SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT NUMBER 6

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100060001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 122
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 19, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 5, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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REPORT NUMBER 6
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SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION
REPORT
Number 6 5 May 1958
Prcpdred by
Foreign Documents Division
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
2430 E. St., N. W., Washington 25, D.C.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted
from publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and China.
The information selected is intended to indicate current
scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the
Sino-Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is d.s-
sendnated as an aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Page
I.
Biology
1
IT.
Chemistry
4
III.
Earth Sciences
42
IV.
Electronics
43
V.
Engineering
57
VI.
Medicine
66
VII.
Metallurgy
95
VIII.
Physics
98
IX.
Miscellaneous
114+
NOTE: Items in this report are numbered consecutively.
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1. New Type Animal Reflex Reported in Czechoslovak Press
"New Type of Animal Reflex Discovered," unsigned article,
? Prague, Rude Pravo, 14 Feb 58, p 1
Prof L. Krushinskiy, physiologist and professor of Moscow University,
has announced that in his studies of reflex activities of animals he has
succeeded in discovering a new type of reflex. On the basis of scientific
experiments he has arrived at the conclusion that animals, in addition
to the conditioned and unconditioned reflexes discovered by Pavlov, have
a third type of reflex, which he calls an "extrapolative" research.
In his opinion this type of reflex is the basis for rational acts,
i.e., the ability of highly organized living beings to form a picture of
a whole process, to compare individual phenomena and to foretell future
events on the basis of perceptions by the sense organs. Krushinskiy ex-
presses the opinion that the recognition of these new reflexes makes pos-
sible a more effective fight against nervous diseases.
Nadezhda Ladyginova, doctor of biology, in a conversation with a
TASS reporter, announced that Krushinskiy's research has great scientific
and practical importance. Professor Krushinskiy, she stated, submits a
new, very "witty" and very simple method of studying the behavior of ani-
mals and provides a positive answer to the question of whether or not
animals have ideas.
2. Czechoslovak Article on Soviet Observation of Extrapolated Reflexes
"On the New Discovery of Extrapolated Reflexes," (unsigned
article), Prague, Mlada Fronta, 22 Feb 58, p 1
After seeing a report on the discovery of extrapolated reflexes by
Prof Leonid Krushinskiy of Moscow University in the press around 15 Feb-
ruar-r, the daily newspaper of the Czechoslovak Federation of Youth tele'CPYRGHT
h
d K
h
p
one
rus
inskiy for more information. He was reached at Moscow ni-
versity, Laboratory No 8, telephone No V 92056. The three
were: a of reflex is this
ance?" e a r type o
reflex come to you?" and "What is the scientific and practical signifi-
CPYRGHT
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Ir I
PYRGHT
CPYRGHT
"Animals have the ability to react to a position where an impulse
(stimulus) will occur in its ordered movement at a definite point in
time. That is, they are able to predict where the moving impulse (per-
haps another animal) will occur at a definite time. This ability is
developed to a different degree among various animals -- for example,
weakly in pigeons and ducks, and very weakly in rabbits. Conversely, it
is very well developed in magpies and crows, and readily observable in
horses and dogs. I am of the opinion that these extrapolated reflexes
are the basis of a primitive intellect. Our tests confirm Engels' hy-
othesis conce a appearance of the initial elements
ac y in ai ma s, Krushinskiy stated.
CPY
RGHT
Krushinskiy continued, "i first had this Idea In 1-945, Tin 19LA- 1-1
started o perform experiments in this direction. I considered this pos-
C PYRG H sibility while I was observing animals under natural conditions. Then
the idea of the existence of extrapolated reflexes among animals was pro-
ven experimentally."
CPYRGHT
lb concluded, "',"he recognition of the third t'rn of raft AYOe
us to study the laws o the extrapolative activity of animal nervous
systems. Concerning man, this discovery can aid work in mental hygiene."
CPYRGHT
3. Czechoslovak Parasitologists Meet
"First Convention of Czechoslovak Parasitologists," by Dr
Bohumir Rgsicky, Prague, Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved,
No 1/2, Jan/Feb 58, pp 1+5-53
The first convention of Czechoslovak parasitologists, was held in
Prague on 6 to 9 October 1957. The partic{.pants included 200 from Czech-.
oslovakia and others from foreign countries including: Academician Skrya-
bin, and Professors Shults, Tiflov, Zasukhin, Spasskiy, Babyanskas, and
Asadov from the USSR, Academician Stefanski, Professors Ziarnowski and
Wisniewski, and Docents Gerwel and Kozar from Poland; Academician Kotlan,
Docents Kobulej and Zoltai, and Dr Mihalyi from Hungary; Professors Borc-
hert and Wildfuehr from East Germany; Professors Matov [Mateev?] and
Pavlov from Bulgaria; Prof Feider from Rumania; Prof Simic from Yugoslavia;
Prof DollfuG from France; Prof Biocca from Italy; Professors Enigk,
Piekarski, Sprehn, and Westphal from West Germany; Dr Siim from Denmark;
and Prof Van Thiel from the Netherlands. The resolution of the convention
is included in the arcicle.
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Biological Institute In Yugoslavia Develops Research Work
"Sarajevo Biological Institute Exchanges Publications with over
30 Countries," (unsigned article), Sarajevo, Oslobodjenje,
25 Jan 58, p 4
During 1957, the Sarajevo Biological Institute (Bioloski institut u
Sarajevu) developed experimental research in the fields of ecology, bio-
geography, and other subjects. Most of the institute's work has been
on an inventory of the flora and fauna in Bosnia-Hercegovina. The insti-
tute has assisted the students of the Faculty of Philosophy (Filosofski
fakultet) and the Upper Pedagogical, School (Visa pedagoska skola) in
Sarajevo in the study of the classification of plants and animals. By
means of short courses the institute has enabled the students to work in-
dependently. The institute also determines the classification of plants
and animals for other scientific: institutions.
During 1957, the institute arranged an exchange of periodicals and
books with approximately 30 scientific institutions throughout the world.
Under this systenythe institute has received approximately 36 periodicals
and over 50 scientific books. Cooperation with the academies of sciences
of the USSR and of Poland has been especially successful.
Specialists of the institute assisted the Zagreb biocenologist Doc-
tor No Horvat and the classifier of plants, Dr Pavlovskiy of the USSR
in their Investigations of vegetation on the Vranica mountain.
Soviet Biologist in Czechoslovakia
"Local News in Brief," (unsigned article), Prague, Rude Pravo,
11 Feb 58, p 2
Prof V. N. Stoletov, first deputy minister of Higher Education USSR,
and Candidate of Biological Sciences, arrived in Prague on 9 February.
The Soviet guest will remain in Czechoslovakia for about a week and will
negotiate a concrete plan for mutual contacts between Czechoslovakia anO
the Soviet Union in the area of advanced schools for 1958? He will negoti-
ate with representatives of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Education and
Culture.
6. Czechoslovak Agriculture Specialist Has Birthday
From the Day," (unsigned article), Prague, Prace, 14 Feb 58,
p3
Academician Vaclav Nova_u" will be 70 years old today. During his
almost 50 years of scientific and pedagogic activity he wrote several hun-
dred technical treatises, published 22 books, trained thousands of agricul-
ture and forestry workers and made Czechoslovak agrology and agricultural
bioclimatology famous abroad.
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1K Biochemistry
7. Desoxyribonucleoproteins as One of the Substrates of the Action of
Ionizing Radiation
"On Nucleoproteins as One of the Substrates of the Biological
Action of Ionizing Radiation," by L. F. Larionov, V~o rosy
Radiobiolo i (Problems of Radiobiologyr), Leningrad, 9
pp 268-279 from Referativnyy 2h-urnal?.-- Khimi a Biolo che-
CPYRG ya Khimiya, No 1, 10 Jan 5b, Abstract No 87, p 10)
"On the basis of his own and other data, the author reaches the con-
clusion that desoxyribonucleoproteins are one of the substrates of the
primary biological action of radiations. Possibly, as a result of their
injury the synthesis of DNA (desoxyribonucleic acid), found. in large
amounts in radiation-sensitive tissues, is also inhibited."
8. Shifts of Blood Plasma Protein Fractions Noted in Hypothermia
"Blood Plasma Proteins in Experimental Hypothermia in Dogs,"
by Stanislaw Bober, Jan Nielubowicz, Mieczyslaw Justyna, Izabela
Krzeminska-Lawkowiczowa, and Boleslaw Marzinek, Polska od.
Lekar., Vol 12, No 15, p p 543-545 (Polish) (from Re a ativnyy
2hurnal -' Khimi a Biolo icheska a Khimi a, No 1, 10 Jan 58,
CPYRGAtract No 851, p 95)
"Shifts in different protein fractions of dogs were noted in experi-
mental hypothermia. The total amount of protein and albumins increases
slightly at a temperature of 280 and drops at a temperature of 200 . The
alpha- and beta-globulin fractions noticeably increase in proportion to
cooling, whereas the gamma globulins decrease."
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Industrial Chemistry
Apparatus for Analysis of Oxygen-Nitrogen-Argon Mixtures
"An Installation for the Analysis of Oxygen-Nitrogen-Argon Mix-
tures," by L. I. Kazarnovskiy, N. M. Dykhno, and G. B. Narin-
skiy, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Oxygen Machine
Building; Moscow, Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 23, No 11, Nov 57,
pp 1387-1388
An apparatus for the analysis of oxygen-nitrogen-argon mixtures is
described. The unit was designed at the All-Union Scientific Research
Insitiute of Oxygen Machine Building. In this apparatus the oxygen is
taken up by copper and the nitrogen by calcium. Between the absorption
of oxygen and that of nitrogen the pressure of the residual gas consist-
ing of argon and introgen is measured. When the content of argon and ni-
trogen in the mixture is lower than 3-5%, these gases can be determined
by means of the apparatus with a precision reaching 0.02-0.05%. Oxygen-
nitrogen-argon mixtures can be analyzed in a wide range of concentrations
up to an 80% content of nitrogen and argon; however, the precision of the
determinations becomes somewhat lower at these high concentrations. The
time necessary for one determination of the composition of a mixture com-
prises 1-2 hrs.
10. USSR Developments in Field of Chromatography
"The Chromatographic Methpd and the Prospects of Its Develop-
ment," by K. V. Chmutov; Moscow, Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol
23, No 9, Sep 57, pp 10]9-1022
"The chromatographic method has been firmly introduced into physico-
chemical research and is being arplied extensively in analytical chemis-
try' CPYRGHT
"Chromatography is usually associated with the movement of a gaseous
or liquid medium containing a mixture )f the substances being separated.
This movement proceeds through an imr~,;rable layer of an adsorbent which
consists of individual particles or other discrete elements. The separa-
tion of substances takes place hecausi of minute differences in the
adsorbability or in the kinetics of adsorption and desorption of the
components of the mixture; ordinarily, differences in both adsorbability
and the kinetics exist. The acts of adsorption and desorption are re-
peated tens of thousands of times in ordinary laboratory chromatographic
columns. They take place in every subdivided medium, whether it consists
of grains of an adsorbent, paper fibers, particles of an emulsion, or
other discrete elements. Not being associated with any definite mechanism
of adsorption or restricted to any definite field of application, the
chromatographic method is universal in this sense.
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CPYRGHT
"The resolving power and the capacity of the method are unusually
great when the method is applied for quantitative determination under
appropriately selected conditions. This applies particularly to colored
column and paper chromatograms when the spots or layers are examined
visually, because the finest differences in coloration can be distinguished
in this manner. In some cases, the chromatographic method matches spectro-
graphic methods with respect to sensitivity, because chromatographic sep-
aration makes 16 possible to accumulate perceptible quantities of substances
present in trace quantities. In some cases, the sensitivity of the chroma-
tographic method exceeds that of mass-Rpectrography, for instance, in the
investigation of new elements of the periodic system.
"The combination of rhvsicochemical methods of investigation with a
chromatographic procedure of separation or concentration makes it possible
to obtain quantitative results. This refers to colorimetric, refracto-
metric, radiometric, and other methods of the analysis of eluates obtained
from columns and to direct spectrometric and radiometric methods of measur-
ing the distribution of components along the length of a column, the den-
sity of spots on paper, etc.
"The task of the theory of chromatography consists in the develop-
ment of a system of equations which would make it possible to describe
mathematically the process of the adsorption of molecules or ions under
dynamic conditions, because the process of separation takes place only
under these conditions. An adequate theory can and must yield as a final
result the possibility of calculating at least the elementary processas
involved in separations.
"The dynamics of the process involved include elements of statics,
kinetics, and hydrodynamics. In the case of the separation of vapor-air
mixtures, I ngmuir's concepts in regard to molecular adsorption and'
Henry's isotherm satisfy investigators in this field. However, much at-
tention has been paid lately to the correlation of the process with the
form of the adsorption isotherm, which may be linear, concave, or convex.
The shape of .he isotherm determines whether washing out or sharpening
of the boundaries of adsorption zones and zones of displacement takes
place. These problems were studied in theoretical work done by A. A.
Zhukhovitskiy, S. Ye. Bresler, 0. M. Todes, V. V. Rachinskiy, and others.
Cases of molecular adsorption from solutions generally correspond to
variants of adsorption from vapor-air mixtures which have been studied
and can under the simplest conditions be described by the well-known
Freundlich isotherm as far as statics are concerned and by Shivlov's
equation as far as the dynamics of the process are concerned. The mecha-
nism of ion exchange can be considered from different standpoints; on crys-
talline substances, such as naturally occurring aluminosilicates, the
ion exchange is analogous to that taking place. when solutions of electro-
lytes are mixed. However, this analogy is very incomplete, because energy
barriers and sterical hindrances which are characteristics for crystal
lattices do not exist in solutions.
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CPYRGHT
"The classical theory of the Helmholtz layer is being applied to
come colloidal systems, for instance, aluminum oxide or ferric hydroxide.
Here, apparently, one must get away from concepts in regard to strictly
stoictuiometric ratios between the ions being exchanged. The surface of
the swollen resin is assumed to be a membrane and the usual Donnan equi-
librium is regard to the distribution of ione on both sides of the mem-
brane is then considered. The existence of a great number of ion ex-
changers with diverse structures prevents the formulation of a universally
applicable theory concerning the exchange mechanism. Experimental in-
vestigation of the statics of adsorption and ion exchange leads only to
a definition of the optimum conditions for adsorption and determination
of the maximum capacity of the adsorbent with respect to an individual
substance. Investigations of this type do not form a basis for general
conclusions in regard to the possibility of separating substances the
adsorbabilities of which differ only'by a small amount. Definite con-
clusions in regard to this will be possible only on the basis of kinetic
and dynamic experiments.
"Independently of the mechanism which underlies the kinetics cf ad-
sorption, these kinetics determine the dynamics of the process. At pres-
ent the kinetics of adsorption and of ion exchange are treated by the
majority of investigators as a diffusion process. This applies both to
extracrystalline adsorption with diffusion taking place in the Nernst
layer and intracrystalline adsorption, in connection with which the dif-
fusion may take place in the: c,yatal lattice or in the gel structure of
a resin. The possibilities of the occurrence of processes in diffusion
regions as compared with kinetic regions are considered in work done by
N. N. Tunitskiy, A. N. Kharin, I. A. Y4yasnikov, S. Yu. Yelovich, and
others. In the case of ion-exchange resins the diffusion kinetics depend
on the structure of the resin grains or particles. The structure of the
resins is mobile; it depends on the number of cross links in the polymer
which affect swelling in solutions. This introduces still greater dif-
ficulties into the formulation of equations which describe the kinetics
(G. V. Samsonov). The theory of the underlying process has progressed
far since the semiempirical equations of the dynamics of adsorption for-
mulated by Shilov. The principal method of research at present is inves-
tigation of the deformation of zones in the column as these zones move
or are washed out by the eluant. As an example of a useful application
of theory, one may cite the chromathermographic method which has been
developed by A. A. Zhukho?;ritskiy and N. M. Turkel'taub. In chromathermo-
graphy a temperature field is employed Jhich moves along the column and
promotes sharpening of the boundaries between the zones being separated.
"At present the principal obstacle to the development of theories is
formed by the fact that it is impossible to solve systems of differential
equations. Mich can be done in this respect by using electronic computers,
although these computers are not yet being used to an adequa~e extent. a Is
of interest that the facility with which chromatographic experiments can
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CPYRGHT
be conducted leads in the great majority of cases to the application of
purely empirical methods. Practical workers in this field have for a
long time been experimentally solving problems of this type pertaining
to the dynamics of adsorption which cannot be approached by theoretical
research. This facility of conducting experiments often makes prelimin-
ary calculations impractical; one should rather construct a great number
of nomography for rapid approximate computations. The first successful
attempts to construct nomographs for cases involving the adsorption of
monovalent and cUva ent ions were made by R. N. Rubinshteyn.
"As far as meth-ds are concerned, chromatography is developing in
several directions, which are ordinarily distinguished according to the
mecharism of the formation of the chromatogram. One differentiates be-
tween adsorption, ion-exchange, distribution, and precipitation chromato-
graphy.
"Lately, distribution chromatography with the application of an
electric field, i.e., electrophoretic chromatography, has been applied
to an increasing extent. The method on which emphasis is placed at in-
dividual scientific research laboratories depends entirely on the special
type of work being done at the laboratory in question. However, not all
methods are being introduced to an equal extent into the industry.
"Molecular and ion-exchange chromatography in columns have been
applied in the industry most extensively. The processes of the recovery
of vapors and of hypersorption and adsorption on fluidized solids are be-
ing applied to an ever-increasing extent in industrial procedures that
involve the employment of volatile solvents. As a result of research
conducted for many years by F. G. Prokhorov, K. A. Yankovskiy, and Yu. M.
Kostrikin, ion exchange in columns is being applied on a large,scale in
the USSR in the treatment of water for high-pressure and high-temperature
boilers. A promising application is also the use of selectively acting
ion-exchange diaphragms for the electrolytic desalting of water N. A.
Klyachko and Ye. B. Trostyanskaya). In view of the fact that the de-
salting of industrial wastes can be done at a lower cost than the evapora-
tion of these wastes, the method in question is of advantage when the
sal"; content is not too high.
"Paper distribution chromatography in the form of ordinary chromato-
graphy in one or two dimensions or as an electrophoretic method is being
applied as an analytical procedure of the highest precision, particularly
inbiological work (G. S. Paskhina). It is assumed that paper chromato-
graphy will replace chromatographic separation in columns for this type
of application. Systematic work on the separation of inorganic ions by
paper chromato.,,raphy has been conducted by G. D. Yeliseyeva and other
investigators. The sensitivity of the electrophoretic method can be il-
luatrated on the example of the separation of the isotopes Na 22 and
Na from each other.
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CPYRGHT
"Distribution chromatography in columns, particularly the so-called
gas-liquid chromatography, has been applied on an extensive scale lately
in the technology of the separation of gas mixtures. An inert material,
for instance, silica gel, is used ordinarily as a carrier when this method
is applied. A stationary solvent consisting of a liquid with a high boi.l-
ing point or even a low-melting hydrocarbon is deposited on this carrier;
the process is conducted at a relatively high temperature.
"Precipitation chromatography, which was used a short time ago suc-
cessfully by K. 'LA. 0l'shanova for analytical reactions in the laboratory,
is being introdreed into the industry. In this type of procedure the
chromatographic one is formed in the column as a result of the formation
of a difficultly soluble precipitate on an impregnated adsorbent. This
method is being applL.i for the thorough purification on an industrial
scale of some salts from impurities consisting of heavy metals. Because
of its simplicity, this method is preferabl;; to the commonly used chemi-
cal methods of purification and appears promising as far as applications
in the nonferrous metal industry are concerned. Of great interest is the
work by A. M. Gurvich and T. B. Gapon on the purification of salts used
in the preparation of luminophores.
"Finally, one must mention the type of column chromatography which
involves the formation of complexes. This type of chromatography comprises
the application of a complex-forming eluant which makes it possible to
wash out successively at different values of the pR components that have
been adsorbed in the upper part of the charge; the order in which the
components are washed out depends on the dissociation constants of the
complexes that are formed. This method is being used successfully in
the industrial separation of rare-?2arth elements (M. M. Senyavin, D. I.
Ryabchikov, and others), the laboratory analyr;.s of products of the fis-
sion of uranium, the identification of artificial transuranium elements,
etc.
"The directions along which the chromatographic method develops
have i:t:come stabilized luring the 50 years of the existence of chromato-
graphy. Although the USSR is in the forefront of world science as far
as theory and laboratory research are concerned, we lag considerably
with respect to the introduction into the industry of our own discoveries
and achievements. L:tck of publicity on behalf of the chromatographic
method and shortcomings as far as coordination of work in this field is
concerned, which existed during the early period of the development of
chromatography, can no longer be regarded as an objective cause of back-
wardness in this field. The present obstacles to the introduction of
chromatography consist of a weakness of the material base, insufficient
interest evinced by industrial organizations, lack of adaptability on the
part of the commercial organization which supplies adsorbents, reagents,
and equipment, and absence of a designing bureau which would plan indus-
trial installations on a high scientific level under application of modern
methods of automatic control.
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CPYRGHT
"These diffi.c:u.1ties , which in the majority of cases are temporary
and of a departmental. origin, can be overcome by the mutual efforts of
scientists and engineers r;o that tin extensive chromatographic technoloMr
will develop in the 'USSR, where this method was discovered."
11. Classification of Chromatogra2hic Procedures
"On the Nature of the Chromatographic Method," by S. G. Mokru-
shin, Ural Polytechnic Institute imeni S. M. Kirov (Sverdlovsk);
,Moscow, Ko11oidnr Zhur, nal, Vol 19, Nov-Dec 57, pp 759-760
The chromatographic method is based on relative movement with refer-
ence to each ether of phases consisting of the adsorbent on the one hand
and of the liquid or gaseous mixture on the other hand. In the classical
Tsvet method the li4uld or gaseous mixture flows through a solid adsor-
bent, but in the inverted method, on the contrary, it is the dispersed
adsorbent that moves (rises or settles) through a liquid or gaseous mix-
ture. All chromatographic procedures accordingly may be divided into
two groups: procedures in which the flow method (classical Tsvet method)
is applied and procedures in which the sedimentation or rising adsorbent
method (inverted Tsvet method) is applied.
It follows from this that the following variants of chromatographic
separation should be added to those generally recognized: suspension,
emulsion, and foam chromatography. In suspension chromatography particles
of a finely dispersed solid adsorbent move in a fixed direction (e.g.,
settle) through an immobile layer of liquid or gas. Suspension chromato-
graphy has been applied by Shveykina and S. G. Mokrushin for the separa-
tion of ferric chloride, copper nitrate, and cobalt nitrate dissolved in
water by letting aluminum oxide settle in a tube containing the'solution.
In emulsion chromatography droplets of liquid which rise through a
solution serve as an adsorbent. This type of procedure has not yet been
investigated adegniately,
In foam chromatography small bubbles of air rise through a layer of
liquid. The term foam chromatography has been suggested by A. F. Yermo-
lenko. Separation of surface-active substances from solutions with the
aid of foam was proposed by A. V. Dumanskiy, Wo. Ostwald and A. Siehr,
and F,. Schuetz. S. G. Mok+nishin proposed that colloids be separated by
this method.
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12. Transportable Installation for Desaltiigr, of Water
P-redvizrinaya Opreonitel'naya Uatanovka VNIIGb (The Transport-
able VNIIGS Installation for the Desalting of Water), by A. S.
Moioeyev and I. V. Vol'f, Information on Scientific Research
Work, Institute of Technicoeeonomie Information, Academy of
Sciences USSR, Subject 25, No 1-56-71, Moscow, 1956, 16 pp
The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Hydraulic Engineering
and Sanitary-Engineering Works (VNIIGS), Ministry of Construction USSR,
has conducted research can the desalting of saline and bitter waters (with
a salt content up to 7 grams per liter by ion-exchange procedures for
the purpose of making the water drinkable. As a result of the work which
has been done, a transportable installation of small capacity has been
developed which is suitable for the treatment of water to be used for
drinking and technical purposes.
The installation consists of a duraluminum stand and housing (or a
stand and housing made of some other material). Six filter tubes 700 mm
high and 80 mm in diameter are arranged in parallel in the housing, which
forms the bottom part of the assembly. They are connected in series dur-
ing filtration, which proceeds by hydrostatic pressure flow. The filter
tubes, which are made of glass or a transparent plastic, are filled with
the following materials: sand (one tube), cation-exchange resin (3 tubes),
anion-exchange resin (one tube), and activated carbon (one tube). The
housing containing the filters has the dimensions 0.8 x 0.75 x 0.4 meters.
The dismountable stand or rigging, which projects above the filter housing
and supports vats for the water to be treated, treated water, and solutions
for the regeneration of the ion-exchange filters, has a height of 2.1
meters above the ground without the vats and of 2.5 meters with the vats.
The total weight of the installation including the vats comprises 100 kg;
the weight of the housing containing the filters charged with air-dry
filtration materials comprises 50-55 kg. The installation can be trans-
ported by motor vehicle or plane.
The cation-exchange resin KU-L [a product obtained by the condensa-
tion of phenol sulfonic acid with phenol and formaldehyde] and the anion-
exchange resin EDE-10 [a product of the condensation of polyethylenepola-
mine with epichloroYydrin] are used. The amount of desalted water obtained
by treatment in the installation is shown in the following table (of.
Table 2, p 11):
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CPYRGHT
Output, of Dcuc.ui:ed Water Depending on the Initial Salt Content
Initial Salt Content
Output During 24 Hours of Desalted
Water in Liters
Miligrar-
Total Quantity Less
Grams
Equivalents
Total
Quantity Used for the
per Liter
per Liter
Quantity
Installation
3
50
615
574
14,5
75
525
446
6.o
100
480
372
10.0
165
360
216
Any degree of desalting can be obtained by treating the water with
ion-exchange resins. In experiments on the treatment of saline water
conducted in the central part of the Kara-Kum desert, it was found that
when filtration is stopped after the passage of 45 liters of filtrate
per cycle through the installation, water is obtained which is almost de-
void of cations. However it is not desirable to desalt water to this
extent, because it becomes ta2teless, so that filtration is continued
until 65-70 liters of filtered water per cycle has been obtained. Ordi-
narily, filtration at transportable VNIIGS installations is continued
until the acidic reaction of the H-cationized water toward methyl orange
ceases, i.e.. up to the point of complete passage of the salt through the
cationite filters. When filtration has been continued to'this point,
water results which has a content of approximately one gram of salts per
liter. This salt content corresponds to the GOST 2761-41 and 2874-54
standards for drinkable water.
The cationite is regenerated with a 5% solution of hydfiochloric acid
and the anionite with a '+% solution of sodium hydroxide (or a 5% solution
of calcined soda).
When cationite KU-2 [a sulfonated styrene -diolefin copolymer] is
used instead of the cationite KU-l, the er.'ficiency of the VNIIGS installa-
tion is increased by a factor of approximately two. By using the cation-
ite KU-2 and the anionite EDE-10, Caspian eea water could be desalted in
a VNIIGS installation with a yield of 8-9 volumes of desalted water per
volume of the ion-exchange resin charge. After the treatment, this water
had a content of solids amounting to 840 milligrams per litter at 180 as
compared with an original content of 13,400 milligrams per liter. The
original hardness of 215? was reduced to 8? by the treatment.
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[SIR Note: Although the desalting of saline waters and sea water
on it large scale by filtration through ion-exchange resins is not con-
sidered economical and efficient in the USSR (cf. F. G. ProkhorSv, "Prin-
cipal Schemes of the Chemical Demineralization of Water and Regi mss of
Their Application " Teploenergetika, Vol It, No 10, October 1957, pp 3-9)
and the method of electrodialysis with ion-exchange diaphragms in pre-
ferred, desalting by the filtration method in transportable installations
would obviously be expedient wherever electric power is not available and
drinking water is required (i.e., in deserts under emergency conditions
at sea, in and regions on the seashore, etc). Ion-exchange filters also
ought to prove useful for the decontamination of water from radioactive
substances.]
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13. Hungarians Develo
Methane
p Industrial Procedures For the Conversion of
"Rumanian-Hungarian Joint Pilot Plant at Buciumeni," by Pal
Benedek, Budapest, Flet es Tudomany, No 34, 25 Aug 57, pp
1059.-1062
The Hungarian Petroleum and Natural Gas Experimental Institute
(Magyar Asvanyola,j os Foldgaz Kiserleti Intezet), Veazprem, has
developed chemical procedures for obtaining acetylene from methane and
for converting acetylene into acetone. The essence of the processes
is an follows:
Analysis has shown that when the proper mixture of methane and oxygen
is burned in a tube, a certain narrow section of the flame contains a
considerable quantity of acetylene. Therefore, a system has been evolved
whereby the flame is cut off by a spray of atomized water at the point
at which it contains the greatest amount of acetylene. The sudden re-
duction in temperature keeps the acetylene from decomposing. Through the
selections of a proper mixture of oxygen L;n$ methane and the establishment
of the correct ratio between exothermic and endothermic conversion, a
maximum amount of acetylene can be produced.
The cold gas resulting from the partial combustion of methane, as
discussed above, contains hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and
unconverted methane, as well as acetylene. Usually the practice is to
separate the synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen)
from the acetylene at this point before converting the acetylene to ace-
tone. However, the Hungarian procedure consists of passing the entire
foregoing mixture of gases plus steam through a reactor containing zinc
oxide in tablet form which acts as a catalyst. During this process, the
acetylene is converted into acetone at a temperature of 400-500 C while
the synthesis gas remains unchanged. Subsequently, the acetone is washed
out of the synthesis gas. The practice of putting the entire mixture
through the reactor without first separating the acetylene from the syn-
thesis gar eliminates an entire step.
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The processes described above are now being tested at the Rumanian-
Hungarian Joint Pilot Plant (Roman-Magyar Kozos Kiserleti Uzem), Buciumeni,
Rumania. The units built for carrying out these processes at Buciumeni
are scaled for full plant production, but are temporarily being used for
experimental purposes. These installations are actually prototypes.
Hungary will utilize the experience gained at the pilot plant in
processing Rumanian methane at the Tisza Region Chemical Combine(Tiszavi-
deki Vegyi Kombinat). Rumania plans to enlarge the pilot plant and
begin full-scale production.
[SIR Note: According to the description given, the method used for
the conversion of the methane-oxygen mixture to acetylene appears to be
essentially the same as that applied at the Oppau plant of the I. G.
Farbenindustrie during World War II.]
14. Hungarians0eveloping New Oil Refining Process
"Experiments at Budapest Technical University," by Z. L.; Budapest,
Muszaki Elet, 12 Dec 57, p 10
The Department of Chemical Technology, Budapest Technical University,
in cooperation with the High Pressure Research Institute (Nagynyomasu
Kiserleti Intezet) is evolving a process for extracting asphalt from petro-
leum before the petroleum is subjected to hydrocracking.
Assistant Professor Miklos Szabo of the same department is attempting
to produce a highly effective domestic carbon catalyst to be used in the
process mentioned above. These experiments are of long-range significance
and will apply when hydrocracking is generally adopted in Hungary. As-
sistant Professor Laszlo Akkermann of Budapest Technical University is
in charge of the experiments.
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Inorganic Chemistry
15. Determination of Traces of Low-Melting Metals in Refractory Alloys
"Application of Coprecipitation for Obtaining in the Analysis
of Alloys Concentrates of Cd, Pb, Bi, and Zn That Are Analyz-
able," by A. K. Babko and P. V. Marchenko, Institute of General
and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, Mos-
cow, Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 23, No 11, Nov 57, pp 1278-
1283
Procedures have been developed for the preparation of analyzable
concentrates of zinc, cadmium, bismuth, and lead when these metals are
present as minute impurities (in quantities as low as 10-4%) in refrac-
tory molybdenum-nickel and tungsten-nickel alloys. The impurities are
coprecipitated as sulfides. To bring about complete precipitation of
Pb, Cd, and Bi when large quantities of the principal components are
present, pyridine (which acts as a complex-forming agent) and thioaceta-
mide (which precipitates sulfides as a result of the formation of hydrogen
sulfide from it, but acts much more slowly than gaseous hydrogen) were
used.
(For additional information on inorganic chemistry, see Item No 36.]
Insecticides
16. Antidotes for Organophosphorus Insecticides
"Scientific Conference on Hygiene and Toxicology of Insectofungi-
cides," by 0. A. Aleshina, Moscow. Vestnik Sel'skokhozyaystvennoy
Nauki, No 9, 1957) pp 154
At a conference on insecticides held at Kiev, 25-29 June 1957, the
health of workers connected with the production and use of poisonous chemi-
cal was discussed. Therapeutic methods were developed for use in cases
of intoxication of individual chemicals using such therapeutic agents as
unitol and pentaphen. For eliminating the toxic action of organophosphorus
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insecticides on the surface of the skin, good results were obtained using
either a 3-5% aqueous ammonia solution, a 2-5% solution of chloramine,
or a suspension of chlorate of lime.
17. Aerosol Generators
"The Fight Against Blood-Sucking Insects," by N. A. Shibayev;
Moscow, Fel'dsher i Akusherka, No 2, Feb 58, p 48-49
In the summer of 1957, DDT and hexachlorane were sprayed by an AG-L6
aerosol generator on 50 Pioneer camps, 7 sovkhozes, b rest homes, 4 sani-
tariums, and 17 hospitals in the Moskovskaya Oblast. The AG-L6 aerosol
generator, mounted on a truck, can form a cloud in which the droplets are
no larger than one micron in diameter. In one minute, the AG-L6 aerosol
generator can spray 6 liters of insecticide which will cover 0.5 hectare
of forest area.
In addition to the AG-L6. other generators were used, for example,
a light aerosol apparatus which works on a thermopneumatic principle and
which was constructed by a group of workers of the Central Scientific
Research Disinfection Institute.
In 1955, a medical expedition set out from Moscow to Orekhovo-Zuyevo,
where they experimented with a new spraying apparatus modified for the
MI-4 helicopter. This progressive method, will increase the effectiveness
of the fight agaidst'insects by lowering the dose of insecticide which
is required to exterminate them.
18. Soviet Insecticides and Fungicides
"Chemistry in the Service of Plant Protection," by N. N. Melni-
kov; Moscow, Zashchita Rasteniy of Vrediteley i Bolezne , No 6,
Nov/Dec 57, pp 1-
After a brief discussion of the role of Soviet chemistry in agricul-
ture before and after World War II, the author says: "A short while ago
agriculture began receiving such preparations as concentrated emulsions
of anthraceneoil and phenolate of dinitroorthocreosol; at present agri-
culture is receiving a new group of very effective orgapophospborup tn?,
secticides which have both contact and systemic (intraplant) action. Of
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these compounds, the most practical for field use are thiophos (0,0-diethyl-
0,4-nitrophenylthiophosphate), mercaptophos (0)0-diethyl-2-ethylmercapto-.
ethylthiophosphate), and octamethyl (octame thyltetraamide pyrophosphoric
acid). CPYRGHT
"At the same time, work is being continued in many organophosphorous
insecticides which are lens harmful to humans and domestic vnimals than
the above-mentioned compounds. Now under investigation are methylmercapt-
ophos (0,0-dimethyl-2-eth),lmercaptoethylthiophosphate), methylethylmercap-
tophos (0-methyl-0-ethyl-2-ethylmercaptoethylthiophosphate), mathylethylth-
iophos, preparation M-81 ('),0-dimethyl-2-ethylmercaptoethyldithiophosphate),
and others.
"Methylethylthiophos has received favorable evaluations from agri-
culture and will be placed in production sometime within the next 5 years.
This preparation does not excel thiophos as an insecticide, but it is
less toxic to animals and will be 15-20% cheaper. Methylmercaptophos,
which is much less toxic to humans and animals, may replace mercaptophos
in the future.
"The chemical industry has delivered the first consignment of such
insecticides and acarasides as carbophos which, because of it3 compara-
tively low toxicity to warm-blooded animals and humans, can be utilized
in private gardens.
"An interesting insecticide for the fight against the gadfly appears
to be chlorophos. It is now being experimentally tested on tens of
thousands of cattle. Undoubtedly, this preparation will eventually be
used in the fight against punt pests."
The author also discusses the use of various mordants (mercuran,
ethylmercurochloride, the gamma isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane, tetram-
ethylthiuramdisulfide, and 2,4,5 trichlorphenylate of copper, as well
as the combination of the gamma isomer of hexachlordichlorhexane with
aldrin, dialdrin, and heptachlor) and herbicides (the sodium salts of
2,4-dichlorphenoxy acetic acid, the ammonium salts of 2,4-dichlorphenoxy
acetic acid, and the buty:,. ester of 2,4-dichlorphenoxy acetic acid).
In'iestigations, the author adds, are being continued on the esters
of 2,4-dichlorphenoxy acetic acid, sodium trichloracetate, dichioral urea,
the isopropyl esters of 3-chlorophenylcarbami.c acid, and tetrachlorbenzol.
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19. Results of Using Various Insecticides in Forest Region in Uzbek
"Effective Poisons for Forest Regions; by B. V. Romanevich,
scientific worker in the Uzbek Affiliate of the Institute of
Gardening and Wine Making; Moscow, Zashchita Rasteniy of
CPYRGHT Vrediteley i Bolezney, Jul/Aug 57, No 4, p 16
"Experiments were conducted on forest areas in Uzbek using a 30%
solution of methylethylthiophos, a 3-5% solution of thiophos and wofatoks,
and a 10-15% suspension of thiophos. Best results against catapillers
were obtained by the 3% solution of thiophos and methyletheithiophos.
Although the experiments were conducted in June and August with a maximum
temperature of 40 degrees, the insecticides retained their toxicity for
4 months and produced 100% effective results."
Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
20. Dissociation Constants of Plutonium Oxalate Complexes
"Determination by the Ion-Exchange Method of the Dissociation
Constants of Complex Compounds of Pu3+," by A. D. Gellman, N. N.
Matorina, and A. I. Moskvin; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 4,
No 1, Jan 57, pp 52-56
By using the method of ion exchange, the formation of complex Pu3+
ions in oxalate solutions was investigated in the pH range of 1.4-3.0.
It was established that in this pH range the complex ions [Pu(C204)2]-
and [Pu(HC204)41- are formed and that these ions have the dissociation
constants KH' = 7.1 X 10-10 and Kg" = 1.1 X 10-11, respectively. The
The value of the dissociation constant of the comples ion [Pu(C204)2]'
found by the ion-exchange method agrees sat'.sfactorily with that deter-
mined by the solubility method. The ion-exchange resin Ku-2 [a sulfon-
ated styrene-diolefin copolymar] was used in the a periments described.
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21. Oxidation of Plutonium Ions Under Effect of Radiation
"The Effect of Radiation on the Valency State of Plutonium in
Nitric Acid Solutions," by N. I. Popov, V. I. Medvedovskiy, and
N. A. Bakh; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 4, No 2, Feb 58, pp
151+-160
The effect of irradiation with X rays on the valency state of pluto-
nium in 0.3-2.0 M nitric acid solutions was investigated. This effect
was also investigated in 0.3 M nitric acid solution9 rr,ntaining different
amounts of U02(NO3)2 and IC2Cr207. In nitric acid solutions that do not
contain U02(NO 3)2 radiation brings about only oxidation of the plutonium.
When plutonium is oxidized in this manner, the yield of the oxidation
products drops with increased concentration of nitrate ions and increased
acidity of the solution. It is assumed that oxidation takes place as a
result of the action of OH radicals. When U02(NO3)2 is prevent, reduc-
tion of the plutonium may occur under definite conditionp,. This reduction
is apparently brought about by U02+ ions rather than atomic hydrogen.
Although potassium bichromate has the effect of accelerating the radiation-
chemical oxidation of plutonium, its presence under certa44n conditions
does not prevent reduction of this element.
22. Oxalate Complexes of Plutonium
"Polarographic Investigation of Complex Plutonium 0xal4tes,"
by V. V. Fomin, S. P. Vorob'yev, and M. A. Andreyeva; Moscow,
Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 4, No 1, Jan 58, pp 57-62
The composition and stability of complex ions of trivalent and
quadrivalent plutonium in oxalate solutions was investigated polarographi-
c ally.
It was established that the complex ions Pu(C2O4)4-4 (predominantly)
and Pu(C204)4 (to a lesser extent) are formed in potassium oxalate solu-
ti,msetPH = 3.5-6. Under these conditions Pu4+ yields a well-expressed
reaction wave which is suitable for the quantitative polarographic de-
termination of plutonium. The redox potential of this reaction in one
M potassium oxalate equals - 0.205 volt with reference to a standard cal-
omel electrode at 250. At pH = 6-8 two Pu4+ complexes are present
simultaneously in the solution.
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On the basis of data in regard to the solubili y of Pu(C204)3, the
dissociation constants of the complex ions Pu(C204)3 and Pu(C20 ~+)r,-
3
were found to be equal to 2.4 n 10-12 and 2.2 X 10-11, respectively. On
the bass of polarographic data, the dissociation constant of the ion
Pu(C204)4- was found to be equal to 3.3 X 10-28,
Method for Spectrochemical Determination of Small Quantities of
M .J II Uranium in Minerals and Ores
"Spectrochemical Determination of Small Quantities of Uranium
in Natural Objects," by T. M. Moroshkina, V. K. I'rokof'yev, and
M. N. Smirnova, Leningrad State University; Moscow Zavodskaya
Laboratoriya, Vol 23, No 11, Nov 57, pp 1324-1327
A spectrochemical method is described by which uranium that is pre-
sent in ores and minerals is concentrationsof 10-4 - 10-3% can be deter-
mined with a precision of ? 6%.
24. Review of Work on Analytical Chemist of Beryllium
"The Present Status of the Analytical Chemistry of Beryllium)"
by V. G. Goryushina; Moscow, Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 23,
No 11, Nov 57, pp 1300-1307
Progress of work on the gravimetric, volumetric, and colorimetric
analysis of beryllium is reviewed in considerable detail with particular
attention to USSR research and practices. A bibliography consisting of
33 USSR references and 53 non-USSR references is appended. The use of
complex-forming compounds (chelating agents) is stressed. The article
in concluded with the statement that methods of physical analysis (emis-
sion spectroscopy and radioactivation analysis) are acquiring increased
importance in the analytical chemistry of beryllium.
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25. 5 ectrochemical Determination of Impurities in Beryllium
The Spectral Analysis of Beryllium," by P. M. Polyakov, A. K.
Rucanov, and I. M. Blokh, Moscow, Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol
23, No 11, N~,v 57, Pp 1320-1323
Spectroanalytical methods for the semiquantitative and quantitative
determination of impurities in beryllium are described which were devel-
oped in 1948-1951 and are now being applied extensively at laboratories
and plants for the control of the production of beryllium and its compounds.
26. Method for Spectrcanal,?rtical Determination of Boron in Ores and
Minerals
"Spectral Semiquantitative Determination of Boron in Ores and
Minerals," by B. M. Maslennikov and V. L. Romanova, State .
Scientific Research Institute of Mineral Chemical Raw Materials;
Moscow, Zavrodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 23,, No 11, Nov 57, pp
1327-1326
The methods for the spectroanalytical determination of boron which
were applied hitherto could not be used in the case of carbonate and sili-
cate r-jcks or tourmalines. A procedure has been developed by means of
which bon can be determined in these materials down to a content of
0.001% of B with an arc current of 5 amperes and down to 0.0001%,of B
with a current of 8 amperes.
27. Procedure for Determination of Tantalum in Zirconium and Niobium
"Analysis of Pure Metals; Determination of Tantalum Present in
Zirconium and Niobium," by V. A. Nazarenko and M. B. Shustova;
Moscow, Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 23, No 11, Nov 57, pp
1283-129-
It was established that derivatives of 2,3,7-trioxy-6-fluorone are
sensitive reagents for the determination of tantalum present in zirconium
and niobium. Quantitative methods for the determination of titanium with
the aid of reagents of this type are described.
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28. Procedure for Lpectrochemical Determination of Small Quantities of
"Spectrochemical Determination of Small Quantities of Niobium
in Ores and in Products of Their Treatment," by V. V. Nedler,
Nigrizoloto Institute; Moscow, Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 23,
No 11, Nov 57, pp 1336.1337
A procedure for the spectrophotometric determination of niobium is
described in which the sample is introduced into the arc by a special
method which eliminates the shortcomings connected with the blowing of
samples into the arc with a stream of air. Before analysis the samples
are subjected to a chemical treatment which ensures uniformity.
29. Process for Sinterin-of Niobium Powder
"Investigation of the Process of Sintering Niobium Powder," by
0. P. Kolchin and N. P. Chuveleva; Moscow, Tsvetnyye Metally,
Vol 30, No 12, Dec 57, pp 65-70
Because of the advantageous characteristics possessed by it, niobium
can be applied in metallurgy (for the production of refractory and other
alloys), in the chemical industry (as a material for corrosion-proof
equipment), in electronics, and in the nuclear energy industry (as a con-
struction material).
The production of pure ductile niobium has certain difficulties
because of the high melting point of this metal (2,4700) and its consider-
able reactivity at elevated temperatures. One of the methods by which
pure ductile niobium can be prepared is pressing of niobium powder into
rods followed by sintering. The method of sintering must be Much that
a high density of the metal is achieved and the pores are closed; other-
wise cavities may form as a result of the pressure exerted by gases and
vapors of impurities contained in the metal. The process of sintering
has been investigated in detail and the conditions which affect it studied.
On the basis of the results obtained, single-stage sintering in vacuum
is recommended as distinguished from the two-stage sintering advocated
by W. G. O'Driscoll and G. L. Miller, Journal of the Institute of Metals,
Vol 85 (8), April 1957, pp 379-384, and L. R. Williams, Journal of the
? Institute of Metals, Vol 85 (8), April 1957, pp 385-392-
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30. Constitution Diagram of Zr-Tu-Nb System
"Investigates:m of the Zirconium Corner of the Zr-Ta-Nb Consti-
tution Diagram," by V. S. Yemel'yanov, Yu. G. Godin, and A. I.
Yevstyukhin; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 4, No 2, Feb 58,
pp 161-168
By using the methods of metallographic and thermal analysis and meas-
uring the electric resistance, the zirconium corner of the ternary system
Zr-Ta-Nb was investigated up to a content of 82% of zirconium and to the
temperature of 1,200?. This system. exhibits a limited solubility of
tantalum and niobium in alpha-zirconium (the gamma-phase), limited solu-
bility of tantalum and complete solubility of niobium in beta-zirconium
with an eutectoid breakdown of the beta solid solution, and a three-phase
eutectoid equilibrium 6 = dk + P between alpha- and beta-zirconium.
It was established that in the part of the ternary Zr-Ta-Nb constitution
diagram subjected to investigation there are the following phase regions:
(a) two single-phase regions Ol and g ; (b) three two-phase regions
+ P , +- X , and in + 'f ; and (c) one three-phase region
-x + (' + 7' . When the temperature is reduced in the region below
1,2000, the beta-region narrows down.
The solubility of tantalum and niobium in alpha;ziroonium in the
system Zr-Ta-Nb comprises about 0.5%. In the direction from Zr-Ta to
Zr-Nb the regions oc t 9 and 0 + _' are displaced toward lower
temperatures and higher concentrations of niobium; the boundaries of the
regions d + 0 and r! + P t e' drop from 790? for Zr-Ta to 6120
for Zr-Nb. Between the regions 0( + 9 and 1 t-?l passes a binary
eutectoid.line, which is displaced in the direction from Zr-Ta to Zr-Nb
toward lower temperatures and higher concentrations of niobium. The
solubility of niobium in alpha-ziconium in the system Zr-Nb amounts to
approximately 0.5% by weight. The eutectoid breakdown in the system
Zr-Nb takes place at 612 = 13?. Addition of niobium to alloys of the
system Zr-Ta displaces the maximum of a transformation of the martensite
type to the left and leads to increased stability of the beta-phase at
room temperature in quenched alloys.
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31. Iodide Method of Purifying Zirconium
"Concerning the Iodide Method of Purifying Zirconium," by K. D.
Sinel'nikov, F. 1. Busol, and G. I. Stepanova; Moscow Atomnaa
Energiya, Vol 4, No 2, Feb 53, pp 169-1711
A method is proposed for the determination of the equilibrium con-?
stants k and k' of the reactions Zr + 2 12 - ZrI4= 0 and 2 I - I2-4 0 which
is based on determination of the quantities of zirconium or iodine formed
at a heated surface during the process of the development of the equilib-
rium. The decomposition of the teraiodide was carried out on a tungsten
filament at 900-1,6000. The temperature gradient between the filament
and the walls of the vessel was not considered.
The dependence of the sum of the pressure of atomic and molecular
iodine pI + PI on the zirconium tetraiodide pressure p at 1,11.300
2 Zr14
and on the temperature was determined at pZrl 50 mm Hg- On the basis
of the results that were obtained, it was found that kki2 35 (mm Hg) 3
at 1,11.300 and the k c % 0.07 mm Hg at 11.000. These values differ consider-
ably from those calculated on the basis of known thermodynamic data and
assure good agreement with experimental data of the formulas developed
by the authors of the article earlier (cf. G. I. Stepanova and F. I.
Busol, Atomna a Energiya, Vol 3, No 10, October 1957, p 341+).
32. Chemical. Processing of Uranium-Bearing Rock in Hungary
"Chemical Processing of Uranium-Bearing Rock," by Elek Szabo,
Candidate of Technical Sc',ences, Department of Chemistry of
the Experimental Atomic Reactor, Central Physics Research In-
stitute; Budapest, Energia es Atomtechnika, No 11-12, Nov-
Dec 57, pp 592-597
The author describes the methods used in the-chemical processing of
uranium ores: acidic and alkaline digestion of the rock; and further
processing of the resulting solutions by precipitation, ion-exchange,
and extraction.
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Organic Chemistry
33. Diphenyldithiophosphoric Acid and Its Salts Synthesized
"Dialkyl and Diaryldithio,phosphoric Acids as Analytical Reagents.
Communication 2. Concerning Diphenyldithiophosphoric Acid
and Certain of Its Salts," by A. I. Busev, M. I. Ivanyutin,
and M. F. Turchinakiy, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Moscow
State University, Moscow, Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta,
No 2, 1957, pp 177-182
Diphenyldithiophosphoric acid was synthesized from phenol and penta-
valent phosphorus. The impure acid can be stored in a closed can for a
rather long period of time without decomposition. It is readily soluble
in water and most organic solvents. The aqueous solutions are completely
stable and behave as strong acids causing the same type of burns as strong
mineral acids. The pyridine and five metal salts of the acid were also
prepared and their structure determined analytically.
34. Intermediate Product in Arbuzov Rearrangement Studied
"Studying the Interaction of Esters of Phosphorous Acid with
Alkyl Halides by Methods of Physicochemical Analysis," by Acad-
emician B. A. Arbuzov and A. V. Fuzhenkova, Kazan State Univer-
sity, Moscow, Doklady Ai'ademii Nauk SSR, Vol 113, No 6, 21 Apr
CPYRG 11' pp 1269-1271
"Th: mechanism of Arbuzo''s rearrangement has served as a subject
for investigation for over 50 yeas;. A. Ye. ArbuL2v [1] [refers to
appended ' bibliography] believes that the rearrangex:nt of phosphites
into esters of alkylphosphonic acids consists of a two-stage process
with the formation of an intermediate product of the phosphonium type.
He was able to prove the existence of such a mechanism experimentally
for the case of aromatic phosphites. The idea exists that for the case
of aliphatic phosphites, the intermediate product immediatly decomposes
and as such is incapable of existing [2]. A number of investigators,
however, believe that the rearrangement can take place by an ionic mecha-
nism without the formation of an intermediate addition product of alkyl
halide to phosphite [3, 4].
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CPYRGHT
"In the present report, we present data obtained from investigating
Arbuzov's rearrangement using methods of physicochemical analysis. The
basic purpose of the investigation was to clarify the possibility of
using composition-property diagrams for studying the question of the
formation of an intermediate product during the rearrangement of aliphatic
phosphites into esters of phosphonic acids.
"We studied the interaction of triethylphosphite with ethyl iodide
ethyl bromide, and dibromodiethyl ether, as well as triphenyl phosphite
with methyl and ethyl iodide at various temperatures. The constants were
measured at 200 after preliminary heating in thermostats at the given
temperature. The measuring temperature of 200 was selected because of
the volatility of one of the components.
"Figures 1 and 2 (below) contain data on measuring the constants
for composition-property diagrams for the system triethyl phosphite -
ethyl iodide at various temperatures.
"The refractive index and density curves diverge near the composition
axis, and therefore do not represent chemical interaction.
"The isotherms for specific conductance K , spontaneous compression
DH, and, especially, the viscosity )) attest to the interaction of the
components. A shift to the left in the maximum for the isotherms
DH, X with increasing temperature is characteristic.
"The above isotherms, reflecting the chemical behavior between the
components, does not make it possible to make a conclusion regarding
the absence or the formation of an intermediate product. Apparently,
the composition of the system is more complex, and the intermediate prod-
uct, if it does form, partially decomposes to an alkyl halide and an
ester of phosphonic acid.
"The results of investigating the system triethylphosphite - alpha,
beta -dibromodiethyl ether present significant interest. According to
V. S. Abramov's [5] data, the interaction of components in this system
begins at room temperature and leads to the formation of an intermediate
product of Arbuzov's rearrangement.
"As seen in Figures 3 and 4+, the isotherms, 20 and d20, as in the
case of ethyl iodide, diverge near the composition axis, but the leaning
from the additive linear is significantly less here, especially for the
density isotherm where the bulging is insignificant.
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"The specific vo.Lume isotherm A vsp and the spontaneous; compression,
isotherm Difoalculated by Dyron'u method distinctly indicate a compression
maximum for zv. mixture of a 7.:1 composition. The viscosity isotherm is
distinguished by certain characteristics in its form. Its S-shape together
with the precence of an inflection point of a singular type at the 1:1
component ratio attests not only to the interaction of the components,
but also to the a,ssoc 1.ation of one of the components, apparently the
alpha, beta -dibromodiethyl ether.
"Thus, data from composition-property diagrams of the system triethyl
phosphite-alpha, beta-dibromodiethyl ether corfirm the presence of chemi-
cal interaction in the system and in conjuntion with V. S, Abramov's
(5] data serve as a proof for the formation of an intermediate addition
product in the rearrangement process of triethyl phosphite into an ester
of ethoxybrozpnphosphonic acid.
"That the composition-prcperty diagrams reflect the formation of
an intermediate product in this case and not an end product of rearrange-
ment is supported by the departure of the viscosity of the system from
additivity, which for equimolecular mixtures is two times greater than
the departure for the mixture triethyl phosphite,.ethyl iodide in a 1:1
ratio after heating at 500.
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CPYRGHT
Figure 1
29
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CPYRGHT
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CPYRGHT
Figure 4
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CPYRGHT
"Bibliography"
"1. A. Ye, Arbuzov, On the Structure of Phosphorous Acid and Its
Derivatives, Dissertation, 1905.
"2. G. M. Kosolapoff, Organophosphorus Compounds, N. Y., 1950, p 122.
"3. P. Rumpf, Bull. Soc. Chim., No 3-4, 128c (1951).
"4. B. E. Smith, A. Burger, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol 75, 5891 (1953).
"5. V. S. Abramovt G. Karp DAN, Vol 91, 1090 (1953); Zhur Obshch
Khim, Vol 24, 1823 (195+)."
Radiochemistry
35,. USSR Papers Presented at UNESCO International Conference on Appli-
cation of Radioactive Isotopes
"Application of Radioactive Isotopes in Scientific Research,"
by P. Savitskiy, E. Finkel', V. Serenko, and N. Bulatova; Mos-
cow, Atomnaya Ener ,iya. Vol 4. No 1, Jan 58, pp 92-96
An international conference on the application of radioactive iso-
topes in scientific research was held under the auspices of UNESC0,,9-20
September 1957 at Paris.
Forty-nine USSR papers were presented at this' conference. Thirty-
eight papers were given by French scientists, 31 papers by US scientists,
and 29 papers by British scientists. The total number of papers pre-
sented at the conference was 206.
In the section of physical sciences, reports were given on the pro-
duction of isotopes, dosimetry, the production and use of powerful sources
of gamma radiation, the application of isotopes in metal physics, the
science of metals, metallurgy, chemical research, geophysics, etc.
The following reports on work by USSR scientists were given in the
section of physical sciences:
M. S. Petrova, K. G. Shvebel'blit, D. M. Ziv, and others reported
on new and original methods for the production of sources of alpha, beta,
and gamma radiation by utilizing the high adsorptive capacity of alumi-
num oxide films and introducing radioisotopes of strontiiz% and other
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ei merrtr; into en.:LuJo1.o that are applied to samples. The methods in ques-
tion tats;;r? it poe:c.3.lble to produce sources of different shape which are
reliable in operation and exhibit minimum losses as far as self-adsorption
of radiation is concerned.
The oxtruc,tion of Cs137 from solutions of fission products was
discussed in a paper by V. I. Spitsyn (USSR) and also in a report by
L)adington (England). While in England Cs137 is precipitated in the form
of its sulfate with phosphotungstic acid, this isotope is concentrated
in the USSR in the form of its chloride by the ferrocyanide method. By
using the latter method, a Cs137 source with an activity of 1,000 curies
was obtained.
Great interest was shown in a report presented by A. Kh. Breger,
V. L. Karpov, V. A. Belynskiy, and others in regard to the construction
in the USSR of a powerful gamma installation with a Co60 source that
has an activity equal to 21,003 gram equivalents of radium. This in-
stallation is designed for radiation-chemical investigations and has
a chamber with a volume o one cubic meter. The intensity of the doses
achieved can be as high as 1,000 roentgens per second. The installation
in question is the most powerful of all known to be in existence.
In the fields of metal physics, metallurgy, the science of metals,
thermophysics, research on the mechanism and kinetics of chemical reac-
tions and plant metabolism, the greatest number of papers was presented
by USSR participants in the conference.
The application of radioactive isotopes for the solution of some
problems of the theory of diffusion in metals made it possible to es-
tablish a number of general relationships. For instance, it has been
possible tc measure the thermodynamic and diffusion characteristics of
solid solutions, to investigate the coefficient of self-diffusion of
dissolved sliver at positive and negative deviations from Raoul's law,
and to investigate diffusion in heterogeneous systems (A. A. Zhukhovit-
.;kiy, M. Ye. Yanitskaya, and A. D. Sotskov).
Investigation of the mobility of atoms and, of the interactions be-
t~;een atoms in alloys by the method of radioactive tracers made it possible
to explain a number of phenomena pertaining to the physical and chemical
behavior of iron and nickel alloys. Thus, it has been shown that the
structural factor has on effect on the diffusion of carbon in iron-nickel
"alloys (.P. L. Gruzin and others).
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Investigations by the autoradlography method of the effects which
the composition and the structure of-metals have on the diffusion of
components along grain boundaries established that small additions of
various elements may significantly change the rate of diffusion along
the grain boundaries; the rate of intercrystalline diffusion increases
with the size of the, grains. It was furthermore established that there
is a corrglation between the process of recrystallization and the local
type of diffusion as well as some other conditions (S.,.Z. Bokshteyn,
S. T. Kishkin,'and L. Mo Moroz).
Deserved praise was given to a paper on electric transfer in solid
solutions. In the investigation in question the radioisotopes C14, Fe59,
Cr51, Mo99, and W185 were used. The method that has been developed makes
it possible to determine the velocity and direction of the transfer of
individual components of binary alloys under the effect'of.d direct cur-
rent at different temperatures. New data have been found concerning the
interaction between atoms in alloys (I. N. Frantsevich).
Of great practical and scientific importance is.research that has
been done on the solubility of nonvolatile'substances in high-pressure
steam. The use. of radioisotopes made it possible',:to, detect very small,
concentrations of dissolved substances (down to lb,-5.: jMilligrams per kilo
gram). The investigation was conducted in an'extensive range of tempera-
tures and p"esstires (M. A. Styrikovich).
Great interest was elicited by a report on,the;action of cubstancep
modifying flotation, and a lively discussion, followed the presentation
of the report., The work described was dome- with -the~!,use,"of the isotopes
S35, C14, P32, Cu', Fe59, Zn65, and Ca45. It was established that the
nature of the interaction between flotation reagents and minerals differs
and that only a partial activation of the surface (amounting to 20-40% of
a monolayer) is required for the efficient flotation of minerals (0. S.
Bogdanov, V. R. Kheynman, N. A. Yanis, and A. K. Podpek).
Two papers dealing with the action of nuclear radiation on semi-
conductors were very well received. One of them discussed defects in
the structure of uingle crystals of germanium which arise under the action
of beta particles and of fast 'neutrons (V. S. Vavilov,. L. S. Smirnov,
A. V. Spitsyn, V. M. Patskevich, and M. V. Chukichev). The other dealt
with the action of beta particles on crystals of germanium and silicon
U. S. Vavilov, L. S. Smirnov, and V. M. Patskevich).
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Of interest from the practical standpoint is work on the measure-
merit of the relative mobility of cations in mixtures of molten oxide
U. I. Malkin and L. A. Shvartsman), on the thermodynamics of metallur-
gical reactions (L. A. Shvartsman), and on processes of the migration
of ions of the principal components and ions of impurities in crystals
of silver, alkali metal, and alkaline earth metal salts (A. N. Muria).
Also of practical interest is work on the movement of materials com-
posing the charge in blast furnaces. According to a paper presented at
the conference by French investigators, the ore is tagged by moistening
it with aqueous solutions of radioisotopes: this is different from the
method used in the USSR. Of great importance for the selection of the
conditions under which various materials should be dried are results of
the investigation of phase transformations and of the movement of moisture
within capillary-porous and colloidal materials. Work on this subject
has been reported by A. I. Veynik.
Of both theoretical and practical importance is work on the investi-
gation of the order in which intermediate products are formed during the
oxidation of hydrocarbons (A. V. Nalbandyan, M. B. Neyman, and N. M.
Emanuel') and also on the exchange of sulfur isotopes and the mechanism
of reactions undergone by sulfur compounds (A. I. Brodskiy and G. P.
Miklukhin).
Among papers in the field of analytical chemistry, one may mention
the following:
An investigation on the use of radioactive isotopes in spectral
analysis was of interest (Ye. Ye. Vaynshteyn, L. I. Pavlenko, and Yu. I.
Belyayev).
Of great interest was a report on the application of organic reagents
acting as coprecipitants in the separation of minute quantities of admix-
tures. This method is of very great importance in connection with the
development of methods for the control of the purity of semiconductors,
alloys, and other materials. The method proposed in the report makes
it possible to determine quantities of substance as low as 10-10 grams
per liter of solution (V. I. Kuznetsov).
At three meetings on the application of radioisotopes in physical
chemistry, the following papers were presented. A paper by A. A. Balandin
and others dealt with an application of the kinetic isotope method in an
investigation of the mechanism of catalytic dehydrogenation of butane to
butadiene.
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A paper by S. Z. Roginskiy discussed problems of catalysis and re-
ported results of an investigation on the mechanism of catalytic proc-
esses. The data obtained explain these processes and indicate that it
is necessary to review the current ideas on the mechanism of a number of
phenomena involved in catalysis. The paper in question reported the
results of the application of isotopes in the investigation of the struc-
ture of the surface of solid catalysts.
New data on the application of isotopes in the investigation of the
structure and properties of heteropolycompounds were presented-in a paper
given by V. I. Spitsyn.
Among papers on the dosimetry of ionizing radiation,. a report by
K. K. Aglintsev, V. P. Kasatkin, and V.'V. Smirnov was of interest. This
paper described an investigation of active electron spectra and of the
spectral sensitivity of ionization chambers, counter tubes, and photo-
sensitive films. The methods in question make it possible to devise
efficient methods for the calibration of instruments used in the deter-
mination of beta and gamma radiation.
Among papers- in the field of geophysics great, 4nterost Ifag elicited
by a report of A. P. Vinogradov on the isotopic cWbobition bt', ? eteorites
and of the earth and on the ratio of S32 to S34 in them. This paper was
followed by a productive discussion of the subject.- In the itivestigatj.on
described, magmatic and volcanic rocks as well as stone and iron meteor-
ites were investigated. Significant differences in the inotope ratios
in these experimental objects :ere established, thus,isdicatin differences
in origin.
Another paper in the field of geochemistry was presented by.,V. I.
Baranov and L. A. Kuz'mina, who determined the rate of the accumulation
of sediments by subjecting deep-sea deposits to radiochemical analysis.
At the combined meeting of the section on methods for the application
of isotopes and of the section on procedures for measuring radioactivity,
a report on the application in nuclear research of emulsions with a very
fine grain size elicited the greatest amount of interest. While in com-
monly used emulsions the grain size is approximately 0.28 micron, the
newly developed emulsion contains microcrystals with dimensions from
0.04 to 0.08 micron. This considerably extends the possibility of using
emulsions in this type of experimental work, (N..A. Perfilov, N. R.
Novikova, and Ye. I. Prokof'yeva).
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In tite oectiori of biological sciences reports on the applications of
isotopes in medicine, agricultural engineering, and biology were presented.
Among the work reported in this section, one may note research by the
:soviet biochemists A. V. Palludin, Ye. M. Kreps, M. N. Prokhorova, and
G. Ye. Viadimirova, who investigated with the aid isotopes the metabolism
of proteins, nucleic acid, glycogen, and other compounds at different
functional states of the brain. It was established in this work that
the rate of metabolism is more rapid in organisms that are further ad-
vanced on the scale of evolution. At meetings in the subdivision of phys-
iology and biochemistry of plaits, those participating in the discussion
agreed with the basic precept of A. L. Kursanov that in plants, in addi-
tion to the circulation s~f organic substances, an uninterrupted circu-
lation of phosphorus takes place. From 20 to 30 percent of the total
content of phosphorus and 20-50% of the total amount of the products of
photosynthesis participate in this circulation. The rate of the dis-
placement of organic substances in plants is 80-100 centimeters per hour
on the average.
A lively discussion followed a paper by Z. N. Zhurbitskiy and D. V.
Shtrausberg on the effect exerted by the temperature of the soil and of
the air on the assimilation by plants of various fertilizers tagged with
P32, S35, and Ca'S. The results of the investigation in question make
it possible to select judiciously the conditions under which nourishment
should be supplied to plants in different climates.
The isotopes P32 and C14+ are used in the US, Japan, and other coun-
tries for the investigation of phosphorylation processes connected with
photosynthesis. By means of this method, the finest details of the mecha-
nism by which light energy is captured at chemical bonds can be investi-
ated,. A report on this problem was also given the by USSR investigator
A.A. i\lichiporovich.
Yu. I. Sorokin conducted original work on the determination with the
aid of Ctl4 of the primary productivity of bodies of water with respect
to photosynthesis and chemical synthesis and also on the processes of
nutrition of aqueous invertebrates which serve as nourishment to fish.
Of interest was a meeting dealing with the behavior c fission prod-
ucts in the soil, plants, and animal organisms. At this meeting, V. M.
Klechkovskiy and I. V. Gulyakin presented an extensive report iti which,
among others, a new phenomenon was described, namely, that of the differ-
ent distribution of yttrium in plants after introduction from the out-
side as compared with the distribution after its formation inside the
plant as a result of the decay of Sr90.
The conference was officially closed on 17 September 1957.
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On 19 September 1957, the Soviet delegation conducted a press con-
ference, at which the present status and prospects of the application of
isotopes in the USSR were discussed. The head of the Soviet delegation
announced the construction in the USSR of large enterprises for the pro'-
dtuction of isotopes.
During the conference, the members of the Soviet delegation had
numerous contacts and conversations with scientists of other countries,
in the course of which the possibilities of establishing closer rela-
tions between Soviet scientists and American, British, French, and other
scientists were discussed. During the conference, 12 public lectures
were held by participants in the conference. Two of them were given by
Soviet scientists, one by A. P. Vinogradov entitled "The Isotope Com-
position of the Earth and of Meteorites" and one by A. A. Nichiporovich
entitled "The Method of Tracer Atoms and the Problem, of Photosynthesis."
The members of the Soviet delegation visited more than 20 scientific
institutions and industrial organizations in France, thus establishing
closer contacts with scientific and business circles and familiarizing
themselves with the organization of scientific research and with the
equipment and design of laboratories.
36. Determination of Constitution of Phosphotungstic Acid With Aid of
Radioactive Tantnnec
"Application of Radiometric Analysis in Chemical Research," by
N. B. Mikheyev, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 1, No 2, Feb 58, p 213
At the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR,
V. I. Spitsyn and N. B. Mikheyev developed a method of radiometric anal-
ysis with the use of two radioactive tracers.
This method is based on the following principle. The compound being
investigated is prepared from substances which contain radioactive isotopes
of two different elements. The half lives of the two isotopes must be
:ifi'erent. The specific radioactivities of the initial substances and
of the compound being investigated are determined. After most of the
isotope with a shorter half life has decayed, the radioactivities of the
same subsiances,are determined again.
On the bas's of the data obtained in this manner, one can calculate
the initial radioactivities of both isotopes in the compound by solving
the following system of equations:
I1 I2 I1 t 2,
klllt k2 I2 i1 + 2,
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t'''1.ru I1 .end I,, ILru the activiLie to be dutusrmjr.ied tl,. eldc;t;;unt7 I
in the uridyzud cumpc.~und at the time of thv first uieusUreuaent;
I and I 1 the rudiuucLivitiuu 01' the couipuund ljuint~ invustij+.ated
1 ? ~?
.LL the moineiito ul' Lhu first and uecund nmuuuurelr,eut; and F. J. and k, cc)-
et't'icientu which indicate by what factor the rudiuactivitieu of the ele-
i:i,-nits I and 2 have diminished between the first and the second measure-
uuunL. Knowing I1., 12, arid the specific activities of elements 1 and 2,
untie can calculute the ratio u.t the two elements in the compound by weight
or by the number ul' atoms, Thus the method of radiometric analysis which
tins been described makes it possible to determine the ration between two
elemertu in u compound without separating these elements chemically.
By using p32 and Wlc)(, the ratio between P and W in sodium phospho-
t.urit;statc was determined. In this case the precision of the rtadicnuetric
ariaL:lysis (t 2.5',x) proved to be superiur to that of the chemical analysis.
The mc:thud of radiometric analysis that has been proposed was applied
1'ur the determination of the ratio betwee K and P in potassium phospho-
Lun-:.tate precipitated from solutions of different acidity. It was es-
tablished that there is formation of solid solutions of phosphotungstic
acid with its potassium salt. For this reason, phosphotungstic acid
be retarded as an oxoniun salt of the composition (H 30)3Pww12040.26H20.
[:3112 Note: An unscheduled paper dealing with heteropolyacids of
this type and related to the subject matter of this investigation was
presented by V. 1. Spitsyn of 19 March 1958 at the Fourth Nuclear En-
gineering and Science Conference in Chicago. J
[Fur additional information on radiocheinistry, see Item No 10.)
Safety Engineering
Acoustical Method of Air Purit'icatiun
"The Acoustical. Method of Purifying Dust-Bearing Gases", by N. V.
Lavrov and Ye. P. Mednikov; Moscow, Gazovaya Proi:iyshlennost',
No 7, Jul 57, pp 13-21
The pros and cons of the acoustical method of gas purification are
c:iscussed. Contemporary dust-catching devices based on this principal
are apparently incv.pable of coagulating particles of less than one micron.
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however, the author feclu t at with more rccearch this method can be
perfected to the point where an acoustical unit, including the cost of
sound insulation, will be more economical than elect:eofilters and will
? be used in industrial metallurgical plants and other places requiring
air purification.
Airtightness of Material Determined by Formula
"Airtightness of Cotton Fabrics," by N. S. Poroshin, Candidate
of Technical Sciences; Moscow, Tekstil'naya Promyshlennost'.
No 9, Sep 57, VP 39-1'1
Two formulas are proposed that can be used to determine the degree
of airtightness of it large number of fabrics.
a
V : =
on
a
V 0x
v
where V is degree of airtightness, On is volume of threads in fabric, 0v
is volume of fibrous material in cm3. x and a are determined from the two
equations simultaneously on the same fabric having a maximum and minimum
degree of airtightness measured on an apparatus. This method for deter-
mining the degree of air-tightness is used by the laboratory of special
clothing of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Labor Protec-
tion. On the basis of these formulas, requirements were developed for
fabrics to be used in the manufacture of clothing to be worn by workers
occupied in the'production and handling of poisonous dusts and in metal-
lurgical plants.
Miscellaneous
39. Problem Laboratory on Organic Catalysis Formed at .Kazakh State
University
"In the Laboratories of Scholars" (unsigned article), Alma-Ata,
Kazakhskaya Pravda, 15 Jan 58
A Problem Laboratory on Organic Catalysis (Problemnaya Laboratorlya
po Organicheskomy Katalizy) has been formed in the Chair of Catalysis
and Technical Chemistry, Kazakh State University. The laboratory will
be equipped with instruments from East Germany and Hungary, which in-
clude an ultrathermostat, an autoclave, and other electronic instruments.
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40. Reduction of Training Period for Chemical Workers
"lieduction Proposed in Training Period of Skilled Chemical
CPYRG~I` `eru" (unsigned article), Zagreb, Borba, 9 Feb 58, p 2
"At a conference begun today in Belgrade concerning the role and
position of secondary-school trained technicians in the Serb-an chemical
economy and their prospective status, the technical education of chemical
technicians was discusued, and the possibility of their more rapid educa-
tion was considered."
It was proposed at the conference that, to train personnel more
rapidly, the education of skilled chemical workers be reduced to 2 years.
It was also proposed that faculty-trained chemists receive the title of
graduate engineer.
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III. 1-;AfTII SCIENCE:.;
41. Unsteady Elec L'r()ma rnctic Field in Heterogeneous Media
"Calculation of Unsteady Electromagnetic Fields in Heterogeneous
I1cdia," by D. N. Chetayev; Trudy Geofizicheskogo Instituta,
No 32(159), 1956, pp 3-25
This work considers the formation of an electromagnetic field, ex-
cited by elements of a direct current in a two-layer medium, in a case
when the conductivity of the layer and the base are sufficiently close,
and in a case when the conductivity of the base is sufficiently small.
In addition, the initial states of the formation of the vertical com-
ponents of the magnetic field are calculated.
lit. Rare-Element Minerals in Siberia
CPYRGH-PP 9-14
CPYRGHT
The article includes the following I ' ' ie rans ay ,al Chitinskaya Oblast] an unusual deposit of rare and dis -
persoa elements which for a long period of time can serve as a base for
the growing industry of rare metals was discovered."
1+3. New Light Pangefinder Exhibited
"Precision Optical Rangefinder," (unsigned article); Bucharest,
Pentru Apararea Patriei, Feb 58, p 24
At the Union Exposition [All-Union Industrial Exhibition] the Soviets
have displayed a new light rangefinder which can measure distances up to
17 kilometers with an accuracy of plus-or-minus 8 centimeters. The device
sends a flash of light at a distant object, measuring the distance to the
object on a special scale on the projector according to the time interval
between the launching of the light flash and the receipt of its reflection.
"Mineral-Ore Base for USSR Nonferrous Metallurgy at the For-
tieth Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution,"
by P. Ya. Antropov; Moscow, Tsvetnyye Metally, No 10, Oct 57,
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IV . IZ ECTRONICS
Communications
1M.. Automatic Phase Regulation of Scanning Generators
"Investigationc(a Television Synchronization 'Flywheel'
System," by Yu. N. Bakayev; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i
CPYR1 tronika, No 2, Feb 58, pp 227-23
'A system of automatic phase regulation of television scanning
generators was examined. Equations for the process of synchroniza-
tion by pulse signals are presented in a generalized form. The cases
of sawtoothed and sinusoidal voltage generators are examined in de-
tail. Also considered is the synchronization of sinusoidal generators
by continuous signals. Methods of computation are suggested."
The "flywheel" system of synchronization has considerably greater
freedom from noise. The synchronizing signal is averaged (usually,
for several tenths of the period), and due to their irregular nature,
the noises are weakened.
45. Rrcent Soviet Patents in Field of Electronics
"Authorship Certificates," (unsigned article); Moscow, Elek-
trosvyaz', No 2, Feb 58, p 78
Class 21a1, 601. No 107611. B. Yu. Kravchenl:o and A. M. Kashcheeyv.
A Method of Semiautomatic Accounting for the On-Hand Messages at the
Telegraph Junctions With the Code Commutation of Channels.
Class 21a1, 1304, No 107390. N. V. Dobrozhanskaya and D. Z. Kole-
sova. Device for Synchronizing Facsimile Instruments with Variable
Scanning Speed.
Class 21a1, 36. No 107544. B. M. Yegorov. Device for Shaping
Electric Pulses.
Class 21a2, 3. No 107501. N. A. Denina. Unidirectional Capacitor
Microphone.
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Claus 21LL1F, 7. No 10'(543. M. M. Veysbeyn and E. M. Rubchinul:9.y.
A Method of Ile( ;:Loter:i.ng the Instantaneous Values of Frequency.
Class 21a1[, 10. No 107493. P. G. Pozdnyakov. A Method of F're-
quency Tuning of Piezoelectric Resonators.
Class 21a1F, 10. No 107572. I. G. Vasin. A Method of Deposit-
ing Silver Coatin? on the Surface of Quartz Plates.
Class 21a1}, 10.
Stabilization.
No 107575.
G. N. ~'a1iy.
A Device for Frequency
Class 21a", 1~80j .
ing, the Phase Shift.
No 107566.
B. L. Burdo.
A Method for Measur-
Class 21a 4 , 53. No 107561+. A. A. Shenogin. Electronic Noise
Generator.
Class 21a 2F, 68. No 106803. V. A. Solov'ev and I. Ye. Prudnikov.
Delay Line With Distributed Constants.
Class 21a4, 68. No 107251. A. P. Borisov. A Method of Deter-
min:Lng the Winding Nonuniformity of the Focusing Devices in Traveling
Wave Tubes.
Class 2la4, 71. No 107341+. I. A. Kovalenlco. A Method of Im-
pedance Measurement in the Superhigh-Frequency Range.
Class 21c, 5501, No 107573. Ye. A. Chekharev. Wide-band Loading;
Resistance.
Class 21e, 11 0 No 107435. G. V. Voyshvillo and V. S. Da\rydov.
Low Frequency Spec rum Analyzer.
Class 21e, 12. No 107366. D. D. Voyeykov. Device for Measure-
ment of Magnetic Field Intensity.
Class 21e, 12. No 107367. L. N. Gertsiger. Device for Measure-
ment of Magnetic Field Intensity.
Class 21e, 12. No 107533. P. K. Davidovich. Device for Deter-
mining Operation and Release Time of Electromagnetic Relay.
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Clash 21e, 36 , No 107.; 31~. , A. M. felik-Shal;hn a.zarov . Device for
Mainlcnance of Steadiness of AC Current in Magnetic Circuits.
Class 21f, i;4g. No 1075!36. M. A. Dubas. Device for Erin(,
Gas-Diacliar;e E1ecc o-.Vacuuun Devices.
Class Plc, 80 . No 107155. M. A. lQimov. Mobile or Manually
r-ropclled Machine ~or Removing Ice Formations From tthc wires of
13racl:c L Suspended Overhead Conmiunication Line.
Class 21c, .'0. No 100"70. D. V. Fetisov and A. N. Kabanov.
A Method of Insulating IIigh-Voltage Cables With Rubber Insulation at
the Arnored Inlets and Sp1J,ce Boxes,
Class 21e, 2501. No 106172. N. K. Hiloslavskaya. A Shield for
Protection of Measuring Instruments for the Extraneous Magnetic Pield.
Class 21g, 1102. No 107170.. S. G. Ktl.ashnikov and N. A. Penin.
3o11cl Rectifier.
Class 21g, 13177. No 106142. I. M. Vigdorchik. A Method of
Millimeter and SubnLPllimiter Range Wave Generation.
Class 21g, 1350. No 106625. V. A. Dvinskilch. A Method of
I?rcaouring the Steepness of Plate-Grid Characteristics of Electron
Class 21g, 1501. No 106419. N. S. Shestov, D. P. Shabrov and
V. P. Pblyakov. Mechanical Rectifier of Electric Current.
Class 21g, 15o,,. No 106417. S. A. Mayevskiy. Installation
for Rectification of Multiphase Current Into DC'
C Current.
Class 21a, 36. No 106143. D. Ya Svet. A Method of Measuring
l,hcc Voltaf;e Amplitude Ratio of Two or Several Pulses of Exponential
or Bell Shape.
Class 21a, 77. No 107054. Ye. K. Iordanishvilli, L. G. Malich
and D. V. Shtepan. Thermostat for Quartz Generator Built With Semi-
conductors.
2
Class 21a , 1803. No 107934. A. G. Pinchuk. A Converter of
AC in-to DC or DC i n.[ o AC.
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I
S. T. Ovoodovr:r and S. A. Akturuinov.
.
Ikvi: ?"c,z Ua?,L3.1.r~, c.~r ~:,,:~-.;?~. l.un W.ILh 1,ow Coeffic:L~~nt o Noi cse Modula-
tton.
Zi.o.11., ;35-; h. No 1.C79I1?0. Y.a. Ye.. Gorskiy. Stabilized Source
IIiL;h Vol
1,a.;ca . e
C1t+so '-'.alt 4~S04~. No 10t3009. L. L. Rarvinslciy. A Method of Auto-
matic Fine `rani rng o Input C :r real. t ?rrriue_acy for the ?'Receiver of a
Pu.ue Eadva Station.
Wt,; ~e E>- 1-c~x:~~ut,t r,r.. fu1d A~.:t:~ru~.s
46. Ikn'r`rn r,i' T:'e~t~isuoz~Lc .~ln~tcr.e,.rzss
"SeLect;ic~rr of Si:,:e .l f'.u for l'.diw or ?azd Iie_rad.ia:tor Aperture
in Pe ? I .r epic `r;; s. ~;et:ma , " by A. M.. .okras; htor~cow, T~aektrosvyaz 1
_a
No 2, 1teb P.l' 20-221.
Thir:, &,xti;'le T~:?f.;zcrit:s infoz"nt_?.tio^ on a quantitative investigation of
periscopic asitensint; ha.;rims "rove se r.'.tic"" (the radiator has greater di.-
mensic.rL; than the ,i.ecie ? rvdf ator) v20. their ,som'parison with antennas
having a " ::().=() :i ??s.ti r:" (the, re: n.ci_? a: rx)r [top r:- diator ,j has greater dimen-
sions th.,-i the . ow it?
It wxr.:1 :Iiown that a des:;-cane in rezadi.ator dimensions, when riot
compensated by an l., c ?rr;;;e in the si:se: of the lower radiator, results in
a decided reduction of antinim. ' l.n. Sysi-.~ems w4-11;h patribolic and ellipti-
caJ. radiatca .; i .nd "??C! N.li~iF.,t;J~.'t: 'N'' e r?r,Ql:,: ''ed.
It wai ahouv_i th .t in ax.-eu s. ga.Ln with the pesabolip
re-
radiator is 11a.thc~? smJ.-I ar.d :I. s ; only for .r~:> : ~ .?.},Zxaa.?..~t; only .ativeZy sma1:.+. ciis?'
.
tance s be t?,.reen the .~a cl3.a ~ err. a xi;!. ;.?e:i^r.
, t atcr .
A substantiar: ent.ennr, gain an be ec eeted Only when the dimension
of the re; e~.di.atu::? is rrr~ictc.r~it~'y, ,:?~v,ter than that of the radiator, and
the distance betw^r en the two .. u re ra;ti vree:Ly
47. Eff e t of a, D rl ti r:?tle d Ie i?
~~'_ on Radio Wave Transmission
"On the Sr ?ti.s t? ~:i~r. Nature of Scattering of Centimeter Waves
on e. Di ytu 'bed ea Su ?:F'rzce , " by S. 'Ta. Braude, N. N. Komar. ov,
and I. Ye. Cz tz?cvskiy, Institute- of Radiophysics and Elec-
trcnic.s, kcadeirky of Sciences, Ukrfinian, SEEM, Krsr'Kov; Moscow,
Ra.diotczkhnika i Y,Lektn:>n:Lka. No 2, Feb 58, pp 172-179
The prold ation of a sig cal raver a disturbed sea. surface is con-
sidered a.a of the direct waive, the coherently reflected wave
and the stun of the e;lnmentn,2, r~'i :'.ee ea waves with random phases and
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amplitudes. Next, the authors determine the probable distribution of
amplitudes and phases, the low-frequency spectrum envelope of signal
fluctuation and the constant and RMS rate of movement of sections of
a disturbed sea surface.
In actual experiments a 3.2-cm wave was used. Measurements were
made with the transmitter at a height of 6 meters and receiver at a
height of one meter, and with the transmitter at 7.5 meters and re-
ceiver at 16 meters. The transmission path was 750 meters long and
located entirely over water.'
A continuous photographic record of the signal was made at the
receiver. Two photographs show signal amplitude compared with time
C P d amplitude compared with height of receiver.
"It is suggested that this method may be used in the study of a
series of different problems concerning the propagation of radio waves
in the troposphere, and in particular, for collecting data on the na-
ture of heterogeneity caused by tropospheric dispersion."
48. Ferrite Cored Antennas
"Selection of Optimum Size and Cal.euls.tlor of Ferrite Anten-
nas," by B. I. Ryazanov; Moscow, Nlektrosvyaz', No 2, Feb 58,
pp 25-?8
Formulas and charts for the calculation of effective height and
inductance of ferrite antennas with round cores are given. The figure
of merit of a ferrite antenna with a ferromagnetic core depends on the
effective resistance of the coil and core. The effective resistance
can be reduced by selection of proper diameter of the coil wire, by in-
creasing the size of the coil or the "relative magnetic permeability"
of the coil.
A table permits the selection of correct size of the antenna, and
formulas and curves permit calculation of the number of turns and ef-
fective height for a given inductance. For long and medium waves the
ferrite antennas give satisfactory performance when the relative ini-
tial magnetic permeability is about 500 to 1,000, and for short waves
about 100.
For common radio receivers good reception is obtained with ferro-
magnetic cores 150 mm long and 8 mm in diameter, and a figure of merit
of about 100.
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Dielectric, Maxietic, Semiconductor Materials
1.9.
New Semiconductor Laboratory in Tbilisi
"Chronicle of Our Days," (unsigned); Moscow, Gudok, 7 Jan
53
A Scientific Research Laboratory for Semiconductors (Nauchno-
Issledovatel'ukaya Laboratoriya Poluprovodnikov) was established in
Tbilisi. It is being equipped with new instruments. New laboratories
are also being equipped at some other schools. At the Tbilisi Insti-
tute of Railroad Transport Engineers demonstration civil engineering,
welding, forging and casting laboratories have begun functioning."
Instruments and Equipment
50. Electromicrometer for Continuous Measurement
"A Contactless Induction Electromicrometer," by N. Ya. Za-
slavskaya; Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No 1, Jan/Feb
58, pp 19-20
A contactless electromicrometer for continuous measurement of
brass tapes 50-250 microns thick was developed in the Institute of
Power Engineering of the Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR in December
1954.
,.his instrument operates on the following principle: "The primary
winding of an air core transformer is connected to a high-frequency
voltage source. The metallic tape which is to be measured is inserted
into the gap between the coils of the transformer. The magnetic flux
of the primary coil induces eddy currents in the tape which create a
magnetic flux, weakening the primary. As a result, the induced emf in
the secondary coil of the transformer decreases inversely as the thick-
ness of the tape."
The instrument consists of a transmitting element composed of two
brass cylinders connected to the stationary coils of the transformer,
and a compensating and signaling circuit mounted in a box. A milliam-
meter and controls are located on the face panel of this box. The
voltage source is an audio frequency vacuum tube oscillator.
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CPYRGHT
"'.Pests have shown that the electromicrometer is highly sensitive,
permitting; measurements of deviations in thickness of tapes on the
order of one to tiro microns. A curve of the sensitivity as a function
of thickness maintains approximately the same magnitude in almost all
ranges of variations in thickness (50-250 microns), so that uniform
precision of measurement is achieved for thin as well as thick tapes."
"Maximum variation in the chemical content of L62 tape (0.5% in
copper and 0.003; in iron) produce errors in the measurement of deviation
of 0.3 microns in 20 microns and in absolute thickness of tape - 1.5
microns in 160 microns."
Increases in temperature of tapes by 10 degrees caused a dis
rnent from zero of approximately 0.4 microns. Ret;.ings peated
by calibration of the instrument for variLus temperatures. be corrected
51. Use of Optical Converters in Electronics
"On Some Properties of Optical Converters in Radio Engineer-
ing," by S. I. Borovitskiy, Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elek-
tronika, No 2, Feb 58, pp 237-243
The author notes the use of optical converters for performing
simultaneous analyses of signals in radio engineering. Research on the
statistics of television pictures "may be performed by means of ordinary
radio equipment, but the procedure is complicated and the time consumed
in making measurements is great. Simplification of the measuring pro-
cedure by a new method is, apparently) , pparently, explained by the fact the e optical
objects (in a given instance the picture frames) have a very great in-
formation capacity, and optical methods make it comparatively easy to
accomplish the operation of multiplication of two signals and averaging
of the product obtained."
The article also suggests the use of a converter with a horizontal
mask for the codification of certain forms of generalized quantization
of information. Optical methods may also be applied to television pro-
jection on large screens.
52. New Ammeter for High-Prequency Current
"Electrodynamic Ammeter for Measurement of High-Frequency
Currents," by V. R. Lopan'; Moscow, Izmeritel' a Tekhnika,
No 1, Jan/Feb 58, pp 71-74
The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Physicotechnical and
Radio Engineering Measurements has developed an electrodynamic ammeter
for measuring current of 5 to 100 amperes at frequency levels of 1 to
100 mc.
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Principle of operation: The current to be measured passes through
a primary loop, inducing current in a short-circuited secondary loop.
The forces of interaction which develop tend to rotate the secondary
loop around its vertical axis. CPYRGHT
C G
Construction: !"The current-carrvina 'portion of the i nRlt.riirrin
200 mm, the diameter of the inner conductor is from 2 to 12vmm~and the
diameter of the outer cylinder is 3 to 80 mm. The inner conductor is
held in place by polystyrene discs."
The oscillating or secondary coil of the ammeter is ring- shaped,.,CPYRGHT
C PYRG HT having a diameter of 20 mm while the diameter of the conductor is 0.~
"Errors in reading are estimated to be f 0.1%,"' while errors in
measuring current with this ammeter lie in the limits of 1%.
"The electrodynamic ammeter is designed for conducting government
and standardization tests of high-frequency ammeters. With the help
of this instrument experiments were conducted on thermoammeters T-12,
T-1, and T-5 and on frequency errors of high-frequency current tranr3-
formers."
53. New Soviet Devices Displayed at the Brussels Exposition
"Devices With Cold Cathode Tubes," (for the Brussels Exposi-
tion), by V. Bezuglyy; Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 12 Mar 58
The Moscow "Fizpribor" plant is sending to the World's Fair at
Brussels two unique devices: the GK-7 hodoscope device and the MSK-2
chronograph. These instruments were developed at the Physics Institute
imeni P. N. Lebedev, Academy of Sc{,ences U3SR, by L. Korablev in co-
operation with experts from the "Fizpribor" plant.
. The main feature of both devices is that they are built with min-
iature cold Cathode tubes. The GK-7 hodoscope registers the flight
trajectories? of cosmic radiation particles, which pass through its
384+ counters of elementary particles. The GK-7 device has 384+ coin-
cidence cells which permit registering ou.y certain kinds of particles.
The process is carried out with the aid of a control pulse which en-
gages the cells for a period of several microseconds. Such a hodoscope
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is useful for the study of cosmic rays. The GK-7 device permits the
determination of space distribution, density, trajectory and the
number of cosmic particles, as well as the picture of the shower
development.
The MSK-2 chronograph is designed for measurement of small in-
tervals of time (from 0.1 millisecond to 10,000 seconds without dial
switching), also for counting pulses or marking the time for each
0.1 milliscond or greater interval.
54. Nonlinear Equations for Oscillation in a Backward-Wave Tube
"Preliminary Results of Nonlinear Theory of Oscillation
in a Backward-Wave Tube With Longitudinal Field," by G. N.
Rapaport; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, No 2, Feb
58, pp 24+9-254+
The author presents a series of nonlinear equations for the "0"-
type LOV (b--ckward-wave tube) for the case of small space charge and
loss.
An examination is made of electron bunching in the LOV and the
reasons for decreased efficiency of the backward-wave oscillator com
? Bred with the ordinary traveling-wave tube. "The relationship of
C PYRG Ijtput to oscillator parameters and maximum efficiency are computed."
"Numerical integration of the equations for the LOV was carried
out on the high-speed electronic computer (BESM) of the Academy of
Sciences USSR by means of the computation of unknown functions in con-
secutive intervals by the central difference method."
55. A Device for Increasing the Efficiency of a Backward-Wave Oscil-
lator
"Concerning the Mechanism of Increasing the Efficiency of
a Backward-Wave Oscillator ('Carciotron-0') by Increasing
the Space-Charge Parameter," by G. N. Rapaport; Moscow,
Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, No 2, Feb 58, pp 255-261
The article explains a device for increasing the efficiency of a
type-0 backward-wave oscillator by means of increasing the space-charge
parameter. The author uses a special model oscillator with adaptations
for creating a higher field strength in the collector zone than in the
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power output zone. The retarding system consists of a longer section
with a small coupling Impedance and a short section with a greater
coupling impedance. Between the two sections is a phasing section
which further retards the phase of the backward wave.
Curves are provided showing the relation of electron efficiency
to various lengths of the collector, the relation of first harmonic
amplitude to the collector coefficient, and others.
56. Relative Fxl iency Stability of Molecular Amplifiers
"Concerning the Relative Frequency Stability of Molecular
Amplifiers," by N. G. Basov and A. P. Petrov, Physics In-
stitute imeni P. N. L.bedev, Academy of Sciences USSR; Mos-
cow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, No 2, Feb 58, pp 298-299
The results of a comparison of the frequencies of two molecular
amplifiers are given. The article provides a block diagram of the
system, showing three molecular amplifiers, a quadrupole capacitor,
hybrid rings, balancing miscer, etc.
The 3-cm long amplifer cavities, made of invar, were ther-
mica:lly isolated from the amplifier bodies and were not, therefore,
provided with special thermostatic controls. Liquid nitrogen was
used for cooling.
A curve shows the changes in the difference between frequencies
CPYRGHTof the first and third amplifiers as a fi.lnction of time.
"The natural frequency of the cavities was first tuned to the
minimum variation of oscillation frequency in relation to change in
potential difference of the quadrupole capacitors (at 'chayuges in po_
tential difference from 16 kv to 211 kv the frequency of each ampli-.
fier did not change more than 10 cps).
"The frequency differential was determined by the number of
oscillations per 5 seconds. As shown by the curve, the absolute
value of frequency differential for a period of approximately 16
minutes did not change more than t 0.11 cps, that is the relative
frequenyy`stability of the amplifiers for the given time had a value
of To- "
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57. Periodic Pulse Train for the Synchronization of Oscillators
"On the Synchronization of Oscillators by Periodic Sequence
of Pulses;" by P. N. Zanadvorov, Leningrad State University
imeni A. A. 2hdanov; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika,
No 2, Feb 58, pp 202-213
The author explains a system for studying the synchronization of
oscillators by periodic sequence of pulses. The method used is that
of functions of phasing. Synchronization of low amplitude radio pulses
by polyharmonic pulsing is shown to be possible. The ranges for stable
synchronization and establishment of a steady-state process are given.
An arrangement is mentioned which permits direct observation of
phasing functions for a given action and .,he measurement of its para-
meters. "A description of this system, as well as the results of
several measurements, may serve as material for another article."
58. Regenerative Frequency Divider
"Investigation of Steady Operation of a Regenerative Fre-
quency Divider," by V. S. Andreyev; Moscow, Radiotekhnika
i Elektronika, No 2, Feb 58, pp 214-236
By means of a series of equations the author develops a circuit
for a regenerative frequency divider with a ring converter. Various
correlations and characteristics which are derived make possible the
use of a transformer with or without a core. The unusualness of fre-
quency characteristics is explained. In one circuit a greater selec-
tivity is obtained and in another -- high phase stability.
In the regenerative frequency divider (RDCha) the output signal
occurs only in the presence of an input signal, so that there is (always
a fixed relationship between the frequency of the output signal and the
frequency of the input signal.
Circus c diagrams are given for the frequency divider and the ring
converter.
The article comperes the solid-core transformer of the plate
circuit with an air-core transformer. In the former the frequency
characteristic passband of the frequency divider is twice as wide as
the passband of the plate circuit with by-pass modulator. In the
latter, near-harmonic vibration is )btained at the output and the
width of the frequency divider passband may be equal to or less than
the width of the plate circuit passband.
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`! icc the uscloctivity may be obtained with an air-core transformer,
whale a high let;'ee of phase :stability is obtained with an air-core
tran;jformrue:r.
Some of the problems not discussed in this article -- self-excitation
and operation of the frequency divider for frequency division by greater
numbers -- wrii_l. be considered by the author in subsequent articles.
59. New East G,1 n Sma.1_1 Electron Mitcronc2pe
"Report On the New 8mal]. Electron Microscope of VEB Werk fuer
Fernmeldeweneri, Berlin," by B. Schramm; Berlin, }bcpcrimentelle
Teehnik.der Ph. ysik, Vol 5, No 5, 1957, p 236
This Berlin p:,.nnt has developed a small electromagnetic electron
microsccre su-table for most electron optical studies and designed for
wide usage. The column is arranged at an angle on a desk-like frame
containii,K the electronic stabilizer for the lens currents and high
voltage, the vacutun installation with controls and oil diffusion pump,
as well as the high-frequency high-voltage equignent. The high voltage
is supplied to the instrument in three adjustable stages: 1+0, 50, and
60 kv .
All the electrical operations can be carried out, and monitored,
from the switch panel. Program switches prevent incorrect operation.
The prevacuum pump is the only accessory attachment required.
The instrument operates with a three-lens system, with the middle
lens used for both enlargement and reduction. The electron optical
magnification is a.djuctable in eight stages from 1,000 to one to
30,000 to one, -whereby the 100-mm translucent screen remains fully il-
luminated, A telescope lens, 10: 1 or 20: 1, is used for sharp focus.
The revolution is about 5 millimierons. In addition to the transil-
lumination method in the bright field, dark-field, stereo, and refrac-
tion photographs can also be produced.
Microfilm is used, on which ~O photographs can be made at 1/3
final en argement on a 24 x 24 mm format.
During operation, a choice of three contrast shutters can be in-
serted into the been by means of controls outside the instrument. The
illuminating device consists of condenser, magnetic beam centering and
triode system. The instrument weighs about 250 kg and has a power in-
put of about I.5 kva.
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.-0. Colon;e.r-'i'ibc Device for Recording X-Ray Diffraction Diagrams
"A Counter-Tube Device for Recording X-Ray Diffraction Pat-
terns," by G. Becherer and G. Lennig, Institute of Experi-
mental Physics, Martin-Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg;
Berlin, Ex erimentel_le Technik der Physik, Vol 5, No 5,
1957, pp 20 -217
A photograph, block diagram, and description is given of an
apparatus which employs the integrator method to produce diffraction
patterns using an ink recording mechanism. For nonstabilized X-ray
devices, the monitor method can be used, whereby the patterns are
produced as a series of points.
Components
61. East German Printed Circuits
CPYRGHT "Printed Circuits," Berlin, Radio and Fernsehen, No It-, Feb
58, p 102
"Research work at VEB Elektrogeraetewerk Gronsdorf on the pro-
duction of copper-coated base material for printed circuits has pro-
gressed to the point where all the conditions have been established
which are required for series production. The voltage# and current
stability of this base material is extraordinarily favorable. The
material was given a rating of [Class] "1" by Testing Station 331 of
the DAMW (German Office for Material and Commodity Testing) at Dresden.
VEB Elektrogeneraetewerk Gronsdorf will exhibit samples of its printed
circuits in Leipzig [Spring Fair]."
Computers and Automation
62. Electronic Computer Used by Soviets in Weather Forecasts
"Experience in Using the Electronic Computer "Pogoda' in
Forecasting Mean-Monthly Air Temperature Anomalies," by
Sh. A. Musayelyan and Ya. M. ICieyfets; Moscow, Meteoro-
logiya i Gidrologiya, No 2, Feb 58, pp 3-9
One of the smaller, specialized computers designed for the solu-
tion of a definite range of problems arising in meteorology is the
Phan, .. This electronic computer, recently rlaced in overation at
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the Central Institute of Forecasting, is simpler in design and opera-
tion than the larger universal electronic computers, and is alnost as
efficient in the solution of the specified range of problems.
The Pogoda is designed for the calculation of products of ams
having the form
I Z P , ?, "',
Y? in n n
The instructions for the calculation of the mean-monthly temper-
ature anomaly on the Pogoda are given. A forecast map based on the
results of the calculations and a map shoving the actual temperature
anomaly for June 1957 are given. The forecast was compiled according
to initial data for 19-21 April 1957.
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63. New-Type Computer Planned and Built by Czechoslovak Academy of
Sciences
"New-Type Calculating Machine" (unsigned article); Bratislava,
Lud, 21 Dec 57, p 3
The Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Czecho-
slovak Academy of Sciences has worked successfully on analog computers,
and was one of the first to publish basic notes on them. Afterward, on
the basis of these notes, Engineers J. Havel, R. Hrabanek, F. Jelinek,
and L. Kubat constructed a high performance specialized machine on the
plan of Dr Z. Koutsky. The machine solves a binomial statistical process
which is further processed digitally. Roughly speaking, the machine's
process resembles tossing a coin and recording heads and tails. The sta-
tistical processes are obtained physically from the fact that the radia-
tion of radioactive materials is detected by a Geiger counter and the
subsequently emanated pulses are further processed in electronic circuits.
Other components of the machine extract memory numbers from these pulses,
calculate them, and subtract, and the totals are remembered and compared
with given limits. The machine, operating on a double circuit, has about
50 electron tubes and 3.50 relays for this purpose. The machine has two
memory systems: a relay memory in combination with a telephone type
selector serves for the retention of input values, and a relay memory
retaining partial results. The results are obtained with a telephonic
computer. The machine solves problems connected with the so-called
transit probability.
64. Photoelectric Torsion Meter
"A Photoelectric Torsion Meter," by V. I. Zelenskiy; Moscow,
Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No 1, Jan-Feb 58, pp 37-38
The article describes the design and operation of a photoelectric
torsion meter having an axial clearance of 200 mm, developed for measuring
torque on a shaft rotating at 600-].0,000 rpm.
To the clutch plates between the driving and driven shafts are at-
tached two disks with narrow radial slots; there are 90 slots per disk.
Torque iF transmitted through a steel axle with squared ends which is
connected to the two plates by a key-slot arrangement. On one side of a
stationary aluminum frame are arranged eight automobile-type bulbs, and
on the other side, eight phototubes. Twisting of the torsion axle causes
a displacement of one disk in relation to the other which, in turn, varies
the amount of light falling on thz phototubes.
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The torsiometer circuit includes a voltage regulator, variable resis-
tor and load resistance, and a galvanometer for measuring photocurrent.
C PYRG AIloop oscilloscope is used for recording the magnitude of photocurrent.
"The sensitivity of the instrument is changed within broad limits --
from 0.1 kgm and higher -- by the selection of an axle of appropriate
diameter and length, the change in size of the slots, illumination of the
phototubes, and the relative position of the disks."
Experiments with the photoelectric torsion meter have shown certain
advantages over other types o'l torsion meters: a high degree of sensi-
tivity, visual observation and recording on an oscilloscope without ampli-
fication, the absence of slip-ring devices, and a narrow axial clearance.
Due to the sensitivity of the phototubes the accuracy of the torsio-
meter is easily affected by changes in temperature. A rise in temperature
as a result of the proximity of the instrument to the hot bearings' of the
tested machine and air friction with the disk slots was observed after a
short period of operation (5-7 minutes).
65. Principle of German World War II Bombsight G 'osco a Recommended
"A Special Type of Gyroscope Horizon," by H. Kortum, Jena;
Berlin, Feingeraetetechnik, No 2, Feb 58, pp 63-71
The article discusses the theory, development, and performance of a
special type of gyroscope instrument developed in 1939-40 by the author
and associates for use in stabilizing the sight xeti Mle of the Lotfe'7
bombsight.
The peculiar feature of this gyroscope is the fact that its bearing
seat rests on a sphere, the center of which coincides with the, center of
the gyro. The sphere itself is the upper end of an axis around which it
can be rotated by means of a motor. The friction produced when the sphere
is rotated when in contact with the bearing seat produces a tutning moment
which accelerates the gyro until the point is reached where the external
braking moment produced by the resistance of the air on the surface of the
gyro is equal to the driving moment. The directions of the driving axis
and the axis of spin remain the same as long as the direction of the
driving axis is not changed. If it is changed, a torque, a so-called
"thrust moment," perpendicular to the driving moment is produced at the
point of contact between the bearing seat and the sphere. This torque
produces a precession whereby the gyro axis lags behind the changilLg
driving axis. On the other hand, if the driving axis is rigidly oriented,
the thrust moments hold the gyro in a fixed position.
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A pilot series of 30 gyros was px'odLiced at the end of 1940, and
several hunched per month were produced, according to the author, in sub-
sequent series production.
The speed with which the gyro was developed during wartime is used
as an example of the author's suggestion for streamlining the organization
cf development work in East Germany.
66. Ball Bearings Spin for Strength Tests
"Obtaining High-Magnitude Centrifugal Fields," by V. M. Poni-
zovskiy, Molotov State University imeni A. M. Gorkiy; Moscow,
Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 4, Jul/Aug 57, pp 69-72
The author notes briefly the work of L. E. MacHattie (Rev Sci Instr.,
9, 429, 1941), Beams, Jonn , and Moore (J. A 1. Ph s. 17) 886, 19116),
Walker, Turner, and Beams (Ph ss. Rev. 86, , 597, 1952), and E. V. Shpol-
skiy (UFN) 32, 134, 1947; 41, 241) 1950) in obtaining high centrifugal
speeds by rotation of small steel balls. CPYRGHT
"In connection with the possible use of such a method for testing the
strengf.h of steel balls and various coatings, the apparatus described by
Beams, Jonng, and Moore was reproduced with certain modifications. How-
ever, since the work of Beams and others did not give complete data on the
circuit elements (which were put together using American tubes anyhow),
the author, in fact, had to create new circuits."
Ponizovskiy then describes his apparatus, including circuits and the
method used to measure the rate of revolution.
He briefly describes tests for rupture made on balls from the First
Moscow Bearing Plant. Bearing diameters were 2.5-4.75 mm. Tables showing
results of the tests give a maximum revolution rate for a 2.5-mm bearing
of 106,000 rps prior to rupture (120-minute run-up period).
"In comparing these results with the data of Beams and others for
American balls of like diameter, it is apparent that those from the First
Moscow Bearing Plant rupture at speeds and maximum stresses lower [than
those for the American product] by about 15%."
CPYRGHT
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67. Hunting Regimes in Servo Systems
"Determining the Parameters of Hunting in Certain Servo Systems
With a Tripositional Symmetrical Characteristic of the Non-
linear Element," by B. A. Ryabov, Moscow Aviation Institute
imeni Sergo Ordzhonikidze; Kiev, Avtomatika, No 3, Jul-Sep 57,
pp 49-55
This paper presents a method which permits establishing the existence
of a hunting regime in servo systems possessing a nonlinear element with
certain indicated parameters of hunting, and finding the relationship
characterizing the ;,Mange in any coordinate of the given 'system in hunting,,
The bibliography comprises three original Soviet sources.
"Approximate Methods for Determining the Frequency and Ampli-
tude of Hunting in Improvir,',g the Performa?:ce of Controllers,"
by V. M. Kuntsevich, Institute of Electrical Engineering,
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, and P. I. Akinin, Kiev
Polytechnic Institute; Kier, Avtomatika, No 3, Jul-Sep 57,
pp 56-69
This article deals with sensitivity signal input improving the per-
formance of controllers.
The phase-plane diagram of the logical element is given, and the
condition of existence of hunting in the system is defined.
Two approximate methods for determining the frequency and amplitude
of hunting are proposed. The first method, "by sectors," establishes a
connection between phase shifts in the elements of the system and the
period of hunting. The second, frequency, method is based on the appli-
cation of the transfer function for elements of the system.
Both methods apply the fundamental harmonic of Fourier series.
68. Interruption Circuits for Servo Systems
"On the Design and Switching Diagrams of Interruption Circuits
for Fast Response Off-On Servo Systems," by P. I. Dekhtyarenko,
Institute of Electrical Engineering, Academy of Sciences Uk-
rainian SSR; Kiev, Avtomatika, No 3, Jul-Sep 57, pp 70-83
The application of interruption circuits for fast response off-on
servo systems, in particular for systems with an off-on reversing clutch
are discussed. A design of the interruption circuits is proposed, and
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the effect of constant lag in the servo element is considered. Results
are given of experimental investigation of a servo system with an inter-
ruption circuit.
69. Equations of Invariance Applied in Control Systems
"Equations of Invariance for Linear Control Systems Under Ran-
dom Disturbances," by A. G. Ivakhnenko, Institute of Electrical
Engineering, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Kiev, Avtomat-
ika, No 3, Jul-Sep 57, pp 32-38
Practical ways of eliminating transient and static errors of control
systems can be found through equations of invariance, The possibility of
applying these equations in, the case of random disturbances is considered.
Equations of invariance are shown to be valid in this case.
70. Thermal Design Problems of Nuclear Power Plants
"Some Thermal Design Problems of Nuclear Power Plants," by St.
Erdelyi, Budakest; Berlin, Energietechnik, No 2, Feb 58,
pp 83-86
The first part of the study presents a procedure for the determina-
tion of the initial state of the steam. With the aid of this procedure,
the initial steam pressure at which expansion ceases(up to condenser pres-
sure at the admissible steam moisture) can be determined for any initial
steam temperature. The method was worked out because, in the case of
nuclear power plants, this initial steam state is difficult to establish
as a result of the often limited initial steam temperature, and has been
determined heretofore by means of iteration.
The second part of the study seeks to establish the conditions for
efficient use of economizers. By means of an equation containing the
temperature and heat transfer values of the boiler and economizer heated
with the cooling liquid of reactors and the terms for the investment
costs, a limiting case is established, beyond which the installation of
the economizer offers economic advantage.
The study also makes possible the calculation of the equivalent of
the often very expensive cooling medium, which can be a determinative
factor in the choice among various systems.
No numerical values can be introduced into the general equation, be-
cause such values vary too greatly in the case of nuclear power plants.
The reduction of several cases, however, shows that such values lie on
both sides of the limiting case, so that the determination o:s" the limiting
case is of importance.
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7-1. Largest Hydroelectric Power Station in the USSR and the World
"Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Station (according to information
of the project assignment of the Leningrad Branch of the In-
stitute 'Gidroenergoproyekt')," by Engr N. A. Filimonov; Mos-
cow, Gidrotekhnicheskoye Stroitel'stvo, No 11, Nov 57, PP 56-61
CPYRGHT
"The resolution of the 20th Congress of the CPSU to convert the Cen-
tral Region of Siberia into a large industrial base contemplates the con-
struction of the first hydroelectric station on the Yenisey River, the
largest river in the Soviet Union. The total capacity for the large
hydroelectric stations planned along the Yenisey River will be about 20
million kw, and they will generate about 120 billion kw,-,
"In 1951-1953 the Moscow Branch of the Institute "Gidroenergoproyekt"
worked out a scheme for utilizing the middle part of the Yenisey, i.e'e,,
from the town of Minusinsk to the town of Krasnoyarsk. The feasibility
of utilizing the water head between these two towns in a single stage was
proved. '
"The site for the Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Station, located 36 km
above Krasnoyarsk, was selected on the basis of the geological formations
and the economic engineering considerations. The normal rise of the water
reservoir level was based on the assumption that it would note flood the
towns of Abakan and Chernogorsk with their coal deposits, located at the
end of the reservoir (380 km from the dam). The total volumetric capacity
of the reservoir will be 77 billion m3, and the available capacity 32 bil-
lion m3; the reservoir area will be 2,130 km2.
"The climate in the region of the construction is highly cont~nental.
The mean annual temperature of the air is -0.1+?C, the minimum -54?C, the
mean for January is -20.20 and for July is 18,8?C. The ice cover of the
river in the region of the dam reaches a thickness of 1-1.65 m; on some
sections spring ice jams cause the water level to rise up to 5.4 m..
"The geological formations are favorable for the erection of a high
dam: the foundation for the hydroengineering construction will be granite
(long-time test compressive strength is on average 1,3000 kg/cm2), The
narrow valley with steep banks at the dam site at, its bottom part is 750
m wide, and at the crest of the construction is 1,11+8 m wide.
"Under natural conditions, the Yenisey at the dam site has a mean
summer flow of about 2,800 1113/sec; the winter flow decreases to 300m3/sec;
the maximum observed flood flow was aLout 23,900m3/sec.
"For the normal level the he-.,: is 101 m, and the effective head for
the generators is 86 m."
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The installed capacity at the Krasnoyarsk Station will be 4 million
kur, as compared with the Bratsk [USSR] 3,600,000 kw, Grand Coulee [US]
2,314,000 kw, and Boulder Dam [US] 1,385,000 kw.
The annual electric power generation of the Krasnoyarsk Station will
be 19,140,000,000 kwh. The capacity of each of the 14 generators will be
286,000 kw or 360,000 kw at 100 rpm. Two 400,000-v power lines will con-
nect the station with the Kuzbas and the Bratsk station.
72. East German Welding Technologist Honored
"Awarding of the Gold Honor Pin and of Honorary Membership in
the Chamber of Technology to Deserving Colleagues" (unsigned
article), Berlin, Schweisstcchnik, No 1, Jan 58, p 5
Dr Engr Georg Becker, chief of the Central Institute for Welding
Technology of East Germany, Finsterwalde Branch, member of the "Welding
Techniques" Technical Committee, first chairman of the "Additive Materi-
als" Technical Committee, and colleague of the "Automatic Welding" and
"Training" Technical Committees [Chaiubev of Technology], was awarded the
Gold Honor Medal and honorary membership in the Chamber of Technology.
Becker was one of the cofounders of the "Welding Technology" Technical
Committee and participated influentially in the work of this committee.
He headed the "Additive Materials" Committee, which has done excellent
work in standardizing welding electrodes. He personally helped overcome
difficulties in producing welding powder for the flux welding process.
73. East German Glass Technologist Honored
"Awarding of the Gold Honor Pin and of Honorary Membership in
the Chamber of Technology to Deserving Colleagues" (unsigned
article), Berlin, Schweisstechnik, No 1, Jan 58, p 5
Dr Engr Paul Beyersdorfer, chief of the Institute for Glass Tech-
nology of the Main Department for the Glass Industry, Ministry of Light
Industry, first chairman of the Bezirk Cottbus Committee of the Chamber
of Technology, chairman of the "Glass" Specialist Committee an. colleague
in the "Additive Materials" (Zusatzwerkstoffe) and "Automatic Welding"
Technical Committees of the Chamber of Technology, was awarded the Gold
Honor Medal and honorary membership in the Chamber of Technology.
Beyersdorfer has been an active member of the Chamber of Technology
since October 1947. He is known for his scientific work in the field of
colored and special glass and for his work in the physical properties of
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glass. He is also known for having done basic research and for furthering
the development in producing welding powder for the flux welding process
and electric slag welding. In 1952, he was awarded the honorary title of
"Meritorious Inventor of the People."
71+. East German Industry Personnel Honored
"News From the Society of German Miners and Metallurgists" (un-
si,.ned article), Berlin, Neue Iluette, No 1, Jan 58, p 51+
Engr Kurt Toeppler of Meissen was awarded the honora,. ,' title of
"Meritorious Technician of the People" by Fritz Selbmann, deputy chair-
mau of the East German Council of Ministers, on 30 November 1957. Toep-
pler was honored for his services in developing the refractory materials
industry in East Germany. He was especially influential in the develop-
ment of ceramics machine building, in the production of crushing and mix-
ing mills and clay treating machines, and in improving the quality of
ceramic materials.
Dr Hans-Joachim Mueller of Leipzig was awarded the honorary title of
"Meritorious Technician of the People" by Fritz Selbmann, deputy chairman
of the East German Council of Ministers, on 30 November 1957. Mueller
was honored for taking a leading role in the development of the motor
industry in East Germany. He expanded the development of the Alfer proc-
ess and took a large part in introducing centrifugal casting in heavy
metal foundries and in the production of copper alloys low in scarce ma-
terials.
Pr Engr Werner Monzer of Berlin-Niederschoeneweide Was awarded the
honorary title of "Meritorious Technician of the People" by Fritz Selb-
mann, deputy chairman of the East German Council of Ministet-s, on 30 Novem-
ber 1957. Monzer was honored for taking a leading role in developing new
methods for the production of red brass and aluminum-silicon key alloys
with a scrap metal base, in the processing of saline slag, and in the.-pro-
duction of lead from lead-containing intermediate products.
Chief Engineer Werner Lott of Rackwitz was awarded the honorary title
of "Meritorious Technician of the People" by Fritz Selbmann, deputy chair-
man o:i the East German Council of Ministers, on 30 November 1957. Lott
won special recognition for his work in improving the quality of light
metal semifinished products and in increasing metal output. His annealing
process made possible the production of good workable sheets from a scrap
metal base during a shortage of blast-furnace metal. His initiative made
it possible to produce hypereutectic piston alloys without special devices
and to essentially improve the quality so that imports of light metal.
pistons could be stopped.
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Senior Engineer Otto Troeger of Leipzig was awarded the honorary
title of "Meritorious Technician of the People" by Fritz Selbmann, deputy
chairman of the East German Council of Ministers, on 30 November 3.957.
Troeger helped increase furnace production through more economical heat-
ing. He also deserves special honoro for improving the low shaft blast-
furnaces in VEB isenwer-k West (People-Owned West Ironworks), Calbe-Saale,
by making changes in the flue (Leitung), in the spraying of the washing
units, and in the operational method of the disintegrators, thereby avoid-
ing considerable gas loss and improving the quality of the gas. He also
built a gas purification unit with a work group (Kollektiv) in the VEB
Eisenwerk West.
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Bacteriology
CPYRG
75. Research on B. pestis
"Utilization of the Carbon From Acetic Acid by B. pestis," by
I. V. Domaradskiy and A. F. Semenushkina, State Scientific Re-
search Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology of the South-
eastern USSR; Moscow, Voprosy Meditsinskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 1,
Jan/Feb 58, pp 21-25
The r.lationship of B. pestis to acetic acid was explored in the re-
search described in this article. Attempts were made to explain the ca-
pability of B. pe.tis L,) assimilate acetic acid and to clarify the role
of this pathogen in cellular biosynthetic processes. Experimental methods
are described in detail. Results of the experiments are discussed in the
text and presented in three tables and a graph. The tables are entitled:
The Inclusion of C14 in Fractions of B. pestis Cultured on Hottinger's
Bouillon With Labe4ed Acet e; The Effect of Glucose and .A monia on the
Distribution of Cl in B. pestis Fractions. A chromatogram obtained by
the ionophoresis method is included .:o demonstrate the distribution of
radioactivity following separation of the protein bydrolysate of B. pestle
cultured on a medium containing C14 acetate.
The following conclusions derived from the results of these experi-
ments are given:
"l. Live B. pestis cells dried with acetone; are capable of fixing
radioactive carbon from acetic acid.
"2. The presence of C14 was established. in all fractiors of B.
.estis. The highest radiation intensity was'discerned in the lipid
fraction.
"3- Glucose increased the radioactivity of the lipid fraction and
decreased that of the nucleic acid fraction.
"k:. . The penetration of C14 into all fractions of B. pestis was
inte.isified by the presence of ammonia salts.
"5. B. pestis utilized labeled acetate for the synthesis of a num-
ber of amino acids of which glutaminic and asparaginic acids have been
identified.
`6. Forty-five percent of radioactivity was found in the monoaminodi-
carboxylic acid fraction; 37% of the C14 was bonded to the monoaminomono-
carboxylic acids, and only 16% to the basic amino acids."
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'(u. C'hirieuc Study Induced Traiiuformation of Atypical Dysentery Bacilli
"Induced Transformation of Atypical Dysentery Bacilli," I;-
Cheng Wu-fci ( `i? I /r`S ), Ch'en Tau- ch'ing
and 1Iiu Wci-chcn (,', -?!rf!. j~ ), Department of Microbiology.,
Tientsin Medical College; Peiping, Wel-sheng-wu Iisueh-pao,
(Acts Microbiological Sinica), Vol. 5, No ., 1957, PP 390-396
`i'hiu item reports research on the induced transformation of dysentery
baci.l:!i. In controlled experiments, each of six strains of atypical dys-
ertery bacilli were subjected to 30 serial passages in a sterile basic me-
dium of 75 percent peptone water :Ln which a "feeder" strain had been cul-
tured and .subsequently killed by heating. Simultaneously, one strain
of known Shigella flexner and three strains of nondysenteric enteric ba-
c:Llli were given the same treatment for comparative data.
Every third generation of each subject bacillus was transferred to
a Ch,na blue plate and then to a double sugar medium. The culture 'was
then tested biochemically and serologically for indication of transforma-
tion. In the course of the entire experiment, only one strain, the "82
Chung," was fully transformed, as indicated by its acquired ability to
agglutinate Flexner antiserum after, 30 serial passages in media contain-
ing killed Sh. dysenteriae and Sh. flexner, respectively, as feeders.
(The agglutinating titers wert- 1:640 and 1:320, respectively.) However,
under tue influence of feeders, all ten strains of the subject bacilli
showed varying degrees of change in biochemical activity, indicating some
degree of induced transformation had taken place.
The authors pointed out that the atypical strain which was success-
fully transformed had at one time existed in symbiosis with a typical
strain of Sh. flexner. Therefore, its acquiring the characteristics of CPYRGHT
Sh. flcxcncr while under the influence of the latter as feeder is under-
standable. The problem they are confronted with is How
lc was originally similar to Sh. flexner, acquire the biologic and
serologic characteristics of the latter in a medium containing not Sh.
flexner, but Sh. dysenteriae as feeder?"
They surmised that dysentery bacilli are related to one another to CPYRGHT
some definite degree and that, in the induced transformation of microor-
ganisms, an a~typical strain can acquire characteristics of its closest
"kin" by virtue of certain factors which it has in common wit:.i a feeder
of its own genus, even if it belongs to a different species.
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This hypothesis, in their opinion, does not preclude the possibility
that the same subject strain of atypical bacillus eventually would have
acquired the characteristics of Sh. sonnei and Sh. schmidtz feeders. Nor
does it mean that those feeders would eventually also induce in th- aty-
picLl strain the characteristics of Sh. flexnier. They say that the whole
hypothesis merits further study; fcr it offers dynamic evidence for the
origin and evolution of species.
The authors also pointed out that most scholars on variations due to
the use of antibiotics have approached the problem from the standpoint of
the drug resistance of pathogenic strains. They propose the initiation
of studies on atypical strains and their induced transformation in con-
nection with drug resistance.
Soviet theories on the origin of atypical strains, which find sup-
port in the zesults of the authors' experiments, are discussed.
Communicable Diseases
77. Pathogenesis of Experimental Tularemia
"Study of the Pathogenesis of Tularemia in Experimental Ani-
mals. Report 3: The D.rnamics of Proliferation of tbePtWagggn
an4 Morphological Changes in the Organs of White Rats Follow-
ing Subcutaneous Introduction of B. tularense," by A. B. Maah-
kov and A. F. Taranenko, Moscow Institute of Vaccines and Sera
imeni Mechinkiv; Moscow Zhurnal Mikrobiologii Epidemiologii
i Immunobiologii, Vol 28, No 8, Aug 57, pp 122-125
This article reports a study of pathogen proliferation and devel-
opment of morphological changes in internal organs following infection
of rats with 10 million microbial cells of a virulent culture and. one
billion microbial cells of a Gayskiy culture of B. tularense. One series
of rats was treated with a killed culture. The experimental method of
administering the vaccine was the same as that employed in experiments
reported in Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii I Ixxmznobiologii, No 6,
1950.
Pathological-anatomical investigations are described in detail and
are summarized comparatively in tabular form. The following conclusions
are presented on the bas-'_ of results obtained.
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CPYRGHT
"1. In experimental tularem.la in white: rats, the pathogen invaded
the internal organs within a short time after subcutaneous introduction
and caused the formation of B. tularenae granules in them. However, the
granule-formation process in white rats was limited., proceeded with weakly
expressed dystrophic changes, and underwent reverse development early.
Only residual phenomena were in evidence at the end of the second week.
"2. The vaccine process which developed following subcutaneous admin-
Latration of the Gayskly culture was accompanied in white rats by the
formation of typical B. tttlarense granules without clearly expressed
dystropic changes in the internal organs. The granule-formation process
was terminated toward the 10th-11th day.
"3. Following subcutaneous administration, B. tularense antigen in
the form of a boiled bacterial suspension occasioned the formation of
typical granules in the internal organs of white rats; reverse develop-
ment of these granules ended by the 10th-11th day."
r Czechoslovak Report on Orbit Coordination of Activities in Virology
"On the Possibilities of Coordination of Scientific Activity
in Virology Among the Socialist Countries," by Dr Bohumil Styk,
Prague, Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved, No 1/2, Jan/Feb
58, pp 43-15
The article reports activities of the first official meeting of the
members of the International editorial board of the periodical Acts, viro-
l.ogica, held in Prague on 17 and 18 September 1957. Those present in-
cluded Prof A. A. Smorodintsev and Prof V. M. Zhdanov, Corresponding Mem-
bers of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, Prof Dr C. H. Huang and,
Prof Dr. Gaw H. Zanyin [sic] from the People's Republic of China; Prof
Dr H. Roehrer and Prof Dr H. Urbach from East Germany; Prof Dr F. Przesmycki
from Poland; Academician St. S. Nicolau from Rumania; and Academician D.
Blaskovic and Dr B. Styk from Czechoslovakia. Also present were the Yugo-
slav representatives Prof Dr A. L. Terzin; Academician S. Prat, represent-
ing the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences; and Dr Petrik, representing the
publishing house of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.
The members of the editorial board pledged to obtain more reports
from improved experimental efforts and increase the periodical's
periodicity to six times yearly in 1958.
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On 18 September, the conference held an unofficial discussion on the
possib.ilit:Les of coordinating scientific research activity in virology
and expansion of scientific contacts among the socialist countries.
The assembly discussed the introductory reports of Academician D.
Blaskovic and Prof V. M. Zhdanov on the most recent tasks and ways of
expanding scientific contacts. After a comprehensive discussion of the
various details of implementing the coordination program, first suggested
in the June 1956 symposium in Leningrad (article states the broad cat-
egories), the board reccmmnended the following provisions for improving
the scientific contacts in virology among the socialist countries.
1. To organize lecture courses in virology with the participation
of leading specialists from socialist and Western countries, in Moscow
and Leningrad in 1958. A commission composed of V. M. Zhdanov as chair-
man, D. Blaskovic, St. S. Nicolau, and A. A. Smorodintsev will work out
the program of courses, the list of participants, and, organizational tasks.
2. To organize permanent scientific centers for directing the fol-
lowing important questions in the area of virology:
Influenza -- Institute of Virology imeni D. I. Ivanovskiy of the
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, Moscow; V. M. Zhdanov, head of program
Neuro-virus infection with natural focal area (with the excep-
tion of Japanese encephalitis) -- Institute of Virology of the Czecho-
slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava; H. Libikova, head of program.
Japanese encephalitis -- Department of Virology of the Academia
Sinica, Peiping; C. H. Huang, head of program.
Poliomyelitis -- Institute for Poliomyelitis Research of the
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, Moscow; M. P. Chumakov, head of program.
Epidemic hepatitis -- Institute of Infrar; robiology of the
Academy of Sciences of the Rumanian People's Repo?.. Bucharest; St. S.
Nicolau, head of program.
Other virus infections -- Institute of Virology of the Academy of
Medical Sciences USSR, Moscow; R. M. Shen, head of program
General virology -- Institute of Virology of the Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences, Bratislava; D. Blaskovic, head of program
Antivirus immunity -- Division of Virology, Institute of Experi-
mental Medicine of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, Leningrad; A. A.
Smorodintsev, head of program
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3. To organize international symposiums on the following questions
in 1958:
Influenza
Poliomyelitis
Pathogenesis and immunology of virus diseases.
The chairman of the problems commission was given the task of
preparing a program for these assemblies and related organizational prob-
lems, so that the first two symposiums should be held in one place and
at one time.
4. To request all participants of the meeting to clarify ways for
possible expansion of mutual exchange of virologists among socialist
countries in 1958.
5. To organize a future conference of the editorial board of Acta
virolo ica concerning the course of international symposiums or courses
in 195
[For additional information on communicable diseases see Item 105.1
Epidemiology
79. Hemorrhagic Fever in Stavropol'skiy Kray
"Concerning Hemorrhagic Fever in Stavropol 'skiy Kray," by Do-
cent L. V. Yarovoy, Chair of Infectious Diseases (director,
Docent L. V. Yarovoy), Stavropol Medical Institute; Moscow,
Supplement to Vrachebnoye Delo, 1957, p 74
The author describes the history of three cases of hemorrhagic fever
in Stavropol'skiy Kray. These cases are interesting from an epidemiolog-
ical and clinical point of view, the author explains, because up to now
there has been no history of natural foci of hemorrhagic fever in this
kray.
As a result of the three cases, the problem arose as to whether
hemorrhagic fever was endemic to the kray or whether it had been in-
troduced from the Crimea by the annual migration of birds. Since the
Hyalonma Plumbeum, a hemorrhagic fever vector, is widely dispersed in
this Kray and since the disease did not occur until the first of June
when the mass migration of the birds had not yet begun, the author con-
cludes that hemorrhagic fever is endemic in the kray.
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50. Sarcosporidiosis in Ul'yanovskaya Oblast
"The Epizootology of Sareosporidiosis," by S. A. Lubyanetskiy,
Tr. Ullyanovskiy S.-x. In-ta (Works of the Ul'yanovskiy Agri-
cultural Institute)) No E, 1956, pp 367-~82 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Biolo i , No 18, 25 Sep 57, Abstract No 79014) by
CPYRGAHTI' Shchurenkova
"Prom 1944 to 2 35:mare than 6, 000 animals from different rayons of
U1'yanovskaya Qblast were investigated by means of macroscopic examina-
tion and macroscopy of muscle tissue. The following organs were examined
in all the animals: esophagus, heart, superficial muscles of the neck,
spine, and cruppers, diaphragm, and deep shoulder muscles. Results of
the investigations are presented in the table. Macrosarco-Sporidia (Bal-
bianids) were observed in 3.46 of the sheep (3,773 were examined), and in
18.1i% of the goats (out of 33). .Females were more highly infected among
agricultural animals. Sarcosporidia were encountered very frequently in
malnourished animals and in animals suffering from chronic or postnatal
diseases. One-2-Year-old animals slaughtered for meat were found to be
most highly infected. Isolated cases of sarcosporidiosis were noted in
5-16-day-old calves, which evidently can be explained by4intrsuterine
infection. Sareosporidiosis was rare in animals under 2 months or age
to odI
"Two seasonal peaks in the incidence curve were noted in herbivores --
in July and November-December. In the author's opinion, the first peak is
connected with the beginning of the outpastu.Lring period in April when the
infection begins; and the second,..with the transfer of cattle to stall
maintenance and with a decrease in the resistance of the organism. The
author rejects the possibility of insect participation in the dissemination
of snrcosporidiosis and is of the opinion that infection occurs per os from
the environment,. vrhich contains i:vasion stage 8arcosporidiae; .the incuba-
tion period is approximately 3 months. The frequency 9f sarcosporidiosis.
in animals was found to differ even in localities with identical topography;
but if it was high in a certain place in one opecies of animals., it was
the same in other species. Sarcosporidia increase indications for isola-
tion and enforced slaughter of cattle. Data concerning dissemination of
this invasion among domestic animals should be made more precise, and car-
casses should be subjected to more careful sarcosporidioscopy."
The table below gives the number of animals examined and the percent
infected with Sarcosporidia:
CPYRGHT
No of Animals
Examined
% Infected With
Sarcosporidia..
Cattle
1,1+65
51+.2
Sheep
2,452
36.2
Goats
81
61.7
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CPYRGHT
No of Animals 'A Infected With
Examined Sarcosporidia
Swine
2, 204
17.4
Iiorues
118
49.2
White mice
115
6.9
Rats
95
12.6
Dogs
41
0.0
Chickens
60
1.9
Chinese Report Experimental Infection of Mosquitoes With Japanese B
Encephalitis
"Studies on the Insect Vec ors of B Encephalitis in Canon," by
Tsai Shang-ta ( I ), Ko Hsia-lin (4. Q j .. ) Jung
Kuan ( 1. ), and di. Tzu-i ( ,j. /)
Parasitology., , Department of
gy, Chung- Shan Medical College, Canton; Peiping, Wei-
she -wu Hsueh-pao (Acta Microbiologica Sinica), Vol 5, Not, 71-
Nov 57, pp 369-378
This paper summarizes the authors' studies which were undertaken
during 1953-1955 on certain mosquitoes found in Canton, and their rela-
tionship to the epidemiology of Japanese B encephalitis. The su mnaiy,
.rhich includes tabulated experimental data, is developed in four sections:
1. A survey of the important species found in Canton and their
seasonal distribution as influenced by climatic conditions -- Four are
mentioned: Culex fatigans, Aeries albopictus, Anopheles hyrcanus sinesis,
and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. All except Culex fatigans have been found
elsewhere in China to be vectors of B type encephalitis.
2. Experimental infection of mosquitoes by artificial feeding with
the virus and by sucking infected mice -- The adult mosquitoes used in
the experiments were grown from larvae found in Canton. It was found
that experimentally infected Aeries albopictus could harbor the virus for
as long as 19 days and could transmit the disease successfully up to 14
days. Experimentally infected Culex fatigans could transmit the disease
successfully up to 27 days.
3. Isolation of the virus naturally occurring in Culex fatigans, "the
mosquito found in greatest abundance in Cantoli" -- From 7,741 mosquitoes
of this species collected during the period January 1955-January 1956,
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three strains with characteristics identical to the Ching-wei-ycn2 [possibly
an abbreviation for Pei-ehing WPi-sheng Yen-chiu-yuan (National Institutes
of Health, Peiping)] StraLns wore :isolated. Each was passed through mice
for several generations by .intracerebral inoculation. The infectivity of
the vL.rus after each passage was tested. The authors state that their suc-
cessful isolation of the virus in nature during January and November seems
to support the Soviet theory that :infected mosquitoes harbor the virus
through the winter and are ready to infect man and animals in the spring.
They also note that their report constitutes the first known record of C.
fatigans having been found as a vector of B encephalitis in China.
I+. A study of Culex fatigans' preference for human blood or that of
domestic animals -- Results indicated that this species liked both almost
equally well. It was found by'the serum precipitation technique that 87
percent of the C. fatigans mosquitoes caught in human dwellings had taken
blood from man, 40 percent of those from cowsheds were engorged with bo-
vine blood, and 89 percent from hogpens were engorged with blood from hogs.
Further study on this subject to elucidate the relationship between man
and domestic animals in the epidemiology of B encephalitis is indicated.
According to footnotes, this paper is a condensation of a longer report
presented at the July 1956 scientific conference of Hua-nau Medical Col-
lege, "which has been renamed Chung-shan Medical College," and at the Third
Conference of the Korean Medical Association in 0ctob-r t:56. The research
was performed by the persons listed above, but this paper and its published
English abstract were written by Chen Hsin-t'ao their
supervisor.
[SIR Note: "Culex fatigans" is used in this item for the Chinese
"0' ~ 4 ? '. (shou-lieh k'u-wen). This literally means "gaming Culex
mosq to or 'Culex venaticus" in Latin, but does not appear in any other
current Chinese literature or English-Chinese lexicons on hand. These
consistently use either a trau.literation or a direct transl& ion for the
Latin term "fat Lgans."]
Immunology and Therapeutics
82. Specificity of Anticholera Serum Tested
"The Problem of the Specificity of Cholera 0-Serum," by I. V.
Shantarenko and I. A. Siroko; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiolo ii,
idemiole :I:L I Iznunobiologii, Vol 29, No 1, Jan 5 8., pp
40-43
The following discovery formed the basis for the research described
in this article: on investigating feces and liquid washings from the
stomachs of patients suffering from acute gastroenteritis with repeated
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vomiting and convulsions, an extremely motile, gramnegative Bacillus was
isolated; this organism formed a fragile film oi, the surface of peptone
water and was agglutinated by cholera 0-serum. The biochemical properties
of the microorganism isolated were determined (decomposition of sugars with
formation of acid and gas of the B. coli communior type), which completely
ruled out the suspicion of cholera which had arisen earlier in the investi-
gattons.
Results of this preliminatry research warranted testing the specificity
of the cholera 0-serum available in the laboratory. It was first established
that the B, cola culture isolated earlier (culture No 254) was completely
agglutinated by the dry cholera 0-serum from the Saratov Institute "Mikrob"
(series No 3/2, titer 1:1,600, prepared 8 July 1953) and by liquid 0-serum
series No 2, Irkutsk Antiplague Institute (titer 1:3,200, prepared 13 Au-
guat 1955).
Tw,. series of experiments were preformed: a study of the spectrum of
nonspecific properties of cholera 0-serum, and use of the Castellani reac-
tion for the study of cultures which appear to be antigenically related.
Standard cultures of Flexner Bacillus (types 1 and f), typhoid Bacillus,
and Proteus X 19, freshly isolated culture of Flexner Bacillus type c,
and strain No 254 were selected for the agglutination reaction with cholera
0-serum. Two tables are included to show results.
The following conclusions are presented on the basis of these experi-
ments: CPYRGHT
"1. Antibodieoo against microorganisms of the intestinal group appeared
In dry cholera sera series No 3/2 and No 2 from the Saratov Instituto 'Mik-
rob'; and in liquid cholera 0-serum series No 2, Irkutsk Antipidgue Institute-
Several of them (Flexne Bacillus type c and intestinal Bacillus strain No
254) were completely agglutinated by these sera.
"2. It was established by the use of the exhaustion and Kravchenko-
Sokolov reactions that the strains of B. coli and dysentry Bacilli studied
did not have common antigens with the cholera diagnosticum. The capability
of cholera 0-serum to agglutinate the aforementioned microorganisms depends
on antibodies, either contained in the normal serum of the producer or ap-
pearing as a result of previous i mization with other antigens.
"3. The results obtained demonstrate the'possibility of purifying
cholera 0-serum by adsorption of heterogenous antibodies by Flexner type
c dysentery bacillus antigen.
"4. The presence of agglutinins against foreign microorganisms in
cholera 0-serum can lead to hyperdiagnosis of cholera when accelerated in-
vestigation methods are employed. Practicing laboratories must be provided,
with adsorbed cholera sera."
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3. 'itularcuni.a Vaccine Characterized
"Characteristics of `.i`culareznia Vaccine Strains According to
Laboratory Indexes," by 0. S. Yemel'yanova, Institute of
Epidemiology and Microbiology .imeni Gamaleya; Moscow Zhurnal
Mikrobiolog:ii, Ep[.derniologi:i i Immunobiologii, Vol 28, Tom,
Aug 57, pp 125-129
The characteristics of vaccine strains employed for prophylaxis of
tularemta which were described by Gayskiy, Elbert and FF.ybich are am-
plified and supplemented by laboratory indexes presente6 in this article.
It is stc,ed that development of these indexes was auuo,Mplished under the
gMwal direction of Prof N. G. 0lsus''yev and provided the basis for [of-
fici.a]] inst. ctions concerning the production, control, and administra-
tion of cutaneous live L.-y tularemia vaccine. The characteristics of
vaccine strains and virulent strains are analyzed with regard to strain-
ing, dissociation in culture, suitability of various culture media, and.
preservation of virulence; effects of varying the number of mice in the
experiments were also dote-,mined. The author corroborates the opinions
of former investigat:Luns who consider vaccine strains harmless for guinea
pigs. It was further established that the survival rate of guinea pigs
following cutaneous administration of a vaccine can serve as an index
of the quality of the vaccine strain. Inoculation reactions were care-
fully observed.
The observation that viability of vaccine prepared from Gayskiy
strain No 15 is increased to almost 100% after passage through animal
organisms highly susceptible to tularemia is discussed; the resultant.
variant is known as "restored" Gayskiy strain No 15. It is mentioned
that other indexes simultaneously became higher. Two tables are included
to show, respectively, the characteristics of Gayskiy strain No 15 and
.its restored variant, and the number of immunogenic microorganisms in
series of vaccines prepared from Gayskiy strain No 15 and its restored
variant.
CPYRGHIConclusions drawn as a resalt of these experiments are as follows:
"1. Vaccine strains administered for the prophylaxis of tularemia
possess morphological, tinctorial, and. culture characteristics which
are typical for D. tularense, and are agglutinated by specific S-serum
of the Vi-agglutinat-Lon ;ype.
"2. The quality of vaccine strains depends on a high content of
.immunogeni.c, mocrobial cells having lasting virulence, which are char-
acterized by growth on blood agar in the form of white (cloudy) colonies.
Dissociated strains which contain a higher quantity of avirulent non-
Lnnituiogenic cells growing in the form of gray (transparent) colonies
and strains which decompose easily during the vaccine production process
are not suitable for use as vaccines.
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CPYRGHT
"3. Vaccine strains are harm less to guinea pigs and have lasting
virulence for white mice -- 30-50% of the mice died from tularemia vac-
cine following the subcutaneous introduction of 100 to one million micro-
bial cells.
"4. The vaccine strains protected mice and guinea pigs from 1,000
lethal. doses of a virulent culture of B. tularense and brought about a
skin inoculation reaction in guinea pigs."
[For additional information on immunology and therapeutics, see Item
No 87.]
Oncology
84. Chinese Investigate Influence of Disturbance of Higher Nervous Activ-
ity on Experimental Tumors
"Studies on the Effect of Disturbances of Higher Nervous Activ-
ity on the incidence and Development of Experimental Tumors in
Mice," by Wang Heng-wen ( ), Chen Miao-lan U
- rfj ), Department of Pathology, Chinese Academy of Me cal
sciences, Peiping; and Yang Chien , ), Laboratory of
Pathology, Institute of Epidetiology; Peiping, Chung-Hua Ping-
li-hsueh Tsa-chih (Chinese Journal of Pathology), -Vol3, No 4,
Oct 57, PP 159-162
This article presents the details of experiments undertaken during
the past 2 years to determine the influence of disturbance of higher
nervous activity on experimental tumors in mice and to supplement previous
experiments of certain Soviet medical scientists.
From the results of their experiments, the authors conclude the fol-
lowing:
1. Disturbances in higher nervous activity will ac.elerate the
growth of sarcomas transplanted in mice and promote sarcomagenesis induced
by meth ylcholanthrene.
2. Appropriate conditioned reflexes appear to inhibit the growth
of transplanted sarcomas. This view merits further '.nvestigation.
3. The experimental method used to investigate the effect of higher
nervous activity on the process of tumors has certain definite limitations.
All data must be analyzed, in the light of the characteristics of the ma-
terials and methods.
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Ph a.rmacolcgy and Toxicology
85. The Effect of Small Doses of Vipera lebetina Venom on Blood
Morphology
"Experimental Data Concerr;ing the Effect of Small Doses of
Vipera lebet:ina Venom on Blood Morphology," by A. A. Pisnova,
Trudy Stalinabadskogo Medsitsinskogo Institute (Works of the
Stn,linabadok Medical Institute), 195 , No 18,-Pp 25-34 (from
Referativny Zhurnal--Biolo i a, No 22, 25 rov 57, Abstract
CPYRGI T 9111, by T. P. Veseloua)
"Experiments were conducted on healthy rabbits as well as on rabbite
in which allergy processes (Artyus-Sakharov phenomenon) were experimentally
induced. A 1:2,000 solution of Vipera lebetina venom was introduced sub-
cutaneously in gradually incrccasing doses, from 0.4 to 3 ml, over a pe-
riod of 1-2 weeks. The introduction of the venom into healthy rabbits
did not change their hemoglobin or erythrocyte content. Also, the venom
did not effect the leukocyte or eosinophil count rroduced at the height
of the Artyus phenomen. The ,subcutaneous administration of ?'he venom
did not produce local inflamation."
86. The Stability of Preserves: Vipera lebetina Venom
"The Stability of the Coagulation Property of Preserved Vipera
lebetina Venom," by Z. S. Barkagan, Trudy Stalinabadskogo Med-
itsinskogo Institute. (Works of the Stalinabadsk Medical Insti-
tute)., 195, No 1T,-pp 19-24 (frorr Referativniy Zhurnal - -
Biologiya, No 22, 25 ';ov 57) Abstract No 96063
, by T. P.
CPYRGYelova
"Vipera lebetina venom which has reen preserved in liquid form
loses 20-25% of its coagulation capacity every rnont.;h regardless of its
concentration. Dried Vipera lebatina venom in hydroscopic and decom-
poses rather quickly."
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87. Vacc i.ricu and Sera for "lake Bite
"A Method for Obtaining Anti Snake Bite Vaccines and Sera,"
by Ye. Nauryzbayev, Trudy A1ma-Atinskogo Zoovet, Instituta
(Works of the Alma-Ata Zooveterinary Institute), - 1955, No 8,
p 150-157 (from Referativny Zhurnal Biologiya, No 22, 25 Nov
CPYR(31+TAbstract No 96065, by T. P. Veselova)
"To obtain the most active and economical antisnake bite vaccine,
the author established an antigen depot in an organism, utilizing alumi-
num hydroxide, lanolin, and gypsophila to which the anatoxin of the antis-
trodon had been added. It was determined, in rabbits, that the sapo:an
vaccine possesses high immunogenic properties. After a one ml dose or
two 0.5 ml doses, immunity begins in one month and last for 6-8 months.
The saponin vaccine can be used to hyperimmunize horses and to obtain
antitox, n erum."
88. Utilization of Ditilin for Facilitating Electroshock Therapy and
the Prevention of Complications
"The Utilization of a Domestic Preparation, Ditilin, for Facili-
tating Electroshock Therapy and the Prevention of Complica-
tions," by B. A. Lebedev, Thi'd psychiatric Clinic (director,
Prof Ye. S. Averbukh) Leningrad Psychoneurological Institute
imeni V. M. BekP.terev; Moscow, Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhi-
atrii imeni S. S. Korsakov, Dec 57, No 12, pp 1467-1493)
The author describes two cases in which ditilin was utilized for
facilitating electroshock therapy and the prevention or complications.
Ditilin is the diiodmethylate of the dimethyl aminoethyl ester of
succinic acid, i.e., a complex ester formed by succinic acid'and two
molecules of choline. Its action is similar to that of choline, ac-
cumulating in the neurc, 1cc-1lar synapse. Disrupting the transmission
of neuromuscular excitti,tirn, ditilin weakens the skeletal muscles. The
preparation hydrolizes slightly and is, destroyed by the cholinesterase
of the blood, thereby making its action temporary. Prozerin, a?cholines-
terase inhibitor, increases the action of ditilin; however, it is an-
tagonistic to other curare-like substances.
The author concludes that ditilin prevents complications during
electroshock therapy and is quite safe since it is quickly destroyed
by cho"Linesterase and has minimum action on the diaphragm muscles-
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000100060001-7
Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
89. New Dust Meters
"New Instruments for Measuring Dust in Air," by M. I. Volokhov,
L. K. Misyunas and 0. P. Leont'yef; i`Mosccw, Priborstroyeniye,
No !i., Apr 57, pp 18-20
With the aid of three diagrams, the authors describe in detail the
components and operating principles used in three dust measuring instru-
ments.
The instruments described include the TVK-3 dust mete;, the EK-4
electronic konimeter, and an instrument developed by 0. P. Leont'ye'
which operates on a principle utilizing the electrical properties of the
dust, i. e., by measuring the electrical charge of the dust particles.
90. Study of the Microflora in Air With the Aid of an Aerocentrifuge
"Study of the Microflora in the Air of a Lying-In Home With
the Aid of an Aerocentrifuge," by L. P. Perlina, Chair of
Microbiology (scientific director, Prof S. S. Rechmenskiy),
Kishinev Medical Institute; Moscow, Supplement to Vrache-
bnoye Delo, 1957, P 105
The purpose of the investigation, the author explains, was to com-
paratively evaluate the petri dish method of collecting microbes from
the air and the Rechmenskiy aerocentrifuge method. Samples of air
were collected in lying-in homes and the data evaluated. As a result
of data collected, the author concludes that the aerocentrifuge method
was very effective and permitted the collection of samples in 3-5 min-
utes, as compared with the'petri dish method which would require 50-60
minutes. The number ..if microbes collected with the aerocentrifuge
method was greater tha;.with the petri dish method. In addition, the
aerocentrifuge is of simpic. construction and can be constructed by any
laboratory.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000100060001-7
Radiology
91. Ea