POPULATION OF THE SOVIET FAR EAST

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• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
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• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: November 30, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

477,
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CLASSIFICATION SECRET/SECURITY INFORMATION 411111E/
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
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COUNTRY
SUBJECT
USSR/China
Populatio
PLACE
ACQUIRED -----
DATE
ACQUIRED BY SOUR
DATE OF INFORMATION
of the Soviet Far East
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THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIoNAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES, WITHIN THE MEANING OF TITLE 18, SECTIONS 793
AND 794, OF THE U.S. CODE, AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR NEC!.
CATION OF ITS CONTENTS TO OR RECEIPT AC AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS
PROHIBITED BY LAW. THE REPRODUCTION OF THIS FORM IS PROHIBITED.
DATE DISTR. 30 Nov 1953
NO. OF PAGES 23
NO. OF ENCLS.
(LISTED BELOW)
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
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SOURCE
1.
THE POPULATION OF THE GREEN UKRAINE
The first attempts of settlement after the occupation. Systematic movement
Qf immigrants since the middle of the 19th century. The role of the Ukrainian
in that movement. The status of the population before the 1917 revolution
and during the First World War. The occupation of the country by the
Bolsheviks and their first steps. The present situation the size of the
population, ts distribution and occupations. The problem of nationalities
and the policy. The Ukrainian character of the, country, especially of the
Zelenyy Kiln, but without any 'political rights for the population.
2. Beginning this new chapter of our work, we wish to draw the attention of the
reader or of the student to the fact, that we shall not discuss here the
attempts of colonization of the country before 1850, because, at present, they
have only historical interest and are outside the scope of this work5 ele
shall begin with 1C.,50, when Nikolayevsk-on-the-Amur was founded and systematic
expeditions to the Amur River began, during which emigrants also went -- at
first, by compulsion, and then of their own will.
3 The peculiarity of the situation in the new territory, which had just been
incorporated in the Moscow empire, played an important part in these
migrations of the population. Those were the great new lands where the
influence of the authorities was felt to a minimum degree and where there
was space for independent action. The first settlers 1,7ave chiefly the
Moscovites, and, partly, Cossacks from beyond the Baikal -ake -- elements
that were anarchist in spirit, who wanted to live as they pleased, brooking
no control. This led to the migrations into Siberia, of Yermak, and others.
Another reason was the unlimited material possibilities to escape from the
misery and to secure for oneself all sorts of riches, often acquired through
robbery and even murder, when they pillaged the natives on the slightest
provocation. These were the chief motives in the first resettlement
movements.
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4. In the second half of the past century, began, also, attempts to
colonize the new lands, but this time for political reasons, mainly
because of the paucity of settlers and the moral disintegration of those
who had immigrated, as well as the absence of an honest administration
and assistance to the settlers.
5. After the formulation of the initial plans and military reinforcement of
the Far East, the St. Petersburg administration encountered a number of
serious problems. The principal one was how to secure physically the
newly acquired expanses and to safeguard them against any possible losses
in the event of a new military campaign. Indeed, at this time, on 24 August
1854, an allied British and French squadron, commanded by Admirals Price and
de Point, were directing fire at Petropavlovsk on Kamchatka. An attempt to
land in the Bay of deCastri and other maneuver were creating an ever
menacing situation. The end of the Crimean War and subsequent events posed
a real need for the fortification of the new lands in the East. They posed
concrete pin-'nlems, which the Government resolved, one after another, as
follows g the new lands were organized into the Primor'ye Oblast ? on 14
Nove ?er 1856, the first settlers arrived in Ussuri on 1 July 1858 in the
number of 54 families, who founded the first settlements Korsakovskaya,
Kazakevichevoye and Nevel'skoye.
6. In subsequent years laws were promulgated concerning the occupation by the
Amur Cossack Army (1 June 1860), and the occupation of the bay and Peninsula
of northern Primor'yel as well as Port May, and the beginning of the
construction of Vladivostok on 20 June 1860. In subsequent years, there was
an increased flow of settlers and an expansion of Russian imperialism on the
shores of the Pacific, although the sale of Alaska' in 1867 was a retreat
from expansion. However, the reasons are clear the Empire was not strong
enough to retain both the shores of the Far East and Alaska, since there was
almost no naval fleet in existence. Prior to that, Russia had sold Fort
Ross in California. . The sale of Alaska was dictated by a different
motive, namely, to erect a barrier between Russian and British possessions
in Canada under the American flag. This was the chief reason for the sale
of Alaska.
7. Apparently, the expanded activity of colonization of Great Britain ane'
other European nations in those days -- such as France and Germany -- and
events in Asia exertsd a certain influence. Russian expansion sought an
outlet and a foothold toward the north, i.e., to ice-free ports on the
shores of the Pacific, so that they would not freeze in the winter, such as
Petropavlovsk or Nikolayevsk-on-the-Amur. These were the years when HongKong
was founded and when trade began in Shanghai.
8. In the process of further consolidation, the Kurile Islands were exchanged
for Sakhalin with Japan. True, as a result of the husso-Japanese war, later,
Russia gave up Sakhalin again, but to this time only half of it, to the
Japanese. (Treaty of Portsmouth, 23 August 1905).
9. There were attempts to strengthen the frontiers of the Amur and Primor'ye
regions, through a more vigorous expansion of the movement to resettle the
Cossacks, who were forcibly transferred from the Trans.Baikal so the East
-- 18,500 persons, of whom 5,300 were dispatched to settlements along the
Ussuri River and the rest were abandoned en route, along the banks of the
Amur itself. The first group founded the Ussuri Cossackdom and the second,
the Amur Cossack Army. Later, additional settlers were sent to these
regions -- this time, however, from the Don and the Orenburg area (8,000
per ons).
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10. This plan for the resettleuent of Cossacks on the frontier strips in the new
land wa proposed immediately upon the expeditions of General MUrav'yev to
the Ammr. It is possible that if the Cossacks who had been resettled, had been
allowed to rrange? their lives through their own ingenuity, they would have
found themselves in a better situation than that, i2reated for them by the
dministration, which refused to liberate these first settlers, and, on the
contrary, instituted special "Sotnyye Komandiry" [-commanders of a hundreg,
who, for the most part, were willful, lowly people, often young and given to
drink, who drove the Cossacks to a state of exasperation, since the latter were
unwilling to work for their own good, because they were not free... Therefore,
these resettlement campaigns ended in complete failure, and a little later it
became necessary to e rch for new settlers.
11. Thus emerged the plans for the resettlement movement, for settlers who could work
the land and fulfill the hopes of the administration in the organization of the econ-
omy and the supply of foodstuffs f?r the region, which had always been compelled
to ibport liverything fro Siberia, even food for the Cossack settlers themselves.
In th me ntime, despite all efforts to feed the local population, everything
depended upon the arrival of food -- at onetime from Manchuria; only after 1932
these items began to be imported from Siberia or soMe.other parts of the Soviet
Union. However, the supply Of foodstuffs, in genera14,.was inadequate.
12. The Tsarist administration tried in every way to safeguard the welfare of the Cossacks,
since it considered them the best element .for the, defense of the frontiers. To
this effect, special laws' were promulgated giving land grants and other privileges
to the Cossacks. These efforts aastmed especially great proportions during the
implementation of the plan of General pukhovskiv. -However, all these attempts
had little success, mainly because the resettlement of Cossacks took place under a
system of compulsion, i.e., forcibly, and because of the difficult living conditions
In the new localities, the shortage of manpower and draft animals, the floods, the
new climatic conditions, and the unusually inept administration.
13. In the course of a search for settlers -- because there were very few volunteers
-- the government; at the request of Muravlyev, obtained from the War Minister
15,000 soldiers, so-called "penal convicts", who had been sentenced for various
crimes. This element was even more unfit and exerted an even more pernicious
influence on the Cossack population. Therefore, in 1879, according to the
writings of Generki Unterbervr*, the government decided to return these penal
convicts to their ho es. The majority of them returned, and the remainder
disappeared to parts unknown.
14. The idea of General Dukhovskiy was to settle the Cossacks along the frontiers of
the Primor9ye and Amor regions, for which purpose a select type of Cossacks of
the Don, suitable for the colonization of the new lands, were to be dispatched.
These were to be protected from the yellow race; as he wrote in his reports to the
Tsar in 1879. Dun i ? the six years of 1895 - 1901, there were resettled 8,185
such persons of both sexes. The Don Cossacks did not justify the hopes that the
government had placed in them, and they began to ask to be sent home. This was
refused to them and the more prominent among them were, punished.
P. F. Unterberger Primorskaya Oblast, 1856 -
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15. The remaioder were distributed among the various Cossack villages. However,
the plan turned out a complete failure.
16. Here it must be mentioned that the forced resettl nt took place actually during
the days of MUraViyeV 1855:- 1860s and endedduring the time of Korasanovyy (1861-
1862). In this period? 17,000 persons of both sexes were resettled in Zelenyy
Kiln, among them 2,000 "penal convicts". In thi period were founded 67 "Stanitsy"
[-Cossack vill es based on plan 7 in the Amur regi n and 29 in the Ussuri regions
including a number of small villages.
17. General Dukbovskiys in order to conceal his planss employed, vague official orders
and. detached va t territories for the Cossack settlements, so that, afterwards,
there was :.lmost nothing left for the resettlers whom other ministries began to
dispatch to the Far East. The question arose as to whether all resettlement should
be halted. For a period of several years; a great struggle was waaed for these
Cossack lands, of Which there were more than 14 million desyatin Z. a desyatina
equals 2.7 acres 7% The question was posed whether the secret territories of
Generz,l Dukhovskiy should be investigated. At that time, things did not go well
with the village resettlement program. In 1907, the 6moo which had been
imported and were to be settled in the villages were transferred to the marshy
Ussuri lands, and a tr edy almost eneueds but was prevented by the energetic work
of the resettlement administration; which found eans to save these tens of
thousands of people from deaths epidemics, starvation and other misfortunes.
18. At this time? repeated requests for assistance came to the government agencies from
the Cossacks, such as requests for food, etc. The Cossack settlements began to
depend entirely on 'financial assistance from the gover-w-nt for their livelihood.
At the same time, they failed to till the lands and leased it out to otherss chiefly
Koreans, who began to cross the border by the thousands, especially after the
Japanese occupation of. the land. A complete mor]. disintegration of the
Cossackdom began.
19, Such f ilares Jod. already compelled the government to think of something new in
the matter of resettlement. The first such measure was the law "concerning the
conditions and regulations for resettlement to the Amur and Primorgye regions,"
promulgated on 26 March 1861. Simultaneously, a reorganization of the administrative
Organs and territorial divisions was, undertaken, which brought about an expansion
in the resettlement movement. Especially, the. construction of the Uasuri and,
later, the Siberian railroads took a positive turn.
20. On the other handl the flood of anexclusivelnr agrarian element of settlers; espe-
cially from the Ukraine, yielded unusually favorable results. From 1859 to 1900,
a foundation was laid for the future resettlement movement, in which the Ukrainians
were in the forefront.. At this time; i.e.; prior to 1900; something like 20-25
percent of those who arrived were Ukrainians chiefly from the Charnigovs Poltava,
and Kiev provinces. Among the non-Ukrainian arrivals there were Belorussians)
who settled, principally, in the Amur region. After 1900, the resettlement move-
ment assumald purely Ukrainian character and maintained this character throughout
the years, almost to the beginni of World War I and the revolution.
21. The census of 1897 gives interesting st tistics concerning the composition of the
popul tion.
22. Altogether, there were 373i,44s people recorded in the Amur and Primor'ye territories,
f wh.ra 2 700 belat:ed to the white race (2 ,914,4 Russians and 10,800* non-
Russians) ?300 belo ed to Chinese, Koreans? and Japane es 24,54* Tungus,
*The census doe not ke any distinction betweet Ukrainians and Russianss because
the Russian gov rnment followed policy of Russific tion.
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ol"de anOrochouss 4,564 Yakuts; Tartars, and others. A third group, numbering
*000 people,: include 11 the Palaeoasiatic Gilyaks, Oroches, ChUkchas0
Koryaks0 Kamchadals and Ainus.
23. In the subsequent 20 ye rs0 the population rapidly i creased, and, in 1923 numbered
1,0560 people0 of. who 610, lived in the Primor'ye territory, 39100.9$ in the
Amur territory, 20, 0 in the northern part of Sakhalin Island0 and 350*$* in the
Kamchatka and Anadyr' regions. For the first time, in the 1923 census, is given
the co position of the white race; as follows:
***
Russians
Ukrainians
Other Europeans
Koreans
Chinese
Japanese
Others
? ? *
? EEIMEIYe terraME
21. percent
50.6
2.2
2203
1.2
94
99
09
0.02 90
4.7
AELIEWLE
38.0 percent
58.0
0.3
3.7
91
24. As regards the Korean population, the majority of it lived in the northern part of
the pr ,..r'ye territory -- about ?40... people according to the 1923 census. The
percentage of Ukrainians shows a sharp decrease in the Primor"ye territory, while
in the Amur territory it is quite just (E3140 meaning "the sameg. Here0 it is
ecessary to note that the ce atm of 1926 gave a still.newer variant0 showing an even
greater decrease in the Ukrainianloopulation, although its total figure is still quite
considerable, ramely0 3050e4. people, who, despite the most devious interrogation by
the census, categorically listed themselves as Ukrainians. There are several reasons
for the decrease in the number of Ukrainians, but the chief one is that the census
took place precisely at the time that the famous Chita trial came to an end, in
1923-240 when a number of prominent Ukrainians had been Charged with "treason against
the state, and conspiracy to detach the Far East from Russia, to establish a separate
Ukrainian government, and to deliver the territory into the bands of the imperialists."
Therefore, all the Ukrainian organizations in the territory have been banned and their.
administrative personnel and most prominent leaders arrested and deported. Any
mention of a Ukrainian moveront or sympathies led to arrest. In these circumstances,
nevertheless, 3050.60 Ukrisnians listed themselves as Ukrainians. We refer to those
interested in this matter to other of our writings, such as Ukraine ek Dalek.
Skhid ['The Ukrainian Far East.] and Problemar Ukrainly* L The Problem of the
Green Ukr i47. In the latter; the data concerning conditions and movements among
the population are given a detailed description, based o various materials and
different periods.
25. The colonization of the vast expanses of the Green Ukraine was conducted in the second
half of the 19th century chiefly over the OdessaArladivostok route. Later, a
considerable number of settlers began to travel by way of the Siberian railroad, as
the latter progressed in construction. Sometimes they travelled the whole breadth
*UkraIi.is 'kyy Da.lekyy Skhid has appeared in three editions. One is the Kharbin edition
of l934 and and the other two were published by the Ukrainian Oceanic Institute. Problema
Zelenyy Ukrainy is being prepared for the press.
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of Siberia by means of Lerses or oxen. This movement met with no obstacles,
and the settlers would make their Way to Sretinak or the PribaYkalgye and would
usually wait for Spring, in order to be able to sail over the Amur and other,
s ller rivers ik Frei these localities?cthey were generally able to go by barge
Ot ste nmoato, first, tathe rivernShiika; and then over the Amur t. their
designated place of settlement; mainly, the Amur territory as far as the Zeya
and Bureya valleys. The Pr'f,.riye resettlement movement began later and was
conducted exclusively, over sea routes, via Odes a, with steamboats belonging
to the *Volunteer Fleet" (a government steamship co pany) which serviced the
Black Sea and Far Eastern Ports line.
26 After After the migrations via the Siberian railway between Vladivostok and Khabarovak
had been co pleted, the settlers enloyed a considerable measure of relief.
Simultaneously with the launching of the settlement movement to the Primor eye,
began the con truction of a nese evin line through Manchuria, which was to link the
Sibarian line with the PriMor'ye. For this purpose, Russi obtained by way of
clever diplomatic convers tion a' concession for a new r ilroed line, with
special right of defense and self.4administr tion over a strip of land five versts
wide, on both sides of the r ilroad line, thus stretch of land ten versts in
width was to be under Russian administr tion. The construction of this railroad
entailed he suo- of money, which were b rrowed in France and were never paid back.
I terest on this money,was paid only till the beginni e of World War I. The
admintr tion of the railroad was actually in the hands, t first, of the Chinese-
Russian B tit and later in tie hands of the Russian-Asian Bank. The costs of the
exploit tion of the railroad were covered by the Ministry of Finance, which had the
formal rightto control it
27. On 15 March 1838 the supplement ry agreement with China was signed conceiving the
lease of Port Arthur and the Liao-tung penin ula and 'on ?4 July of the same year
was signed a new agreementgrantiml:the right to build a' railroad line from
Kharbin to Port Arthur, thentoailed S uthern Manchurian branch. By the peace
treaty of Portsmouth, in l'e5,;ihis line, beginnie: with the st tion of Cheang-
chgung passed, together with Port Arthur and the Port of Dal'nyy, to Japan.
28. The construction of this railroad line had a positive effect on the resettlement
ovementfi although a considerable number of settlers still travelled by sea, and
those who were going to the Amur territory went by railroad to Chita or Sretinsk and
from there proceeded by water, as was done in the past. The new railroad line had a
salutary effect on the economic life of the entire Far East and the Green Ukraine;
bec uee tt brought the distant lands nearer to the metropolis, although the
construction of the new railroad undoubtedly brought greater good to the territory
itself.
In the construction and servicing of the new railroad line, inasmuch as a need
arose for many experts, as well as simple workers, the Ukrainians aim playad a
role of prnA- importance. A considerable number of specialists of various kinds
came directly from the Ukraine, and s.me came from the Turkestan railway
construction project. In this case, again; the majority of them were Ukrainians.
A large number f these rtiIroad experts had worked on the construction of the
Siberian railr9t4 lime, \kers again Ukrainians composed an important percentage
(See I tori e Ukr ins ho u v Azii [-History of the Ukrainian Movement in
Asia Volume
30. We shall net concern, nurselve here with the separate details and problems of the
?
resettlement.ve ent itself. There is a vast literature available on this subject,
particularly the works of Professor Kaufman and Trudy Amurskoy Ekspeditsii [-The
Work of the Amur Expediti gs, of which there are more than 20 volumes, as well as
innumer ble other work .which give a complete picture .f the manner i which it was
c nducted? the difficulties, and the result. The yearly reports of the governor
general of the Primor'ye and Amur territories may be of particular interest.
11'
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31. The main reason for the ss movement of settlers from Europe to Siberia and the
Green Ukraine was the crowded land ituation in the Ukraine and the yearnif- of the
people for a.bit more freedom, and the latter, they felt, existed here, in the
Green Ukraine. This movement gained particular stret:th after a number of
repressions wreaked upon the peasantry in the years 114)-5 and after the disturbances
t the end of the last century. The beginning of the movement of settlers by sea
frou the Black ,Se port offered to the Ukrainian peasants particularly favorable
conditions, and it wee precisely Ukrainians Who came to the Far East in these years
in the greatest number4.
32. The Koreans. constitute a special factor in the question of resettlement. The
wretched living conditions in Korea and the difficulty of finding new lands compelled
them to seek new places where they could work, and in this matter they found the
southern part of the Primorgye. Here, those Koreans who began to engage in
agriculture rented the land from the lazy Cossacks and little by little expanded
their colonies. Even as early as 1, the matter assumed such a serious character
that the Russian government was obliged to sign a special treaty with Koreq, 11!1r,rpby
all Koreans who had crossed the border from Korea prior to 1884 became subjects of
the Russian empire and those who had done so. after that date were considered
foreigners; who were alloyed temporarily to sojourn on Russian soil. Later, the right
to be considered Russi n subjects was extended to all Koreans who lived on Rue ian
territory. Thi z a eement 10 :t its force after the J panese occupation of Kore inc
1910.
33. The question of colonizi the Green Ukraine with peas mt population gave rise to
certain frictions among the administr tive circles and struggle of the latter with the
military, because the military considered th defense of the Far East of paramount
importance. The military circles were perturbed by number of reasons, because there
were c n tant national manifestati ne of diss tisf ction and desires to liberate
themselves amo the peoples of Turkestan, among i iO' still thrived the glorious
tr ditioms of the past. Even under the Bolsheviks; they continue to wage their
struggle; which may be discerned in such an instance as the publication of the
Histor of K zakhstan, the fir t-vOlume of which appeared in 1939-41 under the aegis
of the iiii Academy of Sciences and which reflects in vivid colors the traditions
of their great past. Soviet criticism was greatly outraged by the glorification of
the period of the Golden Horde and the culture and traditions of sovereignty of
the Turkic and Tartar peoples.*
34. The military concept of colonization wa shelved and finally cue to naught in
the particularly difficult conditions of the Far East. Then came the time to support
the peasant elemept and; by way of priority, the Ukrainian; not only in the Far East
but in SibPriA. Indeed, the Ukrainian element had existed dozens of years before this
Trans Bail .nd the north - from the beginning of the Russian conquests of these
land - but at that time the Ukrainians had come here as deportees or as part of some
military unit.
35. This resettlement movement began in 1857 and continued all the time without
interruption and with various degree of intensity. With the id of the plow,
culture w s brought into A land where abounded the wilderness of forests which were
trespassed only on occasions by a hunter. Brut, in some localities there existed
Chicese settlements and tr de of a kind w s,oarried on; mainly along the rivers,
particularly the Amur. -There were also .individual loc lities under Manchurian
administration, which collected a itibute once a-year.
*See the literary reviews in the publications of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism;
1943; and in the Series of critiques; s, for example, "Criticism of the Activity
of the Kazakh Obkom;" Irkutsk; 29 Septe mier 1949; concerning the description of
the Golden Horde.
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36. The Ukrainian peasants who migrated to the Green .Ukraine brought with them
their own customs, their own speech, and their own methods of tilling the
soil and husbandry, and only under the pressureof local conditions and
climate did they begin to employ new methods; which were more suitable
here. These settlers were faithful to their customs and mores, trying to
maintain the latter in all their. vigor.. Since they were beginning to
become a majority in the local population they gradually imposed a new
aspect on this land. A real New Ukraine** began to be created here.
37. At the beginning of this century this fact so impressed new arrivals of
visitors thateiven a Russian 4omrnalist, in his description of the Primorgye,
at that'tirSe'Printed the following linee in his long article entitled The
Ukraine in the Far East, one of a series of articles known as Notes of a
Traveller in Siberia and the Far East: "The Little Russian (the author uses
this appelation for the Ukrainians !settlers have been fort*late to obtain
the best of all the lands that were destined for colonization in the Far East,
namely, the black soil steppes. Therefore, this is the only territory where
ones spirit can find rest, when one sees the happiness of these .people, :
whereas in other localities mismanagement of every kind is only too evident.
The climate and the flora here are the same as in Little Russia and there is
a greater wealth of fauna. Here, whole flocks of pheasants are found to breed
in the fields - the most beloved game in the Far East - and wild boars, goats,
and other animals are to be found in the forests. Sugar beets grow well here
and a wild variety of grapes. Wild bees also breed her.
38. "The villages and the mode of life of the colonists slake one feel as if they
had been transported here directly from the Poltava or the Chernigov provinces.
And the capital of the Ukraine, the Ussuri Nikolesk is very much like Gadyach,
Or Konotop, particularly, with its traditional bazar rfaig, its bubliki
kind of doughnug, its honey ..... and its garrulous marketwomen who are so
unlike the friendly peasant tradi men with their eternal pipes in their
mouths."
39. "One thing, unfortunately, they did not bring with the from the homeland to
the New Ukraine, namely their cherry orchards; but the reason probably is that
it is difficult to obtain them here for planting. In general,horticulture is
still in its beginnings. The Little Russians carry.on their husbandry, in the
majority of cases, with the help of Koreans rather than with their own hands
and they, themselves work near the railroad line or trade in the bazars. Since
they live in the vicinity, the Koreans require land for farming and therefore
lease it from the local colonists. Husbandry among the Little Russians, unlike
that among the colonists of other territories, has been placed on a sound basis."
40. "Al]. necessary items of consumption are sold here, they are home-produced and quite
low in price. The most unfortunate thing about this territory are the
periodic floods, which destroy not only the sown or harvested grain or hay but
entire estates. In other years, afflications are unknown here."
41. So wrote Shteinfel'd, a. famous journalist: of that time.*
42. In those days the settlers themselves 'called the: new land Zelenyy Klin ("The
**The author uses here as i
"New Ukraine."nn
other places in his articles, the term,
* The articles teexe printed in the Kharbin newspaper, Kharbinskiy Vestnik
in 1O50 The article cited above, "The Ukraine in the Far East," appeared
10 August 1906, No. 649, page 2.
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Green Wedgi7, at first applying this term to the Primor'ye and Ussuri
territories andextendinF it later to include the Amur territory.
Simultaneously, the appelation, "New Ukraine," is becoming more and more
popular. Under this name appeared the first Ukrainian calendar for the year
1921 in Vladivostok, isiued by the Far-Eastern Ukrainian Secretariat. Thus,
the basis was laid for assigning this territory, ethnographically, to our
Ukrainian nation.
43. St. Petersburg had hoped all the time that the resettlement of a considerable
number of onr'nessantrY to the Far East would weaken the Ukrainian people and
that the ttni. disturbances would _cease; however, everything turned out to
the contrary (See A Short History of the Ukrainian Movement in Asia). We have
interesting examples in our history, of the intensification of the Ukrainian
movement and innuMerable newspaper articles and commentaries which confirm
this. The Russian administration realized this too late, when the Far East
became not only the Zelanyy Klin, but also the New Ukraine, the present day
Green Ukraine. The change in name for a land that is remote from Kiev is a
chai..e of neo-political.importance for the Fax Eastd
44. The truth is that the great masses of people here had been subjected to
unusually difficult material and moral_ conditions. :Far from their native soil,
with a strong national tradition, but\exposed ta an alien school system,
church, and administration; these masks, nevertheless, managed to support
the elves and at an appropriate momeAt expressed, through Ukrainian conventions
in the Far East, their mood and aspirations for an independent existence, not
only in a national but also political sense...These Ukrainian masses were
preparing for their own sovereignty; when the Constitution of the Ukrainians of
the Far East was ratified..fsig
45. The arrival of settlers increased.. in particular after the completion of the
railroad line. The main reasons that the movement assumed significant pro-
portions were the famine and cholera epidemic in 1891. - 1892, as a result of
which peasant disturbance broke aut. It was then to-1G the government began
to assist the resettlement of.peasants,,particularly from the Ukraine. In
1Z?4 the entire length of the Siberian railroad lint had not yet been completed:
none the less, 9,000 persons migrated to the Far East, of wham a considerable
number came by sea and a smaller number via Siberia. After 1895 arrivals by
sea declined in numbers. .
46. In order to illustrate how many Ukrainians arrived; we may consider the
following notation: in the past year. rsic7 2,100 families arrived in the
Amur territory and 2,798 !lhodaks" rpeasants sent out by their community
to explore possibilities in the new la* - altogether 11,782 persons, of
whome one-fourth had come from the Poltava province. Seven percent returned
home. In the Primor'ye territory 10, 500 families arrived - altogether
61;547 persons, of whom a third came from the Chernigov province, and only
5 percent from the Poltava province. About 10 percent returned home. Also,
about 400 persons migrated from the Amur territory to the Primorgye."
47. One of the reasons that the Ukrainian population did not lose its national
traits in a foreign midst, far from the homeland; must be discerned in the
unusually low level of the Russian administration personnel who, except for
a very small number, regarded their sojourn in the Far East as a kind of
punishment and a sojourn was only temporary. This was even more true of the
Cossack masses who had been deported by force and who had no desire to remain
here and to make their stay permanent, whereas the Ukrainian settlers had come
here voluntarily under the pressure of poverty in their own country and
intended to live here permanently.
*12m11122112:12E1111, No. 1236, p. 3, 22 February 1908.
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48. The Cossacks, on the other hand, had been thrown here by the government be-
cause 'Of strategic motives and were in the majority cases unfit for
husbandry. Therefore, the Cossack masses disintegrated, and this process was
accelerated by the system of subsidies granted them by the government. This
was an easy method of mai taining the Cossack families in place, but the
latter never became real'eolonizers.
49. This honorable role was taken over by the Ukrainian settlers, and although the
conditions wetitnnfaVorable? they endured these trials of fate successfully,
preserved their national traits and character, and when the revolution broke
out these settlers quickly organized and took the road toward national
sovereignty.' This signified at the same time the investment of the entire
territbry with Ukrainian garb and the creation of a Ukrainian administration.
Unfortunately,., the coming of the Bolsheviks prevented the Ukrainians from
realizing their plans0 There was no longer time for this.
50. At the end of the foreign intervention in 1922, the administration passed into
the,handa'of the so-called Far Eastern Republic, which though theoretically
aid constitutionally was an independent republic and offered great promises
and perspectives, was ia reality, frnm the very beginni y permeated, via
certain party and professional cadres, by the Bolsheviks. Moreover, the
Bolshevik army completely filled the vacuum which was created after the
emigration of the "White armies" (the army-of General null, which came from
SiVeria to the Far East, with which this army had nothing in common, and the
local Primor'ye Zem kaya Clang Army, a reactionary organization of General
Diteriks). Within the framework of this Far Eastern Republic there was also
a ministry of nationalities, with a Ukrainian departmeht. P. V. Martyshyn
was named candidate to the Ukrainian Far Eastern Secretariat. The Ukrainians
developed an intense activity on the basis of the rights granted by the
constitution, but very soon after the conquest of the territory of the Green
'Ukraine by the Bolsheviks, the latter compelled the National Assembly of the
Far Eastern Republic to proclaim the "union" of the republic with the
Russian federation; just as almost 25 years later, they "united" Eastern
Ukraine, Estonia-, Latvia and: Lithuania.
51. Simultaneously; and even somewhat earlier, the Bolsheviks carried through the
arrest of a dOmber of Ukrainian leaders and organized the Chita Trial, at
which they were prosecuted.. However, under the pressure of events in the
Ukraine, the Bolsheviks of the Far East were compelled quickly to alter some-
what their policy, and they permitted the institution of a wholly Ukrainian
administration and. school system in 14 rayons of the Far East., four of which
were in the Amur territory and ten in the Primor'ye. In Blagoveshchensk were
opened the Ukrainian Pedagogical Institute and Technical School. This policy
continued until new changes occurred in the treatment of national problems in the
Ukraine itself, which were related to the beginnings of the program of
collectivization. Slowly the process of Ukrainization in the Far East dis-
continued, and later all this passed into oblivion. Even the newspaper
[-Socialist Reconstruction 7 ceased to appear in
the Ukrainian language.
52. The years of 1929,-32, which were bound with the beginning of the collectivization
program, must be nonsidered critical in the Ukrainian life. In these years began
the resettlement of Ukrainians to thp Per Fast, but this time the settlers were,
in the main, the richest and most prominent elements of the peasantry, who were .
driven by force from-their native soil-because they were most openly in opposition
to the Koikhozes They did not even recognize Communism and its policy of
liquidating private property-and the right to conduct one's husbandry on the
principle of private ownership./
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53. AS maybe seen, the moat openopposition to c011ectivization was that which
occurred in the Ukraine Therefore,the majority of those driven from the
villages were Ukrainians. ,The new wave of Ukrainians which came to Siberia
and the Green Ukraine. brought with it a strong spirit of nationalism,
knowledge and understanding of their own sovereignty, and the ability to use
to advantage their own schools and books. Although the Soviet power began a
large scalp program of Ruasification everyVbere, this process in the Green
Ukraine met with constant obstacles and during World War II ceased completely
-- this timefOr Military reasons, in order not to provoke the people at a
time when a tremendous state of insecurity for the Soviets prevailed on
every front.,
54. Again, as a result of military events., hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians
.'
came to he Green Ukraine. In this manner the "pytoma:Vaga" (specific
gravity? of the Ukrainian element lived through a number of crises and
acquirea great significance in 1942-1946. To-day, the Ukrainians constitute,
onee more, an absolute majority not only in, the Primor'ye but also the Amur
territory and many other parts of:the Green Ukraine,
? ,?:-.
55. Below we give a number of tables which illustrate vividly the changes in the
composition of the population of the Green Ukraine and the ever increasing
role of the Ukrainian. element, although its significance continued to be
concealed by the Bolshevik press and is hidden from the casual onlooker.
56. This new Ukrainian element ia better oriented, as VAS the case in the years of
the revolution and the civil war., and at a decisive moment this element may
change the course of events and find its place among the rest of the
popUlation..
57. In the meantime?, we have no concrete data concerning the Ukrainian educational
system in the Green Ukraine, but We know that publicly nothing is permitted to
the Ukrainian, except theater and songs over, the radio. At the same. time
there are very frequent-dasss'of repreeentatives Of various rayofis at
congresses and conventions who cannot speak Russian. However, we know that a
considerable number of Ukrainian schools were Shut in 1932, that the institute
at Blagoveshchensk has adopted the Russian language, and that all the -
children are now being sent to Russian schools, where there is no mention made
concerning the Ukrainian language, let alone its culture and history.
58. In this manner is conducted a large-scale attempt to assimilate and liquidate
the Ukrainian people also here, the Green Ukraine. The process of deporta-
tion of great. masses of people from the Ukraine to alien soil -- to Siberia
and the Far East -- is not always what it is planned to be. These elements
of the Ukrainian population, which are very well oriented, when they arrive in
these lands already populated by Ukrainians, do not assimilate from a viewpoint
favorable to the Russians but reinforce the local Ukrainian people and even add
to its specific. gravity (pytoma vaga). Thus the Green Ukraine is becoming more
and more a country with absolute Ukrainian majority -- moreover, one with a
considerable national consciousness. It is not our task at this point to
calculate all the "pros" and "cons" in the,historical processes which at present
are transpiring there We have only:iiAe a-summation of the statistical and
geographical data..
59. Therefore, the general_ picture of the situation with regard to the composition
of the population,and4ts distribution over the entire territory of the Green
Ukraine is approximately as follows below, on the basis of the latest investiga-
tions not only of our Ukrainian experts but also foreigners who have had the
opportunity to study carefully all the available materials.
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60. We have already cited above the figures concerning the size of the population in the
Green Ukraine at the end of the last century, according to the census of 1897, and
we have indicated the census of 1926 and 1923. Now'we shall pause a little for
details regarding these data because they are basic to the clarification of this
important problem., which is to follow.
61. For certain reasons, we place special emphasis on the composition of the population
during these years in Zelenyy Juin, the Primor'ye and Amur territory, where tpe
bulk of the Ukrainian people reside. This entire expanse was inhabited in 1926 by
1,2502000 people2 whose distribution with respect to nationality and territory was
in 1926, according to official figures*, as follows:
Russians Ukrainians Others
Primor'ye territory 200,000 l5,000 250,000 2 6.0000o
Amur territory 300,000 175,000 175,000 : 66op000 5ic7
Total 500,000 325,000 425,000 = 12250,000
These bare figures tell very little, except that they establish the preponderance of
Russians,. which is not true even if one consults other books published by the Soviets,
as for 'instance the work of V. Ye. Gluzdovekiy**. He states that in 1923 the
population in the Guberniyas 5rovinde2/ of the Far. Eastern Territory was as follows:
Guberniya Area '1897 1923 '
in sq. km. Total Urban Village
Amur 393,000 120,000 391,000 109,000 282,000
Primoreye 690,000) 610,000 187,000 423,000
)
Sakhalin Islad 422001 '23,00Q0 202000'
Nomad 25,000
) Natives
Kamchatka 1 291 000) 352000 In tosans
and
cities 10,000 '
Total 2,416,000 373,000 1,0562000
62. These figures show the distribution of the population per square kilometer to be as
follows:
Amur -- 1; Primor'ye O. Sakhalin -- 0.5; Kamchatka -- 0.3; the average for
the entire territory is 0,44.
63. - lutplowskiy gives the percentages of the population in-the Primor'ye and Amur
territories on the tasis of the 1923 census, as follows
:-
Russians
Ukrainians
Other Europeans
Primor'ye Amur
21.5 38.0
50.6 58.0
2.2 0.3 (Jews)
* All-Union Census of the Population of the USSR, Moscow, 1928, Vol. VII
** V. Ye Gluzdovskiy a3lEtevosna0blast? he Far Eastern Region72 Vladivostok,
1925
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Koreans
Chinese
Natives
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(continued)
Primor ys
22.3
1.2
1.9
Amur
1.2
=COOP
2.4
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Undeter ned 2.8 0.2
64. He also writes that in 1917 there were in the Primoriye Guberniya the following:
3,989 Gilyaks on the continent and 2,203 Gilyaks on Sakhalin Island; 4,021 Gol!ds
on the continents 1 077 Oroches on the continent and 149 on Sakhalin; 20 Tunguses of
the first type LEV and 241 of the second; 32 Yakuts on the continent and 22 on
Sakhalin. Altogether there were 9,139 on the continent and 2,615 on Sakhalin Island.
Then he remarks in his notes that in 1923 there were only 8,109 on the centinent;
therefore, the remainder must have been reckoned as Russians or must have perished in
the revolution.
It I
65. We shall not list here the distribution of the Russian and Ukrainian populations in
the individual rayons of the Primorlye and Amur territories, which is given in the
booX? Dal'nevostochnyy Kray he Far Eastern Territorg by three authors, or in
D linovostochnyy Kray v Tsifrakh ghe Far Eastern Territery in figures7 published in
Khabarovsk in 1929. These details are to be found, also in the Statistical Tables on
the Ukrainian Population Based on the Census of 1926, published by the Scientific
Institute in Warsaw in 1930. We only wish to point out that the figures given by
this census must be subjected to a critical evolution, because they are in every case
minimized. There were a number of reasons for these minimized figures. The first
and main reason, which has already been mentioned, is that the census-takers had
special instructions in their Circular No, 14, which stated that those who declared
themselves "Russian" should be recorded as "Russian-Great Russian" and that as
Ukrainians should be considered only those who called themselves such. Moreover,
everjithing tended to make it easier for the Russians to record a European part of the
population as Russian, even if part of the latter were natives or Buryats, as happened,
in the Trans-Baikal territory, where they were recorded as Russians.
66. Therefore, it must be concluded that the population figure for the Ukrainians in the
Primor'ye needs to be augmented by at least 100 percent as against the figure given
by the 1926 census, and for the Amur territory by not less than 60 percent. Then the
data will be more exact. Such data will then appear as follows:*
?Primorlye Khabarovski7 Kral
Ukrainians 54% 45%
Russians 13% 42%
Koreans 20%
Others (chiefly natives) 13% 13%
However, the ;igures for the Ukrainians, compared with those given by the Gluzdovskiy,
are 3.4 percent greater for Primorlye and 13 percent fag smaller for Ammr, with a
difference of only three years between the two censuses. The new percentage given for
the Russians is 8.5 percent smaller in Primor'ye and 4 percent greater in Amur, than in
1923. The figure for the natives is also smaller in Primor'ye ind larger in Amur.
OR al.
*See Ukrainskgyy Halos, article by I. Svit, part 23, January 1943, Shanghai
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67. The resettlement during the collectivization increased the Ukrainian population in the
Amur territory, while there were few new settlers in Primor'ye. Of interest are the
following figures showing the increase Of population in these two territories,
Primor'ye and Amur, found in the data of K. Mehnert, published in 1944 under the title
of ahanyyjale gastern Siberia7:
1926
1,244,433
1928
1,354,200
1929
1,443,500
1930
1,478,900
1939
2,338,095
68. We shall return to these data later. This author further states that even beginning
with the construction of the Siberian railroad, part of the settlers travelled to the
Far East from the ports of Black Sea, and, "since Odessa is in the Ukraine, there were
more Ukrainians, than others." Even after the railroad had been built, the proportion
of the Ukrainian settlers was considerable.
69. This, author says that "The problem of statistics in regard to nationalities is the
most disputed one, since it is impossible to establish an objective standard for them.
According to the Ukrainian sources, the Slav population of Eastern Siberia consists of
one-third Ukrainians and two-thirds Russians; while more than a half of the total of
2,500,000 Ukrainians live in the Soviet Far East, especially in the Frimor'ye territory.
The Great Russian authors, on the other hand, allow a much smaller figure, only about
several hundred thousand, for the Ukrainiens. We point out this problem also because,
as a result of the war, it became evident that the attitude towards the Bolshevik
regime of the Ukrainian part of the population was more negative than that of the
Great Russians. Therefore, the Soviet authorities can rely less on the Ukrainians in
Eastern Siberia than on Great Russians."
70. In our opinion, it was necessary to quote these lines in. order to show to what extent
foreign authors, notito mention the Russians, are, at best, cautious in dealing with
the Ukrainian probiet; sometimes they ignore it completely. In the most recent book
on USSR geography by Theodore Shabad? the author only mentions the existence of a
Ukrainian population in the Far East in A statement that the Russians and Ukrainians
compose four-fifths of the entire population of the Soviet Far East, i.e. east of the
Stanovoy ridge (p. 314). Not a word does he say about the Ukrainians in the Zeya --
Amur region. In describing the Khaborovsk and Khor regions and the latter's environs
he says again that the Russians and Ukrainians make up the majority of the population.
In his description of the Primorgye proper -- the southern part of it -- he touches
upon the Mrsinian acclimatized agricultural cultures, such as sugar beets, corn,
watermelons, etc., but makes no reference whatever to the population.
71. We gathered our data on the composition of the population during various periods of
time, beginning with 1925 and up to 1947, from various sources, mainly direct Soviet
information, and then made estimates, as cautious as possible, of the present
situation. Many of these data were Used by us in drawing up our map of the Green
Ukraine which was published in Kharbin, Manchuria in 1937, and, particularly, in the
above-mentioned article and other works.. Fart of the information was taken from the
research notes, most of them in manutcript, of Dr. M. M. Mil'ko,'deceased.
* Klaus Mehnert --- "Eastern Siberia -- Underpopulated Treasure House", 20th Century
Shanghai, January 1944, pp. 19-31 and 75- (2 appendices and map).
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72. In order not to return to this subject any more, we wish to indicate here various
Asiatic nationalities represented in this territory, including the aborigines. No-
w re in the present Soviet Union are there so many diverse tribes living together.
True, many of them nuMber only a few hundred souls while many of them have
'disappeared altogether-.
73. According to the census of 1939, there are approximately 554,000, but not more than
6000000 of them in the entire territory of the Green Ukraine, divided as follows;
Yikato (The Yakut Autonomous Oblast')
300,000
Buryats (The Mongolian-Buryat ASSR) about
210,000
Tungnses or Yevenkis
40,000
Chukchas (Chukotskiy Nat. Okrug)
13,000
Koryaks (Koryakskiy National Okrug)
8,000
Lamuts (Okhotsk coast)
69800
Govds (Amur territory)
5,500
Kamchadals (Kamchatka)
4,500
Gilyaks (Anmr territory)
4,400
Udes (in the Prinor'ye south of the Amir River)
1,500
Aleuts (on the islands near Kanchatka)
350
Manegirs (along the lower Amur)
59
Yukagirs (the Kolyma region)
45
Ainue (Sakhalin Island)
31
Total
6 A f:ic7
74. This nanL.or is greater than the 554,000 nentfoned above, b3cause there is a difference
in the calcu2,ation of the Buryats in the Transbaikal, region caused by the fact that the
borders of the Gl'een Ukraine sometimes do not tally with the administrative subdivisions
of Eastern Siberia .cording to the Soviet nomenclature.
75. It should be pointed o-lt that after the end of the war and of the occupation of the
southern part of Sakhalin, the number of Ainus somewhat increased, but not more than
by a thousand. Be ides, it is not known what hapPened to the 350,000 Japanese who
resided there.
76. The present distribution of the Asiatic nationalities in the entire territory of the
Green Ukraine, as revealed in the censuz of 1939 will be shown below. However, the
basis of these estimates will still be the census of 1926, which gives the clearest
picture of tional composition, because the process Of Russification and the policy
connected with it tendi g to wipe out national differences have been more and
more evident during the last 20 years.
77. The majority of Buryats live in the present Buryat-Mongolian Automomous Republic. There
is a small number of them in other localities of the Chitinskaya Oblast and partly in
the southern strip of the Yakut territory.
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78. The Yakuts, constituting the bulk of the population of the Yakut territory, reside
alo,_ the middle part of the Lena River anher tributaries, the Aldan and Vilyuy0
while the Yevenkis (Tungtses) and the Lamuts live in the far north, aid the Yunagirs
at the very north, with the Chukchas near them The Yunagirs belong to one of the
oldest and., at one time,numerous tribes.
79. On the territory proper of the'Greenliedge and:Kamchatka the Chinese and the Koreans
live in considerable nutbersA The case vith.the Koreans is not clear. According to
the ce sus of 19260 they n A6ered about 1.40000, while according to the information
available in 19170 Gluzdovskiy gives their number as 530600 in that year. and 940400
in 1923. It is difficult to say why the figure for .1917 was doubled. It is also
known, that in.1929-300 the greater part of the Koreans were moved to the neighborhood
of Khabaronsk0 the northern part of Primoraye0 and there again they began to be moved
further west; to Southern Siberia and Kazakstan. There were even reports maintaining
their almost complete abseloce from the territory before the beginning of the war of
1941-45. On the whole there are very few Chinese, because the majority of them
emigrated to the adjoingg Manchuria under the pressure of the Soviet economic system
during the post-revolutionary years of, 192-l929
80. The indigenous tribes are largely composed of Palaeoasiatics0 such as Tunguses, the
Chukabas0 Nymylans (Koryak )0 Itelmens (Kamchadals), and Nivkhs (Gilyaks). The
latter belo to a separate ethnographic group.
e
81. The Pun gu -Manch an uri group includes the Nanais (Golgds) an
once MU rous people,
the Udes (udegis or Udekhes). A
82. The Chinese in the old times did not distingaish-the population on both b:Ags f the
Amur River and the Ussuri,territory according to the. people's speech or origin, as did
the Europeans and s we do now, but according to the way they wore their hair. Thus,
the Mangum or Olchas vete the people with long hair;" the Gol'ds were called "fish
skins," because they wore clothes and footwear made of fish skin which is resistant to
dampness and. water, and the tribes. on the Primor'ye coast and the Oroches were
described a "long red' hatr."* According to Chinese sources, the Oroches were a sizable
tribe who bred reindeer.
83. In the middle of the peat century, the Chinese began slowly to 1.mmIgrate into these
len. . They were forbidden by order from Peking to travel further north than the tqwn
of Sansin in the lover reaches of the Sunguri River or further east the.' the town of
Ningut. But in spite of these rders which were rather severely enforced (see descrip-
tion of the travels of the icssionary,,H...de la.BrUnterl ) this author g-ntions numerous
natives who belong to the Yupitatt8zelITtribee2 &Manchurian Tungu people who lived
along the banks of the Ussuri. River. ?
Starting with the first Five-year Plan, the Bolsheviks began to increase their
resettlement ctivities with special attention being paid to the development of the
heavy industry and economy necessary for military purposes in the Far East. Since that
time the populati(erg )1AP. increased considerably in some place and the number of
political and other prisonersused for slave labour has been groviA:. It was first
officially ment.wueo. that 6te cere?nies connected with the opening of the railroad
line between the st tic, of ValocLvyevka. (near Uabarodsk).and the new town of
Komsomol'sk, built by special OPT det chmente, as was reported at the time in the
description of events in Tikho 0kenakaya Zvezda he Pacific Star7 (Khaborovsk, 1935).
It was mentioned again in Pionerskaya Pravda, No I.1, 12/11/1943 LIT was impossible to
say whether the middle figure in the manuscript is Roman or Arabic, ergo, whether
* E. G. Ravenstein - The Rus lens on the Amur, London, 1861, p. 82.
** Ho de 1 Brumere, Annale de la Propagation de la Fol linnals of the Propagation
of Paith7vol. XX, 1848.
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February or_Nove er was meanq on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the
beginning of construction of the town of Komsomol'sk on the site of the former
church village of Permskoye.
85. It is not the first time that prison Islas Was ,sed. As far back as 1593, the
endless wave of deportees, unwanted by Moscow for one reason or another, began
roUiv. in, fir t to Siberia and then to the Far East. The first deportees were those
who had been mixed up in the political assassination of Tsarevich Dmitriy. At the
end of the 17th century, large groups of revolutionaries arrested in the Ukraine
were among them.* The uprisings of the streletsy biembers of a special permanent army
in the 16th and 17th centuries/ and of the Cossacks in the Ukraine, as well as the
religious persecutions of the dissenters and old-believers who fought against Peter
the First's innovations, led to a certain development of the ild expanse of this part
of Asia, because many of the exiled were gifted people, morally steadfast and
courageous, very much like the pilms4sem who name to New England. They created the
best organized communities in the Transbaikal territory, and later in the Amur region,
with high moral standards. In 1758 and again in 1831 and 1863, large groups of Poles
and Lithuanians were banished. Later came those who sympathized with the rebels and
the defenders of the Caucasas, headed by the distinguished Sham17,
86. There was no lack either in those days of good, educated people, whose mark was of
great benefit to the sciences, especially, the ethnography.
87. Let us examine now the size of the present population of the Green Ukraine on the
basis of the most recent data at our disposal. However, the fact mast always be kept
in mind that the actual status is unknown outside of the USSR, in view of the continuous
resettlement of consider ble numbers of the population.- a process which probably will
never end as long as the Soviet Communist government is. in existen e there.
88. The follow's: set of tables, prepared with the greatest possible accuracy and circum-
spection, should give us an pprox ?-te idea of the actual, conditions. We may
emphasize that a considerable number of former estimates, s:de especially before the
war, were fterwards confirmed by the data published in the Soviet press.
89. The territory of the present Green Ukraine, according to the most recent Soviet data,
? is divided into the following krays and. lands g The Buryat - Mongolian Autonomous
Soviet Republic; the Chitinskaya Oblast with the Aga Buryat - Mongolian National
Okrug; the Yakut Autonomous Republic the Amur Oblast, the Khabarovsk Kray; the
Kamch tka Oblast; the Nizhniy LEowe/ Amur Oblast, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast'
gormerly, the Jewish Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic. - Birobidzhan the
Primorye Kray; and the new Sakhalin Oblast.
90. Of these, the oblasts and. the krays? beginning with the Amur oblast, and ending with
the Sakhalin Oblast, form the Soviet Far East.
91. Their total are in square kilometers was as follows
Buryat - Mongolian Republic
Chitinskaya Oblast
Yakut Autonomous Republic
331,400
720,0.
3,0300900
S.,
Amur Obl st, including the Khabarovsk Kray 2,572,000
206,600
about. _22,222
Total 6,965?900 .51e7 square
*Wright, ''.Asiatic Hassle," Vol. 2, p. 34, "Southern Russia", Note by I. S.
Primor'ye Kray
Island of Sakhalin
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kilometers on which 4,440,251 persons resided in 1939.
92. There are a few curious comparisons of the size of population on these lands.
12.2_2 1926 1222 1947
Buryat-Mongolian Rep.
446;900
54T000
542;000 about 600,000
Chitinskaya Oblast
546,200
10159,000
to 1,050,000
Yakut Aut. Rep,
400,544
,0 450,000
Amur Oblast
1,330,000
u 575,000
Khabarovsk Kray
391,000
6600000
1,250;000
Primorgye Kray
610,000
6000000
907,220
;' 19475,000
Island of Sakhalin
20,000,
1000000
100,000
Kamchatka Oblast up to 1926
35,000
Total 2,329,100
4,440,000 about 5,7000000
5i27 51.27
93. Lack of uniformity in administration subdivisions prevalent on all the lands of
the Green Ukraine at all times, with frequent changes of the borders of separate
krays and ?blasts, makes it extremely difficult to arrive at a conclusion;
therefore, the estimates, of necessity, must be only rough ones.
94. The Zelenyy Klin proper, i.e. the Primor'ye gray and the Amur Oblast) can be more
accurately defined, because of a more varied material on the subject at our
disposal, and because the borders of separate rayons or ?blasts, and the like,
are easier determined.
95. In accordance with the most recent data of 1947, furnished above, one should bear
in mind, that with the growth of towns and villages, the population has increased;
for instance, in Chitia, by 30,4f0; in Yakutsk, by 25,000; new towns, such as
Aldan and Nizhne Kolymsk, which used to be small villages, have come up;
Komsomol'sk-on-the-Amur, by S,000 Khabarovsk, by 100,00.; Vladivostok, by
1200000; Nikolgek, now Voroshilovsk0 by &I9000; and Nikolayevsk-on-the-Amur, by
30,000; a new tow, Magadan, has grown up to about 50,000 inhabitants. On the
whole, the Khabarovsk-Amur territory acquired about half a million of new
population, and the Primor'ye Kray 570,000. Also, Sakhalin Island, only half of
which belonged to USSR up to 1945, but which is fully occupied now, had at the time
of its occupation (the southern part) about 300,000 of Japanese alone, whose fate
is unknown up to this day.
96. According to the official data of 1939, the population of the Amur-Khabarovsk
territory and the Primor'ye Kray amounted to 2,1509000 of which the former had
10350,000 and the Primor'ye Kray :so 000.
97. Of these, there were in -
Ukrainians
Rus ians
Others
ELIMQLLXt
225,000
350,000
225,000
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KhabarovATer. FercenXage
475,000 32.6
750,000 51.1
125,000 16.3
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98. In the fall of 19410 when the war with Germany began to assume a character more
and more menacing for Moscow, the Soviet authoritative started an extensive
evacuation of the population from the territories threatened by the war - first
of all, from the Ukraine, more from the left bank territory, especially the
Slobozhan region, than from the right bank. During that time, more than 500,000
people were resettled in the Far East, the majority of whom were Ukrainians.
The arrival of these Ukrainians in the Far East greatly changed the national
composition of the population of the Green Ukraine. In 15420 this change was in
favor of the Ukrainians) even taking into account the inaccuracy and the
stubborn system of Soviet statistics of showing data only favorable to them-
selves.*
,
99. By the end of 1942 or the beginning of 1943, the ;ioures were about as follows:
Rtes1ans Ukrainians Others Total
Primor'ye 350;000 .1 400,000 2057555-- 950,000
Khabarovsk ter. 750,000 850,000 150,000 1,750,000
Total 1,100,000 11250)000 350,000 20700,000
Percentage 40.7 46.3 13 100
100. The rest of the population - others - is composed of various national groups;
among them the Belorussians and the local aborigines. Thus, the percentage of
Ukrainians increased from 32.6 percent to 46.3 percent; or by 13.7 percent,
while the percentage of the Russians decreased by 104 percent) and that of the
others by 33 percent.
101. The specific gravity of our Population changed greatly?too0 because, while
formerly it was composed exclusively of farmers and partly of mere women servicing
the railrOad? a younger generation came from the Ukraine now, people who now
graduated from Ukrainian,schoole, in the Ukraine, and who knew what they were,
although some of them had 'a warped political psychology resultimg from Communist
treatment. Besides, it was an eleme.t best'fitted for work, which the Bolsheviks
deliberately sent to Siberia and the Far East in order to deprive the. Ukraine
of nationalist elements.
102. The government course of Russification is against the Ukrainian national spirit,
but this course is not enforced as strongly in Siberi and the Far East, as it is
in the Ukraine.
103. About 300,000 men included in the above figure were conscripted into the Red Army;
the majority of them, probably never returned home0 and, if they did, they came
as invalids. The repatriation Movement from the Far East back to the Ukraine and
other parts of the Soviet Union, althoughactive in 1944, suddenly stopped, when
special laws were promulgated forbidding departure fro the place of new employ-
ment. At the beginning of 1945, this prohibition was in full force, and those
who departed without leave were forcibly brought back. By the end of 1946, the
situation was completely under control, no one left the Far East without per-
mission. On the contrary, new contingents began to arrive - Ukrainians, Turkic
Tartars, Georgians, and Russians, deported from Manchuria, and former fugitive
and emigrants from Siberia and the Far East as well as the Ukraine, among them
a few from the Western Ukraine; altogether about 600 or 7,110 persons were sent
to the green Ukraine, especially the northern part of it. After frantic propaganda
under the slogan of uretur to father1and"0 up to 7,5 4 people, for the most part
Russians, were evacuated from China, and the greater part of them were fortunately
sent to the Urals and Western Siberia (theuevacuation" of 1946-1948).
* I. Svit, the Green Ukraine, NDIT of the Green Ukraine, 1949, p. 9 and the
following.
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104. It is interesting to examine, as far as it is possible to do so, the present
Situation. All authors, both European-and American, with few exceptions, are of
the opinion that the population of Siberia' and the Far East, therefore, the Green
Ukraine, is growing rather rapidly.. As' far as we are concerned, the only point of
interest is, whether or not this groWth is on the part of the Ukrainian population.
Part of the data we have or have had at our disposal speaks for a growth of the
Ukrainian population, especially in the Amur-Khabarovsk territory, but also on
Sakhalin and in the Far North. Although mortality and exhaustion take a great toll
of the deportees, the process of replenishment is going on and will go on until the
Moscow Communist system of government is abolished.
105. In this manner, we have the following data on the siz4, of the population of the Green
Ukraine for the period immediately after the end of the war and the first post-war
year, the year of the transition to '"peaceful life." (1948)
108. Total population of the entire Green Ukraine:
Buryat - Mongolian Republic
Chitinskaya Oblast (including the Aga rayon)
Yakut Oblast'
? 560,000
10075,000
425,000
Amur-Khabarov4 territory
1,800,000
Primor'ye
1,400,000
Sakhalin and Kurile Islands
200,000
Total in 1947/1948
5,480,000
107. Approximate estimates of the proportion of various nationalities can be made now.
It must be pointed out, however, that these data represent only a rough estimate for
orientation purposes, since no official information has been pUblished during the
last few decades, and that which we had at our disposal does mot throw direct light
on the situation, because it was gleaned on the side lines, such as, the increase in
broadcasts on Ukrainian subjects or concerts by the Khabarovsk and Vladivostok radio
stations, and by the station of Aleksandrovsk-on-Sakhalin, the participation of an
increasing number of Ukrainians in various conferences and kray or rayon congress,
"roll calls," and other information of the kind showing a numerical or factual increase
of the Ukrainian influence, however unpleasant this might be for the Soviet administra-
tion. The same refers to persons engaged in transport between Magadan and Nizhne-
Kalymsk, or-various enterprises of Dal?stroy, and, particularly, in the mining and timber
industries'. There- are few Ukrainians taking Part in fishing.
108. The only part of the Green Ukraine we have not Sufficiently explored is the Transbaikal
territory, Since we have no detailed. information about the composition of the
population in that region. The information 'derived from the censuses of 1917, 1923, and
1928, is not very clear. It is only evident from the 1923 census, that the peasant
population in the Transbaikal territory amounted to 430,400 people out of a total of
548,200, i.e., perhaps, Ou percent.. The population of the Buryat-Mongolian republic
. had 414,600 peasants out of a total of 446,900 (Gluzdovksiy, p. 204).
109. This author makes the interesting statement, that among the population of the Trans-
baikal territory, excluding the Buryat-Mongolian rayons (which afterwards formed an
autonomous republic, the Cossacks constituted 40 percent of the total population;
persons of peasant origin, including town workers, 50 percent; the Tunguses,
3 percent; the Buryats, 3 percent; and other town inhabitants, 4 percent. In addition,
the author states, that during the years 1898-1912, only 3,700 people arrived in the
Transbaikal territory, a shockingly small figure, compared with the number of emigrants
who arrived in the Amur oblast ? and the Primor?ye Kray during the same years.
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110. By Way of e timating the population of the three principal localities of
resettlement of the Coss cks (the former Nerehinskiy0 Sretenskiy and
Borzins y di tricts) amd taking into consideration a small nuMber in
other localities* we arrive at the approximate noire of 275,000 of the
purely Cossack populeten .1.n 1943, i.e. 25.5 percent of the total
population of the Transbaikal territory0 while the Aborigines (the
Bur:tats0 Mb olian p ame d2unguses) amounted to about 460200, or 43
percent. In this manner, t the end of the war, approximately the
following picture pre anted itself t Russian p 61 percentl, Co adk 9 25.5
percent, aborigines ercent9 and others, about 9.2 percent. However,
the figures for th_ TranObeital ..orritory obtained duri the investiga-
tions conducted by the olerainian Secretariat ought to include a considerable
nuMber of 1.ee Ukrainian population, no less than about 3 to 5 percent, or
a round figure of lieeee. In sus% a ca e, the figure for the Russians would
t4 undotnbtedly smallerloespecially if the Belorussians who had lived there
since lo ago and others are taken into account* Presumably, the 17011.7,n1q;
make up a little mere than half ef the total eipulation of the Tranabaikal
territory proper. Thi is the only area of the Green Ukraine where they
predominate, alth ii surrounded on all sides by non-Russian population.
Those ere our suppositions0 because we do not include here the Ukr inian
deportees wine work'in the Nerchinsk and Sretensk are and in the gold
nines on the borders of the Yakut reptiblic0 where again their percentage
is gra ter t that of the Russian
111. We wianin e A size here the important feature of the growth of population
on the entire territory of the Green Ukraine, tamely the growth of towns
and industrial centers. The information available to date0 namely, the
lists of person elected in okrugs0 published periodically, reveal in
general outlin only salient factors affect ee the movement f the popula-
tion - in other words0 the pre nt demography of the country, because
election okrugs and their numerical composition do not reflect correctly
even the size of the populatiOn0 let alone its national composition, except
for a chance mention of the name of a delegate. Most important to consider
here is the importation ff people from various loaalities, i.e delegates
to the city and town administration offices, various okrug councils, etc.
But this source of information is not steady and is difficult to work with,
since under emigr tion conditions we have not at our disposal either the
means or the proper staff of scientist capable of dealing with the informa-
tion
we can get.
I ti ?
112. On the bawl. of the data we do have, we can note only certain aspects, as,
foresxample0 the population of individual places as it was in 1939 and
1* 6 - 19 .
Ulan-Ude (Bury t-Mo olia)
Chita
Cheremokovsklye mines
Yakut k0 capital of the Yakut
Rep.
Vladivestok
Khabarov k
Kb oeolosk-on-the-Amur
Vorshilovsk
Blagove hchensk
22,12
129,400
10295
669000
1 6i9
(approximately
150,000
1500
000
1
*4
3ee,
4*.
000
**I
lee0300
300,
70,744
200A00
70,
1250 ***,
58,700
70, CV*
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113. Below are a few figures for smaller places, which are of cOnsiderable
industrial or other importance. Theile data refer to the last years of
war and shoUld be somewhat increased for the'present, but not as much
as was the case with the above-Mentioned places.
Tetrovsk UAW
Nerchinek 10,000
Sreteiak 14,000
Aldan 50,000
Nikolayevak-onaAmur 15,000
Birobidzhan , :A.A.). 50,000
Magadan ' 15,000 (this is the figure we have,
but it might be much too small for the present time.
PetrOPavlovsk..-oh-Kamchatka 20,000
-Aleksandrovsk-on-Sakhalin 1,000
Okha, center of oil industry 12,000
.Spaaek ' 10,000
I addition, in Primorlye Lesozarodsk Suchan with its mines, Artete and
Tetyakha have large populations.
II
114. A whole aeries of settlements were established in the Par North, all.of
them of deportees. The population of Sakhalin, especially the southern
part of it, and that along the Kurile Islands have been increased. The
actual status, however, is unknown.
115. This is the picture presented by the population of the entire Green Ukraine
at the end of the first half of the 20th deatury.
116. It should be pointed out once-mOre0 that the greatest circumspection and
conservation were exercises in preparing these statistical data, in order
to avoid exaggeration or e arrass ett. One thingmay be said with '
certainty, viz., that the specific gravity of the Ukrainian population in
the Far East is great, and that its presence there is emphasized by many
foreign experts and authori. We, our part, take it as a confirmation
of our on information about the life in this land, the Green Ukraine.
********
Suppleme
*Evaluation of Yermak and his c011eagues.
The construction of fortresses is approved, because "the Russian state will
profit by it in the future". Boris Godanovvs.measures in Siberia had a
purpose - "to increase benefits for the state." Anything "that can benefit
Russia "is considered appropriate. From the standpoint of benefits to the
statepco pulsory measures concerning the aborigines are also .justified.
Miller expresses the views of the upper strata of Moscow society. He strongly
ndemns "the evil deede of Yermak d his Cossacks on the Volga River, but
their banditry in Siberia he considers highly useful; therefore, without
preliminaries, he repeats the Cossacks' thoughts: "if they return to Russia,
they have no other means to make a living, except to live, as before, by
plunder on the Volga River. They must then kill their own borthers -
Christians, while here they will kill only infidels."
I.
G.F. Millere_the Hiatorian of Siberia - S. V. Bakhruskin? p. 42
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** ?The majority of peasants in FrimoroYe? old inhabitants as well as new
settlers, are of Ukrainian origtn. The'tsartat Policy in resettlement was
to relieve the centersof the Agrarian movements. Notwithstanding this,
no Ukrainian nationalism wee ever apparent among the peasants in the Far
Eat. The local Ukrainian councils which dreamed about separating the
Fa F East from RSFSR (in general, from Russia) and creating a Ukrainian
colony out of it, found members exclusively in the tanla of the
intelligentsia. Even rich peasants demanded the instruction in schools
to be in Russian, and not in Ukrainian, because the Russian language was
more widely spread (for example, the village of Lutkovka).
O.S.
"O.S." This is a note by a well-known Communist, 0.1. SaMov, who resided
iu the Far East$ particularly in Primoroye$ during the revolution and
the civil war. So emplainethe author in his preface to the book cited
below:
ZIA October Revolution and the Civil War in the Far East
A chronicle of events of 1917-1922 by S. Tsypkin Shurygin, C. Bulygin,
Allgiz$ La' () State Publicatio47Moticow-- KhaLarovsk$ 1933.
Ispartkomotdel [Arty Research Committee-(?) of the Far-Eastern Kral
Committee of the NKP /041, p.305.0
UBRARY suaricr:al ARIA CODES
.812,4 9N ,
. 811.7 9N
8:09 '9N
, .9N
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