COLUMBIUM IN KHIBINSK AND LOVOZERSK MINERALS (TITANIUM AND ZIRCONIUM SILICATES)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100043-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 37
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 8, 2012
• Sequence Number: 43
• Publication Date: August 13, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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Khibir
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STAT
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UUI!~
Ct1LUluiBIUM IN N,HTBxNSK AND LQVOZ>aRSK M.[~ZJ~;LS' 'NI~AND ZIRCONIUM
,.~,.~.~.
,~M11YlMIMrM!l11111iMMM71a/F1r1MIMg141M -
SILICATES}
eirments of the 'jfh periodi,a group
COlurnbi,lun and.. tantalu
-~ were in the t years of the 19th century bu't their
discovered first
valuable prapert rneltin poa~nt, capacity to foxrn superhard
.~e~ ((high ~
alloys, ductj1..~.t ., y, and acid resistance} were appraised only recently.
Until recently, 'the sources Of columbium and tantalum pro-
'on were columbine and taritalite (isornorphous mixtures off'
ducta.
bates and metatantalabes of iron and. manganese) , the de-
metacolum
pOS1.tS Of which are of commercial importance in Australia and the
United States. s. Both columbite and tantalite occur on the territory
of the Savie ~ Union in the Transbaykal, Ural, and Central Asia. In
193L, the expedn.ta0n of 0. A. Vorobtyeva discovered foyaites and
lujaurn.tor which 'n.ch were permeated with crystalli.tea of loparite .w
~
columbate. Along with loparite, columbium
a rare earth titanium
was also discovered in fersrnanite ww a mineral of the titanium
silicate type which is widely distributed on the Kola Peninsula.
brought up the problem of verifying the columbium content in
This
1 titanium silicates. The technology of the extraction of
a,i
columbium and tantalum from toparite ore and also their analytical.
development stage. r'he successful.
determination are still in The
completion of these is faced with many difficulties; the funda~
is that lopari to can be decomposed only with
mental difficulty
hydrofluoric acid or by fusion with K2S2?7? r2his circumstance
prompted the suggestion to seek other minerals which could serve
as the ore for the production of columbium and tantalum.
The possibility ossibilit~ of discovering columbium and tantalum in
the Khibinsk and Lovozersk tundras was dealt with by
minerals of
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pan in the paper "Rara Diem nto o,f alkaline mas if
A, Ye, Feral
eochemical laboratories a.no:lude in heir
t:L) a he proposed that
jnvesta.ga the distribution of columbium and tantalum,
~,ons ~
This world was included in the 193.5 work project o:f the
geachemical laboratory of the Kola Base imeni S. M. Kirov.
minerals containing titanium and zirconium,
Of the nineteen
four did not contain columbium and tantalum.
which I exam.Lnedy only
Ufa to then, "earth acidstt were not determined in analyses and were
erroneously reported as titanium oxide. This error is easily ex?
plad by the chemical similarity among columbium, tantalum, and
~.ne
titanium. The determination of the earth acids is quite d.Lfi~
cult .lt because of the capacity of each of the three elements to
interfere with and obscure the reactions of each other C2]. Thus
for exarnpJe, one could exppecta on the basis of the characteristics
.
of the elements , that treatment of the persuli'ate melt
. the . individual of columbium and tantalum pentoxides and titanium oxide with cold
water would leach out all the titanium, leaving columbium and
tantalum in the residue; however, some titanium always remains
the residue with the columbium and tantalum, while some
in
columbium and tantalum go into solution, depending on the presence
of a larger or smaller amount of titan?um. The presence of zir-
~~on.ar ~'um creases the solvent effect of titanium on the earth acids
~ ~.n
C3]
In extracting a pyrosulfate melt of titanium, zircona~un,
columbium, and tantalum with an acid solution of tannin, the
columbium and tantalum should, because of their properties, co.-
agulate, while the sulfates of titanium and zirconium should go
solution. But in practice, we get a precipitate of columbium
into
and tantalum adulterated with titanium and zirconium and a solution
containing columbium and tantalum in. addition to titanium, This
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loss of individuality in the presence of titanium and zirconium
and also the extreme ease with which the salts of columbium and
tantalum hydrolyze rake the detection of earth acids in the
minerals very d?f ?'icult and critical
a
The works by Schoelier and Powell (The l~nalyst 192Q193)
formed the basis for the development of a method of analysis of
minerals containing eai:th acids. The deterrninati.on of Cb and Ta
was carried out by two methods; (l) boiling tartaric acid comes
plexes with nitric or hydrochloric acid (tartaric acid hydrolysis)
and (2) combination pyrosulfate tannin method 4 hydrolysis of the
tartaric acid solution, These two methods cannot be called the
qurintitative separation of all the columbium and tantalum from
the titanium; it is more correct to call these fractional
separation. The final value off" (Cb, Ta) ? Q is obtained after
~
3-1i. treatments. The second method is preferred; tartaric acid
hydro:ysis is considered suitable for small quantities of ti'
tanium and large amounts of columbium, if the amount of titanium
is 15-20 times greater than that of columbium, the metacolumbic
acid may not precipitate during the hydrolysis. Thus, in de~
termini.ng Columbium in raansayite, no precipitate was formed when
the tartaric acid complexes were boiled with HNO3 and it was
erroneously assumed that the ramsayite did not contain columbium,
but when the same material was analyzed by the pyrosulfate tannin
method, a rather definite value (1.63 percent;) of
Cb, Ta) 2Q
was obtained. The pyrosuifate tannin method is based on the capacity
of tannin to exert a solvent action on the titanium sulfates and to
precipitate columbium and tantalum during the extraction of the
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bisulfate melt with 1 percent tannin o1u?ion and percent sulfuric
acid, This reaction was utilized by SchoaUer in qualitative analysis
but it also forms the basis for the development of the quantitative
separation of the earth acids [3]?
A second treatment of the filtrate with tannin makes it
possible to separate prac'bical;ly all the earth acids, avoiding the
more extended and laborious and leas accurate methods such as the
oxa1ate~salycilic [L.] or the hydrolysis of the tartaric acid comes
plexes. The minerals were decomposed with hydrofluoric acid. A
greater portion of the minerals (mosandrite group) belongs to the
rare earth calcium titanosilicates and, by decomposing a sample
with hydrofluoric acid, it is possible to separate rapidly and al~
most completely the insoluble fluorides of the rare earth and alkali
earth metals f rora the soluble fluorides of the earth acids
titanium, iron, aluminum, and alkali. The filtrate was evaporated
with sulfuric acid to white fumes, which indicated the complete
removal of hydrofluoric acid. The liquid mixture was cooled and
dissolved in tartaric acid. Then, after the iron was removed with
amrnonium sulfide, the titanium, zirconium, columbium, and tantalum
remaining in the filtrate were precipitated with cupferron. Then
the precipitate was ignited (carefully), fused with K25207, and the
cold melt treated with a 1 percent solution of tannin and per-
cent sulfuric acid. (In analyzing pink-colored sphene, eudialyte,
and cataplleiite, the sulfuric acid was replaced with hydrochloric
acid, as suggested in the paper by V. S. Bykova in this collection.)
The separating mixture had a dark.-red color, indicating a large
`amount of entrapped titanium; it was boiled and allowed to settle on
a water bath for 2-3 hours, The precipitate was filtered the next
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day and washed with a twowfnld diluted reagent. T'he precipitate
was ignited and, alter ?usin with K S Q , it was purified o the
a duitexati.ng titanium oxide by hydrolyzing the tartaric acid comm
plexes with nitric or hydrochloric acid. The filtrates were coin-
biped and treated with cupierron or tannin to extract the remain
ing fraction of the earth acids. The value oi' (Cb, Ta )
after the second a.nd third precipitation, was close to the
20~,
original value of the earth acids. (At present, a more rapid and
accurate method of determining columbiun in compositions similar
to l.oparite ore has been developed. It is probably applicable to
titanium columbium minerals (see paper by V. S. i3ykova in this
collection of papers)) In sonic minerals, the columbium and
tantalum were separated by the Schoeller and Powell method.
This method is based on the difference between the hydrolytic
dissociation of oxalo-tantalic acid and oxalo-coluthic acid in the
presence of tannin in a weakly acid solution,
The mixture of Cb and Ta pento fides was fused with K2S207,
the melt was dissolved in a saturated solution of (NHS} 2C 20j, the
solution eras brought to a boil, a 2 percent solution of tannin was
added, and the boiling solution was neutralized with 0.5' N ammonia,
At first, a grey-yellow precipitate (the product of adsorption by
the tannin) of oxalo.tantalic acid was formed. Upon further
neutralization with ammonia, orange-'red complexes of oxalo~
columbic acid were precipitated. Neutralization with ammonia
must be discontinued at the moment of formation of the ~a ange
precipitate of columbic acid and NH C1 added and the solution
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ci itat?. The oran~e prsci?i?~atA ts
boiled to caa~uiate the pie P
a
ran ?ated red?ated~.y ur~t~.1 ~.~ uses ~,ts o g
x'i,texed~ ~.gn~.ted, and . ~, ~' loot
? ~na~,ns white while hot. The ignited
t ~.nge ands upon a.gnit~,an, re
talum entaxidc~ does not have a yellow tinge unl.a,ke the calwnba.Um
fan p
toxide and tjtan;Lum dioxide,
pen
that the detection r
It is abvaous from the above mentioned
.
simile and that the analysis is pro"
da:~umba.um and ~~anta1.um is not ~
longed.
the analyses are summarized in a table
A1.a., the resultS of
which the values of tjtaniUfl oxide
? in
at the end of ~bha.s paper,
data indicate that, during the weathering
are also listed. 'the
of the mineral, there is an accumulation of Cb2G> con,curren'~ with
an accumulation of T102. .02. In some -minerals, the Ta was separated
from the Ob; the results ? ndicate that tantalum accompanies
;. ~.
n ver small arnaun'bs which do not ex-
coluinbum CVery-where, but i y
In minerals of one series, which are
teed tenths of a percent.
sim compasitian, the content of earth acids
similar in chemical ' ~.cal
character?s Loparite is at the beginning of the table.
~.'b~.c .
arte, which does not belong to the titanium
1. .dap
silicates, is listed as the first mineral because it was the first
to be used in errna.nn r Cb and Ta in Khibinslc minerals.
det~. ~
Below are the results obtained by me in the analysis of
lapare from the N'vchurt Hill in the Lovozersic Tundras
(collection by V. I. Gerasimovskiy in i93h)
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5i02
T102
Th0 2
Ta2O
Ce 203
(La, ~i)203
~2Q3
re 20 3
A1203
Caa
Sro
Na20
0,27 percent
39,2L
o67
10.82 Ta2O/T~ 02 = 3.L2
~
o,66
16.29
lo.L,6
o,o6
o.o6
o.62
9.06
0.7
Ignition logs
SW-
99.77 percent
arite ~- a mineral containing rare earths, columbium,,
Lop
tantalums and titanium ~- was first described by W. Ramsay in his
paper in 1889 QS] as a new mineral resembling perovskite; he
designated it as mineral Number 1, without any definite nomenclaW
Lure. Di. 1921-1922, the expedition of I. G.
Kuznetsov discovered
'e crystals on the contacts of Mannepakhk, where material was
loparz. L
also collected for its crystallographic and chemical investigation.
It, was given the name
loparite by I.
KuznetSov.
The first chemical analysis of loparite was made by Yu. N
Knipovich. His results were. published in a paper by Ku,~netsov ~6].
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and tanfta1um were not. i,ndic,at,but they were s;ecepted as
Co1umbium
tit,arjium dioxicle and were thus c~mitted, In 1930, Gertner El) obi
um and t, ntaiuin lines in loparite by means of a
starved the c,olumbi,
spea'trosoape, in 19331 in the geochemical laboratory of the Kola
. ~
of ScienCE 5, co1mbiuan arid tantalum were de
l~~,se of the Academy
t,erma,ned chemically by V. S. l~ykova in loparite from thy; Mannepakhk
Hill :in the Khi.binak area and in 193L. and 193 l made complete
analyses of lopa.rite from the Kukisvumchorr Hill (Khi.binsk area)
and Ninchurt Hill (Lovozersk tundra).
2. Fersmani to is a`luoro~ccumbowt nano ~sa.~..cate of cal-
cium and alkali. (Paper by I.D. 5tarynkevich~Pornerr~an in Col-
lection of Papers dedicated to V. I. Vernadskiy.
The mineral neral is of the monoclYnic system. On the basis of
its chemical compose.fief, it was compared by A. N. abunt,sov [8]
with the moiengranL:f to from the lujaurites of the `L'ran,svaal, but
it differs sharply from it by i.ts physical and optical properties.
There is no indication. of earth acids in the analysis of molen-
graaf fi.,te C 9] . This apparently explains the impossibility of
identif1ng these two mineral types.
The color of the crystals is dark-brown, fracture is uneven
hardness is 5.5, specific gravity is 3.3O-3.LL. Feramanite was
first discovered optically ( e...) in 1922 b one of the details of
y
the Khibinsk Gco1ogica14 iflera1ogical Expedition of academician
Fer, sman. It was named in honor of A. E. Fersrnan and classi
A. E.
fled as a new mineral type much later (in 1929), when its proper'-
ties were investigated and described by A. N. abuntsov,
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The coiumbium and tai ta1wii lines- were First detex' lined by
V. V. Shoherbta 'In 1932 ClO]; in 1,9314; n the 1 boratox'y of the
Kola lases N. Ye. Vladirn.rova determined (Cb' Ta) 20S the
amount of i~,36 percent. In 1935, V. . ~ykova accompJ.ished the
separation of columbiuin and tantalum M Cb20 1.O0 percent and
Ta20 0.36 percent,
Below are the results of the complete chemical, analysis
of I'ersman?te from. the va1.ley of the Vuonnemiok River (analysts
M, E, Viadim:i.rova and V. S. ykova)
S -?2 23.36 percent
'11.02 .21.72
Cb2a ~ :; , n0
S
0,36
0.2
25,88
Ta205
Fe 203
Ca0
0 0,32 (CbTa) 205/1 1 02
FeO
0,26
MnO
0,12
MgO
Na20
1(20
H20
102,Jii
1,92
7,62
062
1.80
4.56
1100.22 percent
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It can be seen that the value of Cb2O is higher than in
loparits. It is possible that it will be increased still further
because hydrolysis of tartaric acid complexes With nitric acid was
uti1i ed in the analysis of the fersmanite+ Only one sample was
analyzed, It would be of interest to analyze fersmanite from the
deposit of the Yukspor Hill, which was discovered in 193Li,.
3e Ramsayite is a new mineral, discovered in 19214922 by
the expedition of A. E. Fersra,an. It was named in honor of the
Finnish geologist W. Rarsay who was the first to investigate the
Khibinsk area; it was i.nvesti ;aced and described by Ye. Ye.
Kostyleva in 192, C11] and by V. T. Cerasiznovskiy in 193a C12].
Ramsayite -., rsznsayite talus of the Angvundaschorr cirque.
Analysis was performed by S. M. Kurbatov,
si02
Ti02 ),7.00
A1.2o3 ..
3L1.07 percent
FeO 1.71
In analyzing ramsayite from the deposit
of the Sengilchorr cirque, 1 determined
columbium + tantalum as a total of 1.63
percent,
Mh0 ?
Ca0 0,09 There are no indications of the earth
acids in the given analysis; in all
probability, they were omitted,
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Mho
K20
0,12
Na2Q i6,86
Te F,
l1;nation loss
99.87 percent
Ramsc~yi.te is a titan.silicate of sodium. The color of the
crystals resembles that of dark brown sphene, its hardness is some
what higher than 6, and its specific gravity is 3,137. It is de,
composed only with hydrofluoric acad. It i.s of the rhombic sys-
tem and, according to data by Yea Ye. Kostyleva and V. I.
Gerasimovskiy, it has a great sirni1ari.ty to the mineral lorenzenite
which was discovered an Greenland and described by F1ink,
Analysis of lorenzenite from Narsarsuk Greenland [
5102
3Li.,26 percent
T102
3,1;
Zr02
11,92
Naga
17.12
Lorenzenite differs fr
chemically by its grea
tent of Zr02
om rams ayite
ter con
Fe O
Ca0
0.37
0.77
99.9 percent
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There was no indioation of the presence of earth acids, It
is possible that they were a1o reported together with Ti02 and
thus were omitted, The presence of Zr02 in ramsayite was estabu
lisped by V. S. Sykova, but in an insignificant amount [12].
Rarasaya.te is one of the mo& t frequently found minerals in
both the Khibinsk and Lovoersk tundras.
I made an investigation of ramsayite from the Sengischorr
cirque of the Lava ~ersk tundra ( collection of Ye. Ye. Kostyleva
in 1923), The total of Cb and. Ta pentoxicles, as determined, was
1.63 percent.
14,
Sphene is a titan-silicate of calcium. It is known
from 1787 [13]. Recently, it became commercially important as an
ore for the production of titanium oxide.
A large zone containing apatite?sphene rock was discovered
on the Kola Peninsula, in the locality of the Yukspor and
Kuknevumchorr Hills in the Khibinsk tundra.
Columbium was found in three samples of sphene; tantalum
was present in an insignificant amount, The first sample was
taken from Yukspor Hill (collection by N. N. Gutkova), The
crystals have a honey-yellow color and are surrounded with large
formations of loparite, The (Cb, Ta) 0 x.s 1,8 percent. The
second sample was taken from the Gakman Ravine (collection by
N. N. Gutkova in 1930). The sphene is golden, without any
formations of loparite grains. TheL (Cb, Ta)
20S
is 1.01 percent.
The third sample was taken from the Lopara Valley; it was a pink-
colored sphene (collection by Ye. Yee Kostylava in 19314, Number 321
- 12
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~th (Cbs '~a) 0 bei,r~~ equal, to 0.88 pexM
in the Kola Aas~ Museum) .. ~]. ~ ~
cant.
The passbility of c .saavexi.n Cb and. Ta in spheres wa$
~,
shtQdi; ~13) with xefexexice to raentE;snaM.
pointed out by E. M. Ban
' b Kheveshi. Those da~ternd.na~t~.vns sh?wecl
chem..aa~. de~te~,mina~tions by
very small amounts of Cb and Ta in eight sphen~ samples ~-~ from
aaa2 Cb2a and from 0.001 to 0.12 percent Ta2O
~ to a,a6 percent
ccardi..ng to ' dshmdt, CaTwas pa,r'tia1,~.y replaced. with NaCb
A in in the compound CaTiSia ~1L 1.
of analyses by F. Zambonini, which are given
the results
not i,ndicate the presence of earth
in the Daclter Handbook., do
acids in sphene
are the results of the analysis of Khibin$k sphene.
Below
Hill and had a golden color. The
The sphene was from Xukspor
analysis, the results of which were printed in the paper "'~i.tav~i.i;ewhich by .
M. Bonshtedt, was performed by N. I. Vlodavets.
Si02 30.;1 percent
!'~ i0 2 39,La
Zr02 a.1
Aa.2a O.1; 6
3
Fe203 0.36
('rfl) 23 0 0.31
FeO 0,21
MnO o'i6
CaO 2.37
Sr0 0.7!;
BaO
.w r. x. l.. 4wt. " -.w 00 wM.?.1
1, Cb2'05 0,97 percent and Ta20 0,01 percent
13
? , a i
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Toga
Na20
1.37
o,Q
0.01
F
Cl
Ignition loss
0.30
0.11
99.;8 percent
E21" 0 ?0.02
99.6 percent
In the paper "Lamprophyllite of the Ithibinsk 'T'undra1' [9)
by E. M. Bonshtedt, there is a table with analytical data of
minerals having much in common with regard to both the mineralogy
and chemical composition, These include astrophyllite, lampro-
phyllite, and murmanite. There was no indication of the presence
of earth acids in these minerals, but in similar minerals (loweite
and wohierite), the content of earth acids amounts to )4.20 per'
cent and 15.85 percent. In addition, the analytical data for
astrophyllite from Colorado (analysts, L. G.
Eakins and Go A,
Konig), as given in the Boelter Handbook, show Ta2O From 0.3)
to 0.80 percent.
In the sample of astrophyllite from Yukspor Hill, which I
analyzed, the (Cb, Ta) 205 was 0,78 percent,
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~e is a tjtano~si1ica'c of axon and alkali and
Aatxophy11i
contains f1uarin? and chlorine
*br?nZe color, on the basis of its cleavage,
It has a ga1den
it resembles ~s is 3 and rp~ci~ic grav~.~tyresembles mica. Its haxdne~
The a.nera rhombic system. It occurs fequenltly t
eras. , It dif 1exs from elsta^ophyllite.
~, is of the , the Klxa.binlsk and Lovozersk iun
of other deposits by its considerably smaller content of zirconium.
There was no previous indication of the presence of earth acids in
The following anallysi$ was performed by N,
Khi.binsk as'trophyll.>.te
I. Viodavets;
Si02
T102
(Obs T
Zr02
A~.203
Fe 20 3
0.57
oa6o
2,76
FeO 26,71
Nn0
oao
SrO
BaO
Ng0
Nat
F
Gl
6.6
ie6i
0,05
0,15
i SL
3,00
_)?a0
o.86
0,35
1110 2.98..
100 s~8 percent
100.o percent
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45
69 Lampraphyllito is one oi' the minerals recently discovered
tundras R . It was first mentiofled by
in the KhibixWk and Lovasrek
W. Ramsay in his paper in p a~ he x'QQrrQd to it as a ~.Awa~.teM
~.~~~ -
like secondary rntnerEti o1 Luyavrurt.
A deta o 1amprophyl1a.te is given in
detailed description
paper 'ILamprophy:,iite from the Khiba.ns~ end Lovazex^~k '1~ndIa.a~t
by E M, Ronshtedt C91?
lptophyllite is a f1uoro-titano s11icate of strontium and
alkali; in external appearance, it resembles astrophyllite closely;
the shape of the crystals is monoclinic, the color go1den'-brow1,
the hardness between 2 and 3, and the specific gravity 3.35-3.53?
Earth acids were not detected despite the thorough and repeated
~,.
analysis at lampraphy i the deposit of Poachvumahar1 hill).
?
~.l~.~te (Eton ...
Botneman~Sta~~nkevi.ch
The results of the analysis performed by I. D.
are given belowe
Si02
Ti0 2
Zr0 2
30,10 percent
27,L.8
Fe
0
3,87
2
3
FeO
1.97
MnO
2.33
CaO
1,)1i
SrO
BaO
1,23
MgO
0.25
12.3
2.31
16 Sm
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Cl
100,62 percent
0.77
99,8 percent
7, Murmanite (1~, 16, 17) is a widely distributed mineral
r1 ..~ CL r"f' d
in rth ,~Lovozersk Lundra, where i. L
occurs. It is a hydrous titanosilicate of sodium. It is of the
monoclinic system and separates in the form of lilac-colored plates;
upon disintegration, it acquires a violet color. Murmariite dis?
integrates easily, losing silica and alkali, absorbing water, and
increasing the titanium content in the earth acids. It is deM
composed completely by acids; under the action of sulfuric, acid,
it forms a pink solution, whhich indicates the presence of manganese
in the peroxide state.
The first information about murmarriite was furnished by WWI
Ramsay t] who gave ibs approximate chemical composition; he
called it a new mineral and designated it as Number
3.
A more de-
tailed description of murmanite and its chemical analysis are given
in the paper by N. I. Gutkovao It is also mentioned in the paper
tiMinerals from the southeastern section of Luyavrurt" by V. I.
Gerasimovskiy, I performed three analyses, the results of which
are given in the following table,
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Oxid,eE
Sample s
No l No 2 No 3
(%) (%) (/)
si02 31.2 30.93 2.2
Tio 30.bO 29e~1 31,36
Zr02 1.62 i.LO x.18
0b205 6,6 7.71 10,00
Ta20 oN~6 o,o o.;6
20 3 2.96 3.314 3.0L.
Al 203 ? 0, 214,
MnO 2.38 2.12 2.26
MgO 0.6)4 0.27 0,38
CaO 3,16 2.74 3,76
Ramarks
Lovozexsk tundra,
Sengischorr cirque'
1930 collection by Ye.
Ye, Ko s tyl eva.
Lovo zee rsk tundra,
southeastern section
of Luyavrurt, Punkaruayv
I1ill, 1933 (fresh) col-
lection by V. I.
Gerasirnovskiy.
SrO
traces
traces
traces
Na20
8, 6Li.
7.4L
2,3L. Same deposit as No 2
K20
0,62
o.6
0,70 Sample was disinte-
F
?
0.19
grated,
H 20
-110:
6.13
6.06
10,69
HO
+110?
;,37
6,L~6
9.35
100,28
99.3
100,38
Murmanite from Sengischorr and from Punkaruayv Hill was
analyzed in 1933 and
in 1931. Columbium
and tantalum were not
detected, The earth acids were determined by hydrolysis of the
tartaric acid complexes with nitric acid and the resulting pre?.
cipitate was reported as zirconium.
be used for.lack of reagent.
The tannin reaction could not
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Tha aria11io was repeated in 193 in the 1abarctor7 off'' to
results were as fo1iows content of Cb+Ta ranged
Kola _Baas?, the
cent to 7.7 percent, while in the disintegrated sample,
,~rC1m q?~~ peg
it. amounted to as high as lO SO percent. In this maxner, thQ ac~
o co1liiibium during weathering occurs along with that
cumu1a ti.pn
anium. `t'he titaniim content in this, as well as in other
oi ta. t
Khibinsk titano?silicates, was comparatively' small; 0, 6-O.!0
percent,
I analyzed the following minerals of the mosandrite group;
8 .~M lovchorrite'
9 ... rinkolite,
10 ? ? v-udyavrite, and
U ., calcium rinki.te. These are titanou'siiicates of rare
earths and calcium and contain alkali, fluorine, and strontium.
They were discovered in the Khibinsk tundra, in the 20's, by
members of the expedition under the leadership of A. E. rersman,
A similar description is given i.n the paper ''Lovehorrite and
similar minerals tf by x. D. Starynkevich~Borneman t18 J . This
paper gives the complete chemical analysis o1' the indicated
minerals and corrections to be applied to the determinations of
Ti.O made necessary by the presence of earth acids in these
2
minerals. The results o1 the analyses of the minerals' of the
mosandrite group are given in the following table,
l9 ~.
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Oxides
5i02
T1O 2
(Cb, Ta
Zr0 2
Th0 2
0e02
Ce203
(I a, Di,
Y203
A7.2a 3
Fe203
NnO
CaO
SrO
Nga
X308
~2a
Na20
ANATaYSEs OF NIN R1 L5 OF T1 O$ANDRIT GROUP
(IN %)
Cs~a e next page :'or Table Neat in e)
C ID 28.38 23.3 29,141 3L,i~ 30.71
1
20
2?3
7.99
6.68
1.26
o.iL
oS39
2L,1~G
3,38
4,7O w
0.14L` 3.2
0.83
0.22 o,6
0.26 o .L5
36.23 22.3
0.73
0.13 0,63
U.L.2 o.69 0.38
x.94 s.~a 2.06
S,80 0.19
0x70 26,10 1.78 0,110 7.70
101,83 99.7 101.97 102,79 100.87
2.S2 0,86.
2w1~~ ~o?o8
F r~ 0
2
Cb205
99.67 99.L ~ 100. L~7 100.01
99.39.
Ta2o~ . . 2.18% 3. Cb20 + ~~a20 ~ 2.7%
~'
(Cb, Ta)20 3.78% ~. Cb2o w 3.83%
~
25
o. oL%
9.79 7.02
12.08 7,69
i.87 _1.80
0,4i i,2
o,1L o?o6
o,16 0.12
?12 26.38
1.22 1.62
0,3; 0.19
0,02
o,i; 0.2Lt.
8,31 1.3S
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ax P~,ateau~ x.933 ~ ~aly~ad by ~uxc~va
~, .~w ~,avchpxra,ta, ~~~~' -
s oxw ~.933~ ,~na~,y~ed by ~u~vVa
~ ~~ Vudyavra,te? Funk p
arvumchorr. 193L . , Ana1y2,ed by Buxava
C ~?~ I~,nka~.~.te ~ '~akht
a~s~aor. 1931. A~naly~aed by ~. V, ~tepan.avav
~ ~~ Ca1c~.um xi,n,k~te. dun ~
ven Green1a'd, 1890, Analyzed by LurOVa
Mosandxa.te ~ Lo ,
' ed in all minerals off' ~hi.s ser~,es~
~axth acids were determ~.n
21
ercent. Tantalum was determined only
~n amoun~~s f turn 2..1,4 to ~~., E1~ p
? ~ ntent was very insi~ni:~icant ~~ O.QI~ perms
in, ca,lci.um r~.nka~te, i.~s co
~9
cent.
' to sam les taken from tiiff erent slopes of
xn lovchorr~. p
~ off' earth aei.ds d;.d not vary but was
Y'ukspax Hill mine, the canters
equal to 2.16 percent*
of amber yellow colas; in e~terna7.
Lovchorr~.te a,s a m~.ncral
. ~ ~ ~~ lue. Tt was First detex~nined
appearance, ~,t Tesemb.Les sol~,d~.~'~.
recentlv9 i'~s crYptac~ys~raa:l.l .ne struC~
in tho amorphous state 0191, ,
'shed b P. N. Chirvinskiy C20]. Its hardness is
Lure was e s ~abl?~. y
't is melted easily by a blowpipe, and it dissolves
about ~, ~.
acids. Ri.nkolite is similar to lovchorrite; its
easily ~.n
uite obvious 0191, i.t ha.s a Mass-~l~.ke
crystall~.nestructure ~s q
seals have a star-like or arrows-like shape.
,lustre, and ~.~s cry
earth acids and,8.3 percent Ti02. The.
xt oontaa.ns 2. ~7 percent
ratio (Cb,Ta) 0Ti0 is equal to 3.3+
s surrounded by a peculiar crust which is
Lovcharra.te ~.
om the location, L' ake Vudttyavr).
called vud~avrite (~'r
r hous mineral C18] is the end product of
'~h~.s entirely.... amo p
the disintegration of lovchorrite.
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k e ~~~~~ ti ~ ,i, ~ ,i r ~. ~~`i'ti, ~ ? " r ~ ,~ 'i , n-~~ eC aSSI le In _..
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the prOCeSS~a wl~~,cl~, ~~ke p~,s,ce ~.n vudya~vxx~,~? ire ~~ha 1.sa~
bs~ ~u~~lcan off' ca~.c~.um wa.~-k~ ra~~e eax~hsa 1~,x~.v~.a~~.can a~
maxphous su ~,
c~ ~'~.uox~a.ne end ~~.k~l~,~ anc~ al~c accumula~~.pn off' C~b~Ta
the s~,~,~. ~ a
' a,~- o~ ~-~.~~a~a.um (the su.m ?~' (Cby ~.'~,) ~C ~.ncrcasin~
a1.on~, w~.~h ~h ~
From x,:16 pQrcen,~ ~o ,~.`~~ perccn~)a
~~ ~~ An~onov found a.r~ the Lapard cirque o~
In 1933,
X1~CS or ~~1.].~. a m~.r~exal which ou~w~axdly r~semb~.ed ~~,].c; a.~ was
p
ivory black in solar, arftarphaus ~ and off' ~..2 speca.~'~.c ~rav~.'~;~~
x~~ cau~,d no~~ be classa.~'ied as vudyavra.~te; a.'~ is probably some
moda.fica~ion a~` ~,ovchoxri~e, x~~ contained G,,6l.~ percen~~ ear~~Y1
acids and. 17.1a p~~'c~n~ ~'i.0~ ~ The ra~~ia a~' ~(Cb, `.t'
waS e qud..l, ~a ~. ~~
~~~
2C~ fla. ~
Calcium rinkite was ~ou.nd in 1933 by M, Se A~'anas tyev on
the plateau a~' Yuk,spar ~Ii1,J,?
Ou~~warda.y :~~~ resemUles yu.ksparl;e6 ~~ has a simi~,ar
f'ibraus s~~ruc~;ure ~Lr~d is gref?white. ~:~~s speci~'ic bravi~~;~ is
3,:1C. ;~~ can~Lains 3.~3 Percent Cb~O~, OmO~, percent `~'a~a~~
and
~.I~3 p~rcen~ Ti02.
The ratio of ear`~h acids to TiO~ a.s cqu,al. ~;a 2.3. zn
chemical com~aosition it resemb~.es closely the lavchorrite ~rou,p.
xt waa classified by I. 17. Stax~ynkevich~~ox~neman C18~ as the
last member o:~-the ~.somarphous ~avchorrite~rinkite saries without
the rare earths
Ce ~ (TiQ~) 3, IOCaSi03.2Ce~' 3 .,~re ~ (rl'~:03) 3 ~ IQCaSiO~ ~ 3Ca~' ~~
~Ca (rJ.'i0) ~ IOCaSiO r 3CaF
~ 3 341 3 ~
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~,~~ Ne~t~a:n~,~~ ~s ~ ~~~~anQ~s~.~,~,e~t~ cor~ta~,~~l,t~~ ~.x~r~
rna~~~ana~e, end a:l,k?~~,~,; up ~~a lq~~~ ~x~~,y two ~epos~.t~ v~' n?p~u~,~
w~r~xe knownM~a.n (~reen~,and and in Ca1,~,~oxr~a,a ~~~~ ~ ~~: ~.~~2, naptu~
t? was d~,saovered ~,n the sQ~the~ depxess~.on off' I~azu~epakh~ (wll~ch
was ca~,led the nept~a,na.ta dep~ess~,~an by the ea~ped~t~,pn v~ ~aac~ema,w
cia:n ~~ ~~ Fexsma:n) and :fin th+~ weatexr~ contact zane off' Mar~nepakhk
~.n the I~~.a.binsk tun~dra~ ~~~ was also d.~:scavered :i,n ~~he ~ovv~ersk
~undxaM~~.n the upper reaches o:~ the '~'avaivka 1~ive:~~, a.n tree
An~vund~syvk end :fin the southern, c~.rc~ue Alluayv~~
the hardness of, neptun:>,~~e a.s ~;xeater~ than ~, 'the color of
the mineral a.s dark ;reds 'the spec ,f is ~rs:va.t;r is 3. ?~ Chema.ca~,
analysa.s, as determined by S. NI. Kurbatov, does not ind~icatc the
presence o:C earl?~ ac~,ds,
T~ tao, could not defect any earth ac:~ds when x checked
the ma~Lerial from .'the n~~a~tun:i.te depression
r.C:he .sank ne~at:i.ve result ~a.th x?espec~t to
b, ~I'a) was
obtained in the inves~ta.gata.an off'
l3 -_ enz.~ma~t:~~te and
11~ ..w titanoma~,rnetit~: from Africanda
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ox1d~~ Neptun;~t~ d~pxQ~s~,on, r~oxtrawcstexr~ sa~~~,o~ 0x~~r~~,and
~~' I~~l~a.nsl~ t~ax~,dxs., ~a~~st ~, Mo ~nalys'L
~uxbatova (:fin pQ~c~nt) ~'1.~.n.k
~~~,~.MM~M~?~F.IIn11wAw,lYMY~1I~IM
S~.o~ - ~~.~8 5~.~~3
~~o~
~~ ~ ~~
~.~,~~
~'e0
~,~.6
10'1
Mn0
~?~~
L~a~l
Mho
n
~a0
o0J~3
?"
100m~r~' 100,x.
15 o Yukspo:rit~; p 'phis is al.sa e. fluoroMta.tano~-sia.~.catc;
off' calcium C2?~ o ~t was first d^scovered ^n 1922-x.923 i.n ~~h~
ta:Lus off' the Gakrnan ~,avi.ne and the Yukspor:la~~ Vass by the ex~
ped7.ta,on.~ aE academician .A. ~p ~~ersms,n,
1n 1,~~~, }~. Am ~erezin discovered ~~he orig~.na1 deposit off'
~yukspori~te ~.,yti the upper reaches o:E the ~opara _~.ver and, in i~3U~
i~1, N. Gu.tkova came across several. other deposits of ;Yukspor3,te in
~Lhe Gakman Ravi:ne,~
Yuksporite a.s a minc;xa~. of 1i~ht,wpin~ to ye~.~.o~r~-rad cal.or,
xis structure :is f1al~-~'ibr~uso its hardness is abraut ~ and, i~~s
specific ~rav.~.tJ 3,rJ6 xt d.i.ssal.ves easily in acidso
.~~ COnM
twins x.30 pErcent Cb20~r;' ~.'a~0~ was note. detected by the react~.on
of oxa~,ate~oxalic camplex~s ~'ith ~~annino
~- 2~~
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w~~ ~x~Q.c~m~~ ~;Y M? ~? ~t~pan~v~t
,Ana~~~'s~-~ a~ y~k~p?~~~ ~
~~ ~ ~~ perc~r~t
~a.o
0.09
7. ~? ~~
~,?o
? 03~
6,02
338
p,go
G~rj
l~ ?(Cb,'~a)~ Q~ 99,71-~ .percent
as deterr-d.ned b~l..the aut~~or
w
ck~J.n~ the content of earth ac~-ds
~~ ca7npleted my work o:E the ~,
a' nerals with a,n analysis off' certa:~.n
in ~.ibins~ and ~,ovo~ers~c r ~. e_ Kola
. ll are very? wi.del.y d.7.stributed on th
zirconium silicates wha.c s ~
eud ali~e~~~.coli.te sera.e C 3J
pe~,insula, ~.. e ~ ~ m~.n.e rats a:C the y
~~ euc~~lite, and an ~interr~ediate
r~'his .series includes eudyal~. ,
member ~:~ '~be series, mesodialy~e,
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__ _ ___ __
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~~.~.~.ca~a~ of aalc?J,urn end a;~lc~~.:~ ~ .Than
r~'~~~7~~ ~rG ~,~,;~`GOn7.UlYt
_ ~ off' the -~~~b~rs of '~k',aunt o~ col~u.mb:i.urn in 'the minErals reaches
up ~ta i5 pexcent (:~ersmana.te ~, buf; i.t is more i'xeq;uent].y off' 'the
ardE;r a:C 2 perccn~t (~.ovcho.rz~:~.te) and Less.' `the xat~.o a~' eaxth
acids to ~L'itani~m var~.es From ~., 3~ a.n ~'ersrrtani.te to ,3 ~.n ma.nera~:s
a:~ the ].ovchorrite ~xaup and ~.n murmani~te, ~.G.,h in astraprlyll.i.te,
ar~d c~.ase to 3U in sphene arld ra.rnsayi.Le, ~n z~a.reon~.um rninerd~.s~
eudyal.a.l,e, and catap~.e~.i~te~ .it is cqu:a:L ~1;0 0."r and` 7.rr euco:lite ~.i~
tis 0.?p Upan the r~.sa.n~te~;ra~Lon off' the m~.nc~xa~.s (~.ovcharra.~ter
vudyavri.te, and r~urman~.te ~ ~ the accumulat~.on a.f co~,u.mbium pro-
coeds a:l.anr; tiaith that off" ti'taniumn Tantalum rema:i.ns i.n .ts
or~.g ina1. prapo,rta.on. Some minerals, such as sphene, lavchorritc~,
a.nd eud~ral~.te~ are fi.nd~.n~ applicata.on in ~.n.dus~,r~; the discovery
o:~ Earth ac~,ds ~.n these minerals may even increase their im~
pnr~tta.nce ~ '1'he~~ conta:i.n From
?,].2 to 1.0,>6 percen~r, earth acids
(e, ~,, murrnarii~c:~ and are very w:i.del~r distributed ~.r~ ~t~Ze
~ovozerak tur~dra~
9
r~'{{~b~,ti ITS ~'' 1 ~ ~~ ~~:., i ~ '~ t ' a 3d ~~t,i
..
. ,
> Declassified in Part -Sanitized Co A roved for Release 2012J05/08 : CI
,,nt ~ ~,; ~~ py pp A-RDP82-000398000200100043-2 .~
,,
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A~1A~Y5~S Ole ~U~~'~T,~'1'~, ~UC~T~~~'1~,~. `A1V~ CA~'A~'~~2'~
Ox;lad~~
A
S~~ nax~~
~a~~ ~'ar ~a
~
b1;~ ~'aac~,n~~ ~
~
~
s~.a
3~+1`a%
"F~R~~
~~l,la1~,4~.
~h~w ~ l
~~~~.a
2
a, ~9
0 ~ 23
a,'ala,
w
a, 2~
[~x'ahh
G;
~~~~~
~Upl.~l.1
1,?10:JI.~.
2%~J~3
Cb 0
a~5~
x?53
~~~~~
a?~~~
2~
.Lar~
G - ,~
a~a~~
lJp~(?
aAal.~G
~e~3
o.6a
o,~G
a~~]3
1~Q2
~.~~~
2,12
~~~~
2,62
yea
1.0'7 9
~~~. ~~
3.1.5.
Mna
2, 31
3?a3
3.1.:1
a.a3
Caa
8,~6
1:1.,,3:1
y,16
3.72
spa
M
a~;Ia
~~~~
M
~a
traces
~~races
tz~aces
as 26
Na20 _15, 55 1:~ 3s 12, 53 1.a, ~)
1~2a O,h2 a.9a o,51 1,a2
C1 U,7~~ 1.26 1.,1.:1.
S traces U,a~ o.U7
x2a 3, a6 ~. ~~ ~ 0 9~ 9.56
Slim 99x65 9955 99.?.~3 1U0,8a
~a nl C12 .., 0,15 wQm26 ?U?25
99e5a 77a 29 99a:~8
(Cb, `~a) '20~ was determined by; the authox :in 1935?
(Cb, ~'a) ~Q5 was dete:rrn9.ned b;~ the avthar ~.aa 1935.
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~ud~ra~~,~;~, ~,a~o~ar~lt ~~~~~~,
An~~,y~~ N ~, V~,cadr~v~~~ ~.~ ~~~ee~a~t~
N ~~, ~uca~.~,~~~a I~~.b~,~~l~ ~~ndra~, v~,:>~~.e;y of r~~~~-~~ I~ve~, brpw~ col~r~
~naa,y~ ~~ _ T, ~ ? I~ur~~v~ ~n ~~ rc~nt~~,
C ~,w ~uco~.a.~e, 'Nh~.b~~.r~e~: ~unc~x~,, v~~~~~ ~~' ~h~ '~'u~,';q'a I~i,v~r, p~.n.lt
Go~,or? Anal,ys~ ~'? Ar ~iurava .n perG~n~~
Ca~~~p~,~~.~,~e~ or~.~:in.a~. depo~z~~, '1,u1.~ya River. A.na~.ys~~ V? S,
Byl~ova ~n p~rc~;n~
Columba.um a.n Kh~a.ba.nsk and. Lovo~~erak I~,nera~.s
T?i~~an.tiu.m ~ lica.~~es
Mi.z~eral and de~~os~,~
...,........._.,~.....,................_..,..........._ ...........
~'ercen~ I~a~La.o of (Cb,'~'a )
Cb2Q ~a20 ~ 'i'~42 20~ ~o 'i`i0?
5 5
_._
..
~
.
Lopara.te~~,ovo~ex~k' ~;undra9
.
.
~
....,....~.........r........__....,.._..........
~1~.nchtlr~ I"Ia.l~. A Col1.~ c~~ion
by V? ~:, Geraea.movs~:iy X934.
~,U,00
0,66 3~~72
3~1~2
lier~mani~te-va1,l,ey of Vuorlemya~Z
I~~,ver, Ana~,ywed by M, 1J,
V~,adim~.xova a.n ~.93~. and by
V. ~. I3~kova in 193.
X5,00
0?36 2:1..72
x..35
Sphene~Yul~Spor H~,].~.~ Co1.:lec~7.or~
by N, N. Gutkava, Samp~.e w~.~h
formatsan ~ of ~.opari~e,
1, 8~,.
3~? ~.~
2~., ~
Sp
hen~ (~o~.den)?~Gakman I~~vine,
Col.lec~t~.on bar i~r,` Np Gu~,I~ov~, 1930,
Sample No ~~ (Ko1a Base Museum) e 1,~J1
~`"',39
3rl ?
Sp
hene (p.nk)bLapara Va11,ey?
Co~aec~~.on by Ye, Ye, I~os-~~leva,
193 (1Va 521a Iola base Mu.seu.m),
0,~8
3.53
~~?
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100043-2
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100043-2
R~ane~ya`~c~~Zo~'A~e~'~k ~~ux~cl~a.
~en~~.~chorr ~~,~que ~ ~~?3
co~.lnc~~aon
A~~~pphya.lat?~Yuk~por ~a~~q
5aa~ple by Makha~.~v''
a., ~ ~ I~a~. ~7
I~ovchorra~evyy Mane 0.7~ ~,~.?0~ 14.6
L~~mpr~ophyl.la~~~~~ oachvumcho~r
IIa,~.l. Co1lcGtaor~ by Gu~Lkova
(~arnp7.e from the Kola I~~se
Mueeti~m) ~ riot found
Murmanate~'Lovo2~erslc tundra,
1'u.anlcruayv Ha~.:l. southwest
of Luyavrurt H3.11~ Collection
by ~o '.~, Ge.rasimovskay, 1933
sam~ lP disinte~rated)~ 10~J0 0.~~ 3~-~3~ 3a0Q
( P
Murmani~e ~s ame depo si~~. T're sh
sample 7.7]. 0.,~0 29.51 3,6
Murmanate~Lo~~'o~e.rsk tundra,
SEngaschorr cirque, Col-
lection by Ye, Ye ~ I~ostyleva,
Via, 6?~~ o?~b 300!.0 ~-~.~
9.
.Yuks~ or9.te-Yuks or Hill 430 not 11.09 2.,~
p p
Found -
~~'udyavrte~-IJopara cirque,
Sarn~les by I~, I3, Antonova
.(.white modifica~aon} L.~~b~ l7 ?l0 3.~
VudyavriteMVud?yavchoxr Hill 3-~~ 1273 3.3
32
~,
~~'L ~ ` ~ ~~ Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100043-2
~~.~~ ..a~. ,.' ~ r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100043-2
T~?val~orr~.~e ~Yuk~pa~r 1~~~~.~, w
He~,~h~ 7~,~ m. ~o ~~
-~~c~~.cn ~~h ve.~n~ 5amp:~ee
bar M~,lkha~,eva Iavchox~r~,~p
~~~ne ~ 2~~~ ~.0~6~ ~.~a9
laovak~orra.~~~Vucl~tys,vchor~^ Ha.~.~
Sam~a~,es by Ma.kha~.ev 2,~6
1~:~.nko:l?~.~~-'1'akhtaz~~.tmchorr f~~.~.l,r
lower vea.n, Co11.ec~t~.o.ns by
Ozh~a,nskiy, 2, ~'~ b r?.~3 3.3
Ca~.cium rinlci~~ewYukspor :('].a~t;eau
~Saanla:l.es by ~.~anas~yev, 3,~3 Oo01~ 4,9~. 2.3
C~.l C 2~ C3;1 _ C~a C5a C6J
Zircon:Lum Silicates l~a~io off' (Cl~ 'Z'a)
Mineral and Eeposi~t Cb2n~ Ta~O~, `1,i02 - ZrO~ 0 'to 'i'i0
~ 25 2
Euc oli ~,e ~-wvs,lley off' Tul ~ ya
l~iverr
Callec~tion by N, ~~ Gu~ltova,
~.~~~ (p~.Tl~t SamplS)r ~,e6~ 0?~~~ ~*~~ ~.~.~~~.~ ~o~
Eucoli i;~ (brown) ~ same de w
pos~.~t ~.e~~ 006 Or23 10e~.~~ 0.2
Eudya~,ite ~-Vud~'yavcho,rr Hill 0 r 6B
Eudyali~Lewlovozersk ~tundrar
Co1lec~tion by YQr Ye, lsos~yleva,
1930r ~.5~ o.ob c~3~ ~2.~~ 0.7
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100043-2
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100043-2
C~~-~~p~,~;~~,~~~?~ukisv~amcha~x M~,~,,
Col:l.~c~'i~an by ~a M. ~cansh~ec~'G~
X10 ~,Q~. (ss,mp~.p fra~n Kola Base:.
l~useura~
0~1~~ o,~~ 29~l~~ owl
~'he cheo'~Mup an a whp~?e sara,ea of m~.nera~.s and the dew
' n these m~.nera~,s mach i~ ~aosaxb:l.e ~o de~a.n~
~,ec~~,an of earth ac~.ds a.
and ~.n~roduce suba~~an~;ial cc~rx'ac~~.ons a.n ~helx
maxc: s,ccura~ely
chemi.ca~. formulae.
Fur~~hex' work is necassary ~o simp:l.a.fy~ the procedures of
~. ~minin Cb and ~`a and also of separa~;~.ri~; ~~hem from '~'i4~~ The
d.e Le x ~
nd .ra' ~.d me~;Y~ods made ~~h~: work da.fficul~ and
sack of accura ~e a p
colon, ed~ each anal~'s~s `became. a aeparatc ~,nvest;i~a~~.on.
p ~ ~
h ~;o ex~~end my ~ra~~~.tude ~,a Z. D. S~axynkev~a.chwBaxntiema~
x w.~ s
for the assa.el;ance and guidance in ~ha.s warka
La,~eratu~?e
l m Kh~. ba.nsk~.ye apa~t~.~tY (Khib~.n sk apa~~a. ~~e s) , voJ. ~, 19 ~ 3
Dra YYa ~'. ~~`:L~..~.ebrand and Dr. G, ~' d ~undell.a ~'~`akticheskoye
~vo a nco,rganicheskomu ana~.~.zu (1''x~act~ical gu..de
ruko vo ds p
for a:norga~~ic analysa.s), 193?
. ,he1~, B,ecpn~L advane~s in anal.~t~.ca1 chemis~ry~ Bdm ~
3 a ~ o A, a N~1. ~,C o
va ~~, ~nQr~anlCe
4~ Thy Anal.ys~L, ~~.~ 3~0, J.92~e
~' ~rnsa a ~'enn~.a, 3, i~o 7, ],890, 'page ~~
~a ~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100043-2
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100043-2
~~~r~~~~~a ~eo~?~~l~e~ko? l~omit~t~ (News ?~' ~k~~ ~~alo~;~o~~,
~ornm~,ttee), vo~,~ X~,TV, No 6,
Na~ae~ ~ahx~bo ~', l~,na~ 19~a~ ~~~13~~;~., ~btr ~lZ~iy ~(~~3Q)~
A. N. ~abunt~av~ ~'ex~rna~~a.t?~ne ~r~er~l From tl~? ~~,b~.nsk ~unc~r~~
IJaklad;~ AN(l~~spoxts, Acid, ~c:~, ), ~.9~9w
. M~ J~t~shtedt, ~,ampraphy~,~.~,~~e 'ram l~h~ ~'k~.i.binsk and laa~vv~~rsk
tundra, ~rudy~ M~,nLra;1~~ M1~~eys, (k~roceeci,~,n~s, Ma.nera~.o~a.ce,:l
Museum), vat,, ~,V, :~93U~
~.U~ A~ N~ L~~'bl~ntsav, Khiba,nskiye ~~~t.~.ty`(Itri,~.ba~nsk alaaba.~~es) vol,
Ul, 1933p
;~:La ~'er ~'e~ K'ast~~~;~eva, l~amsaya.~~e f'ra~rl t;he I~h~.b.i,nsl~ ar~d ~~ovazers
tundra, x~vestiya AN(News a:C ~~he Acad. Sc., ), No 9~?ll, 192.
1.2. V. 7:. Geras.~.mavskiy~o ~amsaya.te from ~Lhe central suction a:~ the
Khib;i.nsk tundra, ~~'xudy Lomanasovslca~o institu~~~~ (1'xoceed~.n~
off' ~~he Lamonasav ~:nsti~ut~ ), loo ~, 1935?
13. E. M, Bansh~edt~ `Titanite, Mineralogi.~ra Soyuza (Mineralo
~Y
off' the So~.et 'Union), sexy A~ Vyp. 3
(series A, No 3), ~.s~e
AN(published by ~~lze .Acad, Sc:gym ), 193~~m
Dr Starynkev~ichMl3ornemhnd GhemiGal :fo~mul~, af' titanaMsilicates
m
sbarll~.k, posv;,rashchennyy akad. V, Ta Verca,adskamu (Sy~~ asium
p
dedicatet~ to academ~.cian V. l~ Vexnadskiy, ~~~
~a
~4'
~.,~. N. N. Gutkavar New titana-s?~.licate From 'the Lavozerslc tundra.
~f
,,
laok].ad~ ~~(Repor~s off" the Acad, Sci o ), 1930. c
:~
lbm V, I4 Gerasimovskiy. 1{ha.bnskiye apatite l~h~.bi s
J ~ n k apat;~tes) , fa
~ol~ VI:f:I, 1.933
~7. l~hib~.nsk3.ye ~. Lovozerski~e tundry (Khibinsk and Lava z,
ersl~ tundra ),
vol. ~ ~ and lx,
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100043-2
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100043-2
o~M~?xnem~r~~ ~avo'n.ox~~.~e and ~~,~n~,~~x m~r~e~~l~,
~.~~ ~~ ~? ~~r~xyr~kev~.
~~ln~k~,~ch ' ~Gti~c~x (1~a~,~ ara ~Q ooh~~~, ~'~~
Ma~~;xl~~~~? k ~e~kha.r~,~. Khi
~ , a s, ~aa~a ~,rilen~, a? 1~? ISa,x~rav'~ (Ko~~,
o~ Kha.ba,rask ~unclr~l) ? I~o~ r~k Y
' mena~ 5? M, ~{a.rov), ~.~3~, pale ~~3?
~~~p aw
d nav klz m~.rle ~~l~l,al~h ~;xu~~Y' No ~.anaa^~.1~~1 ~
~.9, ~ ~ M~ ~ ~cansh'L' p ~~ e Y
ma.ner~~.a ~'re~m 'the K~x:l,b~,nsk ~unc~ra) ~
Kha.b~,nal~:>.kh ~undr (New
:1.92G? ~s.~es ~~.~i~wa.a.8~, .
~~ ~ ~ ~ A ~. An,tpnov, s.na ~. ~? S'r~axy~kev:i.cY~M~o:r~neman?
2f1 ? k'. N ? Ch;1.~va.r~ska.y , ?
' b:i.naka. ,e a~a~~:i.~r~y (Khil~s.nsk apa'~~.~~es) ~ 1.933, '~a~e x.73?
Kha. ~
+ Eansh~~ed~, 0 tnax~~an~,sevam nep~un~~,E ~.~ I~ha.b:~ns~;~.kh ~.
~1, ? F ~ M,
~a~erslca.krl ~und:r (Man?;sz>.cae nep'tun~~t~c ~'rairi ~~),~c: I4kl~.b:i.rlsk
Lav
anca. Lovaz~crsl4 ~tunclra), 1,921i?
k].ad r ' ,~~~(IZepax~~~s a~ ~hc; acad.` Sca., } ~
?~o Yea Yep KOS1~~~.ev~., Da 5
1932.
~~ e Koss; le~ra, ~somox~pha~~s eudyal.i~~e~euco:La.te ser~,es.
s,1, rnu~eya (pxaceeda.r~~ o~ 'the M:inGral.a~;9.c~~,1
Trudy I~la.nE ~ r
Museum), 1.92?
!~ ~0~~,~;ex'1 u ~Iaa~dbuch der Mi.rlera~,chema.e, ~d, x:C~~ ~, :LC~~La
~.~~ ?
2~? Gorn~" Zhur~~a1, (Ma.n~.n~ ~al,~rna:l), ~9~~0
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100043-2