ORGANIZATION OF FREIGHT WORK ON RAILROAD TRANSPORT - FREIGHT HAULING

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100042-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 90
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 8, 2012
• Sequence Number: 42
• Publication Date: August 13, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
0r anization of Frei ht'Wor on Ra ad Trans art
BY V..V. Povorozhenko
Organizatsiya Gruzovoy Raboty na Zheleznodorozhnom Transporte
Perevozka Gruzov'(Organization of Freight Work on?Railroad Trans-
port - Freight Hauling), V. V. Povorozhenko,;Transzheldorizdat,
(CIA Library No N/5, 755.73, .P7). A series of extracts.
(Russian- bk, 1947)
STAT
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Psi 67
whale the wax was still going on r d.1road. tx ulspoxt box's
the colossal rdn of reconstruction work. A tex the end of wax
bu
advanced toward the fu1ii1rnt of the Five Year Flan
the country
of reconstruction and :Further progress in the national economy, which
envisages the tremendous growth of industriai production and the
execution of works of constuc Lion and reconstruction on a scaba
never ' before seen.
The total volume of i.ndustri.al production wi11 have in~
creased by L8 percent in 19O, as compared with 191.0, and that of
agriculture will have increased by 27 percent.
In connection with capital, reconstruction and with the
further expansion of the national economy, the freight turnover
is increasing for all forms of transport.
The average daily- carloadings at the end of the necw Stalin
Five.Year Plan (in 19 a) will amount to l ,000 i.er will show an
??
increase of 17 .5 percent over 1910. At that time the freight turn
over will have increased by 25 percent over the prewar level.
In the field of railroad freight operations the Five Year
Plan besides an increase in the volume of car-loadings and freight
turnover, also envisages
)
cutting the length of rail shipments from 790 kilo-
meters :in 19LI.5 to 690 kilometers in 1950, which will be one of the
important measures for accelerating the turnover of cars;
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b reduction of 'th? average idJ.e or waiting time of oars
in fre nabY 3LPL percent in 1950 from the 19~I. average,
~.gh~ opera~t~.o
which will also at ~s a powarfl reserve to accelerate car turn
over;
c) increase of the proportion of mechanized loading and
unloading to ?a percent of the total volume of loading arid un'
loading, which will require the. complete mechani.zation of the load'
such bulk freight as coal, coke, petroleum and ores, The
.~n~r , of sue, ~
total power of the stock of freight~handli.ng machinery at the dis~
position of the railroads will have increased by more than 10 times
during the Five Year Plan;
(d) use of all possible means to cut the idle time of cars
on the private tracks of industrial enterprises, and assurance of
the reconstruction of private tracks in regions that were occupied
by the Germans9 reconstruction of existing private tracks and cones
structon of new ones, especially at the Ural and Siberian enter
prises.
In attaching especially great importance to freight and
connlercial work, the government has assigned considerable amounts
in the 1946-i9~0 Five Year. Plan to capital investment for the re~
habilitation and technical re-equipment of the freight system,
The total amount of these capital investments is double the in?
vestment in the freight system for the past ten years.
The principal work that will be done on the freight system
during the current Five Year Plan is as follows.
3 a 4 ?yi ~y~wh F e1 y 11'i
I 1 i ~~ i~~~~u~U`ppi 1(1
1
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~. on and eonstrUe'ton of up to 1,000 ware
~,~ RcaAn~txuc~t~
and fei ht ha,nditg p1atfOI' e
houses
sde~'abl.e number
, , girds at a con~i
~ ~stabl.a.s~anont of f~ga.ghty
2
w:Ul be off' new and improved t~rpe, with
of stata.ana . Such yards
?? rage space, rational location of the ws,reN
anp~,e trac~ca~;o and s to ~
. ' on of a considerable proportion of the
houses and meaJ~ana.zati
frei ght operat ians.
3, Installata. ' on of new and improved machinerY to handle
aveing gang cranes, bridge cranes and
frea.ght; ganbxy and
??
4' oad and truck approaches, mechanical load
movable cranes on ra,i.lr
crs and unloaders, intra-ptaflt platform trucks, eta,
I4. Expansion of t ~ .he weighing system, in which up to 60
million ruble w the number of 100~t0n scales is
will be invested ~
to be doubled, over l,00 Hatched and potable scales. will be
nd the use of automatic scales will be intro
placed in service, a
duced.
. Considerable expansian of the refrigerated transport
system, rehab. ion and construction of ice plants rehaba.li~
~~ ~la.tat.
0x,e??
technical equipment of up to 100 icing pints ,
tata.on and
construction of all destroyed car cla.sj11fecta.on anal washing; s'ta'tions
and consructaan of 8 new ones' mechanical equipment of ice manu?t-
facture and of the supply of ice and salt to refrigerator cars4
6. Construction of a large number of containers and a
c of x~CL container traffic based on this.
considerable increase o
7. Besides this, a considerable amount of work is envisaged
an the construction, expansion and technical equipment of private
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tracks, their extension, instaiiati,on of new rai1r, introduction of
more powerful locomotives, use off' machinery ?Qr handl.a.ng freights,
etc
AU of these important technical measurQs for strengthening
the productive bases of the :freight system will make a fimdarnental
improvement possible in the quality of railroad freight and commer.
clal works Thts improvemen't'., however, depends primarily on how
the work is organized and to what extent the introduction of ad.
vanced and improved methods is assuredo
Since railroad freight tra'f?c will increase more rapidly
during the current Five Year Ryan than 'the reinf orceraent of its
technical equipment, one of the bas:Lc tasks in the mastery of the
transport system is the quest for hitherto unutiiized marginal
possibilities of improving railroad exploitation,
Under these conditions the questions of rationai organiza-
Lion of freight operations to assure fulfillment of the state
transport plans with the given ;Level, of technical equipment and
at minimum cost in material resources and working labor power will
be of immense importance
Rages 940
1, The Laws, Rules and Directives that Fix the Concli.tions for Freight
-Hauls,
The freight and commercia:L operations of the railroads, which
constitutes a component part of the whole work of railroad transpor~
t ation, is at the same time distinguished from it by the fact tliat
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it carectiy links 'transpox~ with the cliefl'L?c1ea i.e. .,th the whv1e
national ecoflOT. For this reason the exeaUt:Lon of and
commexc.la1 operations 'Is based on laws issued by the governrnenb~
which are b ? t~^a~.sPart agencies and r;~~,e~,~~~~.e , and
~,n~.i.ng on both
f a.x s
(a,) t1'~e carder o1 fu Ciiiment of the haulage plan by the
railroads and the clientele;
(b) the rights, obiigationS and responsibiliti05 of rai1w
roads, shippers and consignees in all matters involvi.rlg the acM
ceptance, transpor batn, storage and delivery of freight;
~.o
ditions of organizing haulage with the mini-
(c) the con
mum expenditure of material resources and with assurance of safety
for the goods hauled;
( d) the procedure for hauling the various types of freights
,.
taking into account their specific peculiarities and properties of
~i,.x Spe
each;
conditioxls to assure the most rational coordi~
(e) the
nation of the railroad freight operations with other forms of
transport;
(f) and procedure for payment of freight- charges
the system
and of the charge r for the supplemenbary operations connected with
haulage 0
SR. Railroad Regulations confirmed by the USSR Govern-
The US
ment' constitute the `law fixing the above conditianS?
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V
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he Railroad Re u1atians the procedure for
e)ecutin the sta n the ra,ghts, o~ligata,pr~s and re'
f
'~e hau~a~e ~~a y ,
spons ads csrr;Y~.ng out haulage, and of the
~,bil,~,t;i,es off ' the ra' ~l~'~o
' . s us~,n ray /.road transport for travel and
o~~gan;~~d,,~ianP ~ and person ~
haulage, are sll se's forth.
1'he f~ailroad R,agul.ata.ons, however, contain only the basic
prov3.s of freight, passengers and baggage,
~.on7 governa.ng the haulage
but do not contain detailed directives and 'rules for such haulage.
'L'hcre.Eore the gavernJLen' has conferred on the I1i.nister o:C Roads,
Railways 'aterwaYs the right to jSSUC special. rules based on,
Railways and W
' n: in detail, the individual clauses of the Regu~
and developing
lata.ons, arid these rules then constitute annexes to such clauses.
.tions and interpretations to the RaiiM
All amendments, add.
road Regulations, in accordance Urf.th government d.ecisi.ons, are pub-
l?shed in a special
ttColleetion of Rules for Carriage and Tariffs of ' Railroad Transportation in the USSR.
The entry into force of new tariffs involving changes a,n
the tariff system as a whole, as well as separate changes in
freight tariffs, are published in this Collection,
The Collection is issued periodical'LY by the MPS (Ministry
of Roads, and Waterways) and possesses juridical force,
Railways r 7 an
es promulgated and published in it concerning
~. ,e . all ~h.e rules
the USSR railroads, as well as all amend
haulage and tariffs of
menu, add terprotations to such rules so published
and must be carried out by, the railroad
becoming binding on,
workers and clientele
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The conditions of freight ha.ula,ge on rn xad rai1Mwter routes
axe regulated by special "Rules for carriage of freight in direct
mixed railMwater routes", approved by the Minister of Roads, Rail-
ways and Waterways, of the Maritime Fleet and the Inland Fleet,
Besides these basic directives, currant directives and dis-
positions to improve the freight and commercial service are issued
in orders of MPSQ
Pages 11M15
wwwwwn~www.w..ww.w~
The Railroad Regulations now in effect on the railroads of
the USSR were approved by the Council of Peoples' Comanissars USSR
on lQ February 19L and took effect on March 1, l9L5.
The USSR Railroad Regulations are in essence sharply dis-
tinguished from the rules for hailage in effect on the railroads
of the capitalist countries. Of these distinctive characteristics
that result from the socialist character of our economy, the prin-
cipal are the following.
1. The Regulations `envisage that the haulage of all freight
shall be performed on the bases of previously worked out and cones
firmed haulage plans, the fulfillment of which is the primary ob?
ligation of the railroads
This demand is reinforced by the incorporation in the ReguM
lations of provisions for monetary responsibility of both shippers
and railroads for failure to fulfill the haulage plan (besides the
disciplinary and penal responsibility to which persons guilty of
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: --
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pf the plan may be subject in appropriate eases.)
raonM~'ul~i
2.l~, l~uxsuant t ~'
to the Reguiationsa all freight is divided
the first comprising goods of national im'?
into two categari,es,
portance (coal, ore, grain, etc.) y and the second, goods o;C loom,
importance assificat:Lon, together 'wi,th the directive eon''
This s cl
that "the principal task oi' the MPS end
tamed in the ~,egl~.lat.~ons
s is 'the unconditional and 100 percent fui'
a:~ its lace/ agency e
f:i.~.lment of the haulage plan for i'reight of the first ca~?egorytt,
liquidates the indifferent attitude to the kind and character oi'
the Frei ht to be hauled which is inherent on capitalist rail-
roads for which it is all the same what is to be hauled, so long
,
as a larger profit is obtained, In our country goods that are
more necc,assary for the national economy as a whole are hauled
first.
I~gulations provide for the rational utilization of transport by
.
giving the MPS the right to reject shipments involving cross
haulin unnecessarily long hauls, and excessively short hauls
(up to 30 kilometers
L `1'he Regulations also contain a number of provisions
designed to assure the best use of the means of transport. The
main provisions of this nature includes
a Granting the railroads the right to concentrate
freight loadings, within the limits of the plan, in order to or-
ganize through train service and larger groups of cars;
Starting out from the general national interests, the
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(b) Ha,uJ.age of freiht only by the shortest route,
regard IL' requests from thr~ clientele to ship any specific item
by a route other than the shortesta
Establishment of fixed periods i'or holding goaciu
(c)
and for loading and unloading cars, for exceeding which
in storage
~
the shipper or consignee is liable for storage charges or demurrage
(d) Rcquirernent that clients load cars fully, within
the limits of the technical car-1 oadin; norms set up by the MPS,
and imposition of a penalty for underloacLingm
,. 1~he periods Thr delivery of freight are fixed by the
government, are based on the general interests of the country'
econo and are regulated by the Regulations (Length of the period,
observance of it) with the object of accelerating the deliverer of
goods; and financial responsibility for failure to keep deliveries
within the prescribed periods is imposed on the railroads
6. The Regulations take into account the peculiarities
of the interrelations of our socialist transportation systems
and their clientele -" interrelations in complete contrast to the
conditions that exist in capitalist countries, These interreia
Lions are not directed, here, as they are in those countries, to
the effort of each party to take more from the other party, but
are directed towards mutual' aid,
The Regulations provide for the obligatory advice to the
transport clientele on the arrival of freight, timely notification'
of the delivery of cars for unloading and loading, and likewise
give the railroads the right to help its clientele by supplying
i f
I
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zp the delivery oi' freight and bageagQ to the
labor axed to oa^gani,
contgnee - S warehouse p
The?l de f'or the mutW.i ;finaneiai re aponaiM
r
~.ikew~; provide
b sigflees and shippers, accoz'd1n to the
;,~a.ty of ra.~..z oacls, con
party by whose f aul t of freight or additional. 'transportation
. loss s
expense was occasioned.
Coi1currenGlY they y make haulage obii~a'torY, i?e? ih, is the
obligation of the railroads to accept freight f'or shipment, and rem'
ftlsal to a, cept freight offered for shipment pursuant to the pia.n
~
may only be motivated by , the existence of speci.a1 embargoes. Such
embargoes` are always exceptional measures,
of assuring the safety of freight is also re?
the question
solved differently the USSR Railroad Regulations than i.s the
. by
ca,ae in capitalist states. The interests of the national economy
material values are paraJilount. Full. re spore ibllitY
in preserving
1$ r borne by the railroads for the safety of goods accepted for
shipment actually shipped. ConcurrentlY, however, the Regulations
also exclude the possibility of extortionate or excessive compen~
sat nsig'nee in an amount higher than the actual
~.on to a shipper or co
value of the goods lost . They likewise reflect the government's
concern for the personal property of private citizens, for which
there is no limit on storage time
the Regulations for the USSR Railroads in force at the
present. time consist of 140 clauses, divided into the following
ns (1) General Regulations; (2) Freight Haulage;
Secta.o
~
~4t4~Y~A
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(3) C rria e o1' ? stingers nd i3a gage (Li) Reepan,3ibiiityof the
railroads,, shippers, consignees and passQngers; (5) Instruments,
clai.nts and legal actions
The first Section .... 'General Regulations" (Clauses 1
provides
at what stations freight and baggage shall be accepted;
(b) to what sh'ipnients of freight and baggage the Railroad
Regulations apply;
(c) the procedure under which picks-up and delivery service
shall be furnished by the railroads;
(d) the procedure under which the charges for freight and
baggage transportation are established,
The second section - "Freight Haulage" (Clauses 9.2)
covers the `following questions:
(a) the planning of transport (kinds of plans, their
content, the procedure for their formulation, confirmation and
incorporation of individual amendments) ;
(b) the rules for accepting LCL freight;
(c) the special features of planning and acceptance of
freight for haulage over mixed rail-water routes;
(ci) the procedure for placing, embargoes on loading for
shipment in specified directions, and for changing the points from
which shipments will be made;
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In the fifth Section Mm. tt nsi~rurner~ts, c~,ai.ms nd litigation"
(C1auses 91400) ? the ilgu1ations cover;
(a) an 'enumeration off' the circumstances under which the
clientele has the right to maize claims on the rai.i.road, or to
sue it at 1aw, and the procedure for certifying these circunu Lances;
(b) the procedure for commencing actions and filing claims,
and the limitations of time therefor and for action thereon;
( c) the adrni ~ssibie extent of claims and the procedure for
their consideration, as well as the procedure for deciding dais
puled damage claims, (The gist of the clauses of the present
Hai.l.road Regulations dealing with freight transportation will be
set forth _ in detail in the following chapters of this teals )
Types Of Railroads Arid Services And the Speeds
Of Freight Haulage
Al:i railroad lines are divided into three riiain types,
depending on the conditions of transportation and the laws and
rules applicable to them, which determine the organization of
traf'fic and the interrelations of railroads between themselves
and with their clientele,
(a) Railroads open to public use include all railroads
under the jurisdiction of the MPS and open. for continuous operation
in carriage of passengers, baggage and freight. The Railroad Reg,u~
lations, the rules of haulage, and the tariffs, are all applicable
without exception to such lines,
13 m
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() Private aeks (which are not oarnxnpfl carrier~) jn.ciude
. cal dus~~e~tc~pr~.ses anc~
re,~,~,xaads be~,on~.n1 t? arge s
cannectled with the ~ene~lal. r~j.~.~r a1etWQl-with ~
{the shipfltent ofreight on such pr1~ate tracks is baseci.
the Council of Mtna.ste~'s USSR, or
on specai rules canfirmed by
la.tatinn of these txaclcs~
the exp
e
uct,on an wh~.cl~. sha.pmen ts az1
(c ~ Ra~.lr~oad5 under ~Onatr ~
' ~ l)encemen'L of r~gul~~x' opexat~.on, p~,
made, pend, ~.r~~ def:>.?na.~~.ve camr
r tr~~ ? for tla.e transportata,on of freight,
~UaTlt to the special pules
railroads under cony tructa,ona before
passengers and baggage an
delivery for regular operation. l~
? have been placed in. regular operation,
Unta.. such .~. n~ ~
b authorization of the ChiFf
freight may be hauled an them on~.y y
~' of Railroad Const~^ucta.an of the MPS.
~' the Cen~~ra~. Adnu.na.~: ~txa ~~.on
o
distances ~ either wholly
~'reigh'~ may be hauled for varying an a single railroad line, or on a number of lines.
s. r veral roads (two or mare) are termed
Freight l~a,ul~~ over >,e
thxourh service hauls. if the haul is entirely over a sa. ngle ra7.l
road line 9 it is termed a local haul,
railroads, but also other farms
freight hauls using not only..
ser~a.ce hauls ':Chas, for i,nstance9
of transports are termed mixed
if freight covers pax of the distance by rail and part by water,
4 x , 1
1 ~
%
a?i
r
f
will be over a mixed rail-Wa' er service
it
es of the USSR are termed inter,
Hauls beyond the boundaries
a The latter may also be mixed,
h?~ional service haws. '
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r re~~vi.ce with acl,justable pairs of wheels;
through ~.n~exna.?~onal
lation
the heis~h.t clearance ? at ~6r0 millimeters (measured from the
;~.~.~ set ~
~m width c~.ea~rnce is 3~t.~,0 m~.lli.me~;cx5y
rail-head) and the n>,a~~,ml
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100042-3
( t) C;1,c~arEx1Ca gau(,e 1 V (Ft~Ua'ca 36) Lor ears ctreu1att~ ;
~
over the wh . Height o1.~acix~anec i.M ~3 QU
c~.c xa~,l ~~st~m a~ the USSR
320 mi1.:;raeters.
~2M for ears ct 'cu1ata." or,.iy to a
(C ) C;lCox a~. gauge
.
~~ ~ ~ ~~"cn;a ar7,rd , arCato be z^cGC~,,~tx'uctcd
li.~r.~tec3' ~?'r~bc,x~ o:~ dc,~~~.r~G~~a. ~
? , '.C x?~.i~.x~a~,c1~) ? ~lwa.~ht ~;lcax?~,x-cc a. ~ .~~3GG
(suburban ax~cof ca.c,ctr~
~ 'an~.~l~ width clearance 3600 mi1~.i.mefi,Crs.
ra ..rx, and niaa~~.
~a...l,a.meG ,.~
The maxim Cargo width of 3 2aO na.llimeters fear ciearancc
tram
is iC only whCrC the cargo is not p1.aCed )et~Jer1
~,ul~v a.,~ poi b
g
~' to the f'u~.a. c1,c.arance
the closed aie~es ai' the pltfiozm. L~aacc:~.r'l ~
~,Cxmi~,;wb:l.r:~ f'or a he:igh~~ of ',980 mi1.~,
a.d'th . ~ ~~ ~'
w of ~' 3250 m.~.i.l. i.me'~er~ a.,~
level. or /Dada to u11 clC,x~-aflce hC .whip
li.mCtcrS from railroad
' th C
of X300 1j1.1.imc,tGl.a the n1axx.Yr~um wi dth r~ f the up,.; c z? layer al
cargo must not exceed 12:37 mi.1li.meterE b
Page 162
----
in~ni.ss'~.on, appoir~ted by the Rail Line Supc;rir-~
,~ s tanc~.nw ra
y surveillance over the correct loacU.rlw and
tcn.d~~n~~ s ~ ,~~ ~~r~~~..c,S ~ out
securing of f re .wht s
Pa~63
Special xa117 nw stack for hau.l..i.nw hear freight cai.sts a:C
w th~ee~ce,rri.a~,e platf'ox~rl care of 90 tan
trG~.nap~arters; helve wheel,.
~,wa--carri.aw? platarm cars of 80 tan cap-
caps,ra.tY; ,twelve~wheel,
-tefldere of the Series FD locc>rr special
liquid commodities r
The principal :Corns of transportation' for petroleum r: products
is at presE nt, however, rail shipment
Trlr volume n?.' rail shipments of petro:Leum is not strictly
uniiorm throughout the year. During the navigation season it
declines, since river transpo r't is operating then. During the
none-navigation season, her ever, it increases sharply, since the
waterways are hardly used between the navigation seasons,
Pa~c ~31~
The main streams of petroleum freight traffic an the raiL-
roads originate in the regions of extraction (i3aku, Grorniy, Tuymaza,
1 shimbayevo ), at the water to rail trans shipment points for petro-
leum, (Odessa, Krasnovodsk, Nakhach-Kalaa Syzran t , Stalingrad, Saratov,
etc) and also at the refineries,
The share of the several regions of the country in outbound
rail shipments of petroleum is shown by Table 3li.~
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100042-3
Regions
Central regions
iLegi ons of the North Caucasus
v
.toT.ier Volga and Volga-v yaUka regions
Ural regions
Far East
Ukrainian
SR
Republics of Transcaucasia
ri .L ,
10 a..L
{ZART r.
'{ 314
T
Share Outbound Shipments of Fe troleums in Percent
1913
1937
19 O ?9h6
b.9
2O8
L. O
2~cr
,:
':L O- i8:
2.8 ]3.8 11.3 31.5
1.7 6,0 3.)4 1.3
1.7
136
1/,
1.2 2.7
yy
2 L~.6
17.2 15.3 13.0 lja
1.7
U.2
1`JO' 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0
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1 e .ubIlcs of Central Asia
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100042-3
rkaca cani;i,guratton of the $txca1ns of petxoif~um shipments_
over the xachin ed cans?ti dermlY dux1i.h~ r~cex~t years
3,~,xoad~ha ~
i.n the d~rection oi .nor,,e~tsin val.urne from the xegi,ons Qf' the
. a. ~
Baku. ' 7? hatri. at' 1~ 'tarp o:~ pe~l?,xo~,eurn ~axoduots
~ecand ~u,~ The average rail
j_ over 1200 kilaraetera .
The i,raa1s-partot ion codi.tii o11s :far various liquids passes
th e.r o'wn lacii :ic pEa acU;iiaritboth with rG~poct to rolli n
i s c~ . s
tack at tYl(. f i,ulim:r and discharge stati.ofS and- to the making up
o? s ha. :rnents and he muti relations between railroad., sb,ipper
p
and consignee,
hen they enter the tracks of a railroad for the haulage of
liquda, tank cars not aw by nod b~ the Nlp'S are assimilated to the
rolling stock ,, ~ ~tin~ or desttlatian road on thy, basi,~
of the a~.~.~a.na_ ~,
of a special contract, llaul,a~r~ae in these tan/; cars requires authori-
zation of to Line Superintendent, pursuan~
the Railroad Regulations s and. is only done aft el' thdr trchnicai
inspect rcPxesenta't1Ve of
~,an by a
the Railroad
instrl~ont prescribed by
Tank cars for the transportation of food products -- molasses,
ve~et Yua must be :~
ina .ec'ted with special. care' cleaned vegetable oils, etc. w ... .~ if steamed and flusl~nd out as wells
and scrubbed, ands . ~,.C necessary,
shortage of tank cars assigned for carrying food
In c &,S ~cs of ~
products, pe eumwkerascno and gasoline tank cars may be assigned
for the pn,:~~pa,x ase .l are mostly y two -agile, light capacity tank cars,
4 These The fitness of tank cars for carrying products other than
petxrya alcohols is deteralined by a representative
~:eum products and
the Car Service of
L:i n.e and execution of the appropriate
the instructions of the MPS.
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to the requirements o:L
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100042-3
. , ~, aI' ~~ech~~~.c, C~antra~-w r.'~,'a,.tnes Q
~' '~l~c~ ~.p~~er~ ~ ~~paxtm~n
o
rc~
tank care ax carr ..~,Q~.,~raduc~t~s U dc'uez~na.ncd by a
f;~.n~ , po~ ~
;., , ~ .. and f or a~. co~~c~J. a by a rcpxes~ntca.~
pxcs~ntti.vo of
five oC Spirtotre t,
~~e si~i.Pp e r moist suiaz~it ~a a g x~,~ia.n~
;e ~~d~ er with ~~h e w ~.~b ~.l ~.. ,
' ,, ~ ~rb, ~, xn a . ectarat,c~'o~^ each tankCaX'
~~ o,~ the G~.avrzG~'t~ ~ ,~ ~'
cep^ta.:Ca.cat
tro1.e~am products to be ha7.od~
o.~ pe
. ' ~? c,tro:i.el~117 pxoduct?a ?'ar ShiPm.ent, wa.thoUt
T11( acceptance al,~
a Yrading, certif'iaatc, is forbidden.
to at l.ca,at
~ii~,uxclen to be fillc;d into tank car^ ~a heated 170 slulunr and at /.east 190 d.egroes in winter.
_c a ~e~;rce,~ in
alum/ loss by leakage and evaporation of
ri1e noi~rtS Of ~ n.
x~
roduct , and other liquids transported by ra' ;~ a and. ate
petralel~.m products
, p
are fixed by the ~, gov v - .crnmen'r' arcorcI:Ln.g to the coinmod.ity involved
and the 'ba.me of the year. In mixed rail cater shipments, the
na~ms of natural loss are increased. by 80 perceft for each rail
to water transshipment.
page_ 32l
' haulage of liquids in tank cars between staUons on
r.Lhe
broad-gau e on :narrow-gauge lines is done by Pump"
~~~e lines and those
naxraW-gauge tarn: cars, or frarn the
them. from braad~gauc,e to
tank cars into drums, or the reverse.
listing under the appropriate calibra-
,~~ter measurement and. .
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Page 320
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t~~can type, ti on tank oar u t bear thQ a i 'oaf i d a l nati,Qf Q '
The calibration tYP e nwrnb X' Q XV c~ 5 a guicl
th ia.x hype nutnbQ~1
in dete;xxr~a.ni.fl the 'weight e wea ~ht QC the: iiqutd fre .ght contained in a car.
r~
~ r
ry
Thesc: number are piGrc~;d on tl~e I std of the barrels or body of the
~
? c a o x + n of 0?7tme$ the diameter, in the form Qf a
~, ~ a 7~ e ' ~~h t~
tank
numb er cornposed cf special rtteta1li.c, attached di.gits?
Page 3 23
After con;Cixmation of heir p1ax~ ?, thr; local ofI'ice3 of
( I.avnef tesbyt subrn: t to tied L.i.ne Superintendant their haulage
plans broken down, in detail, shoi~ans't:at1ons o1.' filiin , stations
~
of destination, fUmb'..r o;i' tank cars required, and type of petro-
di.v;i.ded. into iieavy oil, 1ceroses1o, gasalinoa :Eight
1curn products,
oil and lubricants.
The subsequent plan.riing procedure for oi.1 product shipment
is s in no way different From that for tlae shipment of all other
first category freight.
In panning the shipment of oil products, plans are dram
for the navigation season and inter-navigation season, in addition
to the annual and quarterly plans.
The character of the flow of petroleum traffic changes sharply
such season to the other, since during the navigation sea-
from and
son some, regions can be supplied from the transshipment bases of
.
the Vora and Dnepr, while in winter these regions must be entirely
supplied by rail
The method of drawing up the plans for the internavigatian
and navigation seasons is analogous to the eneral methods of pre-
ks~~r uty
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100042-3
parinE; th annual and quarter1; pins
rj'he, plan for shipment o ' potro:L wn products dtu1in the naviga.
tion auon must be agreed on ~iith the Ministry C sh.ou2d be "ItLni -
tri.e,t~ ~ of the i~'lar .tt i e and River Fieets?
Every e:CTrt must be made tC) build up appropriate reserves
of petroleum products at the trans ahi.pmc:nt bases by the time that
W
navLgat,ion ends, which products are then shipprd i'zorn these basea
to the regions supplied., during the inter-navigation season. The
creation of >uch re aervea 1.L the transsli prent bases improves the
operation of the railroad.s during the wLntor by elrninating long
hauls by rail,
In order to improve tb.e' country' supply of petroleum pro-
ducts, assure the better utilization of the consumers' oil storage
facilities' improve the operational flexibility of the Glevnef'tsbyt
organization, and strengthen the routi:rwg of petroieum products a
governrn.ent decree has given Giavneftesbyt the right to address tank
cars (indicate tl:le consignee [i.e., of the empties for fi:l.:Li.ngJ )
not to filling points at great distances from the consignee but to
distributing stations speciaLiy established for that purpose in
the inimecliate vicinity of the consuming regions.
Page 32)4
In practice, if the region under consideration receives S00
to 600 tank ears a month, or one routing, every six days through
tank..car train, it is considered that It can to served by a sep-
arate distribution point.
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order ~ f* tiro MFS y a di s cbur taU?fl receiV
Puy"3nt
,a to T, tank cars 'v ary iX day 3 abou1d rG;cv i Lt;;
in: no't 1c than :Loo ~aro1cuxn pr()duc'tS by t}~.rou ;h t nk ?cax9 t,raaJas,
T keep track' ge ():f "thx'C?.i.tb o:! ! trains, coritz'oJ.
keep 'p eti'c'. ~;,;1 of t}1 M ~~",7 'r4C4 1 !. boon et up b1 foams of peat are distingui;ted, ac-
cord.irig to the method of minin and subsequent processing: 1unip
peat, milled peat (fine crumbs), and briquettes,
In 1950 the production of peat briquettes iii be considerably
increased and will be brought up to 1.2 million tons.
Peat is hauled over relatively short distances. The aver-
age haul for peat is _about $0 to 8,5 kilometers About a third of
all peat hauls are under 30 kilometers.
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Tc urlrflechafi ed 1o&i,dirif~ of peat tal o 2O hours f'ox two
ai1e oar and LO hours Lor fours'&xle cars.
The tirno fixed f'ox' wrloading peat from twoMaxa. box, cars is
2 hours, and 1 hour f'xor fiat cars and gondolas. From ?our'.axie
cars it i 3 ,0 and 1.! hours respectively.
nc~ data on the possible utilization o( ' car capacity when
hauling peat (with a specific gravity ranging from O.2S0 to O.).OO
ton pcr cubic meter) axe; presented in Table L1,3.
Pages L O5.' L! O7
To suppiy th productive activi'te5 of the railx gads and
their enterprises) the Minietr;T of' Roads, Railways arid. Waterways
hauls a considerable volume of' i'rei.ght addrLssd to the sevoral
railroad. ort ani.zations for their awn needs All o? bb :Ls freight
may be divided into two groups;
(a) freight nCCGSSary for railroad operation (fuel, iubri.c-
ants and abrasives, spare parts, eq i.i.pncnt, etc);
(1)) freight necessary for capital repairs and construction
of the railroads (ra.ls, ties, ballast, bolts, lurraber, metal,
building materials, etc).
Dispatch of rolling stock to
the shop for repair, its re-
turn from those' shops, and the running of special trains (for con-
struction and installation, or for repair service) also belong to
the freight hauls for the needs of the MPS itself,
Most af' the freight for the needs of the railroad 'service is
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TAELr: L3
3?
Type of Car
Hoppers with latticework platform
of 15 ton capacity
Sames lb. ton capacity
Same, 18.0 ton capacity
r
Same 20.0 ton capacity
Gondolas with bu.lt-irsides,
is.0 to
5 r capacity
Same 16.5 ton capacity
7 Box cars. 15.0 to
~ capacity
8. Same 16.S to 5 ~ n capacity
Same,
18.0 ton capacity
Car Loads of ! led Feat, in TonJ at Specific Gravities of:
O.2S0 0.00 0.350 G
3 Us=f~O O.h0 and ~'1L.g
. ~ hey
l37 15.o lL.C, 1fe0 l s.~1
J 1 ~,
13.7 16.2 l6 K
. ~ _b.
16,5
~{ f '- ~3 7 ~c. i u . G
1ct0 18,0
3.1 16.2 18.7 20.0 20.0
r.
12d2 l t.. f? i~ao i5,o 15.0
t~ .
12.L t / 16.5 (; .
16.5
9.5 11.5 130
9., 11.5 13.0 5
l5?0 16.
9. 11. 1f.0
1 1.O IOe
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3hippod by ;lndu,tr,.a1 r~tevpriss and is planned and h.au.ied on
't.hc: i neral, principles obtaining.
HauiN 01' 'rei(h't for the recui,reanents of the r alroadS.,
pia:med and di.spatch,rd by rail transport organizGvtioz~ a ux.dr~r special
cclnditionti, :Lrt cars of the o-caJ.ied non-revenuc roi dng tock, are
t~rmecl service sh?ipmerit s (ltouyayst~v'enny&peIcvclalci.).'
Service shipments today :form about 3 to )i. percent of the to-
tal vol um.e 0?' car-ioadingc and about 2 percent of the total number
of taeia~l:iiometerE~ ('th,e haul of service freight being considerably
6horter than th e usual haul )
TIPS freight shipments arc el.asu ifiod into mass shipments, car
shipments (single ) and.LCL e
Na s shipments of MPS frci glit that are shipped by industrial
enterprises are carried in the usuaj. thro'igh frei.ght trains,' while
sera ce freight (ballast, stone, btidlding material) are handled by
specially assigned shuttle trains.
Shipments of road ballast make up the largest part by volume
of all service shipments.
Shipments of carload (single) :Freight for the needs of the
railroads and MPS enterprises are made, as a rule, in ordinary
freight trains. Large lots of similar materials consigned to rai:J
road Line warehouses and single consumers are shipped in carload
lots from the main and base warehouses
LCL service freight is shipped;
(a) in special cars accompanied by distributing clerks as.-
signed by the Department of Material and Technical Supply; hose
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c x bcion ; to the 'x, ht?car stook andy rc apcciail.y equipped to
do 'i.na.tc
dtrlautc mater' ,a1M along t1 line. rj,' ~r y i.rc ~~at Q fl
sc1lyduer3 On the separate ~octor+?
(b) in pickup cars togethor with th ordinc.r;l' ?roi h't;
( c) in con tc~ i,ner a.
As a rule, all service ?reig31t i.s hauled at iow speeci, arid
only in erceptiorla;l.ca ses ..s the: hauling
fied crr at high peec3, pexm:i.tted.
(Iispo,tch ) of spCcim.
Very considerable shipments for railroad. needs are canneC'
td with the reconstruction and repair of the ways (repl.enishrnent
of bails t, sand, gravel, repl acernerlt of ra il,a and ties).
The l9L 6'-l9
0 Five Year Plan provide for putting in 26 mlw
lion 'cubic meters of ballast, changing 15. million ties, and. laying
SO,000 kilometers of new z'ailS.
It must be borne in mind tliat the reconstruction of the ways
i.s usually done only during 6 to i months it' a year, and that
therefore the shipments of these railroad materials are Concentra'-
ted into this period.
Over 4O,OOO cars, figured on a two~axle basis, were re-
qui.rcd .n 19)46 to ballast the tracks alone.
Fuel also plays a considerable role in service shipments.
The non-revenue stock of cars for service shipments is as-
signed on the basis of strictly prescribed norms, and comes mostly
from the two-axle cars of obsolescent type which are sti.U/suitable
for local service. As arule cars of the non-revenue stock circu-
late only over the tracks of their home line,but depending on the
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., ~, carriers they r~~a'. ~~,o cxc~.';l.~tto over to
o cat~.or~ cad tha r~oaro
rat.lrod lincS,
~11hM ;roads u3O roiU.n; SI~a for SOI{v1 ao siia,?rox~,
subject ar(S~c;r~.b~;d, by ~k,l1e; go'v~::c'rm1c~r~t.
to the nca~m ,a 1.
E3 OfI f
X1:1.:I . ~ucads :CQr th r,raad~:s except min7~G~~a.:~;.~eJ. ;~~c~. i,recaod.,
c~ ~.~~
ti.nc~~aa.or~ . s
rle,:;
' c~n;ai. nc:,d direct to the station of' w:itlrc)ut Subequnt
xei. is usuall,l scan aa,gnod to t1 e . trtbuti rL ta~
or;~!,;;~r~n~;ent. u
t:~ons c? atalal...r, &1.Cd L'or oacb railroad uric, and i.s subSC(1uently
cons nerd to the weverai4ep0t storeS.
,.. s for partial or complete loss of service shipments
1.I1'w 1
~1
belonging to the 1i]aS, 1 or po .:l.agc thereof', or or ai1ui^s 1 do-
liver within the established time limit, are made under
~e ar;ain5t the railroad. line of c1cstinati0n?
procedure ,.
The loading and unloading of PS shipments hauled under the
usual, freight documentation is recorded. and ~~ S not includ.Er~ in ?r~he;
~:~e:i~;ht documentat.~
fulfillment of the state loadingS plan.
Paces ).1o8-L.O9
The Plannixlg of shipments consi ;fled. to ratl:r"oad. organ1Za-
the fulfillment of the plans for loading
ti.On S and CC)ntrGl over
s .~, by the Department of J~l.s,nn;i,r;z and As-
suring u1-~pm~r;ts, is handle ,~
railroads and organizat,i.orls of the MPS,
Shipm,entS for the
wba.ch i.S a part of the Central A& iniStr'ation of Freight and Comw
mercial shipments.
-' s De artment has sector's Cor planning, SIii.pmentS and as-
suring shipments.
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P
The, athT:,nistrat:Lolls ox' the MF3 i aue timely notices to the
annLng Doctor eoVeri.n shipment and showing the number oC cr
required for each type o foi ht and oacli oz g .natirltr'o d, The
-noti,cf a lre 'bota11cd and Iran, fitted to the Central Dcpa 'tment L'ox
Planna,ng Shipnents in the i4PS, which plans the kiptnont of such
:t'rcight a1ongside oi' the freight i'or the n.diona1 econorni
r211iti Dopartrn nt seregateCi'rorn the total sbipments,) a
limit for MPS shipment,, W11.. oh J.unit :L then distributed among, thG
several administrations of the MPS, Which draw up tables of car-
flow (chec14:erwboards), in accordance w:.tb which tiMPS i'rei,.g~ht is
included in the general plan of a'reight hauia;c,
T'he Sector for Acsuring Shipments exercises the contro
over the ful:t'iiLnent o,f the plan for NIPS shipment, according to
types of Freight involved, and over the existence and utilization
the non-revenue stock of cars kept by the sevsra.L rai:Lr'oad
lines and enterprises
`Whir, sector works on shi:f'ts, so that there; is always a
?LHhour check on
ltil'rGi;l~t,
The Department for Planning and Assuring Shipments of Pail-
road Freight exercises a control over the loaca.ings and unloaaings
of all freight consigned to the railroads and INS organizations,
rTherc' are special employees in the Services of Freight and
Commercial Work of the Railroad Tine Administrations for tl':ie plan.
fling and controlol' IMPS freight sh.ij:)ments within the 1 imi.ts of the
Lines themselves,
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A se1i e1e riff '?~' l~au:l.ir~ b u.1as't (Fi. UX1 11 ) j d
sagned by - the Construction Bureau o T NII , makes it possible to
.
discharge to dG ix ed amount of ba11aS'b.
The carrrnQ' cad ar c:i.ty o:C ti i.$ car S 6U tons, and i't. cubic
._~ ~
caps,ca.'Gy a. ' s 3cubic retexs~ 15 of sucti cars reply oe !cars
>
ol.l. n ark'"' nedGd to L1,tt'iLoad i't; (~a,s aga.li tit 100 men :Cor
8 lrlar1~e
hand tiL~~l.at:~~:ia.:i} ?; ) ;n cl ut1,J.c ii.ng takes about
r c).Li
F,.yr.J.rlrnM.M.".~rMr~
~'
~'t is pe:t'Corraed on t11e baai5 a
The i'~4,1,'~a.ina:~' 111i1i'U~~xw ~ r.e..i g1 ,~
3.; off' Armed Ftrcca and off' the Ministry a Ways
?.~?').r1~a Of t,~1L. Ministry
ursuant to decl~xatiOnS of the organ, of mu
d ComunLCati.cr, a p
itax l.
anm~ ,y , c,otr 1 ~ ' orLu and on , recen.tation of military shipping docu-
~~luns.ca~~ua. ~
merits a
Groups of ca:ks with mi-litar' frei'ht, dispatched?rom a
r in gle loading s?tati.an to a sing:Lc dertina'tian; are termed mi:l.i-
taxes transports. r ranspor s are assigned definite number's by the
1
organs of VC)SU. 1'Iilit~ JY freight is also -transpar. ted by echelons
as well as by transpor1S m
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08: CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100042-3