A SUMMARY OF THE GENERAL REPORT OF KIANGSI'S FIRST CONFERENCE ON SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200140002-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 15
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 26, 2012
• Sequence Number: 2
• Content Type: REPORT

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A SUMMARY OF THE GENERAL REPORT OF KIANGSIIS FIRST
CONFERENCE ON SCHOOL ADMINISTRA.TION
Lu Liang
1, A-TENTATZVE REVIEW OF EDUCATIONAL REFORM SINCE THE LIBERATION
, r r Cr" ?
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Achievements:Atotal e aia4-441-
42.; (y4 1, y,
1.-constituting less than 60 percent of the all schools before
the liberation), 1,541 pub,lic primary chools (77 percent of the
pre-liberation total), and 5,976 village schools (pre-liberation
total unknown) have been restored. There are at present 43,626 stu-
(,Th / /
dents in the laterme ',6chools.a446.-eo37.1e7tims and 387,878 in the
4 '-(;) 0114 0. ",4 ?
primary schools. Social education programs are under way in certain
areas. A majority of the schools have conducted special lecture
meetings for teachers and for students; as a result, the ideological
level of the students and teachers has been raised and their attitude
to work and study has begun to change for the better. Some funda-
e---
mental reform has also been carried out; for instance, new text books
have been. used by most of the schools, and a political course has
been added to the school curriculums. As to school administration,
the administration of reactionary discipline in the school and its
system'thought control have een abolished and a new democratic
system to handle the students has been implemented. Many schools
have carried out various programs under which the teachers receive
political training. A committee on school administration headed by
the princip1 htv, been established in each 1.:,chool to carry into
practice the new democraticand centralized administration of the
$ylhool system. School finance is now open for public inspection
RESTRICTED
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Feudal fractionalism in the schools has been basically eliminated?
In short, all schools are full of a new spirits
Shortcomings: The policy of wiping out the reactionary edu-
cational system of the former regime and establishing the new demo-
epatic educational system, embodied in the Educational Reform Program
issued ).t August', is absolutely correct. However, some missteps
P' t
occurred in our work because we were too anxious to have everything
changed in a short time and failed to study the real problems in-
volved. For instance, we combined schools with discordant functions
into a sirgle school, and we introduced too many drastic changes to
some schools, etc. Moreover, there are many village schools which
have not been restored but it is not primarily because of inadequate
finance or because of the fears among the masses as to the inability
of some loaal goverments. It was because some government agencies
still feared to hire educational workers of the former regime. In
dealing with the intellectuals, we need more patience, more persua-
siveness, and a more cooperative attitude. Our or in
charge of school administration have not been very efficient; they
did not thoroughly understand the over-all situation and hence
failed to give very effective guidance.
II TRISENT AND FUTURE POLICIES
(1), Our general policy is to restore schools by means of
gystematic plamtrlInd to reform them step by step.
In areas where a majority of the s&hools were discontinued we
should restore these schools in an orderly manner so that students
and teachers may go back to the schools as usual. The government
should help the schools save their difficulties. However, we must not
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restore schools which have not satisfied certain conditions. For
instance we must not restore those schools which have a number of
teachers but not a corresponding number of students, or which lack
the necessary facilities.
We should cooperate with the masses in restoring schools; for
instance, by explaining the situation before meetings of the people's
representatives. We should make preparations for the diverse tasks
in the restoration of schools not scheduled to begin until next-
spring. These preparations should begin right after this conference
on educational administration.
We should effect the necessary reform of the schools formerly
run or controlled by local despots instead of discontinuing them,
School mergers are no long necessary except for extremely corrupt and
reactionary schools. Approval should be obtained from a higher authority
in case a merger is deemed desirable.
Wb should guide the restored schools toward reform with well-
prepared plans. We are opposed to the deviationist tendency of giving
them a free hand.
School reform should be carried, out with. well formulated plans.
At present, we should place our emphasis on reformdmg the ideology of
the eachers and students (particularly the ideology of the teachers).
This reform consists in thought reindoctrination, improvement of the
substance of the school curriculums, development of a new attitude
toward study, and improvement of the teaching methods and teachers?
leadership in general. We should adopt various educational methods
from the former regime if they prove to be profitable to us.
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RBI RtCTED
(2), We shall allow the private schools established by
Chinese to exist except those which are extremely corrupt and
reactionary and improve them through reform. Schools which make
remarkable progress through reform will be given a prize or sUb-
sidy. It is strictly forbidden to use schools as instruments for
reactionary activities. Official licenses will be granted to
schools if they have made progress in the probationary period.
(3) Private village primary schools will be allowed to
operate except the most corrupt and reactionary. We shall guide
them toward reform starting with the school curriculums, teaching
methods, etc). This is necessary because such private schools still
play an important role in rural education. They can be replaced only
when more modern schools are established.
(4), We should train more teachers, but we should also re's
indoctrinate the present teachers. We should unite them in a more
generous spirit and show them how to serve the people better.
Teachers who have lost employment as a result of school reform and
reorganization should be entitled to job replacement service or as-
signed to schools for further study, except for those who are really
despots and who are hated by the public.
The teachers! unemployment problem will become less acute
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since many school are reopening. Next-year the teachers colleges
should reduce their regular enrollment, freeing facilities to give
brief training to unemployed teachers.
Present teachers colleges should be strengthened; the size
of their enrollments will be determined in the light of the actual
demand for teachers?
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We should speed up the present training program for teachers;
we should also establish various study programs, such as a training
program during vacation, teachers rotation training classes, study
clubs, and others on a permanent basis in order to increase the
teachers' political ideological level and their teaching technique,
Moreover, we should help teachers develop their interest in politics
so that they will participate actively in the educational enterprises
of the new people's democracy; for instance, by organizing them into
a teachers association.
(5) We should make it easier for the children of workers and
peasants to receive an education and we should also improve facilities
for the spare-time education of workers and peasants themselves.
(6) Our general objectives are as follows:
(a) To win the support of revolutionary intellectuals and
to promote their interests we should initiate various regular and short-
term training programs for intellectuals; on the other hand, we should
improve the present-day specialized vocational schools, intermediate
schools, teachers colleges so that a new generation of revolutionary
intellectuals in various fields of learning will be forthcoming.
(b) To strengthen our leadership in genera) social
education, we should systematically restore schools and reform them
step by step in order to bring up a new generation of citizens who
with fundamental knowledge, and good health in body and mind and
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? -MiVlove their motherland, people and workinf; class.
(c) We should plan and carry out social edueational
programs so as to raise the political and cultural level of the mas-
ses of people.
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III SCHOOL ADMINISTbsJiTION AND EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
(1), The school administration will be headed by a principal
who is responsible to the government. For large schools a committetr"
school administration may be created under the principal* This com-
mittee wifl be in charge of the study and the determination of school
policy, appropriation, personnel administration and other problems
Of importance. In case the government has not announced the appoint-
ment of a principal, the school administration committee should as-
sume the function of the principal* The school administration commit-
tee should be composed mainly of teachers, but also with representa-
t* .n frofi employees and students* As far as the school administration
system is concerned we are opposed to the principal's dictatroship on
the one hand, and opposed on the other hand the system by which every-.
thing has to be decided by discussion and no person takes the respon-
dibility of leadership*
The school administration should comtlne,_both the spirit of
centralization and the' spiritk-of-demacracy, with a view to developing
the teachers' enthusiasm and potentialities*
It is hoped that teachers will be devoted to their work, study
with greater effort, and be determined to carry out various reform
programs under the stimulus of becoming their own masters*
(2) In view of the fact that our higher authority has not
yet issued a uniform regulation governing the instruction systens,
we make the following tentative rules:
(a) The school examination system will continue to be
used, However, the examlnation will not be used as a measure with
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which to punish students, but as a device to encourage students to
review what they have learned. The computation of a grade should
take into account class work, and political theory counted as a
major subject. A student's credit rating for behavior discipline
should be determined through self-criticism, and group discussion,
with proper evaluation by the school authority; it would be best
not to use the vague expressions of Grade Al Bo Co etc. for credit
rating.
(b) The incentive and punishment system will continue.
Nevertheless, this system should not be overused, particularly the
dismissal of students, because the too frequent use of this system
will defeat its own purpose. Public commendation, credit points,
criticism, warning, demerit points, probation, dismissal and other
devices now used by some schools can continue to be used.
(c) The number of daily class meetings will remain the
same as before and it should not be increased since students need
time for homework, recreation, sports and other activities. So-
cial activities should not last more than 6 hours in intermediate,
schools and 3 hours in a.dvaneed primary (fith and sixth grade)
schools.
(d) specific regulations on summer and winter vacations,
farming season vacations, and other school holidays will be issued
in the near future. To accord with prevailing practice and custom
among teachers, the next winter vacation will start on 20 December
(Chinese lunar calendar) and end on 16 January.
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7111,11.
(e) The opening dates for the spring and fall semes-
ters will temporarily remain the same as before.
In the past the children of workers and. peasants re-
ceived no chance to get an education. Therefore, we should, now give
them some special privileges, as for instance, by not applying the
age limitation requirement too strictly on students whose age is not
too far out of lines1 and by liberalizing their entrance standards.
In industrial areas where there are concentrated a great number of
workers, more schools especially designated for workers' children
should be established.. Appropriate leave should be given to the
children of peasants in areas where manpower is scarce.
GO. A system should. be established under which teachers
will conduct regular studies mainly of political theory and teaching
methods. The purpose of political study is to enable teachers to
grasp the essence of governmental educational policies. This sys-
tem would become one of the criteria for evaluating the competence
of the school authority. Study conducted, individually and by group
meetings and lectures would constitute the substance of this system.
The school authority shoUld constantly provide guidance to its
teachers and. supervise the teachersl study program.
(5i There should be no rigid regulations for establishing
various schools in rural areas* A village school may be set up when
there are about 20 prospective students. Advanced classes may be
opened in primary school if there are about 20 prospective students*
Classes for different grades may be jointly held when the number
of students is extremely small.
Teachers who have been employed but who have no teaching
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now as a result of the insufficient number of students will not be
discharged until next spring?
IV TEACHING METHODS AND DISCIPLINE
Teachers should teac. tudet thescience and culture
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,of this New People's Democrac in addition, they should teach po-
litical ideology. They should effectively inculcate in the students,
both through their daily lectures and in their daily contacts, the
virtues of patriotism, love of the people, love of work, love of
science, and love of public property. The final goal is to enable
the students to create a revolutionary Philosophy of life. Judging
from the reports heard at the conference: one gets the impression
that in many schools the students did not show interest in the
political lectures which therefove had no significiant influence
over the This was not because the political lectures were not
justified but rather because the wrong method was used. The poli-
tical lecture is indispensable, and so the method of conducting
this lecture must be improved. Political lectures must be linked
to the real problems the students have in mind. We should answer
their questions (recently some students misunderstood the real
purpose of the government land tax, and of the rent and interest
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.^e.i;eduction movement) stimulate their thinking., and use the school
courses and social activities to purge the old attitudes and re-
place them with the attitude d service to the people*
Basically teacHng methods should help bring together
theory and practice, teaching and learning. In addition to the
class lecture, teachers should give guidance outside the class
in class work preparation, review, resc,arch and discussion)*
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now as a result of the insufficient number of students will not be
discharged until next spring?
IV TEACHING METHODS AND DISCIPLINE
Teachers should, teach2the-istudents t e,A cience and culture
of this New People's Democrac'Y; in addition, they should teach po-
litical ideology. They should effectively inculcate in the students,
both through their daily lectures and in their daily contacts, the
virtues of patriotism, love of the people, love of work, love of
science, and love of public property. The final goal is to enable
the students to create a revolutionary philosoghy of life. Judging
from the reports heard at the conference, one gets the impression
that in many schools the students did not show interest in the
political lectures which therefore had no significiant influence
over them. This was not because the political lectures were not
justified but rather because the wrong method was used. The poli-
tical lecture is indispensable, and so the method of conducting
this lecture must be improved. Political lectures must be linked
to the real problems the students have in mind. We should answer
their questions (recently some students misunderstood the real
purpose of the government land tax, and of the rent and interest
reduction movement) stimulate their th-J.nkiik, and use the school
courses and social activities to purge the old attitudes and re-
place them with the attitude of service to the people.
Basically teach1ng methods should help bring together
theory and practice, teaching and learning. In addition to the
class lecture, teachers should give guidance outside the class
in class work preparation, review, rescarch and discussion).
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Teachers should study instruction methods, know thoroughly the sub-
stance of their lectures, understand their students, and appeal
patiently to the majority of the students. They should constantly
solicit their students' opinions and study them so that they May.
improve their teaching technique. We must oppose the harsh, domine-
ering teaching method which pays no attention to the actual reaction
of the students.
Students should create a new attitude in study. We study
because we want to serve people (first of all, the workers and
peasants). We study so that we can build the People's Republic of
China. Therefore, we must purge the erroneous attitudes of taking
study as a means to becoming a high government official or getting
personal enrichment or as a step to winning reputation for one's
family, or the like, an attitude which is contemptuous of workers
and peasants. We should make every student interested in study.
With respect to discipline, we are against both extremes:
punishment either vocal or bodily or extreme* liberty; we favor
an orderly and disciplined democratic system. We should use per-
suasion, guidance, self-criticism, prizes, etc. to cultivate self-
discipline. Teachers should love their students and teach them
with patience. They should listen to the students opinions and
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improve their teachir. mnhods, Students should respect their
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teachers and listen to the teachers' sound advice,
The students assemblies, and the Young Pioneers Derity$ are
conducted by th,eistudents themaelvet; the purpose of these orga-
nizations is mainly to unite all students in order to guarantee
the fulfillment of the educational program and in the meantime to
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assist the students in their regular studies and to provide various
social services for the students' welfare. The school authorities
should give students assistance in carrying out the above-mentioned
activities, but should not take over the performance.
V SOCIAL EDUCATION
)%
Social education or the education of?UM:masses is a task
of great significance. It should be expanded gradually by care-
ful panning. With no special organization responsible for the
social education program, social education must take a multitude
of forms to provide for prospective students with full-time jobs.
The curriculum should be of practical use to the students and it
should be adjusted to the students' leisure time and initiated
not only by schools but also by other cultural institutions.
The people's educational auditorium or hall in each area
should be the leading center from which to carry out various social
educational programs. These programs should be related to the main
political objectives of each stage of political development. The
major vehicles of social education are blackboard bulletins,
picture posters, wall bulletins, public speech, evening adult
classes, newspaper reading groups, discuseclere-groups (consisting
of workers, shop skpar.s, poor people and others), reading rooms,
organized sports, and organized recreational activities. In areas
wb re there are no people's educational auditordums, teachers and
students in the local regular schools should be responsible for
selected social educational programs (particularly evening classes,
classes meeting only half a day and supplementary classes).
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CiED
VI LEADER6HIP QUESTION
We should improve the organizations responsible for educa-
tional a
ainistration by assigning to them sufficient personnel.
In the hsien government where there is no appropriate person to
head the educational division, an acting division chief should be
selected. Proper procedure must be followed in assigning or reas-
signing educational personnel. The Department of Education of the
Kiangsi Provincial Government will soon open a training class for
educational administra.Ave personnel; graduates from this class
will be assigned to work in the educational divisions of the hsien
governments. Educational activitiis should be integrated with
other political activities so as to realize the general objectives
for the country as a whole; however, those activities must be so
conducted as to realize their original educational objectives and
not lose their identity as educational programs. Educational
workers should improve their own jobs through careful study. We
should develop new experience by concentrating our efforts on a
limited number of schools which have wider and deeper influence
among others. We should create them as good examples for the rest.
Agencies responsible for administration should, in addition to
routine busincss, conduct regular inspection of the sclv)ols under
their jurisdiction. Intermediate schools should be supervised by
the provincial government or its representative agencies, while
primary schools and schools for social education should be super-
vised by hsien government. Public; sdhoois supported by the hsien govern-
ment should give academic guidance and other assistances to the vil-
lage schools or private schools.
In work we rut always rely on the masses o: the people and
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listen to their opinions. We should give more liberty to the teachers
and employees in various activities and lead them onward to progress
through actual works Agencies responsible for educational adminis-
tration should consider their foremost task to unite together teachers
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