HEAT AND ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS OUTSIDE CITIES IN THE POWER SUPPLY OF CITIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170018-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 47
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 23, 2012
• Sequence Number: 18
• Publication Date: August 18, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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Eieetr e
tsid
Cities inthepower Sp1y o Cities
by V. I. VeYts and V. Ya, Khasilev
Ixvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Techni-
cheskikh Nauk, No 11 pp 1650-1669, Russian Mo per,
1951
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STAT
15 TAT
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}- AT,1\iW ELTCTiU PLANTS OUThITJE
c 'r fS IN THE; P ~ 11: SUPPLY OF r S
V. I ? Veyts / nci v. Ya. I~hasiiev,
CorreSpOfldi tg 1 iIhers o? the
Academy of Sciences US'3R
Nrtserted before tlie Power Lng;ineer .ng Institute imeni G. M. 1 biz
C
vskiy of tho Academy of Sciences USSR in Mca,rch i9 O and My 19
hand
The great structures o eo1Tlmunism mark a new stage in the dc-
vel.opment of all branches of power engineering in the USSR, particu
larlti r Ln the development of urban power engineering and clectrii'i m
bone
The taslS Of recanstructirtg the power systems of the cities of
the USSR during the period of the transition from socialism to comes
rnUnism take on an ever-increasing; significance, One of the very
substantial factors in the further improvement of the material and
cultural conttions of life for the population is an increase in the
level at which its power requirements are supplied. The recons-
tructiolz ot f the power systems of the cities is directly linked with
the improvement rovement of the power balance as a whole for the principal
regions of the countrys in the direction of raising the efficiencTQC
the power installa Lions, economizing fuel, replacing long haul fuel
by local fuel, and improving the utilization of power equipment.
The dominant tendency in the : oculist reconstruction and
development of the power systems of cities is the combination of e-.
lectric, gas and heating service. This combination of centralized
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STAT
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~ ~:y Will rs,r~ri,oa`J,~,y ~?lva ta~ a ur~daman~ta~,
~,~^c~ s of urban powo~ suRl~
so
c1u?Mtions bath of thc~ power eoor~oin 'tca~al.f (the shift to a moral
. ~' i
fuc~1 ba1L11cO the ? ,~ri?t~rocluotion of local fuel, tha ir~er3asa of the
~
. ~~' utiJ..~at.of duel rosQUrcaa) t~s well
a~'f~t,c;~,en~oyf the oaoxc~.ns,~~c~d
the 1ve:J. of o~?~e'^ supply to the ~en~a1~~.,
~,~ ~tllo~ oan~nected with th.
'~)ublic,
The urban power on ineeri.n; oi' the USSR hay already travoxaed
' tanee in its deve1QPtnen.t. Wiring the years cif So~
~, conS.i. r,~ ab,l~., d~. s
, ? the er capita cof5~.mption of eJ.ectric energy for come
v' ~,c.t poTr~i ~ Sa
rilcln ,~n~t,a ~ ha~~ i.ncre aae d more than sevc n times
~~l. and l:>rva,nre~tu:~xe~n
and flow c;nr? l,l t Xceet~a,S tho average level in the ci.tic.S of the
idexab
capa.tala.SL countri'as. The USSR holds firSt place in the world in
'
the level 0 .r of its ~lraatin~;~dnc:~.?povrer st~~ta,oala ('1'rT'sof devc'lo~a~nen~
in re;pc et the
and the di si;rict he at:Lfg systr?.rnc3 of its cities; this
''e'' vivid. ~~ demonstrate their superiority
urban paWer sySbeffl3 of the USSR ~
?
to the urban power systems of the capitalist countriE'ta. Urban gas
systems have also expanded considerably, especially sLnce the war,
S,?id mainly on the ~ basis of natural gas, though coke-Oven gas is also
~~~.
used, In the he prCSent phase, however, the development of urban power
engrin rS up new problems in the fields of heating and gas
~.n~~;x~.n~7 , b~,
Service 4
During the further development of he ati.ng SGIVLC in Cities
with difficult c ,. ~ons of fuel supply, other questions must also
ond. ta.
be considered besides the problem of fuel econ.oni'. These other
clueat ncrease of fuel deliveries and the deterior a'
~.ons involve the increase
t cSJ.~. ?Itaxy ~ condit ior1S in connection with the location ai' the
.~nn a f ,a
i:ty limits and wLth the use of local high.a$h fuels,
~'~ f 5 within the c
j' often having ~ high s~.l.fur content as well, For each l.(1having a relatively , ~.vell ~?
~ T~Ts burning bxown coals (off' thkilowatts kilowatts capacity i.ty of a heating
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M ~W~1 1n tip ) 1 10000 to :L QOQ to ~ Qi QQ1 i j EU" Il t he
r,
dl,l ~4/YY f
'~
t~aR~i1~~~ h~,u~.r=c1 out
)r,,ou1r ,ri,~o . trr, ,t~y , ~~ 2100 to 700 ~iec~11;a Q~' out
j~'~~ .l ~ i, ~ rl
. ~ w7 ! O tors a Q " a h 'et'tio of l Q c i.ty area from tI e
~,~, t l;; wlrr,a? ~ ~,~Q
a.
The ~ ~iffiCUitt3 invo1vci in ?1n1int; buid,ir1 it iox' a ','ETs
The ,l..
w:>ytiva.r1 thy ei.,ty .iz~x7.~~~~~, i n iv;i.4t:i,rlf wr~tx, a~i~a~?l,y fQx~ it, also
, ~ a
in th~ O1,' urban '1.'ETs ~ All
constitute 1int.'t'a.n~, ,I'actor
s,L.~ty, ~'Qx' a c~" lc~c~,t~a.ot~y
the de t, r~;~l r~ai~
tr;;rlr~.i.nE~ 'tY1r , choice . ~,~. ~" < ~~ 1
the hca't :raph with a rolati:vely low vaiue o,e coe.f,Vi"
a(,,r: QT J,.I,nt; ]
~
' ~~~~~
rr?;u~~~ .. O t Q,T whc~r~ T .-'' 'th fllaXLfl1111rt hour1.y
cr.en~t , ,1i;'s .,.I ~,
~ ~;?~;~tt~ hourly
, and r' `~,1'1rL,u ;i., the a~
cix>x~'r:, of heat frc~7rt the t~~rbarlc,
output cf; hcat i'rom the, ~. In CC~r1.~i eC11i,t:r,~,:' ~;COY1C1,r ( in
~''~.~s )
frc)n cA 11'ET's o.'r; to 0. t3 to C? ..~1'
c ' located in thy` II ciirliatie zone, the econdiTcf of iy1e:l. or1 scw
a percent) ,.,;C~-~
count o,t the heating service is d:L1rLtfl.L~i1e~;l by 2Q~25
clue ~e:~'~f'i.c~lG;r~tt of heatinserv.i.cr;: covcra;;e, wi~li.:lc
P,r~, with uncYlan~~:l ~ ~a .
a;~ .ts,l costa p(r.~ 1(ilawcaPacitY a~lxd, thc, rrl&ta-VP
relative
the x^e c1
operating cca~t 1~er kl.Qwatthc .~ 7,ti r of ' output both ri. Sc~ s~harp~.y. (fir, i~
rr:l.ly in c,nrlnec,?ti.un with the x'eductiori .ra thy; electric capacity of
~>,
the station).
~ r 0rin. the present t ~n'f c~evc;~.-
q~J1rIE'nt A of the radical ~JY'CV~?~;olutio~7 o? ' these _ contra&lC
'5 i.on Of heating service for a nurrer of cities rw~y
b e as S1,1Te d by 'trh~ be of the T i'Ts beyond the city lirru.ts and bcM
elGC'I;i.on of a building site that is also
yonrl. its green-.belt, and
co1lv with respect to conditiofS of fuel and water supply.
~,nx.ent
' necrinA new dower" w(helne of heat service based on the
conS s 'ETs will sharply imiDrove urban sanitary
freeing the cities from pdUutian of the air by sulphur
conditIuns by
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arid a3h, It w ~,~'Inx2n 1.~aadir~ct~x~ra '~E''S from the ppinwill will allow cep,, ~
s
off view o the eficiency,~nown by ~t i.nd or in
'
number ocases t wa.1.1. be po~sib1 to choaSc~ ~ capc,ctty not only
~ ? '~,ah but a,ccorclir~F~ to ~t1~c~ alect?~?c~,?ty
acco:r.~~~,n~ to 'Ghca hca,~t;l~~~ t~~&1
:~.n?ta account fi~hc~ st~ucaturc of the
:.~ by a7,~
ra,p11 as we ~~ o taking
which thG '~f~',~ s ~. s ~, nc ~.u roc d, a, , e I to
i~1:ecta~r~,c poc'r~;.r; s~rstern fin
a ac i.ties of both T~Ta and agnreca'te systems o
pass ovox to ha.~ahc,r c~~~
In the came ..... `toward a ~t1~e en~la,ncement; a~ ~;cono
'
c.~.tire:c t~,o~.~
mar1a r, rte the c~.~ta.~;s ?.~
?? ad by ~ ~.~burban TATS a, compared ~aitb those in..
..?eK, ~Lf,
the reducud cas ~. f,iea. r.cl..vcry and storage, and
~r? of ash removal, water ~u1~,Ail will ?requ~sntly a1sa operate.
service schemes based on suburban
~ The rc,ala.zation of heat
~y~
r?' ?t~.an to a 7.an~;er~i'ar1e heat supply,
r~~s na,?tura~.J.;l Ile a,x~s a ~~~ anaa.
er a ad US o:~ Some tens of 1d.1omater5 instead off' th~ cup.^rcnt; raM
r~navu$ of heat tranSrnissi0 71 by hoT a~ t..~~al,er ~ys Ltcmay measured in ?terlrw
Lve additional C:~aen5e for er~ua.pw
off' a ew lrilamet;e~'so This will. ;~nvo
. ata.nr?ma,ins. A heat~3pv,.rc; 5chcme based
ment and ops ration of long ho 4.,
on suburban rfE`Cs requires review firstly of the undamental te chn:l.ca1. ',-
heatifl
clueht construction and opera~~ion o long
7
g~.ons a~ p1,a.ni~a.n~,
the ~the:cma.l a
.~ and ararnetexs of the heating network
m~~,~,ns the system ~
E
second] .nd hydraulic regimes, etc.) and y of the conditions mrler
Which a suburban TLTS be come s as econama.ral as, or more econom~.cal r
4
than, the city TETS it replaces
The eating service with a suburban TETs brings up ,i
scheme of heating
ew the Fundamental quest.~~ ~~ons o:tchoice of capacity and type of an .
its equ he regime of its operation. The rea1equipment, and also of t
anon off this scheme demands the so1.ution of the urge problem of
z , ..
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p~, FL1l 1 operation of ciff'ororit QUrCO3 of lncatwgupply (the city
and suburban TETs), i. e. of tho cra?tion o.C a heat ouppJ.y ystem
by ana,1or y to the syctern of clectric power suppiy. Undo th$(
cQnW1ti,ofs parai1o1 ht tin operation stands taut a on of the most
:lmiaortant factors in the further anhaneernent of t;he reliability and
economy of heataupply operation.
It has been rernc,>rked above that Soviet power enginecarin; has
also achieved considcrable suceeascs in the area of urban gas sup'.
ply, most:Ly bayed on long gas pi.peLi,nc~s, ung natural gas and also
coke..oven gas. However, thr: fact that no economical metho':ls have
yc?t been worked out for obtaining gas of hi ,'h calorific valise from
the local f'ueia is a factor that seriously limits the further develop.
merit of urban gas services in a good number of regions.
The existing methods of gasifying local fuels with the object
of producing a gas of high thermal value, which are based on blowing
. ,,an.vaf?4Vdkeew through the fuel, including some using high pre...
c3ure3, or are based on lo~a..temperature carbotf zatiori, on semi--coking,
with externai or internal heating of the particles, carrot, in view
of economic conditions, serve as the basis for the w:ldespread exW
pansion of urban gaa service. ('1nisproposition would appear to
be controversial. ) The new schemes for seird coking of local fuels,
4cgJ:pr~.nc?t~ r, a ~-~,~
with solid and gaseoui developed theoretically and
experimentally by Soviet investigators, yield gas of high thermal
value and tars, and are important achievements, The hot semi-coke
is burned in the furnaces of the boilers of the electric power plant
(the furnaces being connected with the semi-coking installation),
This scheme of energetic and chemical utilization of fuel at power
..
IG'~-"b#
stations, by the ENIN (Lnergetiichesiciy Institute of the Academy of
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SciefeeFJ] ni tho`d, ~i deS ihad tc~ open up w1.de now p'osp cts cL'
then, c x)ansion of gas faci1i.ties in cities and industxia1 centers,
(The idea of enc~r etic and chemical uti1i ation of' fuel At per
sti tl?ns was deVe1oped j.n tho woks o ' 0. N. Krhizhari,vkiy, puts
bished as early as the 20 ' s (G, N. Krrh:Lzhanovskiy, Collected
Works, vol, 1, ElLctric Power Engiri r ,ng, 1933) 0
Thca researches conducted on suburban TETs with longMdistance
heat.supply and with parailc,l utilization off' .fuel at clectric.power
station to supply heat, enemy and chem:icai constituents, allow a
combined schr~me to be advanced, covering eleetri.e, heating and gas
service for cities, based on the esbablishr ent of suburban TETs using
the n?W method of the sem1.-coking of local ?w l, Under then; con
da.tions the auburbar1 TET's will be able to stand out as a power cente=r
for supplying its city with electric power, hot water and gas.
The present article treats only of the results of the inves..
ti.gation into the general principle w of the suburban TETso The
questions of the utilization of fuel at suburban I1ETs at the same
time i'or electric, heating and gas service for cities and industrial
centers require separate consideration.
ii rlji DEPENDENCE C' IND:1CE,s OF CITa1 S ow TIC NruZ> ax
From the cofldenh,an electric por stata.onsy located, at fuel
~bases which are consa.dex ab:LY fur?hex from the center of electric
L
. Co115~unI,ation than the. ;auburban TETs.
..?.---..-- _-_,...w.~...~.--?.
/7 /
Y.wl. W.iw..urwMNWFn."^A"M?+.W~M..wwMrwrMi.
10 20 30 km
Fl gure
..a~tian of Unit Capita. Investment in Electric
Relative Vaxa.
itie 5 in Dependence on the distance
power and Heat Facil.
for Sukurban TETS of varying !Capa-
of Ue a~~.n~~Serva.c~,
cities
tree next page for Lgnd o.n Figures
and 8'
3'
31
f~ya~f~~
~p 1 r
*~.lS~~ ~.I i}~ _... -ter f i
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100
90
80
_._WM.......~...e.~?.. .?... tSI
/
lVk
Ij.r,wwr..wxMrr.~wr.wrrw+.a..r.r.w.r~wr+ru+-*-
10 20 30 km
?Figur e 8r Influence of thc~ Isolated output of lteat on the
two L'Lnes on the :Rc%lahi.ve Variation of Unit Ca-
pital Investment in a Suburban TLTs as Compared
with a City ` + Ts,
Legend for Figures 'T and n.
suburban TETs of 12000 kiiowat bs capacity,
the same, 21,ao0 kilowatts capacity;
suburban TLTs of X0000 kilowatts capacity,
suburban rilETs of 100,000 kilowatts capaity.
The isolator energy schemes work with the `cty TLTs.
The Unit capital investments in the power schemes
with the city TETs, as compared to the capital ink.
vestments for:'the suburban TETs, are taken at 100%.
32
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i fur6 7 iv?$ thc~ char cteristics a ' thQ rc lat ve chan es
in the capital investment per unit oa e1ectri.c power and heat for
suburban and city TETs, in depenc1enca on the distanc of Beating
supply (the ionth of the main..Unp he atingwse~vice' net~ror1c from the
'fl Ts to tine junction with thc; distributing notwork) and on the capaw
c ,'ty of the TETs
Thr~ indices of captai investment for the enemy schemes
from the suburban TETS include the cost of tho TETs and the main-.
line heating network, (the costs for thc; arterh:t heati.ng~m~in in
Figure 7 are given fox a single two-pipe line The influence of
the variant with two twoMpipe line s (and isolated working of the
TE',r's) :is shown ifl Figure 8. These capital costs should be reduced`
by .increasing, the water temperature and providing fox parallel
heating operation between suburban-TTs and city heatwgenera?ting
sources) taking account of the cost of provicli.n electric genera-
t.Lng capacity to compensate for the electric power used in pumping
water, as the capital costs for thr extracting of fuel.
The corrospandi.ng medicos for the power scheme using the
city TETs take account of the construction of the TETs and of the
supplementary electrical generating capacity located at a large-
scale electric power station; (the supplementary generating capa-
city is equal to the difference between that of the suburban station
and the city station it supplants; in determining the economic in-
dices a regional power station of 100000 to 200000 kilowatts, was
asswned) and the cost of transmittng the current to the city and
the correspondifg capital costs connected with extraction of fuel
are also figured in. (The capital costs for rail transport of fuel
to the suburban TET3 and to the city TETs make up an insignificant
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o total capital Oost~ and aro rough1Y' ~quai. 'jy
p~caper tiofl of th
e be omitted in a eornparati.W3 ana1y i8,
cun thcaxvfox
The cu'vo fl Ftira 7 nri 8 '&u1 Tven fox tho eonditiol s
s ~~.~.
p:C 11ina .s r Tho raphs 'show the decisive ire"1uQfCQ
~ T'~QaCpW ~~1~1~,a1 C4~
,vs indices oi uzli.t capital i.nvcstmei;
of TET- capacitY an the ralat~
for the power schemas coinpax'edr
' 0000 kilowatts capacity ~Lnd UPWards,
r ~kia~r ~'-~ Q~,
For SLIburb~ln ~ ,
the unit capital ,,l j nuc;stme:n~ ~ ^ un:~~~ of ~~anax'a'~,?~nf ca,zaa,c~.ty is 7W16
~~ pox
pGrCCn , than fox the power scheme, with a city TETS, even wh!m
a
r~ lower the suburban T}DTs is 30 ki1omete~^s away. At 2 OOO kilowatts capa~
t.. for the suburban station, both var .ants arc equally economical
city
for lengths of the a teri.ai heat?main not
i.xl capital investment
ove1' roughly 22k~,l, ~ometers end for not over 10 ki1omete'1 S for a
~
The locs:bi.ora' o;l.' a suburban sLati,on
12000 kjlowatrs iubLirb