SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100040001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 136
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 19, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: April 7, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

SENT I IC I NF ORMAI ION
'ORT NUMBER. 4
1 ~0~'
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FU
COPY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION
REPORT
Number 4 7 April 1958
Prepared by
Foreign Documents Division
(- CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
2430 E. St., N. W., Washington 25, D.C...,~,?
7 ! r. , ) l
r~r 1. t ~ l
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted
from publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and Ch:i.na.
The information selected is intended to indicate current
scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the
Sino-Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is
disseminated as an aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
Page
I.
Astronomy
1
II.
Biology
2
III.
Chemistry
4
IV.
Earth Sciences
13
V.
Electronics
45
VI.
Engineering
53
VII.
Mathematics
5li
VIII.
Medicine
55
IX.
X.
Metallurgy
Physics
105
XI.
Miscellaneous
127
NOTE: Items in this report are numbered cbnsecutively.
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1. Tenth Congress of International Astronomical Union
"In the Stalinabad Astronomical Observatory," by A. Solov'yev,
Candidate of Physicomathematical Sciences, director of the
Astronomical Observatory, Academy of Sciences Tadzhik SSR;
Stalinabad, Kommunist Tadzhikistana, 5 Feb 58
"Soviet astronomers are preparing to participate in the Tenth Con-
gress of the International Astronomical Union. The congress is to be
held in August 1958 in Moscow. The congress is to 'be a "great political
and scientific evdnt, contributing to still closer collaporation of sci-
entists of the brother republics of the USSR and other cbuntries."
CPYRGHT
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Plant Physiology
2. Effects of Sodium Azide, Fluoride, and Cyanide, and Succinic
Dehydrogenase Assayed in Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Wheat
"The Question Concerning the Participation of Cytochrome
Oxidase in the Process of Chlorophyll Synthesis," by I. A.
Chernav.ina, B. A. Rubin, and L. F. Nikolayeva, Moscow State
University imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow, Doklady Akademi.i
Nauk SSSR, Vol 114, No 5, 11 Jun 57, pp 10 0-10 3
Tests were conducted on winter wheat No 2453. Tables represent,
chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content under the effect of NaN3, NaF,
and NaCN respiratory inhibitors in the process of the, greening of wheat
seedlings. NaCN stimulates, while NaN3, and NaF inhibit chlorophyll
formation. Plants subjected to CO gas produce less chlorophyll, but
both control and experimental plants subjected to CO produce more chloro-
phyll when under blue than under red light. Additional experiments il-
lustrate the significance of succinic dehydrogenase in chlorophyll syn-
thesis.
The authors conclude that the process of chlorophyll biosynthesis
is closely connected with the activity of the Fe-protein enzyme group,
i.e.; the cytochrome oxidase. Experiments verify that specific poisons
inhibiting various chains in the cytochrome system decrease the process
of chlorophyll biosynthesis, and that the removal of the effects of en-
zyme poisons makes it possible to re-establish,' in these plant tissues,
normal biosynthesis of the green pigments.
Radiobiology
3. Radioactive Isotopes in Agronomy
"Application of Radioactive Isotopes in the USSR," by G. V.
Kurdyumov, M. B. Neyman, and G. M. Frank; Moscow, Atomnaya
Energiya, Vol 3, No 11, Nov 57, pp 465-478
The following account of Soviet application of radioisotopes in
CPY~r ri H Ural research (pp 475-476) is given:
"In addition to their other applications, radioactive isotopes are
used to stuay important processes in plant organisms.
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CPYRGHT
"Bayer's theory was for many years the accepted theory in plant
physiology. According to this theory the initial product of photo-
synthesis is Formaldehyde, which is formed through carbon hydration.
It is assumed that the oxygen given off in the photosynthesis is ob-
tained from carbon dioxide which the plant leaves absorb from the air.
"This representation was refuted by the work of A. P. Vinogradov,
using heavy oxygen (A. P. Vinogradov and R. V. Teys, Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR. 33, 574, 1941). It was shown in this work that the oxygen
in photosynthesis comes from water. The work of many foreign researchers
the results of which were verified in the USSR, proved that formaldehyde
is not the initial product of photosynthesis, a viery complex process in-
volving the production of phosphoric acid esters. This process and the
chemical composition of products of the photosynthesis depend on a number
of factors, one of which is the spectral composition of the light causing
the photosynthesis (A. A. Nichiporovich, Primeneniye Izotopov v Tekhnike,
iolo ii i Sel'ckom Khoz stve Dokl.ad Sovetekoy Dele atsii na Mezh-
dunarodno Konferentsii o Mirnomy Is ol'zovani Atomno Ener ii Appli-
cation of Isotopes in Technology, Biology, and Agriculture Reports of the
Soviet Delegation to the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses
of Atomic Energy], Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences USSR, 1955,
p 383). In addition to carbohydrates, proteins and other compounds are
products of photosynthesis. Details of the photosynthesis process are
still being studied at present.
"The notion that plants are nourished by carbon dioxide in the air
was changed and improved on by the work of A. L. Kursanov, who showed
through the use of C14 that plants also utilize carbon dioxide which
enters from the soil through the root system (A. L. Kursanov, loc. cit.,
p 338). Radioisotopes were used for supplementary feeding of the plants
other than through the roots. The close relationship between root feeding
of plants and the photosynthesis process was established by this work and
that of other researchers.
"The fast renewal of chlorophyll in plant leaves came as a surprise
in studying the processes of chlorophylibiosyntheses (A. A. Shlyk, Metod
Mechenykh Atom v lz chenii Biosinteza Khlorcl'illa [Method of Tagged Atoms
in Studying Chlorophyll Biosynthesis], Pu'blirhing House of the Academy
of Sciences, Belorussian SSR, Minsk, 1956).
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CPYRGHT
"A study of the way rubber is produced in plants showed that the
rubber in a kok-saghyz may be formed from carbohydrates (M. B. Neyman,
A. A. Prokof'yev, and N. S. Shantarovich, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,
78, 367, 1952). It was shown that c14 atoms from tagged sugars, acetic
and levulinic acid, and glycene and acetoacetic acid are involved in
the biosynthesis of rubber to almost the same extent nd to a consider-
ably. less degree than are -C14 atoms from alanine-2-C14 (Ye. A. Shilov,
Report Delivered at the International Conference on -the Application of
Radioisotopes in Scientific Research, Paris, 1957).'
"The major portion of the work has been connected with studying
the role of radioactive radiations on the life and reproduction proc-
esses of plants. Of great importance is the recently published work
of A. P.?Vinogradov, who showed that the presence of natural K40 does
not appear to have any effect on the metabolism of Aspergillus fungi
(A. P. Vinogradov, Doklady Akademii. Nauk SSSR, 110, 375, 1956).
"The tagged-atoms method can be used to establish that there is an
exchange of material between a graft, and the root stock and that there
is an interconnection between the root system and the tops of trees.
The best methods of applying fertilizers to the soil was discovered
through the use of tagged fertilizer atoms. In particular, it was
learned that plants best. assimilate phosphorus in small granules during
the early stages of growth, whereas in the later period of vegetation
they best absorb phosphorus in large granules. The best ratio of organic
and mineral fertilizer components was also determined from these studies
(V. M. Klechkovskiy, Doklad na Plenarnom Zasedanii Vseso zno Nauchno-
tekhnicheskoy Konferentsii po Primeneniyu Izotopov [Report Delivered at
the Plenary ,Session of the All-Union Scientific-Technical Conference on
the Application of Isotopes], Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences
USSR, 1957).
"A considerable improvement in the methods of using tagged atoms
to study how plants assimilate fertilizers was made with the method of
"selective absorption." This method amounts to introducing a standard
tagged fertilizer into the soil and also an experimental nontagged ferti-
lizer. The specific activity of the tagged element that was taken up ';y
the plant is measured, and the relative assimilability of the fertilizer
under study can then be calculated (A. V. Sok.olov, 1?rimenenive zotnp y
o icheskikh i Pochyenny kh Issledovanivakh [Application of
Isotopes in Agricultural-chemical and Soil Research], Publishing House
of the Academy of Sciences USSR, 1955).
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CPYRGHT
"This new research method, the application of radioactive isotopes,
is being ever more widely used by Soviet scientists and engineers in
scientific research and in industry, agriculture, and medicine. The
growing number of papers by Soviet scientists at general conferences
and at specialized meetings devoted to the application of isotopes in
various areas of science and technology testify to the scope of this
work. Such meetings are regularly held both in the many republics of
the Soviet Union and abroad."
4. Roentgenokymographic Tracings of Heart During Radiation Sickness
"Roentgenokymography of the Heart During Acute Radiation Pick-
ness Under Experimental Conditions," by I. B. Gurevich, Radio-
biological Laboratory (head, Prof M. 0. Raushenbakh), Central
Order of Lenin Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion;
Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiolo i a Vol 2, No 6, Nov/Dec 57,
pp 49-5
The purpose of this research was to study the effects of X-ray
radiation on the tone and on the contractile function of the myocardium.
Tests were run on 50 dogs which were irradiated by 30Q and 600 r, and
changes in the myocardium were recorded by reontgenokymographic method.
Results indicate the following:
1. Changes developing in the heart during acute radiation sickness
? can be described in four phases which correspond to the four periods of
radiation sickness.
2. Basic changes in the myocardium include the inhibition of the
contractile function during the first, and .especially during the third
period. These two phases correspond to the initial and peak periods of
radiation sickness. During the second and fourth periods of radiation
sickness (latent and restoration periods) the compensatory intensifica-
tion of the contractile function of the heart plays a prominent role.
3. The initial condition of myocardium, to a great extent, deter-
mines, the changes developed in the myocardium.
4. Roentgenokymography is of great value in evaluating the changes
occurring in the contractile function of the heart.
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5. Plankton as an Indicator, Absorber, and Eradicator of Radioactive
Pollution of esFr h-Water Reservoirs
"Plankton as an Indicator of Pollution of Fresh-Water Reservoirs
by Radioactive Substances," by G. D. Lebedeva; Moscow, Medit-
sinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 2, No 6, Nov/Dec 57, pp 65-69-
Research data indicate that certain water organisms are capable of
absorbing and accumulating radioactive isotopes with a resultant radio-
activity in their system up to 2,000 times higher than that of their
external environment.
The present research was a study of the accumulation of radioactiv-
ity by Daphnia magna, Diaptomus amblyodon, and Scenedesmus quadricauda.
Various tables repreoent the accumulation of radioactive strontium in
Daphnia, accumulation of Sr90 in Daphnia at various specific activities
of water, time factor in the dynamics of Sr90 accumulation, Sr90 accumu-
lation by Diaptomus, and finally the decrease of beta-activity in Daphnia
by transferring them to fresh water.
Results indicate the following:
1. Daphnia are able to absorb from water, and to accumulate in
their system, during the first 5 minutes, radioactive isotopes in quanti-
ties 3-7 times that in water at a level below maximum accumulation value.
Thus, in a very short time,' it is possible to determine contamination of
water by radioactive isoto
b
i
pes
y us
ng Daphnia. This is especially im-
portant where the specific activity of water is very low.
2. When the radioactive concentration of water rang~es from 2.7 x
10-12 to 3.4 x 10-4 curies/liter, the accumulation of Sry? in Daphnia
may be 300,000 and 6 times, respectively, greater than that of water.
3? Immersion of Daphnia with radioactivity ranging from 7.5 x 10-7
to 7.8 x 10-5 curies/kg (damp weight) into fresh water decreases the
radioactivity in the Daphnia, in 10 hours, to 25 to 2%, respectively, of
the original value.
4. Protococcus algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda) attains a maximum
accumulation of Sr90, from a solution containing 3.4 x 10-10 curies/liter
of up to 2.7 x 10-6 curies/kg in 36 hours; while Diaptomus amblyodon gc -
cumulates maximum radioactivity, from a solution containing 2.7 x 10-6
curies/liter, bp to 1.6 x 10-5 curies/kg in 48 hours.
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6. Effect of Radioactive Strontium on Processes cf Self-Purification
of Water Reservoirs and on Water Microflora Studied
"Certain Data on the Influence of Radioactive Strontium on
the Processes of Self-Purification of Water Reservoirs," by
V. M. Zhogova; Moscow, Meditsinksaya Radiologiya, Vol 2, No 6,
Nov/Dec 57, pp 69-73
The aim of this research was to study the effect of radioactive sub-
stances on the processes of self-purification and on the microflora of
water reservoirs.
1. In the presence of Sr89 and Sr90 in water in concentrations not
exceeding 10-3 curies/liter, radioactive isotopes exert no inhibitory
effect on the microflora of water and on the processes of mineralization
of organic matter (Judging from total number of colonies per ml, titer of
enteric coli, amount of ammonia nitrogen, nitrites, and nitrates).
2. The above-mentioned concentrations of radioactive strontium
exert no effect on the processes of nitrification, as evidenced by ex-
periments using special synthetic media.
3. Strontium in concentrations up to 10-3 curies/liter does not
affect the development of B. coli in synthetic media at 370, but when
the radioactive concentration is raised to 10-2 curies/liter there is
evidence of some inhibitory effect on the,rate of development during
the first 4 hours.
4. Radioactive strontium in concentrations up to 10-2 curies/liter
exerts no negative effect on the survival of B. cola in physiological
salt solution at room temperature, but coiicentrations,of 1.3 x 10-1
curies/liter speed the rate at which the B. cola perish (75-80% die dur-
ing the first 24 hours). But even at this high concentration of radio-
active strontium, 3-5% cf radio-resistant bacilli remain.
5. Concentrations of radioactive strontium which may get into water
and into the bottom of water. reservoirs with sewage exert no inhibitory
effect on water microflora or on the processes of self-purification.
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Miscellaneous
? 7. Conference on Problems of Heredity in Institute of Genetics,. Academy
of Sciences USSR
"Anniversary Conference on the Problems of Heredity in the In-
stitute of Genetics, Academy of Sciences USSR," by Prof Kh. F.
Kushner, Institute of Genetics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Mos-
cow, Zhivotnovodstvo, No 1, Jan 53, pp 84-89
The scientific conference on the problems of heredity and variations
in plants, animals, and microorganisms and dedicated to the 40th anniver-
sary of the Great October Re?.:olution was held at the Institute of Genetics,
Academy of Sciences USSR, from 8 to 14 Oct:-)ber 1957. Over 1,000 scholars
attended, and 191 reports were given on the genetics of animals, the
genetics of microorganisms and viruses, and the heredity and viability
of plants. The principal report, "On the Laws of Life of Biological
Species and Its Significance to Practice," was given by Academigian T. D.
Lysenko, director'of the Institute of Genetics, Academy of Sciences USSR.
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III. CHEMISTRY
Analytical Chemistry
8. Chinese Design Source Circuit for Determining Traces of Halogens
"A New Double-Arc Source for Detecting Traces of Halogens in
Powdered Specimens," by Huang Pen-li (- / ), Institute
of Applied Physics, Ace,demia Sinica, and T'ien Li-ch'ing (
), Department of Chemistry, Nanking University; Peip-
ing, K'o-hsueh T'u -pao (Scientia), No 24, 1957, pp 759-760
This article presents a circuit diagram for a double-arc source
which can be used to detect traces of halogens by the method of spec-
tral analysis. The circuit is an improvement over the double-arc source
Huang Pen-li had designed and introduced in the No,10, 1957, issue of
K'o-hsueh Tung-pao. Tests demonstrated that the original circuit had
a better spectrum recurrence than other known double-arc circuits. More-
over, its exitation discharge could be adjusted over a wide range. How-
ev.:r, its sensitivity to "difficult to excite" volatile elements such
as the halogens was hampered by the necessity of a large inductance along
the discharge loop,. The new improved circuit with several inductance
coils, each equal to or less than 350 microhem,ies, eliml..tes that prob-
lem.
The article says that an experimental light source with alternating,
circuit for heating and direct current for chargi.ig was set up accord-
ing to this circuit. The phase difference between pilot and rectifying
circuits was 120 degrees. An ordinary Feussner spark generator, which
ordinarily sets off 100 discharges per second, was used to produce 50
excitation discharges per second. This source was used in connection
with a,KC-55 glass spectrograph to detect traces of chlorine and bromine
in CuD. The sensitivity to these two halogens was 0.03 percent, whereas
the sensitivity of a method advanced by I. I. Levintov was 0.15 percent.
The latter had to use 0.5 gram of specimen while the authors' experi-
ments required only 0.3 gram.
The authors' intention to use this light source in the investigation
of whether the low-voltage spark of small or large capacitance is better,
for the excitation of halogens is mentioned.
[For additional information on analytical chemistry, see Item No 91.]
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Industrial Chemistry
? 9. Production of Pure Xenon Feasible Because of Expansion of Industrial
Production of Oxygen
"The Production of Pure Xenon," by V. G. Fastovskiy, A. Ye.
Rovinskiy, and Yu. V. Petrovskiy; Moscow, Zhurnal Prikiadnoy
Khimii, Vol 31,, No 1, Jan 58, pp 5-13
The extensive development of the oxygen industry and of the proc?uc-
tion of krypton as a by-product of this industry have created prerequi-
sites for the production of considerable quantities of xenon, a as the
content of which in the air is insignificant (it amounts to 0.000008%
by volume). The results of an investigation on the subject are there-
fore reported. The separation of xenon is preceded by separation from
the air of a krypton-xenon mixture containing 7-8% of xenon. This mix-
ture can be separated into krypton and xenon either by fractional dis-
tillation (rectification) or by adsorption. The calculations and ex-
periments which are outlined indicate that the rectification method
results in a higher degree of separation of xenon and better separation.
However, this method is somewhat more difficult to apply than the ad-
sorption method.
10. Significance of Ultrapure Substances in Present-Day Technology
Chistoye Veshchestvo(Pure Substances), by Academi;;ian I. I.
Chernyayeti"Znaniye," publishing house, Moscow, 1957, 16 pp
This popular booklet discusses the problem of the production of pure
elements and pure chemical substances. On the example of the purifica-
tion of platinum, the great difficulties connected with the development
of procedures for the production of ultrapure substances are illustrated.
The significance of special purification of elements for nuclear tech-
nology and semiconductor technology is emphasized. The principal methods
for the production of ultrapure elements are outlined, including zone
refining, melting in high vacuum so that the volatile impurities are
distilled off, growing of single crystals in melts, and solvent extrac-
tion. The concept of isotopic purity is defined.
[SIR Note: I. I. Chernyayev has been active in research on complex
compounds of platinum and metals of the platinum group. By using these
compounds, platinum can be separated from the metals which accompany it
and purified.]
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11. Hungarians Develop New Crop Spray and Fertilizers,
"Substitute for Copper Sulfate and Other New Procedures at the
Heavy Chemical Industry Research Institute, Veszprem," by
Istvan Vig; Budapest, Magyar Nemzet, 22 Sep 57, p 5
According to the author, NEVIKI (Nehezvegyipari ICutato Intezet,
'Heavy Chemical Industry Research Institute),, which is under the direc-
tion of Dr Gyorgy Koraryi, Candidate of Technical Sciences, has devel-
oped an, effective substitute for copper sulfate. The preparation was
evolved by Guzte.v Fehervari and Mrs Laszlo Gorog in cooperation with
a section of the Plant Protection Research Institute (Novenyvedelmi
Kutato Intezet). This section has since become part of NEVIKI. The
preparation is known as DNRB, an abbreviation of dimitrothioeyanoben-
zene.
To date, 2 tons of DNRB has been prepared and distributed to ex-
perimental farms which successfully utilized it as an antiperonospore
spray in the vineyards. Preparations for producing DNRB at full plant
level and plans for procuring the necessary investments are now under
way.
NEVIKI has also had excellent results with the compound fertilizer
developed there. This fertilizer consists of 20 percent phosphorus and
20 percent nitrogen. One kilogram of the compound is as effective as
one kilogram of phosphorus mixed with one kilogram of "Pet salt." Since
1951 forty tons of the compound fertilizer has been produced at the
pilot' plant established in Pet at that time.
Bela Balla, department head of NEVIKI, and Gyula Kineses, his col-
league, evolved the manufacturing technology of the new fertilizer.
Balla recently gave a lecture about the compound fertilizer in Moscow
before experts from the "friendly countries." The lecture aroused great
interest.
Bela Raskai, scientific leader and Miklos Kovacs, his colleague,
have evolved a new and much cheaper procedure for extracting pyrocatechol
from brown coal tars. As a result of their research, a shop for extract-
ing pyrocatechol with methyl alcohol rather than ether is being estab-
lished at the Dorog Coal Processing Enterprise. Henceforth this basic
material, which is used in the production of papaverine, will be pro-
duced cheaply and in large quantities.
Candidate Dr Pal Takacs,,a department head of NEVIKI, has developed
a new procedure for recovering sulfur from gas. The author does not dis-
cuss this procedure.
[For additional information on industrial chemistry, see Item No 30.]
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Inorganic Chemistry
12. Investigation of Thermodynamics of Formation of Hydrogen Super-
oxide From Water Vapor That Has Been Subjected to the Action of
an Electric Discharge
"Concerning the Problem of a Higher Peroxide of Hydrogen and
Frozen Radicals; Part 1 -- Determination of the Heat of De-
composition of the Vitreous Matter Formed in an Electric Dis-
charge From Water Vapor," by L. A. Reznitskiy, K. G. Khomyakov,
L. I. Nekrasov, and I. I. Skorokhodov, Moscow State University;
Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 32, No 1, Jan 58, pp
87-92
A calorimeter' has been designed and,a procedure developed for in-
vestigating low-temperature reaction products of water vapor dissociated
in an electric discharge. It was established that three thermal effects
occur during the heating of the vitreous matter that is formed. The
first is an exothermal effect which begins at minus 1150 and is accom-
panied by an evolution of 02. This effect, which amounts approximately
to 78.8 kgcal/mol, corresponds partly to the heat of the reaction of
free frozen radicals H02 in the solid phase according to the equation
2 HO2: H202 + 02 and partly to the heat of crystallization of the vitreous
matter. The second, endothermal effect begins at minus 700 and is as-
sociated with a change in the state of the vitreous matter: it is ac-
companied by melting and an evolution of gas. It amo?;.ints to 100 cal per
gram of H202 and represents the heat of melting of H202. At minus 550
the endothermal effect passes over to a second exothermal effect, which
is accompanied by a decomposition of H)O4. This exothermal effect amounts
to 68.0 kgcal/mol and corresponds to the heat of the reaction H2O4 (solu-
tion) -- H202 (solution) + 02 (gas).
After the paper containing these data had been submitted for pub-
lication, a paper by J. A. Ghormley (Journal American Chemical Society,
Vol 79, 1957, p 1862) which reports the results of a thermographic anal-
ysis of the decomposition of the vitreous matter appeared in print.
The agreement between a number of experimental data is noteworthy: Ghorm-
ley reported that the solid matter melts a minus 700 and that there is
decomposition in the liquid phase at minus 600 which is accompanied by
an evolution of oxygen. On the other hand, the author of the American
paper does not mention that there is an evolution of gas at-minus 1150
and that this process is accompanied by a thermal effect. 'The heat
evolved during the exothermic process taking place at minus 600 is esti-
mated in Ghormley's paper at 44 kgcal per mol of 02, which differs from
the value determined at Moscow State University. It is true that the
method of evaluating the reaction heat that had been applied by Ghormlay
could only have been expected to furnish a value which indicates the order
of magnitude of the thermal effect.
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13. Hungarians Produce Gallium
"Gallium, Which Is Worth Four Times As Much As Gold, Is Being
Produced From Hungarian Bauxite," by Laszlo Lantos, Budapest,
Esti Hirlap, 27 Jul 57, p 1
'According to the author, Elemer Papp, department head of the Metal
Industry Research Institute (Fem:tpari Kutato Intezet) and Jozsef Uveges,
deputy department head of the institute, succeeded in the summer of 1956
in producing a small quantity of pure gallium from the caustic solution
used in the production of alumina.
Uveges says, "Since then we have completed large-scale laboratory
experiments. So far, we have obtained 30 grams of gallium.... About
10,000 cubic meters of caustic solution which contains gallium is at
present circulating in the installations of our alumina factori.es," he
continues. From approximately 10 cubic meters of this caustic solution,
we can produce one kilogram of gallium."
Uveges would like to establish a pilot plant which, he feels, could
be equipped inexpensively with instruments and installations made entirely
of domestic materials. "At the pilot plant, even with simple equipment,"
he maintains, "we could produce 2 kilograms of metal per month.... Our
method is cheap. The alumina factories will supply the caustic solution
and we do not use any sort of imported auxiliary material.... As a by-
product of our process we obtain washing soda."
Uveges says that the process evolved by him and Papp has not been
patented, but has been put at the disposal of international science;
they have described it in detail in local and foreign periodicals.
Insecticides and Rodentieides
14. New Rodenticidal Preparations
"Some New Preparations for Disinfestations," by I. P. Yershova,
All-Union Institute for the Protection of Plants, VASIc NIL; Mos-
cow, Gigi.yena i Saczitariya, No 1.I., Nov 57, p 96
At present, the author points out, the Sanitary Epidemiological Ser-
vice and agriculture in general are faced with the problem of searching
for new rodenticidal preparations because of the resistance being built
up by rats and other pests to the present-day preparations.
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Among the preparations being investigated are the coumar:i.n compounds,
because of their anticoagulant and noncumulative properties', the indan-
dion series; fluoramines; and ethylene-fluorhydride and pyrophosphotic
acid.
Anticoagulant compounds, the author explains, are being introduced
in the USSR as rodenticides. Th3 principle is that when coagulation time
is reduced the pest becomes susceptible to a fatal blood hemorrhage. One
of these compounds, warfarin, has been successfully synthesized and tested
by the Central Scientific Research Disinfection Institute.
[For additional information on insecticides and rodenticides) see
Item No 90.]
Biochemistry
15. Decreased Blood Thromboplastic Activity Attributed to Bartonellosis
"Deficiency of Blood. Prothrombokinase and of Thrombotropin in
Splenectomized .Rats," by B. A. Ku.dryashov, T. M. Kali shevskaya,,
V. Ye. Pastorove, and M. Ye. Preobrazhenskaya, Moscow State
University imeni. M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow, Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 114, No 5,,, 11 Jun 57, pp 11213-1 1
3Some albino rats (262) were subjected to complete, and others (149)
to partial splenectomy, and a third group (145) served as controls and.
were not operated on.
Various tables illustrate changes in the thromboplastic activity
of blood after partial or complete splenectomy; changes in concentra-
tion of thrombotropin in plasma; changes in hemoglobin, erythrocytes,
and blood platelets; and changes in thromboplastic activity of blood of
rats following complete splenectomy with and without the administration
of novarsenol (neoarsphenamine).
Results indicate that the deficiency of blood prothrombokinase (fac-
tor 3 of blood platelets) arising after complete splenectomy of rats is
due,, almost with no exception, to latent infection with Bartonella muris,
the infectious agent for bartonellosis. Therefore, deficiency of blood
platelets with regard to their prothrombokinase (factor 3) content may
be due to infectious toxicosis blocking the formation of blood thromboki-
nase. This blockage of blood thromboplastic?actvity may be amended by
means that rid the animals of the infection.
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16. Inactivation of Adenosine Triphosphate by Isolated Kidneys in Situ
"On the Inactivation of ATP in situ by Isolated Kidneys of
Cats," by A. Tshebskiy and T. Ksheskiy, B.yul. Pol'skoy A. N.
(Bulletin of Polish Academy of Sciences), Department 2, 4,
No 11, 195,6, 417-420 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Khimiya,
Biologicheskaya Khimiya, lo 21, 10 Nov 57, Abstract No 23727,
p .
Intra-arterial and intravenous administrations of adenosine tri-
phosphate (ATP) to cats lead to decreased blood pressure. However,
no fall of blood pressure is observed if ATP first passes through iso-
lated, kidneys and then through the gen ral circulation. Perfusion of
the kidneys by ATP solution, also, causes the solution to lose its hy-
potensive properties. Preliminary passage of a solution of MgSO4
through the kidney vessels decreases the capacity of the kidneys to
inactivate the ATP.
Nuclear Chemistry
17. Investigation of Chromatographic Separation of Rare Earth Elements
"Theory of the Separation of Rare-Earth Elements by the
Chromatographic Method," by N. N. Tunitskiy, V. V. Nekrasov,
and Ye. P. Cherneva, Scientific Research Physicochemical In-
stitute imeni L. Ya. Karpov, Ministry of Chemical Industry
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3) No 1,
Jan 58, pp 66-T37
A theory of the washing-out (broadening) of chromatographic bands
of rare-earth elements has been developed. It has been demonstrated
that experimental data pertaining to the dependence of the washing-out
of chromatographic peaks on the velocity of the flow of the solvent are
in agreement with the theory. The experimental data in question were
obtained by using La140 and Eu154.
The diffusion coefficients of a number of rare-earth elements in KU-2
resin (polystyrene sulfonic acid) washed with different solvents (eluants)
were determined. It was found that at a low pH these coefficients are
practically the same with hydrochloric acid as with citric acid. When
the pH is,raised, the diffusion coefficients increase. They also increase
with higher atomic numbers of the rare-aarth elements.
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The conditions under which rare-earth elements can be separated
chromatographically have been defined, and an equation has been derived
for the calculation of the minimum time necessary for the separation of
two elements from each other.
[For additional information on nuclear chemistry, see Item No 29.3
Nuclear Fuel and Reactor Materials Chemistry and Technology
18. Scme Exhibits at USSR Exposition on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy
"New Exhibits at the Pavilion of Peaceful Uses of Nuclear
Energy at the All-Union Industrial Exposition", by F. Musayev;
Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 3, No 12, Dec 57, pp 558-559
The All-Union Industrial Exposition has been open at Moscow for the
second year. The exhibition on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy,
which forms a part of the All-Union Industrial Exhibition, is housed
in a special pavilion. Many changes have been made in this pavilion
during the second year of the exhibition (1957) and many new exhibits
added. In the subdivision of nuclear raw materials, the following ex-
hibits are of interest: the aerogeophysical installation ASG-38, which
is equipped with a scintillation aerogamma-radiometer-analyzer and makes
it possible to detect uranium and thorium deposits; the laboratory scin-
tillation analyzer LAS by means of which qualitative and quantitative
analyses of samples of radioactive ores can be made and the absolute and
relative content of uranium and thorium in them determined; and the field
radiometer SG-42 equipped with a scintillation counter.
A part of this subdivision contains exhibits pertaining to the deter-
mination of the absolute age of rocks.
In the subdivision of nuclear reactor materials, tables listing the
principal characteristics of materials used in the construction of reac-
tors are being shown for the first time.
An extensive collection of protective equipment and. dosimetric de-
vices is shown. Much new equipment is exhibited, including the dosi-
metric control assembly ILK-1 for individual use. The operation of this
dosimeter is based on the use of tablets of scintillation crystal-phosphors
which have the property of accumulating energy when exposed to the action
of radiation emitted by radioactive substances. The energy accumulated
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in the tablet is proportional to the radiation dose and is preserved in
the tablet for a sufficiently long period of time. On subsequent il-
lumination of the tablet with infrared light, the energy that has ac-
cumulated is spent as a result of de-excitation. On the basis of the
intensity of the scintillation of phosphor, the dose of radiation to
which the tablet has been exposed can be determined.
The following exhibits are also shown in this subdivision:
The electrofilter EF-2, which is a portable device fed by alter-
nating current from the network and is designed for taking samples of
air with the purpose of determining the concentration of alpha- and
beta-active aerosols in the atmosphere--The aerosols are precipitated
to the extent of 85-95%. With the aid of this apparatus, one can meas-
ure concentrations of radioactive aerosols as low as 10-15 curies per
liter.
A universal scintillation dosimeter for the control of the safety
of work conditions as far as exposure to radiation is concerned -- This
dosimeter measures radiation emitted by radioactive substances with the
aid of an assortment of scintillation devices and a photoelectronic multi-
plier of the FEU-25 type.
A network radiometer of the RN-3 type for the measurement of the
magnitude of the flux of fast and thermal neutrons -- This appliance
makes it possible to determine the intensity of the flux of fast neu-
trons in the energy range of 0.5-14 lIev. Signalization when the magni-
tude of the neutron flux exceeds any one of two independently set levels
is provided for. The apparatus is equipped with an automatic recording
device.
A portable radiometer of the RN-4 type for fast and thermal neu-
trons, which has the same characteristics as the RN-3 device, but is
more compact.
A field alpha-radiometer of the RAP-1 type for the determination of
the alpha-activity of samples of var$ous'substances at radiometric field
laboratories and also at stationary laboratories -- This apparatus can
be used for the detection of the contamination of surfaces of various
objects with alpha-active substances. The range in which measurements
can be conducted is 50,000-100,000 decay processes/min x cm2.
A part of this subdivision of the exposition is devoted to the
Planning of radiological laboratories. In 1957, two new subdivisions
were created at the exposition, namely, that of science and technology
and that of the production of isotopes. In the subdivision of the pro-
duction of isotopes visitors are familiarized with i'ethodsafor the pro-
duction of radioactive and stable isotopes.
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A large subdivision of the exposition concerns with the applica-
tions of radioactive isotopes and of radiation in the economy. This
subdivision was supplemented by new devices. The most interesting
among them are a device for measuring the water content of the soil
(IVP- 64) and an apparatus which measures the use of gas (RGR-1). The
IVP-64 device measures the water content of the soil under field con-
ditions without the necessity of taking soil samples and drying them
in a drying closet. This device can be employed for measuring the
moisture accumulated in the form of snow during snow observation survev,a
and for determining the evaporation from the surface of the soil. It
is adapted to work with tracer atoms. The principle of measuring the
water content of the soil is based on the weakening of the intensity of
gamma rays when they pass through the soil.
The RGR-1 device is a meter for determining the use of gas in gen-
eral industrial applications by uninterrupted measurements at a distance
and for recording and controlling the quantities of different gasee used
without interruptions in the flow of the gas or introduction of sensitive
elements into the gas conduit. The operation of the RGR-1 device is based
on a compensation method for measuring the time necessary for the dis-
placement of an accumulation of ions produced in the gas periodically
by irradiation with the radioactive isotope Ru106.
In the same subdivision of the exposition work is demonstrated that
was reported at the Moscow Conference on the Application of Radioactive
Isotopes and of Radiation in the People's Economy (April 1957). This
includes an investigation on the killing of silk worm pupae with gamma
radiation. This work has been conducted at the Institute of Silk Culture,
Academy of Sciences Georgian SSR.
Of interest is the model of an experimental :installation for the ir-
radiation of potatoes with gamma rays demonstrating a method by means of
which the process of photosynthesis under conditions corresponding to the
natural growth of the plant can be studied. There are also a number of
devices applied in radiobiology, for instance, an apparatus
the intensity of the radiation emitted by tracer atoms(IMA-1), which ing
operates either on alternating network current or on current supplied by
batteries. With the aid of the IMA-1 device, one may record beta and
gamma radiation under field or stationary conditions.
A special subdivision is devoted to the application of radioactive
isotopes and radiation in medicine. A GUT-Co 400 therapeutic installa-
tion for treatment with gamma rays and a model of a 25-Mev betatron in-
stallation for medical applications are exhibited there.
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19. Electrolytic Deposition of Thorium
"Electrolytic Reduction of Thorium Tetrachloride in Salt Melts,"
by L. D. Yushina, Ural Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 28, No 1, Jan 58,
pp 272-276
The electrolytic reduction at 7000 of thorium tetrachloride at the
cathode in alkali chloride melts containing 16.1% by weight of ThC14 has
been investigated. It has been established that thorium of lower valen-
cies reacts energetically not only with silicate materials (quartz, glass,
and porcelain) and alundum, but also with a number of metals (Pt and Ta),
forming thorium alloys of these metals.
20. Behavior of Perchloric Acid During Extractions With Tributyl
Phosphate and Distribution of Urrnyl Perchlorate Between the
Aqueous and Organic Phases
"The Extraction of Perchloric Acid and of Uranyl Perchlorate
With Tributyl Phosphate," by V. B. Shevchenko, I. V. Shilin,
and A. S. Solovkin, Moscow, Zhurnal Neorrxanicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 3, No 1, Jan 58, pp 225-23O
It is assumed that the ps-1chlorate ion has no tendency to form com-
plexes with actinide elementa., For this reason perchioric acid and sol-
uble perchlorates are often used to maintain at a constant ionic strength
aqueous solutions being extracted with tributyl phosphate (TBP). The
extraction of perchloric acid by TBP is generally'regarded as negligible
and for that reason disregarded. This assumption,is far from being cor-
rect: there is a tendency toward HC104 - TBP complex formation which is
comparable in magnitude with the tendency of nitric acid to form a com-
plex with ~!BP.
The distribution of uranyl perchiorate and of perchloric acid be-
tween water and an organic solution containing TBP was investigated.
It was found that the transfer of U02(C104)2 and of perchloric acid
into TBP is determined by the ionic strength of the aqueous solution,
the concentration of TBP in the organic phase, the nature of the organic
solvent with which TBP is diluted, and also (in the case of uranyl per-
chlorate) the salting-out effect of alkali metal cations. It was demon-
strated that the graphic method of determining the composition of the com-
plex compound extracted by TBP is inapplicable in the cases of uranyl
perchiorate and of perchloric acid.
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21. Extraction of Perchloric Acid in Connection With Separaticn of
Zirconium by Means of Tributyl Phosphate
"Extraction of Perchloric Acid With Tributyl Phosphate," by
N. S. Povitskiy, A. S. Solovkin, and 1. V. Shilin; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 1, Jan 58, pp
222-224
In work done earlier by A. S. Solovkin on the extraction with tri-
butyl phosphate (TBP) of zirconium from nitrate solutions containing per-
chloric acid, it had been found that some perchloric., acid is also ex-
tracted (cf. Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 2, No 2, February 1957,
p 611). The distribution of perchloric acid between water and an organic
solvent phase consisting of TBP and kerosene was investigated. It was
established that at an ionic strength of the solution amounting to - 3,
the equilibrium constant of the reaction of formation of a complex be-
tween perchloric acid and TBP equals (6.7 ? 0.5) X 10-2 It was also
established that the formation of a third phase in the system HC104 -
H20 - TBP - kerosene takes place in an extensive concentration range of
TBP (0.25 - 2 M).
22. General Relationships Pertaining to Viscosity of Liquid Metals
"Thermodynamic Similarity and the Viscosity of Molten Metals,"
by A. N. Solov'yev; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 3, No 12,
Dec 57, pp 550-552.
An attempt has been made to define the viscosity-temperature re-
lationships applying to groups of thermodynamically similar metals when
these metals are in a liquid state. Correlations were established be-
tween the thermodynamic groups and the arrangement of the metals accord-
ing to subgroups of the periodic system as well as on the basis of crystal-
chemical structural characteristics. Plotting of the dependence of In h -
(where 'h is the viscosity and )\the viscosity at the e14- i i
m
ng yo Lit, on
the ratio of the temperature of melting to-the temperature for Na, K, Li,
Rb, Cs, Sn, Hg, Sb, Bi, and Ga resulted in two curves (corresponding to
two groups), of which one expresses the dependence for the alkali metals
except lithium and the other for all remaining metals. In plotting these
curves, data from the literature and original experimental results were
used. Cu, Ag, Zn, and Pb were not considered, because the available data
on their viscosities were either incomplete or unreliable.
Within the limits of a group, one r!%n calculate the viscosity of
any metal at any temperature on the basis cf the viscosity at the melting
point and the melting temperature.
[SIR Note: The results obtained are of value in connection with the
use of liquid and molten metals as reactor coolants.]
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23. Concentration of Niobium With Ion-:axchange Rosins
"Application of Ion Exchange in the Investigation of the State
of Substances in Solution, Part 3 -- Investiga !;:ton of the Forms
in Which Niobium Is Present in Sulfuric and perchloric Acid
Solutions," by V. I. Paramonova and S. A. Bartenev; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheslcoy HIzimii, Vol 3, No 1, Jan 58, pp 74-81
On the basis of experimental results obtained ir, an investigation
of the adsorption of niobium-95 from sulfuric and perchloric acid so?.u-
tions by cation-active and anion-active resins, the following conclusions
were made:
1. In 2N sulfuric acid solutions, 2N perchloric acid solutions,
and mixtures of these solutions niobium is present in at least four dif-
ferent forms: cations, neutral complexes, anionic complexes, and a col-
loidal form.
2. Niobium-95 in a colloidal state was found to be present in all
the solutions investigated. The quantity of colloids apparently decreases
with increasing concentrations of sulfuric acid.
3. Niobium cations are present in 1-2 N IIC104 + 1 N H2SO4 solutions.
4?. Neutral niobium complexes are present in all ranges of sulfuric
acid oncentration,
5. The formation of anionic complexes of niobium with sulfuric acid
is not very pronounced at sulfuric acid concentrations lower than 1 N.
At concentrations above 1 N the formation of such complexes becomes sig-
nificant.
6. The method of adsorption curves makes it possible to determine
the regions in which niobium-95 cations and neutral &.nd anionic complexes
of niobium-95 exist, although the composition of the compounds and/or
complexes in question is not known.
7. On the basis of a graphic representation of cationic adsorption,
anionic adsorption, and relative adsorption (ratio of absolute adsorption
to maximum adsorption) of niobium-95, the region in which colloidal forms
of niobium exist could be determined.
8. The presence of colloidal forms of niobium did not have any in-
fluence on the general type of distribution of cations and neutral and
anionic complexes in the solutions studied.
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24. Soviets Extract Uranium From Pacific
"Uranium From Ocean Water" (unsigned article), Budapest,
Nepakarat, 18 Dec 57, p 4
After prolonged research, Soviet scientists have succeeded in ex-
tracting uranium from ocean water. Their procedure was successfully
tested In several parts of the Pacific Ocean.
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Organic Chemistry
25. Esters of Ethylthioarsenous Acid Synthesized
"Concerning Alkyl Esters of Ethylthioarsenous Acid," by Gil'm
CPYRGHT Kamay and N. A. Chadayeva; Moscow, DQklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Vol 115, No 2, Jul 57, pp 305-307
"The esters of thioarsenous, alkyl- and arylthioarsenous acids have
been sparsely investigated. [1] [Bracketed numbers refer to appended biblio-
a aphy.) The patent literature [2) describes some esters of arylthio-
arsenous acid as substances having therapeutic activity.
"In the present work, the synthesis and properties of alkyl esters
of ethylthioarsenous acid of the general type C2H5As(SR)2 are described.
"In our investigations we first studied the direct reaction of
ethyldichloroarsine with corresponding ?iercaptans according to the equa-
tion:
C2H5AsCl2 { 2RSH C2H As(SR)2 / 2HC1.
"Experiments on the first method were conducted as follows. The re-
quired amount of mercaptan was placed into an Arbuzov distillation column
to which ethyldichloroarsine was added dropwise from a separatory funnel.
The vigorously released hydrogen chloride was displaced by a stream of dry
carbon dioxide. After the ethyldichloroarsine was all added, the mixture
was heated slowly first to the bo:!ling point of the mercaptan and then
gradually to a temperature of 190-2000 over a period of 3 hours. The re-
action products were then distilled under vacuum. In this way; We synthe-
sized the ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, and isoamyl esters of ethylthioarsenous
acid.
"By a second method, i.e., the reaction of ethy1dichloroarsine with
the corresponding mercaptan in an ether medium and in the presence of an-
hydrous pyridine, we prepared the ethyl, n-butyl, and n-hexyl esters of
ethylthioarsenous acad.
"It should be noted that the purest products are obtained if the fil-
trate is quickly washed with ice water after the pyridine hydrochloride
salt is separated from the initial mixture.
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CPYRGHT
"The ethyl ester of ethylthioarsenous acid was also prepared by a
third method according to the equation:
2C2H5SNa / C2H5AsCl2-- C2H5As(SC2H5)2 / 2Ne.Cl.
The physical. constants for the thioester,a we isolated
are listed in the table [below]. The alkyl esters we synthesized are
clear, Colorless liquids that have an unpleasant persistent odor and that
are readily soluble in many organic solvents.
"Hydrolysis of alkyl esters of ethylthioarsenous acid in the cold
and at room temperature takes place rather slowly; on standing in the air,
a white residue is formed. Ethylarseni acid was separated out after the
n-butyl ester of ethylthioarsenous acid was heated with water. Its for-
mation can be readily explained with the aid of the following reactions:
OH
C2H5Ae(SC4H9)2 / 2HOH---j C2H5As 2C4H SH
OH 9
C2H5As\off -` 92 ) 2C H As' OH
OH 2 50 'OH
Equation (1) is identical to the equation for the hydrolysis reaction for
analogous compounds as reported by Maters and Willams. [3]
"Next, we studied the reaction between n-butyl ester of ethylthioar-
senous acid using the iodine method. After an equimolecular mixture methyl
iodide and the n-butyl ester of ethylthioarsenous acid was left standing for
13 days at a temperature of 20-22?, white crystals were separated out. They
were readily soluble in water and alcohol, but insoluble in ether. Accord-
ing to the analysis data, this substance was dimethyl-n-butylsulfonium iodide.
The formation of the latter can be explained by the following equation:
SCH9
C H As / 4CH I ---> 2
2 5 ` SC4H9 3
CH3
C H S
4 9 '---,CH3
I / C2H5AsI.
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CFYRGHT
Thus, it was shown that alkyl esters of ethylthioarsenous acid do not form
arsonium-type compounds under the action of methyl iodide, and owing to
the presence of the more reactive centers at the sulfur atoms the As-S bond
ruptures with the formation of sulfonium compounds.
"We also studied the reactions between the n-butyl ester of ethylthio-
arsenous acid with acetyl chloride and with acetic anhydride. In both cases
a double exchange reaction occurs that is analogous to reactions studied
earlier between acid chlorides and anhydrides of carboxylic acids with esters
of arsenous and alkylarsenous acids [4) by the following equations:
~ SC4A9
C2 H5As\ SC
H
/
2CH3COCl--j C2H~Cl2 { 2CH3COSC1}H9
4
9
SC4H9
CH3Co
,000CH
H
C
As
t
2
3
0
C
H
A
5
2
, %
>
2
5
s
/
H
~C
4 H 9
CH 3 CO
\
OCOCH3
9
Both reactions require prolonged heating for 5-18 hours at a temperature of
150-160. The S-butyl ester of thioacetic acid which we separated out by
these reactions is in the form of a colorless clear liquid with a sharp
odor, somewhat similar to the odor of butyl acetate. The ester is readily
soluble in organJ8 solvents ~8t is insoluble in water. The boiling point
is 89?/74 mm; d 4 0.9441; D 1.4598.
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CPYRGHT
Method Boiling
of $oint in
Fox=-:!a Prep. C /mm
C2H55As
(SC2H5 )2 I 80-82/2
II 81-82/2
III 75-77/1.5
C2H5As
(sc3H7)2 I 101-102/2
I C2H5As
(SC4H9)2 I 122-123/2
II 122-123/2
Ila 120-123/2
C2H55As
(SCSH)2 u I 135-136/2
C2H5As
(sc6H13)2 Iz 163-164/,..5
d20 n20 MRD
4 D Found
1.2555
1.2593
1.5750
1.5747
1.5749
RD - As, % S, % Yield,
Arsenic Found Ca].c7d Fount Calc'd %
59.54 10.412
33.51
59.34 10.21 32.9'
-- -- 33.28
33.11 28.65 28.35 30.4
33.11 28.65 28.35 35.5
33.11 28.9 28.35 41.9
1.1906 1.5565 68.70 10.34 29.38 29.45 25.58 25.22 40.3
1.1J c 1.5442 78.19 10.69 26.61 26.53 23.26 22.71 54.7
1.1374 1.5441 78.37 10.97 26.12 26.53 22.96 22.71 59.4
1.1396 1.5442 78.23 10.63 26.38 26.53 22.51 22.71 43.5
1.0957 1.5324 87.33 10.99 24.07 24.14 20.99 20.66 43.2
1.0778 1.5280 96.62 10.55 21.84 22.13 18.78 18.95
31.3
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"Bibliography
1. M. P. Classon, Bull. Soc. Chim.(2) 25, 185 (1876); B. Klement,
R. Reuber, Ber., 68 1761 1935 ? W. A. Waters, J. H. Willams, J. Chem.
5=,__(l950)) 18; H. J. Bielig, G. Lutzel, A. Reidies, Ber., 89, 3, 775
(1956).
2. E. Urbschat, USA Pat., 2 644 005, June 30, 1953; Chem. Abstr.,47,
3343e (1953); E. A. H. Friedheim, Brit. Pat., 655 435, July 18, 1971,?
Chem. Abstr., 47, 144 (1953); L. A. Sweet, E. W. Tillitson, USA Pat.
2_ 5 3 2 1 1 ; Chem Abstr., 46, 2576 (1952); Takakhasi, Ueda,,.merican
Patent 2 70181-21 8 II 1955; RZhKhim, No 4, 10777 P. 1956.
3. W. A. Waters, J. H. Willams, J. Chem, Soc_, (1950), 18.
4. Gil'm Kamay, N. A. Chadayeva, Zhur Obshch Khim_ 26, 2468 (1956);
Gil 'm Kamay, N. A. Chadayeva, Dok Akad Nauk SSSR, 95, 81 (1954); Gil 'm
Kamay, Z. L. Khisamova, Zhur Obshch Khim, 26,-71i (1956)."
[For additional information on organic chemistry, see Items No 81
and 82.]
Radiochemist
26. Prevalent Trends in USSR Work in Radiochemist and Future Develop-
ments in This Field
"Introduction to Published Papers Presented at the First All-
Union Conference on Radiochemistry," by I. Ye. Starik, Corres-
ponding Member, Academy of Sciences USSR, chairman of the Or-
ganizational Committee, First All-Union Conference on Radio-.
chemistry; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorgani-cheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 1,
Jan 58, pp 3-5
The First A11?Union Conference on Radiochemistry, held in March 1957
at Leningrad, was actually not the first but the second conference on this
subject, because one already had been held in 1932 at Leningrad on the ini-
tiative of the Radium Institute. It was called the First Conference on
Radioactivity and covered to a considerable extent subjects discussed at
the conference held in March 1957.
However, during the past 25 years a major change has taken place in
radicchemical research because of the discovery of nuclear energy. Radio-
chemistry, which in the. 1930s was only a minor field of theoretical science,
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has penetrated into all nooks and crannies of theory and practice and
forms at present a very precise method of investigation, the role and
significance of which cannot be overestimated. It is not surprising
under the circumstances that the number of radiochemists grows very
rapidly. A great number of young specialists in this field has appeared.
These specialists do excellent work on the tasks with which they are
faced. In organizing the first All-Union Conference on Radiochemistry,
the organizational committee started from the premise that at meetings
held in recent years problems pertaining to the application of tracer
atoms were discussed for the most part, while insufficient attention
was paid to the basic problems of radiochemistry. Without a study of
these problems, the method of tracer atoms cannot be successfully ap-
plied. It was decided to select a limited number of the most important
problems in radiochemistry for immediate attention and cover work on
other problems at subsequent conferences.
The following problems of theoretical radiochemistry were discussed
at the conference:
1. The state in which small quantities of radioactive substances
occur in solutions and solids.
2. The laws governing the coprecipitation of microquantities of
radioelements with crystalline precipitates formed in solutions and
melts.
3. T'he adsorption and chromotography of radioactive substances.
4. The distribution of microquantities of radioactive elements be-
tween two liquid phases.
5. Methods for the isolation of carrier-free radioactive elements.
6. The chemistry of some radioactive elements (promethium, tech-
netium, protoactanium, neptunium, americium, and curium).
The conference noted with satisfaction that there has been further
progress in branches of radiochemistry which are traditional for USSR
work in this field, i.e., the theory of states in which substances occur
in solutions and solids and the investigations of the laws of coprecipi-
tation. In addition, work in new subdivisions of radiochemistry has ad-
vanced to a considerable extent. The conference recognized as desirable
more extensive participation of specialists in the fields of crystal chem-
istry, X-ray analysis, and thermodynamics in work on the theory of copre-
cipitation. Furthermore, the conference recommended that more extensive
investigations be conducted on solubilities, vapor tensions, densities,
and other aspects of phenomena involved in research on extraction pro-
cesses.
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It has been proposed that conferences on radiochemistry be called
every 3 years. At the next conference, the following subjects should be
considered: (a) the chemistry of hot atoms, (b) the radiochemistry of
radioactive elements, (c) the application of radiography in radiochem-
istry, and (d) the chemistry of individual elements. It has been pro-
posed to conduct a permanent seminar on coprecipitation and adsorption
between the conferences. A seminar on the state in which microquanti-
ties of radioelements occur in solutions and on the laws of the behavior
of these elements is planned for the end of 1957 at Leningrad. It has
been decided to conduct a seminar on the theory of extraction in Moscow
in 1958.
To assure future progress of Soviet radiochemistry, the conference
regarded it is necessary to make the following recommendations:
1. The Department of Chemical Sciences, Academy of Sciences USSR,
should be requested to organize at one of the institutes of the academy
a special laboratory for the synthesis of organic solvents and complex-
formers to be employed in extractions and chromatography.
2. To assure further expansion of work on chromatography, the
Commission on Chromatography, Department of Chemical Sciences of the
Academy of Sciences USSR, should be requested to take measures for in-
creasing the nuiber of available ion-exchange resins. Furthermore, pro-
totype models oz automatic laboratory equipment should be designed, con-
structed, and distributed.
3. There should be more extensive investigations of methods for
the separation of carrier-free radioisotopes, particularly methods in-
volving the application of organic compounds for this purpose. The
Department of Chemical Sciences, Academy of Sciences USSR, and other
organizations should be requested to take measures which will assure a
supply of radiochemically pure preparations.
4. The Ministry of Higher Education USSR should be requested to
introduce: the instruction of radiochemistry as a compulsory subject at
chemical higher educational institutions.
5. In view of the ever-increasing volume of work in radiochemistry,
the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR should be requested to ini-
tiate in 1958 the publication of a new periodical devoted to this subject
and entitled "Radiochemistry."
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6. The Department of Chemical Sciences, Academy of Sciences USSR,
should be requested to organize a permanent committee the task of which
will be organization of conferences on radiochemistry. A number of pa-
pers presented at the first All-Union Conference on Radiochemistry are
being published in Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 1, January
1958. Other papers presented at this conference have already been pub-
lished. It had not yet been possible to publish some of the reports
given at the conference: they will appear later in Zhurna,&. Neorgar_i.che-
skoy Khimii.
27. 1---oration of Natural Radioactive Isotopes
"The Problem of the Behavior of Natural Radioactive Isotopes,"
by V. I. Baranov, A. M. Babeshkin, and K. B. Zaborenko, Labora-
tory of Radiochemistry, Chemical Faculty, Moscow State Univer-
sity, Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 1, Jan
58, pp 16-19
To investigate the mechanism of the migration of isotopes of
radium and thorium, the behavior of these isotopes on interaction with
solutions of compounds the crystal lattices of which are isomporphous
with radium compounds was studied. It was established that the behavior
of thorium isotopes does not depend so much on the crystal form of the
initial compounds as on the chemical characteristics of thorium: this
must be considered in evaluating the migration capacity of thorium iso-
topes in nature. The effect of the recoil energy- (length of free path)
on the accumulation and distribution of recoil atoms in solids has been
investigated and a mechanism of the phenomena, involved proposed. It has
been demonstrated that the ratio of radium isotopes depends on the num-
ber of layers of solid which enter into exchange with the solution. The
mechanism proposed was found to explain satisfactorily the experimental
results.
28. Improved Method for Determination of Khlopin's Constant
"Determination of V. G. Khlopin's Distribution Constant by the
Method of Partial Recrystallization of the Solid Phase," by
V. I. Grebenshchikova and R. V. Bryzgalova; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 1, Jan 58, pp 36-39
A method has been developed for the determination of V. G. Khlopin's
constant D by a procedure that involves partial recrystallization of the
solid phase and application of radioactive tracers. The method that has
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been proposed is as precise as those already used. It is considerably
more rapid than that in which equilibrium is reached from above c^ from
below: hours, rather than weeks or months, are needed for the determi-
nation of the crystallization coefficient, The method c.ascribed is
also preferable to that of separation of the solid phase from supersatu-
rated solutions, because it can be applied in the case of difficultly
soluble salts and is suitable for determinations at any temperature ap
to the boiling point of the solution. In th 4 frork described, lanthanum
oxalate functioned as the macrccomponent, Am as the microcomponent,
and Lai40 as the radioactive tracer.
29. Investigation of Coprecipitation of Lanthanum, Cerium, and Americium
With Aid of Radioactive Isotopes and Determination of Type of Mixed
Crystals Formed
"Coprecipitation of Lanthanum, Cerium, and Americium With Potas-
sium Sulfate," by V. I. Grebenshchikova and V. N. Bobrova; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 1, Jan 58, pp 40-45
The coprecipitation of Am3/, La371, and Ce3{ with K2S04was investigated
with the use of the radioactive isotopes Lal40 and Ce141. On the basis of
the results obtained, it was concluded that the systems K2SO4-La2(S04)2
-0.5HNO31 K2S04-Ce2(S04)3-0.5HNO3, and K2SO4-Am2(S04)3-0..5UN03, which had
been investigated, form anomalous mixed crystals which do not have a lower
limit of miscibility.
30. Distribution of Microcomponents in the Crystallization of Inorganic
Salts
"Concerning the Limits of Applicability of the Linear Law of Dis-
tribution in Aqueous Salt Systems With True Isomorphous and Isodi-
morphous Components," by G. I. Gorshteyn, All-Union Scientific
Research Institute of Chemical Reagents; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorgani-
cheskoy Khimii Vol 3, No 1, Jan 58, pp 51-58'
Work done during 1950-1957 at the All-Union Scientific Research
Institute of Chemical Reagents on the combined crystallization of true iso-
morphous and isodimorphous substances from aqueous solutions is summarized.
The work in question has a bearing on practical problems arising in connec-
tion with the industrial purification of inorganic salts. In the experi-
mental research described, Khlopin's constant D (called variously the
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coefficient of distribution, the coefficient of crystallization,
and occasionally also the coefficient of isomorphous mixing or'
the coefficient of f5ractionation) was determined at various tem-
peratures in different concentration ranges. The question in
regard to the continued validity of the distribution laws following
transition from microconcentrations to macroconcentrations was studied.
It was found that the linear law of distribution is applicable in a much
more extensive range than had been originally assumed: in a number of
systems that have been studied, the coefficient of distribution remains
nearly constant at any micro- or macroconcentrations of' the salt compo-
nents as long as a solid phase with a definite structure remains stable.
In a system consisting of two isomorphous components A and B, the
two Khlopin constants D(B)A and DA(B) are related inversely at microcon-
centrations of both components, i.e., D(B)A ~ l/D (A)$.
Ideal systems (i.e., systems in which D is constant) with a D = 1
are denoted as congruent. In some systems, although considerable devia-
tions from ideal behavior were exhibited, the values of D were found to
remain approximately constant (within a limit of 5%) on transition from
microconcentrations to rather extensive ranges of macroconcentrations.
These systems may be designated as semi-ideal.- The reasons for the ideal
and semi-ideal nature of systems are discussed.
The experimentally established retention of the linear law of dis-
tribution on transition from microconcentrations of isomorphous and is-
dimorphous components to macroconcentrations is of considerable practical
importance in connection with work on problems related to the fractiona-
tion of salts, specifically salts of rare-earth elements and other rare
elements.
Radioactive isotopes were used extensively in the work described.
31. Isolation of Radioactive Isotopes From Carbonyls
"The Use of Carbonyls for the Isolation of the Radioisotopes
Cr5l, Mo99, W 87, Tc99m, and Re188," by V. D. Nefedov and M.
A. Toropova; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, No 3, No
1, Jan 58, PP 175-180
Method have bep developed for the enrichment of the radioactive
isotopes Cr , Co Mo , and V-LO by using hexacarbonyls of these elements
as initial compounds. The enrichment factors for Cr5i, Mo99, and W187
were found to be 1.8 X 104, 3 X 104, and 0.7 X 104, respectively, with
yields of radioactive atoms amounting to 30%, 3!.%, and 55% after the en-
richment.
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It was established that the radioactive chromium which has been ex-
tracted with water from a chloroform solution of chromium hexacarbonyl
is predominantly in the trivalent state.
It waa also established that the radioactive tungsten which has not
been extracted by water remains in the form of the initial compound, i.e.,
of tungsten hexacarbonyl. It is assumed that the radioactive atoms of
chromium and molybdenum are also retained in the form of the carbonyls of
these elements.
Methods have been developed for the isolation of carrier-free Tc99m
and Re188 with the use as initial compounds of molybdenum carbon r and
tungsten carbonyl containing the radioactive isotopes Mo99 and W'- 8.
It was found that the retention of Re188 after extraction with water
is considerably greater in the case when the radioactive isotope has been
allowed to accumulate in tungsten hexacarbonyl crystals (these crystals
were dissolved in chloroform before extration) than in the case when ac-
cumulation has taken place in chloroform solutions of the carbonyl. This
result indicates that a considerable amount of retention occurs because
of reactions of hot atoms with molecules of the initial compound.
It was established that the fraction of processes of the decawr of
WZ88 which lead to the formation of Rel88m comprises less than 1-2% of
the total number of. transformations. Thus the decay of W188 proceeds for
all practical purposes directly to the ground level of Re188 (half life
16 hours).
32. Isolation of Carrier-Free Technetium-99m
"Isolation of Carrier-Free Technetium-99m by the Method of
Breakage of Chemical Bonds During beta-Decay," by V. D. Nefbdov
and M. A. Toropova; Moscow, Zhurnal Neor anichesko Khimii,
Vol 3, No 1, Jan 58, pp 231-23
A new method for the isolation of carrier-free Tc99m has been devel-
oped in which the Tc99m is extracted with water from a chloroform solution
of radioactive molybdenum hexacarbonyl containing Mo99 that forms Te99m by
beta-decay. The extraction was found to be practically complete.
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33. Theory of Retention in SzUarci-C}jclLiiers Process
"Concernl.ng the Problem of Primary Retention in the Szilard-
Chalmers Process," by ICritian Svoboda, Institute of Nuclear
Physics (Prague), Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, and In-
stitute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni Ver-
nadskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neorganicheskoy IChii-xii, Vol 3, No 1, Jan 58, pp 1 7~ 1JIj
While extensive experimental work has been done on the
Szilard-Chalmers process with regard to different elements present in
various compounds, the theoretical aspects of the underlying phenomena
were not studied adequately. An attempt has been made, therefore, to
develop a theory of primary retention occurring in this process. Four
types of retention have been considered together with the effects which
bring them about. A formula has been derived which expresses the cor-
relation between the individual types of retention and the total reten-
tion. Expressions have also been formulated by means of which the pii-
mary retention can be determined in cases when one, two, three, or a
greater number of gamma-quanta is emitted. The effect of inner non-
elestic collisions in increasing the primary retention has been consid-
ered.
34. Mechanism of Adsorption of Radioactive Isotopes on Aluminum Iydroxide
The Adsorption of Radioactive Isotopes by Aluminum Hydroxide
by S. A.'Vozne,lenskiy, V. V. Pushkarev, and V. F. Bagretsov.
Ural Polytechnic Institute imeni S. M. Kirov, Sverdlovsk; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neor_anichesko Khimii, Vol 3, No 1, Jan 58, pp 235-239
The adsorption by aluminum hydroxide precipitates of cesium-137,
strontium-89, strontium-90, ruthenium-106, and cerium-lam present in micro-
concentrations was investigated. It was found that the adsorption of stron-
tium, cerium, and ruthenium reaches a maximum value at a definite pH char-
acteristic for every element: 7.0 for ruthenium, 7.5 for cerium, and 9.0
for strontium. Cesium was not adsorbed under the experimental conditions
used. On the basis of the behavior of the isotopes which was observed, the
conclusion is drawn that ruthenium and cerium are adsorbed by an ion-exchange
mechanism, while strontium is adsorbed because of the formation.of an alu-
minate. The significance of the results obtained from the standpoint of the
purification of radioactive laboratory effluents is discussed.
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35. Method of Spectrophotometric Analysis of Actinium
"The Spectral Analysis of Small Samples of Actinium," by N. I.
Kaliteyevskiy and A. N. Razumovskiy; Moscow, Atomnaya Energriya,
Vol 3, No 12, Dec 57, pp 511.3-550
A procedure for the spectrophotometric analysis of actinium Is de-
scribed in detail. Lanthanum and gallium were used as standaras. The con-
tent of boron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, manganese, barium, lead,
sodium,iron, and silicon present as impurities was determined. In the de-
termination of the majority of the elements mentioned a precision of-0.1%
was reached, while in the case of some of the impurities including manga-
nese the precision could be brought to 0.03/ even when very small samples
(15-30 micrograms) were used for ewzalysis.
36. USSR Work on Application of Radioactive Isotopes and Ionizing Radio-
action in Recording and Control of Industrial Processes
"Application of Radioactivity in Methods for the Recording and
Control of Industrial Processes," by P. S. and N. L.; Moscow,
Atomn9-va Eneraiya Vol 3, No 12, Dec 57, pp 553-551+
A scientific-technical conference on applications of radioactivity
in the recording and control of industrial processes was held 1+-7 Septem-
ber 1957 at Riga. This conference was called by the Main Administration
on the Utilization of Nuclear Energy at the Council of Ministers USSR, the
Council of the People's Economy, the Academy of Sciences Latvian SSR, and
the Central Administration of the Scientific-Technical Society of Radio
Engineering and Electrical Communications imeni A. S. Popov.
The conference was opened by K. K. Plaude, Active Member of the Acad-
emy of Sciences Latvian SSR.
The conference covered two principal fields: theoretical research on
the refining and development of devices the operation of which is based on
the application of radioactive isotopes and the practical application of
such devices in various fields of the people's economy.
In a review paper presented by Prof. N. N. Shumilovskiy, Doctor of
Technical Sciences, and L. V. Mel'tser, Candidate of Technical Sciences,
the work was summarized that has been done by Soviet scientists and in-
dustrial specialists on the theory, designing, and utilization in the
industry and science of devices the operation of which is based on the ap-
plication of radioactive isotopes and which are to be used for the record-
ing and control of technological processes.
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A number of reports and communi. cations presented at the conference
dealt with new methods for the indication of ionizing radiation and new
devices developed for this purpose.
Engineers I. D. Konozenko and V. I. Ust'yanov (Physics Institiite.
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR) developed the technology of the prep-
aration of vacuum monocrystalline and polycrystalline cadmium sNli'ide
pickup cells sensitive to gamma radiation in the range from 10- to 5 x-
10-3 microamperes/microentgens x second as well as pickups of the mosaic
[multifacet] type with a sensitivity reaching 10-3 microamperes/-
microroentgens x second. They investigated various parameters of cadmium
sulfide pickups (stability of the sensitivity, potential-current depen-
dence, dosimetric and relaxation characteristics, etc).
Engr A. A. Arkhangel.'skiy and G. D. Latyshev, Corresponding Member,
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, reported in a paper which originated
at the Leningrad Institute of Railroad Transportation the results of an
investigation of new types of electron multipliers that have been devel-
oped by various organizations.
In a report presented by the Main Administration on the Utilization
of Nuclear Energy at the Council of Ministers USSR, the basic principles
of the organization and designing of laboratories in which work on radio-
active isotopes is to be conducted were discussed. Standard plans of
laboratories of this type, designed for work with open and closed sources
of radioactivity of different intensity, were demonstrated. On the basis
of the principles which have been set forth, standard laboratories are
being designed. In these laboratories, work with the use of radioactive
isotopes will, be conducted in different fields of the people's economy.
Engr L. S. Eyg reported on new self-quenching and nonquenching halo-
gon counters for the recording of radiation of high intensity emitted by
radioactive substances. These counters have a practically unlimited life,
small dimensions, s nd operational characteristics which do not vary greatly
with temperature. However, they are not suitable for precise measurements,
because they do not have a region of proportional indication and their
characteristics depend on the potential.
A. A. Akhromenkov, engineer at the All-Union Scientific Research In-
stitute on the Conversion of Petroleum and Gas and the Production of Syn-
thetic Liquid Fuel, presented on behalf of a team of workers a communica-
tion of gamma-densimeters which have been developed and which have passed
industrial tests. The application of these devices enables rapid and
precise determination of the boundaries between different petroleum prod-
ucts that are pumped successively through pipelines, automatic direction
of every product into the appropriate tank, and prevention to a consider-
able extent of the mixing of petroleum products which occurs at present
with the result that the quality of the products is lowered and redistil-
lation is necessary.
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Engr U. S. Zaslavskiy and others reported on a new device for keep-
ing at a constant level the separation boundary between phases at instal-
lations for the conversion of petroleum. This device has successfully
passed tests at a cracking installation.
Engineers V. K Latyshev and V. V. Lyndin, Central Scientific Re-
search Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy, reported on the development of
procedures for the automatic control-of the level of liquid metal in
crystallizers during continuous pouring of the metal and also on a sys-
tem for the stabilization of the control processes involved. The appli-
cation of the methods in question in connection with the continuous cast-
ing of pipes at the Plant imeni 1 May at Kalinin and at the Sinarsk Pipe
Plant increased the production of pipes of good quality 40-50% in addition
to simplifying the work of operators. K. K. Shpor (chief engineer of the
Tallin Indicator and Controller Plant), V. E. Banashek, and others reported
on a method developed by them for the automatic control of the density of
liquids. In the method in question a radioactive isotope is deposited on
the areometer. The radiation emitted by the isotope is recorded by
a radioactivity relay equipped with a halogen counter, which is
connected with the circuit of an automatic device that controls the
production process. When the density changes, the device activates the ap-
propriate mechanisms and restores the necessary density. This method is
being applied at food and chemical plants as well as at other branches of
the industry.
V. E.*Banashek, chief engineer of the Dzintari- Plant at Riga, told
about devices for the control of the rate of addition of liquid substances
by a method based on the reduction of the intensity of bets radiation by the
surface layer of the liquid. In Banashek's report, data were given illus-
trating the advantages of this method over other, older methods for meas-
uring the level of liquids. The rate of addition of friable substances can
be controlled without contact with these substances, i.e, by recording the
position of the pointer of a balance.
Extensive work has been done at the Krasnyy Metallist (Red Metal Worker)
Plant at Konotop on the application of gamma relays for the automatization of
industrial processes in the coal industry. A report on the subject described
the gamma relays with crystal triodes [transistors] supplied by this plant.
These relays operate on alternating current. A report on this subject was
given by 4. V. Chashchinov, an engineer at this plant.
More than 400 persons participated in the conference and more then 30
papers were presented.
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37. Radiation Methods for Control of the Pumping of Petroleum Products
Through Pipelluec
"Control by Means of a gamma-Densimeter of the Successive Pump-
ing of Petroleum. Products Through Pipelines" by A. A. Akhromen-
kov, Yu S. Zaslavskiy, A. A. Vargin, A. N. Kornilayev, and V. P.
Lapin, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of the Petroleum
Industry; Moscow, Neftyanoye Khozyaystvo, Vol 35, No 12, Dec 57,
pp 60-63
Two methods for the control with the aid of radioactive isotopes of
the successive pumping of petroleum products through pipelines are pos-
sible: (a) injection of a radioactive t er compound into the pipeline
(usually tri henylstibine tagged with Sb -- cf. US work on the sub-
ject); and (b) measurement of the reduction of the intensity of radia-
tion of a radioactive isotope as a result of the passage of this
radiation through the petroleum products being pumped (gamma-densimetry).
The first method has the following drawbacks: (a) the radioactive sub-
stance is leing used up continuously; (b) the head pumping station may
be contaminated with the radioactive isotope; (c) there is danger to the
personnel in connection with the filtration of the radioactive solution
and its filling into ampules; (d) it is difficult to evaluate the radio-
active wave curve, because the intensity of raditition rather than the con-
centration in the mixture is recorded; and (e) the radioactive tracer
compound must be injected precisely into the boundary between the liquids
being pumped.
Control by means of the gamma- dens ix,ieter GP-1 developed at the All-
Union Scientific Research Institute of the Petroleum Industry is devoid
of these shortcomings. An FEU-19 scint~6lation counter with a NaI crys-
tal is employed in this densimeter. Co is used as a source of gamma-
radiation. By using the GP-1 densimeter, the density of successively
pumped petroleum products can be determined with a precision reaching
0.002 gram per cubic centimeter.
This densimeter has been tested at an intermediate pump station of
the Gro7,nyy-Trudovaya trunk pipeline located at a distance of 425 km
from the head pump station.
It was established that it is possible to transmit a signal at a
distance when a small change in the density of the liquid takes place
and thus exercise remote control over the passage of the zone of mixing
through the pipeline.
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38. pplication of Radioactive Tracers for Detection of Damage to Cable
Lead Sheaths
"News Items (USSR)" (unsigned article), Moscow, Atomnaya Ener-
giya, Vol 3, No 12, Dec 57, p 566
A method for the detection with the aid of radioactive substances of
damage to :sad sheaths of communication cables has been developed in 1956
at the Laboratory of Line and Cable Constructions, Kiev Division of the
Central Scientific Research Institute of Communications. This method was
introduced into practical use in 1957. In the vicinity of the place where
the damage has occurred, a radioactive gas (radon or Br82 in the form of
methyl bromide) is introduced into the cable by injecting it with compressed
air. The radioactive gas moves in the cable in the direction of the
leak and diffuses into the soil at the place where the damage to the sheath
has occurred. After diffusing from a depth of 0.8-1.5 meters, the gas
reaches the surface within 1.2 hours. It is detected at the surface by
gamma radiometers of the field type. The velocity of the propagation of
the gas in cables of different types does not exceed one kilometer per 1.7
hours; for that reason the search for the location where the damage has
occurred is conducted on the day following the introduction of the tagged
gas'into the cable. The method has been checked on trunk cables in actual
operation and is recommended as one of the most effective methods for the
detection of damage, particularly when the cables are in swampy or frozen
subsoil.. To facilitate the work of the operator, a new gamma radiometer
has been developed which is combined with a semiconductor cable searching
device. The new apparatus is light in weight and has small dimensions.
39. Nuclear Energy Exhibition at Riga
"News Items (USSR)" (unsigned article), Moscow, Atomnaya Ener-
giya, Vol 3, No 12, Dec 57, p 566
The Main Administration on the Peaceful Utilization of Nuclear Energy
at the Council of Ministers USSR and the Academy of Sciences Latvian USSR
organized at Riga an exhibition on peaceful uses of nuclear energy. More
than 100 different d?vices, appliances, installations, and models were
exhibited. Measuring devices were shown which are applied in the investi-
gation of the properties of and measurement of the intensity of radiation
emitted by radioactive substances. These included gas discha:.'ge counters,
ionization chambers, and electromechanical pulse counters. Many exhibits
illustrated applications of radioactive isotopes in the'industry. Work
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done by the Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences Latvian USSR
was represented to a major extent at the exhibition. Among exhibits il-
lustrating the work of this institute were the following devices that
operate on the basis of radioactivity effects: a thermostat, a counter
of objects moving on a conveyer, and an indicator of markings on steel
that is being rolled.
40. Research Indicates Neutron Irradiation of Na23CI Gives Rise to
Na FC1, , and S
"A Study of the Composition of Na24C1 Preparations," by F. S.
Zivel'skiy, Moscow Scientific Research Institute of Sanitation
and Hygiene imeni F. F. Erisman; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radio l-
ogiya, Vol 2, No 6, Nov/Dec 57, pp 82-86
Since at present the radioisotope of sodium (Na24) is extensively
used in medicine and biology Ond for o her purposes, any radioactive con-
tamination (due to P3 and S37) of Na2 Cl preparations will exert signifi-
c^:nt effects on the irradiated objects.
Various diagrams and tables are presented to illustrate neutron ir-
radiation of Na23Cl, percentage contamination (with time as a factor),
change in the value of irradiation dose, and curve for disintegration
of Na2tC1.
The author concludes that the relative activity of this admixture
(p32 and 835), at first, equals 0.6% that of the Na24Cl, ut that thi
activity increases with time. T?"kt- presence of p32 and S3 isotopes which
have longer life is an important fact which should be taken into consider-
ation in biology and in medicine.
41. Hungarian Specialists Study Use of Radioactive Isotopes in USSR
"Which Industrial Leaders Have Gone Abroad" (unsigned article),
Budapest, Muszaki Elet, 9 Jan 58, p 2
Mrs Laszlo Vajta, director of the Petroleum Quality Control institute
(Asvanyolaj Minosegellenorzo Intezet), and Ervin Kerenyi, a MAFKI
(Magyar Asvanyolaj- es Foldgaz Kiserleti Intezet, Hungarian Petroleum and
iiat-ural Gas Research Institute) department chief and chemical engineer,
studied the use of radioactive isotopes in the USSR.
23.]
[For additional information on radiochemistry, see Items No 17 and
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Miscellaneous
11.2. G. Yu. Dobropistsev, Soviet Chemist, Dies
"G. Yu. Dobropistsev" (unsigned article), Moscow, Promyshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 25, 26 Feb 58, p 1+
On 21+ February 1958, Gleb Yur'yevich Dobropistsev, director of the
State Institute for Planning Enterprises of the Oxygen Industry (Gosudar-
stvenny Institut po Proyektirovaniyu Predpriyatiy Kislorodnoy Promyshlen-
nosti), died at the age of 62. Dobropistsev had worked in the chemical
industry since 1928 and became director of the above institute in 1911.6
when it was organized. His awards include two Orders of the Labor Iced
Banner and medals of the Soviet Union.
11.3? Soviet Academician Visits Hungarian Nitrogen Works
"Daily Chronicle" (unsigned article), Budapest, Magyar Nemzet,
9Nov57,p6
N. M. Zhavaronkov, Soviet academician and director of the Moscow
Chemicotechnological Institute imeni D. I. Mendeleyev, visited the Pet
Nitrogen Works in Hungary (Peti Nitrogenmuvek) on 8 November 1957.
1+4. Orbit Scientists Participate in Silicate Industry Research Workers
Conference in Hungary
"Fourth Conference of Silicate Industry Research Workers" (un-
signed article), Budapest, Muszaki Elet, 28 Nov 57, p 12
M. Gregor, Czechoslovak academician; Figus, Czechoslovak professor;
A. I. Kitaygorodskiy and P. P. Budnikov, Soviet academicians; Yu. Yu.
Lur'ye, a Soviet professor asrl director of "Giprotsement"; Franke, a
professor from Weimar; Solacolu and Nadasan, two Rumanian professors; and
Winogradow, a Polish professor, are among the foreign experts who will
participate in the Fourth Conference of the Silicate Industry Research
Workers, which will be held at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Magyar
Tudomanyos Akademia), 5-7 December 1957. The Technical and Scientific
Department of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Construction Ma-
terials Scientific Association (Epitoanyagipari Tudomanyos Egyesulet)
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are arranging the conference. Almost 40 reports on the results of the
research work done in the cement, concrete, glass, and pottery industries
during the past 2 years and on the results achieved by theoretical re-
searchers will be delivered at the conference.
45. Czechoslovak Academician Is 80 Years Old
"Academician A. Hamsik 80 Years Old" (unsigned article), Prague,
Lidova Demokracie, 14 Jan 58, p,3
Academician Antonin Hamsik, professor of medical chemistry in Charles
University, will be 80 years old on 15 January 1958. Academician Hamsik
is a distinguished experimental researcher in the area of biochemistry and
is the founder of Czech medical chemistry in the area of blood pigmenta-
tion.
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IV. EARTH SCIENCES
46. New Geophysical Instrument Used in Prospecting
"Aerogeophysical Station," by L. Grinilev, Engineer; Moscow,
Nauka i Zhizn', No 12, Dec 57, p 47
One of the most ideal air-borne prospecting instruments is the new
"aerogeophysical station," the ASG-38, which was exhibited at the All-
Union Industrial Exhibition. This instrument is intended for the detec-
tion of rocks possessing radioactive, weak magnetic, and magnetic prop-
erties. The ASG-38 differs from models produced earlier in that it,
gamma-ray transducer is provided with a scintillation counter in pl,4ce of
a gas-filled Geiger-Muller counter tube. This results in a 2 1/2-3 times
greater sensitivity of the measurements of radioactivity and almost com-
pletely eliminates the effects of cosmic rays on the instrument. The
high sensitivity of the gamma-ray channel made it possible to introduce
into the system a so-called discriminating device by which manifestations
of uranium ore can be distinguished from those of thorium.
The apparatus, weighing a total of 160 kilograms, consists of a mag-
netic transmitter mounted in the nacelle or fastened to the fuselage or
wing of an aeroplane, a gamma-ray transducer, and an instrument panel
which records the total gamma field and the readings of a radioaltimeter,
magnetometer, and gamma-ray channel after discrimination. Only one
operator is required for the ASG-38.
The AGS-38 has been extensively used by Soviet geologists in pros-
pecting for diamond deposits ("Kimberly pipes"). This is possible because
kimberlite possesses increased magnetic susceptibility and lowered radio-
activity while its surrounding rocks has opposite properities.
This method of prospecting for diamonds is one 35th as expensive as
the use of ground surveys. The use of the former method resulted in the
discovery of a number of diamond "pipes" in the region of the Yakutsk
deposits. In-1956, 45 anomalies were detected using the ASG-38, and
a subsequent ground survey showed that they were "Kimberly pipes."
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47. Poles Study Circulation Indexes at Sea Level and at 700 mb Level
"Correlation Between Circulation Indexes at Sea Level and at
the 700 mb Level," by Tomashenko, Polish State Meteorological
Institute, Acta geophys. polon., Issue 4, No. 1, 195(j, pp 52-55
(from Referativn 2hurnal -- Fizika, Geofiz:'Y, No 2, Feb 57,
Abstract No 1070)
The index of circulation (defined as the difference of mean air
pressures in a given time at two parallels: 40? and 60? north latitute)
at sea level and at the 700 mb level is given. The mean air pressure,
calculated for the region bounded by the meridians at 40? East and 40?
West longitude are compared. Graphs of the changes of the mean 5-day
circulation indexes in the course of several months show that the index
of circulation at sea level almost completely agrees with the changes
at the 700 mb level. The coefficient of correlation between these two
circula+ion indexes is equal to approximately 0.90 (regardless of the
time of year). It is noted that during the summer, when it is difficult
to depict the zonal circulation at sea level based on synoptic charts,
it is possible to use the circulation indexes at the 700 mb level for
this purpose.
48. Geology Institute Seeks Head of Sector
[Position vacancy notice] (unsigned article), Frunze, Sovet-
skaya Kirgiziya, 27 Nov 57
The Institute of Geology.. Academy of Sciences Kirgiz SSR, announces
a competition for the position of head of a sector in tectonics and
stratigraphy. The applicant must be a Doctor or Candidate of Geo-
logicomineralogical Sciences.
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V. ELECTRONICS
Communications
49. All-Union Competition of Young Radio Amateurs
"30 March -- All-Union Competition of Ultrashort-Wave Amateurs"
(unsigned article); Moscow, Radio, No 2, Feb 58, p 15
The Second All-Union Competition of young microwave (ultrashort-wave)
amateurs will be held on 30 March 1958 between 0700 and 1300 hours, Moscow
standard time. The participants in the competition will operate on the
2- or 7-m radio band (38-40 Mc or 144-146 Mc). The age of the participants
will be from 12 to 18.
50. Recent Soviet Patents in Electronics and Communications
"Authorship Certificates" (unsigned article); Moscow, Elektro-
svaz', No 1, Jan 58, P 78
Class 21a, 3567, No 106716. I. S. Fograd and L. B. Gal'perin. Device
for Protecting the Break Contacts From Burning.
Class 21a1, 1102, No 106177. G. U. Osipenko and M. A. Kudryashov.
The Keyboard of Start-Stop Telegraph.
Class 21a1, 1102, No 106362, G. U. Osipenko and K. F. Retnev, Wedge
Type Linkage for the Start-Stop Telegraph.-
Class 21a1, 1102, No 106363. G. U. Osipenko. The Printing Mechanism
of Start-Stop Telegraph With Stendard Wheel.
Class 21a1, 1102, No 106408. M. F. Maslyakov. Automatic Bracket for
Holding of Control Paper Ribbon in ST-35 and STA Start-Stop Telegraphs.
Class 21a1, 3241, No 106800. T. F. Kazorina and G. G. Kulikovskiy.
Device for Compensation of Dark Current of Photodiode.
Class 21a1, 3510, No 106307. R. A. Kudryavtsev. Device for Forced
Synchronization of Facsimile Telegraph.
Class 2la2, 1604, No 106122. A. I. Kugushev. Device for Restoration
of Voice Frequencies.
Class 21a2, 1850, No 10660$. G. V. Butakov. Method of Matching
Single-Element Unidirectional Condenser Microphone.
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Class 21a2, 31E01, No 106827. I. E. Birenberg, Yu. V. Kosin, M. P.
Chubukov and V. A. Polyakov. Voice Frequency Ringing Device for Central
and Local Battery Telephone Systems.
Class 21a2, 311.01, No 106867. I. Ye. Finkler. Lever Selector for
Central Battery Telephone.
Class 21a2, 34ol, No 107106. V. P. Bonich, B. M. Furmanov and, B. V.
Shiryayev. Batteryless Telephone With Induction Ringing.
Class 21a? 3613, No 106699. N. N. Solov'ev. A Method of Measuring
Mismatch Attenuation (Reflection Factor).
Class 21a2, 4101, No 106317. A. Ye. Znamenskiy. Regulated Artificial
Class 21a3, 4920, No 106309. A. N. Yuzhakov. Alarm Signalization
Device Through the Busy Wires of the Automatic Telephone Station.
Class 21a4, 8.
Oscillator.
No 106825.
F. A. Vodop'yanov.
Wide-Band Tube
Class 21a4,
Oscillator.
801,
No 106941.
A. N. Radchenko.
Accord Frequency
Class 21a4, 802, No 106774. A. A. L'vovich.
Stabilizing the Frequency of Tube Oscillators.
Thermostat for Elements
Class 21a4, 10. No 106175. P. G. Pozdnyakov and V. G. Androsova.
A Method of Deposition of Dispersed Silver on Quartz Plates.
Class 21a4, 3514, No 107189. A. G. Dombrovskiy and P. G. Serdyuk.
Direct Current Voltage Vibrating Converter.
Class 21a4, 42. No 106798. F. A. 13odop'yanov. Detection Method of
Frequency-Modulated Oscillations.
Class 21a4, 42. No 106965. N. A. Kukin. Peak Detector.
Class 21a 4_46Oi. No106234. S. I. Naden_enko and R. V. Gurevich. Short-
wave Multinnle-Band Antenna.
lass 21a4, 49. No 107104. L. A. Korobkov. Device for Time-Division
Multiplex Telephone Communication.
Class 21a4, 54. Nc 1061.07. N. T. Petrovich. A Method of Telephone
Communication by Uniform i)inary Code and Phase Keying.
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Class 21a4, 68. No 1061=i.0. L. I. Rabkin. Variable Inductance Coil.
Class 21a4, 69. No 106141. B. S. Voynov. Meter and Decimeter Wave
Oscillatory Circuit.
Class 21a4, 71, No 106073. N. N, Konyakhin. Centimeter Range Pan-
oramic Wide Band Wavemeter With Direct Reading of the Wave Length.
Class 21a4, 71 NQ 106696. V. I. Chernyshov. Laboratory Reflecto-
meter for Measuring the Modulus Coefficient of Reflection in Symmetrical
Lines.
Class 21a4, 74. No 106193. N. I. Ar`: richeva, K. P. Yegorov, V. G.
Krasin'kov, L. D, Paramonkova, and L. V. Reyman. A Method of Manufacturing
Small Transformers.
Class 21b, 202, No 107274. I. I. Koval' and V. A. Barilenko. A
Method of Increasing the Life and Capacity of Lead Storage Batteries.
Class 21b,71, No 106313. Yu. N. Fedorov. A Method of Controlling
the Brightness of Cathode-Ray 'T'ube in Oscillograph With Driven Sweep.
Class 21c, 101, No 106426. Yu. I. Vidmanov. Null Galvanometer of
Magnetoelectric System.
Class 21c, 212. No 105700. E.. A. Kososs and Ye. G. Fedoseyeva. A
Method of Manufacturing Insulation Tape for Repair of Polyethylene In-
sulation of Cables.
Class 21c, 412. No 106420. G. N. Ter-Gazaryan and G. G. Kostanyan.
A Method of Elimination of Induction Effect of Two-Circuit High-Voltage
Line on the Communication L4.nes.
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
51. Cophasal Antennas
"Cophasal Multiple-Tuned Short-Wave Antennas," by G. Z. Ayzen-
berg, V. D. Kuznetsov, and L. K. 0lifin; Moscow, Elektrosvyaz',
No 1, Jan 58, pp 1521
Two types of multiple-tuned short-wave cophasal antennas, namely,
a cophasal antenna with an adjustable reflector and a cophasal antenna
with aperiodic reflector, were studied.
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The antennas were of four-tier type, with a 0.5 wave-length spacing
between the elements. The radiation patterns in the horizontal and verti-
cal planes of both types of antennas were experimenta.Ll.y obtained. The
dependence of the antenna gain and directivity factor on the wave length
were determined.
The investigation has disclosed that for the antenna feed having a
phase shift the traveling-wave ratio was greater than for the case of
cophasal feeding of antenna elements.
Laboratory Instruments and Equipment
52. Method of Computing Focusing Temperature in Roentgen Tubes
"Calculation of Focusing Temperature of Power Tube Anodes and
Hollow Anodes," by P. V. Poshekhonov, Tr. Ryazansk. radiotekh.
in-ta., ?1956., 1., pp 7o-84.
(from Referativn Zhurnal -- Elek-
t too Mika r1o6
CPYRGiirr may 57, Abstract No 130
"Heat reaches the anode of roentgen tubes only through the focusing
arec,; the heat beam is dispersed evenly throughout the entire area only
at a certain distance from the surface; usually, in computations, this
distance fora solid copper anode is taken equal to its diameter. At
the same time, for improving the heat transfer in continuous operating
tubes which use a circulating liquid for cooling the anode, attempts
are made to decrease the thickness of the copper beneath the surface to
0.1-0.3, and in tubes with hollow extended anodes, to 0.05 of the radius.
Therefore, the existing method of computation does not meet the actual
conditions. The author takes as the limiting conditions for the internal
surface of the end plane of the ' anode X 2 rT 2 _._aT2, applicable to an end
)
z
plane of any thickness; next, he determines the temperature in the center
of focus, in the center of the division plane of the tungsten surface'and
copper portion of the anode, and in the center of the inner cooled sur-
face. The thickness of the end plane, at which the temperature on the
division plane of the tungsten and copper is the least, is shown to equal
0.5R. The example of the computation dives results which satisfactorily
coincide with the data from experimental tests. Graphs are provided to
facilitate computation."
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Computers and Automation
53. New Soviet Electronic Regulating Devices
"Reliably and Effectively," by V. Trapeznikov, Corresponding
Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR, director of the In-
stitute of Automatics and Telemechanics of the Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta,
1, Jan 58, p 3
An electronic computer device is installed at one of the welded pipe
mills of the Moscow Pipe Plant. This device establishes the relation
between pipe wall thickness and seam temperature, which determines the
quality of welding. This is the first time such -a device has been used
in the Soviet Union, the author notes. It was developed by members of
the Institute of Automatics and Telemechanics of the Academy of Sciences
USSR -- A. Chelyuskin, A. Lerner, V. Ivanov, and other engineers. Work
on this system is still in progress, but the first tests have shown the
correctness of the technical ideas on which it is based. These ideas
are of interest not only for pipe welding. A new principle for building
automatic control systems used in numerous technical processes has been
found and confirmed. The new system is capable of finding all relations
in the process and of selecting only those parameters which are necessary
for best operating conditions.
During the coming year, the institute will continue to improve this
system and expand its field of application. Use of this system in all
fields where technical processes require perfect automatic control will
be investigated.
In 1958, the "Teplopribor" Plant in Chelyabinsk will start the series
production of contactless electric regulators. The motors of these regu-
lators, developed at the institute, are controlled by magnetic and elec-
tronic amplifiers ensuring high sensitivity. These regulators allow
effective and reliable control of many technical installations.
54. New Digital. Computer
"Electronic Computer, SESM" (unsigned article), Moscow,
CPYRGHT Izvestiya, 2 Mar 58, p 3
"Experimental operation has begun in the Computation Center of the
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR with the electronic computer, SES2:.
It is the first specialized digital computer in the USSR and Europe
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CPYRGHT
,i.cv,?1.c;') ,d c o.L' solving systems of linear allrebraie equations having a
large number of unknot?ms (up to 1100). Using this conrputer it is
possible to perform complicated hydrotechnical, architectural, and
machine-building design computations and to solve problems in geodesy
and mathematical physics.
"The work performed by the 'SBSM' in the course of one shift is
equivalent to a month's work done by 20 men using ordinary calculators.
55. Friction-T;;-e Integrators
"The Accuracy of Friction-type Integrators in Dynamics," by
A. V. Shchetnikov; Schetno-resha shchi e Pribor (collection
of articles)., Moscow, Oborongiz, 1955, pp 13-72 (from Refera-
ti T Zhurnal -- Elektrotehknika No 6, May 57, Abstract
11, -
T 12889)
CPYRGH
"A study is made of the effects on the contact surface of friction
mechanisms of the disk type (with roller and ball) and the mushroom type
from the viewpoint of accuracy of solution. Each mechanism is examined
under two conditions: when the driven element is stationary and when
the driven element is in motion. The effect cf a dynamic load on error
is shown separately, and behavior under considerable overload is discussed.
The expression of errors in multiplication, differentiation, and integra-
tion operations is shown in relation to friction slippage. Curves are
developed for determining the maitude of slippage in the functioning of
the load moment for real disk friction clutches with various values of
structural parameters; curves are provided for the slippage of ball-
and mushroom type friction clutches as a function of tigY,Ltening force.
In conclusion, a numerical example of a check computation of a friction
smoothing mechanism rrith the calculation of dynamic loads is given."
56. Block Diagrams for Computer Amplifiers
"Basic Formulas For Computing Block Diagrams of Computer Ampli-
fiers,," by I. N. Gratsianskiy; Tr. Mosk. rnerg, in-ta., 1956,
No 18, pry 297-305 (from Referatij Zhurnal -- El.ektroteklmika,
CPYRGHT 6, May 57, Abstract No 12890)
"The article presents a general block diagram and table of concrete
block diagrams of computer amplifiers for performing operations of scale
conversion, inversion, differentiation, summation, and complex operations
of differentiation or integration with simultaneous :ummation. Computed
expressions are given for the transmission coefficient, input and output
impedance of the amplifier operating in a negative feedback system as a
scale amplifier, differentiator, integrator, and summator with sinusoidal
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form of input voltage,- Misalignment is also given for integrating and
differ.ntiating amplifiers. The errors of the amplifier are also pointed
out, in connection with the instability of the dc amplifier's zero. The
order for computing the elements of the differentiator and integrator
circuits is described. Several recommendations are made for selecting
and computing the elements of a negative feedback amplifier circuit. A
block diagram of the amplifier is described, having minimum zero drift
due to the inclusion of an auxiliary amplifier with an electromagnetic
rectifier, and a method is given for computing the amplification factor
and zero drift potential of an amplifier with minimum zero drift."
57.
Conference on Computer Mathematics and Use of Computer Equipment
"Conference on Computer Mathematics and Use rf Computer Eng-I.
neering Equipment," Azerbaydzhan Telegraph Agency (AzTAG); ]3aku,
Bakinskiy Rabochiy, 5 Feb 58, p 2
A Conference on Computer Mathematics and Use of Computer Engineering
Equipment, convoked by the Academy of "ciences Azerbaydzhan SSR and the
Computation Center and Institute of Automatics and Telemechanic,s of the
Academy of Sciences USSR, was opened in the Great Hall of the Academy
of Sciences Azerbaydzhan SSR on 3 February 1958. In attendance were
scientists of the RSFSR, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia,
Armenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Azerbaydzhan; representatives
of the Academy of Sciences USSR and a number of its institutes; the
State Planning Commission USSR; Moscow State University; and others.
The conference was opened by Z. I. Khalilov, vice-president of the
Academy of Sciences Azerbaydzhanl SSR.
Academician A. A, Dorodnitsyn, chairman of the Commission on Computer
Engineering under the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR, spoke on
the status of work and problems in the field of computer mathematics and
engineering,
Greetings were extended from the State Planning Commission USSR by
V. I. Loskutov, from Moscow State University and the Division of Mathe-
matics of the Academy of Sciences USSR by Prof M. R. Shura-Bura, and
from the Computer Design Bureau of the State Planning Commission by V. V.
Aleksandro'r.
At the first plenary session papers were read by Z. I. Khalilov,
Academician of the Academy of Sciences Azerbaydzhan SSR, on the growth of
mathematical sciences in Azerbaydzhan; and by S. A. Aleskerov, Candidate
of Technical Sciences, on the results of scientific research at the Com-
putation Center of the Academy of Sciences Azerbaydzhan SSR on the use of
computer engineering equipment.
Section meetings began on lE February, and the conference was to last
for several days.
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iL'Aietic, Dio-Lectri c and 3ei iicoriductor Materials
58. Surface harj q of Semiconductors
"The Chanrae of Surface ChorC;e of a 'Train' Piece of Scm .con-
ductor, " by V. E. Lashkoa'c-:v, V. I. I,y shenko, and T. S.
Chornaya, Dopooyicli ArI URSR, 1,-"56, 1Io 3, PP 251-252 (fron
11eferativn, Zhurnal Elektroteldanilca, Ido 6, May 57,
CPYRCA ract IIo M45)
"Me article describes the experimental verification of a theory,
developed by one of the authors, of the electrica conductivity or a 'th:Li'.'
piece of semiconductor (such as shiel(ling). Accordint to .tae theory, a
change in the charge or. one surface of a thin sample causes a clian, ' fe in
the surface charge on the other surface A test of the theory tra perfori ed
on thin layers of Te .(approximately 10-& cm) clepoz:L e.i1 on mica. The sur-
face c::arge of the facing side could by decreased by means of an absoi:pt i.on
of molecules which was deterzni,necl by incrdase of t.e resistance of the
sample. A change in the charge on the rear surface was obocrvecl Arhen a
change was made in the shielding of the e,-sternal field, perpen:licular to
the su.r.Cace of the sarnple."
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VI. ENG INEC.ft ING
59. New Soviet Rolling Mill Equipment Planned in 1258
"To a Higher Level, " by A. Tselikov, Corresponding Member of
the Academy of Sciences USSR, chief of the Design Bureau at
the Centrr.l Scientific Research Institute for Technology
and Machine Building; Moscow, Prom shlenno-Ekonomicheska
Gazeta, 1 Jan 58, p 2
During the new year, construction of cluster-type rolling mills
designed by the institute will be started. These new rolling mills will
have only three stands, instead of the usual 10-12, and will thus permit
continuous operations. The institute will also make improvements on
equipment used for cold rolling of thin-walled pipes.
60. New Power Cables With Aluminum Sheathing
"Power Cables With Treated Paper Insulation in Pressed Alu-
minum Sheathing," Novaya Tekhnika [a, collection of articles],
No 1, Moscow, 1956,- PP 74-76 from Referatiymyy Zhurnal --
CPYRGI-;,- troteklmika, No 6, May 57, Abstract No 12.6)9
"The article describes the construction and designation of new power
cables in pressed aluminum sheaths conforming to the standands of GOST
(State All-Union Standard) 6515-53. The cables are manufactured with three
or four conductors with cross sections varying from 3x6 mm2 to 3x95 mm2
+ 1x50 mm2. These cables are designed for transmission and distribution
of electrical energy at voltages not exceeding one kv and at a continuous
permissible conductor temperature of + 80 degrees. The types of cable
are as follows: AG (copper conductors in aluminum sheathing), AAG
(aluminum conductors in altuninum sheathing), ABG (copper conductors in
aluminum sheathing, enclosed in two steel bands covered i*ith a bituminous
compound), AABG (same a ABG but with copper conductoro) [Note: should
be aluminum conductors], APG (copper conductors in aluminum sheathing,
enclosed in flat steel-plated wire), AAPG (same as APG but with aluminum
conductors,, and others. An example of the conventional designation for
a three-SSozldtictor cable with aluminum conductors having a cross section
of 95 mm in aluminum sheathing 250 m in length is AAG 3x95-250 GOST
6515-53.
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VII. MATID-'4ATICS
61. US Book on Mathematical. Machinco Reviewed
Digital Differential Analyzers, by G. P. Forbes (2d edition,
Part I -- Elements); reviewed by N. Ya. Matyulthin; Moscow,
Novyye Knigi za Rubezhom, Seriya A,,, No IF, Apr 57, pp 15-17
The reviewer describes the contents of Forbes' book objectively
and then concludes as follozws ;
"On the whole, the book is a very fine mathematical supplement to
technical descriptions of digital differential analyzers and mechanical
integrators. Unfortunately, the circle of readers, engineers, and
scientific workers for whom tho book represents major interest is quite
restricted in the Soviet Union cwinL, to the limited distribution of this
type of machines."
CPYRGHT
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VIII. MC1)ICINE
Bacteriology
62. Unusual Cultures Isolated From Human Brucellosis Patients
"Unusual Cultures Isolated From Brucellosis Patients," by
A. A. Uvarov, Zhivyye Vaktsiny (Live Vaccines), Moscow,
1956 pp 225-229 (from Referativn ZhurnaJ
~q~p -- Biolo i a,
CPYRC7H I ' Oct 57, Abstract No 85703, by G. Ye. Fn',nikina
"Twenty unusual cultures sometimes accompanied by typical culture;
of Brucella were isolated from the blood of brucellosio patients or from
various organs of humans who had died from brucellosis. When crown on
14PA or MM containing glucose or blood, these unusual cultures consisted
of poorly developed., polymorphic bacteria of low viability which t')ok the
Gram stain nonuniformly. The author considers the microorganism:; isolated
by him to be an intermediate or atypical form of some other species of
microorganisms, but all belonging to a single species. The isolation of
these cultures from the blood of pa``ients or the organs of cadavers before,
after, or simultaneously with the isolation of typical Brucella is indica-
tive of the existence of a connection between the microorganisms observed
and the Brucella."
63. V- and W-Form ]3r ella melitensis
"Characteristics of the Properties of V- and W-Form
Brucella melitensis," by M. S. Dro.hevkina, Tr. Rostovsk.
N.-D. Gos. N.-I. Protivochumn. In-ta (Works of the Rostov-
na-Donu State Scientific Research Anti-plague Institute),
No 10, 1956, pp 351+-369 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- ogiya
, No 21, 10 Nov 57, Abstract No 39 09, by G. N. Chis-
t
CPYRGH cl'
"Two strains of Brucella melitensis were divided into V- and W-
variants. The W-forms were found to be identical with typical Brucella
strains. The V-forms had somewhat larger cell dimensions, cloudy coloris=
formed on solid media, and cloudiness and sediment and a certain amount
of 112S developed in the bouillon. They precipitated on heating, were
agglutinated by tripaflavine, were hicr y sensitive to Vi-phage, and
were lysed by 0-phage, although more weakly than W-form ? V- and 1.1-
forms had theriiostabile antigens both general and differentiated in
both variants. In addition, the V-forms contained thermolabile Vi-
antigens which prevented 0-agglutination. The existence of V-forms
have been taken into account for a long time in diagnosing; Brucella
and in preparing specific prophylactics against brucellosis."
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64. Filterable Forma of Trucella
"Filterable Forme of Brucella. Report 2. Filterable Forms
of Brucella and the Animo.1. Organism," by G. A. Balandin,
V. M. Uraleva, and Z. D. Khakhina, Tr. Rostovsk, N.-D. Gos.
N.-I. Protivochumn. In-ta (Works of the Rostov-na-Donu
State Scientific Research Antiplague Institute), No 10,
1956, PP 317-332 (from Referativny Zhurrial -- BiologiYU2
CPYR -No 10 Nov 57, Abstract No , by G. P. Kalina)
"On passage of filtrates from bouillon and agar cultures through
white mice, regeneration of a secondary culture the characteristics of which
completely corresponded to the initial culture was successfully obtained
in three cases (filtrates of bouillon cultures). Filterable forms ('T)
even of virulent strains of Brucella were weakly virulent and were not
subjected to further passage after regeneration, subsequently forming
weakly virulent or avirulent cultures. At the same time, +T are capable
of existing independently in the organisms of white mice and guinea
pigs, not being transferred in a visible form of existence, and are
passed in such a form from animal to animal. FF cause an allergic con-
dition in animals infected with them, increase the phagocytic activity
of the leukocytes and sometimes occasion the formation of agglutinins."
65. Immunogenicity of Filterable Forms of Brucella
"Filterable Forms of Brucella. Report 3. Immunogenicity
of Filterable Forms of Bruceila, " by G. A. Balandin and
V. S. Uraleva, Tr. Rostovsk.-N.-D. Gos. N.-I. Protivochumn.
In-ta (Works of the Rostov-na-Donu State Scientific Re-
search Antiplague Institute), No 10, 1956, pP 333-333
(from Referativn Zhurnal -- Biclogi No 21, 10 Nov
CPYRI TAbstract No 5, by G. P. Kalina
"A large group of white mice were iimminized with autoclaved and
nonautoclaved filtrates of Brucella bouillon cultures, and inmiunity
was tested at varying times after immunization. It was shown that the
filtrates had immunogenic characteristics which did not depend on whether
they were autoclaved or not. Regeneration of filterable forms in the
organisms of immunized animals was not observed. Immunity was related
to and depended both on the duration of the period between immunization
and infection and on the infecting dose."
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65. Gro1rt11 of P1 ?rue PryLIln.;c.'11 t;ir tt ;L
"Grcxtrth and Prol,i:Pcrotion o;C i,i1G P1a;.tie Pat1,ol;cn on V,
Med:l"Gt P1' 1E4-53 (::role lleVe).'otivny 'a in'I-4tl 1 chemicals.
L. I. Medved' acted as chairman of the conference and delivered a
paper on the aims and problems of scientific research on the hygienic and
toxicological c:;ppz,aisal of Insectofungicides. About 80 papers in all were
presented. It was pointed out that in recent years a greater volume of
research on toxic chemicals has been done at the medical organizations
than was the case previously. ;,t present, about 20 medical organizations
are participating in this work. Significant success has been attained in
the treatment of mercury compound poiscnings with the new therapeutic
preparetion unitol. New compounds, such as tropacene and pentaphene, are
recommended for treatment of poisoning with organopho.sphorus compounds.
91. Amperometric Titration of Lead
"The Determination of Lead in Air by the ',Imperometric Method,"
by I. P. Grigorova, Sverdlovsk Scientific Research Institute
for the Protection of Labor,1~11-Union Central Council of
Trade Unions; Moscow, Gigiyena i Sanitariya, No 11, Nov 57,
p 94
Because of the shortcomings (low sensitivity reaction, difficulties
in measuring turbidity, subjective factors, time spent in collecting
amples, etc.) of the nepher ometric method currently used in industrial
sanitation chemistry for determining lead in air, the author, on the basis
of data he presents, proposes the use of the amperometric method.
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This quantitative analysis is bas.d on the amperometric titration of
acetic acid lead solutions by ammoniated molibdenum oxide.
Pb + MoO) -P PbMoO4
As a result, the author points out, determinations of 10.10- 6mgs
of lead in a 10 ml solution are possible.
[For additional information on public health and sanitation, see
Item No 85.]
Radiology
92. Ionizing Radiation Inhibits Hepatic Acetylation and Decreases Coenzyme
A Content
"Acetylation Function of Coenzyme it System in Radiation Sir;kness,"
by V V. N. Filippova and I . F. Seyts, Leningrad Scientific Research
Institute for Blood Transfusion, Moscowj Doklady Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Vol 1111 , No 5. 11 Jun 57, pp 1076-1079
The purpose of the present research was to study the influence of
radiation energy on one of the most important functions of the coenzyme
A system, i.e., the processes of acetylati.on, and to assay the hepatic
coenzyme A content.
Experiments were conducted on the liver of noi:.Lrradi.ated and irradi-
ated pigeons. -A total of 388 tests were run.
Results indicate the existence of profound effects of ionizing radia-
tion on compounds engaged in the transfer of the acyl groups. This affects
both the protein and the nonprotein (c.oenzyme) components of the enzyme
system of acetylation in the liver. Thus, irradiation inhibits enzyme
acetylation activity and reduces the quantity cf coenzyme A in the liver.
The authors conclude that, since coenzyme A participates in numerous
reactions and processes which exert vital significance, one may consider
that the disturbance of the function of this enzyme system is important,
in the genesis and in the development of radiation syndrome.
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,,,j . E:ffecti of Ionizing Radir tion 1\ttributed to Chanced Functional COn.?
dition of Central Nervous System Rather Thun to Changes in Specific
Organs
"Comerninc the Reflex Mechunism of the Effect of X Rays,"
by M. A . Movsesy+.ln, S. G. Shchukuryan, and I . Ye . Agababyan,
Izv. AN i:rmSSR, Biol. i S. -Kh. N. 1956, Vol 9, No 3, 149-156
(t,r,n.) (from Referativnyy Zhurnal-- Bioloiy_a, No 11, 10 Jun
57, Abstract No 48157, p t}56)
Irradiation of rabbits at the hepatic region by 100 r caused increased
blood sugar, increased pseudoeosinophils, and decreased lymphocytes
(teets were conducted 20 minutes and 2 hours after irradiation). After
the administration of caffeine to rabbits, irradiation of the hepatic region
did not cause increased blood sugar or change the leukocyte formula.
Bromine administration in conjunction with irradiation caused decreased
blood sugar, a slight increase of pleudoeosinophils, and decreased number
of lymphocytes.
The authors conclude that changes in blood composition zre conditioned
not by the direct effect of X rays on the formed elements of the blood or
on hepatic glycolysis, but on tilt: reflex influences on blood-distributing
mechanisms, hemgDoietic Drga.ns, and on sugar metabolism. Furthermore, this
final effect depends on the functional condition of the central nervous
system.
94. Hungarians to Test Properdin as Antiradt :tion Agent
"Experiments With Properdin at the Institute of Oncolog,' by
G.N.Z.; Budapest, Esti Budapest, 30 Nov 57, p 6
The Institute of Oncology Or,,kologiai Intezet) is about to undertlke
experiments to determine the extent to which properdin is effective in
protecting organisms from cancer. Experiment:::]. animals whose production
of properdin has been stimulatud by injections or polysaccharide will be
''.ejected to lcth!al doses of radiation.
The polysacchu:rides which are to be used were obtained as the result
of work by the young Hung,irian research worker, Dr Istvan Nagy, who has
been investigating agents which stimulate the system to produce properdin.
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Polysaccharides were found to be the best stimulants, but Nagy felt that
it was too difficult to obtain these polysaccharides from animals. Sub-
sequently, he found that he could extract the desired polysaccharides from
small tumors occurring on the stems of white poplar leaves. When experi-
mental animals were inoculated with this extract, they all responded by
producing large quantities of properdin within a few days.
According to the article, Dr Nagy was in Frankfurt at the Medical
Clinic at the time when Dr Gonssel, director of the clinic, proved that
animals which had been inoculated with substances which stimulated the
system to produce properdin could survive lethal doses of radiation.
95. Tagged Atoms and Their Extensive Practical Use in Biology and Medicine
Reviewed --------
"Tagged Atoms anO Their Practical Use in Biology and Medicine,"
by Prof V. A. D'yachenko (Moscow); Moscow,Meditsinskaya Sestra,
No 12, Dec 57, pp 24-28
The use of radioactive substances has made it possible to study many
very complicated biological processes proceeding in cells. Such studies
ha proved, for example, that permeability does not depend on diffusion,
or dialysis, but in the' result of specific active processes in cells, and
that these processes are regulated by enzymes. The life span of various
blood elements has been determined by tagged elements, for example, eryth-
rocytes 100-120 days, platelets 8-12 days, granulocytes 3-5 days, and
lymphocytes not more than 12 hours.
In general, the use of tagged atoms may be summed up in the following
fields:
Biochemistry -- study of the processes of absorption, and the synthe-
sis, destruction, and transformation of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and
minerals. It was thought for 100 years that' carbohydrates are formed only
by leaves which take up carbon dioxide, but tagged atoms prove that carbohy-
drates are formed also by roots through the uptake of carbon dioxide gas
and through the transformation of carbonates from the soil.
Microbiology -- study of tagged microorganisms, toxins, antigens, and
tagged viruses.
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Pharmacology -- study of the uptake of drugs (tagged penicillin is
an examp.Lu), LLlu.Lr movement, excretion, and effects on organisms.
Hygiene, especially in industrial hygiene, and in epidemiology.
Clinical use -- study of blood volume and rate of circulation in
determining Ltie .functional condition of the cardiovascular system.
Examples of the specific use of radioactive elements are use of radio-
active iodine in thyroid gland studies, especially when the pathological
conditions bear no clinical symptoms, and for the localization of certain
brain tumors.
Beta therapy has certain special advantages chiefly because beta ray
penetration is superficial compared with gamma rays and X rays, and so is
preferred in skin therapy. In addition, beta therapy is preferred for
certain locations, the eye, for example, where it is not possible to pro-
tect it from secondary radiation from the bones following gamma or X ray
radiation. Beta therapy is especially important in the treatment of poly-
cythemia.
96. Ionizing Radiation Delays Wound Healing and Bone Callus Formation
"Certain Data on the Effect of Ionizing Radiation (Average
Doses) on Open Injuries of the Mandible of Rabbits (Preliminary
Report)," by M. A. Pliner and S. I. Volkov; Moscow, Stomato-
logiya, No 6, Nov/Dec 57, pp 39-42
The aim of this research was to study the course and the healing pro-
cess of fractures of the mandible or rabbits subjer'ted to average doses
(600 r) of X rays. Tests were conducted on 16 rabbits, 6 of which were
controls.
Results indicate that (a) the combined injuries of the jaws due to
irradiation by average doses belong to the group of severe injuries, and
that (b) the healing of wounds and the development of bone calluses in
combined injuries of the jaws are slow and the fractures are often compli-
cated by osteomyelitis.
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97. Special Liquid Emulsions for Clearer Histoautoradiogrums
"A Method of Using Special Liquid Emulsions for IIistoautoradio-
graphy, " by Ye. V. Erlcksova; Moscow, Pled itsinska Rodiolog-i.ya,
Vol 2, No 6, Nov/Dec 57, 1)1p 77-82
The author describes a modified method for getting clearer histologi-
cal autoradiograms. Steps described include the application of the under-
layer and of histological sections on the microscope slide, method for the
application of liquid photoemulsions on the histological sections, methods
for the development of the plates, fixation, and also a method for stain-
ing of the histological sections in the photoemulsions.
The author concludes that photoemulsions of type A2 and R were de -
vekped at the Roentgenographic Laboratory of the "NII I" (Scientific
Research Cinephotographic Institute), and may be used for examination and
microlocation of radioactive elements in histological sections. A clearer
histoautoradiogram is obtained owing to good contact of the surface of
the section with the photoemulsion following adequate exposure, develop-
ment, and fixation of the preparations.
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98.
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Course of Pregnancy
"Conference on the Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the
Course of Pregnancy, on the Development of the Fetus,
and on the Condition of the Infant," By N. A. Kalinina:
Moscow, Meditsinskaya Padiologiya, Vol 2, No 6, Nov/Dec
57, pp 87--89
A conference was held at Leningrad, 5-7 March 1957, at the Institute
of Obstetrics iand Gynecology of the Academy of Medical. Sciences USSR. The
theme of the conference was the effects of ionizing radiation on the
course of pregnancy, the development of the fetus, and the condition of
the newborn .1 ifant. The conference was sponsored by the Institute of
Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, the
Central Scientific Research Roentgenoradiological Institute of the Min-
istry of Health USSR, and the Scientific Research Institute of Obstetrics
and Gynecology of the Ministry of Health RSFSR. Fifteen reports were
heard.
The conference opened with a report by N. A. Kalinina whose topic
was "The Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Course of Pregnancy, and
on the Condition of the Newborn Infant." The author reviewed experimental
and clinical data from literature and analyzed her own personal studies
of the subject. It was proved that certain morphological biochemical,
hematological, etc., changes in radiation sickness become more aggravated
during pregnancy.
A. A. Kulikovskaya reported on the comparative study of the mor-
phological changes arising in nonpregnant and pregnant animals irradiated
at various periods of their pregnancies. Her results indicate that changes
in nerve endings in pregnant animals arise so;:,ner and are more pronounced
than in nonpregnant animals, and that degenerative changes in the heart,
liver, etc., also, are more pronounced in pregnant animals.
Ye Ya. Gilinskiy and A. A. Kulikovska reported that pathological
changes in the pia mater, the vascular system, and the cerebral substance
of irradiated animals are more pronounced in pregnant than in nonpregnant
animals.
L. V. Funshteyn and G. V. Ochinska compared the course of acute
radiation sickness in nonpregnant and pregnant animals irradiated at
various periods of pregnancy. The authors concluded that the acute form
of radiation sickness has no special features during pregnancy, but that
the duration of life differs when irradiation is inflicted at various
stages of pregnancy.
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V. P. Baskakov's report was on the "Changes in the Higher Nervous
Activity of Irradiated Nonpregnant and Pregnant Animals." Results in-
dicate that changes occurring in the higher nervous activity of irra-
diated pregnant animals arise significantly sooner and remain longer in
pregnant than in nonpregnant animals.
0. L. Nemtsova and Ye. I. Andreyeva also reported on the changes in
the higher nervous activity of pregnant animals and their offspring. Their
results indicate difficulty in the propagation of conditioned reflexes,
the weakening of the processes of stimulation and inhibition, and poor
sensitivity of the offspring.
Among those reporting on changes in the peripheral blood of preg-
nant animals were N. M. Andriyasheva, who reported that leukemia was
more acute and remained longer in pregnant animals izradiated toward
the end of their pregnancy than during the middle part of their preg-
nancy, and that anemia was graver in irradiated pregnant than in non-
pregnant animals. A. `fu. Svirgis reported that changes in the peripheral
blood and in the hemopoietic organs of the fetus paralleled those of the
pregnant animal.
T. A. Ivanova, S. P. Voskresenskiy, and A. P. Novikova reported on
the condition of the offspring of dogs subjected to the products of
uranium fission. Their results indicate disturbance of bone-marrow
hemopoiesis and inhibition of lymphocytosis and that puppies of the first
generation are retarded in their development (but this latter trait
depended to a considerable degree on decreased lactation of the experi-
mental dogs).
N. M. Pobedinskiy reported on the influence of hemorrhage on the
course of radiation sickness in pregnant animals. It ras proved that
hemorrhage in :,pregnant animals was more serious than in nonpregnant ones.
Ye. A. Kakushkina and L. A. Plodovska presented a study of the
effects of X rays on the sex function of the offspring of irradiated
dogs. It was proved that the effect of irradiation on the sex function
of dogs was more pronounced if irradiation occurred during embryogenesis
then if the animals were fully grown. A higher percentage of sterility,
per litter of dogs, occurred if irradiation was inflicted during the
period of embryogenesis than if irradiation was inflicted when the off-
spring were fully grown (just before parturition).
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The conference adjourned after making the following recommendations:
1. To conduct a thorough study of the pertinent problems with the
participation of biologists and physicians in their various fields of
specialties, i.e., physiologists, biochemists, morphologists, and clini-
cians.) and to pay special attention to the mechanism of injury to off-
spring.
2. To increase the range of studied doses, and to pay close atten-
tion to the chronic effects of small doses of ionizing radiation and to
the deleterious effects of radioactive isotopes.
3. To conduct detailed studies of the various sequelae of irra-
diation of women during pregnancy.
4. To intensify the study of the sequelae of irradiation of preg-
nant women by doses used in roentgenodiagnosis and to restrict indications
requiring the use of X rays for diagnostic purposes.
99? Early Symptoms Following Prolonged Contact With Radioactive Sub-
stances Evident in Hepatic Protein Formation Function
"Hepatic Functional Condition in People Coming in Contact
With Radioactive Substances," by Ye. A. Denisova, Bio-
physics Laboratory (head, Prof M. N. Fateyeva), Institute
of Therapy (director) Prof A. L. Myasnikov, Active Member
of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR), Academy of Med-
ical Sciences USSR; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiya,
Vol 2, No 6, Nov/Dec 57, pp 44-49
The purpose of this ssLady was to evaluate the effect of nhron.ic
contact with ionizing radiation on the protein formation function cf the
liver.
Various tests were conducted on 297 people who were classified
into groups according to degree of exposure and type of radiation they
came in contact with.
Results indicate that initial signs of disturbances in hepatic
protein formation function appear rather early and are in '. apparent
in people who are in con.,tant contact with ionizing rad;;.a '.on of a
iagnitude of 2-10 times the permissible dose of radiation. As contact
wit}, these radioactive substances coi..tinues, disturbances become greater.
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100. Treatment by Blood Transfusion More Effective in Milder Phases of
Acute Radiation Sic ess
"Treatment of Acute-Radiation Sickness in Dogs by Drip Blood
Transfusion," by A.-:'. Gamaleya, A. A. Gyurdzhian, A. A.
Zhgun, and P. V. Simonov, Department of Radiation Therapy
(chief, A. N. GamRleya) and Experimental Laboratory (deputy
chief, A. A. 4vurdzh an, Candidate of Medical Sciences) the
main Military Hospital imeni Academician N. N. Burdenko of
the Ministry of Defense USSR; Moscow, Meditsinskaya. Radi-
ologiya, Vol 2, No 6, Nov/Dec 57, pp 56-61
Blood transfusion has been used as basic therapy for various forms
of radiation symptoms. Early fractionated transfusion of preserved blood
during the development of radiation sickness has often prevented the on..
set of radiation sickness following massive prolonged periods of irra-
diation. These beneficial effects of hemotransfusion have been attributed
to the stimulation of hemopoiesis by the transfused blood, desensitization,
deto.cication, and finally the normalization of metabolism.
The purpose of the present research was to study the degree of this
therapeutic effect o.t blood transfusion its influence on the course
of acute radiation sickness.
Tests were conducted on 24 dogs, 12 of which served as controls. All
dogs were subjected to total irradiation by 600-650 r from X rays. Start-
ing 3-4 hours after irradiation, only the experimental dogs received
daily drip transfusions of 200-250 ml for 7 days.
Results indicate no,essential differences in the survival rate and
in the average life duration of the two groups of dogs. Among the dogs
that survived, the course of radiation sickness was milder in the treated
dogs than in the controls..
The author concludes that therapy by blood transfusion of dogs in-
jured by penetrating radiation is more effective in the milder phases of
acute radiation sickness.
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101. Radiologists o~$ts Recommend Use of Fibrinous Membranes Over Radiation
Induced Skin Lesions
"The Question of the Use of Fibrinous Membranes Following
Radiation Lesions of the Skin," by S. A. Papoyan, S. N.
Allaverdyan, I. G. Demirchoglyan, and I. A. Yerzinlyan,
Scientific Research Institute of Roentgenology, Radiology
and Oncology, Ministry of Health Armenian SSR, and the
Scientific Research Institute of Blood Transfusion, Min-
istry of Health Armenian SSR; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radi-
ologiya, Vol 2, No 6, Nov/Dec 57, pp 61-65
This article was presented at the jubilee of the Scientific Session
of the Institute of Blood Transfusion commemorating the 25th anniversary
of the oropri.ation of the Blood Service in Armenia.
Radiation lesions of the external coverings of the parse al region
and abdomen were induced by the application of radioactive Co 0 tubes.
The a.,,plication of fibrinous membranes over such ulcerated areas proved
highly therapeutic. Good therapeutic results following therapy by
fibrinous membranes of surfaces injured by radiation included a shortened
healing period, gradual decrease of bleeding, decrease of the size of
inflamed foci, and prevention of secondary infections.
In conclusion, the authors recommend the use of fibrinous membranes
as essential therapeutic preparations for lesions of the skin in radiation
sickness, owing to the possibility of preserving there preparations for
long periods without loss of therapeutic effectiveness, ease of transpor-
tation, and the simplicity of the technique of their application.
Z-ace Medicine
102. Radial Acceleration Effects Recorded
"Bioelectric Activity of Skeletal Muscles in Man Exposed to
Radial. Acceleration," by V. I. Babushk3n, P. K. Isakov, V. B.
Malkin, anO ?? V. Usachev; Moscow, Fiziologicheskiy Zhurnal
aaSR, Vol 44, No 1, Jan 58, pp 10-13
While making a study of the mechanism of adjustment within isle body
to the effects of head-to-foot acceleration in Nov=ber 1954, the authors
of this article discovered that the greatest majority (.f published works
seem to focu- their attention on the activity of hear~_and blood vessels.
r?
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However, they found no discussion in the lite*.'ature of any special ex-
periments which would throw light on the activity of skeletal muscles
during acceleration. They therefore performed several experiments,
using ten healthy men between 20 and 30 years of age. To carry on
those experiments they placed the subject of the experiment in a lab-
oratory centrifuge in which head-to-foot acceleration of various in-
tensity could be produced. Electromyograrn recordings of reactions of
various muscles of the abdomen, hips, and chest were made before, during,
and afte the centerfuge was halted. Respiration, pulse, and arterial
blood pressure were also recorded simultaneously in some experiments.
Intensification of bioelectric activity of skeletal muscles was
observed in all the men. An increase in the amplitude of biological
electric currents in the muscles of the lower extremities and abdomen
was as a rule, distinctly evic?.ert when acceleration reached 2-2.5g.
Intensification of the current in intercos*cal muscles was usually
noted when acceleration reached 3g. Analysis of ei.ec.cromyogram record-
ings, made during accelerations of various intensities, permitted the
authors to establish that changes in the amplitude of biological electric
currents in muscles were dependent on the intensity of acceleration.
The increase in the amplitude of the biological electric current in
muscles obviously has no direct arithmetic relation to the intensity of
acceleration. The greatest increase in the amplitude of muscle currents
was observed when acceleration was increased from 2g to between 4 and
5g. No increase in biological electric current amplitude was noted,
in the majority of cases, when acceleration was further increased; in
many experiments it decreased.
The duration of exposure to acceleration is very significant in
the dynamics of changes in the biological electric current of muscles.
Analysis of electromyograms showed that the biological electric current
amplitude began to drop eventually if acceleration was constant. In
a special series of experiments, recordings were made of biological
electric currents in muscles of men who had the benefit of an anti-g
suit during acceleration. It was discovered that creation of pressure
in the suit compartments led to a sharp drop in the amplitude of the
biological electric c rent in muscles of abdomen and hips; in some
experiments it practically disappeared.
In evaluating the results of their experiments the authors of this
article conclude that the increase in the bioelectric activity of skeletal
muscles, observed during acceleration, depends on an increase in muscular
tonus. They find justification for this conclusion in the experimental
data of Wilhelm Einthc,ven (1926) which established that an increase in
muscular stress was accompanied by an increase In the amplitude of the
biological electric current of active muscles. Furthermore, that
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conclusion was confirmed by the experim'nts of V. `J. Gurfinkel (1955) and
his co-workers who said that an increase within a definite range of isr.-
metric stress in skeletal muscles wa3 always accompanied by an increase
in the amplitude of muscular activity currents.
The authors also came to the conclusion that the increase in body
weight and the reflex effects from pr,)prioceptors, which are associated
with it, are probably not the sole mechanism on which the increase in the
tonus of the skeletal muscles depends during acceleration. Reflexes from
baroreceptors of the carotid sinus zone, which occur due to a drop in
blood pressure in the carotid artery during acceleration, evidently play
a definite role in the mechanism of increased skeletal muscle tonus. in
line with this they surmise that, when a study is conducted of the uiecha-
nism of adjustment of the organism to acceleration, the reflex increase
in the tonus of skeletal muscles iuust be accepted as directly _clated to
the vascular reactions that manifest themselves.
Th,a natural changes in the tonus of skeletal muscles, pointed out
above, may in the authors' opinion be used as a v.nique index for evaluat-
ing the effectiveness of various anti-g devices.
103. Testing of Vestibular Stability Described
"Continuous Recording of Physiological Functions of an Organ-
ism During Irrita%':ion of Its vestibular Analysor Oith the Aid
of an Electric Rotating Chair," by S. S. Markaryan, Candidate
of Medical Sciences (Moscow), Vestnik 0torinolaringologii1, 7r)
CPYRGIl Jan-Feb 58, pp 103-105
"Physiological testing is often done by spinning a person in the
Barany chair. The resulting vegetative and somatic reactions serve as
an index of excitability of the vestibular analysor. Variations in
intensity of manifestation of these reactions ar-, often :ete.mJ.ned by
inspection. Since graphic presentation of arl.c ~.il pressure; pulse
beats, and respiration offers a more accurate ul),antitet ve picture, a
pneumatic method of physiological testing was d.?v-ised and found wide
application in many circles.
"A few reports have been published recently both in the Soviet Union
and abroad which discuss improved methods of rer,)rdi.r.g rotary and post-
rotary nystagmus. M. V. Kulikova (i.n 1954) used a photoelectric cell in
;Laing her recordings; Hallpik and Hood (in 1953) used a complicated optic
system; Portmann (in 1954) used an electric method.
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CPYRGHT
"The disadvantage of the pneumatic, optic, or. electric methods of
physiological touting lies in the fact that recordings can be made of
only one or two physiological :unctions."
The author of this artie.i.e says that while he was doing special
research he had an electric rotating; chair built, durini; the spinniug
of which it was possible to record several physiological function:: at
the same time: electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, electroinyogram,
nystagmus, arterial pressure, puJ.c, respiration, etc. '"a .Ls chair offers
posGib ility of applying an exact dose of irritation to the vestibular
analysor without making it necessary to alter the requted spinning speed.
A photograph of the general view of the apparatus (1) and a diagramrzatic
representation c the electric rotating chair (2) are given in the source.
The c1iagramjnatic representation shows the following: the switch; the
transmits elements for blood pre.;:ure, re:;piration and pulse beats;
electromy._,ram electrodes; electrocardiogram electrodes; and electro-
encephalogram electrodes. It also stows the following parts which are
numbered: 1. rotating chair, 2. wire loading from collector rings to
electric motor, 3. three-phase electric motor, 4. collector rings, 5.
wire leading from disconnecting switch of the actuating motor to brushes,
6. disconnecting switch of the actuating motor, 7. electric circuit
panel, 8;, electrodes' and transmitting elements to the block joint, 9.
wire leading to collector rings from electrodeo and transmitting elements,
10. wi 'e leading from brushes of collector rings to amplifier, 11.
amplifier, 12. oscillograph, 13. drive belt from electric motor to the
s ationary disc of the chair, and 14. stationary disk on the legs of
the chair.
"To make the apparatus more compact the electric motor is fastened
to the back of the seat of the chair. An alternating current serial
electric motor with a 220-volt potential and frequency of 50 cycles is
installed so that the chair can turn smoothly and in a uniform manner
(with a 7peed of 0.5-,revolution per second). A pulley with a wedge-
shaped surface is attached to the axle of the worm motor reducter.'
The function of the pulley is to transmit rotations through the drive
belt to the stationary disk. The latter is fastened.to the middle part
of the weight support of the chair. The diameter of the pulley and the
reducer is 90 millimeters and the -ationary disk is 330 millizr.aters in
diameter. The general relationship between the worm and the drive belt
is eu.ch that when the'motor makes 2,800 revolutions per minute the chair
makes 0.5 turn per secor..:1. The current is conducted from the electric
r4.rcuit through safety c.!.e