WARSAW MEDICAL ACADEMY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00046R000400140006-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 11, 2013
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: November 12, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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DATE OF INFORMATION
PLACE ACQUIRED
Poland
SUBJECT The Warsaw Medical Academy
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
50X1
DATE DISTR. 15 5s pt 1954
NO. OF PAGES 17 [{
SOURCE
1. The Medical Academy (Akademia Medyczna) in Warsaw was one of the
10 medical schools existing in Poland. It was founded in name
in 1949 - 1950 but was, in fact, the continuation of the former
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, of Warsaw University and of the
Academy of.Stomatology which existed before World War II. Warsaw
University was closed by the German occupation during.World War. II
from 1939 to December 19+44. However, some secret underground
courses in medicine were organized and held for medical assistants.
This permitted, to some extent, the preservation of certain labo-
ratories and installations. All medical clinics were used as
ordinary hospitals during this period.
2. The Medical Academy was under the direct supervision of the
Ministry of Health and was also dependent on the Ministry of
Higher Education and Science in such matters as education and
scientific research.
All offices of the Medical Academy were located in Warsaw at
30 Filtrowa Street in a four-story, brick and gray-plastered
building about 10 x 60 m. in size. The educational establishments
(laboratories, clinics, and lecture, halls) were located in several
different buildings and hospitals scattered throughout Warsaw. The
Psychiatric Clinic was, however, located in Pruszkow outside-of
Warsaw. or pinpoint locations see Enclosure 12
The organization of the Medical Academy was, in general, similar to
the organization of medical schools of Western universities with
certain adaptations to the Soviet pattern. ZAn outline of the
Medical Academy with details on the Department of Medicine is
attached as Enclosure 2.7 Its principal organs were the rector
(rektor), the vice-rectors (prorektor), and the director (dyrektor),
each of whom had subordinate secretariats and offices.
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The rector, head. of the Academy and primarily responsible for student
training aid the specialized. training of medical doctors, directed all
educational, research, and scientific matters. He was assisted in
this work by the vice-rectors, one of whom was his deputy. The rector
and vice-rectors were appointed by the Ministry of Higher Education
and Science and'were selected from the professors at the Medical
The Rectorate (Rektorat) was made up of several secretariats
Academ
y.
and offices staffed with employees who performed clerical duties.
6. Unlike the universities the Medical Academy had no academic senate
ns
i
o
but it did have departmental committees. There were also commiss
called Evaluation Commissions for Research and Development in Medicine
(Komisje''Oceny Pra.c Naukowych) composed of professors and assistants
on the faculty who were appointed by the rector. These cq issions
were not permanent committees. They were appointed from time to time
each for a particular appraisal of certain scientific reports
concerning research carried out by the professors and assistants of
the Medical Academy. Only those reports on projects carried out in
addition to the ones called for in the yearly plan (grace pozaplanowe)
were appraised. Reports on scientific research carried out under the
yearly plan were submitted directly to the Ministry of Health and to
the different institutes of medicine.
The director was responsible for administration and for personnel
matters of the teaching staff. He was formerly subordinate to the
rector. However, it is difficult to draw a distinct line between
the responsibilities of the two positions. The appointment of all
faculty members hinged on the decision of the director and not on
that of the rector.
8. The following sections were directly subordinate to the director?
a. Personnel Section (Oddzial Personalny) which consisted of the
Chief o ,e sec iot. (usually a member of the PZPR) and about
eight clerks. The chief of the section was responsible for the
political reliability of all personnel and controlled personnel
matters concerning professors, assistants, medical doctors, and
auxiliary personnel of the educational establishments and clinics,
such as technicians, etc. Auxiliary personnel such as nurses,
ward attendants, cooks, etc. were subordinate to the State
Clinical Hospital (I?anstwowy Szpital Kliniczny Akademii Medycznei)
and not to the Personnel Section of the Academy., This section
kept personal records and files on each employee,,issued and
renewed identity and employment cards, drew up employment
contracts, issued leave and other certificates, checked work
discipline, and prepared and recorded efficiency reports in
cooperation with the superior of the employee and the repre-
sentatives of the PZPR and the ZMP. It had the final and decisive
word on employment and promotion of all employees despite the
opinion of Medical Academy authorities who submitted the proposals,
b. - uaestorts Office (Kwestura) which was a finance office where
about , clerks were employed. Salaries of. employees were paid
in this office and all student fees were collected here.
c.* Planning, Statistics, and Reports Section (Oddzial Planowati.a
z
a w o z
s
.. r .. _..
----.
W J i c i i W y-
1.7 W Q6 W 4Y
in cooperation with the finance office,
, One subsection
ti
,
ons
sec
worked out the yearly financial and administrative plans based
on the budget. The other coordinated all short-term and yearly
education plans sent in by the laboratories and clinics. All.
plans were then submitted to the Ministry of Health or to the
Ministry of Higher Education and Science. The Planning Section
was also responsible for quarterly, semi-annual, ;and annual
reports concerning the fulfillment of plans.
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d. Suppl Section (Oddzial Zaopatrzenia Materialowego) which
4-e-a-It with all supplies and materials in accordance with re-
quirements of the yearly plan. Each year the educational es-
tablishments and clinics submitted requisitions for medical and
scientific equipment to the Supply Section but these requests.
were often disregarded, probably because of a lack,of'funds.
e. Administrative Section (Oddzial Gospodarczy).
f. Investments Section (Oddzial Inwestycji).
g. Secretariat of the Commission for Job Assignments for Graduates
e k re t ar a Isom s rzy- z a u Pracy D la so wen ow P i s_
commission was called together periodically to assign the young
medical graduates to positions in hospitals, dispensaries, etc.
(usually in rural areas) according to vacancies established by
the Ministry of Health. One of the professors acted as chairman
of the commission which was made up of, in addition to the chair_._
man, the director, a representative of the Personnel Section,,
and sometimes a representative of the hospital requesting the
graduate. The graduate had a choice of vacancies and, when
assigned, had to work there for at least two years. Theoretically,
after two years one could request another appointment but per-
mission to transfer was difficult to obtain. This was especially
true when a request was made for transfer to larger centers where
clinical facilities for further specialization existed because
local health and medical authorities usually objected.
9. There were three independent departments within the Warsaw Medical
Academy:
a. The Department of Medicine (Wydzial Lekarski).
b. The Department of Pharmacology( (Wydzial Farmaceutyozny).
cP The Department of Stomatology Wydzial Stomatologji)P
Each department was directed by a dean (dziekan wydzialu) who was
assisted in his work by two assistant deans (prodziekan) and the
department committee (Rada Wydzialu). Under the dean was the office
of the dean (Dziekanat) which consisted of the secretariat and the
archives where the records, including record books and copies of
diplomas of individual students were kept. Anyone who wanted a
certificate or a copy of a document from the office of the dean
could obtain it by presenting a receipt 'ndicating that the necessary
fee had been paid at the finance office. The deans and assistant
deans were elected from among the professors of the departments and
appointed.by the Minister of Higher Education and Science. In
addition to the duties of dean, each dean(or assistant dean)carried
out his normal duties as professor in his field. The department
committee was an advisory body made up of all professors of the
department. This committee met once a month to consider all edu-
cational matters and the activities of that particular department.
10. The faculty chairs, which carried out training of students, studies
and research, were each composed of a director, one or more pro-
fessors, and deputy professors, in addition to assistants and an
auxiliary staff. The professor who acted as director of the chair
was appointed by the Minister of Higher Education and Science acting
upon the proposal of the Medical Academy. He was selected from among
the professors or from experienced doctors outside the academy. He
was responsible for the planning and execution of teaching and
scientific research conducted within the framework of the chair and
for the supervision of the teaching staff and its scientific research.
There were educational establishments and laboratories or clinics
attached to each chair. As a rule, the director of the chair was also
director of the attached laboratory or clinic. The clinics which
belonged to the Medical Academy were organized .like ordinary hospital
50X1 wards and were. usually a part of a large civilian hospital. Several
of the clinics were located in the State Clinical Hospital of the
Medical Academy (Panstwowy Szpital Kliniczny Akademii Medyc,znej) at
6 O zki Street. .ee Enclosure 3j
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11. The positions and functions of the teaching staff were as follows:
a. There were two grades of professors, full professor (profesor
zwyczajny) which was the highest professor al pos ion, and
associate professor (profesor nadzwyczajny). There was no
?-s nct on as far -as duties were concerned but there was a
difference in salary. The professor lectured to the students
in addition to organizing and carrying out practical training
with the aid of his assistants. He carried the title "Indepen-
dent Scientific Worker" ("Samodzielny Pracownik Naukowy"). He
was also responsible for training his assistants and for super-
vising their scientific research.
b. Immediately subordinate to thosition of professor was that of
deputy professor (adjunkt).Strictly speaking, this position
has no American equivalent an;-pit can only be described as
instructor or lecturer.7 There were two categories of adjuncts:
(1) Adjunkt Habilitowany who held the scientific title "Docent".
This title was awarded by the Medical Academy to Doctors of
Medicine who, after several years in the academy, had carried
out certain scientific studies, written a thesis, and passed
an "habilitation" examination. A docent was responsible for
the educational and scientific work under his professor.
(2) Adjunkt Niehabilitowany who was a Doctor of Medicine without
having Ti kehis a tation examination.
Adjunkts were usually selected from among the senior assistants.
If there were two adjunkts at a clinic, one was usually re-
sponsible for educational and scientific matters and the second
for administrative details.
c. Under the adjunkts were the assistants of which there were two
classes: senior assistants (starszy asystent) and junior
assistants (mlodszy asystent). The assistants carried out
experiments and training with students, were in charge of
patients in the clinics, and were obliged to carry on studies and
research under the direction of the professor. Sometimes there
were also assistants without diplomas who were appointed from
among the students who had finished their courses but who had not
completed their examinations. They were not permitted to conduct
student practical training and were permitted to carry out other
duties only under the supervision of one of the assistants. They
were automatically promoted to junior assistants upon receiving,
their first medical degree (lekarz),
12. There were the following chairs with courses in theory in the Medical
.Department:
a. The Chair of General Anatomy. Laboratories (Zakiad Anatomii
raw owe,j were locate in the Anatomicum Building at 5
Chalubinskiego Street.
b. The Chair of Too ra-hicl Anatomy and Surgery. Laboratories
Za a C rurg 1 Operacyjnej i Anaom ip raficznej) were
located in the Anatomicum Building, address above.
c. The Chair of Pathological Anatomy under Professor Doctor
ZKIE CZ, The la oratories were located in the Anatomicum
Building.
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d. The Chair of Organic Chemistry.l?
e. The Chair of Inorganic .Chemistry.
f. The Chair of Physics under Professor Doctor KAPUSCINSKI. The
laboratories a la- Fizyki) were located at 69 Hoza Street.
g. The Chair of Histology. The laboratories (Zakiad Histologii
lubinskiego Street. The
Ch
a
I Enib r ologi were located at 5
Chair of General Anatomy and the Chair of Histology used the
same lecture hall.
The Chair of Biology. The laboratories (Zaklad Biologii) were
located a 2 Kra owskie Przedmiescie.
i. The Chair of Physiolo under Professor Doctor F. CZUBALSKI.
The laboratory a a Fizjologii Czlowieka) was located in the
Warsaw University building at 28 Krakowskie Przedmiescie. It
consisted of 10 rooms in addition to a lecture room which was
shared with the Chair of General Pathology. There was also a
well-equipped workshop for manufacturing research instruments
and other apparatus.
The Chair of Physiology of Work (industrial medicine) under
ii
l
og
y (Zakiad Fizjo
essor Doctor MISSTUW. The laborator
pracy) was located at 90 Marymoncka Street.
k. The Chair of Hygiene under Professor Doctor M. KACPRZAK which
tsed the a'nora ries and lecture hall of the State Institute
.of Hygiene (Panstwowy Zaklad Hygieny) at 2k Chocimska Street.
1. The Chair of Juridical Medicine (Medycyny Sadonej) under
Professor Doctor W. RZ ~ LECKI and Deputy Professor
Doctor LAGUNA. This .chair had its own laboratories in a
separate building at 1 Oezki Street where there werE an autopsy
room with five tables, a mortuary, a chemistry laboratory, a
medical museum and a lecture room for 100 students. The library
of the Medical Academy was-located in the same building.
m. The Chair of Pharmacology with laboratories (Zakiad Farmakologii)
at ra oro~e Pre m. escie Street.
n. The Chair of Microbiology with laboratories (Zaklad Mikrobiologii
e k ars e at a. ubinskiego Street.
o. The Chair of Pathological Histology under Professor Doctor J.
D3 S .. Laboratories (Zakiad H stologii Patologicznei)
which were shared with the Chair of Pathological Anatomy were at
5 Chalubinskiego Street. The laboratories contained a large
hall for autopsies with eight tables, a mortuary, several rooms
for microscopic studies and preparation of specimens, as well as
a ?lecture hail for about 200 students.
p. The Chair of Radiology under Professor Doctor ZAWADOWSKI. His
a junkt was Doctor Szezesny ZGLICZYNSKI. Its laboratories
(Zak.lad Radiologii Lekarskiei) were located in' a new building at
5 Chalubinskiego Street. They were equipped with several X-ray
apparatus and two machines for X-ray therapeutic treatment.
q. The Chair of General Patholo with laboratories kZaklad Patologii
Ogo ne osw a eza ne at % Krakowskie Przedmiescie. There
was also a laboratory and operating room here for experiments
with animals.
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r. Th6-Chair of PhIsiolo idtl Chemist- with laboratories (Zaklad
Przedmiescie.
ki
e
og czne2i-2a Kra. ows
) at
There were also two lectorates given by outside lecturers:
S. The Lectorate of Military Training.
t. The Lectorate of Political Science. This was a course in
idialectic and historical mat era sm.
13. Other chairs connected with the clinics were.as follows:
a. The Chair of Internal Medicine I which was under Professor
SOMERAU-611SMIANOW6YU who-died in 1953. One of his assistants
Was Doctor Maciej WEBER who was director of the clinic. The
clinic (I.Klinika Chorob Wew netrznych) was located on the
second floor of the State Clinical Hospital and had a ward
of 40 beds. Lee Enclosure 3.7
b. The Chair of Internal Medicine II under Professor Doctor
A. BIERNAU.&I arid ocen LEA ROW. The clinic (II Klinika
Chorob Wewnetrznych) was located on the second and third
floors of the State Clinical Hospital and had a ward of from
40 to 50 beds. There was also a lecture hall for about 150
students which was used by the two chairs of internal medicine
mentioned above.
e. The Chair of Internal Medicine III under Professor Doctor
Jakob . One or s assistants was Doctor WALCOWA.
The clinic (III Klinika Chorob Wewn.etrznych) was also located
in the State Clinical Hospital and had a ward of about 50 beds.
d. The Chair of Surer I under Professor T. BUTKIEWICZ. The clinic
TI-Klinika Chorob rurgieznych) was located in the State
Clinical Hospital at 6 Oczki Street, had a ward of 50 beds,'and
a lecture hail for about 150 students.
e. The Chair of Surgery II under Professor Doctor MOSSAKOWSKI.
The clinic (II Klinika Chorob Chirurgicznyoh) was located in
Municipal Hospital No. 4 (the former hospital, Przemienienia
had a ward of 40
Panskiego) at 4Wetroom for about 80 students.
beds and a lecture f. The Chair of Surgery III. The clinic
theState SClinicalkHospital.
Chirurgioznyn) was located in
The Chair of Pediatrics I under Professor Doctor M. MICHALOWICZ,
Docent R. BARANSKI,, with Doctor H. ZAPASNIK-KOBIERSKA as
Assistant and Doctor ROSNOWSKA as radiologist. The clinic
(I Klinika Chorob Dzieciecych) was located in a building of its
own at 16 Litewska Street. It had about 150 beds and a lecture
hall for about 100 students. In 1954 a second building was
being completed to enlarge the clinic. This building was to
have a ward for premature children and, in the way of special
equipment, had an electroencephalograph in the laboratory.
The h. The Chair of Pewdiataicou II.O beds,lwasclocatediatkl-3horob
z es ecyc ,
Dzialdowska Street.
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i. The Chair of Obstetrics and Gnecolo I under Professor
Doc or dam CZY2EWICZ and ocent TA eusz BULSKI. The clinic
(I-Klinika Poloznicza i Chorob Kobiecych) was'located at 1-3
Starynkiewicza Street and had three wards 'obstetrics,
gynecology, and contagious diseases with a total of about
100 beds for the three. There was also a lecture hall for
about 200 students.
~. The Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology II. The clinic (II
Mani Polozn cza Chorob Kobiecych) was located at 2 Karowa
Street.
k. The Chair of Dermatology under Professor Doctor JABLONSKA
with Doctor MICHALOWSKI and Doctor SARNOWSKA as assistants.
The clinic (Kiinika Dermatologiczna) was located at 82-a
Koszykowa Street and had about 80 beds. There was also a
lecture hall which contained a projector and would acct cdate
about 250 students. In addition there was a dispensary attached
to the clinic.
1. The Chair of Neurology under Professor Doctor Adam OPALSKI,
Professor Irena HAUSMANOWA, and assistants, Doctor Hanna
TRACZYNSKA, Doctor KISTELSKA, Doctor Maria FILIPOWICZOWNA,
Doctor Anna LANG[TCKA, and Doctor Barbara EMERYK. The clinic
(Klinika Neurologiczna) was located in a separate building of
the State Clinical Hospital at 6 Oczki Street. It had about 60
beds. There was also an histological laboratory which contained,
in addition to other equipment, an electroencephalograph.
m. The Chair of Psychiatry under Professor Doctor HANDELSMAN.
The c__n c (Klln_ka Psychiatryczna) was within the State Hospital
for Nervous and Mental Disorders in Pruszkow, near Warsaw.
n.. The Chair of 0 htalmolo under Professor MELANOWSKI and Docent
anislas ____E BERGE__Eie clinic (Klinika okulistyczna) was
located in a separate building of the State Clinical Hospital and
had about 50 beds. There was no special lecture hall but lectures
were sometimes held in the examination hall.
o. The Chair of Otorhinolar n olo . The clinic (Klinika Laryn-
go og czna , with about beds, was located in a separate
building of the State Clinical Hospital. Docent Aleksandra
MITRYNOWICZ, a specialist in speech difficulties, and Doctor
Lech BARDADIN worked in this clinic.
The Chair of Orthopedics under Professor Adam GRUCA. The clinic
(Kiinika Chorob osc was in the State Clinical Hospital,
During 1954 the clinic was to receive a new special building with
about 100 beds.
q. The Chair of Contagious Diseases under Professor Doctor KASSUR.
The clinic (Klinika oro a aznyc1) was located at Municipal
Hospital for Contagious Diseases Nom. 1, 37 Wolska Street.
r. The Chair of Neurosurer under Professor Doctor Jerzy CHOROBSKI.
There were no lecture 3 or students but courses for Doctors of
Medicine were iven here. The clinic (Kiinika Chorob Neuro-
chirurgicznych) was located in a separate building of the State
Clinical Hospital and had about 30 beds.
s. Chair of Urolo a Lectures were given with those for surgery.
The clinic for this chair (Klinika Urologiczna), with about 30
beds, was located in the State Clinical Hospital.
t. The Chair of Gastrolojy. The clinic (Klinika Gastrologiczna)
was located at 1 oszczynskiego Street.
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14. Since 1953 discussions with professors have been held regarding plans
for building new clinics and laboratories for the Medical Academy at
Pole Mokotowskie, Warsaw. In May 1954, no construction plans had
been completed and no funds provided. However, plans were being
worked on-for one building which would house the clinics for
neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, with common laboratories
and lecture hall. It was believed that actual construction would
not begin before 1960.
15. The existing clinics of the Medical Academy had only basic and
necessary equipment. Certain equipment and most of the furnishings
for the wards, such as bedding, hospital gowns, etc. had been
supplied by UNRRA after World War II and were still in use. There
was an inadequate supply of modern medical equipment and the equipment
p,ossess.ed,:d was not satisfactorily distributed among the clinics.
There were a few electroencephalographs of Swedish production and
some equipment including an electrocardiograph produced by the
Warsaw Polytechnic Institute. There were complaints about the
quality of the surgical instruments which were not as good as those
produced in Poland before the war. On one occasion, when a child
had to have a heart operation, it was
necessary for. the father to import special needles through private
channels. There was not a single X-ray machine for examining blood
vessels in the brain. Nor were there the necessary chemical pre-
parations for this purpose. Other shortages were: cedar oil for
microscopic examinations, in which case liquid paraffin was used as
a substitute, and re-agents for use in laboratories, the lack of
which hindered scientific research.
16. Graduates of lyceums (on the whole ll4years of general education,
including elementary and high school) who had passed entrance
examinations and were well recommended by the Union of Polish Youth
(ZMP) were eligible for admittance to the Medical Academy. Entrance
examinations were: an oral examination about contemporary Poland
which included political and social questions, and two written
examinations, one on biology and the other on any subject c nnected
with medicine. The ZMP recommendation was most important aid, in
practice, only ZMP members were admitted as students. So-called
leading students" (przodownicy nauki) and ZMP activists were some-
times admitted without entrance examinations. Priority was given to
candidates of laboring-class families. The Medical Academy was
responsible for the admittance of the required high percentage of
candidates in this category.
17. Five years were required to complete the necessary courses; each
year was divided into two semesters. All problems regarding studies
were settled by the dean of the Medical Department who, in certain
important or questionable matters, referred the problem to the
Department Committee. The program of lectures and practical training
was determined by the dean in cooperation with the professors. Each
year's students were divided into groups of about 20 for all practical
training which was either demonstrated or supervised by assistants
in these groups. General lectures were given to larger groups. The
hours for lectures and practical training In laboratories were daily
from 0800 to 1200 and from 1400 to 180'.. Practical training in
clinics was given from 0800 until 1300 hours. Each group was given
continuous training for either one or two weeks.
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1$. At the beginning of the first year, each student received a Record
Book (Index) which served for the entire five years. All courses,
practical training, and examination results were recorded in this
book and signed by the professor responsible. Examination dates
were posted prior to the examination. Later, the student received
a form from the office of the dean on which the results of the
examination were entered and signed by the professor. He then re-
turned the form to the dean's office where:-. the results were entered
in his Record.Book. Usually after five years, when all signatures
indicating the completion of courses and training had been entered,
the Record Book was certified and stamped and the student called an
"Absolvent" of the Medical Academy. He was not, however, considered
a graduate until all final examinations were passed.
19. After all final examinations were passed, the student received his
first medical degree and the title of "lekarz" which, to some extent,
correspoirs to a Bachelor of Science degree, He could then practice
medicine but he was not permitted to tse,:the title Doctor of Medicine.
In the past this title was only granted after years of researe anff-
practice and after passing a special examination. Since 1952 this
title has been discontinued and replaced by a new title, Candidate of
Medical Qie ee (Kandydat nauk Lekarskich). The requirements for obtaining this title are exactly the same as for that of Doctor of
Medicine with the added stipulation that one must be able to study
foreign medical literature in two languages, one of which has to be
Russian. p until May 1954, Source had never heard of anyone's
receiving is new title. The hi hest medical degree is the new
degree, Doctor of Medical Science fDoktor Nauk Medycznych). Only
those already holding the it a of Candidate of Medical Science are
eligible to receive this degree. To some extent this title corre-
sponds to the title of Docent described above. These two new degrees
were introduced by the Soviets and correspond to the Soviet pattern.
Source heard that it is so difficult to obtain the degree of Doctor
of Medical Science in the USSR that all the professors there do not
hold that title.
20. Source had no detailed knowledge of the curriculum of the Medical
Academy but was of the opinion that it had not been changed too much
since his own and prewar studies. A preliminary introduction to
medicine was offered the first two years. During these two years
the student studied anatomy, physiology, physics, organic and in-
organic chemistry, physiological chemistry, and biology through
lectures and practical training in laboratories. They were re-
quired to pass examinations on all of these subjects before beginning
the third year of study. During the third year courses were given in
pathological anatomy, pathological histology, general pathology,
pharmacology, bacteriology and immunology, and clinical diagnostics.
Students were required t6 pass examinations on these subjects during
their fourth and fifth years. During the fourth and fifth years
lectures and practical clinical training were given and, in addition,
subjects such as contagious diseases, dermatology, pediatrics,
neurology, psychiatry, radiology, orthopedics, stomatology, laryn--
gology and ophthalmology, hygiene, and juridical medicine were
studied. Specialization began, to some extent, during the fourth
and fifth years of study. The lectures were attended by all students
but practical training in the clinics differed with the speciali-
zation of the student.
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21. In addition to the obligatory lectures and practical training,
the majority of students attended the meetings of so-called
scientific cirles (kolo naukowe). Such circles were usually
formed within particular clinics and laboratories. The students
met once a week, studied together, as in a seminar, the textbook
of Pavlov and then wrote individual reports on their studies of
foreign medical literature. Membership in such circles was
voluntary. After graduating from the Medical Academy those who
belonged could claim preference in being considered for scholar-
ships for future specialized study in medicine.
22. During the school year 1953 - 1954 there were approximately 2,500
students attending the Medical Academy. There were more than 500
students each in the first four classes and 420 in the fifth.
The percentage of female students has been very high since World
War II. From 1945 to 1948 this percentage was about 75% and during
the year 1953 - 1954 about 60 % of all students. The number of
medical students has decreased during the last few years probably
because there is more material benefit to be gained from other pro-
fessions, especially in the technical field. The intellectual
level of the students was inconsistent and, in general, lower than
in prewar times and during the first years after the war. By
listening to questions which the students asked patients one could
observe a lack of interest and knowledge on the part of the students.
Among fifth year students who were enrolled in practical training
at the Psychiatric Clinic, one would estimate that not more than
25% of the students possessed the intelligence and ability necessary
for future medical practice. This lack of interest could probably be
attributed to high school training which did not sufficiently develop
general knowledge on the part of the student and stimulate his
interest in science. Most students displayed a tendency to complete
the required work with a minimum of effort and membership in
scientific circles was thought to be the best means for obtaining a
scholarship for further specialization or for a position as assistant
at the Medical Academy.
23. Relationships among students were quite reserved; and only in small
groups could one find openness and sincerity. This stemmed from the
fact that both assistants and students were afraid of denunciation.
This may be illustrated by the following examples:
a, One of the assistants, while demonstrating treatment of a case
in the Psychiatric Clinic, was told by the patient about his
personal experiences in a prison. The patient spoke of con-
ditions and of persons he had met there. This incident was
reported by one of the students and the case became the subject
of investigation. The assistant was accused of attempting to
extract state secrets from the patient.
b. A female patient said. something offensive about former President
BIERUT. Denunciation and investigation followed.
From private discussions with students during the intervals between
lectures, one gained the impression that many students were critical
of the Pavlov theory and certain questions they asked gave evidence
of their negative attitude.
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24. About 50% of the Medical Academy students received state scholar-
ships which amounted to about 400 zlotys monthly. There were also
scholarships for smaller amounts which were granted to students
whose parents were partially able to support them. The scholar-
ships were granted generally during the first year of study. The
social origin of the student and his scholastic record were the
decisive factors. Since the amount of 400 zlotys was inadequate
for necessary expenses some students contracted tuberculosis because
of undernourishment. More than half of the students lived in a group
of dormitories called students' homes (d.om akademicki). There were
several such dormitories in Warsaw, separate buildings for men and
women, which housed students from institutes of higher education.
These dormitories were for students of all universities and were
not attached to any special ones. They could not, however, ac-
commodate all the students and it sometimes took several months to
obtain housing. Permission to remain in these dormitories had to
be renewed each year. During vacations the dormitories were emptied
so they could be used for visitors or conventions. Several students
were assigned to each room-and there were common study halls but
these, too, were inadequate for the number of students. Each
dormitory had a canteen. The students paid about 150 zloty a month
for food in addition to a small fee for lodgings.
25. The basic PZPR organization (POP) within the Medical Academy actually
controlled the Medical Academy. Source did not know the number of
the teaching and administrative staff who were PZPR members but he
was certain that the director and the chief of the Personnel Section
were, and that every branch,, laboratory, and clinic had at least one
Party member. The POP made out efficiency reports for all employees
and its opinion was decisive with respect to promotion, employment,
discharge, etc. In the event of disagreement among employees the
immediate supervisor was obliged to inform the POP and the matter
was settled in the presence of a Party representative. Most pro-
fessors who were not Party members were afraid to settle such
matters on their own, especially when it involved a Party member and
a non-Party member.
26. Most students were members of the Union Polish Youth
udZMP) whiwhich
was controlled by the PZPR. ZMP kept records
issued written opinions which were decisive, especially with respect
to applications for scholarships and employment after graduation.
Though there was no official pressure to induce a student to be-
come a PZPR member, pressure did, in fact, exist.
27. There was also a Qualifications Commission at the Medical Academy
which determined the distribution of scholarships for postgraduate
work and the posts of assistant. The number of scholarships was
determined by the Ministry of Health each year. For example, there
might be 20 for contagious diseases, 8 for internal medicine, 3 for
neurology, etc. The Medical Academy had the responsibility of dis-
tributing the scholarships to individuals. Those graduates who did
not receive a scholarship received a job assignment which was
determined by the Commission for Job Assignments as described above.
Scholarships for specialists or for assistants amounted to about 750
zlotys monthly and those assigned to the fields of psychiatry,
contagious diseases, and radiology received an additional 409, making
a total of about 1,050 zlotys monthly. When applying for scholar-
ships graduates had to submit applications which included a recom-
mendation from one of the professors, a personal history statement,
and a special form usually required when applying for a job.
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12
28. The director of the Medical Academy presided over the Qualifications
Commission. Professors, clinic directors or their delegates, POP
and ZMP representatives were members. The scholarships were awarded
in absentia. After discussion on the professor's recommendation
the social origin of the applicant, and the applicant's activities
during World War II in addition to his PZPR or ZMP activities, the
application was evaluated by the Commission. Then the PZPR or ZMP
opinion, written anonymously, was read. Examples of such opinions
follow:
a. "Member of ZMP, politically indifferent, maintains contact with
reactionary circles, not fit for specialization or scientific
work." An opinion such as this resulted in disqualification
of the applicant.
b. "Member ofZMP, interested in political matters, takes part in
social work periodically, not fit for scientific research but
eligible for specialization",. A recommendation of this nature
was usually sufficient for obtaining a scholarship.
"Active member of ZMP, ideologist, fit for scientific research."
A recommendation such as this usually resulted in a scholarship
for the applicant as well as a position as assistant in one of
the clinics of the Medical Academy.
10
29. A scholarship was usually granted for a period of two years and
was paid for by the Ministry of Health. After two years of
practice and specialized training the graduate was considered a
Specialist First Grade" and was sent directly by the Department
of Cadres of the Ministry of Health to an assignment in a rural area.
Comment: I no information on the laboratories
co e-ete with these chairs but thought that laboratories of
Warsaw University were used.
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_ 13
-gnclosure 1 Locations of the establishments,
laoratories and clinics of the Medical
Academy in Warsaw.
/Overlay based on plan of Warsaw 1:25,000,
9 first edition. drawn by Geographical
Section, Polish General Staff hotolitho-
graphed by the War Office 1941/
8
't 12
14
0
}i- 10
11 9
4 15
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13
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-14*-
LEGEND TO ENCLOSURE I.
PINPOINT
LOCATIONS OF THE ESTABLISHMENTS, LABORATORIES AND CLINICS OF THE MEDICAL
ACADEMY IN WARSAW
1. Medical Academy - Main Offices, 30 Filtrowa Street.
2. The State Clinical Hospital, 6 Oczki Street. 5or details see
1.
Enclosure 3_./
Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology I, 1/3 Starynkiewicza Square.
Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology II, 2 Karowa Street.
5. Clinic of Dermatology, 82-a Koszykowa Street,
6. Laboratories for Juridical Medicine, 1 OczkiiStreet.
7.
Physics Laboratories, 69 Choza Street.
Stomatological Clinics, 18 Miodowa Street. (Attached to the Department
of Stomatology.)
State Institute of Hygiene, 24 Choeimska Street.
10. Pediatrics Clinic Is 16 Liteweka Street.
11. Pediatrics Clinic II, 1/3 Dzialdowska Street.
12. Laboratories of Theoretical Medicine, 26/28 Krakowskie Przedmiescie,
with the following laboratories:
a. Laboratory of Physiology.
~:xY
b. Laboratory of General Pathology.
c. Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology.
d. Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry.
13. Clinic of Surgery II, 4 Weteranow Square.
14. Municipal Hospital for Contagious Diseases No. 1, 37 Woleka Street,
where the Clinic for Contagious Diseases was also looted.
15. The Clinic of Gastrology, 1 Goszozynskiego Street.
16. Main Railway Station, Towarowa Street.
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OUTLINE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE MEDICAL ACADEMY IN WARSAW
-Enclosure 2
ice-Rector Rectorate
Department o
Pharmacology
Assistant
Dean
Department o
Medicine
nPan
Assistan
C H
'Laboratori
General Anatomy
Surgery & Topo. Anatom
Pathological Anatomy
Organic Chemistry
1Inorganic Chemistry
Histology
Biology
Physiology
Physiology of Work
Hygiene
1--
Juridical Medicine
Pharmacology
Microbiology
Panthological Histolo
Radiology
General Pathology
Physiological Chemistr
.jectorate for Military .
1ectorate for Pol. SciphcrE~
Evaluation Commiss,
ions for Research
and nPVPlopment
N.eurology
CONFIDENTIAL
Department of
Stomatology
1
Med. Dept.
f!nmmi tte
Personnel
Section
Qudestorts
Office
LInternal Medicine IIJ
Internal Medicine I~
LOb ics & Gynecology
nvestments
Obstetrics & G3rnecolo?vz- Section
ecretariat o
ommission fo
ob Assignmen
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nclosure 3.
EMORY SKETCH OF THE STATE'CLINIC
DSPITAL IN WARSAW AT 6 OCZRI ST
pprox. Scale: 1:1700
12m
19.,.x-
Chalubitiikiego
20
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LEGEND TO THE MEMORY SKETCH OF THE STATE CLINICAL HOSPITAL OF THE
MEDICAL ACADEMY IN WARSAW AT 6 OCZKI STREET.
1. Main gate for vehicles and employees' entrance. At the gate is a
small gatehouse, one story, 3 x 4 m., with an attendant and time-
clock for employees.
2. Institute of Rheumatism (Instytut Reumatologiczny), two-story,
red brick building, about 8 x 40 m.
Clinic of Laryngology, two-story, red brick building, about 8 x 40 in.
Clinic of Neurosurgery, two-story, red brick building, about 8 x 40 in,
5. Clinic of Neurology, two-story, red brick building, about 8 x 40 m.
6. Clinic of Ophthalmology, two-story, red brick building, about 8 x 40 m.
7. Hospital Chapel, about 15 x 20 m.
8. Red brick building, about 8 x 30 m., housing:
First floor - hospital pharmacy
Second and third floors - Clinic of Internal Medicine III.
9.. Lawn.
10. The Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology I, 1/3 Starynkiewicza Square.
This is a red brick, three-story building about 10 x 50 m.
11. Main and administrative offices of the hospital. This is a three.-
story., red brick building, about 8 x 30 in.
,12. New building under construction, three-story, about 10 x 20 x 40 m.,
corner building, for the Orthopedic Clinic.
13. Two-story, red brick building, about 8 x 40 m., housing the Clinic
of Urology on the first floor and surgery ward on the second floor.
14. Main entrance to the hospital leading directly into one-story, red
brick and plaster building, about 10 x 50 in., with reception room
and dispensary.
15. Clinic of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases. Partly one-story and
partly two-story, red brick and plaster building, about 10 x 80 m.
16. Laboratories for Pharmacology. Two- or three-story, plaster and
brick building, about 10 x 12 m. in size.
17. Ward for Jaw Surgery. Two-story, red brick building, about 8 x 40 m.
1 . Medical Students' Union Building (Kolo Medykow). A two-story and
partly three-story brick and plaster building, about 15 x 25 in. in
size. There was a cafeteria. in the basement, the office of the
Students' Union and a large hall on the first floor, on the second
floor a hail for meetings where dances were also held, and a library
and reading room on the third floor.
19. Drive-in gate, mostly for administrative purposes.
20. Administrative building. Two-story, red brick building, U-shaped;
wings about 20 in., front about 30 in. x 10 in. Kitchen, laundry,
and other'administrative facilities were located here.
21. Laboratories of Juridical Medicine. Two-story brick and plaster
building, L-shaped about 30 x 20 x 12 m.
22. Two-story, brick and,plaster building, L-shaped, about 30 x 30 x,12 ,
The entrance is on the corner. This building houses laboratories
of General, Anatomy, Histology, Pathological Anatomy, and.-Patho-
logical Histology.
23. Laboratories of Radiology. New building, red brick, two-story,
about 10 x 35 m. with separate street entrance.
24. Three-story, brick building with two-story wings, U-shaped, about
50 in. long with wings of about 40 x 8 in., houses the Clinics of
Internal Medicine I and II and Clinic of Surgery I.
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