VIEWS ON PROBLEMS OF IDEOLOGICAL INDOCTRINATION WITHIN THE ARMY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200120007-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: January 4, 2017
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: August 28, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/26 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200120007-0
! � ~~+f~ a'~
i
1

~ .d
~ ~ #
- - - - - - - - - - STAY
I 1
i
;I
tfi~t~f"' ~
~q ~ ~~,ppp
~hi~~1.i4IP ~~~y~
j
~ ~~9� y
ih11 { ~ 1
~
�f`x
~~t'
~ {
i
~ 1
~ y
- ~
i
V~.~;~vs 'on '~'rob~.oms off' xden~.a ~.ca~.
~ndoc'~r~.no~~i.a11 ~yi~.'~hin t11~ Arrn,~
_ 11t
1. !
e t
I Nn~rr C)~i.na n~on~h~.y, I3~r ~ ao Cl~u,
~~:iip~.n~, Dear 7.90
I
,I
s~ a:
j - ~
~ i ,
~
'4 - ~P
i y~~
~ ,
G'
~ 'STAY
~
I;
I ~ r
}
t,
t
tl
r.
n ~
4.
R
i
{ l
~Jf
' ~ + fir,,
'1'
~~id a ~ ~i
~ 1
;i14
y~i
i,,
~
c~~~
~ ;
i.�
f
i; i
*s,.
~
~ ~ , ~ Declassified i~n Part - unitized Copy App ease 2012/04/26 CIA-RDP82-000398000200120007-0 ` ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,
S roved for Rel
.n,. `

 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/26 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200120007-0
- - - -
d
q _
,1
r,~~,5~
~
~"sY~t 4 1~ ~ ~
r� y i ~ ~'~1~~
, 4h 4
4h ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ r k t
~y ~ ~ ~ ~ ' STAT
~i~ i~{yp d~ ~ ~i
~ ~ ~ ~,.k ~ { ~ ~ ~ Uzi
~~~~ut01t ~ ? ~ 11~ F I } ~ {f iJY h~~
1 i t a fY~
~ S~,~s~
zee ~7t ,~~~~f~~~ll~ l~~~1~ n
t
~ ~ 1~
~ i' ~~7
~ ~ r.~,
i ~
~ ~`,S4
,l
i
r.
1 ~r~1~~w~hr.~w~M�rr~~www~M~"~"~"~~. Asb i
~ - tN
~Y~
y~4MMKUiMMM!IA~MMnrM 1MR
h
1~ i~
Tao Chin
c
~ ~ 6d,
a.ber~at~,Qr~ a~ Kwan~~tun~ anc~ Kw~~~a. ~.n w~rhh
Q~�I.QWJ.n~; the
M ~ ~ was cam knocked ati1~G~ W~ have
Genes^al Paa GYlun~ ~s:~ s .Ears p
i _ .,e v~.c~ox^ ~l,he 5ati~~h~Cer~~x~. area cx~~~a~ on Ha~.na~
won a sample ~ Y
off: the re~rea~~an~ ~'ox^ce ~wh~.alx
emn
x
a
,1,1
s
tx
s
a.
~.sland. where they e
b ~ a sni~l tram}. 't'hus we have v~.x~tu.al:i.y annaun~
can be Wiped aut ~
J
5
! off' the xule imper~.a,~.ism~ ~euc~alism, a,nd bure~xu~
ced the fi'~.n~t1. death
r
,I
a.n ~~he ;outh~Centra:~ arear And ~all,awin~; ~~he li'bE;r-
cra~L' ~,c capa.tal.~.sm
is .j
outhMCel~tr~l arca.~ We have.. virtual1.~~ compl.e~t,ed the revaM
at~.on a.E the ~
j;
on the mainland a~' China ~ except ~.~ibet} a,nd arz~ived at
lLlt~.anax'
f War I"
` . `the aI'x'iva~.
inninJ s~F;a~e of national peaceful recon,,~,~~uction. x
the bed
4 ~
` ~ a.c era demands ghat we develop a thoxou~h LLnde~�stan~ ~ ~
o:E` this new h~.stor
e various as' ect~ a~ ouz� f a.na~, Baal and that we prep~a^e our ~
dingy o~ ~,h P
~ ~ ' :Ear the task ahead. With respr~ct to the ax~my~ the..
selves a.n a.aeol.a~y
r
. r~ ~ ~ om. va.cto in war to peacetime reconstruction and From ~ i
trams ~.t~.an .Er xY
k
'i are to demobilizat~.on and production means a tremFndous change
wa.r~' ~
g ht~indactrinatian sa as to overcame
which requ~.res penetratin thous f
~ ~ ~ andica ~rl~icl~ has occured or wild. possib~.y
o~^ prevent any ~.deolo~.~ca~. h p ~
n
k i
d.eve~.o a so~~nd attitude ~'or cax~rya.n~ out au,r., new ta~l~� x
occttir anc~ to p
Y~
~I
~ ~~amin.e a,nc~ ~:'ind. solutions for the ~ol'l.aw~.n~
~.here~'axe;a we should e, ~
em;a related to ideo~.o~ica~. indoctr~.n.a~ion .within the ax~cy�
t probl
~
i
~
~ - ~,deolo ical indoctrination within the arrn~- dura.ng the
I 'the ~
~
r t three ears. of s~ru~g~.e ~o~ liberation was intended to boast
pds Y ~ , ,
r
' au winn~,n~ ~ r
' ~ t 'the enem incl.
mili~ax~' maralE fax the ~~.na~, ~a:a1. o:E wa.pin~
~ ~
r '
, t d~
~ ~ W, ~~...~G~ i U~t~ ui~6~G~ r~ r
4 r
~ ~
~ ,i i
g, ~r.
f
~..rv. .
~j ~ _ ,
I' ,n~~ i~
~ ~ ~~i4w
1d'

`'~7 ~ si
u, i
a
.
M
i
l
6
n
V i.
4 ~ly i s ~~~ti
l
~ ~ Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved1for Release 2012/04/26 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200120007-0 ~a''
1

 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/26 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200120007-0
ti`
I, _ _
d ~ gig-~~~' ~ _ _ _ b
I x ~irll~' ~ ~ ~ ' 3;"~
,~1+1 ,r~~yl ~ i ~ w ~
$a ~
~,~lylP~~,' ti~ ~ ~ ~ ~
X1,.5'
l ~ ~ s ~I~
i'. ~
w~
7~, ply' ~j+'
r Yip
r,~'
1~.~ -
~7
,i ~{r,
_ R
~ i',-"
~ ~ '~i
N
~,t~
~h.~ ~J~,~^~ ~hu~~ ~L~ah s~.c~~~.~ ~,s t~~'~a~~~G~ ;~cau~ Qwn ~,~nd~~y !!~�~a~.~~~~t~~ R'~
~ ~~Ca,z~rY ~~he R~;vc~~,ut~.an to the ~'nc~~~a etc and vax~.aus atl~~x^ m~atk~ads i"
f
II
- s'~
~uc;l~ as a~rr~r~ an ~efa~m, pub~.~.c a.nd~,~nat~.an meeta.n~s~ demo~~s~t~.e j
~ , 1~
acta.ans a~,r~pa,~.s to r~daam cra.mes b~ r~ak~.n,~; contr~.but~.ans ~a ,the.. E
. ~ stat~~ wer� em~~,ay~~d by us to ~.ncreass tl~~~ ax^my~s~ ~~al a.n waa~:~~,r~ ~
and to :~nsp~,re ~,ts men to be saldaers of c;aura~e~,nd detexma,~at~.anr
i
~.s to be noted that th~,s ~.deo~.a~; ~ca~. stx~en~th assessed by oux I
troo~~s was a product a~' the ha.~;h degree off' glass hatred far ~~he
. h
:feudal, and react~,anary Kuama.ntan~ re~~.me~ r~h~,e class hatred .arose
a.n turn ~'xom the brutal. suppr~:ssa.on of a~rara.an re~'o~:~m by the. reach a
tianax~ ~e~~.me~ wh~,ch standsi,n sharp co~,~rast ~La t he a~~;ra~a.an reform
' ~ ~
a,s ~.t wa,s carx~ red au:~ by thr people under. our support and ~.ed them u
to real. emanc~.pat~~,ond r~oday the .reacta.anary re~~m~~ .has been wa.ped
a _ h
our, and its `t,x~aaps can no lan~;er da u5 any harm; the f'eel~.n~;s a~
ind~.~nat~ an have. been c~uenchcd ~;hrou~h' retal9.ator~r actions
Iq
~o
`t'he s:~o~7an ~~P:~~atect Your Own Land" has ~radua~.l~ ~,ast its
ora.g~.nal appeal., :far ~.n the o~.d liberated area, .Land reform has been
com~ple~ely carr~.ed ou~~ and. the .landlord c~.ass l~.quidated while. such. .
,I;
I
I i
' a land reform has x?.ot yet been oarried out ire the newly liberated
ar~:a. But. even in the area where land reform has not been camplsted
4
this sla~an has lost its.: original meanan~o Since the reva~.utiar~ is
' ~ wona the ~.dea~.og~. cal elements: thxau~h wha.ch the army ~ s ..clans hatred ~
was turned ~a such p~oad account no lon~T~~~ exist or wi:l.l d,i.s~,ppea~~.~
y :Cn. other wox~d.s~ we .must rind out. what our ne~~ task a.s, and ut~liz~e
a
accard.in~ly the poter~tis~. ~.deola~ical stren,~th this new task ands
finally, dis co~rex the content ~br our ideo~.o~a. cal reindoctrinations
~4
~ ,n.
'What is oux� nPw task? the `new task is to sa~'e~u,ax~d aux~ vic~~ar~r
r .

.I _
'
~ ~ ~ w 1
' ~ i 4i,`
a :r�
i, ~ a^~,
r'~ ~yr jj((
r ~~r~~
1
i
i
~ i o ~ ~ ~ rl~~
j f
~ i
~ti if , l,,
i
t. ~ ' i i y ~'~I
~ ~ -
n
I' ~
.:u ,I
t
"L
n
ski
~_h
r
i
I
1 1" ~ ~
f I
1 i I
i
6' 1 i~~ I ~ ,4 j' I li I ! I r 4 I x~il4,
t'
1
I
~ J f '~I. I s r
I I
I'
r
1 I " . I -I
I 1
I 1
;7
I~~ ~ i i
i ~ ~i t.
~`;y ~
i . r
"P,t~ ~ I :I f?~ I.S. ,fq~.^ ~ i ~ I 1' ~ i {i~ j.
13, i ii: I ~ n! ~ i i t ~>'1 y~ -N :PAS; .1 i~ f, ' i i�pV
~ ? ~1 1~~;'
f ~I. i
is " ! ~ iiv'"~~ .ii
- ~f'
- - - ~
Declassified in Part anitized o A" roved for Release 2012J04/26 : IA RDP82 000398000200120007 0
,.+~s ~,~,za I )I ~ti, t _ r.(a lat7 I~ t ~ ,i',~ a4~1~a.~~"

 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/26 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200120007-0
~ ,
;
6~k~t, x ifs
1
E ~tl
~ ~ `F'~~'~kb tj ~ t
k
4 y~J \ Y
d ~ ~ ~ ~ r fin
yy
~9~ ~ ~ 1 rq,j'
~ 1' i , ~ n
~ '
A,~
(eP
s.,
i
u~~,vx~ su reps ~h~ x^c~~ux~ A;C ~x~y cour~~�xrsvv~,u~a,vn~~' r4; '
~n rc~vv~. ~ _ ~p
e
~ ~hQ ~a ~.e' ~ moth~x].and~ end prevs~'~ and ~m~a ~^a.M
e~.ements, prp~sc _P p
~
--a.on frorn re~~.nvad~.n~ c~~r ~~rr?.tox~y'. 'thus, we shau~d
a~.~st nat ; .
,
~ ab~~,sh scaa~.s,~. xevo~.ti~t~.�nary order as saon as the war ~s
~ur~hc,r apt
T ver su x~ess and coun'~Jexx~vv~.u~~~.anary x~~nu~an~~ anal w~.pe
~f,, comp~.e~Le~.y o , pp
h
e banda.ts thorau~hay car~~y out ~,~xa~~~an x~~:~ox~m, anc~ ~.mm~~
' aut ~~h
i
~tar'L rear an~.z~.n~ the ~~xoops ~,n'~~a a new nat~.c~na~ dc~~x~sE r~
da.ate1.y ~ ~
ten the ;E~nancla~. burden of the s~Late and a:~ 'the 5
army.. '~a ~,a.gh
ea a.~ ~~a sooner br~.n~ abou~~ the recover^~T off' ~Lh~ en~L~~o ecanomya -
' p p ~
d ~ so~ut~.an :Eor some. c~:C the da.f~'a.cul~,a.es cari:~ron~,in~ '~h.s
and ~,o ~ a,n
~ e the ar roducta.an~ maverncntp
army, we shc~~a~.d amm.ed~.ate~.y wad mY p
1 va.ew o:k ~thc ob~ec'~~,ves men~t~.one:d above, we must riot ,
.n
n. we should ur ;e them,.
oux army, relax ~.ts e~~ o~ ~s, on the contrary, g ~ -
F
1, ,
e an even .more sexa.ous c,ttitude tawaxd var. ~.ous acta.v~`~~.es 9
i ~~a cul~~.vat
. ~ is more d~..Cficult to' d,eve~.op
Thin a.s not a s~.mpl.e mat~c~r~ ~'or
e than ~.n war. But how' can th~.s
conscientious ef:Eorts ~.n peaee~~.m
` ~ be lone? We must resort to thE, ins~Lruct~.ane ~;~.ven by ~ha~.r. man Maa
' ed i.n the Can~rnon Pro ~ram~ nam~;~.ya to 'Each the. corr~.andin~
and prov~.d
~ <
r ~ ~ bat members off' the army the revolution.ar~~~ a~~d pa-
o:E~'icer,~ ana cam
, ~ . ~ ~ ' ~ is our ~:"undamental. a,dea~ r.Caday w'e have acl~a.eved
t~ ~.o~L~.c sp~,ri~,. Tha.s
we m>rtst ~'orti~'y and extend this va.ctoryo we must 9
v~.ctory and ~,hu~
~ which ws.e ~"aunded by us and de:E~nd her. ~ '
sincerely lave the ooun~;ry
;
' 'e and blaade We must l~;t every combat soldier unC~erstanC~
w~.th our h.i ,
~ t'.
I , r vi ,ts means to h~.m. We should ~;lsa tell. members of the
~ what thy. ~ c
uture ~.a.es in the successful campJ.e~;io~ a~' nat~.or~a~.
army .,..that the ~r f
ion because when we succeed in nat~ onal x~ecanstructian ~
~ econs ~ru,ct ~
~ th~:n find: ersonal security thx~au~h co:Llect~.ve ef~arta. ~'e '
we can p
~ _ y ied abou~~ our. pe~sor~al ~uture4 ~e can cope with ~e
F nE,ed no ~ be, wort
iS~~
,
^d- ~nda.v~.dua;Lism a~ oux~ on~.y by col.:~ect~:ve revolut~.onary
bac~ra~
~i st
~ ,r r"`,T `~~'`h '
~n `
~ ;
y'~~~
~
~ a~~
i
r~~r~,
e.
~i~
,~~t~:
~ iu~~~~r~,

;i r G,
,~J~
J(i
(f
~f
- - -
anitized Co A
~ Declassified in Part S roved~~for Release 2012/04/26 CIA RDP82 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ `
0398000200120007 0 ~ � , ~ ;
PY pp
'

 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/26 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200120007-0
~ ~
G,

t l ' ~ ' ~ s9
~~i ~i ~
4 ,fir
v
~~'ir~ ~1
i
i
Y1~ ~
b i I
I r
' 5~$
1
~ ~
' V
p~�~x~.o~t;~ama ~'h~~s a ~~,a~�l,~,rru~.ax~,y �txup e~ the army bscG~ur~a tha army
has ha~n infi'ec�ted with a ~:ruwin~ conser~v~,t~.~r~ atti~,ude ~,nh~ren~ ~.n
i~,
~~b
tYl~: peas~n~t a~.~ss a;C'�t~r the v~.c�Lor~'~ :fin p�th~r war~.~, w~ must r~~.~r
r,
on the revo~.~tta.ona~~y p~,~~r,~:f,a�l,a.srn to ~.ntluca en�~hus~.aam and cc~nsca,ou~ ,
G
.t
M1
e~';('orts ~h �Lk~e a~myo .fit ~hau1.d lac not~cl that Borne off' �the ~.deo~~a~
a
we taught 'the army was ha,~~~.y e~~'ec~,~.ve urrdax p~nva.ou,s aa.rcums~tar~cc;s
bu�t now leas becoane abso7,E�te. car ~.ns~tance~ it was n,ot possa,b7.e �~a
~n~eaah p~.tr~.otism in 'the past because �th,e rnos�t pros s;i.n~r issue a�L� ~tl~iat '
.
tame was to sat~.s~'y �~Yle p~asa,n~l;s' demand :f'ox` p~^~.vai,e owncrship ,and
' �t11u~; to increase �thea.r :C~,~,hta.n~; anor~~.1.~ agaa.ns�~ their oppressoz~s~ the
regime urd~r. the ~.mpexialis~t :Lackeys and 'the bureaucratic ca~~.ta~.ist
c~.ass. A~.�~h.ou~h we sk~ou,ld continue ~;o satis~'y tha peaaan�ts' des].re ~
~'ax~ private.: ownersY~a.p~ we muse make 'such a desire sub;~~rvient to �~a
q,
interes�~ o.~' the ~ �La�l;ep-
r~ ,
'~'l~xe reason tlla�t pa�Lr~.ota.srn shau:Ld bb ~;he esscn�tia~. ideo~.~~;y
- ra
with which w~ proceed to reindoctrinat~ the army a.s obv~.aus.xn the �
past we u�ti~:i~ed �the peopl,e~s hatred :E'or their enemy; in athor wards,
w~ ondeavared �to s~ta.s~'y the peopa.e's desire ~~o em~ncipato �~hem-
;
s~~,ves :from the enemy� SincE th.e enemy has been d.e~'~a�~~d and the a,,
1~ ~ 1,.'~
desire o~ 'the ~aeople sata:s~'ied~ natura~.ly th~~ populax-demand revo~.~v'es
i
I,` r~
ax~ouncl bu~:ldin~ a new nat~.on so tla,at ev~ory .:one:. can be better off ~ -
Consec~uen�~~.y~ our.. ja'b is �to depict such a ri~hteo~.s dernanc~. ~:"rom var~.au
4:
an~~.es and by var~.ous e~'~'orts, and henc~a encaura~;e and, insp~,re,, tho
,
people to ~'i~h~t ~'ar i~,s re~~Li~a�~io~,.. 9
~
} How do we bu~.~d up lnf ~y ~.c~.eals and cu~.tivate a se~ness :cave
i'ar our~country? rx'ha.s requ~.res that we systomatical.~,y teach our army
~r
{ the xevo~.utianar~~ ~~hco~py~ o:~ socia:L dsve~.opmCn~t, the fores~,~hted view
~i' the new peop~.e's deniacracy and a:~' the sacia~,ist sta~te~ the mesniri~
- ~~r ~
4
jr r a~ ~ ~
N ~
t .~~~A~
~ ,
~
a ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ,
~f, ~ ~
u 'I
' ~~''~`k. , ~ _
,~~d
~ ~ ~ Q~~~~
r~
i~.
2
t
1
1
f
~ f, ~
~i
~ t ~ ~ ~i~' H'.,:
i
i
I ~ ~ i
i
.
' ~ ~ Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/26 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200120007-0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ F~~`'~,'

 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/26 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200120007-0
- - - - - - - - - -
.
61E 7~
~ ~ ,G.
.
_
'
~
~ ~
~ '
i
i
~/r~
r~V7 4! yr,
n
n
s t
9 k M
~n 1~..
t' ~
~Cr; .
' e,~f ~ ~ `
,}4~, 1 ~ i
iia , Ti!
~ ~ ,F~i
~ ~
' _
1~
_
yi ~ -
~~e�~
~ ~.f
rr~
v;~cta~ the ax~~an~c x~~.at~.ar~ah~.p 1a~twean ~h~
a~ ~h~ revo~.ut~,canaxy ~'a
u;
what a,~ mara .~h~ col~.~cta~va~~t ~deM
Mate ana tha ~,nd~.v~.c~ua~.~ a anG~, ~
' ~ e ra~.~~axa.an c~.a,s~a ~'p to n�w' oq,zr t~caop~ have Y~ad ~
a~.o ' a ~ th p
. 4 ~ ' ~ ess ~ but tha p~a~ant~ anc~ 'the 1ac+ti~x~
ce~~~aa~n de~;xae c,:l.ass can~c~.ousr~ ,
3,
' '�~a.~.1. die doma.nat~d; ~ by ~.ndf�v
~dua~.a.~m; they' c1o nc~t have
~ep~sa.e are s L P Y ,
~ ~ r ~'ar 'Lh~ stake. Tl~.~ a.s because ~px thausand~ a~'yeaxs
strong ~eel~.nE,
dreds a~- earsa the x~~ac'h~~onar~ xe~~.mes
part~.cu7.ara.y ~'or the past hun y
' e �~he sta~~~e bz~ou~ht
i ~
bxou~;ht onJ.y su~':~exi~n~; '~o tie people; and, sa.nc 4
~
o he1~ to them, they c~a.d nod thank a~ :the sta'Le be~,n~
t
' vartua7.ly p
. em� The s'l~ate was adenta.t'~.ed w~.th explaa.~~a'~aon and ,7
a:~' any -use to th
r~ }
washed to d,ae
su:~':ferin,o '~'he~r wer. ~ so despez'ate tha'~ 'they rather
s ~
- �
1Vow the have �verthrnwn the reactaor~ary regime and ~
w~.th the states y
' ta,on. xoweve~'~ it zs because th~.s new state, can 1~ot
~ound~d a new na
,
a
ovade the ~a~pl e with..:,. the greatest welf.'are 'the improve
~luned~.ately pr p -
1 '
eo le s livan~ conditions shat w'e muse convtin.ce oux
veraent a p p ,
~Cerence between the old :re g~.rae and the new so that
so].c~ier5 of the da.~'.
,t
fates we shou~.d te~.1 them that �thas ~ is a new
he w:~17. ~.ove th~.s nets s
1~
j it
eo ~.e a result o:~' victory in revol~utian. brought about
na~t~.on by tl~e p p ,
r;
1'
Althau h we can n.ot look to the state to soJ.ve a~.~. o~
~ by' blaodshedq ~
~ven~�
s
aura prob~.ems? many aa' our px~abl.en~s .have been salved by the s a
4
q rebualdin the sta~~e is done, many. off' our prabl.ems
tual7.y wh~n our. fob a~' ~
w ~ � nlv~eds ~'ar instance ~ saldiexs a.n: 'the -old la.be~ated
wa..~l gradually be s
, ~ ~ y
'S ~ .
' '~r. ~.ven lar~,d thin when. the war is cornpletel aver and
� ~ area :..been g
o~~tin, thea.r
roductaan resumed,. they' shau~.d have na difficulty a.n supp
p
F,
. , , an the newly liberated area will receive /snd end
~ ~ ~ami~.ies� 5a~.d:1r rs
'!!!f,
' soon as the was is .aver and ...the
as
.es
~l~
am
~ be able to suppoxt the~.x
' oute `the army pay w~.11. also be boasted when the
bend~.ts are wa,ped
ram is camp~eted. xn short,.. there is th~.s'new state
xeconstructa.on. prod
r~
y~,
� ion ~'or all of.
us; the sta~~e can settle alb. da.~~a.cult~es
' ~ there ~,s protect -
~ r
. ~,~4r
~
m ar n r~, ~ ~ w i