SOVIET MILITARY TRAINING

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00046R000400490002-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 38
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 13, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: June 21, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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INFORMATION REPORT
INFORMATION REPORT
CENTRAL 'INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18, U.S.C. Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
COUNTRY USSR/Austria (Soviet Zone) REPORT NO.
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SUBJECT Soviet Military Training DATE DISTR.
21 June 1955
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NO. OF PAGES
38
DATE OF INFO.
REQUIREMENT NO.
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PLACE ACQUIRED
REFERENCES
DATE ACQUIRED
SOURCE EVALUATIONS ARE DEFINITIVE. APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
LIBRARY SUBJECT AND AREA CODES
3-02-0404
238 .21
173.711
235. L
238.4
238.4 I
238.22
173-5
6/55
30)
STATE
ARMY
NAVY
AIR FBI AEC
(Note: Washington distribution indicated by "X"? Field dictribu ion by "#"?)
INFORMATION REPORT INFORMATION REPORT
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REPORT
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COUNTRY USSR/Austria
(Soviet Zone)
DATE DISTR. 25
May 1955
SUBJECT Soviet Military
Training
NO. OF PAGES
37
DATE OF INFORMATION
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REFERENCES:
PLACE ACQUIRED
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THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
.WOOMMOMPOW6WW??7,w00414WWIMIMIM
INTRODUCTION
1.
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2.
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a.,
9.
three major phases of Soviet Army training processes:
basic training with a unit in the USSR.
schbol conducted by a mechanized
division in Austria for training tank crewmen.
garrison training.
into six parts.
a. Part A is
the 82nd How Brig
in Mulinc (N56-17,
this report is divided.
basic training
E 42-56).
b. Part B covers training
at the 55th Sep Tk Tng Bn of the 13th Gds Mecz Div locatea in
50:00 Goetzendorf (N 48-01, E 16-35), Austria. Although there were two
with
?
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training companies in the battalion, each with five training platoons,
each training platoon had a different training mission. _-The first
month of training was the same for all 10 training platoons Of the
battalion. And was mainly a refresher course in basic training. Here-
after, this first months training in Austria will be referred to as
Phase I.
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o. Part C covers the second and third months of training
50:0 ii.the let Plat of the let Tng Co. During this period
specialized training designed to prepare trainees of the
50X1 platoon to be tank commanders.
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d.
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Part D covers
the course of
each year. I
the remaining seven months of
the let Plat of the let Tng Co which ended on 25 October
e. Part E is the training presented to the
training platoons and to the enlisted
battalion staff and the tank supply company.
f. Part p contains information on training schedules and other training
data pertaining to the 55th Sep Tk Tng Bn.
S. Part G contains miscellaneous training information. For better under-
standing of the training in the 55th Sep Tk Tng Bn, a I/O chart on
50X1 page 37 is attached. This chart shows the ten training platoons of
the unit.
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oadremen and officers of the
50X1 A. Basic Training
Assipment to Unit
82nd How Brig in Mulino, US8I1
At the time of the trainees, arrival in the brigade, barracks had not been
prepared to house the trainees, and all spent.the first night in the bri-
ga40 club house sleeping on the floor.
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officers of the brigade called
ail or the trainees from the club house and selected several persons who
werel able to write well. The officer asked these men to fill in personnel
Automation on the printed forms. The information asked of each man was:
his full name, civilian residence, with whom he had resided, parents, or
next-of-kinsl address, civilian occupation, place of last employment, and
date of induction.
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the trainees weve sent by platoons
g e ?a an ou itted in uniforms. 4. After they were
dressed, they were marched to the evening meal. At this time
received his first disillusionment in the army. The platoon sergeant
gave the command to sing a song and there was embarrassed silence except
for the sound of boots. The sergeant stopped the platoon and cursed
them in foul language for having poor morale; an officer then came up
and began to tongue-lash the platoon. The officer wound up his speech
by saying that he wanted everyone to remember two things: that in
the army what the trainees did not know, the army would teach them and
what the trainees did not want to do, the army would make them do.
They were again told to sing. Someone began and the rest of the platoon
later joined in.
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5. The next day, the trainees did nothing except to remain in the barracks
and get acquainted with each othAr
Content of training
training began with political studies, physical train-
ing, close order drill, and the study of four manuals. These manuals
were the same as those used in the first period of training at the
55th Sep Tk Tng Bn. (For complete descriptions of the four manuals,
see page 9 paragraph 26.) For the next two weeks, about two or three
hours each day were devoted to instruction. The rest of the time was
devoted to fatigue details. After 2i weeks, the trainees received one
dummy carbine to be shared among four men. At this time, they began
training in the care, maintenance) and nomenclature of the carbine.
There was no additional weapons training except for one time when the
entire battery of trainees was taken to the brigade firing range to
fire the PPSh SMG. Without any further instruction, each trainee fired
three rounds of slow fire at a head-and-shoulders silhouette target,
25 in distant, from the prone position. The only other training the
men received was a considerable amount of creeping and crawling practice.
Toward the end of basic training, thele were two mock battles in the 3d
Plat with 15 men on each side. This involved a lot of hArrahing,
creeping, running, and hiding; there were no casualties. g
Inspections and examinations
F. Each evening, the trainees had a battery CO's inspection. For almost
two months, they had no other inspections. However,
they were examined by unknown officers from brigade headquarters. They
were checked by these officers only on their knowledge of the four
manuals, political information, and physical fitness. On this day,
they also took their oath and from then until their departure date, did
nothin except to stand guard.
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Evaluation
3. Almost all of the instruction that was conducted by the
platoon leader, an artillery officer named Capt MINICOY (fnu). The
rest of the instruction was done by the platoon sergeant. There were
many fatigue details that interrupted training and the training itself.
was very sketchy and inadequate. One of the jobs the trainees had was
to build a house for the platoon leader on the orders of the battery CO.
The trainees were required to go to the railroad station and steal
lumber, bricks, and other building materials for the house. This house
was entirely built by the trainees and contained three rooms.
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_
B. First Phase of Trainin n the let Plat 1st Tn
Organization
Tk Tn B
The 55 Sep Tic Tng Bn was a training unit which consisted of a.Araining cadre
and two training companies. The student personnel in the trainibg companies
were partly replacements who had been sent to the unit from the 674.,4e40.
placement Depot in Kaisersteinbruch (N 47-59, E 16-42) to speolfican, take
this specialized training. There were always a few trainees in the battal-
ion who were sent from other units in the division to attend specific phases
of instruction. The personnel who had come from the replacement depot were
assigned to the battalion and remained assigned until the completion of
their training course which lasted for approximately one year. After com-
pleting their training, they were further reassigned to other units in the
division or retained by the battalion as cadre.. The personnel who had been
sent from other units in the division were returned to those units on the
completion of the training. This battalion was a TAM unit maintained by the
division for the purpose of training personnel in various phases of tank-
team duties.
Pre-training Examinations and Assignment
On the second day in the training battalion from the 50X1
67th Replacement Depot, the trainee-replacements who had been assigned to the
unit with him were tested on their knowledge of the sub4eats they had been
taught during basic training, i.e., close-order drill and school of the sol-
dier. They were also tested on their physical conditioning status by the
battalion's physical training instructor, Lt LSONOV (fnu), and were required
to make a 100-meter run and a 1,000-meter cross-country run; they were not
examined on their knowledge of tactics or other military subjects involving
weapons. Close-order drill was tested by the company CO. At the time of
the pre-training examinations, the trainees were not assigned to any company
of the battalion but were assigned only to the battalion. They were housed
in the companies until an assignment for them had been determined.
After the physical conditioning and the close-order drill examinations, a
board of officers was assembled in the battalion. This board consisted of
the training company COs, the training company deputy CO. for political af-
fairs, and one or two officers of the battalion staff including the Chief of
Staff. The board determined the trainees' qualifications and decided to which
platoons of the training companies each individual should be assigned. ,.The
processing by the qualification board lasted for several days.
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Trainees were called before the board by name and asked to give their place of
birth, their civilian occupation and specialty, and their place of permanent
residence. After the board had informed the trainees about what phase of
training was offered in whioh platoon, each trainee was asked to state his ! 50X1
preference of assignment in the training platoons. al- 50X1
though the preferences of the trainees were asked by the board,
they were taken inte donsideratinn in kft1mft1 Annionmanf
Replacements who joined the battalion did not go
through these examinations or appear before the qualification board. This
was due to insufficient time before the beginning of the new training oycle.
These men were merely assigned to platoons which had vacancies.
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Unit Training Missions
14. The 1st Tng Co had four platoons and each had a separate mission. The
2d Tng Co had five platoons each of which also had a separate training
mission. The first platoon to which source was assigned, the let Plat,
1st Colhad the mission of training tank commanders for medium tanks.
The course of instruction in all platoons of the two training companies
was divided into two parts. The first short period of training
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was mainly a refresher on basic training.
15. The second period, which lasted approximately nine months,
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and continued through the remainder of the year. During the latter
period, approximately six different courses were presented in the
ten training platoons. The first period of training in the 1st Plat
in the 1st Tng Co was the same as in the other training platoons of
the battalion.
heavily
Training Subjects
16. The introductory period consisted mainly of instruction in the
classroom and practical work outdoors with stress on the outdoor
instruction. Classroom work in the 1st Plat of the let Co covered
five main subjects of instruction: individual weapons training,
chemical warfare instruction, study of four basic manuals, political
studies, and political information classes; the last two subjects
continued through the entire course.
a. Weapons Instruction
17. Individual weapon instruction covered four weapons, the m1944 carbine,
the PPSh M1941 SW), the TT-33 pistol, and the Nagant M1895 revolver.
The platoon sergeant conducted all weapons instruction with the assist-
ance of the squad leaders.
(1) Carbine
Students were first taught the nomenclature of the carbine
with an electrically-lighted training aid which bad a large-
scale drawing of each part. The platoon sergeant described
each part and its function. As he called out the name of
the part, a squad leader plugged .a cord, attached to the
bottom of the chart,into a hole tagged with the name of that
part. An electric bulb then lighted up above the picture
of this part on the chart. Trainees were required to
memorize each part's proper nomenclature and function.
There were also cutaway carbines, showing the interior work-
50X1 ing mechanisms. )whether these training
aids were home mace or issue out claimed they were quite
elaborate.
Students did not bring their own issue weapons into the
classroom. The only weapon in the class was the demonstration
carbine used by the instructor to illustrate assembly and
disassembly of the weapon. After the instructor had shown
the class the proper way to do this several times, he called
each student to the front of the class and required him to
repeat the assembly and disassembly of the weapon and to
name each part and its function during the process.
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After the class had mastered these basic fundamentals, the
instructor then discussed the characteristics of the weapon.
These characteristics included its operation and its physical
description, Includingweight, barrel length, number of lands
and grooves etc., in addition to the maximum and effective
ranges and other ballistic characteristics of the ammunition.
The instructor then discussed tactical utilization of the
carbine. He stated that it was the basic arm of the individual
infantry soldier and that, with it, the infantry was to over-
come the enemy with fire and bayonet. This information was
required to be memorized by rote.
The instructor then discussed the proper care and cleaning
of the carbine. Students were taught that the carbine had to
be inspected daily by the individual EM with the exterior parts
of the weapon examined first for damage, rust, or wear. The
front and rear sights were to be given especially careful
attention; -, the bore was then to be examined for cleanliness
and the belt was to be removed to inspect the interior for
dirt and rust; each part was to have a light coat f oil.
The carbine was to be disassembled and thoroughly cleaned every
five days. After firing, a soldier had to clean the weapon
every day for the first three days after firing. They were
told that in that garrison proper cleaning materials and liquid
were available for cleaning the weapons. After the three-day
period of cleaning, the EM was to go back to the daily examina-
tion of the weapon and a cleaning schedule every five days. In
the field, soldiers were told to use rain capes or other field
expedients to lay their weapons on for cleaning: they were
never instructed to use hot water and soap to clean their
weapons after firing, in practice, no
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50:00 there was no cleaning liquid available; therefore,
in his unit the ten smeared, rather than cleaned, their weapons
With oil after firing. There were never enough cleaning rods
and the men were forced to out long thin pieces of wood to run
oil soaked rags through the bores.
(2) The SMG
The nomenclature instruction on the PPSh SMG closely paralleled
the instruction on the carbine. Electrically-lighted training
aids such as those used in carbine instruction were again used
by platoon sergeants who did most of the instructing and again
the trainees were called up to name the parts. Assembly and
disassembly was 'accomplishedby each trainee on the one weapon
available for classroom instruction. Instruction then followed
on the characteristics and operation of the weapon, again
including weight, size, length, etc., the ballistic qualities of
the weapon. and its ammunition. Traineeswere required to
memorize that the SMG was to be utilized by the individual soldier
for use in close-combat, that it was effective up to 200 m, and
? that it was to be utilized in subduing the enemy in a close area.
Source did not remember any details on instruction on the care
and cleaning of the SMG, because it was not the basic weapon for
the battalion and he did not have too much interest in this
weapon during the instruction. In his battalion, only squad
leaders and platoon sergeants were armed 'with the SMG. However,
he believed that the care and cleaning of the SMG Would closely
approximate requirements for the carbine. The only other actual
contact the trainees had with the SMG was on days that they stood
guard duty. On those days, the SMG was issued to each sentry
for his period of guard. After guard duty, he was responsible
for the cleaning of his SMG.
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Hand Grenades
Hand grenade instruction was also given by the platoon
sergeant who described the various grenades in use in the
I. Soviet army and their functions. This instruction oovero
about four hours in all.
ordinary bffens ve hand grenade concussion was the
main topic for discussion. The other types of grenade
covered were the defensive (fragmentary) and the anti-
tank grenades.
Training aid equipment included actual grenades, grenades
that had been cut away, and wall charts with cutaway draw-
ings of grenades showing the interior components and their
functions. Proper methods for throwing hand grenades from
the prone, kneeling, and standing positions were also
demonstrated. Later students were called before the class
to show what they had'learned.
The tactical uses of the three types of hand grenades were
then described in detail. Students were told the amount
and type of powder charge contained within each kind of
grenade and its effective range. They were informed that
the defensive (2ashchitnaya) grenade was a fragmentary -
grenade whose fragments had, at times, a range of 200 m
but that these grenades were to be used only from a well-
covered fortified position. Offensive (Napadatelnaya)
grenades were of the concussion-type, which, threw no
fragments,,, and could be used by a soldier from a standing
position without necessarily taking cover. The antitank
hand grenade had a quality of adhering to the side of an
armored vehicle and had a secondary penetration effect.
There was brief mention in the class of grenades which could
be launched from a carbine or rifle but_no_nramtAAAA_AAmm^n_
strations or training aids were shown.
remember anything more about this type or grenade.
(4) Pistol
Some rudimentary instruction on the TT pistol was also given
to the trainees. They were shown how to disassemble and
assemble it and told the nomenclature of all the parts, its
operation, and its purposes. Because this pistol was not
issued to the trainees and was not one that they would normally
be expected to use, not much emphasis was placed on it.
Electrically-lighted training aids of the placard stand-type
were also used in this instruction - the same type used in
the instruction of the carbine, SMG, and revolver. The total
amount of time devoted to the TT pistol was approximately two
hours. Students were told that the TT pistol was to be used
for ranges up to 20 m and that it was the weapon best suited
for hand-to-hand combat.
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Revolver
Instruction on the Nagant revolver was very similar to that
given for the TT pistol. The same types of training aids
were used and two hours were devoted to this subject. The
revolver was described in the same manner as the pistol and
students were told that the weapon was intended for hand-to-
hand combat at ranges up to 20 m.
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b. CW Training
. could not remember any offensive chemical warfare training
or any mention that the Soviet Army was planning or prepar-
ing, in any way, for offensive CW. However, he was told that the German
Arty had used toxic gases o during World War II and that the Western
nations had used bacteriological warfare in Korea and would use CBR war-
fare in any future war. Other than this, never received any
instruction on an hase of bacteriological warfare, could not
remember that received any CW training during basic training.
During this period, neither were issued gas masks
or any other CW items, training in CW defense during his course in
the let Flat of the 1st. Tng Co as a tank commander trainee covered both
class room lectures and practical outdoor work.
Trainees in the battalion were given two hours of CW instruction in class-
room
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roOm sessions each week by the battalion chief of chemical services, a
lieutenant. These were ostly lectures which largely consisted of a
verbal description of CW items and some demonstration.
Subjects covered in the classroom were the use and care of the gas mask,
protective covering for materiel, description and recognition of toxic
agents, use and care of protective clothing during and after decontamina-
tion of areas andtiequipmenWdecontatipationteareathan0 tatertel-Uand
individual first aid to counter toxic effects or chemical agents.
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560me of the items used for classroom demonstration were large schematics
of gas masks and canisters, out away canisters, protective suits, a tabun
gas-detection kit, and a toxic gas sniff set which contained samples of
what were mustard, chlorine, tabun (nerve gas), and
phos mon rations were given..'
In addition to two hours of classroom instruction in each of the above,
the first-period trainees were given a 15 to 20 minute gas mask drill
weekly throughout the entire school year. During this drill, they
ttracticed using the gas mask with simulated punctures in the mask, hose,
and canister. If the mask and hose leaked, personnel were taught to take
the canister in their mouth and breath directly through it. In the event
the hose was broken, the gas mask could be placed directly on the
canister. If the canister had a hole in it, trainees were instructed to
place their hand over the hole or press the hole tight against the chest.
On one morning each week during the year and in accordance with the train-
ing schedule, trainees were required to wear gas masks while undergoing
all normal training including close-order drill. During these periods,
the battalion chief of the chemical services passed through the different
platoons checking the trainees for compliance with the schedule. Occasional-
ly, he threw a smoke candle among a group of men to keep them "gas
conscious". All of the practical work in the training platoons along CW
lines was under the supervision and instruction of the platoon sergeants.
. Enlisted cadre personnel of the battalion staff were not required to
participate in any CW training but source did not know if the personnel
of the Tk Supply Co had any training. Cadre members of the other two
training companies in the battalion acted as instructors and participated
in the training program.
.
Twice while in the let Vng Co, source went through a gas chamber in an
Unused building within the garrison. One platoon at a time went through
the Chamberj,which'was filled with tear gas,and remained in the chamber
for a few minutes. The first time through they went with masks to test
them, the second time they were sent without masks so that the men could
feel the effects of the gas and realize the value of the gas mask.
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c. Study of Manuals
4 Another subject covered during the first period of training was the study
Of Thur manuals which covered basic instruction generally applicable to
the school of the soldier, interior guard duty, and similar subjects.
This instruction was conducted in classrooms. These manuals were: The
Interior Service (Ustav Vnutrenoy Sluzhbz), Disciplinary Regulations
Disth p narnyy Ustav), Garrison and Guard Regulations (Ustav Garnizonnch
KarauanylfhSluzhb),, and Formations and Drill Re lations (Stroyevoy
Ustav). These manuals covered the following sub ects:-
1
(2)
(3)
Interior Service Manual
Instruction on the manual for interior service regulations
consisted of a description and explanation of its contents.
Students were told that this manual gave all the duties and
responsibilities of all personnel from the individual soldier
through the regimental commander, particularly in garrison.
In addition, the responsibilities of rotating details such as
duty officers, charge of quarters, and sentry duty were detailed.
Other instruction from this manual covered military courtesy and
discipline, ceremonies, and individual conduct and bearing.
This manual contained the "Hymn of the Soviet Union'; which the
students were expected to memorizeoas well as care and respect
due to the national flag.
Disciplinary Regulations
Disciplinary regulations was covered in general discussion but
punitive and disciplinary authority of all commanders, from squad
on up to division, was discussed in detail; the few rights of the
individual soldier were also discussed. The types and limits of
punishment for various infractions of rules were discussed and
held up as a warning for f0ure action. /n addition, part of
the instruction on the Disotplinary Regulations covered available
commendations and rewards ror meritorious service and the service
required to obtain them.
Garrison and Guard Regulations
Garrison and Guard Regulations was given a general classroom
ooverage about its purpose, contents, and description. Specific
detailed coverage was given to the various aspects of garrison
duty and the responsibilities of a sentry on routine guard posts.
Emphasis was placed on the detailed responsibilities and duties
of guards and sentries on special poets, such as a post in the
vicinity of the unit standard.
Another topics of instruction was the operation and function of
the patrols furnished by each unit on special holidays to check
neighboring towns and villages for unit personnel who were possibly
absent from the post. Normally, these patrols were under officer
supervision,but in a town without taverns of' Other-aloohOl.dis-
pensing installations this type'of patrol-was:13cesibly under the
supervision ofarlliCO: liowever,tim:,themanualyitseW5there was
nomention made of eitheralCoholici'beverages-OrLthe fact that
towns.and-villages next to abgarrison woultAapatrolled. Source
believed that this patrol was a ground rule only in the Soviet
Zone,e4Lustria.' f?,? 11(1 -
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One of the training aids used by:thepinstructor was,A mock
miniature garrison with dumps, headquarters buildings, etc. This
aid was used as the students went through the various phases of
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interior guard duty. Students were required to show how much
class room instruction they had absorbed.by.raimulating, the proper
performance of guard duty during the hours of daylight and
darkness. These performances were in he presence of an offi-
cer, usually the platoon commander, who inspected the men's
knowledge of the requirements of interior guard duty.
(4) Formations and Drill Regulations
This manual covered personal appearance, the wearing of the
uniform, the school of the soldier, and close-order drill; only
the first part was presented in class where the instructor gave
a general description of the manual's contents. The rest of
the instruction was outdoors.
27. During the first phase, there was at least one hour a day devoted to the
study of the four manuals listed above. Instruction was normally under
the supervision of a platodn sergeant. However, the platoon leader, an
officer, or the company CO occasionally participated in this form of
instruction. These four manuals were discussed for additional study
from time to time in the second training phase.
d. Political Studies
28. Another phase of instruction was called political studies (politicheskaya
podgotovka). This phase was always presented by the platoon leader and
was taken from manuals published in a brochure form called Material for
Political Studies. These booklets were brought to the hataTI6E-77-ER
battalion political officer (for whom source worked) probably from the
office of the Deputy CO for relitical Affairs; the 13th Gds Mecz Div
Hq, in turn, drew them from COP Hq, These booklets were printed in
Moscow as a publication of the newspaper. 12KEYAPZ AtiatemeihedrAn effect for
years at a time, following titles: Text Book for
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the Infantry Soldier, Assistance for Listeners in Political Schools,
goviet Armed Forces during the Revolutionary War,?Boviet Armed Forces 50X1
Durihg the Years or Peaceful Construction, Sovietar-RTISi'n'IM-i?pasz-rl?nia
the Years of tfie Great Patriotic War, and The Armed Forces of the USSR.
/illveaerrasuseornroducing?Fiem-irintiraTirb-6-Th-es---=fle?
forces and oriented them as to what the armed forces was composed of
as well as its function and missions. Another general manual was called
Materials for Zolitical Studies on Themes; How the Peasants Lived and
Struggled in'Tearist Rulsia, Defense of the7MPERSTOrTrEg-NEEFerr
Duty of the sovfet Arppd ?woes, dUiside the Borers of the-Dear Father-
land,Other Why the sovietlarrier must hold the Fate or coinr , The rioes
su Esc is were . litkr beorsts Must be Preserved Careful , The Constant
Wa of mess of
an a ou r o er rot) urea covering.
100 different brochures that were use? n these studies, generally two 50X1
sp so es o v r cue ov leaders. library kept approximately
or three copies of each topic. Some of the manuals were not for mass
instruction but were used for instruction of the teacher and the pol-
itical agitator of the Soviet Army. Political information of this type
was presented to the students twice a week for two hours at a time and
lasted throughout the soldiers, entire service. After the death of Stalin,
new versions were published by Moscow and the old manuals were turned in;
it was forbidden for the old Material for Political Studies brochures to
be used.
A second type of political class called "political information" (pol-
itioheskaya informats4a) was presented to the students for a 30-minute
period twice a week prior to the beginning of Other studies. This class
was conducted by the Deputy CO for Political Affairs of the company, a
captain, and was usually a criticism of the behavior of individual soldiers.
Personnel who had been seen intoxicated, in dirty clothing, fighting, or
misbehaving themselves infany other way were strongly reprimanded during
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this period. Much time was spent in emphasizing the value of this half
hour political information to the students. They were informed of such
current topics as the enemies of the peoples which were endangering the
security of the structure of the Soviet system. Prior to holidays, the
period was used to tell of the meaning of the holiday and to warn them
to behave themselves. They were always told "let us have this one
holiday without any derogatory incidents".
0. The general topics of political information originated with the Deputy
CO for Political AffairsIbffice at division headquarters. On days when
the topics were delayed in arrival or did not arrive at all, the Deputy
CO for Political Affairs of the battalion selected a suitable topic for
the various groups who took this half-hour of political information.
Occasionally, the Bn Co for Political Affairs ?gm to the group and
presentecithetopie. Normally, the Co Deputy CO for Political Affairs
handled the instruction for his company. Political information periods
continued throughout the year. Material covered in later periods was on
a higher level than that presented in the beginning period.
e. Outdoor Training
1. Practical work outdoors during the first period of training covered
the following seven subjects; firing and training with individual
weapons, close-order drill, training for guard duty, small unit
infantry tactics, physical training, CW exercises, and a subject known
as "Park Day".
(1) Weapons Training
Outdoor training with individual weapons covered the carbine
and the PPSh SMG, and was given by the platoon sergeant assisted
by the squad leaders. The major emphasis of this training was
on proper loading and handling of weapons, various firing
positions,' dry firing, and range firing. The training was
presented to the platoon as a unit.
The sergeant explained how to load the weapons and demonstrated
the kneeling, prone, sitting, and standing firing positions.
Personnel were instructed in proper breathing and trigger squeeze.
This phase of dry firing training led to sighting and aiming
exercises which used the triangulation method. Source believed
that approximately 15 hours were devoted to individual training
in weapons firing excluding the time spent in actual firing.
The training lasted from two to four hours on various days.
50:00 During the first period of training, trainees fired the carbine
twice. The first range firing was
50:00 on the garrison firing range. At this time, each man firednree rounds from a braced prone position at a bullet-eye target
100 m away, examining the target after each round. The target
was fixed and was made up of concentric circles which decreased
in value; the bulls,-eye counted ten points.
The second carbine firing consisted of another three rounds from
prone position, for record at the same range and target; this
firing occurred at the end of the first period of training.
After firing the three rounds, trainees were permitted to ins-
pect the targets.
Both times, the entire platoon fired with each firing order
made up of five trainees. The company commander was in charge
of the firing range and the platoon leader gave the firing
Commands. Ammunition was pasaed out by the company clerk
(kaptenarmus). The targets remained in place after the firing
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and were not pasted. Empty brass was collected and inventoried
by the company commander. Scores were recorded on a roster by
the platoon leader-and the personnel were informed of their
scores the day after the firing. The highest score possible
for the three rounds was 30 points. Scores from 22 to 30 were
considered excellent and those who came close to a possible
perfect score often received commendations from the company CO.
Scores of 18 to 22 were considered good, 16 to 18 satisfactory,
and below 16 unsatisfactory. When there were enough personnel
who did not receive at least satisfactory scores, they were
required to refire the course.
Trainees also fired the PPS11 SMG twice during the first period
50:00 of training the first time for practice
and the second time for record, The same cadre personnel
who ran the carbine firing conducted this firing.
Practice firing consisted of three rounds of slow fire in a
prone position at a head-and-chest silhouette target from 50 m
distance. This firing was scored either satisfactory or
unsatisfactory with at least two out of three hits anywhere
on the target counted as satisfactory. The target was inspected
after each round.
The SMG fire for record consisted of nine rounds and trainees
were told that the best results were obtained by firing three
bursts of three rounds each. This firing pattern constituted
automatic fire. The rounds were loaded into a drum and three
men comprised a firing order. The targets were waist-length
silhouettes at a distance of 100 r4. The targets were inspected
after each order completed firing. Pour hits out of nine were
considered satisfactory and seven or more ?hits earned the marks-
man a commendation from the Sompany CO. This firing was in
prone position.
(2) Close-Order Drill
(3)
Close-order drill was first given to the trainees in the first
period of training without weapons. Trainees were shown the
individual position of a soldier in facing and marching move-
ments. Training then progressed to include squad drill under
the direction of squad leaders and then to platoon-type forma-
tions, During the latter part of the first period of training,
the trainees marched with carbines or SMGs. At this point,
they were given instruction in the manual of arms for both
weapons. Close-order drill was scheduled two hours per day
three times a week. However, there were days when the entire
morning was spent in close-order drill. Generally, it followed
an hour of classroom instruction on the drill regulations
manual. As part of OW training, trainees were also expected
to perform close-order drill wearing gas masks.
Interior Guard Duty
Outdoor training in interior guard duty was also combined with
the classroom instruction on the subject. Trainees were
instructed in the proper methods of challenging and walking
(4) Tactics
Instruction in small unit infantry tactics was given by platoon
NCOs. It covered platoon and squad formations, the individual
s maoldierla selectitinrofltosition;JAfldividtalfortifioations, and
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(5)
equipment to be used in entrenching. Trainees were taught that
an individual trench was best constructed with the light infantry
entrenching shovel. When this was not available, a knife or
bayonet was to be used. If no equipment was available ,the hands
were to be used to excavate a small shallow individual trench.
This latter example was cited for those who felt that thecen-
trenchin&tool was just an extra burden.
The trainees were taught how to dig individual fortifications for
firing from the prone, kneeling, and standing positions. They
were told that a full depth individual trench was the best fortifi-
cation for the individual soldier. They were instructed that in
different situations different types of individual fortifications
were preferable. For example, if a soldier was not told how long
he would occupy a given position, it was then his duty to dig
a full depth trench for himself. If he had been told that he
was to take part in an imminent attack and that he would not remain
in position too long, he was to dig a shallower individual trench.
Trainees also were instructed in the purpose and usefuVness- of
a breast work (brustverk) added to individual fortification
meatures. This breast work was to be spread out in a fan shape
directly to the front of the soldier in the direction of fire.
Instruction was also given on the way an individual soldier was
to cross open ground. In crossing an open field, a soldier was
to take no more than eight or nine paces, quickly fall into a
prone positimand then immediately crawl either to the right or
left for three or four meters. It was best to hit the ground
behind a small rise or some other cover. He was to remain in
this position until the man closest to him moved out and was then
to repeat his forward movement again.
Trainees ctereL :Hi instructed in crossing wooded areas but source
was unable to recall any of these details. In addition, there
was instruction on withdrawal from a position with the trainee
remaining prone and crawling backwards.
Combined Arms Training
Another phase of tactics instruction covered the employment of
small groups of infantry in support of tanks. The tank technical
officer of the company supervised this training. All of this
instruction took the form of practical exercises. Some of the
trainees who had taken basic training with infantry units in the
USSR commented that the infantry tactics instruction they
received in the 55th Sep Tk Tng Bn was better and more complete
than that which they had received in infantry units.
The practical work with tanks consisted of the trainees taking
up predetermined positions 100 m in front of a barbed wire
entanglement. The trainees were scattered in a convex line with
about five-metersk.distanoe between the men. One tank took up a
position about 200 m behind the trainees. In the center of the
formation, there was about a 20-meter-space for the passage of
the tank. After the tank passed through the line of trainees*
the trainees immediately arose and bunched up behind the tank.
When the tank broke through the barbed wire, the men followed
the tank and spread out to the right and left of it. They then
threw dummy hand grenades at a line of trenches in front of them.
Approaching the trenches, they simulated fire with SMGs. After
occupying the first line of trenches, they immediately moved out
and took a second line of trenches) again following the tank.
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Another phase of small unit training covered was the practice
assault on a concrete pill box. Trainees were instructed that
if they had to take a pill box without armored aid, two men were
to go forward and fire automatic weapons into the firing slits
of the pill box while the rest of the platoon charged and forced
the door. If tank support was available, a tank took the place
of the two soldiers and fired through the pill box slits. No
mention was ever made of the possibility that another pill box
covered the one being assaulted.
There was some theoretical discussion of artillery coordination.
Trainees were told that artillery would place a rolling barrage
In front of infantry and could replace the tank for barbed wire
breakthroughs. never saw any practical demonstrations of
artillery fire but Ithere was some theoretical
mention of tank-infantry-artillery cooperation
(6) Physical Training
PT in source's unit was given daily. Every morning, the trainees
were taken on a 20-minute run and also given physical exercises.
There were two different runs, one around four barracks buildings
and the other around the entire battalion area. This run was
also used as a form of punishment by the platoon sergeant. On
occasions when the platoon sergeant felt up to it, the platoon
was required to run to Goetzendorf and back - a total distance
of about 10 km.
(7)
In addition to the daily exercises, there was instruction on
parallel bars, single bars, and other forms of gymnastics. The
trainees were also expected to be able to climb a rope hand over handt
they had,lhuedleJjumps and other track training. When there was
snow on the ground, gymnastics and PT were held indoors;but, at
all other times, even in the rain, this activity was performed
outdoors.
During the first period of training, gymnastics were conducted
for two hours three days a week. The exercises were simple at
the beginning but became more complex later. In the final phases
of PT, there were two cross-country runs: the first was one kilo-
meter and the second was three kilometers. These runs were made
in full field equipmentIwith weapons.
PT was generally under the supervision of the platoon sergeant
and the squad leaders. However, there were times when the
platoon leader supervised and conducted the training.
"Park Day"
The remaining phase of the first period of training was known as
"Park Day". This was usually given on Sundays and was devoted
to fatigue details and the cleaning of vehicles and other armament
of the 1Dattalion. During these days, the trainees did construction
and repair work on battalion facilities. Company formations were
held at which time the unit officers published various administra-
tive orders and details. On this day, the battalion and higher
headquarters conducted inspections, but these inspectors were mainly
interested in the ability of the trainees to perform close-order
drill. Generally, there were comments made on the appearance)
conduct, and bearing of the trainees.
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First Period Post-Training Examinations
At the completion of the first period of training,examinations on all
phases of training were conducted for the trainees
Generally, they were
either practical applications of what the trainees had learned or
oral answers to specific questions asked by the platoon sergeants and
the company officers. Upon the completion of the examinations, the
bulk of the trainees went into the second period of training in the
battalion. Those who failed to pass the examination were reassigned
to various regiments of the division) however, there were very few
failures.
a. On Close-Order Drill
33. The first test was in close-order drill. At a designated time, each
platoon was called out for the examination which was conducted by the
platoon leader. The inspecting officers were the staff officers of
the battalion, the battalion CO, and the representatives of the 13th
Gd Mecz Div Hq.
34. Testing consisted of the individual soldier's being required to perform
various phases of close-order drill and requirements from the school
of the soldier. Then came squad and platoon drill) but the EM were
only expected to follow commands, not to give them. Two EM
platoon failed in this phase and were immediately transferred to
other platoons of the battalion, platoon was a tank com-
mander's training platoon, but failure in close-order drill did not
mean that a soldier was dropped from the battalion. During the
examination period, there were several soldiers from other platoons
of the battalion who were considered outstanding and who were trans-
ferred to platoon, which was considered the elite unit of the
school.
b. On Physical Training
35, The PT test consisted of two or three specific gymnastic exercises
which each trainee was required to perform but they were normally not
the most difficult ones which the men had mastered. The inspectors
were the same as those for the close-order drill phase.
c. On Basic Manual Study
36. The trainees' knowledge of the contents of the four basic manuals
presented in the first period of training was tested orally by the
platoon leader or the staff officer representatives from the division
headquarters who were normally political officers. Each EM was asked
three questions from each manual; he was expected to answer these
Questions in some detail.
Questions were generally based on the individual
soldier's duties and responsibilities as listed in the manuals. The
questions were fairly simple and required only common-sense answers.
d. On Political Training
37. The political examinations were conducted by the platoon leader and the
division political officers. Occasionally, political officers of the
battalion and companies were present. The examinations were conducted
in the following manner:
The platoon was gathered in the classroom and the political officer
would state a general question and ask if anyone knew the answer. If
anyone thought he knew the answer, he raised his hand, identified
himself, and proceded with the answer. The political officer then
asked the trainee one or two additional questions.
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38. There was a saying in the battalion that no one ever failed the polit-
ical examination for two reasons. The first reason was that it was not
so much the answer that was given but rather the assurance of the
trainee in giving his answer that counted. The second reason was if
an individual did not know the specific answer, he only had to praise
the Soviet system and defame all other systems; this attitude made him
automatically correct.
39.
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e. On Weapons
Testing on the four individual weapons covered in Phase I was conducted
by the battalion CO and the chief of staff in the following manner:
ialatoon was called together in a room with the two officers.
The battalion CO called out at random ten soldiers and assigned each
one a specific test. A typical example was the disassembly and
assembly of a pistol,giving an explanation of each action, and naming
each part as this work progressed; source
and assemble the drum ofAI-PPS11 SMG. After
by practical demonstration on the four
orally examined the remaining twenty men.
the platoon failed in this phase; however,
out but were allowed to retake the examination,
was asked to disassemble
the ten men were tested
weaporm, the battalion commander
Several of the members of
they were not transferred
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the reason given by the inspectors for
their faiiures was the'Th
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poor quality of instruction given in this subject during the first
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period of training. The platoon commander
was severely reprimanded
by the battalion CO for these failures.
However,
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it was not entirely the platoon commander's
fault e au 01
e
training program which permitted personnel to be called away for
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other work durin the 10- hen hould have been taking the
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training.
f. On Tactics
40. The infantry tactics instruction phase was tested oraliy by
platoon leader and the company CO of the 2d Tng Co. The questions
were based on subject matter covered in the first period of training.
One man failed the examination but this did not seem to affect his
status in the platoon. In fact, no one appeared to be particularly
interested in the soldier's grasp of infantry tactics, least of all
the examining officers.
Q. 860014 phase 9r 'raining in t111-iAI-24114t44I_Ingw-rax-5.21.171.1nian
41. The second phase of training in the tank commanders training platoon,
the let Plat. let Tng Co, began ad asted through
In the second period of training,
much more emphasis was placed on theoretical classroom work and a much
wider span of instruction was presented than in the first period.
Where the first training phase was largely a repetition of basic
training, the second period of training consisted of detailed train-
ing in the duties and responsibilities of a tank commander. The tank
used for all the training conducted was the T-34.
The studies covered technical instructIon on the tank, its armament,
and other related subjects on tactics, suchas map reading, etc.
Training Sub.teots
a. Close-Order Drill
42. Close-order drill training in the second period covered formations of
approximately the same size as those in the first period of training,
i.e., up to platoon level. However, there were some differences in
appli9ation., In this period, trainees were taughChow to WO* the
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sub-machine gun in formation instead of the carbine. They were also
instructed in command procedures at squad and platoon levels. For
this purpose, trainees were called out of formation, given command of
squads And platoons, and were required to conduct the drill, giving
the commands.
43. Al]. of this training was under the supervision of the platoon and squad
sergeants;but, occasionally, the company officers participated as
observers-. The actual time devoted to close-order drill decreased
sharply at the beginning of the second period of training. However,
there was greater emphasis on the individual's knowledge of the drill
lanual. This emphasis was shown by the questions that were constantly
asked the trainees by their instructors on different subjects and .tha
-:different theoretical situations towhiChthe trainees had to find answers.
b. Physical Training
44. PT in the second period followed the the same general pattern as that
of the first period except that exercises in the second period became
more complicated and required more ability and practice work with the
parallel bars and other gymnastic equipment. Many soldiers devoted
their off-duty time to practicing various required gymnastics.
c. Technical Training
45. Technical (automotive) training consisted mainly of instruction on the
T-34 tank. It began with a description of the exterior and interior
parts of the tank, including nomenclature, specifications, capabilities,
and functions. It then progressed into actual operating mechanisms,
and students were required to learn the function and operation of the
tank engine. For this purpose, there were tank engines in the elate-
room which the students were required to disassemble and assemble and
working principles and part's names they had to memorize. In addition .
to the engines themselves, there were numerous wall-chart training aide
which gave the specifications and diagrams of the tank motor.
46. One very- interesting training aid used for automotive training of, the
T--34 tank was located in a room called the Cutaway T-34 Tank Classroom.
In this room there was a real T-34 tank that had been out away to show
its various functional parts. It had an engine block and 'transmission
which were partially cut away with the key parts painted in different
colors. All classes or all platoons made periodic visits to this class-
room for instruction, this tank was 50:0
50:0 removed from the battalion classroom: and taken to the motor park.
Instruction, from that time on in this phase of automotive training was
carried on Outside in the park. 50:0
47. Concurrently, students were given instruction on tank transmission,
carburetion, ignition, and similar phases which covered the principles
of all the mechanical working parts of the tank. Approximately four
hours each week were devoted to this training and it was always conduct-
ed by 1st Tng Co technical lieutenants, platoon sergeant and 50:00
the squad sergeants assisted in the instruction by supervising the
work of the individual trainees when they performed various phases of
assembly and disassembly on the tanks.
48. Manuals used in this instruction were as follows: 4
(1) Guide to Material Parts of Tank T-34. Eighty copies of this
manual were shared by 300 itudents in the training battalion.
About one out of four students actually possessed the manual.
(2) Handbook for the Tank Crew. This manual was considered obsolete
and was not recommended for instructional purposes by the
battalion officers and instructor NCOs.
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(3) The Service Guide for Diesel Motors V-2 and V-2-V. This
manual was used only by the instructors. In thelpattalion
there were only five copies of this manual which were
available only to the technical officer instructors.
(4) Guide ?to the 0 eration of Diesel Motors V-31t There were 25
cop es s manua ave
a
e on y or ins ructor personnel.
(5) The Guide to Service of the Tank T-34. Forty copies were
Issued to officers and-key instructor NCOs; twenty copies were
kept in the library. This manual arrived in the battalion in
1953.
(6) Guide to Operation of Tank T-34/85. Twenty-nine copies of this
manual were issued to officers and instructor NCOs and one copy
remained in the library. This manual name to the battalion in
1954. .
(7) Handbook for Master Driver. There were eight copies of this
manual in the library.
(8) Field Repair of Tank There was only one copy Of this
manual in the library arid-it was avialable to instructors only.
There were no other copies in the unit.
d. Driver Training
49. Driver training in T-34 tanks began with a description of the various
purposes and uses of the tank while in motion. This training was
conducted by the platoon commander and the two technical specialist
lieutenants, The seoond step in driver instruction was conducted in
the battalion vehicle park anddealt with the starting operations of le
tank motor. From this time on, the instructors were the meohanio dri ers
of the tank supply company and each brought his own assigned tank to
the class. Trainees went through the various phases invOlved in the
process of properly preparing the tank before starting its engine.
These phases included connecting the fuel tanks, preparatory hand
signals prior to starting, and the actual winding of the tank engine.
The training then progressed into the various phases of tank movement,
starting from the halt and driving the tank at low speeds. After that,
Instruction on shifting the gears and operating the olutoh and trans-
mission were given. After the trainees had mastered the initial phases
of driver training, they drove to a nearby unused air strip and practiced
changing gears at higher speeds and did various turns and maneuvers in
the tanks. After they had mastered operating the tanks in the open
field, they began to train in driving the tank in column on open roads.
They learned the proper use of visual signals, the control of the tank
driver by the tank commander, and practiced these signals with and
without tanks. They leIrned the meaning of signals with flags and
the signals with which tank commanders directed other tanks in their
formations, the platoon
had progressed to driving over obstacles, night driving, and night
driving over obstacles.
50.
before graduation an commander should
nave had at least 11 hours practice in driving a tank.
51. some of the phases of tank driving the platoon was expected
to master were driving a tank up a river bed, over streams, and in
swampy terrain. The training in stream crossings and on swampy ground
was conducted along the banks of the Leitha River. Other training in
driving tanks over difficult terrain was conducted in the area of the
Bruck (N 48-01, E 16-46) training grounds, about 15 km from the 55th -
Sep Tk Tng En caserne. ,Trainees drove the tanks to and from the training
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grounds, about 15 km. from the 55th Sep Tk Tng Bn caserne. Trainees
drove the tanks to and from the training grounds with the time
utilized in this travel count/1*as driving time. In going to the
Bruck training ground, the tanks occasionally went through two
villages; this was considered as part of the training in driving
through residential areas. However, at other times, they did not
go through the villages but followed the Leitha River to the train-
ing ground.
e. Tank Weapons Training
52. Training with the weapons of the T-34 tank consisted of instruction
on the 5 mm gun and the DTM and DT MOB. This training was conducted
by the platoon leader who utilized the manuals covering these weapons.
The initial part of the training was in the classroom where the
theory, nomenclature, and description of the weapons was discussed in
detail by the platoon leader. The platoon leader called on individual
students for field stripping and an explanation of certain elements
just as in the case of the individual weapons, training previously
described.
53. There were occasions when the battalion chief of gunnery training, a
captain, gave additional instruction to the students on Sundays. This
was generally an additional duty before an inspection from a higher
headquarters, tank-weapons
training consisted of two two-hour periods each week. This training
consisted of instruction on the preparation of the weapons for firing,
practice in setting the sights, clearing stoppages, and care and
maintenance. One form of training was accomplithed in the tank park
by tying chalk to the barrel of an 85 min. tank guniand then, by use of
the cranks and the gun sights, the trainee was required to draw
specific figures on the blackboard by turning the weapon. Trainees
started off with simple horizontal and vertical lines, progressed to
diagonals, then made diagonals inclosed in a box, and, finally,
progressed to complex figures employing curves. This was to acquire
maximum manual dexterity in the use of the gears and hand cranks of
the weapon. For the use of the sight, the trainees went through a
system of dry firing by making triangles on a blank sheet of paper
with the use of a pencil.
f. Tank Tactics Training
54. Only theoretical classroom instruction in tank tactics was given
to the trainees Most of the
manuals covering tank tactics were considered obsolete and the only
material used from these manuals was the basic tank formations. The
instructor for this class_was the platoon leader.
generally, there was instruction on enveloping movements (both or
either flank), bypassing movements, triangle defensive formation, and
others which he could not remember. There was no instruction above
platoon level prior to sources departure from the platoon.
55. One of the tactical training aids that was used was set up in a room.
It was a mock-up of a tank turret with tank-gun sights. In front
of the turret there was a miniature three dimensional landscape with
roads, forests, houses, miniature movable vehicles and tanks, and a
sky background with clouds. The vehicles operated on a conveyer-belt
principle. Students were shown various phases of tank attacks and
used these for gunnery training. There was a specially-designed
cotton shell bursf which was moved from place to place to show simu-
lated hits. This training aid was used mainly for purposes of
explanation.
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56. In the topographioal study classroom, there was a sand box with
moveable houses, tanks, and other equipment where the students
actually practiced moving the miniatures through various tank
formations.
In&truotion in tank.1;:aotios.'Ins usuallY
enoortUtsie...ea.oh'week,. genersliy-in one 0.4., olo-hour Periods
'
g. Map-Reading
57. Map-reading classes taught by the platoon leader generally preoeded
the tank tactics. The first hour was devoted to map reading while
the second hour was devoted to tank tactics. There were two books
used in the class room instruction. One of these books was the
n-al On 20. a The second book used in the instruct-
w.00 2p J ar7 onography, dated 1946. In both
manuals there Were pa were used in instruction in learning how
to work with various kinds of map scales. Students were also required
to learn map symbols, bothmilitary and conventional. The platoon
leader brought various military maps of different scales for demonstra-
tion purposes from the secret document section.
58 The class was taught to read and interpret aerial photomaps. There
were copies of these in the map reading manuals. However, the mallor
part of map training occurred after source had been transferred to
battalion headquarters. During his time as a student, most olr the map
instruction was of the familiarisation variety.
59
most of the maps used were pre-World War_II
-veraIonU--However, one specific instance when a
map with the words "drawn rior W r II, corrected 1944."
' "Military Division of the Main G (3 Administration"
were on the bottom of the maps.
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Ii. Chemical Warfare Training
60. During the second training period, about one hour a week was devoted
to chemical warfare instruction. This consisted of donning a gas
mask and anti-gas cape and taking up firing positions while under a
simulated toxic gas spraying attack defense or conditions which
simulated troops either deployed in or crossinga oontaminafed-area.
(See paragraph 18 for further details on chemical warfare.)
i. Study of Stoic Manuals
61. /n the second phase, trainees continued the study of the four manuals
presented in the first period. The stress in this phase was different
in that trainees were required to learn the duties of commanders at
various 14v-els up to the regimental CO level. They were told that
they should assume they would be NOOs and tank commanders themselves
sometime in the future.
62. An additional manual, The Field Manual for Armored and Mechanized
Forces, was added to 'Ole original first four in this phase. From
this manual, the trainees were required to learn the duties of each
tank crew member and those of the tank commander. This manual was
secret, was not issued to the students, and they never actually had
physical possession of it. Rather, it was used only by the instructor,
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the platoon leader, who dictated pertinent passages and sections of
the manual. After the students copied these items into their note-
books, they were responsible for the information as school .subject
matter. These notes covered the duties and responsibilities of
each member of the tank crew under field conditions, in combat, in
individual movement and in convoys, in bivouac, during halts, and
in defensive positions.
j. Tank Weapons' Firing
63. Tank weapons' firing was conducted for the trainees during the
second period of training with the 8 mm tt
DTM 7.62 mm tank, MGs.
The target was a rlxeu tank silhouette 20 X 10 cm at a range
of 100 in. Each trainee was permitted three 7.62 mm rounds and fired
these one at a time at a command from the platoon leader who was in
charge of the firing. After each round, the tank turret was turned
away from the target and turned back on the target at the command to
fire. At this range and using the tank sights, it was almost impossible
to miss the silhouette and, therefore, only the rou in f shots and 50X1
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k. Engineer Training
64. Engineer training in the second period was presented to the trainees
by the Bn Chief of Engr Services, a senior lieutenant. The subject
matter was taken from a manual, Aids to Tank Crews, dated 1946.
Additional .nformation was dictated to the class by the instructor.
The time spent in engineering training was normally one or two hours
per week.
65.
The subjects oovered were tank trenches, camouflage, use of engineer
toole in he preparation of positions, tank obstacles, descriptions
of engineer toole(such as saws, picks, and various types of booby
traps), and alarm systems; all of these subjects were presented in
the classroom. The only practical work in this course was the repair
of various outdoor demonstration tank obstacles used in training tank
drivers.
66. Anti-tank mines was another subject covered in this phase of instruction.
In this training, studerte were shown drawings of cutaway mines.
Students also received instruction in arming and disarming actual AT
mines. Instruction covered kinds of mines and explosives used in each,
types of triggering mechanisms, and other similar data. Source was
unable to remember which kind of mlnes he had worked with and could
not describe them in detail. Theoretical instruction was given on
smoke screens and their application to tank warfare. Examples of the
various types of smoke screens and methods for their employment were
shown in drawings; no practical demonstrations were given.
67.
1. Radio and Intercom Training
Radio and tank intercom training was conducted by the radio technical
officer of the first company, Sr Lt KOBELEV (fnu). Twice a week,
instruction was given from one to two hours.
all instruction was given only in the classroom and
mainly on the lORT radio. The principles, structure, operation, and
functions of this radio were described in detail. In addition, students
were instructed in the operation of 9QM and 10RK26 radios.
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68. Cutaway samples and working models of these three radios were used
in the classroom as training aids in conjunction with charts and
drawings which showed the various operating positions of the dials.
In addition, there was discussion but no practical work on 9R8 radios.
This latter subject matter was drawn from manuals. Radio antennas
were discussed in detail as to types and functions.
69., The T-34 radio intercom system and its operating principles was
described in the classroom and trainees were shown how this system
hooked into the tank radio, there was
no practical work with the intercom.
To. During all of Phase II, ,trainees of the 1st Plat received no
instruction on other Means of communication. They were not required
to learn code.
m. Political Training
71. Political training in Phase II was conducted by the platoon leader
for two hours twice a week. Generally, this training covered the
same material as that presented in Phase I except that basic intro-
ductory data on the mission and organization of the Soviet?armed
forces given as basic training refresher was no longer included.
Instead, trainees progressed to more complex and involved subjects
which included a description of the work of the last general assembly
of the Supreme Soviet and speeches by various Communist leaders.
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D. Second Phase of Trainin n the let Plat let Coth
72.
General
Training Subjects
a. Close-Order Drill
73. The platoon continued with close-order drill during the remaining part
of the course although the amount of time spent in this training
decreased Considerably. The major part of the training consisted of
learning how to handle squads and platoons on the drill field. Thus,
the trainees were being groomed to becomm future NO0s.
b. Physical Training
74. PT continued to 'utilize the same amount of time per week as before,
i.e., six hours. However, gymnastic exercises became more complex.
C . Techuioal Training
75. Technical (automotive) classes became more frequent and the time
allocated to this subject was greatly increased. There was greater
emphasis for practical work in actual tank repair and maintenance and
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more time was spent in the cutaway tank class.
the students stopped using manuals because at that
time there were no up-to-date manuals for this type of training.
The tank technical officer of the company dictated the instruction,
from his own background and experience, to the students who recorded
it in ttaoks--
d. Driver Training
the major portion of the trainees
n .. on$ nine hours of individual tank driver train-
ing to perform. The driving became more complex and the trainees 50X1
were required to operate the tank at top speeds in high gear, driving
with closed hatches cross-country and on open roadways. In this
phase of the training, there was a problem because many of the trainees
suffered from claustrophobia and motion sickness. The final phases
at night under blackout conditions
of driver training involved drivin! tanks over obstacles and driving50X1
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e. Tank Weapons Training
77. The trainees in the 1st Plat continued with tank weapons training.
They practiced dry firing and sighting by turning the tank turret.
They also had more actual range firingJand the platoon
fired a course at the Bruck training gr unds;
In this course, the trainees
fired nine round s rom he tank on three different types of
silhouettes. They were first required to fire at a moving full-sized
tank silhouette about 900 m away and then switch their fire to a
silhouette of an MG and crew about 400 m away. With their remaining
rounds they were to hit moving personnel silhouettes at a range Of
, 100 to 200 m. The men who failed to score at least one hit on /Soh
target were required to repeat the course.
78. the platoon was taken to the Allentsteig (N 48-41,
B 15-19) training area for one month. During that time, they fired
twice from T34/85s. On the first occasion, 45 mm sub-caliber guns
were inserted into the breech of the 85 mm gun and the trainees each
fired a maximum of three sub-caliber rounds from the halt St life-
size tank-silhouette targets, moving at an unknown speed, at ranges
of 1,200 to 1,800 m.
79. The second time, each man fired al maximum of three 85 mm rounds
on the same_target.
80.
those trainees who scored a hit on
the first round received a passing score without using the other
two rounds. There was no other firing from tank guns for let Plat
trainees during their course.
most of the firing was very poor because of the
small number of rounds allocated for this training. Trainees appeared
to be afraid of their weapons and were reluctant to use the electric
firing mechanism. In most oases, .their hand-loaded the Ms and quite
often in their excitement released the electric firing mechanism and
jammed their fingers. There were a considerable number of accidents
resulting from nervousness and lack of familiarity with the weapons.
? '02u'
f. Tank Tactics
81. Tank tactics training became more complex and detailed after source
left the platoon. Trainees received more training with maps including
tank tactics problems to solve on the maps. Although the trainees
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spent one month in Allentsteig training area, they did not engage in
any illaneuvers. Al]. outdoor tactical exercises tookplace in the
garrison and in the Bruck training area.
82. Quite often, trainees were broken up into tank crews and underwent
simulated tactical problems on foot. They marched around in groups
of five simulating a tank. During this phase, only one or two actual
tanks were available to the platoons therefore, five men were assigned
to each of these and the rest remained on foot simulating tanks.ESaMe-
50:00 tlmetilat nIghtt therAore,, gas masks, none of the
men actually wore tlhiEL' gas mask properly during this training;flthey
often disconnected the tank hose and breathed freely; some trainees
did not evenput on their gas masks. The above training was performed
in units up to platoon level.
83.
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g. Map Reading
The let Plat continued with map reading
the trainees did not do
any map drawing but were intstruated in the construction of fire zone
sketches. They did a certain amount of work with compasses and made
a few; compass marches on given azimuths.
h. CW Training
Emphasis on CW instruction decreased
50:00 I. Study of Basic Manuals
85.
platoon
aorrulnuea to stuay the four bas4,11 manuals described previously.
These manuals were used until the end of the course. The same
phases of the manuals were covered with greater emphasis placed on
the duties of a tank commander.
J. Political Training
86. Political training continued on the same themes and subjects as,
before with no changes. Some of the subjects were even repeat/d.
k. Engineer Training
87. Engineer training continued until the end of the course. The trainees
had practical exercises in building tank obstacles and classroom
instruction in solving problems such as, whether or not a given
bridge was capable of supporting a given tank, whether a given tank
could cross a certain obstacle, and what work was needed to negotiate
a given type of difficult terrain with armor. There was also quite
a bit of emphasis on tank camouflage with practical work outdoors.
1. Radio and Intercom Training
88. Radio and intercom training developed to the point where the trainees
began outdoor practical work first with non-mounted radios and then
with tank-mounted sets. In this training, the trainees practiced
establishing radio contact between moving tanks and with a fixed
command radio set. This training was tied into the practice ,of
'platoon-level tank maneuvers and driving instruction and the use of
the tank intercom system.
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Post-Phase II Training Examinations
P,go After the completion of the course in the latter part of October,
the trainees underwent an examination period which lasted about a
week. Subject matter covered throughout the course was used and
the testing phases were in two parts:
. While part one covered subjects in which passing was mandatory for
graduation,part two covered subjects of secondary importance. However,
in part one, failure in a required subject left the trainee two
choices - re-examination or transfer from the battalion without
graduation and promotion. Failure in a secondary subject in part two
required re-examination but even a second failure here had no effect
on the final assignment.
91. Required subjects were: tank driving for which a driver's permit
was awarded, tank gunnery with all weapons, tank weapons, materiel,
radio operation, tank tactics, the four previously-mentioned manuals,
political instruction information, and map reading. Secondary sub-
jects were: PT, close-order drill, technical (automotive) training,
and tank materiel. Source did not believe that the let plat was
tested in CW or engineer instruction.
92. Officers from division headquarters and the regiments came to the
55th Sep Tk Tng Bn during examination week as observers and inspectors.
Source stated that it was of interest that the gunnery examination
consisted merely of checking the scores received on the range earlier
in the course. In the tank weapons ordnance examination, the person-
nel were tested on the speed with which they dissassembled and
assembled the weapons. In Map reading, each trainee had to make a
foot compass march. In the test on manuals, each man was given a
specific situation which he had to solve by applying the rules set
forth in the manuals. In radio, each man was required to operate ,
a set and briefly describe its construction.
50X1 there
was an examination on tank tactics The '
50X1 political examination was based not so much on a man's knowledge but
on how well be could express himself.
93. Before leaving the battalion the trainees were
50X1 promoted to the grade of junior sergeant by a division general
order, all trainees who had finished
50X1 Phase One were on the promotion order with the exception of two who
had been found drunk two days before the order was published.
Graduation and Assignment of Personnel
94. Graduates of the 1st Plat of the let Co were assigned to the various
regiments of the division as tank commanders with a tank and a
crew. The graduates, after serving various periods of time in their
new units, were eligible for promotion to grades ranging up to
master sergeant. Those graduates assigned to one of the companies
in theA.5th Gds Tk Regt which source could no longer recall were
told by their company CO to forget all that they had learned in
the 55th Sep Tk Tng Bn and to "start from scratch". The company CO
also informed the graduates that if they desired to get along in his
company they should get along with their comrades and keep company
gossip (garbage) in the company.
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E. Other Training in the .5th SevIk Tn n
Training in the 2d - 5th Platoons, let Tng Co
95. The training mission for the remainder of the 1st Co closely
paralleled that previously described in the 1st Plat. Although
the trainees of the other platoons were not trained specifically
to be tank commanders, all were expected to be able to replace a
tank commander by the time they had completed their course of
instruction. The training of the other four platoons of the 1st
Co was broken down as follows: The 2d Plat trained heavy tank and
SP gunners, the 3d and 4th Plats trained medium tank and SP gunners,
and the 5th Plat trained future reserve officers.
96. Phase Two training differed in each platoon which had a different
training mission. All had the same amount of instruction as the
let Plat except the 5th Plat. The entire battalion began the train-
ing cycle and graduated as trainees on the same dates except for the
5th Plat of the let Co. In all the platoons of the company, Phase
Oe was identical and consisted of a basic training refresher
course.
a. Training in the 2d Plat
97. The 2d Plat of the 1st Co had the same type of training in map
reading, CW, engineering, study of the four basic manuals, and
political studies as the let Plat(previously described). However,
there were differences in other subjects, such as close-order drill,
PT, and technical (automotive) trainingiall of which were less
emphasized. Instruction in driving armored vehicles was very
insignifinant with only 45 minutes given to each trainee. Radio
communication and tactics were presented only as familiarization
courses and had very little time devoted to them. The 2d Plat
trained with J3-2 and J3-3 heavy tanks, with model A19 122 Mm gun
and with the modelA)25S 122 mria:zari 'They also morked,
with the 122 mm SP mounting, both A19 and D255 models. The trainees\
of the 2d Plat were also required to learn operating principles and
trained on the 7.62 mm DT and DTM Ms. Their main automatic weapon
was the 12.7 mm DShlt MG.
98. The major portion of training in the 2d Plat was devoted to gunnery
training With the above-listed weanons. Trainees fired the DoSh1C MG
50X1 and the 122 mm guns. they used the sae s and
the same number of rounds as the let Plat. for
50X1 economy this platoon used wooden shells cal van ns ead of
regular ammunition. The shells were ()armed from woo, into
a regular shell casing, and then fired. .0
99. The only manual studied by he 2d Plat which the let Plat did not
was the Manual for Gun Commander. This book contained most of the
detailed information that the trainees of this platoon were required
to learn concerning their specialty.
At graduation, all 20 platoon trainees were assigned to the 106th
Gds Hvy Tk and SP Regt
He believed that this was ue o the Plat CO
who was not a pleasant individual but always imp,Orted sufficiently
good knowledge to the trainees to qualify them for passing the
examinations.
100.
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b. Training in the 3d and 4th Plats
The 3d and 4th Plats of the let Co trained medium tank and SP gunners.
the 3d Plat emphasized the 100 mm SP while the
4th plat emphasized the T-34 tank. The training followed very closely
that of the 2d Plat of the 1st Co and differed mainly in vehicles and
weapons. The 3d Plat fired the 100 mm gun while the 4th Plat fired
the 85 mm gun. For automatic weapons the men mainly trained on and
fired the DT and DTM MOs. the ranges and courses
were identical to those fired by the 1st Plat.
o. Training in the 5th Plat
(1) Organization
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Trainees of the 5th Plat of the 1st Co were se e
as future reserve officers.
the Reserve Officers' Candidate Training Platoon had not
50X1 been a part of the 55th Sep Tk Tng Bn butthad-ibeena,part of
the-15thAd5 Zed Tic Regt. Trainees in the 5th Plat were first
selected from all of the units of the division and sent to the
15th Ode Med Tic Regt where they started training
50X1 It was soon discovered that the 15th Regt was lemang
50X1 in training facilities and equipment to adequately train these
personnel, and the platoon was attached to the
50X1 battalion for training only. The platoon CO and cadre NCOs
remained assigned to the tank regiment but were attached for
duty to the 55th Sep Tk Tng Bn. They received their pay,
administrative and logistioal support from their parent unit.
50X1 When the trainees we graduating this
platoon was complete aseigned to and bectame a part of the
T/O of the 55th Sep Tic Tng Bn. 1
in
(2) personnel and Prerequieites
The trainees selected to study this course to become future
reserve officers were all personnel from the division who were
privates, conscripts, and who had completed a secondary school
education comprising 10 or 11 years of formal schooling in
either academic or teOhnictal studies; the personnel were
selected because of their education and did not volunteer for
the course, Source knew of only one individual in the digision,
the Chief Clerk of the division staff, who had a secondary
education who was not in the course. Some of the trainees of
the 5th Plat had previously graduated from training platoons
of the battalion.
50X1 The first group that started in the battalion
trained, only a total of seven months,
50X1 although they nad ostensibly trained from 1 January. .This
training was virtually repeated in the 55th Sep Tk Trig Bn.
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The second group to train in the 5th Plat started
the personnel selected for the third group arrived in the
battalion and temporarily made up a sixth platoon of the
let Co. During the first three months, they performed fatigue
details and went througi of the first
50X1 period of training, after the second group
had graduated, the third group began its training. .At the
50X1 time there was every indication that
this group's course of study would last at least 12 months.
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All of the 5th Plat trainees of the first group graduated as
sergeants; the second group graduated as junior sergeants.
Source did not know what rank the last group, still in session
at the time of his defection, would receive at graduation.
At graduation, these trainees were assigned as platoon
sergeants throughout the units of the 13th Ode Mecz Div.
The officers who commanded the platoons were instructed to
give these graduates every opportunity to acquire experience.
After one year of service following graduation from the
55th Sep Tk Tng Bn course, the graduates were required to take
a government examination for a Commission. ( Those who passed
the examination were commissioned junior lieutenants in the
5000 reserve and were demobilized, these
individualS received commissions in the tank and mechanized
arm:but he was not sure of this. Those Who failed to pass
the examination continued to serve out their normal three-
year tour and were demobilized in ;the rank they held at
50:00 that time, there were incidents of personnel
who claimed they had purposely failed the examination to
avoid a delttIMMbnlnthe reserve based on the fact that reserve
officers were subject to recall to active duty at any time.
(3)
Privileges Granted to 5th Plat Trainees
There\mere certain privileges authorized to the trainees of
the 5th Plat that other trainees did not receive. They had
KP duty only as punishment and stood guard duty only once
a month; other trainees stood guard duty every nine days.
There were no distinguishing badges or items on the uniform
worn by these trainees.
(4) Scope of Course
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50X1
The training oourse-of-study in the 5th Plat was harder than
that in the other platoon. There was greater emphasis on
radio and intercom training and trainees were required to
memorize the authentication symbols system,in =ie. In CW,
engineer training, olose-order drill, PT, and gunnery, the
training was similar in scope to that of the let Plat.
these trainees
also Studied the sr slants and Soldiers, Defense Handbo k
4a06?Airliit'AIII-462A0? an
exp e the UDJOOt would shortly become a
regular part of training. Training on atomic defense in the
platoon consisted of the following:
The pamphlet, Notes to the Sergeant'and the Private on Defense
Against Atomic Weapons was ava orlir11171171WWW?WER
expected to be familiar with the contents. The squad leader
was expected to pass this type of information to the members
of his squad during squad training sessions which were the
responsibility of each squad leader.( As a result, all person-
nel were acquainted with the oontente of the pamphlet.
50X1
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the Sergeants'
n oo pro a y comprise
most
of fEe subject
ill;ter in this instruction.
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The 5th Plat received more hours of technical (automotive)
training and weapons training, than any other platoon of
the 1st Co.
Tactics was also more detailed for this platoon than for any
other in the battalion. Occasionally, the battalion CO
personally taught the classes and almost all of the lesson
plans in this subject were written by him and often presented
from secret text of the Field Service Regulations (Foley?
Ustav). The C/8 of the battalion occasionally gave ns ruct-
171-7en the manuals. Map reading and driving were also given
more emphasis in the 5th Plat than other platoons of the
1st Co; political studies were one of the heaviest courses
for this platoon and it received more instruction on this
subject than any other unit of the battalion. EM studied
the history of the Communist Party and often knew the sub-
ject better than the instructors.
50X1 most of the trainees of the 5th Plat had no trouble in
graduating from the course.
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Training in the 2d Tng Co
102. The 1st Plat of the 2d Co trained heavy tank and SP gun mechanic-
drivers. The 2d, 31, and 4th Plats trained mechanic-drivers for
medium tanks and SP guns. The 5th Plat trained radio operator-
machine gunners. The training programs of the five platoons of
this company differed from those of lit Company platoons in that
there was more technical and mechanical training. The trainees
'bt
the 2d company were required to learn more about the maintain-
ance and repair of equipment than about theory. None of the
platoons of the 2d Co fired any of the tank or SP guns. Their
weapons firing in the second period of training was only with
Ms.
a. Training in the lst plat
103. During the second phase, the 1st Plat of the 2d Co emphasized
training on the JS-2 and JS-3 heavy tanks and the 122 mm SP guns.
Meaanical and driving training comprised the bulk of the course.
Seventeen hours were allocated to 'driver tt$142aTtne 401WIT tratee
during the course.
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Radio communication received considerable emphasis
and the trainees were required to be proficient in operating all
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the tank and SP radios mentioned previously. Gunnery materiel, as
such, was a minor subject while tank, SP guns, add Mal had a
considerable, but unknown, number of hours devoted to their study.
The only weapons that this platoon fired in Phase Two of instruction
was the DShK MG. It was fired twice by each trainee on the same
ranges and courses (described previously) for MG fire. Most of the
texts and manuals which covered instructions for this platoon were
olassified"secret'and source could not describe or name any of them.
Students had no access to the manuals but the instructor dictated
pertinent information which the trainees wrote in notebooks. In
addition to the secret manuals, the trainees studied the four basic
manuals (previously described for the platoons of the let Co) and the
unclassified manuals, 122-mm Tank Gun and Brief SupIlement Guide to
the Manual "122 mm Ta k Gun". None of the, ex s was issued to the
ra nee5 of thispaoon. Political studies paralleled those of the
first four platoons of the 1st Co. It will be recalled that the 5th
Plat of the let Co had much more intensified political indoctrination.
Close-order drill was emphasized to the same extent as in the 2d, 3d,
and 4th Plats of the let Co. PT, on the other handowas e hasized
to the same level,as in the let Plat af t? 1 nA
ionglneer ;raining and map reading were presented but did not
know to what extent. At graduation, the trainees of this platoon
were all assigned to the 106th Hvy Tk and SP Rest.
b. Training in the 2d, 3d, and 4th Plats
1Q44 The 2d, 3d, and 4th Plats of the ad Co had the identical training as
the let Plat with the exception that they trained in the T-34 medium
tank and the 100 mm SP gun* Thus, they fired different MGs than the
let Plat, i.e., the DT and DTM*
Mr'
o. Training in the 5th Plat
105. The 5th Plat of the 2d Tng Co trained radio operator-machine gunners
Lor all types of tanks and SP guns used in the 13th Gds Mess Div.
Radio was the primary subject for this platoon and trainees learned to
send and receive Morse code well enough to qualify for a third-class
radio operator's license (20 words per minute). For this training,
they had special classrooms with code keys and other training aids
necessary to train Morse operators. The principal radio seta taught
to the trainees of this platoon were the 10-RT and 10-RK-26. The
9-RM radio was also taught and the trainees familiarized themselves
50X1 with man other sets o oviet Ar.
50X1 Tainees were given considerable
50X1 weapons ne ruc ion on the MGs used in the heavy and medium tanks and
SPs. However, only the DT and DTM MOs were fired twice during the
50X1 course on the same range and by the other platoons. All other training
except mechanical and driving training was the same as the other
platoons of the 2d Co.
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_Training of Battalion Cadre and Officers
a. Officer Training
106. Officers in the battalion had training sessions in a special officers'
study room located next to the secret documents room of the battalion;
the entrance to the latter was only through the officers' study room.
Normally, the officers had two types of training sessions:
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(1) Special
About once a week, there was a two-hour special training
session which was always announced in a published order.
The battalion instructors were battalion officers who
had some degree of specialization in the subject each
taught. The notebooks used by the officers in this
study were classified and turned into the secret docu-
tents room for storage after class. Among the subjects
praunted were: engineer training, atomic defense, and
tactics.
(2) political
A political training session was given once a week and
covered more advanced subjects, such as, "History of
the Communist Party","Economic Problems of the USSR",
50:00 and others.
(3)
A large schematic drawing illustrating the normal
tactical dispositions of a US Army infantry division
in the defensevashting on a wall. This drawing showed
the disposition of rifle regiments and supporting units,
communication lines, fields and depths of fire for
weapons, supply routes, etc.
Seminars
In addition to the training in the battalion, officers,
particularly the staff officers, attended seminars at
the Div Hq at least once a year. Occasionally, certain
battalion officers were required to attend maneuvers
engaged in by other units of the division. On one
occasion, there were quite a few officers from all over
the division who came to to take tank
driving tests. The instructors and inspectors were the
mechanic drivers of the battilion's tank supply company.
The period of testing lasted about three days.
b. Cadre Training
107. The cadre of the
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ad very limited training. This train-
ing was desoribed as follows:
As regular training, the enlisted cadre of the battalion had
only occasional PT and two hours weekly for political studies.
In addition, differert specialists attended division seminars
when required by the Div Hq. The radio-master, a sergeant of
the TK Supply Co, went to the Div Sig Bn once a year for a
month-long seminar for radiomasters.
50X1
50:00 These seminars,
iastImone day each, were held in the Div Hq Club and were attended
by about 20 unit librarians. The seminars were generally held at
50:00 the end of the year and the librarians were lectured to by a
major, RUDAKOV (Thu), who was a member of the Div Political
Section. The instruction covered literature supply procedures,
property accounting and inventory for libraries, and the selection
of reading material for political studies. The Ration and Forage
Supply (PFS-Produkto Furazhnoye Snabzheniye) Clerk also went to
the Div Hq tw4oes. year for periods of one week to ten days for
assemblies of pps clerks of the division. The chief clerk of the
Bn Staff went to a Chief Clerks' assembly at Div Hq. once a year
for three days.
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108. Once Or-tWi0e a year, a seminar was held in the 55th Sep Tic Tng
Bn for all' mechanic-driver instructors of the division. This
seminar was held in the tank.supply company of the battalion and
lasted for One month. The instructors were made up of battalion
officers and officers from other units of the division. The
subjects were driving and the proper utilization of tanks and SP
50X1 guns. For the period of the seminar, a separate composite company
was formed andthe senior EM was appointed as acting first sergeant.
The manuals used in this instruction were all unclassified
50X1 They were Guide to Exploitation of
the Tank T-34 and Tank. The battalion's tanks an guns were
used for demonstration purposes.
109. Occasionally, the battalion CO or the CA called all battalion
NCOs together and talked to them on such subjects as personal
appearance and discipline. A discussion of future T/O&E changes
for the battalion and-inStrUttirtn deTenseagainstatomir.t ,
,
weatioriS Were'eachYheld once.9)- ?
110. PT appeared to have no systematic planned schedule and occurred
only rarely. Usually, PT was held when the battalion CO or the
C/8 found that the cadre EM were delinquent in rising in the
morning or when some other disciplinary matter was involved.
Political instruction was presented in two-hour periods twice a
week,
111. Training company oadremen had no time tor .a training program other
than the special meetings. At these times they acted as instructors
and assistants in the trainee program.
F. Miscellaneous Training Data on the 55th Sep Tic Tng Br,
Training Scheduler in the 55th Sep Tic Tng En
112. Training schedulesin the 55th Sep Tic Tng En were governed by an
unknown series Of directives which originated from the 13th Ode
Mech Div or from OF Hq Each week, the En c/8 indicated by
written directive the total number of hours to be devoted to each
subject.. in the training companies for that week. Upon the
receipt of this order, each of the two training company COs was
responsible for preparing a written weekly training schedule.
The sthedule was then presented to the CA who signed it indicat-
ing his approval. The schedule drafted in the companies showed
the day, hour, subject, location, and instructor for each topic
in .each platoon. The schedule was posted on the company bulletin
board and each individual was responsible for complying with it.
Both trainees and instructors were expected to prepare themselves
for the classes and the instructors were required to prepare a
lesson plan.'
113. Every morning after breakfast, there was a company formation and
at that time the company CO checked the lesson plans for the day.
On Tuesdays, there was a battalion formation held by the battalion
0/8 for the entire battalion. On this day, he spot-checked lesson
,plans of the instruotorS for the day.
114. The average training day in the -55th Sep Tic Tng En was as follows:
0500 -(Austrian time) Reveille with five minutes alloted fordressine.
0505-0530 PT..
0535-0555 personal hygiene.
0555-0610 Morning inspection and muster by the company first
sergeant.
0610-0630 Breakfast. Troops were marched to and from the mess
hail .by the company first sergeant or his appointed
representative.
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06p-obito
o64o-o65o
065071250
1250-1310
1310-1350
1350-1520
152Q-1530
1530-1630
1630-1830
1830-1900
1900-1920
1920-2130
2130-2200
2200
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Smoking period at the special company smoke stand.
Morning formation. Lesson plans and Co (disciplinary)
administrative matters were checked. Men were marched
from this formation by the platoon leader.
Classroom instruction. Fifty minutes of study and a
10-minute break which included the time required to move
to a new classroom.
Wash-up.
NOOD meal. The men marched to the mess hall in company
formation.
Rest period. Most men slept in their barracks during this
time.
Reassembly and return to classes. Troops were marched by
platoon leaders from barracks..
Classroom instruction for 50 minutes and a 10-minute break.
Study period and lesson preparation.
Weapons cleaning in the company area.
Evening meal. Troops were marched in company formation to
and from the mess.
Free time when troops had to remain in the battalion area.
Evening muster and evening walk. Company formation on
all days except Tuesdays, when there was a battalion forma-
tion. This time was devoted to roll call, announcement, of
details, and the reading of company orders. Company
commanders lectured on personal behavior and then read
orders from higher headquarters,i.e., battalion, division,
and COP. The evening walk consisted of the companies
passing in review before the battalion commander two times.
The first time, they passed by singing songs while the
second time they passed by at attention in parade step.
The songs were generally ones such as, "Dear Commanders
and Officers, Permit Us To Remain".
Taps. Personnel were marched to the barracks in formation
by the first sergeant.
115.,After the evening walk, the battalion CO usually asked all the
officers toreain and lectured to them on their personal behavior.
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50X1
es. They generally followed this vein:, first, the
CO would select a lieutenant and chastise him for having arrived in
50X1 camp the night before at 0100 hours in an Austrian taxi. He would
say to the lieutenant, "I 'would prefer that you struck Me,rather
than tell me "a-lie. You told me that you were back on time and I
personally saw you arrive in this taxi - - an Austrian taxi at that.
It is commendable that you did return at your own expense and had
the presence of mind to use a taxi but I cannot tolerate a liar."
After the CO had finished with the lieutenants, he excused them
and started in on the captains. Finally, only the CO, C/S, and
Political Officer were left. Then, they went back to their quarters
arm-in-arm loudly discussing the poor qualities of the present-day
Soviet Army junior officers.
116. Tuesday was considered by the men of the 55th Sep Tic Tng Bn to be
the worst day of the week. On this day after breakfast, the morning
inspection was conducted by the battalion CO. Tuesday was also the
day when the men wore gas masks for six hours during their normal
training. Finally, it was the meatless day and the day that was
devoted to political study. It Was also the day when evening roll
call was in battalion formation.
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Training Aids Section
117. In the 55th Sep Tk Tng Bn, there was a special training-aid section
prescribed by the battalion T/O&E. There were three training-aid
clerks (laboranty) who maintained a special training-aid supply
room and the training aids used in all the classrooms. They were
also the keepers of the keys to all classrooms and supervised the
clean-up personnel from the training companies assigned to policing
the classrooms. They supervised the storage, maintenance, and
utilizAtion of all trainin aids used b f- attalion. Some of
the training aids that : demonstration weapons
in the classrooms, 100 mm, 122 ram, 85 mm, and 76 mm tank and SP
guns, and the DSIIK, DT, and DTM MGs, demonstration small arms
(carbines, PPSh SMGs0 TT pistols, Nagant revolvers), gun sights,
sighting and aiming training aids (triangulation stands for use
with small arms, electrically operated mechanisms utilizing chalk
and pencils for tank sighting training), training hand grenades and
shells, and various posters used for driving, firing, and ordnance
instruction.
118.
119.
50X1
G. Additional Training Data
Summer Training and Maneuvers
50X1
a When the U/1 mortar regiment moved out for summer training in
summer 1953 and 1954, the unit completely evacuated its area
and left only a guard platoon behind. All equipment and every
movable object was taken with them - even loose lumber. Their
barracks in Goetzendorf were boarded up and only one building
was left open to house the guards. The only weapons and equipment
'left, in the home station were those necessary to sunnort the
guard platoon.
50X1
50X1
50X1 the full T/E allotment of equipment accompanied
tne unit to summer camp.
b. The mortar regiment moved out in its organic trucks.
had recently been equipped with Z S-1 s
50X1 to move t e
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c.
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This unit
Approximately one platoon (30 men)
was loaded in a truck and there were about 40 trucks to the
convoy. Ithe trip to the AllentSteigltrain-
ing area took the unit about three hours.
the Allentsteig training area
consisted of four troop areas. The units of the
division were divided into the four areas as follows: the 106th
Gds Hvy Tk & SP Regt occupied one, the Div Hq and the medical
battalion occupied another, the 46th Gds Mecz Regt and the 11/1
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mortar regiment were in the third and the 106th Gds Recon
Bn in the fourth. All of the areas except the one which
housed the Div Hq consisted of long, low, pre-war German
barracks in bad need of repair. They were built of wood
which was rotting; most of the windows were broken and the
50X1 roofs leaked, the buildings had never
been repaired since the Soviets began using them. The Div
Hq was housed in brick buildings. These buildings were also
in a-poor condition but because they were brick had stood up
better'. In addition to the medical battalions the Div Hq had
a field bank, division bakery (PAKh) (?), and other facilities
normally found in the Div Hq in garrison. Each area had its
own mess hall with kitchen equipment brought from the home
Station. The mess halls were set up in a bui1d1mg_Whih_alsv.
had a theater for movies and unit libraries.
believe that there were any gymnasium, sport, or swimming
facilities in the summer camp but had seen a unit bathhouse set
up in the 106th Recon Bn area.
50X1
d.
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e.
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120.
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5M0
5M0
121.
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f.
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Othetatko
At Allentsteig
at the end of the summer training, the
entire division contingent was 99mbined in some type of two-
week maneuver within the area. -Lu
bread was baked by the division bakery;
all other supplies came to the training area by railroad.
the 55th Sep Tk Tng Bn, which did not accompany
tne parent division to summer encampment had to pick up its
rations from the division at Allentsteig.
The Allentsteig training area was not fenced in but the same
restrictions applied to the personnel in thesiimmer camp as to
those in the home garrison. some EM did sneak
away to purchase liquor in the villages near the area.
the afternoon rest
period was eliminated and that taps came 1* hours earlier, at
2030 hours.
50X1
training of newly-inducteaAoTers&O.666-1
stationed inside the USSR.
the initial basic
was always conducted in units
basic training was presented immediately
arter call-up and could occur at different times during the year,
the major portion of the units in the USSR were
involved in basic training in late summer and the early months of the
fall.
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1.
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J.
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DOM was used. After
manuals were received,
Comment:
insisted that h n ese s e s, a ough it was pointed oUt
to him that these guns used fixed ammunition and the shells' weight
would present ballistic problems. He had no further information.
the 1946 edition of this
the 1951 and 1952 editions of these
Cf.
co
Cf.
and zecwrell.
paragraph 35e for information from
ng of EM after they have passed a governmental examination.
Cf.
changes o
for further details of this handbook
50X1, Of ?
paragraph 5, for further information regarding proposed
e TAO' of source's battalion.
paragraph 8, for source's information about these maneuvers.
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Est to at 5thS.-kTn Rn depictizg the Bn cadre and Tug rub-units.
I
1st Trig Co\
1
1 1--- ______F_____
ListMed Tics
Pla
fk Comdr
12d Plat
Hvy Tk
SP Gun-
! ners
Ned Tk & 1
SP Gun- BP Gun- Res Offs
3d Plat th Plat 5th Plat
Future
DOPB ners
Date of Info: Jun 54 '
Basis of Info: Personal Observation
ad Plat
Ned Tk &
SP Drive
e chant c
3d Plat
Ned Tk &
SP Driv
Mechanic
i ,
4th Plat
Ned Tk &
SP Drive
Mechanic
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05th Plat
Ran Cps
-
chine
7unners
?