
phy).
"Simple compounds of the elements being separated can be employed
very rarely; in the majority of cases one must use complex compounds.
"As an example of precipitation in the form of complex compounds
one may mention the separation of uranium in the form of ammonium di-
uranate (NH4)2 U2 07, which is insoluble in water, or in the form of the
complex compound with sodium acetate 1,hich has the formula Na UO2(CH3C003.
As an example of a separation by means of distillation one may mention the
distillation of thorium at 1500 in the form of a complex compound, i. e.,
thorium acetylacetonate.
"Data are available on the separation of complex compounds of
plutonium and uranium by extraction. Thus, for the separation of uranium
and thorium from admixtures and from fission elements extraction with
tributyl phosphate is used. Tributyl phosphate (TBP) is immiscible with
water and with aqueous solutions. It dissolves readily complex compounds
of uranium and thorium nitrates, which form the compoundsUO2(NO3)2 ? 2TBP
and l'h (NO3 )1. ? 4 TBP with this solvert.
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CPYRGHT
"The compounds described by these formulis are unstable and can
exist in solution only at low values of the pH. When the acidity is
lowered [1, e., the pa raised], they decompose. This is utilized for
subsequent re-extraction of uranium and thorium from the organic solvent.
It proved possible to select such values of pa that uranium and thorium
can be re-extracted separately. Their separation is achieved by this
means.
"This method is also used for the separation of uranium and
plutonium from fission products and for the separation of plutonium from
solutions in which it is present together with uranium.
"Quaternary ammonium salts react with salts of quadrivalent
plutonium in nitric acid solutions, forming complex compounds of the type
Pu (N01)6 ? (NR)2, which can be extracted with organic solvents contain-
ing chlorine or with aromatic hydrocarbons. The quaternary ammonium salts
which are employed belong to the type
CH,
I
CH3
X - N
Hi
where R and R' are aliphatic radicals with 8, 10, or 12 atoms of carbon.
The compounds of plutonium can be easily extracted and separated from
uranium, which remains in the aqueous solution.
"The concentration and elimination of radioactive fission ele-
ments from solutions after treatment of the nuclear fuel presents con-
siderable difficulties. Many of these splinter elements can be adsorbed
on ferric hydroxide and other adsorbents. However, others are persist-
ently retained in solutions, as for instance, ruthenium, which is present
in solutions in the form of two radioactive isotopes, i. e., Ru-103 and
Ru-106. It was established that a certain part of the ruthenium cannot
be precipitated from solutions readily because of the formation of complex
compounds of this metal which contain the nitrosyl group NO. These com-
plex compounds are very stable and do not interact with the precipitating
reagents. Investigations which have been conducted on the subject es-
tablish that these complex compounds have compositions corresponding to
the formulas Ru NO (NO3)2 ? 2H20 and Ru NO (NO3)2 ? 3 H20. With nitric
acid these compounds form the complex acid H [Ru NO (NO3)3], from which
salts are derived. Some of these salts have been investigated; they
proved very stable and resistant to chemical action.
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CPYRGHT
"At present, as is known, we are faced with task of utilizing
the energy of thermonuclear reactions. The solution of the problems in-
volved in this necessitates the refining (purification) of a number of
substances; undoubtedly, a new series of complex compounds of elements
used in this connection will be required (cf. I. V. Kurchutov, "Concern-
ing the Possibility of Developing Controllable Thermonuclear Reactions,"
Pravda, 10 May 1956).
Application of Complex Compounds in Production of Semiconductor
Materials
"The application of very small germanium crystals instead of
tubes makes it possible to reduce by many times the dimensions of radio
receivers and other electronic devices. This application of germanium
became possible becaune of the development of methods for refining this
metal by means of which the content of impurities (arsenic, antimony)
could be brought down to very low level, i. e., that of one atom of im-
purities per 1010 atoms of germanium.
"In addition to germanium, silicon of high purity is used in
technology. Other semiconductor materials and alloys are also prepared
from ultra-pure substcnces. All of this requires extensive development
of methods for the refining of different substances. These methods are
based to a considerable extent on the application of complex compounds
with the use of which selective precipitation, extraction with organic
solvents, distillation, factional crystallization, and purification by
other methods is carried out.
"The selenium which is used in semiconductor technology is puri-
fied over sodium selenite and sodium selenate. Tellurates are also used
for purification in semiconductor technology. Furthermore, complex com-
pounds are employed in the separation and purification of antimony.
Application of Complex Compounds in Metallurgy
"Hydrometallnrgical methods for the separation of nonferrous
metals and of rare, dispersed, and noble metals from ores, and also pro-
cedures for the purification of these metals are based to a considerable
extent on the application of complex compounds. The following table
lists some complex compounds applied in hydrometallurgy:
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CPYRGHT
Metal
Tantalum
Niobium
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Beryllium
Rhenium
Vanadium
Titanium
Gold
Silver
Complex Compounds Used in Hydrometallum
Complex Compound
K2[TaF71
K2[Nb0F5).H20
MegMo04]
(NH4)3114[P(Mo207)6]
megw04]
Na2BeF4
K[Re04]
(NH4)2HeC16
(NHOReC14
Ca(V03)2
H7[P(V206)6]
H7(P(Me207)3(V206)3]
BaTiO3
Ca[Au(CN)212
H[AuC14].4H 0
Na[Ag(CN)2]
(Ag(NH3)00H
Purpose for Which
2a921221_pompound is Used
) Separation of niobium from
tantalum
Isolation of metal from solu-
tions
Extracted with water from prod-
ucts of,sintering of beryllium
concentrate
Intermediate compounds in puri-
fication and reduction of
rhenium
Precipitation of vanadium
Obtained in leaching out con-
centrates
Has an exceptionally high di-
electric constant
For extraction of gold from
ores
In electrolytic refining of
gold
For extraction from ores
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CPYRGHT
Metal
Mercury
Antimony
Copper
Nickel
Cobalt
Platinum
Palladium
Rhodium
Iridium
Osmium
Ruthenium
Complex Compound
NagligS2]
Na3[8b83]
U:u(NH3)0SO4
[Ni(1%113)6]SO4
[Co(N113)0504
(NH14)2( 1'16]
[Pt(NH3)2C12]
[Pd(NH3)2C12]
ilih(NH3)3(NO3;]
(NH4)2[IrC16]
[0s02(NH3)0C12
[Ru(NH3)5N0]C13
Purpose for Which
Complex Compound Is Used
For extraction from ores
In oxidative ammonia leaching
from ores
It I ti It I U ft
ft ft ft ft ft ft ft
For production of pure metal
"Complex compounds play an important role in a number of proc-
esses employed in the following fields of chemical technology and chemis-
try: the production of inorganic fertilizers, the production of chemicals
used for controlling pests that damage agricultural plants, the manu-
facture of drugs, the production of dyestuffs, the production of synthetic
fibers, the silicate industry, and present-day analytical chemistry."
In the general part of the article, theoretical work on complex com-
pounds is reviewed with particular attention to stereochemical investi-
gations and to work done in the USSR and abroad on the thermodynamics of
reactions by which complex compounds are formed. It is stated that re-
search on equilibria in solutions of complex compounds is conducted in
the USSR by a number of investigators, including A. K. Babko at Kiev,
P. Komar' at'Khar'khov, and K. B. Yatsimirskiy at Ivanovo. It is also
stated that important research in the field of complex compounds is being
conducted at Kiev, where investigations are being done on the behavior of
complex compounds in solutions, mainly nonaqueous solutions.
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CPYRGHT
As far as the literature on the chemistry of complex compounds is
concerned, the author states that the best work in this field published
hitherto is Vvcdeniye v Khimiyu Kom leksn kh Soyedineniy (Introduction
Into the Chemistry of Complex Compounds) by A. A. Grinberg, Second Edition,
1951, which has been translated into Germun, Polish, Chinese, and other
languages. Furthermore, he states that among monographs on complex cam-
pounds, Termokhimiya Kompleksnykh Soyedineniy (The Thermochemistry of Com-
plex Compounds) by B. K. Yatsimirskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow,
1951, is of great value and that the same is true of the book Konstantx
Nestoykosty Kompleksnykh Soyedineniy (The Dissociation Constants of Com-
plex Compounds), apparently also by Yatsimirskiy. The author concludes
his article with the following statement:
"In accordance with the decisions of the Seventh All-Union Conference
on the Chemistry of Complex Compounds held in 1956, the attention of in-
vestigators must be concentrated on the following problems:
"1. Investigation of a greater number of complex-forming elements
and compounds and groups with different types of structure that add to
these elements; expansion of research on the structure and quantitative
physicochemical characteristics of complex compounds.
"2. Reinforcement of theoretical work on the chemistry of complex
compounds, particularly with the application of quantum mechanics in
studies of chemical bonding.
"3. Development of the chemistry of heteropolycompounds and iso-
polycompounds as well as of compounds of metals with oxyacids and of
complex compounds of nonmetallic elements; a considerable expansion of
research on nonaqueous solutions.
"4. Expansion of research on the theory of solutions, crystal chem-
istry, physicochemical analysis, thermodynamics, and chemical kinetics
of complex compounds with the application of diverse up-to-date methods
of investigation including the use o tracer atoms, application of methods
of proton magnetic resonance, etc.
"5. Investigation of the mutual influence of atoms in complex cam-
pounds and expansion of research in this field to cover a broad range of
compounds of different elements in different valancy states.
"6. Expansion of research on the synthesis and properties of com-
plex compounds that are applied in technology, analytical chemistr,,,
biochemistry, medicine, and other fields."
(For additional information on nuclear chemistry and technology see
Item No 23.)
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Organic Chemistrz
15. Dealkylation of Isomeric Tributenyl Phosphites
"Dealkylation of Isomeric Tributenyl Phosphitea With Hydrogen
Chloride," by A. N. Pudovik, Kazan State University, Moscow,
Zhurnal Obshchey Khimi, Vol 27, No 10,0ct57, pp 2755-2760
The dealkylation of tri-n-butyl phosphite, tr1a11;v1phosphite, tri-
crotyl phosphite, and tri-(a1pha-methylally1) phosphite with hydrogen
chloride was investigated without a solvent and also in an ether solu-
tion. The reactions between phosphorus trichloride and the following
alcohols were also investigated: n-butyl, allyl, crota, and methylvinyl
carbinol. The results proved to be identical. Thus, in the case of the
dealkylation of tributylphosphite and the action of phosphorus trichloride
on n-butyl alcohol, dibutylphosphorous acid was obtained in good yield.
The aame held true for analogous experiments with allyl alcohol and trial-
lylphosphite and the resulting diallylphosphorous acid; however, the
yield was lower in the case of isomeric butenols and trfbutenyl phosphites
which formed an isomeric mixture similar in composition, and phosphorous
acid.
Tributenyl phosphites are intermediate compounds in the reaction of
phosphorus trichloride with butenols. Their primary dealkylation takes
place in accordance with the Arbuzov rearrangement. The possible mechamdsm
of further dealkylation of acid esters of phosphorous acid under the ac.-
tion of hydrog.m chloride is discussed.
M. V. Ivanova participated in the experimental part of the work.
16. New Insecticides
'From the Field of Organic Insectofungicides. XXX. Synthesis
of Certain Derivatives of 1-Methylcyclopentanedione-2, 3,"
by N. N. Mel'nikov and K. D. Shvetsova-Shilovskaya, Scientific
Institute for Fertilizers and Insectofungicides; Moscow,
Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 28, No 2, Feb 58, p? 474-476
With the purpose of finding new active insecticides, a number of
complex esters of the enol 1-methylcyclopentanedione-2, 3 that have not
been described in the literature have been synthesized. Investigation
of their insecticidal properties, indicated that the dione esters of
acetic, butyric, carbaminic, acids, and methoxy and ethoxy groups, were
not active. Esters of dialkoxythiophosphoric acid are active.
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From the Field of Organic Insectofungicides. XI. New
Method for Preparing Mixed Esters of Thiophosphoric Acid,"
by N. N. Melinikov, Ya. A. Mandel'baum, and V. I. Lomakina,
Scientific Institute for Fertilizers and Insectofungicides;
Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 28, No 2, Feb 58,
pp 476-478
The reaction of sodium diethylthiophosphate with aromatic diazo com-
poundn was investigated. It was found that sodium diethylthiophosphate
reacts with aryldiazonium in two tautomeric forms with the formation of
mixed esters of thiophosphoric acid.
18. Synthesis of Thiophosphoric Acid Esters
"From the Field of Organic Insectofungicides. XXXII. Synthesis
of Certain Mixed Esters of Thiophosphoric Acid," by Ya. A.
Mandeltbaum, N. N. Mel'nikov, and N. I. Petrova, Scie.ntific
Institute for Fertilizes and Insectofungicides; Moscow,
Zhurnal Obshchey Khirdii, Vol 28, No 2, Feb 58, pp 479-480
A new, simple method was developed for the preparation of mixed
esters of thiophosphoric acid with yields ranging from 70 to 94%. The
method is based on the reaction of dialkylchlorothiophosphates with
alcohols in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The majority of the com-
pounds thus synthesized have not been described in the literature.
19. New Insecticides Synthesized
"From the Field of Organic Insectofungicides. XXXIII. Synthesis
of Certain Derivatives of 4, 7-Endomethylenetetrahydroindane,"
by S. S. KUkalenko, N. N. Mel'nikov, T. I. Naryshkina, and
N. I. Shuykin, Scientific Institute for Fertilizers and In-
sectofungicides and the Institute of Organic Chemistry Aca-
demy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii,
Vol 28, No 2, Feb 58, pp 48o-481
In the reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with 3-methylcyclopenta-
diene-2, 4, an adduct of the composition C11138C16 is formed. Chlorina-
tion of this adduct leads to the formation of mono and dichloro derivatives.
Bromination leads to the formation of the monobromo derivative. None of
the synthesized compounds appear in the literature. In regard to insecti-
cidn1 activity, they are weaker than chlordane.
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"From the Field of Organic Insectofungicides. I. New
Method for Preparing Mixed Esters of Thiophosphoric Acid,"
by N. N. Mel'nikov, Ya. A. Mandelrbaum, and V. I. Lomakina,
Scientific Institute for Fertilizers and Insectofungicides;
Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 28, No 2, Feb 58,
pp 476-478
The reaction of sodium diethylthiophosphate with aromatic diazo com-
pounds vas investigated. It was found that sodium diethylthiophosphate
reacts with aryldiazonium in two tautomeric forms with the formation of
mixed esters of thiophosphoric acid.
13. Synthesis of Thiophosphoric Acid Eaters
"From the Field of Organic Insectofungicides. XXXII. Synthesis
of Certain Mixed Esters of Thiophosphoric Acid," by Ya. A.
Mandelibaum, N. N. Melinikov, and N. I. Petrova, Scientific
Institute for Fertilizers and Insectofungicides; Moscow,
Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 28, No 2, Feb 58, pp 479-480
A new, simple method was developed for the preparation of mixed
esters of thiophosphoric acid with yields ranging from 70 to 94%. The
method is based on the reaction of dial%ylchlorothiophosphates with
alcohols in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The majority of the com-
pounds thus synthesized have not been described in the literature.
19. New Insecticides Synthesized
"From the Field of Organic Insectofungicides. XXXIII. Synthesis
of Certain Derivatives of 4, 7-Endomethylenetetrahydroindane,"
by S. S. Kukalenko, N. N. Meltnikov, T. I. Naryshkina, and
N. I. Shuykin, Scientific Institute for Fertilizers and In-
sectofungicides and the Institute of Organic Chemistry Aca-
demy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii,
Vol 28, No 2, Feb 58, pp 480-48a
In the reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with 3-methylcyclopenta-
diene-2, 4, an adduct of the composition C11118C16 is formed. Chlorina-
tion of this adduct leads to the formation of mono and dichloro derivatives.
Bromination leads to the formation of the monobromo derivative. None of
the synthesized compounds appear in the literature. In regard to insecti-
ciOnl activity, they are weaker than chlordane.
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"From the Field of Organic Insectofungicides. XXXI. New
Method for Preparing Mixed Esters of Thiophosphoric Acie,"
by N. N. Meltnikov, Ya. A. Mandelibaum, and V. I. Lomakina,
Scientific Institute for Fertilizers and Insectofungicides;
Moscow, Ihurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 28, No 2, Feb 58,
pp 476 JO
The reaction of sodium diethylthiophosphate with aromatic diazo com-
pounds was investigated. It was found that sodium diethylthiophosphate
reacts with aryldiazonium in two tautomeric fornn with the formation of
mixed esters of thiophosphoric acid.
13. Synthesis of Thiophosphoric Acid Esters
"From the Field of Organic Insectofungicides. XXXII. Synthesis
of Certain Mixed Esters of Thiophosphoric Acid," by Ya. A.
Mandellbaum, N. N. Melinikov, and N. I. Petrova, Scientific
Institute for Fertilizers and Insectofungicides; Moscow,
Zhurnal Obshchey Xhimii, Vol 28, No 2, Feb 58, pp 479-480
A new, simple method was developed for the preparation of mixed
esters of thiophosphoric acid with yields ranging from 70 to 94%. The
method is based on the reaction of dlalkylchlorothiophosphates with
alcohols in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The majority of the com-
pounds thus synthesized have not been described in the literature.
19. New Insecticides Synthesized
"From the Field of Organic Insectofungicides. XXXIII. Synthesis
of Certain Derivatives of 4, 7-Endomethylenetetrahydroindane,"
by S. S, Kukalenko, N, N. Melfnikov, T. I. Naryshkina, and
N. I. Shuykin, Scientific Institute for Fertilizers and In-
sectofungicides and the Institute of Organic Chemistry Aca-
demy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii,
Vol 28, No 2, Feb 58, pp 480-481
In the reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with 3-methylcyclopenta-
diene-2, 4, an adduct of the composition C11118C16 is formed. Chlorina-
tion of this adduct leads to the formation of mono and dichloro derivatives.
Bromination leads to the formation of the monobromo derivative. None of
the synthesized compounds appear in the literature. In regard to insecti-
cidal activity, they are weaker than chlordane.
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20. New Therapeutic -- Armin
"Armin," by T. Soldatova, Moscow, Nauka i Zhizny,
?
CPYRGHT Feb 58, pp 79
To 2,
"The Kazan Chemicc-Technological Institute developed a new therapeutic
agent called Armin. The preparation belongs to a group of complex esters
of alkylphosphonic acids. When pure, armin is a yellow-orange liquid
that is soluble in water and other organic solvents.
"Armin is used in the treatment of various forms of glaucoma in
cases where it is necessary to bring about a drastic contraction of the
pupil (perforation of the cornea, prolapsis of the crystalline lens, etc.)
"Clinical observations at the State Scientific-Research Institute of
Eye Diseases imeni HeImholz indicated that Armin lowers the internal eye
pressure in patients afflicted with glaucoma without causing any serious
side effects.
"By a decision of the Pharmacological Committee of the Scientific
Medical Council of the Ministry of Health USSR, the new preparation has
been assignee) for tine in medical practice. At present, it is in produc-
tion and is entering the network of apothecaries."
21. Parasyvathicolytic Furan Derivatives Synthesized
"Research in the Field of Furan Derivatives. Communication
XI. Synthesis of Certain Esters of 5-Dialkylaminomethylfuran-
2-Carboxylic Acids and Their Salts," by A. L. Midzhoyan,
Academician of the Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR, V. G.
Afrikyan, and M. T. Grigoryan, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR; Yerevan, Doklady
Akademiya Nauk Annyanskoy SSR, Vol XXIV, No 2,195; pp 73-84
Furfuryltrimethyiammonium iodide is being used as a substitute for
pilocarpin. This compound, also known as furmethide and furamon, is
capable of causing miotic action, contracting the pupil, and decreasing
the internal eye pressure. Chemically, the only similarity between .
furamon and pilocarpin is the five-menbered ring with the oxygen bridge.
The parasynpatheticomimetic properties of furamon induced the authors to
Investigate other furan compounds for the purpose of synthesizing para-
sympatheticolytic compounds. A number of these compounds were synthesized
by chlorination or bronination of alkyl es Ars of 5-halogeno-methylftran-
2-carboxylic acids. Comparison of the pharmacological properties of the
synthesized compounds with those of furamon, indicates that the ia0usion
of an alkoxycarbonyl group in the structure of the latter changes its
cholinomimetic properties to those of cholinolytic.
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Radiochemistry
22. Additional Discussion of USSR Papers Presented at the UNESCO Con-
ference on the Application of Radioactive Isotopes
"An International Conference on the Application of Radio-
active Isotopes in Scientific Research," by Academician A. V.
Topchiyev; Moscow, Khimicheskaya Nauka i Promyshlennost,
Vol 3, No 1, Jan/Feb 58, pp 117-117
[SIR Note: This report supplements the information on USSR papers
given in another report concerning the UNESCO International Conference
on the Application of Radioactive Isotopes held 9-20 September 1957 at
Paris, i.e., "Application of Radioactive Isotopes in Scientific Research,"
by P. Savitskiy, E. Finkel', V. Serenko, and N. Bulatova, Atomnaya Ener-
giya, Vol 4, No 1, Jan 1958, pp 92-96; see Scientific Information Report
No 6. Papers not mentioned in the Atomnaya Energiya article are discussed
in and the significance of papers menticned there is evaluated from a dif-
ferent point of view.]
Great interest was elicited by a report of V. L.eKarpov on the unique
K-20,000 installation [a gamma installation with a Co63 source that has
an activity equal to 21,000 gram equivalents of radium] which was erected
at the Physico-Chemical Institute imeni L. Ya. Karpov and is superior to
all others in existence as far as its activity and the magnitude of the
dose that can be achieved with its aid are concerned.
The British investigator Sadington described a method for the prepara-
tion of cesium-134 sources with an activity of 1,000-200,000 curies and
a specific activity up to 20 curies per gram.
In a paper not scheduled in the program of the conference, V. I.
Spitsyn, Corresponding Member Academy of Sciences USSR, made a communi-
cation in regard to the ferrocyanide method for the extraction and con-
centration of cesium-137 on an industrial scale which VW developed in
the USSR. The discussion that follmed indicated that the USOR method
is superior as far as its technical characteristics are concerned to
analogous methods developed in England and France.
A report by K. K. Aglintsev and others described. the results of an
investigation of electron spectra which are of importance in the dosimetry
of beta- and gamma-radiation. Research on this subject is necessary for
the determination of the efficiency of dosimetric and other measuring de-
vices under different conditions.
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The meetings in the subdivision of metal physics and metallurgy con-
sisted chiefly of the discussion of reports presented by Soviet scientist).
Work on the industrial application of radioisotopes was weakly represented:
there were (Ray six reports in this field of which three were USSR.
Reports made by USSR scientists on the application of r7dioactive
isotopes in the investigation of the structure of chemical compounds and
the mechanism and kinetics of chemical reactions were on the whole of a
general type and contained in addition to extensive experimental data a
discussion of fundamentally new methods and results.
A paper by A. B. Nalbandyan, M. B. Neyman, and N. M. Emanuel' dis-
cussed the so-called kinetic isotope method for the investigation of the
mechanism of complex reactions. This method is based on changes in the
specific radioactivity of individual components of a reaction system and
has been successfully applied by the authors of the paper for the clarifi-
cation of the mechanism by which methane, propene, butane, and other com-
pounds undergo oxidation.
The kinetic isotope method was applied in the work of Academician
A. A. Balandin and collaborators for the investigation of the mechanism
of the catalytic dehydrogenation of butane to butadiene.
In work done by A. I. Brodskiy, Corresponding Member Academy of Sci-
ences USSR, and G. P. Miklukhin, the mechanism of the reactions of the
formation and transformations of polythionates was investigated with the
aid of S-35. By using the ractlanttveisotope of sulfur, the authors of this
paper investigated reactions of the isotopic exchange of this element in
various organic compounds. The data which have been obtained in the work
in question are of importance for technological processes such as the
vulcanization of rubber, the desulfurization of various products, etc.
New data which clarify certain characteristics of the mechanism of
catalytic processes were reported in a paper by S. Z. Roginskiy, Corre-
sponding Member Academy of Sciences USSR. The nature of the intermediate
products which form on the. surface of the catalyst during a number of
catalytic processes was investigated. Results of the application of
isotopes in investigations of the structure of the surface of solid cata-
lysts were also reported. By using the so-called differential isotope
method, quantitative data were obtained on the non-uniformity of the dis-
tribution of energy over the surface of many catalysts.
V. I. Spitsyn, Corresponding Member Academy of Sciences USSR, reported
results obtained by the application of isotope methods in the investiga-
tion of the structure and properties of high-molecular inorganic substances,
the so-called heteropoly compounds. Compounds of this class are being
used at present in the production of antibiotics, the production of dye-
stuffs, and the separation and purification of radioactive isotopes.
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A report by S. S. Medvedev on the radiation polymerization of a
number of monomers was received with gread interest. Principal at-
tention in the report was paid tothe radiation polymerization of ethylene.
The results obtained in the work described confirm the great practical
Importance of the employment of polymerization reactions initiated by
nuclear radiation.
A session which dealt with the investigation of fission products in
the soil, plants, and animal organisms was of great interest from the
standpoint of the danger to human health arising in connection with con-
tinued testing of nuclear weapons. An extensive report on the subject
was presented by Academician V. N. Klechkovskiy, Member of the All-Union
Academy of Agricultural Sciences imeni Lenin.
Animated discussions were held at the sessions on the physiology and
biochemistry of plants. At the conclusion of a general discussion, the
scientists of all nationalities agreed with the fundamental ideas in re-
gard to the circulation of substances in plants which had already been
developed several years ago by the Institute of Plant Physiology, Academy
of Sciences USSR.
23. A USSR Conference on the A lication of Radioactive Isoto es in
Analytical Chemistry
"Application of Radioactive Isotopes in Analytical Chemistry
(A Conference at Moscow)" by S. S. Rodin, Vestnik Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 28, No 2, Feb 58, pp 108-110
? ?
A conference on the application of radioactive isotopes in analyti
cal chemistry was held in Moscow on 2-4 December 1957. This conference
had been organized by the Commission on Analytical Chemistry at the
Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I. Vernadskiy,
Academy of Sciences USSR. Approximately 450 scientific workers from 40
cities of the Soviet Union participated in the conference. A number of
foreign scientists also participated, among them Shu Ch'uang-liang, Eng
[Wu ?] Jeng-ying, and Liu Ch'ing-i (China); I. M. Kolthoff (USA); G.
Irving (Great Britian); R. Pvibyl, I. Kerbl, J. Maly, I. Vodehnal, and
V. Bezdek (Czechoslovakia); J. G. Minczewski (Poland); L. Erdei, and
A. Schner (Hungary); L. S. Iutundzic, N. V. Susie (Yugoslavia); N. I.
Petrov (Bulgaria); and C. Dragulescu (Rumania).
A number of reports was on the subject of the development of analyt-
ical methods in which radioactive isotopes are employed.
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I. P. Alimarin read a report on the application og_.the Whod of
isoope dilution (with the use of the radioisotopes NO, Zr, and
Ta3-d2) for the quantitative determination of some rare elements without
separating them completely. The last circumstance makes this method par-
ticularly valuable in the investigation of elements for which satisfac-
tory methods of determination are not available. The method that has
been developed was tried out in the analysis of rocks and alloys.
The method of isotope dilution (with the application of C14) was
used for the determination of lower alcohols in products of the oxida-
tion of propylene and butane. A report on this subject was presented by
N. V. Neyman, B. Ya. Yefremov, and V. N. Psnfilov.
A method of multiple radioactive [isotope] dilution for the deter-
mination of small quantities of impurities (of the order of 10-7 -10-4%)
was proposed by G. S. Rozhavskiy and I. Ye. Zimakov.
A report on the quantitative determination .0y a radioactivation
method of microquantities of impurities (6 X 10-? -5 x 10-5 %) consisting
of nickel, cobalt, copper, tellurium, arsenic, and antimony in iron
oxide was reported by A. I. Kulak. A report by V. B. Gaydaymova and
L. I. Il'ina attracted attention in which a procedure was discussed for
the analysis by the method of beta-ray reflection of samples of tantalum-
niobium alloys exhibiting different physical properties. Twelve samples
of specially prepared alloys of niobium with tantalum were analyzed in
this manner. The con'ent of either component in these alloys ranged from
2 to 98 %. The abso:ute error in all cases did not exceed 0.5 %. The
time required fcr the tnalysis was 3-5 minutes.
I. Ye. Stank reported on a method dev2led in his laboratory by
means of which, with the aid of the isotope U23, microquantities (10-8
-10-5 grams) of uranium can be separated completely from weighable quan-
tities of iron when the U content corresponds to a ratio of U: Fe 1:10 5.
The method that has been proposed makes it possible to increase consider-
ably the precision of the determination of unweighable quantities of
uranium present in natural formations.
A method for the coprecipitation of uranium with a methyl violet
thiocyanate precipitate was proposed by V. I. Kuznetsov and T. G. Akimova.
This method makes it possible to coprecipitate uranium quantitatively
even when this element is present in dilutions as high as 1:10 10. To
check this method water from the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean was
tested.
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Professor Irving reported on the determination of indium in rocks
and minerals by means of a radioactivation method. The method that has
been described by him is applicable to samples containing indium in
quantities as low as 3 X 10-9 grams. The precision of the method is bet-
ter than ! 10%. This method has a number of important advantages as com-
pared with the spectrometric method of determination.
K. V. Yatsimirskiy reported on the determination of phosphate, sul-
fate, and molybdate by radiometric titration procedures with the use of
a complex compound of 9000. The titration was carried out with luteo-
chlorie containing Co?? [luteol cobalt chloride?].
Two new methods for the determination of metals present in trace
quantities were described by K. V. Troitskiy. One of these methods is
based on the different velocities of the evaporation of ultra-small
quantities of elements depending on the concentration, while the other is
based on ion exchange between the suspension of a radioisotope plus car,-
rier and ions of the element being analyzed.
Some specific characteristics of radiochemical analysis were described
in a report by A. K. Lavrukhina. She discussed the specific behavior of
ultra-small quantities of radioisotopes and the experimental difficulties
which arise in work with ultra-small quantities of substances. She also
made suggestions on the expedient employment of different procedures for
the isolation of elements in a radiochemically pure state.
I. M. Kolthoff reported on the application of the radioactive isotope
Th B (Pb212) in the investigation of crystalline precipitates. He used
the dyestuff wool violet for the determination of the adsorbing surface
and also to prevent the aging of precipitates.
Kolthoff considered tht.oretical problems pertaining to the aging of
precipitates, using for the interpretation of his results the Frenckel
effect and the Schottky effect. The work in question is of importance
from the analytical standpoint, because the recrystallization methods
used in this work make it possible to achieve a high degree of purifica-
tion of the precipitate.
A paper by M. M. Senyavin dealt with the problem of the use of radio-
active isotopes in chromatography. The author of this paper arrived at
some general conclusions concerning the optimum conditions for the chroma-
tographic separation of mixtures consisting of small quantities of sub-
stances or of mixtures consisting of mdcrocomponents and macrocomponents.
He pointed out a number of problems in chromatography which on the basis
of theoretical considerations cannot be solved without the use of radio-
isotopes.
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On the example of complex compounds formed by zirconium and hafnium
with oxrdic acid, A. N. Yermakov, V. K. Belyaeva, and I. N. Marov demon-
strated that it is possible to apply anionites for the determination of
association constants of multiply -- charged ions which form stable com-
plexes in strongly acidic solutions.
In some reports, problems pertaining to coprecipitation and the
determination of solubility were discussed.
The determination of the solubilities of salts in nonaqueous solvents
by methods involving the use of radioactive tracers was described by N. A.
Izmaylova and V. S. Chornyy.
The coprecipitation of francium with different precipitates VW in-
vestigated with the aid of the shortlived radioactive isotope Fr212 by
A. T. Lavrukhina and S. S. Rodin. This isotope was isolated from uranium
and thorium targets which had been bombarded with protons of an energy
of 680 Mev on the synchrocyclotron of the Laboratory of Nuclear Problems,
Joint Institute of Nuclear Research. After noting that one can separate
francium from rubidium with the aid of ferrocyanides, I. V. Tananayev
pointed out that it is possible to use ferrocyanides for the separation
of francium from cesium. Be proposed that a number of mixed ferrocyanides
be used for the coprecipitation of francium.
Other reports dealt with the application of radioactive tracers for
the checking of methods used to separate niobium (U. I. Bykovskaya) and
a method employing radioactive tracers for the control of the production
of rare metals (A. A. Grizik and N. I. Marunina). Furthermore, methods:
involving the application of Ca45 for the determination of nonmetallic
occlusions in steel (M. I. Tsekhanskiy, N. I.,Shishkina, K. V. Khusnoyarov,
and G. D. Susloparov), the application of C130 for the quantitative deter-
mination of the content of hexacyclohexane isomers in technical hexachlo-
rane (P. V. Zimakov and,. L. A. Krasnousov), and the application of tracer
atoms for the determination of the efficiency of the fractionation of
gaseous hydrocarbons (K. I. Karasev) were described.
Miscellaneous
24. Chinese Establish New Ideograms for Elements 99-102
"The Law of Periodicity," by Pin Sheng; Peiping, K'o-
hsueh Ta-chung (Popular Science), No 3, 1958, pp 11-67E27
This article presents an academic explanation of the periodic system
of elements. Mendeleyev's Periodic Table is reproduced with new Chinese
ideograms for Elements 99-102 as follows:
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Eisteinium (At ) Mendelevium (1111j )
Fermium ( ) Nobelium (44 )
[SIR Note: Another report gives the pronounciation of these Chinese
ideograms, which, when romanized by the Wade-Giles system would be al,
fel, men, and no, respectively.]
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IV. EARTH SCIENCES
25. Electrical Anemometers in Macedonia
"First Electrical Anemometer Constructed in Skoplje," by
D. Jordanovski, Skoplje, Nova Makedonija, 27 Feb 58, p 6
Dusko Trpkovski, a white-collar worker in the Hydrometeorological
Establishment (Hidrometeoroloski.ot zavod) in Skoplje, has constructed the
first electrical anemometer. The meteorological station in Bitolj up to
now has been the only station in Macedonia equipped with such an instru-
ment, which, however, had been built abroad. A commission of experts
has been set up at the Hydrometeorological Establishment to test the in-
strument for accuracy in indicating wind, direction and speed and to de-
cide whether it is suitable and should be installed in the synoptic sta-
tion in Ohrid.
The Hydrometeorological Establishment is planning to construct many
more such instruments and to supply a network of meteorological stations
in Macedonia in 1958. The commission has proposed that Dusko Trpkovski
be publicly honored and monetarily rewarded for his initiative and labor
in the design and construction of the electrical anemometer.
26. Yugoslav Meteorologists on Trial
"Meteorologists on the Accused Bench" (unsigned article),
Novi Sad, Dnevnik 1 Apr 58, p 10
The trial of two noted meteorologists was to begin on 1 April 1958
before a council of the District Court in Belgrade. Prof Ante Obuljen
and Aleksandar Koljcicki have been accused of violation of Paragraph 212
of the Criminal Code, which refers to the perpetration of fraud in one's
occupation. The investigating judge has assembled the statements of the
private complainants, in order that the case will give an exact picture
of the damage committed by the meteorologists with their forecasting.
The counsels for the defense of the accused meteorologists are
Prvoslav Vasiljevic, president of the Association of Chambers of Lawyers
(Savez advokatskih komora), and Nenad Jovanovic, from Novi Sad.
This case has evoked considerable public interest, and the presiding
council which will try Obuljen and Koljcicki has permitted "Film News"
(Filmske novosti) to photograph individual scenes from the trial.
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27. New Seismological Station in Yugoslavia
"Ljubljana Will Obtain New Seismological Station" (unsigned
article), Belgrade, Politika, 28 Mar 58, p 4
A new seismological station, construction of which will begin in
April, is to be part of the future astronomical and geophysical observa-
tory on Golovec Hill near Ljubljana.
Construction of a modern seismological station in Ljubljana is of
great significance to Slovenia, where earthquakes are quite frequent.
The first seismological station in the Balkans was built in Ljubljana
directly after the great earthquake of 1895, and a technical seismologi-
cal journal was published 60 years ago in Ljubljana.
28. Yugoslav Seismological Station Buys Seismograph
"Ljubljana Will Obtain New Seismological Station" (unsigned
article), Sarajevo, Oslobodjenje, 29 Mar 58, p 4
A new seismological station, part of the future astronomical and
geophysical Observatory In Ljubljana, has purchased a modern Hiller seis-
mograph for photographic recording of vertical impulses. A regular seis-
moaraph will record horizontal impulses until means are assured for two
more Hiller seismographs. The investment program has also provided for
the purchase of a radio receiver for determining accurate time.
29. New Yugoslav Geographic Journal Published
"Geographic Review," by I. B., Sarajevo, Oslobodjenje,
15 Mar 58, p 4
The Geographic Society of Bosnia-Hercegovina (Geografsko drustvo
bosne i Hercegovine) has marked its tenth anniversary with the first issue
of the technical journal Geografski Pregled ('Geographic Review'). The
publication is divided into four sections.
In the introduction, Prof Husein Brkic, president of the society,
reviews the 10 years' development of the organization.
The section "Articles and Discussions" ("Clanci I rasprave") contains
ten works on nearly all geographic fields.'
In the section "Shorter Contributions" ("Mang prilozi"), Milenko
3. Filipovic localizes the name "Gornja Bosna," using his own experience
and literature as a basis.
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The fourth section gives more reviews and commentaries of various
professional activities, members, and books.
At the end of the journal, Prof Tvrtko Kanaet has written an obitu-
ary for Academician Petar S. Jovanovic, a well-known Yugoslav geographer.
222grafsk1 Pregled has a diversified content, attractive format,
good-quality paper, and many illustrations.
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V. ELECTRONICS
Communications
30. Noise Elimination by Means of Computers
"Onthe Transmission of Electrical Signals," by D. A. Novik, Tr.
Televiz. fil.-labor. M-vo radiotekhn. prom-sti SSSR, 1956, No 1,
pp 75-79 from Referativnyy hurnal--Elektrotekhnika, No 8, Jun
57, Abstract No 17729)
The possibility of eliminating noise interference in the reception of
electrical signals with tl-,e aid of computer circuits is discussed. Block
diagrams of computer systems are given.
31. Determination of Noise Levels for Radio Broadcast Receivers
CPYRGHT
"Determination of the Levels of a Harmonic Signal Producing
Interference at the Input of Various Classes of Receivers," by
A. Ya. Breytbart and I. L. Lyudmirskiy, Tr. Televiz. fl-labor..
M-vo radiotekhn. prom-stiSSSlit 1956, No 1, pp 64-68 (from Refer-
ativn ihurnal--Elektrotekbnika, No 8, Jun 57, Abstract No
1771
"Nominal interference levels are determined for various types .of receivers
on the basis of the GOST (State All-Union Standard) for radio broadcast
receivers. A description is given of the experimental determination of
interference levels at the input of receivers operating at frequencL:s of
170 and 200 kc."
32. Observations of Long-Distance Reception at Moscow Television Center
"Reception at the MTTs (Moscow Television Center) Beyond the
Limits of Direct Visibility," by P. K. Klrillov.,. Tr. Televiz.
fil.-labor. M-vo radiotekhn. prom-3ti SSSR, 195b, No 1, pp 48-63
(from Referativnyy Zhurnal--Elektrotekhnika, No 8, Jun 57,
Abstract No 17755)
A number of conditions affecting long-distance reception of television
signals is discussed. Antennas --wave ducts and rhombic -- with high gain
are tested. For decreasing noise, a separate synchronization channel and
an intermediate frequency automatic gain control with a 0.4-Mc band is used.
The apparatus contains a feeder antenna system, antenna amplifier, and
monitoring unit consisting of receiver, synchronization and scanning unit,
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picture control unit, and power supply. A resolution of 350 lines is used.
The article includes charts of field wurength at the television center and
an evaluation of picture quality and sound.
33. Conference on Television Development Held at Kiev
"Scientific and Technical Conference on the Problems of the Devel-
opment of Television" (unsigned article), Moscow, Tekhnika Kino i
Televideniya, No 1, Jan 58, pp 93-94
In November 1957 the Ukrainian republic and the Leningradskaya Oblast
boards of the Scientific and Technical Society of Radio Technology and
Electrical Communications imeni A. S. Popov together with the All-Union
Scientific Research Radio Engineering Institute held a conference at Kiev
on the problems of the development of television. More than 200 workers
from various television centers and research organizations took part in the
conference, at which over 30 reports were given.
A number of articles were presented on relay television stations and
mobile stations. Among these was a report by N. Yu. Baymakov concerning
methods of increasing the range of mobile stations by the use of mobile
relay stations.
The results of experiments on television coverage by means of aircraft
relay systems performed in the Kiev-Odessa area were given in a report by
I. I. Litvak.
Kinescope projection with flying-spot systems and the application of
optical sampling to these systems were discussed in reports by I. Ya. Butlit-
skiy and L. G. Semenov.
A report was presented by I. F. Grachev on the results of organized
observations of the transmission of television signals over long distances
and the use of these data for expanding receiving networks in the European
USSR. Observations were also made of signals emanating from television
centers in England, Italy, Sweden, France, and other European countries.
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CPYRGHT
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
34. New Cutoff Attenuator for Very Short Waves
"A Two-Channel Cutoff Attenuator for Meter Waves," by L. M. Kap-
chinskiy, Tr. Televiz fil.-labor. M-vo radiotekhn. ?rom-sti SSSR,
1956, No 1, pp 5- 7, from RefeEEIllsyy Zhurnal--Elektrotekhnika,
No 8, Jun 57, Abstract No 17760)
"The two-channel attenuator described is a circular cutoff wave-
guide, excited at identical or different frequencies by two coupling
loops with separate oscillators. A pickup loop serves as the receiving
element and is situated in the diametric plane of the waveguide. The loop
may be moved along the axis of the waveguide. Linear attenuation is one
db/mm. The relative calibration of the attenuator in the linear portion
is practically independent of the frequency within a wide range of
frequencies. The attenuator is used for operating in a frequency band of
50-70 Mc. It is possible to mix lineally the signals from two separate
sources with this arrangement. Photographs of the attenuator and a con-
struction diagram are provided."
35. Study of Electron Discontinuities in Ionosphere
"Investigation of Ionospheric Discontinuities by Radioastronomical
Methods," by V. V. VI.tkevich, Physics Institute imeni P. N. Lebedev;
Moscow, Radiotekhnika iElektronika, No 4, Apr 58, pp 478-486
By the use of radio emission from radio stars, a study is made of
electron discontinuities in the ionosphere, and the size and electron
concentration of large-scale discontinuities are computed. Data are pre-
sented on irregularities of horizontal radio refraction and on the disturb-
ances of interference pattern by electron discontinuities.
The basic positions of this work were presented in February 1951 at
the Colloquium of the Oscillations Laboratory of the Institute of Physics
of the Academy of Sciences USSR, and in March 1951 at the Conference on
the Study of Problems of the Sun and Earth.
Methods for measuring radio refraction and obtaining results on meter
and decimeter waves are examined, and refraction curves are given for 0.5-
to 1.5-meter waves.
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Two types of curves were obtained in recording the irregularities of
vertical refraction using solar radio emission. The first type had a
normal shape with few variations, while the second type showed noticeable
irregularities having a repetitious, almost periodic character. These
irregularities were greater for wave lengths of 2 and 4 meters than for
the shorter wave lengths of 1.5 and 0.5 meters.
Tests were also conducted at Cape Ay-Todor and on Kastel? Mountain near
Alushty on radio emission from radio stars. The irregularities of radio
refraction in these cases were analogous to those of local sources of solar
emission.
A method is described whereby the gradients of optical length of wave
paths are determined. Assuming that these irregularities are electronic,
the author finds qualitative characteristics for electronic discontinuities
causing irregularities of refraction.
Tests were performed on horizontal refraction in 1952 in Ashkhabad and
Crimea, using radio emission from radio stars in the constellations Cygnus
and Cassiopeia. Curves Obtained in these tests had a broken nature which
characterized the irregularities of refraction in changing from one lobe
of the interference pattern to the neighboring lobe.
Representative curves are given showing a gradual transition from a
distinct interference pattern to a distorted pattern which was observed for
radio stars on a 6-meter and 3.5-meter wave length. This distortion is
explained by rapid oscillations of the wave front.
It is emphasized that the author's conclusions, which are lased on data
obtained on irregularities of refraction, are somewhat conditional and
require verification.
36. Transit Klystron for Frequency Division
"Frequency Division in a Triple-Transit Klystron," by S. A. Kbrni-
lov, Moscow, Radiotekhnika I Elektronika, No 4, Apr 58, pp 522-529
A description is given of the operation of a transit klystron as a
frequency divider, using ?the first gap [cavity] as a beam current modulator
and the second and third gaps [cavities] as the regenerating portion. The
analysis is made on the basis of slowly charging amplitudes. Expressions
are obtained for resonance characteristics, excitation threshold, and
attenuation band in a self-oscillating and potential-oscillating system.
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CPYRGHT
The equivalent circuit of a regenerative output resonator, pertaining
to the third or output gap of the klystron and equations for determining
induced current are given.
In conclusion, the author finds that a transit klystron such as the
one described may be used as a frequency divider having properties resent-
bling those cfa divider using electron tubes and a grid control. In halving
the frequency, a band may be obtained which is half as wide as the pass
band of the output resonator.
Laboratory Instruments and Equipment
37. Direct-Current Amplifier for Use With Photomultiplier Tubes
"A Direct Current Amplifier With High Mutual Conductance," by
V. I. Moroz,gazay_i_LeIttltjaseri_p_larA, 1956, No 1, pp 63-66
(from Referativnyy Zhurnal--Elektrotekhnika, No 8, Jun 57,
Abstract No 16873)
"A description is given of the differential circuit of a two-stage
direct-current measuring amplifier designed for operation with photomulti-
pliers for recording weak luminous flux. The tubes of the first stage are
pentode type 6Zh7 which operate with a grid current of 10-11 amp. The in-
put stage acts as a paraphase amplifier with large negative feedback current
for stabilization of the amplification factor. The signal, reaching the
first tube of this stage, is in inverse phase at the input of the second
tube of this stage. This partially compensates for the decrease in ampli-
fication factor caused by the negative feedback. The second negative feed-
back circuit is established as a result of the power supply to the screen
grids of the first stage by the capacitive elements; forming the cathode
loads of the output stage. The output stage, a differential cathode fol-
lower with a large current amplification factor, is used with an oscillo-
graph or recording milliammeter with a small time constant. A circuit of
the amplifier with all data and its amplitude characteristics for different
cathode loads is given. For an internal impedance of 10 ohms, the total
mutual conductance of the amplifier is 250 ma/v. The linearity of ampli-
tude characteristics is maintained within limits of 0-5 ma, with an accuracy
of 1%. At an amplifier input impedance of 108 ohms, the current amplifica-
tion factor is 2.5x107. Zero drift is approximately 0.5 mv/hour."
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38. Instrument for Measuring Transconductance of Electron Tubes
"A Device for Heasuring the Static Transconductance of Receiving
Tubes With Low Power Amplifiers," by M. A. Shepsenvol and M. A.
Orekhov, Obmen oprtom. M-vo radiotekhn. prom-sti. SSSR, 1955,
No 8-9, pp - 9 from Referativnyy Zhurnal--Elektrotekhnika,
CPYRGHT No 8, Jun 57, Abstract No 17300)
"Instruments used for measuring static transconductance of electron
tubes have a number of disadvantages: sensitivity to power-line instability,
the dependence of measurements on the shape of the curve of the line voltage,
and others. The circuit of a device is given which is practically free of
these drawbacks. The principle of operation of the circuit is based on
stabilization of the voltage directly at the plate of the tube being tested,
which makes it possible to measure the transconductance in a strictly static
system. Oscillations on the grid of the test tube come from a stabilized
generator at 1,000 cps. The measuring portion of the instrument consists
of an amplifier, a detector, and a paraphase linear amplifier. The device
also contains a stabilized power supply for the plate circuit of the test
tube."
39. Use of Staggered Circuits in FM Discriminators
"On the Theory of Discriminators With Staggered Circuits," by
V. A. Volgov, Tr. Ryazansk. radiotekhn. in-ta. 1956, No 1,
pp 28-41 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal--Elektrotekhnika, No 8, Jun
CPYRGHT 57, Abstract NO 17640)
"An examination is made of the question of choice of parameters for FM
discriminator circuits from the viewpoint of obtaining frequency character-
istics with maximum transconductance and the best linearity. As a result
of experiments performed on discriminators with two and three staggered
circuits, formulas were derived for the circuit Q-factor and the necessary
mistuning for operation without distortion, and also formulas for determin-
ing the capacitance of the circuits for a given amount of nonlinear distor-
tions caused by asymmetry of characteristics in mistuning. Comparison shows
that an FM discriminator with staggered circuits may provide higher values
of transconductance of frequency characteristicL than with intercoupled
circuits. The relationship makes it possible to choose circuit parameters
according to necessary demands."
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4o. Computatton of Parallel-Balanced Direct-Current Amplifiers
"On the Computation of Parallel-Balanced Direct-Current Ampli-
fiers," by V. P. Aksenov, Tr. Mosk. energ, in-ta., 1956, No 18,
pp 344-358 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal--Elektrotekhnika, No 8,
Jun 57, Abstract No 17662)
CPYRGHT
"Computed formulas are given for determining the plate currents of
symmetrical parallel-balanced stages of direct-current amplifiers con-
sidering differences in tube parameters and load impedance of both halves
of the stage. Equations are given for the differential amplification factor
and amplification level, and an example of numerical computation of a three-
stage amplifier with parallel-balanced stages is provided."
41. Formation of Short Pulses With Relay and Thyratron Circuits
"Examination of Some Circuits for the Formation of Short Pulses;'
by G. V. Glebovich, M. I. Gryaznov, and K. N. Ptitsyn, Moscow,
CPYRGHT Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, No 4, Apr 58, pp 562-566
"The method by which pulses of 10-8 to 10-9 second duration are obtained
is based on the principle of line discharge through a resistance equal to
its characteristic impedance. The periodic sequence of pulses is determined
by the frequency of operation of the commutator which connects the charged
line with the load. Since the commutator determines the duration of the
pulse rise and the clipped portion of the pulse and, in part, the pulse
hump, it must instantaneously commutate the applied voltage, providing the
necessary discharge current, and at the moment of commutation the voltage
must decrease to zero."
CPYRGHT
A system of polarized relays, modified to decrease parasitic parameters,
a special mercury contact relay, and thyratroas serve as the commutators
In tests conducted on pulse formation.
A family of curves showing characteristics of ionization in thyratrons
at different voltages is given.
"As a result of these experiments the following conclusions are made:
"1. In a circuit using a thyratron for line discharge, the duration
of pulse rise is determined by (and is considerably less than) the ioniza-
tion time.
"2. A circuit with a thyratron is easily subjected tn external syn-
chronization which, in most cases, is not possible in relay circuits.
"3. The instability of firing of a thyratron may be made relatively
small, and for atype TGI 1-3/1 thyratron may be less than one millimicro-
second."
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42. Greater Application for Heterodyne Wavemeters
"Widening the Limits of Application of a Heterodyne Wavemeter,,"
by Ye. N. Garmash, Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika No 2, Mar/Apr
58, pp 88-89
A method for determining unknown frequencies with a heterodyne wave-
meter is discussed which permits widening the measurement range due to the
use of higher order harmonics.
A procedure is described whereby the number of harmonics of the wave-
meter is first determined for two points of zero beat. According to the
number of harmonics and the fundamental frequency of the wavemeter, the
unknown frequency is found by the formula fx==fin, where fx is the
unknown frequency, fl is the fundamental frequency (first harmonic) of
the wavemeter for the first tuning at zero beat, and n is the number of
harmonics of the fundamental frequency of the wavemeter fnr the first tuning
at zero beat.
It was found that this method was also suitable for measuring fre-
quencies beyond the limits of the higher frequency of the second band
(2,000-4,000 kc) as a result of the use of harmonics of a higher order.
A table is provided showing frequencies for input voltages of 4-4,200
mv in a Type 526 heterodyne wavemeter.
43. Ultrasonic Microscope
"Utilization of TV Methods in Instrument Building," by L. Grush-
kovich, Moscow, Prlborostroyenlye, No 3, Mar 58, pp 30-31
CPYRGHT
The article contains the following passage:
"In applications of acoustics for the detection of defects in various
materials, the Sokolov device is used. The waves falling on a piezoelectric
plate cause the charge to distribute over the plate in a pattern similar
to that of an ultrasonic field. The piezoelectric plate is placed at the
face of a cathode-ray tube. The electron beam falling on the plate produces
secondary emission which is attracted to the anode. The resulting electric
pulses are used to modulate the cathode-ray-tube beam.
"An ultrasonic microscope is build on a similar principle."
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1i4
Industrial Control TV Installation
"PTU-3 Type TV Installation" (unsigned article), Moscow,
Energetik, No 3, Mar 58, cover page 3
A plant of the Radio Engineering Industry is manufacturing the PTU-3
industrial closed-circuit TV installation. This installation has TV
receiving and transmitting units intended for the control of industrial
processes where the manufactured articles are either moving or stationary.
The installation comprises the following units: transmitting TV
camera KT-16; control desk with video-control device VK-24, amplifying unit,
control unit, coupling unit, and sync-signal generator; one or two 1TK-24
type remote video control devices; power supply unit; and an assortment of
connecting cables. The TV camera is equipped with two (Yu-8 and Yu-9)
lenses which can be interchanged from the control desk. The installation
can transmit, with the aid of a coaxial cable, a video signal to a distance
of about 500 m. The angle of sight of the camera is 320 and 22?, respectively,
for the Yu-8 and Yu-9 lenses.
The over-all dimensions of the TV camera are 270 X 314 X 675 mm and
it weighs 40 kg. The cost of the unit is about 140,000 rubles.
?
Components
45. Atomic Batteries
"Atomic Batteries," by V. S. Merkulov, Moscow, Izmeriteltnaya
Tekhnika, No 2, Mar-Apr 58, pp 94-97
The advantages, disadvantages, and applications of atomic batteries
are described with reference to three general classes of batteries -- those
using a method of direct charging (with and without dielectrics), those
using contact potentials, and those using semiconductor contacts, phosphors,
and thermocouples.
A description is given of the general construction and principle of
operation of each type of battery, with particular emphasis on those using
semiconductor contacts. As an example of the latter, the author mentions
an experimental battery having extremely small dimensions. On the surface
of a miniature (0.32-cm2) semiconductor plate thin layer of Sr90 with a
radioactivity of 50 microcuries was placed. The battery provided an out-
put voltage of 0.2 volt, a current of 5 microamperes, and an efficiency
equal to one percent.
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Another miniature battery is described which is based on the use of
powdered phosphorus and an oxide of the radioactive isotope Pm147 as the
source of energy.
Materials
46. Comparison of Input Impedance of Crystal Detectors With Current and
Frequency
"Input Impedances of Germanium and Silicon Detectors in the Centi-
meter Wave Band," by N. A. Penin, F. S. Rusin, and N. Ye. Skvort-
Bova, Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, No 4, Apr 58, pp 543-
546
Computations are made of the relationship between the input impedance
of L;ermanium and silicon detectors and the amount of positive current bias
and frequency for a frequency band of 5 to 3 cm. These results agree favor-
ably with those obtained experimentally.
The equivalent circuit used contains elements which represent the
capacitance of the detector, the inductance of the contact leads, the
impedance of the semiconductor body, and the capacitance and impedance of
the barrier layers.
Curves are given showing the relationship of real and virtual com-
ponents of input impedance to wavelength.
47. Synthetic Quartz Crystals
"Synthesis of Crystals," by N. N. Sheftal', Moscow, Nauka i
Zhizn', No 3, Mar 58, pp 59-64
CPYRGH_The article contains the following passage:
"A method developed in the USSR permits the growing of piezoelectric
quartz crystals heavier than 2 kg in about 6 weeks' time. Thus crystals
of quartz, which presumably would require millions of years to grow under
natural conditions, are now grown synthetically. The scarcity and high
cost of piezoelectric quartz are now things of the past. The synthesis of
quartz crystals produces larger crystals than those found in nature, as
well as crystals having admixtures that will give them new valuable
properties.
"This method paves a new way for the synthesis of many other important
natural and synthetic crystals."
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48. Viscosity of Molten Germanium
"Investigation of Germanium Viscosity Dependence on Temperature,"
by V. M. Glazov and D. A. Petrov, Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii
Nauk, Otdeleniye Tekhnicheokikh Nauk, No 2, Feb 58, pp 15-19
The aim of this work was to investigate the changes in viscosity of
pure molten germanium which occur with a change in temperature. Such an
investigation would be helpful in conducting the process of germanium
refining. The author believes that no systematic studies of the viscosity
of molten germanium have been undertaken up to the present.
The investigatiop was conducted with a special viscosimeter in a
vacuum of 10-3 to 10-4 mm. A high-purity germanium was used having a
resistance of about 55 ohms/cm. A quartz container was used to hold the
molten germanium. The viscosity determinations were made in the tempera-
ture range of 940-1,250?C, for both heating and cooling cycles.
The construction of the viscosimeter suspension system was such that
the computation of the kinematic viscosity could be made with the aid of
a formula applicable to low-viscosity fluids. In the temperature range
of 9500C-1,2000C the kinematic viscosity of the molten germanium varied
from 0.130 to 0.098 centistoke; and the dynamic viscosity for the same
temperature range varied from 0.750 to 0.500 centistoke.
49. Principles of Operation and Theory of Magnetic Transformers With
Permanent Magnets
"Magnetic Transformer With Permanent Magnet," by V. N. Milishteyn
and N. A. Palfbina, Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No 2, Mar-Apr
58, pp 47-52
CPYRGHT
"The principles of operation, design, and several questions on the
theory of magnetic transformers with permanent magnets used for measuring
direct current by the compensation method are discussed."
A method for the approximate computation of output voltage and the
choice of optimum ratios of parameters and cross-sectional areas of windings
are given. In an experiment on the measurement of AC voltage of several
laboratory models having different ratios of areas of windings at constant
current density, results were obtained which favorably corresponded with
computations.
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The authors conclude that at present the development of wgnetic trans-
formers of the type described is in the initial stage; however, the prescribed
method for computing magnetic transformers may prove useful in future research.
Reference is made to the following publications: V. N. Milishteyn,
Elektrichestvo, 1950, No 5; and V. N. Mil'shteyn and N. A. Palibina,
Informatsionnyy nauchno-tekhnicheskiy byulleten' NI1Teplopribora, 1956,
No 3.
50. Scintillators for Radiation Detectors and Counters
"Scintillators in Physical Research," by L. T.; Moscow, Atomnaya
Energiya, Vol 4, No 3, Mar 58, p 312
From 27 to 30 November 1957, the Second Scientific Coordination
Conference on the Synthesis, Production, and Application of Scintillators
was held at Khar'kov. The conference was organized by the Institute of
Crystallography, Academy of Sciences USSR, the Kharlkov Affiliate of the
All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Chemical Reagents, and the All-
Union Scientific Research Institute of Mineral Raw Materials.
The conference was opened by L. M. Belyayev, chairman of the Organiza-
tional Committee deputy director of the Institute of Crystallography, Academy
of Sciences USSR. Two hundred and thirty persons representing 62 scientific
and production laboratories participated in the conference; 59 reports were
heard.
Work conducted at different laboratories specializing in the field of
scintillators was discussed at the conference, including the investigation
of the properties of scintillators, their application in a number of scien-
tific and technical fields, and some problems of the design of photoelectronic
multipliers.
On behalf of a group of investigators, V. I. Startsev presented a report
entitled "Progress of Scientific Research on Scintillator Materials and Pro-
duction of These Materials in the USSR." N. S. Khlebnikov told about the
latest achievements in the design of photoelectronic multipliers.
The conference was subdivided into two sections: the section of the
synthesis and investigation of scintillator materials and the section of
the production, investigation, and application of scintillators.
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The first section discussed work on the synthesis of different
luxni-
nescerit substances (p-terphenyl, tetraphenyIbutadiene, diphenylbutadiene,
derivatives of oxadiazole, derivativesafBBO or 2,5-di(4-1,ipheny1) oxa-
zole, etc.), the preparation of various materials of exceptionally high
purity, the preparation of plastic and liquid scintillators, and the
investigation of the luminescence and scintillation characteristics of
these substances.
In the second section reports were given on the production of a
number of scintillators (e. g., of lithium iodide crystals activated with
europium and thallium), of detectors of slow neutrons, etc. Furthermore,
problems were discussed pertaining to the effect of the temperature gradient
on the distribution of impurities during the growth of crystals, problems
connected with the transfer of energy in plastic scintillators, investiga-
tions of the dependence of luminescence on the temperature, etc. A special
meeting of this section dealt with the application of scintillators in
industrial geophysical investigations, in geophysical equipment, in the
petroleum industry, and in other fields of the national economy.
At an exposition held in connection with the conference, the following
exhibits were shown; scintillators for the recording of alpha-, beta-, and
gamma-radiation and of slow and fast neutrons, crystals of Na I (Ti) that
are 40-120 millimeters in diameter and up to 80 millimeters high, anthracene
crystals, plastic scintillators of different dimensions produced on the
basis of polystyrene containing different additives, films, etc. Several
types of photoelectronic multipliers were also exhibited, including spectro-
metric photoelectronic multipliers with photocathodes 15-190 millimeters
in diameter.
Publication of the transactionsofthe conference in the form of a
special book is planned.
51. Alloys of Germanium and Silicon With Gallium and Thallium
"Constitutional Diagrams and Properties of the Alloys of Gallium
and Thallium," by Ye. M. Savitskiy, V. V. Baron, and M. A.
Tylkina, Institute of Metallurgy imeni A. A. Baykov, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3,
No 3, Mar 58, pp 763-775
Since gallium and thallium had become available for investigation only
recently, an adequate study of the structure of their alloys and the physico-
chemical properties of these alloys could not have been made hitherto. For
this reason, the present investigation was conducted. The structure and
?
physicomechanical properties of the alloys of gallium with silicon, of
gallium with germanium, of thallium with germanium (comprising the full
range of concentrations), of gallium with antimony, of gallium with magnesium,
of gallium with copper, and of thallium with lanthanum were investigated.
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The work was done to investigate the effect of thallium and gallium
on the structure and properties of the semiconductor materials silicon and
germanium and to acquire a better knowledge of the properties of intermetallic
compounds formed by gallium and thallium in some systems. The mechanical
and physical characteristics of these compounds and of the alloys were also
investigated. These characteristics are important from the standpoint of
the application of the alloys for practical purposes.
As a result of the work that has been done, the constitutional diagrams
of the alloys were determined with greater precision and data were obtained
on the microstructure, hardness, mechanical strength, ductility when exposed
to compression, and electrical resistance at different temperatures of the
alloys of gallium and thallium with the other elements mentioned. In the
investigation of the lanthanum-thallium alloys it was found that the com.-
pound La2T1 has a higher electrical resistance, higher hardness, and lower
ductility than the other alloys of the same system. It was established
that the hardness and electrical resistance of alloys within the region
of the La2T1 and La Ti compounds are considerably higher than those of the
components forming these alloys.
(For additional information on materials, see Item No 14.]
Miscellaneous
52. New Publications in Radio Engineering and Electronics for 1958
"Books on Radio Engineering and Electronics for 1958," by P. O.
Chechik, Radiotekhnika i Elektronikaz Moscow, No 3, Mar 58,
pp 445-455
A list of books planned for publication in 1958 is given. The
quantity of material on radio engineering, electronics, and related fields
is considerably greater than that published in 1957 and will comprise
approximately 22,800 pages. The books are listed according to publisher.
CPYRGHT
State Publishing House for
Technical and Theoretical Literature
Elektronika, fizicheski_le osnovy deystviya elektrovakuumnykh i polu?
=Inikovykh priborov (Electronics, Physical Principles of Operation of
Electrovacuum and Semiconductor Devices), by V. I. Gaponov, 880 pp, 25,000
copies, 3d quarter.
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CPYRGHT
Teoriya kolebani (Theory of Oscillation), by A. A. Andronov and S. E.
Khaykin, 2d edition, 768 pp, 20,000 copies, 3d quarter.
Kvantovaya elektrodinamika (Quantum Electrodynamics), by A. I. Akhiezer
and V. B. Berestetskiy, 2d edition, 480 pp, 8,000 copies, 3d quarter.
Asimptoticheskiye metody v teorii nelineynykh kolebaniy (Asymptotic
Methods in the Theory of Nonlinear Oscillations), by N. N. Bogolyubov and
Yu. A. Mitroporskiy, 2d edition, 448 pp, 10,000 copies, 2d quarter.
Li-Isao.LIE2uLeLs2111111.0.1 (Autoelectronic Emission), by M. I. Yelinson
and Gi-F7-1-1S-sillieV,--160--Pp--,---600 copies, 2d quarter.
Sluchaynyprotsessy v elektricheskikh i mekhanicheskikh sistemakh
(Random Processes in Electrical and Mechanical Systems), by V. L. Lebedev,
240 pp, 10,000 copies, 2d quarter.
Infrakrasnoye izlucheniye (Infrared Radiation), by Zh. Lekont, trans-
lated frord French, 511.11. pp, 10,000 copies, 2d quarter.
Fizika dielektrikov, oblast? sil?nykh pole y (Physics of Dielectrics,
in Region of Strong Fields), by G. I.Skanavi, 800 pp, 8,000 copies, 4th
quarter.
Molekulyarnyye puchki (Molecular Beams), by K. Smith, translated from
English, 96 pp, 000 copies, 4th quarter.
Elektronna a o tika ole ne oblada shchikh osevo sinuretri e
(Electron Optics of Fields Axially Asymmetric by A. M. Strashkevich,
160 pp, 6,000 copies, 4th quarter.
122Elya_LEFormatsii (Theory of Information), symposium, translated
from English, edited by A. A. Kharkevich, 240 pp, 10,000 copies, 3d quarter.
Metody elektricheskovo modelirovani (Methods of Electrical Simulation),
by I. M. Tetel baum, 11.00 pp, 10,000 copies, 2d quarter.
Teoriya impul?snykh sistem (Theory of Pulse Systems), by Ya. Z. Tsypkin,
640 pp, 10,000 copies, 2d quarter.
Ionizovannyyej6azy (Ionized Gases), by A. Engel, translated fmmEnglish,
edited by M. S. Ioffe, 256 pp, 10,000 copies, 4th quarter.
ulitrazyuk i yevo primenenlye v promyshlennosti (Ultrasound and Its
Use in Industry), by O. I. Babikov, 176 pp, 10,000 copies, 2d quarter
Termosoprotivlen (The Thermoresistor), br I. T. Sheftel?, 96 pp,
20,000 copies, 2d quarter.
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CPYRGHT
Osnovnyye zakony fiziki (Basic Laws of Physics), by A. Kendel, refer-
ence manual, translated from 3d German Edition, edited by N. N. Malov,
256 pp, 50,000 copies, 2d quarter.
Mezhdunarodnyy elektrotekhnicheskiy slovar' (Internationa). Electrical
Engineering Dictionary), group 0.7, Electronics, nine languages, 400 pp,
20,000 copies, 1st quarter.
Nemetsko-russkiy elektrotekhnicheskiy slovar' (German-Russian Elec-
trical Engineering Dictionary), compiled by M. L. Ginzburg, 1,040 pp, 50,000
copies, 4th quarter.
Russko-nemetskiy radiotekhnicheskiy slovar' (Russian-German Radio
Engineering Dictionary), compiled by P. K. Gorokhov, 400 pp, 30,000 copies,
4th quarter.
Publishing House of Academy of Sciences USSR
Poluprovodniki v nauke i tekhnike (Semiconductors in Science and
Technology), by a group of authors, 560 pp, 10,000 copies.
Sbornik rekomenduyemykh terminov po dielektrikam (A Collection of
Recommended Terms in Dielectrics), by a group of authors, 32 pp.
Podvodnoye televideniye (Underwater Television), by N. V. Vershinskiy,
112 pp, 7,000 copies.
Shirokopolosnaya dal'naya svyaz' pa volnovodam (Wide-Band Long-Distance
Communication by Waveguides), by Yu. I. Kaznacheyev, 48 pp, 10,000 copies.
Radio nashikh dney (Radio of Our Day), by M. Ye., Zhabotinskiy and
I. L. Radunskaya, 160 pp
State Publishi
House for Power Engineeri Literature
Radiopriyemnyye ustroystva (Radio Receiving Devices), by Yu. A. Bulanov
and S. N. Usov, 400 pp, 10,000 copies, 3d quarter.
Elektroradioavtomatika (Radio Automation), by E. I. Gitts, 320 pp,
15,000 copies, 3d quarter.
Provshlennaya elektronika (Industrial Electronics), by A. L. Gorelik,
revised edition, 400 pp, 15,000 copie;;, 3d quarter.
46
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CPYRGHT
ionnyye i poluprovodnikovyye priboa (Electronic, Ionic,
and Semiconductor Devices), by A. V. Dykin and L. A. Kotomina, 272 pp,
10,000 copies, 4th quarter.
Nastroyka, regulirovka I kontrol' radioapparatury (The TUning, Adjust-
ment, and Control of Radio Apparatus), by P. P Mesyatsev, 160 pp, 15,000
copies, 2d quarter.
Proyektirovaniye radioperedatchikov na novykh lampakh (Design of Radio
Transmitters With New Tubes), by B. S. Agafonov, 128 pp, 10,000 copies,
2d quarter.
Priyem ChM-signalov so sledyashchey nastroykoy (Reception of FM Sig-
nals With Follow-Up Tuning), by D. H. Ageyev and Ye. G. Rodionov, 128 pp,
100,000 copies, 2d quarter.
Radiotekhnicheskiye izmereniya (Radio Engineering Measurements), by
Ye. S. Antseliovich, 320 pp, 10,006 copies, 3d quarter.
Raschet blokov vysokoy chasi,oty radioveshchaternovo priyemnika (Com-
putation of High-Frequency Units of Radio Broadcast Receivers), by I. M.
Aynbinder, 80 pp, 10,000 copies, 3c1 quarter.
Tekhnologiya izgotovleniya vakuumnoy apparatury (Technology of the
Preparation of Vacuum Devices), by A. V. Balitskiy, 256 pp, 10,000 copies,
4th quarter.
Avtokolebaniya v elektricheskikh tsepakh so stallyu (Self-Oscillations
in Electrical Circuits With Steel Wires), by L. A. Bessonov, 288 pp, 7,000
copies, 1st quarter.
Ferrorezonansnyye stabilizatory (Ferroresonant Stabilizers), .by
D. I. Bogdanov and G. K. levdokimov, 64 pp, 15,000 copies, 2d quarter.
Elektronnyye ustro stva avtomaticheskovo upravlenim (Automatic Control
Electronic Devices), by A. A. Bulgakov, 352 pp, 15,000 copies, 2d quarter.
Elektricheskiye flyuktuatsii v radiotekhnike i fizike (Electrical
Fluctuations in Radio Engineering and Physics), by Van Der Zil, 576 pp,
10,000 copies, 1st quarter.
Televizionnaya tekhnika (Television Engineering), by A. M. Barbanskiy,
240 pp, 10,000 copies, 4th quarter.
Proizvodstvo setok elektrovakuumuth priborov (The Production of Grids
for Electrovacuum Instruments), by A. A. Varenova and N. S. Kaufman, 160
pp, 8,000 copies, 4th quarter.
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CPYRGHT
Proyektirovaniye magnitnykh usiliteley (The Design of Magnetic Amplifiers),
by N. P. Vasillyeva, 240 pp: 10:000 copies: 4th quarter.
Iapytaniye elektronnykh lamp (Testing of Electron Tubes), by V. V.
Vinokurov and M. M. Stepankov: 320 pp, 15:000 copies: 4th quarter.
Skhemy magnetnykh usiliteley (Magnetic Amplifier Circuits), by Geyger,
translated from English, 272 pp, 10,000 copies: 4th quarter.
VVedeniye v vakuumnuyu tekhniku (Introduction to Vacuum Technique):
by Geyntse, translated from German: 480 pp, 10,000 copies, 4th quarter.
Printsipy upravleniya bespilotnymi ob'yektami (Principle of Control
of Pilotless Objects), by L. S. Gutkin, 400 pp, 10,000 copies, 3d quarter.
Konstruirovaniye vakuumnykh sistem (Design of Vacuum Systems), by
B. S. Danilin, 240 pp, 10,000 copies, 4th quart:1r.
Sovremennaya fototelegrafnaya apparatura (Modern Facsimile Devices),
by Jones, translated from English, 240 pp: 5,000 copies: 4th quarter.
Bloki pamyati zarubezhnykh vychislitel'nykh mashin (Memory Units of
Foreign Computers), by Z. I. Zavolokina, 160 pp, 10,000 copies: 3d quarter.
Vysokochastotnaya apparatura, ustroystva avtomatiki i telemekhaniki
proizvodstva zavoda Rostovenergo (High-Frequency Instruments, Automation
and Telemechanic Devices for Control of Production at the Rostovenergo
Plant), by a group of authors, 128 pp: 7:000 copies.
Lampa begushchey volny (Traveling-Wave Tubes), col., 128 pp: 10,000
copies: 3d quarter.
Elementy rascheta generatorov kolebaniy sverkhvysokoy chastoty (Ele?
ments of Computation of Superhigh Frequency Oscillators), by D. P. Linde,
320 pp, 15,000 copies, 3d quarter.
Ferrorezonansnyye stabilizatory napryazheniya (Ferroreeonant Voltage
Stabilizers): by A. G. Lur'e, 128 pp: 7,000 copies, 3d quarter.
Teplovoy i elektricheskiy raschety vysokochastotnykh koaksial'aall
kabeley (Thermal and Electrical Computations of High-Frequency Coaxial
Tglore7)", by Kit. R. Malkin, 96 pp: 5,000 copies, 4th quarter.
Arbom krivykh dlya rascheta katushek induktivnosti na bronevykh
serdechnikakh tipa SB (An Album of Curves for the Computation of Inductance
Coils in Type-SB Shell-Cores): by A. S. Mayorov: 80 pp, 10,000 copies:
3d quarter
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CPYRGHT
Generator s shuntiruyushchim diodom (Generator With Shunting Diode),
by Ye. G. Momot, 128 pp, 7,000 copies, 3d quarter.
yiEkochastotnyy nagrev dielektrikov i poluprovodnikov (High-Frequency
Heating of Dielectrics and Semiconductors), by A. V. Netushil and Ye. P.
Parinin, 240 pp, 15,000 copies, 4th quarter.
Obnaruzheniye slabykh elektricheskikh signalov v shumakh (The Detec-
tion of Weak Electrical Signals in Noise); Symposium, 320 pp, 8,000 copies,
4th quarter.
Polgrovodnikovaya elektronika (Semiconductor Electronics), 368 pp,
10,000 copies, 2d quarter.
12212,kir2mdrli1ovyye pribory (Semiconductor Devices), Symposium, 288 pp,
10,000 copies, 3d quarter.
Poluprovodnikovyye termosoprotivleniya (Semiconductor Thermistors),
symposium, 240 pp, 10,000 copies, 1st quarter.
Voplan2.221mallm_22111E2112y15h sistem tsvetnovo televideniya
(Problems on the Construction of Compatible Systems of Color Television),
by K. K. Salgus, 160 pp, 10,000 copies, 3d quarter.
apjaly konstruirovaniya elementov radioapparatury (Fundamentals of
Design of Elements of Radio Apparatus), by A. L. Kdarinskiy, 560 pp, 10,000
copies; 4th quarter.
Dielektricheskiye materialy (Dielectric Materials), by A. R. Hippel,
translated from English, 448 pp, 10,000 copies, 2d quarter.
Elektronnaya optika v televidenii (Electron Optics in Television),
by I. I. Tsukkerman, 192 pp, 7,000 copies, 3d quarter.
Elektron e lam dl
shiroko olosn kh usilitele
(Electron Tubes
for Wide-Band Amplifiers., by N. V. Cherepnin, ? pp, 10,000 copies, 3d
quarter.
Teori a vero
tnoste
i rilozheni e
k o.redeleni kachestva,
ktov The Theory of Probability
of the Quality, Reliability, and
N. Shchukin, 112 pp, 5,000 copies,
nadezhnosti i effektivnosti sla_Hz1F141.21q_a____
and Its Application in the Determ nation
Effectiveness of Complex Objects), by A.
1st quarter.
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11111.1.1111.1111111.1.1111.111111111.11
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CPYRGHT
State Publishing House on
Communication and Radio Problems
Televideniye (Television), 2d edition, by N. K. Ignat'yev, 240 pp,
25,000 copies.
Usiliteli nizkoy chastoty (Low-Frequency Amplifiers), by S. N. Krize,
320 pp, 25,000 copies.
Elektropitaniye radioustroystv (Electric Power Supply for Radio Instal-
lations), by B. P. Terent'yev, 240 pp, 20,000 copies.
Me.zhdunarodnyy geofizicheskiy god i issledovaniye verkhnikh sloyev
atmosfery (International Geophysical Year and the Study of the Upper Layers
of the Atmosphere), by N. P. Ben'kova, 4o pp, 7,000 copies.
Tebriya i raschet fazokorrektiruyushchikh ustroystv (Theory and Com-
putation of Phase-Correcting Devices), by G. B. Davydov, 192 pp, 10,000
copies
Vo prosy teorii mno orezonatorn kh klistronov (Problems in the Theory
of Multiresonant Klystrons), by Yu. A. Katsman, 192 pp, 10,000 copies.
Radiopriyemnyye ustroystva (Radio Reception Installations), by V. S.
Melinikov cnd N. I. Chistyakov, 560 pp, 25,000 copies.
Tekhnika televideniya (Television Engineering), symposium, edited by
M. I. Krivosheyev, 160 pp, 10,000 copies.
'Fototele rafirovani o korotkovolnovyra kanalmm (Phototelegraphy on
Short-Wave Channels by I. A. Dorrer and S. 0. Mel nik, 32 pp, 7,000 copies.
12251122E2022Y i ikh sostavlex (Radio Forecasts and Their Compilation),
by T. S. Kerblai, 4o pp, 7,000 copies.
Ionosferraamaltnyye vozmushcheniya i ikh prognozirovanm (Ionospheric-
Magnetic Disttrbances and Their Forecasting), by L. N. Lyakhova, 4o pp,
6,000 copies.
Radiopriyemnyye ustroystva I priyemnyye radiotsentry (Radio Reception
Installations and Receiving Centers), by a group of authors, edited by A.
D. Fortushenko, 240 pp, 20,000 copies.
50
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"Sovetskaya Radio" Publishing House
Ispytaniya elektronnykh lamp (Testing of Electron Tubes), by L. A.
Dudnik, 176 pp.
Impullsnyye ustroystva (Pulse Systems), by Ya, A. Itskhoki, 560 pp.
Kuru radioperedayushcnikh ustroystv (A Course on Radio Transmission
Devices), by M. S. Neyman, Part II, 240 pp.
Osnovy elektroniki SVCh (Principles of Superhigh-Frequency Electronics),
by V. N. Shevchik, 320 pp.
Elementy rascheta UKV rcdioperedatchikov (Elements of Computation of
Ultrashort-Wave Radio Transmitters), by N. I. Shteyn, 256 pp.
Elektronnyye lampy. Ikh teoriya I konstruirovaniye (Electron Tubes --
Theory and Design), by A. Bekk, Translated from English, edited by L. A.
Kotominoy, 528 pp.
Perekhodnyye protsessy v lineynykh tsepyakh (Transient Processes in ?
Linear Networks), by E. Weber, translated from English edited by I. I.
Teumin, 400 pp.
Kibernetika (Cybernetics), by N. Wiener, translated from English,
edited by A. A. Lyapunov, 192 pp.
Raschet parabolicheskikh antenn (Computation of Parabolic Antennas),
by B. M. Ginzburg and I. N. Belova, 160 pp-
Vormirovaniye impul'sov nanosekundnoy dlitel'nosti (Formation of Pulses
of 107:9 Second Duration), by G, B. Glebovich and L. A. Morugin, 160 pp.
Osnovy poluprovodnikovoy elektroniki (Principles of Semiconductor Elec-
tronics), by Low, Andrews, Zavel, Weldhauer, and Chang, translated from
English, edited by Ye. I. Gal'perin, 592 pp.
Tekhnika detsimetrov kh voln (Technique of Decimeter Waves), by G.
Megla, translated from German, edited by N. K. Svistov, 400 pp.
Iasseyaniyeidiffrakts1ya radiovoln (Scattering and Diffraction of
Padio Waves), by Mentzer, translated from English, 128 pp.
Avtomaticheskiye protsessy (Automatic Processes), by M. S. Neyman,
128 pp.
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Elektronnyye lumpy v impul'onoy tekhnike (Electron Tubes in Pulse
Technique), by N. A. NLtson, tram. from Eng., 176 pp.
Staticheskiy ointez impul'onykh siotem (Statistical Synthesis of
Pulse
Systems), by V. P. Perov, 208 pp.
Poluppvodnikovyye prfbory I ikh primeneniye (Semiconductor Devices
and Their Hoes), symposium, edited by Ya. A. Fedotov, 240 pp.
Osnovnyye teoril usilitel'nykh skhem (Basic Theories of Amplification
Circuits), by A. A. Rizkin, 400 pp.
Tekhnika tsvetnovo televideniya (TechniqueofColor Television), sym?
posium of translated articles, edited by A. K. Kustareviy, 288 pp.
Spravochnik po radioizmeritel'nym priboram (Referency Manual on Radio
Measuring Devices), by V. V. Pasynkov and K. D. Osipov, 960 pp
Radiolokatsiya v shestoy pyatiletke (Radar in the Sixth Five-Year Plan),
by K. N. Trofimov, 96 pp.
Signal (Signal) [Cybernetics], by I. A. Poletyayev, 320 pp.
Military Publishing House
Posobiye po obucheniyu radiotelegrafistov (Radiotelegraph Operators
Training Manual), by I. Ye. Glushkin and A. A. Shcherbakov, 104 pp, 1st
quarter.
Kura radiotekhniki (Course on Radio Engineering), by N. M. Izyumov,
3d edition, 752 pp, 2d quarter.
Radio- i radiolokatsionnaya tekhnika i ikh primeneniye (Radio and
Radar Technology and Their Application), by M. A. Kanunnikov, 240 pp,
2d quarter.
Linii peredachi (Transmission Lines), by I. P. Markov, 96 pp, 2d
quarter.
Regulirovka usileniya "APChn (Gain Control of Automatic Frequency
Control Devices), by I. A. Motorichev, 64 pp, 1st quarter.
Ob'yemnyye rezonatory (Cavity Resonators), by G. F. Novozhenov, 64 pp,
1st quarter.
Sinkhronno-sledyashchiye ustroystva (Synchronous Tracking Devices), by
A. V. Smirnov, 48 pp, 3d quarter.
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CPYRGHT
Defense Publishing House
RudlolokaLsionnyye =Ludy selektJii dvizhushchikhsya tseley (Radar
Methods of the Selection of Moving Targets), by P. A. Bakulev, 80 pp,
15,000 copies, 2d quarter.
Primeneniye teorii veroyatnosti i matematicheskoy statistiki pri pro-
izvodstve radioapparatury (Application of the Theory of Probability and
Mathematical Statistics to the Production of Radio Instruments), by P. P.
Mesyatsev, 160 pp, 8,000 copies, 2d quarter.
Primeneniye poluprovodnikov v priborostroyenii (Use of Semiconductors
in Instrument Building), edited by N. I. Chistyakov, 320 pp, 5,000 copies,
3d quarter.
Radiotekhnika i elektronika sverkh sokikh chastot (Radio Engineering
and Electronics of Superhigh Frequencies), symposium, edited by M. S. Neyman,
96 pp, 10,000 copies, 1st quarter.
Pub1ishlE5 House for Foreign Literature
Kibernetika i obshchestvo (Cybernetics
translated from English (London, 1954), 208
and Society), by N. Wiener,
pp, 3d quarter.
Elektrodinamika (Electrodynamics), by A
German (Leipzig, 1949), 416 pp, 2d quarter.
. Sommerfeld, translated from
Magnitnaya gidrodinamika (Magnetic Hydrodynamics), by Cowling, trans-
lated from English (London-New York, 1957), 112 pp, 2d quarter.
Kremniy (Silicon) [Semiconductors], symposium, 320 pp, 2d quarter.
Tekhnicheskaya ul'traakustika (Technical Ultrasound), by A. Crawfield,
translated from English (London 1955), 336 pp, 3d quarter.
Kibernetika (Cybernetics), by P. Kossa, translated from French, (Paris,
1955), 96 pp, 1st quarter.
Elektronnyye I ionnyye stolknoveniya (Electron and Ion Collisions),
by G. Massy and Ye. Barkhon, translated from English, (Oxford, 1952), 752 pp,
2d quarter.
Niobiy i tantal (Niobium and Tantalum), symposium, 320 pp, 4th quarter.
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Radiotelemetriya (Badiotelemetering), by M. G. Nichols and L. L. Rice,
translated from English, (New York, 1956), 48o pp, lith quarter.
Poluprovodnikovyye preobrazovateli energii (Semiconductor Energy Con-
verters), symposium, 320 pp, 2d quarter.
Radioastronomiya (Radioastronomy), by J. I. Powly and R. N. Breiswell,
translated from English (Oxford, 1955) 384 pp, 3d quarter.
Priyem radiolokatsionnykh aignalov v shumakh (Reception of Radar Sig-
nals in Noise), symposium, 240 pp, 1st quarter.
Dielektriki ikh svoystva i struktura (Dielectrics, Their Nature and
Structure), by K. Smythe, translated from English, (New York, 1955), 432
pp, 4th quarter.
Statisticheskaya I dinamicheskaya elektronnaya optika (Statistical
and Dynamic Electron Optics), by P. Sterrocl, translated from English,
(Cambridge, 1955), 208 pp, 3d quarter.
Radiospektroskopiya (Radiospectroscopy), by C. Towns and A. Shevlof,
translated from English (New York, 1955), 800 pp, 4th quarter.
Tekhnicheskiye primeneniya elektronno-lampovykh skhem (Technical Ap?
plications of Electron Tube Circuits), edited by J. Marcus and V. Tselyuffa,
translated from English, (New York,1956), 800 pp, 4th quarter.
Tochnyye elektricheskiye izmereniya (Accurate Electrical Measurements),
Symposium, trnaslated from English (London, 1955), 720 pp, 1st quarter.
Vvedeniye v kibernetiku (Introduction to Cybernetics), by U. R. Ashby,
translated from English, (radon, 1956), 288 pp, 4th quarter.
Spravochnik po redkim metallam (Reference Book on Rare Metals), edited
by K. Gempel, translated from English, (New York, 1954), 48o pp, 3d quarter.
State Publishing House for Machine-Building Literature
Radiotekhnicheskiye metody kontrolya izdeliy (Radio Engineering Methods
of Quality Control of Manufactured Articles), by L. G. Dubitskiy, 196 pp,
6,000 copies, 2d quarter.
P-Klavleni e radio omekh sozdava m kh avtomobil sii mototsiklami,
traktorami i dvigatelyami vnutrennevo sgoraniya Suppression of Radio
Interference Caused by Automobiles, Motorcycles, Tractors, and Internal-
Combustion Engines), by Ya. Mendelevich, 128 pp, 10,000 copies, 3d quarter.
?
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Poluprovodniki v priborostroyenii (Semiconductors in Instrument Manu-
facture), Scientific and Technical Society of the Instrument-Building
Industry, 320 pp, 10,000 copies, 4th quarter.
State Publishing House for Metallurgical Literature
Elektronnyye prfbory v metallurgii (Electronic Instruments in Metal-
lurgy), by V. I. Feygin, 128 pp, 5,000 copies, 3d quarter.
State Publishing House for Agricultural Literature
Dispetcherskaya sluzhba v MTS (Control Room Operation in MTS),
by A. S. Babenko, 160 pp, 15,000 copies, 2d quarter.
"Iskusstvo" State Publishing House
Kinotelevizionnaya tekhnika (Movie and Television Technology) sym-
posium, 240 pp, 10,000 copies.
Emyektirovaniye i raschet usiliteley zvukovoy chastoty (Design and
Computation of Audio-Frequency Amplifiers), by S. I. Khvilivitskiy and
L. N. Medyakova, 320 pp, 5,000 copies.
Elektronnyye lampy v usilitelyakh zvukovogo kino (Electron Tubes in
Sound Motion-Picture Amplifiers), by O. G. Khraban, 96 pp, 10,000 copies.
Spravochnaya kniga avtora (Authors Reference Manual), by I. Ya, Da-
nilov, 160 pp, 10,000 copies.
Dosaaf Publishing House
Spravochnik radiolyubitelyn (Radio Amateurs Handbook), by F. I.
Burdeynyy and N. V. Kazanskiy, 32 pp, 100,000 copies, 4th quarter.
Elektrotekhnika dip radistov (Electrical Engineering for Radio
Technicians), by I. P. Zherebtsov, 160 pp, 100,000 copies, 3d quarter.
Konstruirovaniye lyubitel'skovo magnitofona (Construction of Amateur
Magnetic Sound Recorders), by A. V. Kozyrev and M. A. Fabrik, 2d edition,
192 pp, 500,000 copies, 3d quarter.
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"Moskovskiy Rabochiy" State Publishing House
Radiotekhnika I elektronika na sluzhbe u cheloveka (Radio Engineering
and Electronics in the Service of Mankind), by K. Gladkov, 160 pp, 50,000
copies, lot quarter.
Gorod Peredovoy nauki (City of Advanced Science), by P. Kapyrin and
O. Lupandin, 64 pp, 50,000 copies, 1st quarter.
53. Yugoslav Academic Council Cooperates WitAl Polish Academy of Sciences
"Cooperation With the Polish Academy of Sciences" (unsigned article),
Sarajevo, Oslobudjenje, 22 Mar 58, p 4
The Polish Academy of Sciences has invited the Yugoslav Academic Council
(jugoslovenski Akademiski savjet) to appoint a delegate to a meeting which
will be held in Warsaw for consideration of problems in the field of electro-
acoustics.
The Academic Council has appointed Engr Stevan Milosavljevic, scientific
associate of the Institute for Materials Testing of Serbia (Institut za
ispitivanje materijala Serbije), as its delegate. Milosavljevic will read
a paper on designs of modern electroacoustical equipment, with special
reference to their adaptation to phonograph equipment.
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"Mookovokiy Rabochiy" State Publishing House
Radiotekhnika I elektronika na sluzhbe u cheloveka (Radio Engineering
and Electronics in the Service of Mankind), by K. Gladkov, 160 pp, 50,000
copies, lot quarter.
Gorod Peredovoy nauki (City of Advanced Science), by P. Kapyrin and
O. Lupandin, 64 pp, 50,000 copies, 1st quarter.
53. Yugoslav Academic Council Cooperates With Polish Academy of Sciences
"Cooperation With the Polish Academy of Sciences" (unsigned article),
Sarajevo, Oslobudjenje, 22 Mar 58, p 4
The Polish Academy of Sciences has invited the Yugoslav Academic Council
(jugoslovenski Akademiski savjet) to appoint a delegate to a meeting which
will be held in Warsaw for consideration of problems in the field of electro-
acoustics.
The Academic Council has appointed Engr Stevan Milosavljevic, scientific
associate of the Institute for Materials Testing of Serbia (Institut za
ispitivanje materijala Serbije), as its delegate. Milosavljevic will read
a paper on designs of modern electroacoustical equipment, with special
reference to their adaptation to phonograph equipment.
?
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VI. ENGINEERING
54. Radioactive Isotopes Used for Measuring Wear of Aircraft Engine Parts
"Radioactive Isotopes Measure tb9 Wear of Aircraft Engine
Parts," by A. Pokrovskiy, Moscow, Sovetskaya Aviatsiya, 21 Apr
57, P 3
A new method, which is finding wide application, has been developed
for measuring the wear of aircraft engine parts. This method, which is
based on the introduction of radioactive substances on the friction sur-
faces of aircraft engine parts, permits wear measurement without taking
the engine apart.
Wear was previously determined by micromeasurements of the engine
parts, which required dismantling the engine. The new method is based
on the following principles. If a radioactive substance is introduced
into the surface layer of an engine part, particles of this substance will
be destroyed and carried away by the lubricant, together with the base
metal, during friction of the parts while the engine is in operation. By
measuring the radiation intensity of the wear products at different in-
tervals, it is possible to determine rather accurately their total weight
content and thus to estimate the wear of the parts without dismantling
the engine. It is necessary, however, to activate first the friction sur-
faces of the engine parts. Several activation methods are known at pres-
ent, but the most convenient one is the method recently developed by the
Civil Air Fleet.
In this method, radioactive metal insets are pressed into the part
to be tested. These radioactive insets also perform the function of in-
dicators warning of the wear in engine parts. The appearance in the lubri-
cant of particles of the radioactive substance, which is imbedded a cer-
tain distance from the friction surfaces, acts as a warning signal pointing
to the necessity of dismantling and overhauling the engine.
The radioactivity of the "worn-off" material is determined by two
methods: by analysis of separate batches of the lubricating oil or by
direct immersion of a pulse counter into the circulating lubricant. The
second method is more convenient because it simplifies the measuring tech-
nique and allows observations at 5- to 10-minute intervals.
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The use of radioactive isotopes in measuring the wear of engine parts
has the additional advantage of making it possible to observe the wear of
several parts at the same time. To achieve this, the engine parts are
activated with different isotopes which emit radiations having different
penetration ranges. The problem of determining the wear of several parts
at the came time in this case is a matter of determining the amount of
each individual isotope in the total mixture.
55. New Soviet Ultrasonic
sonics
Equipment and Technical Applications of Ultra-
"Inaudible Sound," by
siya, 27 Apr 57, p 4
I. Tolmacheva; Moscow, Sove-.Aviatts-
The article reviews the properties and applications of ultrasonic
waves with frequencies in excess of 16,000-20,000 cycles per second. Soviet
scientists are claimed to have been the first to use ultrasonic waves for
detecting defects in metal products, concrete constructions, plastic and
rul.ber articles, and many other materials. This method permits checking
the quality of individual parts during their manufacture, oven when they
are components of an assembled machine or equipment.
New instruments reflecting Soviet achievements in ultrasonic tech-
nology are shown at the exhibition opened in the Polytechnic Museum in
Moscow in connection with the current All-Union Conference for Industrial
Applications of Ultrasonic Technology.
A photograph is given showing a new ultrasonic defectoscope called
the "Uni-7N," made by the Gorkiy Plant of the Ministry or Radio Engineering
Industry. This instrument is widely used in aircraft repair plants for
locating cracks in motor and aircraft parts. It can detect horizontal and
oblique cracks up to 1.5 mm in size as well as other defects. With the
help of this instrument it is also possible to control the quality of
welding of various parts. The "Ual-7N" ultrasonic defectoscope is also
used for measuring thicknesses rangingfrom 10 mM to 2 meters.
Ultrasonic control is used for the determination of physical and
chemical properties of articles made of plastic, /libber, leather, and
high-molecular materials. Another photograph shows an apparatus used
for this purpose.
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The field of applications of ultrasonic waves is expanding daily.
Ultrasonic waves have proved very effective in the cleaning of miniature-
size metal articles, for examfle, thin channels of fuel pumps. Ultrasonic
devices used for this purpose are shown at the above-mentioned exhibition.
Of great potential importance is the application of ultrasonic waves in
the processing of such technically important and hard-to-process semi-
conductor materials as germanium. Ultrasonic waves help to determine the
quality of fuel and lubricants used, for example, in aviation. A third
photograph illustrates an ultrasonic soldering instrument "UP-21," shown
at the exhibition, which is used for soldering aluminum with soft solders
without the use of a flux. This soldering instrument was developed and
built by the Leningrad Scientific Research Institute and will undoubtedly
find wide application in industry as well as in aircraft maintenance work.
Ultrasonic waves are used in metallurgy for ore enrichment and in
the construction and road industries. They speed up dyeing processes in
the textile industry and leather tanning processes and help doctors in
the detection of malignant tumors.
5C
Stability of Cylindrical Shell
"Stability of a Cylindrical Shell Under the Simultaneous In-
fluence of Torsion Moments and Normal Pressure," by V. M.
1);A.rov3l:iy, Moscow; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Tekhnicheski;.h Nauk, No 11, Nov 57, pp 137-14Y
This article presents a theoretical and experimental investigation
of the stability of a thin cylindrical shell of "average" length with the
nondeforming edges under the simultaneous influence of torsion moments
and normal pressure. Some of the results are based on an experimental
investigation made by P. G. Burdin for his dissertation at the Air Force
Engineering Academy imeni N. Ye. Mukovskiy in 1956.
57. Irreversible and Nonequilibrium Processes in Gas Compression and
Expansion
"Irreversible and Nonequilibrium Processes in Compressionsmd Ex-
pansion in Gas Machines," by M. D. Khaskind; Moscow, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Ot,t,?leniye Tekhnicheskikh Nauk, Sep 57,
pp 76-81
A study is made of the nonsteady one-dimensional motion of a viscous
heat-conducting gas in piston engines. An appraisal is made of the ir-
reversible and nonequilibrium processes in the compression and expansion
of the gas in relation to its physical constants and relative speed of flow.
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It is shown that irreversible effects of heat-conductivity and internal
friction reo01, in insignificantly small deviations from the equilibrium
values characteristic for the compression and expansion of the gas. How-
ever, the nonequilibrium character of the nonsteady motion of a nonviscous
and non-heat-conducting gas results in more significant deviations.
58. Device for Oscillographic Study of Hydraulic Compressor Performance
"The Indlcator Diagram of a Hydraulic ColaDressor of Superhigh
Pressure," by L. F. Vereshchagin, A. Semerchan, and V. A.
Galaktionov, Laboratory of Physics of High Pressures, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 5,
1957, PP 79-85
A study is made of indicator diagrams of two superhigh-pressure hy-
draulic compressors with the aid of a specially built device employing
tenso-transmitters, which afforded, for the first time, the possibility
of following the operation of hydraulic compressors from the viewpoint
of the influence of clearance space on performance.
One of the compressors tesLed, the K-6, is a laboratory device with
a maximum pressure of 6,000 atmospheres and an output of 15 liters per
hour, and is intended for the compression of fluids in relatively small
volumes. This compressor has two successive pressure valves end thus differs
from the GK-7/6000 hydraulic compressor, which has an L. F. Vereshchagin
system, and is series-produced by the Experimental Plant of Chemical Ma-
chine Building of Gosplan USSR. The second hydrocompressor (model K-38)
is produced for pressurizing water to 3,000-3,500 atmospheres and has a
delivery of 4 tons per hour.
In the recording of the pressure, the cylinder of the hydraulic com-
pressor is connected to the inside of an obturator by means of a channel.
During a change of pressure in the cylinder, the pressure is varied also
in the internal cavity of the obturator, which leads to a deformation of
the outside surface of the obturator in the direction of the. internal
channel. The transmitting element is a transformer made of constantan .
wire 0.03 mm in diameter, with an 8-mm base and an initial resistance of
120 ohms, and is glued to the outside of the hollow obturator. A second
transformer, attached to an area which is not deformed by the internal
pressure, serves for temperature compensation.
The resistances of the two wire transformers are inserted into the
arms of an AC measurement bridge with a carrier frequency of 10 kc. Rel?
atively slow variations of pressure in the cylinder of the compressor,
converted into voltage variations in one arm of the bridge, modulate the
carrier frequency.
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After amplification in a double-cascade amplifier, the signal is
detected by a synchronous detector. As far as design is concerned, the
two fixed arms of the measurement bridge, the carrier-frequency oscilla-
tor, the amplifier, and the detector comprise a separate instrument, the
ETS-23-7, which was developed by the All-Union Scientific Research In-
stitute of the Ministry of Defense Industry for the purpose of tensometry.
This instrument, with one carrier-frequency oscillator, has three measure-
ment channels for simultaneous measurement of three processes. The am-
plifiFtd electric signal was recorded by means of the MP0-2 magnetoelectric
r3cil1ograph.
In regard to the accuracy of the indicator diagrams, a distinction is
made between the absolute accuracy in the construction of individual dia-
gram and the relatl.ve accuracy of an observation of a group of diagrams
for various nominal pressures. The error in the production of a single
diagmm is compounded in the recording of the pressure and the motion of
the piston and during the recording of the calibration curves. Errors in
the measurement of pressures of 3,000 atmospheres by means of a first-class
manometer with a scale up to 5,000 atmospheres are estimated at 1.7 per-
cent, whereas errors connected with the quality of the wire of the trans-
former and its coupling with the electronic amplifier, demodulator, and
other electrical circuits, and with the deciphering of satisfactorily
recorded oscillograms, with a small number of repeated observations, amount
to 5-7 percent. Since the errors resulting from the change-over of the
pressure-time coordinates into pressure-volume coordinates must also be
Included, the total error in the pressure value amounts to as much as 10
percent in the construction of a diagram with a nominal pressure cf 3,000
atmospheres.
Through an examination of errors by an analogous method for the deter-
mination of the variation of the volume of the cylinder, it was established
that, with satisfactory recording of the diagram of motion (without super-
imposed torsional vibrations of the crankshaft), the total error amounts
to 6-8 percent. The use of the criterion of upper dead center and an
analytical calculation of the motion of the piston sharply decrease the
authenticity of the diagram in reference to volume.
In the examination of the variation of form of indicator diagrams in
comparison with diagrams obtained at other pressures, the accuracy of the
recording method increases considerably, since, in this case, errors are
eliminated which are connected with graduation, change-over, and the like.
At the same time, the variation of parameters of the electric circuit is
insignificant for short periods of time.
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59. Institute for the Electrical Economy in Yugoslavia
"'Thunder' in the Laboratory," by V. Ticina, Belgrade, Politika,
26 Mar 58, p 5
A control apparatus which was recently put into operation in the IL-
stitute for the Electrical Economy (Institut za elektropivredu) in Zagreb
enables high-voltage technicians to test electrical equipment and insulating
material with up to 800,000 volts. In practical application, this means
that all materials which are built into transformer stations and trans-
mission lines, and which have been tested by the apparatus, can withstand
high voltage such as that created by a generator in the laboratory of the
institute.
When a duty-load dispatcher wants to find out the load distribution
in a certain power station, instead of spending long hours at calculation,
he relies on an invention of the institute, the so-called "dispatcher's"
analyzer." All the dispatcher needs to do is to press a button on the
analyzer to ascertain the load of a certain power station. If a trans-
mission line is damaged, the analyzer presents the data necessary to deter-
mine whether some other transmission line can take over the load of the
damaged line.
Low-voltage technicians of the institute have designed the prototype
of a miniature high-frequency telephone apparatus. This small apparatus
will serve to maintain communications among power substations by using
transmission lines and will make it possible for personnel of a power plant
and a transformer station to be in constant contact. This apparatus will
also be used for communications between isolated building sites and remote
divisions of a factory.
This type of equipment is somewhat larger than the usual telephone
apparatus, is much cheaper than the high-frequency telephone equipment of
customary design, and is made, for the most part, from domestic materials.
Soon the Institute for the Electrical Economy will begin to test the
quality of a wide variety of electric materials produced by Yugoslav fac-
tories. For the most part, products intended for mass consumption, such
as switches, elecric ranges, heaters, pots, and wires, will be inspected.
Products which meet the requirements of laboratory tests will then be sub-
mitted to a commission of the Society of Engineers and Technicians .of
Croatia (Drustvo inzenjera i tehnicara Hrvatske), which will assign a
quality mark to them.
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60. Docent Stefan Zukowski, Master of Engineering, Dies
"Steat Zukowskin (unsigned article), Warsaw, Mechanik, Oct 57,
p 452
A Polishtechnicalmonthly reports the 24 August 1957 death of Stefan
Zukowbki, Master of Engineering. He was born 29 July 1902 in Astrakhan,
and arrived, after the Russian Revolution, in Poland, 4:rhere he completed
his middle and higher education: In 1929, the completed the H. Wawelberg
4nd S. Rotwand State Higher School of Machine Building and Electrotech-
nology and then the Mechanics Branch of Warsaw Polytechnic.
In 1929, he began scientific-teaching work as assistant in the Endu-
rance Laboratory in the Higher School of Machine Building and Electro-
technology in Warsaw; in 1933, he became its director. In 1933-34, he
was assistant in the Chair of Metalworking Machine Tools, and in 1934,
deputy assistant in the Chair of Ballistics. He also worked in defense
industry as director of a reporting section in Rembertow.
During the occupation, he was in England and Turkey and did work as
an expert and counselor in defense industry.
Returning to Poland in 1946, Zukowski became a contract professor
in the Engineering School in Warsaw, and was very active in organizing
new departments there.
He was a long-time active member of the Society of Polish Engineers
and Mechanics and one of the originators of the Evening School of the En-
gineering School in Warsaw. In 1946, he took on the job of director of
invettments in the Central Administration of Metal Industry; there he con-
tributed to the quick rebuilding of Polish industrial plants. Zukowski
also published several works on [mechanical] springs in 1954.
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VII. MATHEMATICS
Cl. Chair of Computer Mathematics of Moscow State Universitz
"On the Chair of Computer Mathematics of the Moscow State Uni-
versity," by I. S. Berezin; Moscow, Uspekhi Matematicheskikh
Nauk, Vol 12, No 3, (75) May/Jun 57, pp 256-261
The full text of the article follows.
The Chair of Computer Mathematics was established in 1949, within the
Mechanics-Mathematics Faculty at Moscow State University to train special-
ists in computer and machine mathematics and develop scientific work in
that field. The chair has been headed since 1952 by Pcademician S. L.
Sobolev.
The following are working in the chair at present: Professors L. A.
Lyusternik, A. A. Lyapunov, and M. R. Shura-Bura; Docents I. A. Berezin,
N. P. Zhidkov, O. N. Golovin, A. D. Gorbunov, and K. A. Semendyayev; and
Assistants V. G. Karmanov, M. A. Kartsev, and S. V. Yablonskiy. Those
serving on other chctrs and at the computing center, as well as aspirants
and specialists from other institutions, are attracted to the study of
special courses and the guidance of seminars, theses, and course works.
To provide training and scientific functions for the chair on transfer
of the. university to the Lenin Hills, a series of laboratories was created
on the basis of which a computing center was organized in 1956, equipped
with contemporary calculating machines, including the high-speed "Strela"
digital computer.
During the chair's existence 148 specialists have been trained, as
follows: 1950, 10; 1951, 28; 1952, 12; 1953, 9; 1954, 38; 1955, 23; and
in 1956, 28.
Fifty-seven specialists will be graduated in 1957, and in the future
there will be at least 55-60 graduates per year.
Training Organization
The plan for the first years is tIle same for all mathematics students.
Specialization of the students for computer mathematics begins with the.
third year, when, in addition to general mathematical courses, study of
special and basic concentration courses as well as special practical ex-
perience and semf.nars begin.
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Basic Concentration Courses
The following concentration courses are specified by the training
plan now in effect.
"Computing Methods" -- This course, extending through the third
and fourth years for a total of 120 hours, provides the following: opera-
tions with approximating quantities, theory of interpolation and its ap-
plications, uniform and mean square function approximation, numerical dif-
ferentiation and intergration, numerical methods for solving transcendental
and algebraic equations, computational methods of linear algebra, and nu-
merical methods for the solution of differential and integral equations.
A lecture course accompanied by computer practice is given 2 hours per
week throughout the full 2 years.
"Mathematical Machines and Devices" -- This course is presented
2 hours per week during the third year. In the course the operating prin-
ciples of mathematical machines and devices and the possibilities of vari-
ous calculating machines for the solution of mathematical problems are
presented.
"Electronics and Radio Engineering" -- This course is presented
2 hours per week in the third year. It aims at acquainting the students
with problems of radio engineering necessary for understanding the cir-
cuits ana. operating principles of contemporary electronic calculating ma-
chines. The course is accompanied by laboratory work amounting to 32
hours.
Special Courses
During the training, in addition to the basic courses, the studentri
are required to attend and meet the requir=ents of two elective, year-lows
special courses. The list of special courses studied varies. As an exampiz
the special courses studied in the 1955/1956 and 1956/57 academic years
are listed hare.
CPYRGHT
1955/56 Academic Year
Automatic digital computers and programing M. R. Shura-Bura
Programing A. A. Lyapunov
Elements of Cybernetics A. A. Lyapunov
The Logical Foundations of Electric Current S. V. Yablonskiy
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Electronic Mathematical Machines of Continuous
Operation V. B. Ushakov
Several Questions Concerning the Approximation
of Differentiable Functions of Many Variables
Direct Methods of Mathematical Physics
Operator Calculus
Mathematical Methods for Predicting the Weather
1956/57 Academic Year
S. M. Nikol'skiy
I. S. Berezin
A. D. Gorbunov
I. A. Kibel'
Solution of Mathematical Problems on
Electronic Digital Computers M. R. Shura-Bura
Programing R. I. Podlovchenko
Electronic Mathematical Machines of Continuous
Operation V. B. Ushakov
Direct Methods of Mathematical Physics A. D. Gorbunov
The Calculation Methods of Linear Algebra V. G. Karmanov
MUltivalued Logics S. V. Yablonskiy
Introduction to the Theory of Algorithms V. A. Uspenskiy
Students are also permitted to attend the related special courses
under other chairs.
Special Seminars
Students of the third, fourth, and fifth years specializing in
computer mathematics must regularly participate in the work of one of the
special seminars of the chair. A'list of the special seminars which func-
tioned under the chair in recent years follows.
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Equations
Equations
Equations
Equations
1955/56 Academic Year
Numerical Methods for the Solution of Ordinary Differential
Numerical Methods for the Solution of Partial Differential
Calculation Methods of Linear Algebra
The Approximation of Functions
Practical Methods for Approximating Functions
The Theory of Electric Circuits
The Algebra of Logic
Programing
1956/57 Academic Year
Methods for the Approximate Solution of Differential Equations
Numerical Methods for the Solution of Ordinary Differential
Numerical Methods for the Solution of Partial Differential
The Approximation of Functions of Many Variables
Iteration Methods for tilt ',1ut1on of Mathematical Problems
Problems of Mathematical Logic; Theory of Electric CIrcuits
and Programing
Discrete Analysis
Theory of Control Systems
Problems in Cybernetics
Automatic Programing
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The seminars indicated above are designed fundamentally for the
students. In addition to these seminars three scientific research seminars
function under the chair. Members of the char, aspirants, those serving
in the computation center, and others participate in these seminars.
A scientific research seminar on computer mathematics is held at
which, as a rule, new results obtained by the participants of the seminar
are reported.
A scientific research seminar is held on machine mathematics at
which new results in machine mathematics and programing are discussed.
A scientific research seminar is held on computer techniques at
which the results of the work at the computation center in this field and
the results contained in Soviet and foreign literature are reported.
The subjects of several reports discussed at these three seminars
in 1955-1956 follow.
"Different Methods for the Solution of Problems of Gas Dynamics,"
S. K. Godunov
"Concerning a Different Method for Solving the Problem of Trichomi,"
A. F. Filippov
"Several Evaluations of the Theory of Tabulation," Vitushkin
"Method of Orthogonal Projections for a Finite Difference Analog
of One System of Partial Differential Equations," V. I. Lebedev
"Comparative Investigations of Various Grid Algorithms for the
Solution of Elliptical Equations in Partial Derivatives," N. S. Bakhvalov
"Application of Three-Valued Logic to the Investigation of Elecri-
cal Systems," G. K. Moisil (Rumania)
"Programing Program," V. M. Kurochkin, N. P. Trifonov, A. P.
Yershov, and E. V. Lyubimskiy
"Utilization of Computers for Calculation and :nterpretation of
Spectral Oscillations of Molecules," R. I. Podlovchenko
"Programing by the Method of Floating Scales for a Machine With
a Fixed-Point System," Ye. A. Zhogolev
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"Systems of Operation for a Machine With a Fixed-Point Suitable
for Programing by the Method of Floating Scales," Ye. A. Zhogolev
"Logical Systems on Ferrite Cores," N. P. Brusentsov (review)
"Application of Semiconductor Devices in Computers," N. P. Sentsov
(review)
"The Establishing of Addition-Substraction on Push-Pull Ferrite
Cells," B. Ya. Fel'dman
"The Establishing of Addition-Substraction on Ferrite Cores in
Binary and Ternary Number Systems," N. P. Brusentsov and Yu. N. Kolotov
"System Schematic for a Small Digital Computer on Ferrite Cores,"
N. P. Brusentsov
Special Laboratory Practicum and Industrial Practice
According to the plan each student attends a special laboratory
practicum during the fourth year and the first half of the fifth year for
4 hours per week. After creation of the computation center, the student's
practicum was transferred there. In the beginning the students are occupied
with the solution of problems on calculating machines and on an electronic
computer (20-24 hours) and with solution of problems on electroanalogs (20-
24 hours). After this, they are occupied with the programing and solution
of problems on electronic digital computers. The assignments for the spe-
cial laboratory practicum take the form of solving industrial problems which
come into the center. After completion of the fourth year the students
begin a month's industrial practice. Before creation of a computation,
center the practice bases were the institutes of the Academy of Sciences
and the design bureaus engaged in the design of computers or their utiliza-
tion for the solution of mathematical problems. On creation of the center,
it became the fundamental base for student industrial practice.
Course and Diploma Work
For development of the independence of the students, the course
work done by the students during the third and fourth years and the diploma
work in the fifth year are assigned great significance.
The subjects of the course and aploma work ilre very diverse but
the majority of the subject matter is related to analysis of various methods
of numerical solution of mathematical problems and their application to the
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solution of problems of mechanics, physics, and technology; to application
of electronic digital computers and modeling devices for solution of defi-
nite problems; to questions of automatizing programing; with non-
mathematical utilization of electronic digital computers.
A list of diploma works completed in the 1955/56 and 1956/57 aca-
demic years follows. This list is far from the total number of works com-
pleted in these years.
Application of direct methods for the solution of certain boundary
problems of the theory of elasticity
Grid methods for the solution of equations in functional de-
rivatives
Application of the grid method to the solution of problems con-
cerning transverse oscillations of plates
Methods for accelerating the convergence or iteration processes
Numerical methods for the solution of differential equations with
a retarded argument
Unstable one-dimensional flow of an ideal gas with varying entropy
Some problems of the theory of algorithms
Programing of a method for finding the polynomical having the
best approximation of a continuous function
Finding the inverse of high order matrices on high-speed electronic
machines
Programing for the solution of a system of ordinary differential
equations by the Runge Kutta method on a machine having a fixed point method
or floating scales
Solution of certain problems of gas dynamics on electronic digital
computers
Utilization of electronic digital computers for the solution of
problems of crystallography
Utilization of electronic digital computers for the solution of
several problems of weather prediction
Automatizing the control of programs
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Some problems in the automation of programing
Investigation of the characteristics of a turbojet engine electro-
analog
Investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of an airplane on
? electromodels
Utilization of electronic digital computers for translation
As this list shows, many thesis subjects have a definite applied
character.
Training of Aspirants
The education of aspirants in computer mathematics began in the fall
of 1950. Statistics are presented below regarding the entrance and gradua-
tion figures of aspirants for 1950-1956.
CPYRGHT
Entrance
Year
No Admitted to AsplyRnt Training
In Attendance
By Correspondence
1950
1951
3
4
--
1952
2
1953
14.
2
1954
5
3
1955
5
7
1956
4
1
Total
27
13
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The following dissertations were presented during this time.
V. G. Karmanov, "On the Solution of Certain Boundary Problems fox.
Equations of u Mixed Type" (1954)
N. P. Trifonov, "Application of High-Speed Electronic Digital Com-
puters to the Solution of Problems Concerning the Structural Analysis of
Crystals" (1954)
A. I. Ivanova, "Several Problems Concerning the Convergence of Gaussian
Quadrature Formulas on Infinite Intervals" (1955) '
K. F. Shirinov, l'Approximating Methods for the Solution of Certain
Spacial Problems of the Theory of Filtration" (1955)
I. D. Sofronov, "An Approximate Solution for Singualr Integral Equa-
tions (1956)
Three persons have completed their aspirantura without defending their
dissertation. At present 15 -1:n?sons in various academic years are pursuing
their aspirantura in attendance and 13 persons arepursuingtheir aspirantura
by correspondence.
Scientific Work at Chair and in Computing Center
Scientific research is conducted along three lines, as follows.
1. The basis and analysis of different numerical methods for the
solution of mathematical problems, and their application to the solution
of applied problems and to the solution of theoretical questions in com-
puter mathematics.
Participating in this work are Academician S. L. Sobolev, Prof
L. A. Lyusternik, young workers, and aspirants.
2. Development of the method and theory of programing, and program
automation and the application of digital computers for the solution of
applied problems (problems of gas dynamics, weather prediction, crystal
structural analysis, and others).
Working on this aspect are Prof M. R. Shura-Bura, Prof A. A.
Lyapunov, workers of the chair and the computing center, and aspirants.
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3. Research work on the creation of new equipment for digital com-
puting techniques and the improvement of existing machines.
This last aspect appeared only recently with the construction of
the computation center, but interesting results in this direction have
already been obtained.
The scientific research seminars indicatedabovehave great significance
In developing scientific work. It is around these seminars that the young
personnel get together, participating in the evolution of one or another
aspect and collectively discussing research results.
In addition, computation work for different chairs of the university
and for other scientific and industrial organizations is done in the com-
putation center.
62. Cohomologic Theory of Stratified Spaces Studied
"On Cohomologic Spaces of Paths," by A. L. Onishchik, Moscow,
Matematicheskiy Sbornik, Novaya Seriya, Vol 44 (86), No 1,
Jan 58, pp 3-52
This work is a study of cohomologic spaces of closed paths on various
topological spaces. Algebraic methods of the topology of stratified spaces
are used. The work also contains some applications of the notion of a
space of paths to problems in the cohomologic theory of stratified spaces.
"Let X be a linearly connected topological space, P(X) be a space of
paths on X terminating at a certain fixed point xo f X, and n (X) be a
subspace of P(X) consisting of closed paths. J. P. Serre (Applications,
Ann of Math, 54, No 3, 1951, pp 425-505)first applied the methods of the
topology of stratified spaces to the study of the topology of the space
f. (x). In his treatment he introduced the stratified space (P(X), X, q)
with stratum_I-1 (X), where q is the reflection of the space P(X) on X
relating each path to its origin. This remarkable stratified space is,
in fact, the foundation of all later work in this area, and, in particular,
Is the basis for the present ip)rk.
"If Y is a certain topological space: we will denote by II(Y) its algebra of
singular cohomologies with coefficients ma certain ring. Let E (E) B, p)
be a linearly connected stratified space in he Serre sense with stratum F.
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In the theory of stratified spaces, an important role is played by the
homomorphisms i*: H(E)?>H(F) and p*: H(B)?> H(E), which are induced
by the superimposition i: E and the projection p: E Let B
be simply connected. In Section 1 of this paper, a homomorphism c*:
H(F)-- H(.0(B)) is defined which by analogy with homotopy theory is called
the characteristic homomorphism of the stratification .
"The homomorphisms i*, p*, and c* will play equal roles in the fol-
lowing development.
"In the same section, an infinite sequence of stratified spaces E.
are constructed in the stratified space Ffi . These are connected by a
chain of homomorphisms. If the space is linearly connected and has
linearly connected strata, then the local system of coefficients on its
basis and formed by the algebras of the homologic strata is simple. The
study of spectral sequences of the stratifications En n is thereby sim-
plified.
"In Sections 2 and 3 we assume that the ring of coefficients is a
field of characteristic 0. Let X be a simply connected topological space.
It follows from the existence in the space !a (X) of a factor satisfying
the given conditions that H(i)(X)) is a free anticommutative algebra. In
section 2, using a spectral sequence of the stratification (P(X), X, q),
the relation between H(X) and H(n(X)) is studied for the case when H(X)
is a free algebra of the finite type. It is shown that H(( (x)) in this
case has a free system of elements which are transgressive in the space
P(X) whereupon their images under the transgre3sion comprise a free system
of elements of the algebra of H(X). Consequently, the free elements of
the algebra of H(.11(X)) are of a degree which is one less that the degree
of the free elements of the algebra of H(X)...."
The work was done under the direction of Ye. B. Dynkin.
63. Finite Difference Analog for Green's Function, Three-Dimensional Case
"Finite Difference Analog for Green's Funetion in the Three-
Dimensional.Case," by L. A. Lyusternik; Moscow; Vychislitel'naya
Matematika, No 1, 1957, pp 3-22
A cubic grid embedded in a three-dimensional Euclidean space is con-
sidered and a finite difference analog for Green's Function is derived.
Two theorems were proved in the development and it was stated that analogous
theorems hold for the n-dimensional case where n is greater than 3. Four
literature references were cited, namely, two of L. A. Lyusternik, one of
M. R. Shura-Bura, and one of A. Stoehr.
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64. Finite Difference Solution for a Poisson Equation
"Inveel.gation of a Means of Increasing the Accuracy of the Grid
Methcd for Solving a Poisson Equation," by Ye. A. Volkov; Mos-
cow, Vychislitel'naya Matematika, No 1, 1957, pp 62-80
In this work a method of successive corrections for a finite dif-
ference solution of a Poisson equation is investigated. The method in-
vestigated was presented in the paper of L. Fox entitled "Some Improve-
ments in the Use of Relaxation Methods for the Solution of Ordinary and
Partial Differimtial Equations," Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., 190, A. 1947.
65. Solving_of a Dirichlet Problem
"Concerning the Question of Solving the Intrinsic Dirichlet
Problem for the Equation of Laplace by the Method of Grids," by
Ye. A. Volkov; Moscow, Vychislitel4naya Matematika, No 1, 1957,
pp 34-61
In the work a series of new estimations is presented for the error
introduced when solving the Dirichlet problem fo,.. the equation of Laplace
by the method of grids. A number of these estfmaAons were presented in
abbreviated form in the, work of the author presented in Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, 96, No 5, 1954.
Information from the author's summary follows. '
"While deriving the estimates_insections 4-6 we made assumption con-
cerning the boundedness of Mp, or M MID (p 3), or we assumed that
the derivative U (P)' y U(P) (p L=.5 3) of the exact solution of the Dirichlet
x
problem for the equation of Laplace is continuous to the right. In the
book of N. M. Gyunter a special theorem is proved which gives the sufficient
conditions for fulfilling our assumptions in the case of a curvilinear
boundary r-. Its formulation follows:
"Theory 1. If FE Lk.1 (B, ), (k 0) and f E H(p, A, ), )
(0 k11), then the solution of the Intrinsic Dirichlet problem
for the equation of LaplaceU E H (p, CA, X ) I ii G. ?
"We note that theorem 1 indicates the conditions on which our assump-
tions are fulfilled, but does not give the method of calculating the quan-
tities 5 M M A, (CA), ( ), entering in our estimate of the
error.
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?
?
"In 1941 I. G. Petrovski was presented with the problem of estimating
the quantity M4, entering in S. A. Gerschgorinus estimate of the error by
means of r- the equation of the boundary of the region, and the function f
given on the boundary, not solving the same equation of Laplace. The dis-
sertation of Sh. Sh. Sutyusheva was dedicated to the solution of this prnh-
lem. The estimates < 4) of Sutyusheva were made under somewhat .
greater assumptions than the assumptions of theorem 1 (here the existence
of a bounded third derivative K"' of the curve bounding the region is
assumed) and have complicated expressions where the greater p the more
complicated the expression for these estimates.
"In practice the possibility of estimating M by some indirect method
presents itself in several cases.
"As was noted above, the estimates derived for polygons serving as the
boundaries for the region with sides parallel to the coordinate axes or
pa.allel to the bisectors of the coordinate angles have a simpler form than
the estimates for regions with curvilinear boundaries. The estimates for
polygons consist of two summands while the estimates for regions with
curvilinear boundaries consist of three summands. This lies in the fact
that on derivation of the estimates for regions with a curvilear boundary,
we used lemma 2 of the work; namely, that the inequality nk 4 ih
holds where is the length of the curve FE L , in L. This yields
as estimate the inequality of the lemma concerning the number of _lodes
lying at a distance (k + 1) h 5. rij (k 2)h < /7 from the boundary.
For this reason for an estimate of the error as a consequence of the dis-
crepancies of h4/6 Mat the nodes at which rij we were required
ij
to apply the lemma of Gershgorin separately: namely, the following lemma:
The maximum of the modulus of the solution for the difference equation
h Vii = rij, rij 2h
Vij = 0, 0