SESSION OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE USSR ON PROBLEMS OF NERVOUS REGULATION OF CIRCULATION AND RESPIRATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200140027-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 26, 2012
• Sequence Number: 27
• Publication Date: September 18, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS
THE SESSION OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES OF THE USSR
ON THE PROBLEM OF THE NERWUS REGULATION OF CIRCULATION
AND RESPIRATION
(Short Survey of Reports)
Source: I12221E1111912112Lieskl.....E Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenov
(The USSR Physiological Journal imeni I. M. Sechenov),
Volume 37, No 3, May-June 1951, Pages 379-384? The
Press of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow.
On 13 June in the city of Ryazan, the birthplace of the great
Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, a joint session of the
Division of Medico-Biological Sciences and the Division of Clinical
Medicine ANN USSR 5cademy of Medical Sciences USSR7 was begun.
The conference, in which the Ryazan Medical Institute imeni I. P.
Pavlov participated, was devoted to the problems of the nervous
regulation of circulation and respiration.
About 200 scientists
from various cities of the USSR took part in the work of that ses-
sion. There were over 400 delegates from medical institutions of
the city of Ryazan and the Ryazan Oblast. During the course of
four days 29 reports and some supplementary information were pre-
sented.
The president of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the OSSR,
Academician N. N. Anichkov, opened the session with a brief survey
of the most important works of I. P. Pavlov on circulation and india
cated the general trend for the work of the session. He said its
task WAS not only to utilize these studies of the nervous regulation
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of circulation and respiration, but also to determine further methods
of treating the problem. The president also noted that one year ago
a joint session of two academies on the problems of the physiological
teachings of I. P Pavlov set forth the correct basic principles for
subsequent scientific-research work and rejected the erroneous,
ideologically faulty formulations of a number of scientists. He re-
minded those present that upon decision of the session it was recommended
that the work of Pavlov in the fields of circulation and respiration
be developed in every way. N. N. Anichkov urged that the gap existing
between clinical and experimental research be reduced to a minimum,
and that work be evaluated, first of all, from the point of view of
the effective coordination of clinical investigations with physio-
logical, pathophysiological? pharmacological, biochemical and morphom
logical investigations. He paid special attention to the necessity
of creating experimental models of such pathological conditions of
the circulatory system as occur with coronary insufficiency, myocardiac
infarcts, various forms of hypertensive diseases and other diseases,
Concluding his talk, N. N. Anichkov expressed confidence in the
fact that our medical science, our Pavlovian physiology and clinical
practice would soon achieve new, unusual successes in its progressive
development for the good of our Motherland, our great Soviet nation,
Three reports were heard at the first meeting of the session .m
by regular members of the ANN A. L. Myasnikovi, S. V. Anichkov, and
Vo N. Chernigovskiy.
In his report, uThe Pathogenesis of Hypertension Disease,
A. Le Myashikov presented a detailed and systematic survey of the
whole question, and acquainted his audience with the latest experim
mental and clinical data obtained in the Institute of Therapy of the
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mechanisms of action in some medicinal substances and the synthesis
of new preparations, based on th detailed study of the physiological
action of these substances. After giving a number of examples show.
ing that pharmacological influences, in respect to the nervous regu.
lation of circulation and respiration, can be directed at any link
of the reflex are, the speaker focussed his attention on the
possibilities of variable pharmacological effect on sensitive nerve
endings. The pharmacological analysis of the carotid chemoreceptors
made it possible for the author of the report to present a suggestion
on the biochemical nature of the processes which take place in the
introceptors themselves when they are acted upon by irritants pro-
ducing circulation and respiration reflexes. On the basis of experi-
ments in the blocking of introceptors with enzymatic poisons and
the influence of adenosin.triphosphate on introceptors, S. V.
Anichkov reached the conclusion that the direct reason for the deva-
opment of reflexes by introceptors is the destruction of the energy
balance in the tissue, to be specific -- the predominance of the
breakdown of macroergate bonds compared to their resynthesis. This
conclusion and some particular aspects of the report were subjected
to criticism, in which Dr. Kudrin justifiably pointed out that the
destruction of the energy balance in the tissue may be considered
only one of the reasons for the origination of an impulse in the
receptor and that attributing the complex process of receptor excim
tation to disruption of the energy balance has not yet been sufficiently
established,
In an interesting talk) "New Data on the Nervous Mechanisms
of Blood Pressure Regulation", V. N. Chernigovskiy discussed the
extent to which the overall principle views of I. P. Pavlov on the
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function of the nervous system are reflected in the activity of
centers governing circulation. In various modifications of experim
ments with protracted stimulation of receptor fields, V. N.
Chernigovskiy, together with V. M. Khayutin, demonstrated that
the return of blood pressure to previous levels with protracted
stimulation of the receptor field cannot be explained by an adapta-
tion of peripheral receptors, but is evidently caused by an inhi-
bition process originating in the vasomotor center itself. On the
basis of the obtained experimental material, the speaker came t
the conclusion that afferent impulses exciting the vasomotor center
may produce in it an inhibitory process, which in a number of ways
is analogous to internal cortical inhibition, and that the process
of internal inhibition, which at the present time is considered to
be a property only of the cortex, also functions in lower divisions
of the central nervous system. This conclusion incurred sharp
criticism from some physiologists (Usiyevich, Koshtoyants, Andreyev)
and several times the speaker had to give supplementary explanations.
Commenting on the report, Academician K, M. Bykov pointed out the
great value of the experimental data obtained, but also cautioned
the speaker against the use of the term "internal inhibition" with
respect to lower divisions of the central nervous system.
The second meeting of the session dealt with the nervous
regulation of respiration.
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The meeting started with a surviy report by Professor N. A.
Kurshakov, "Clinical Manifestations of the Failure of Nervous
Regulation of Respiration". The speaker started with the correct
supposition that the mechanisms of external respiration cannot be
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studied isolated from the mechanisms of circulation and the physio
logical peculiarities of blood. Nevertheless, his report, containing
interesting clinical material, was considered unsatisfactory in its
treatment of physiological problems concerning the activity of the
respiratory center; this was noted by Professors Zubkovs Smirnov
and Shik.
The role of the cerebral cortex in the regulation of respir-
ation was considered in the report of Professor M. Ye. Marshak,
who used experimental materials obtained by various methods, in
particular the bloodless method of determining the percentage of
blood saturation with oxygen by use of the oximeter, constructed
under the direction of Professor Ye, M. Kreps. The speaker showed
that the cerebral cortex plays an essential role in the regulation
of human respiration under various conditions. The cortical regu-
lation of respiration in man assures the necessary level of lung
ventilation, the tempo and rhythm of respiration, and also the con-
stancy of CO2 in the alveolar air and arterial blood.
In his report, Professor I. A. Arshavskiy analyzed the inter-
relationship of the respiratory and cardio-eirculatory systems at
different ages. He made an attempt to demarcate separates consecutive
age periods. Within the limits of each period, the speaker character
ized the functions of the respiratory and cardio-circulatory systems
as dependent on the Antections of the organism with those environ"
mental conditions in which the organism funatiohb-and develops at a
given age. The report of'I. A* Arshavskiy evoked a number of
critical comments from corresponding member of Academy of Sciences
USSR, Mi. S. Koshtoyants, and corresponding member of the Academy of
Medical Sciences USSR, A. I. Smirnove
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The meeting devoted to the problem of the nervous regulation
of respiration ended with a report by V. F. Lashkov, who demonstrated
three types of receptors characteristic for the bronchi and alveoli,
and showed that the lungs receive afferent innervation from two
sources: from sensory cells of the ganglia nodosum and vagi, and
from sensory neurons of definite spinal ganglia. Nerve branches
of the spinal ganglia, headed for the lungs, pass through the
stellate ganglion.
The morphological data obtained by V. F. Lashkov
makes it possible to consider the transfer of afferent impulses,
proceeing from the lungs, directly to afferent spinal centers
governing the activity of the lung vessels the smooth muscle of the
bronchi, bronchial glands and other organs*
The third meeting of the session dealt with the nervous
regulation of cardiac activity and the nervous systemls role in
the pathogenesis of coronary circulation disturbances*
In his report, "The Influence of the Wangering (vagus) Nerve
on the Contraction Force of the Ventricles", corresponding member
of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, A. I. Smirnov generalized
the experimental materials of many years of research, stating, that
with full inhibition of the auricles or a functional isolation of
the auricles and ventricles) there is a well-defined strengthening
action of the wandering nerve on the ventricles of the heart* In
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the speakers opinion, there is currently,ncl:ba9is filImentiating
the action of the wandering nerve on the ventricles of the heart
from the action of the stimulating nerve of I P. Pavlov, since
under certain conditions the cardiac fibers of the wandering nerve
have the same physiological composition as a trophic nerve) which
was indicated by I. P. Pavlov with respect to the stimulating nervy
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he discovered. Some obscurities in the presentatioh of the material
and in the conclusions evoked with the approval of the audience,
number of puzzled questions and comments (Professor A. A. Zubkov).
The report by Professor N. V. Danilov, "Materials on Regu.
lation of the Cardio-Circulatory System", focussed particular
attention on a new method of studying cardiac activity, based on
the use of a pericardial fistula. The speaker also presented new
data on methods of recording the arterial blood pressure in chronic
experiments.
The report of lecturer V. A. Shidlovskiy, "Changes in the
Bioelectric Activity of Various Sections of the Heart During
Stimulation by the Vagus", represented only a fragment of the re.
search devoted to analyzing the modus operandi of mediators in
relation to the developmental degree of the peripheral nervous
system.
Clinical data on the disturbance of nervous regulation of
cardiac activity was presented in the reports of Professor M. S.
Vovsi and Professor F. A. Andreyev. M. S. VIDIrSi presented a sur-
vey of the basic data on the pathogenesis of angina pectoris.
Using clinical material he showed that the initial "release"
mechanism during the start of an angina pectoris attack is a
cortical and subcortical impulse.
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The report of F. A. Andreyev, "The Significance of the
Disruption of Higher Nervous Activity in the Pathogenesis of Dis.
turbances in Coronary Circulation and Myocardial infarcts", developed
the idea that the nervous regulation of peripheral circulation
involves not only the tone of vessels and trophic processes in the
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vessel walls, but also the blood itself as it passes through the
vessels* Therefore, the author, in studying myocardiac infarcts,
focussed his attention on those determining conditions which lead
to the formation of a thrombus* Somewhat surprising was the speaker's
statement, with which many of the clinicians could not agree at all,
that he did not accept the possibility of a spastic contraction of
the coronary arteries*
The fourth an.d fifth meetings of the session dealt with
various aspects of the nervous regulation of blood pressure and
experimental hypertension*
The report given by L. A. Koreysh dealt with the interaction
of the cortex, subcortical ganglia and hypothalamic regions in the
functional regulation of the human vascular system. The stimulation
of the cerebral cortex during operations, and study of the con-
dition of the cardio.circulatory system in brain tumor cases showed
that vessel tone regulation by the hemispheric cortex is brought
about from the contralateral side. The nearest subcortical ganglion
of the striatum-palladium system is also involved in vessel tone
regalation on the contralateral side* Stimulation of the hypo-
thalamic region, however, does not cause assymetrical blood pressures,
but causes a general rise of the systolic pressure. Electrocardio-
graphic study has shown the predominant influence of the right
hemisphere on the left coronary artery, and of the left hemisphere
on the right coronary artery* The report stimulated many questions
and was highly rated both by clinicians and physiologists,
The report of A. T. Pshonik was devoted to an analysis of
experimental data on cortical regulation of human and animal vascular
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reactions, Using a large amount of experimental material, the
speaker showed convincingly the primary role of the cerebral cor.
tex in the adaptation of the organism to changing external environ.
mental conditions. Chaning the equilibrium conditions for cortical
processes during the experiments, the author obtained various forms
of failure of vascular reaction, including such "vascular neuroses"
which can serve as a model for the study of one of the forms of
experimental hypertension.
The report was highly praised by a regu.
lar member of the Academy of Medical Sciences, A. I. Nesterov, who
noted the importance of having a broad group of researchers and
doctors use this method of objectively studying vascular reactions
in humans.
The report of A. P. Polosukhin, "The Extroceptive and Intro-
ceptive Regulation of Circulation, Respiration and Lymph Flow",
was the only report at the session which not only analyzed circu.
lation and respiration, but also lymph flow. The speaker showed
that changes in venous pressure and changes in lymph flow are reflex
in nature, since they can be observed independently of chanes in
arterial blood pressure. The reflex regulation of lymph flow does
not depend on the venous pressure level or the respiratory act
(the last contention of the author was proven by the comparison of
experiments with artifical and natural breathing, in the presence
of complete bilateral pneumothorax),
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In his report, "The Diphasic Action of Adrenalin on the
Baroreceptors of the Aortic Nerve", regular member of the Academy
of Medical Sciences) P. K) Anokhin, analyzed the mechanism of the
pressor-depressor relationship. At the beginning of the report, he
pointed out that the basic factor which leads to an increase in the
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tone of cardio-circulatoory system is the cortico.thalamic relatiofl.
ship and the cortex, which relate the organism to the external world.
The function of the depressor apparatus should be considered as a
response to an increase in blood pressure which occured first.
Since an increase in blood pressure leads in most cases to some
augmentation of the adrenalin concentration in the blood, iit is
natural to ask whether there is or is not a change in the condition
of the barorecptors of the aortic nerve when they are acted upon by
very small concentrations of adrenalin. An oscillographic analysis
of the impulses from the baroreceptors showed that the action of
adrenalin is apparent first in the increase of the excitability of
the barorecptors, and then, in a suppression of their activity,
In discussing the report, V. N. Chernigovskiy and S. V. Andreyev
expressed the opinion that the speaker had comparatively undervalued
the importance of central origination in the process of creating
hypertension and in the return of the blood pressure to its original
level. In conclusion, P. K. Anokhin pointed out that he began his
report with an explanation of the primary role of the cortico-thalamic
relationship and that there could hardly be disagreement on this
point between physiologists at the present time.
The report of lecturer V. L. Gubarl was devoted to analyzing
the relationship of the vasomotor center to depressor impulses under
conditions of an electrotonic increase in its excitability. Experi-
ments showed that the reflex activity of the vaAgmotor-ee.atex,is
changed remak? upon artificial alteration of its excitabilitT.
Then the speaker concluded that the effect of the depressor influence
depends on the original blood pressure level, which determines the
excitability level of the vasomotor center.
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The report of candidates in medical science, G. D. Smirnov
and A. L. Byzov? pointed out that with an increase in intercranial
pressure, regular rhythmical oscillations occur in the arterial
blood pressure, with a frequency of 3-5 oscillations per minute,
The amplitude of these oscillations reaches 40.100 millimeters of
mercury. The author relates these waves to those of the Traube
Gering type and thinks that they are the result of periodically
appearing anemia in the vasomotor center. One ought to point out
that the report of L. A. Koreysh also mentioned data on the compara.
tively wave.like changes in manes blood pressure with an increase in
intercranial pressure.
The problems of experimental hypertension were considered
in the reports of regular members of the Academy of Medical Sciences,
N. N. Gorey and A. N. Magnitskiy, and Professor A. M. Blinova.
N. N. Gorey reported on experiments with rabbits and dogs,
in which reflexogenic and renal forms of experimental hypertension
were produced. The wealth of material (86 rabbits that had hyper.
tension 8.10 months and ) dogs with hypertension more than a year
were used in the experiments) allowed him to study peculiarities of
neuro.humoral alterations in both forms of hypertension. In both
types, he discovered increased activity in the cholinesterase of
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the blood and a strengthening of theApOsitive inotropic action of
blood serum on the isolated heart. Changes in the central nervous
system were also noted, precisely, increased excitability of the
subcortical and submedullary centers. The work of N. N. Gorey,
quite highly evaluated, was received with interest by the clinicians.
The report of A. N. Magnitskiy was devoted to the study of
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the dominant symptoms in regulating circulation. In the speakers
opinion, a stimulus with a specific intensity and frequency may
cause the pressor center to become active. In man this dominant
state may be caused by impulses originating in the cerebral cortex
under the influence of different types of stimuli. These impulses,
irradiated to the hypothalamic center, may cause there a stable focus
of excitement of a dominant character, which in the speakers opinion,
may be one of the reasons for the origin of hypertensive disease,
A. M. Blinova, together with G. No Aronova and K. Ye.
Serebryanippresented a report on the functional conditions of the
vasomotor center and peripheral vessels in experimental hypertension,
obtained by three methods: (1) stimulation of the posterior-lateral
area of the hypothalamic region (centrogenous hypertension); (2) com.
pression of the carotid arteries (reflex hypertension); (3) intra.
venous injection of promethine (humoral hypertension). With centro-
genous hypertension it was noted that there were changes in the
functional condition of the vasomotor center (intensification of
reaction to pressor and decrease in rection to depressor influences),
after-effects, and also a sharp constriation of the renal vessels
and decrease in the renal blood flow. This allowed the authors to
suggest that a repeated stimulation of the hypothalamic region might
be a factor contributing to blood pressure stabilization at an
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The sixth, meeting of the session dealt with the histological
and anatomical examination of peculiarities in the innervation of
the vascular system. The morphological reports presented at the
session testified to the fact that morphologists are no longer simply
descriptive, but are becoming functional and striving to develop the
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ideas of I. P. Pavlov in cooperation with other disciplines.
The report of B. A. Dolgo-Saburov, corresponding member of the
Academy of Medical Sciences, was devoted basically to an analysis of
the receptors in the venous system. By using intramural apparatus
to study various human veins, the speaker showed not only the regu.
larity of receptor distribution in the venous system, but also their
similarities and differences, which are conditioned by their
functional characteristics.
B. A. Dolgo.Saburov demonstrated the
connection of the receptor apparatus in the venous channels with
the central nervous system and worked out the genesis of the afferent
innervation. Using morphological methods, he succeeded in demonstra-
ting the variable reactivity of sensory nerve endings and their
unique structural changes under different conditions in the life of
the organism.
In her interesting report, devoted to the morphology of the
peripheral innervation of blood vessels, Ye. K. Plechkova demonstrated
on the basis of contemporary morphological examinations that not
only certain reflexogenic zones, but all peripheral vessels, including
capillaries, are supplied with a large quantity of sensory nerves,
and consequently they should be considered as an extended reflexo.
genic zone. Denoting the inadequacies of the customary methods of
histological examination, Ye. K. Plechkova reported the work of
students B. I. Leavren4lbmeAt-anii-41/4-Partregro 155i5a1
methods to show that special cells possess enzymatic activity and
that receptors show enzymo-chemical alterations during various
functional states,
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B. V. Ognev? working with V. A. Kryzhkov, studied the dynamics of
changes in blood supply to the cortex in children suffering from
edema of the brain.
Besides morphological data, the report con-
tained indications that with increasing edema of the brain, associ-
ated with changes in the cortex and its blood vessels, there is a
gradual suppression of reflexes and the function of the child's
organism.
Lecturer A. V. Votrin presented new data on the innervation
of the division points of the common carotid artery and internal
jugular vein. He not only gave a description of all the nervous
elements which contribute to innervating the division points of the
common cartotid artery and internal jugular vein, but also showed
that the usual conception of the sino-carotid reflex zone does not
concur with the morphological data, since the reflexogenic endings
he discovered are dispersed over a much greater portion of the
vessels than had been previously known.
Professor A. A. Smirnov presented comparative-anatomical
data on innervating the carotid and aortic reflexogenic zones. In
the author's opinion, the carotid glomus is phylogenetically formed
earlier than the aortic one. Both glomii receive nerve branchings
from two sources: the carotid from the glosso-pharyngeal nerve
and sympathetic trunks; the aortic from the vagus nerve and indi-
vidual branches from the sympathetic nerve.
The report of A. A.
amirnov provoked some objections, since the anatomists did not find
his data on the absence of sympathetic innervation of the vessel
labyrinth in amphibia and reptiles, and also the data on the blood
supply of the arterial glomus itself, fully convincing,
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At the seventh (final) meeting of the session, on the evening
of June 16, two final physiological reports concerned directly with
questions of clinical practice were heard, and the work of the
session was summarized.
In the report of P. P. Goncharov, on the role of visceral
reflexes in regulating circulation) the important practical problem
of tamponing the heart was analyzed. The speaker) in due course
suggested and developed the method of chronic pericardial fistulas,
and showed that the receptor formations of the pericardium may give
rise to powerful reflexes which influence not only the heart, but
also the whole cardio-circulatory system and respiration, which,
of course, must be taken into consideration in tamponing the heart,
He also presented interesting data on changes in the cardio-
circulatory system and respiration during swelling of the intestine.
The report of Professor I. P. Petrov dealt with the reflex
regulation peculiarities of circulation in shock, blood-loss and
asphyxia. Pointing out that the reflex regulation of circulation
under pathological conditions has been studied very little, the
speaker presented a nurtiber of new and interesting experimental
results. He was able to show that with an acute excitation of the
vasomotor center associated with anemia there is a loss of the sino-
carotid reflex. He also noted that in traumatic shock there arise
phasic changes in the pressor and depressor sino-cardial reflexes
up to the distortion point. Severe blood loss, according to the
speaker's data, leads to the cessation and distortion of the sino-
cardial depressor eeflex. In this case the pressor sino-cardial
reflex may either remain or also disappear,
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After the discussions at the final session, a talk was given
by the Secretary of the Ryazan Oblast' Committee VET (b), S. No
Larionov, who characterized the prospects for cultural development
in the city of Ryazan. He supported the suggestion of the Director
of the Ryazan Medical Institute imeni Pavlov for an appeal to the
Academy of Medical Sciences to have the scientific session held
in Ryazan each year at precisely the same time, since this corres.
ponds with the date of the government's decision to found a Medical
Institute in Ryazan imeni Academician I. P. Pavlov,
The closing remarks of the session were made by Academician.
Secretary of the Medico-Biological Division AMN USSR, regular member
of the ANN, S. Ye. Severin.
Summarizing the resul:6s of the session, S. Ye. Severin noted
that in spite of the strenuous and exhaustive work of the session,
there were still many extremely important questions which were not
given nearly enough attention. Comparatively little work was pre.
sented on the physiology, pathology, morphology and clinology of the
nervous regulation of respiration. Entirely insufficient work was
presented at the session on the pharmacology of the nervous regulation
of circulation and on experimental therapy. Studies on the inter-
relationships of cortical and subcortical formations in the regulation
of circulation and respiration, both under normal and pathological
conditions, were not developed sufficiently and not presented
S. Ye. Severin also noted that while the work presented at the
session indicated marked advances in the study of nervous regulation
of circulation and respiration since the joint session of the Academy
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/26: CIA-RDP82-00039R000200140027-6
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/26: CIA-RDP82-00039R000200140027-6
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of Sciences USSR and the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, only the
first steps have been taken in this direction, requiring marked
subsequent development. Success will be guaranteed by both the
extraordinary conditions provided in our country for scientific work
and the understanding of each scientific worker on the medical front
that it is his responsibility and honorable duty to conduct research
devoted to the creative development of the enormous scientific
inheritance given us by the great physiologist of our Motherland,
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov*
V. Shillovskly
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/26: CIA-RDP82-00039R000200140027-6
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