TYULYACHINSKIY MACHINE TRACTOR STATION (MTS) AND KOLKHOZY IN TATAR ASSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00046R000500080003-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 6
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 29, 2013
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: May 20, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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INFORMATION REPORT , INFORMATION REPORT
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18, U.S.C. Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
C_O-N-F-I-D-E -N-T?- I-A-L
DATE OF INFO.
PLACE ACQUIRED
DATE ACQUIRED
USSR (Tatar ASSR) REPORT NO.
Tyulyachinskiy, Machine Tractor DATE DISTR.
Station (4TS) and Kolklivzy in
Tatar ASSR NO. OF PAGES
REQUIREMENT NO.
SOURCE EVALUATIONS ARE DEFINITIVE. APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE,
tt ,.ch dL is a cc '
p,s received.
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C -O,N-`- I-D.E -N-T-I-A-L
V
FBI 1711 AEC
indicated by "X": Field distribution by
20 May 1955
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COUNTRY USSR (Tatar ASSR) DATE DISTR. 15 April 1955
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SUBJECT Tyulyachinskiy Machine Tractor Station NO. OF PAGES 5
(IBS) and Kolkhozy in Tatar ASSR
DATE OF INFORMATION REFERENCES:
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
1. The Tyulyachinskiy MT-was located about two kilometers north of a small stream
called the Mesba River on the eaitern outekirte of the village of Tyulyachi
(N 55-55, E 50-15) Tyulyachinaskiy Rayon, Tatar ASSR, In March 1951 this MPS
employed about 200 people and,together with another MTS located just south of the
Mesha River, serviced 62 kolkhozy in the rayon. Prior to 1949 the Tyulyachinskiy
PITS was the only one in the entire rayon, but in the spring of that year it was
decided to transfer some of the equipment-land set up another MTS on the south
bank of the Mesha=River,' This was done because each.spring the stream overflowed
its banks and washed out wooden bridges, which necessitated making long detours to
crone the stream and reach the kolkhozy in-the southern sector of the rayon.
Source could supply no information concerning the second IBS located on the
southern bank of the Mesha River.,, other than the fact that it was approximately
half the size of the Tyulyachinskiy M.TSd
2. The Tyulyachinskiy MTS was comprised of the following buildings:
a. Workshop - This was a one story structure, 25 x 35 meters, which included
a lathe shop with three old lathes, a fitter shop (alesarnyy tsekh), a forge,
a large room where maintenance and repair work on tractors and combines was
carried out, and a small room which housed a one-cylinder diesel motor for
running the lathes. Only small items such as nuts, bolts, etc. were made in
the lathe shop. All other spare parts for tractors and combines were obtained
from the?warhhouse. Tractor and combine operators carried out maintenance work
on their own machines while repair work was done by workshop employees. All
together;13 people were employed here, including three mechanics, four black-
smiths, three fitters, two lathe operators, and one.macbiaist.
b.:' Warehouse - A one-story stone building, about 10 x 20 meters, which contained
various spare partsx.including,tires, radiators, various tractor-motor parts,
etc. . Only one worker,was employed here. He was also in charge of three fuel
tanks maintained at the station. These were approximately nine meters long
and three meters in diameter,mounted above the ground on concrete bases. Two
of the tanks contained kerosene. for tractors, and the third contained gasoline
for trucks belonging to the MTS.
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c. Office building;- This was a small,one-story, frame structure, which contained
the office of the.MfS director, the office of the Deputy Director.for Political
Affa :rs, and.a third room for other office personnel, which included the sears-.
tar.a,,;?o.the director, the senior agronomist, two assistant agronomists, and
four accountants.
d, Sheds.- There were two wooden sheds about 20 x 15 meters, bath aafiwhichwere used
for storing headers during the winter. Tractors and combines remained outside
all year round.
e. Houses - There were two houses located at the station. These were one-story,
frame, buildings, about 15 x 10 meters. The MfS director and his family lived
in one of these houses and the other was occupied by the senior agronomist.
In March 1951, in addition to the station personnel listed above, this MfS also
employed about 150 tractor operators, 17 combine operators, and four truck drivers, and
it' had about 75 tractors, 17 combines, and five trucks. Assistant oombias
operators received their entire pay, both money and grain, from the kolkhoz where
they worked and' were not strictly considered employees of the MTS. Of the 17
combines maintained by the MTS, ten were Kommumar types, fairly old models but in
good operating condition; the other seven were relatively new self-propelled S-4
combines, breakdown on tractors.
a. Approximately 38, 30-h.p..three-wheel, KhTZ tractors utilizing kerosene fuel.
b. Approximately 30, 50-h.p. Caterpillar NATI-type STZ or KhTZ tractors,
utilizing kerosene fuel,
e. Five 54-h.p. Caterpillar DT-54, STZ diesel tractors,,
d, Two 80-h.p. Caterpillar 5-80, ChTZ diesel tractors,
The MfS received new models of the latter two-types of tractors for the first time
in. 1950.
MTS bad obtained several more in-54 tractors ana 8411
?
propelled . 4 com nes. the MTS had received a tank which
was an old model and which supposedly was to be used in training combine
and ac r operators during winter months. Of the five trucks which the MTS
.maintained, three were one and one-half-ton open GAZ-IAA types, one was a fuel
truck of about five tons which source could not identify, and one was a closed
-1A which contained tools and spare parts and was used as a mobile workshop
in the field.
there was sufficient mechanization to properly
operate the kolkhozy located in TyulyachinskiyRayon. Prior to 1951, for example,
on the Kolkhoz i/n Kalinin in Kovali, which was about 2,500 hectares in size,
there were five tractors and one combine. In the fall of 1951, three more trac-
tors and two more combines were added to this kolkhoz. In all there were five,
50-h.p. NATI:Caterpillar-type tractors, three 30-h.p., KhTZ three-wheel tractors,
oneself-propelled S-4 type combine, and two Kommunar combines assigned to
.operate on this kolkhoz.
s. in fall 1950,
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the work norm for a combine operator harvesting ran was 10 hectares per 50X1
day; for clover the norm was considerably lees. this norm was the
same for all kolkhozyin Tatar ASSR, While indi ua combine operators varied 50X1
greatly in their productive capabilities, din the avefage the sore was. fulfilled. 50X1
in parts of the tTkraine where'the land was more level the
'ork norm was coaside ablhigher, while in other Darts of the country norms 50X1
were lower,
Combine operators worked normally 50X1
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from sunrise to sunset. Operators of self-propelled combines were paid at the rate
of five rubles per hectare for every hectare of grain harvested up to ten hectares.
They received double this amount if the daily norm was exceeded. Thus an operator
of a self-propelled combine would receive 50 rubles for harvesting 10 hectares,
110 rubles for harvesting 11 hectares, 120 rubles for harvesting 12 hectares,,etc.
Other combine operators received approximately 25 percentt less than this mince
they worked in conjunction with a tractor. In general,the pay was five times
higher per hectare for clover. In addition to money, combine operators received
200 grams of mik?d grain for every 100 kilograms harvestedfi up to 3,000 kilograms.
If more than 3p 0`00 kilograms was harvested they were paid at the rate of 300 grams
or every .100 kilograms. Above 5,000 kilograme,the rate of pay per kilograms was
still higher. If an operator succeeded in harvesting more than 220 hectares in
one season, he received an additional bonus of 25 goods of grain and an additional
sum of money. Tractor operators usually worked 24 hours a day in two 12-hour shifts,
and were paid in grain and money on a workday basis.
for an equal time period,it was considerably loom
than what combine operators received. Other M S.workers were paid oily in money.
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Prior to Stalin's, death, except for grain grown in special sectors of
the kolkhoe fbr use''- as, seeds for next year's crop 15 percent of the grain grown
on kolkhozy was given directly to the ITS for services rendered,. 70 percent went
to the state, and 15 percent remained for the kolkhoz. The kolkhoz also paid the
grain wages for MIS combine operators, assistant combine operators, and tractor 50X1
operators. the State made an enormous profit on the grain,
i.e., the 70 percent allotod to-the State. It was purchased from the kolkhoz
at the rate of three to mix rubles per 100 kilograms and sold at the rate of about
two rubles per kilogram. In 1953, after Stalin's death 50X1
the
following three ' pr pal ,changes were institute , two of them apparently de--
signed to better thi'economic conditions of the kolkhozniks
a. The kolkhozy no longer turned over 15 percent of the grain directly to the
MTS and 70 percent to the State but instead turned the entire 85 percent
over to the State,, which in turn paid the IMPS.
b. Solkhozy.no longer had to pay the grain portion of combine and tractor
operator wages.
c. The grain which was turned over to the State was based on 85 percent of
the actual harvest rather than on 85 percent of the calculated harvest.
The Kolkhoz t Salinia, which was approximately 2,500 hectares in size, was pri-
`warily devoted to grain culture. No vegetables other than potatoes and peas
were grown except in the private garden plots of kolkhoz workers. In 1949 the
following crops were grown on the Kolkhoz i/n Xalinins rye, spring wheat, oats,
barley, vetch millet, buckwheat lentil, clover, potatoes, peas, sun flowers,
and Max. a took up 30 percent of the sown area while
oats and spring wheat together occupied another 15 percent. All crops were
planted in spring except ry., which was sown in September and harvested the
following July. Only one hectare was devoted to sunflowers. Flax had been
grown on this'kolkhoz prior to World War II but not in postwar years until 1949
when one hectare was planted for seeds. No chemical fertilizers were used on this
kolkhoz or on the ]Wlkhoz i/n Stalin in Sibich. Manure was spread only on about
two percent of the entire field area. Furthermore, it was usually carted"out?''to
the same nearby fields year after year.. Crop rotation was employed on the kolkhoz,
the kolkhoz was divided
into ten sectors and that something different was usually planted in each sector
every year. A small percentage of the land was allowed to remain fallow each year.
After the harvest, the grain,, potatoes, and peas were put into bags and hauled in
horse-drawn wagons and trucks to Arsk (N'56-06, E 49-50), which was the main State
storage depot in this area. Grain was brought here from all collective farms
within a radius of about 50 kilometers and weighedbefore storage.
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three places in Arsk where the grain was stored. One of these was a church near
the center of town and the other two were specially constructed State grain storage
bases which were located along the railway line on the outskirts of town. These
areas consisted of many long one-story wooden buildings surrounded by a high
wooden fence. Several hired civilian guards, who wore no uniforms, were posted
to guard these areas,
10. The kolkhoz also had livestock and possessed, about 30 cows, 50 horses, 40 pigs,
h
undreds of sheep, and about 100 beehives, Some individual families also possessed
their own animals, which consisted of cows, pigs, chickens, geese, and ducks, Each
kolkhoz family was allotted a t-hectare garden plot. '!, potatoes were the basic
item grown in these plots with relatively small spaces devoted to onions, parrots,
and beets. Individual families also owned livestock.
about 25 percent of the families had one oowj 30 percent had pigs; 80
percen owned sheep, up to five per family: more than 90 percent had geese one
to three per family; all had chickens, five to ten per family; and about 50percent
had bee hives,
11. The administration of the kolkhoz included a chairman, an agricultural technician
(agrotekhnik), an( accountant, an assistant accountant, and six brigadiers. The
chairman of this collective farm was always a native of the village and usually
held this position for several years in a row. Although he was officially elected
in an electoral meeting at the kolkhoz, the chairman was
actually appointed to his job and was mere y an agen of the rayon or some higher
authority.
12.
the Kolkhoa i/n Stalin At
was about 3,000 hectares in size an was very similar to the olkhoz;
i/n Kalinin in almost every way except that neither flax nor any other technical
crop was grown. In 1950 the average yield of rye on this kolkhoz was about 10
centners per hectare while the yield of wheat was only 2J to 3 centners per
hectare. Although this was
a poor year, was a rather typical postwar year. The poor postwar yields were
generally due to heavy droughts which affected the entire region.
thib ha~3 beehy, .thb .bes,t--year' sincd _Wbfld War II and the
rirs In which of offers had received money as part of their payment. In
general, kolkhoz workers were paid on the average for 150 to 200 work-days but
in rare instances for as much as 500 work-days per year, depending on their jobs.
In 1953 a work-day was paid at the rate of 20 kopeks, two kilograms of grain,
four grams of butter, and five grams of honey. The reason kolkhoz workers re-
ceived money for the first time this year was due to the fact that it was a good
harvest year and not because of the previously-mentioned changes instituted by
the government after Stalin?s death.
14. Kolkhoz workers could barely eke out a living from their wages and from what they
managed to grow on the 1/4-hectare plots allotted each family. They only received
a small portion of the grain after the harvest since most of that which was
allotted to the kolkhoz each year was used to purchase tools, lumber, livestock,
etc. Prior to 1946 peasants frequently'resorted to stealing grain which had been
set aside for seeds at the kolkhoz. In 1946, however, the penalty for this crime
was increased from two or three years in a corrective labor camp to ten years,
25 years, or even longer in some instances. -As a.result'grain stealing became much
less prevalent.
15. Various taxes and the necessity to subscribe to the State loan were a further heavy
burden on kolkhoz workers. In Kovali,the average family contributed 100 rubles,or
more of their yearly earnings to the State loan and was subject to the following
taxes:
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a, Bachelor tax - this amounted to 150 rubles per year for each unmarried peon
over.the age of 19, or 300 rubles for every married couple with no children.
The tax diminished proportionately as the number of children in the family
increased. Parents with three or more children did not have to pay anything,
b. Property tax - there was a ten percent tax on all livestock owned by indivi-
dual families other than geese, ducks, chickens, cats, and dogs. This was
based on the set value of the animals. Garden plots were also taxed
c. Inoone tax - anyone who happened to own a camera or sewing machine and attempted
to make use of such possessions to earn money on the side was forced to give
the government a large portion. of such earnings in the form of income tax.
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