EXPERIENCE OF MACHINE-TRACTOR STATIONS UNDER WARTIME CONDITIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100028-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 25
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 8, 2012
• Sequence Number: 28
• Publication Date: August 6, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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erience
a~ Mac
me
Tractor.Stations U
Vartiui Conditions
by V. Venzher
der
Sotsialisticheskoe Sel'skoe Khozyaystvo, No 11,
pp 1~.-2$, 1945, Russian periodical
STAT`
STAT
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EXPER1CE Q1' 1AGHI1'i TR.WTOR
^1~.~1/yl~s~rn/?.7rlN~?yMn~~Af ?'O^r~rn".Iw~NgM1M~HAM~M
\I
TAT`10N$ IJTWER ~NARTf1E CONDITIONS
r_.n__wlAMl~*nr..n Mr"t' !*?^M~'r. 1. nil . fS.,~F,..
VI Vanzher,
Candith to in
Economic Sciances
During t1I 4 yearc~ of the ataiin fiveyear plans, on the basis
of the industrialization of the country and the forced development
of the machine'bUilding industry there has been effected a complete
technical rec~rrnament of agricull;ural production in our country.
on the eve of the war, 6,980 machine"tractorr stations serviced
97 percent of kolhoz acrea ~e under cultivation. In 11 TS and sovkhozes
there were more than half a million tractors. Almost half the entire
acreage devoted to spike grain crops in kolkhozes was harvested by
combines. i ith regard to level of mechanization of basic agricultural
operations (plowing, sowing, harvesting) and with regard to productve
use of tractors and combines, 'bhe.re is no country in the world that
can compare with the Soviet Jnion.
Obviously, the difficulties of wartime extremely complicated
the activity of machine-tractor stations. For MTS, as for kolkhozes,
the war was a period of severe trial of their solidity, strength, and
vital activity. fTS passed these trials with distinction. 1ulobilizing
all their manpower and raterial-technical facilities, they made a
tremendous contribution to the general cause of defeating 1Sitlerite
Germany. The aim of this article, then, ?s to throw light upon the
experience of 1U1TS under wartime conditions.
First of all, let us characterize the difficulties that confronted
STAT
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MTS durln 'the war, An analysis c' tho ~e diff i
cultias will aid us
inure oorroetly to eva1uat? the +ctivity of MTa durin thp p3
~ era,od
being exannined,
For fixed group of rear area rayons, Eho ca aeit
p y o;f P/Ta
tractor pool and the nurnbcar of draft animais in ka
llchozes were sharply
reduced from 1941 through 1943, But the volume of field opera~;ions
not only was not out, but increased, for duri r
nbht
a ~ period, in ardor
to replace the losses from the occu ation of
p the wc~atern rayons of
the country, an overall expansion of areas under' c
ult
ivation was
ef;Vected in eastern rayons. ZITS of those r~l ay on which wore located
in the zone of rrlil itary opez'ations or which were e ,
ven ocr~upaad for a
short ?Eirrle found themselves in inc7^easinr gly more da,ffa.ci,ilt aandjtions,
The second considerable difficult of
y the war period was the
lack of fuel. The wr.1r caused a sharp cut in su r
pplying Agriculture
with petroleum products, Converted to l hectare of
kal.khaz crop, for
a fixed group of rear area oblasts there was
released considerably
9
ass tractor fuel to meet MTS needs in 1942, than in 1940. Chanes
were also made in conditions for hauling petroleum fuel to
points of
need.
During the war, conditions for repairing machineut
rector
pool became incomparably bad, In 1942, as compared with 194C, the
supply of MTS with mechanical parts for tractors (for a ''a
xed group
of rear area rayons) was cut several times in monetary expression,
as was the supply of spare parts for gricul?tural Y'nachine
s. During
this period the chief source of covOrin the deficit
g at of spate parts
and materials had to be the MTS 'bhemselves, repair
planos, arid enter-
prises of local industry, In order to show more clearly the complexity
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of MTa oporat'1on3 dur~ng the war, let u$ rernembax that they were
deprivcad o:r a considerable quantity of we11~trO inecl and experienced
rneoh~nizer cadres who had gone a.r~to the army.
Des1Ditr3 all these cUfficulties, NITS as a whole performed with
distinction its leading role in developinG kolkhoz production. Without
rnaehine~traoL?or stations, the kolkhoz rural districts would not have
been a'blo sa successfully to supply the country and the front with
food supplies, and industry with raw material.
Concentrating in MTS modern, most perfect agriculturei machines
and i~lplements guaranteed the high level of their productive utiliza-
tion and created the best conditions for rnaneuvering the machine"-tractor
pooh At any given moment, depending upon dernands and upon new cir-
cumstances which had arisen in the course of th,e war, the machine pool
could be directed to a sector of operations which was vital to the
fate of the harvest -. either to those managements where it was more
necessary, or concentrated to fulfill bhe most important operations.
The concentration of tractor technology in MTS made it possible
to use tractors continuously throughout an entire season of agri-
cultural operations. The arenA of application of machine technology
in MTS, as is well lcnown, is not confined to the framework of one
management alone, but under wartime conditions this mobility had a
tremendous significance. The production lank with kolkhozes and
support for their labor resources made it possible for machine-tractor
stations -be augment successfully cadres of mechanizers from among
kolkhoz workers, MTS were able to instruct, in a centralized pro-
cedure, new cadres to conform to the available pool of machines, their
types and makeso
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d a '~v'l~,tin~ v~'fi ?ct, fi a~a~~.ly
~'hv adv~n'ta~va o~ MTV ~ duobi,
on
Ica baria1~bacl~na.cr~l ~aasca of kQ~,khoZ pr~a
ab that bhpy, baix~f~ t1
abv ir>"11u~naA upon ko1khazvs, in the
served as a mighty 1evvx for e,b
avnse of dirpctan~ a~rcLtibural production' and or~ani2a.nthis pxo"
,a.
uc of bho country. T~a?nl~s to this, the
d'tion to conf orin to bhp nvpcls rh-
us;~n?f ~.rsb~class m~cl~a.ne ~?
rain to thc~ ~,bional pcononly
al roduction rvachQd a high ~,ov?~.
polo a'y a.n our aft? ~,cul tur ~
? bre.cbar sbs~ta.ons r?ar~;an~ized 'chair
Let us no~rr see how x~aacl~a.no
?~~'
' ?tLlabion, bare they overcame the d:,1'
~ , and
actvi?ty to ~' it the wartime s~? .. . , iod, how they realized their adva.
ntaes
cultips of tho war por ulated during
eriencv in oranizin; production they accLtm
wl~t new exp
the war years.
? During the years of peaeet iTh
Let us be~~.n with cadres.
c echanizer cadres in agriculture was can-
anstruction, training; of m
ducted very intensively and an a broad sct~l?. xn all, about 4 miliion
from 1933 thraL~~h 1940. During the prewar
mechaniz~%rs were trs~.nod fr
ye 00 ersans were znech~nizers permanently
ars, no less than 1,D(~,~ ~' thus
~uorkinin tho~.r specialties in sovkhozes, MTa, and kalkhozes,
? r, ve from which the 7~,ed 1Lr~~y' was ab].o con -
was crested that mighty re~er st,
t yclis
cadres of tarak men, truck drivers, maarc
ta.nuously to draw and other had to conduct
war s ecia1ist$. However, due to this, I~4TS
chnizer cadres, particularly tractor
a considerable renew~n~ of me
Which farmed a group youngest; in
operators and combine aperstars,
age and most needed by the army.
chanizpr cadres had already begun by
Mass trs. ~.n~.n~ of new me
ear of the war. For machir,e~'tractor
the autumn of 191 -- the first y
' ' arrnation of January 1944, 1,263,800
stations alone,.. acrardin~, to ink
t workers of other specialties
d
?ractor operators, combine operators, an
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wex'4 tra Lw d, ahie '1y ~t the expense a training kalkhaz workers.
In the 194-i95 traintyear, more than 300,000 r w agricultural
m~achanizers warp tried in rr~chanization e ohoois, MTS oourses, and
in sovlchozas.
T11p'o11owing two atos can be noted in the process of train"'
ing and educating now MTa rech .nizer cadre. Up 'bo 1944 there takes
place a ,process of replacing cadres of tractor operators, combine
operators and others who had one into the army by women koil hoz
workers and a process of their mastary of now s1ci11s. Since 1944,
newly trained mechanizers, hurrying bo acquire experience and work
habits, are successfully showing; their qualities and are thus having
an influence upon raising the level of macl&ine utilization and
labor productivity in agriculture.
In 1943, the number of women tractor operators in MTS of rear
area rayons of the USSR rose to 81 percent of the total number, and
the number of woman combine operators rose to 62 percent,
VJ'e can see how the process of renewin1; cadres proceeded by
fo11owinC; the inf orris 1:i.on of the yearly reports of MTS of the Gor'kiy
Oblast, Let us 1iht ourselves to analyzing, the movement in two
leading skills: tractor operators and combirie operators. ('Table 1).
TABLE l
NUMBER AND CQL'L''OSITION BY SEX OF C DPL+'B OIL TRACTOR OPERATORS
A1!7D COMBINE OPEPATORS IN 'ITS OF GOR'KIY O13LAST DURING TEE
WAR YEARS
As of Total Including Women Total Including Women
1 January Tractor (in Percentages) Combine (in Percentages)
(Year} Operators Operators
1940 6,823 7.6 718 16.7
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142
3a5M
3CA
561
3I M0
19~a
5,17
59.6
590
58.6
9"
6,634
71.5
804
72.0
14
6,1041 41
62.4
672
65.6
in the tota;L number of tractor operators and
(1l'aotxiote 1 s Dacraauar~
ccrnba.na operators in i945 too1 place as a result of tha change in
tGrr last, when the Vlada~rair Oblast waa formed.)
a.?~ary of . the C,or ka.y Oblast,
shown that MTS of (3 or'kiy Oblast were ab1o by 1944
The i,able
ir~iinution of mecharti3er cadres. This was achieved
to replco the d
basically by attractin~r women ko1kklo3 vror1cer3 to work in IVITS and by
~.~
tectchi.n thorn new skills. The decrease in the percentc ;e of women
in 1943 shows that even in the 1st year of the war there had been a transition a a more equal makeup of c~tdrtss by sex.
' ing the vrar years, women. became the daai.sive f o r c o in our
Dur ~
r the Moscow Oblast, f or example, during; 3 years of the war,
1t1TS . In
14,300 tractor operator's wero trainecl, including; 5,100 women, or
mor than v r.6 porcerlt. T1~r'oughout the USSR as a whole, the relative
e
raart ?'.t.on of women among; tractor operators aril COlnbine operators
~.c~pat
total for the war years rose from 9 percent in 1940 to
in the final 0
5'5 percent at the end of 1944; that is, more than 6 times.
aid the woman tractor operator master her new skill more
To
quickly, the period of training tiaras protracted at the directive of
and also a considerable amount of work was carried
t hc? e, ovo r nmo nt ,
out each year to retrain cadres previously instructed. In the 199:3p
199:9: 'braining 00,000 tractor operators were retrained; in
'braining year, 1
1944-1945 tray 'nin year, 150,000 tractor operators and 25,000 combine
~
operators.
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Acvanod MTS have Ott into widlo praatico obiii Cory apprentice.
ship o;' traotQr operators f car 30 days in the spring, under the guidanaa
of experienced trt otor opextatorr (Chkalov ST$, Cor tlciy Oblast, ete )
or have at first used them as workers on trailer implements and radu?
ally trcv1nod them for work or, tractors (First )'iikhnev MTa, Moscow
Oblast; Kr nokholmsk LTS, Kalinin Qbla st; etc). on the basis of
system tie operations with trao?tor operators, the better MTC of the
oountry have continuously raisod the it degree of slcill, successfully
prQpari.rig a tractor operator-repairrnan who a.s ablo independera,tly to
perform the complete sets of operations in rc~caintaini.n~ a tractor. The
experienco of appronticing young tractor operators has spread to all
I1TS. ;ray a decision of the S1~1K USSR and the Tsi,C VKP(b ) it was estaw
bushed that ~~r~vly trained tractor operators be released for indent
pendent operations on;Ly after ?L?hey have spent a 3~week apprentice
period in field operations under the direction of an experienced
tractor operator.
!"lork with cadres has yielded its results. Durini 3 years of
the ivar, newly tr~.ined mechanizers acquired a considerable amount
of experience, and -this has had a telling effect upon improving; MTS
operations.
During the war years the total number of mechanizer cadres
in the country grew significantly, and this is creating favorable
conditions for the further rase in mechanization of socialist agri-
culture. In the Fourth Stalin Five-Year Plan, which is the plan for
establishing and further developing the notional economy of the USSR,
we are confronted with the grandiose -task of renewing and expanding
the pool of agricultural machines and implements. As new machines
enter agriculture on a mass scale, not only will all the previously
trained cadres be used, but a constant training of now, including
women, cadres will have to be carried on.
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Tho war dom ndacl of MTa rro lesaer eorts irr, roaolvin the
task of repa?irin the rrohinewtraotor pool and keepin; the rnachinaa
in working; conditl,on.
We have already pointed out that in the first 3 years of the
war, centralized. supply of spare parts wa, curtailed. In these years
industry of union and republic subordination was able to take upon
it Leif only individual obligations for rrnufacturin; spare parts in
a centraiized procedure. But this procedure, dicto,ted 'by wartime cirM
cumstances, could. not provide for the derrrrds of spare parts and
materials at the expense of industrial production. Industry could
satisfy this demand only in the amount of 3040 percent. Ther'0f ore,
the most important source of supplying the machine..tractor pool with
spare parts had to be the repair base which land organs and the MTS
themselves had at Choir disposal, In the nature of a state assign.
mont for each MTS there were established yearly fixed, differentiated
plans both for restoring old spare parts, and for manufacturing; those
new spare parts which the given MTa could make, depending upon the
equipment on hand.
Practice has confirmed the vitality of this reorganization of
repair during the entire war period. MTS of Gortkiy Oblast in 1942
manufactured new spare parts in the amount of 392,000 rubles and
restored old spare parts in the amount of 487,000 rubles; 1943,
051,000 rubles and 1,114,000 rubles respectively; and in 1944, 724,000
rubles and 1,450,000 rubles respectively. In all, machine tractor
stations of Gortky Oblast in 3 years manufactured new spare parts
for tractors and agricul tural machines and implements in the amount
of 1,767,000 rubles and restored parts in the amount of 3,051,000
rubles.
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In the first 2 war years, whi? MTS has lama internal raac~uraas
stocks off' old paz'te whtQh ware still
at their dispRaal they had
cations of pre parts and ThAtarials, anc~
net use~(ti, npr~tive acauiT~ul
that was le3 depreciate(1 w~ they il~troduced into
a pool of maeh.fle3
,. ctin' owls almost the v'Qry same number of tractors
tl~a number of o,),er ~ p
as .n prewar 1,1 c40. Orly subsequently, when intQri~al stags were to
a
eo exhausted, the number of non~oPArattractors
a coneidQrable deer
a,ncre~tseci, but in the face of dif'f icultiO$ this iricreasa of tempo-
. tchifOS h,aN to be roeo;nized as insicnificaxlt. As
re,rily conr~crvod ~
us compare the i.ndo;cc~y of utilization of tractive
1:111. Oxasnple 1Qt
tractor pool in thn NTS of Gor'kiy Oblast in the
capacity of Lhe
s?b .>row~ar oar and duriz. ; the war (Table 2).
T11I~L 2
P'E OF T1f!CTOR I'OOL CA.'ACITY OP1a1.AfNG IN A
E R,CLN IAG
GIVEN YEAR
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
..... -
Capacity of entire tractor
pool
Capacity of pool of wheeled
tractors
Capacity of pool of caterpillar
tractors
94.5 92.4 88.1 84.0 85.5
96,9 95.5 89.9 88.8 87.0
90.9 86.1 83.7 74.1 76.2
TITS of Gor'kiy Oblast, despite the difficulties
Consequently,
of wartime, capacity of wheeled tractors and 3/4
used almost 9 10 o
of capacity of caterpillar tractors, and as compared with prewar 1940,
as e, whole for the entire tractor pool, only 1 10 less than the capa~
city on hand. Such a relatively high coefficient of utilization of
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uarantaed
tractor pool oapaeity in the diffiou1t war portod could be
only as roS~1t of a,isplayin; pers~stenoa, inven'~aiveraeas, and extrema
intansif ioatiI:)n of farces.
Sa,;nificrlnL raid in the job of oraniin and cond,uctin; r?pair
of the mach~ne~tractor pool was rendered to MTS by city enterprises.
In the order of patrona? e, many industrial ex~L?erprises set aside, for
streng;thenizw the rapir base of MT'S, necessary anachine tool and other
equipment, made those spare parts which the proted 1liTS could not
111 Ice in their shops, supplied. MTS with fitting equipment, and sent
skilled wor1ers for the duration of repair operations.
It is characteristic that advanced NITS even under war conditions
were able to save capital in repair. In this regard, information of
the 1.+''a.rst KrasnokholmslC MTS, Kalinin Oblast, is indicative (Table 3).
Years
TABLE 3
Net Oost of Inc1uda.nf
1'ifor1ring 1
Hectare of Cost of Cost of
Light P1owint; Fuel Repair
(in Rubles)
1939
55
16.4
9.5
1940
52
15.6
9.5
194.1
41
16.3
6.8
1942
46
15.0
11.5
1943
40
13,0
6.1
1944 (to 1 July)
33
13.8
6.1
The lowering of net cost of tractor operations, which had begun
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in this MT even before the war, as is shown by tho in'or~w tion of
a continued throli;h the course of all the war years, and as
thTabl,
c
oorpe red with 1940, the cost of repair in 1943, converted to 1 ho"
tare of tractor operations, was cut by 3 rubles 4O kopeks.
Decisive victories at the front /made it possab1e from 1944
for the country to undertake anew thct centralized production of sparo
parts and to expand considerably the production of them in a dew
centz ,a1ized, proceadure, retainth however the sniunufacture of new and
the restoration of old share par's directly in 1\ TS. This improved
ocnsiderab1y the supply of 1~,,CTS with spare parts, ho1ped 'to raise the
cua1ity of repair, and to a great extent determined the expansion of
volume of operations in 1JiiTu in 1944.
As an example of supply, let us observe the condition of supply-
ing spare parts in 111rrs of Kur ;an Oblast. The total cost of spare
parts brought into the oblast or newly made on the spot was 12.7
million rubles in 1944, 64 percent of which was the share of central
izod supply, 25 percent the share of decentralized n:tpp1y, and 11
percent the share of NITS shops. For tractor parts alone, delivery
in a centralized procedure increased more than twice in 1 year: from
C? 3.3 million rubles in 1943 to 7 million rubles in 194.4.
In 1945 the role of centralized supply of spare parts has ink-
creased even more. This has created all the conditions for raisin1
the quality of repair and putting all the available pool of machines
into oporation and for the most productive use of them. However the
experience which i TS acquired during the war in making; new parts and
restoring old must even in the future be of essential aid in orga-
nizing and conducting repair of MTS machine-tractor pools.
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mss
Tho pool of p;as ~anorator traetarF. ctrcnta1y inipor^tant
dura.rr ti1o vrr , ara. The relative participti.Qrr ofa ppnerater'
~ ~?
'
tractor~ In. ? , rayQS r whore they wore coa~cti^atGd Yr ~u t -i2 percent of
K , and this was of` apprec'.Labie std to 1,1T3 the 7e rayona
cpc'1 t~ cit,l
Aa an xa77a)le of operations of;asQrrar'ator taactar's dUrint, the
~ ~,
war we canr see the Cher'nyanov ITS, Tan~boV Oblast, which hc.s eompi tely
olid fuel. Here them area 41 gas generator tractors,
ohangad over to s
e;tlu n.era'tar trucks , and a 35Nhorse1paw~r stationary motor in~~tailad
in a repair shop. The advantages of this TS had a particularly
lin; effect dur .n the wcxr per'iad. As compared with 1940, volume
?al ~
tc,
C) f tractor a aerations was riot 1OWE) red hero easana1 output of 1
tractor on the average far the I11Ta comprised 407 hectares in 1943, as
against:; the norm of 400. In an advanced bri.ade, 700 hectares wore
worked. by one tractor, and the beat tractor ol:,erator in the 1'/1TS, to-
with his shift alternate, worked 884? hectares. The M1TS lowered
1,e char
1 hectare; of tractor operations by 5 rubles 24 kopeks
th.e n??t cast of
against the plan, and. in 1943 rendered a si vLnof 108,000 rubles,
including 44,000 f'or repair
Together with the best uti1iZE.1;i0n of existing pools of has
? ,c,t?ors, a successful solution was m~,cle of the problem of
generator tra,
canverta.n a tare number of liquid fuel trae'caru ('tSKhTltl ) 'to solid
l ThiS was a new and exbreraely ess0utia1 measure i.n the struE, 1e
C ue .
to save pairoleura productS. The example of bhe same Gor tkiy Oblast
ative. Over the course of 1443 alone, 796 wheeled tractors
is jnd ic
C, of thas oblast were converted to solid fuel. As a result of
in IdIT~~ .
bha.s in the total volume of tractor operations as a whole for Iv1TS
the oblast, the share of operations fulfilled on solid fuel rase
of
from 6.4 percent in 1940 to 12 percent in 1943, and to 1248 percent
rice: this rriade possible a saving of no less than 6,400
in 1944, or ~
cen.tnPrs in 194r,, and in 1944 more than 10,000 centners of 1?quid
12
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fuel. As ~ whole ft r MT S of Cror']cay U~a],asb, Sf~,9Q0 hectaxas off' 1ht
"8XhTZ" tractors alcana, xeequ i,pPvd to operate
plowinwere worked by
aut of 1aG generator reeq11pped "SKhTZ" txacM
on salid f lief : avaratTe oub ,I,
11ectar6S in the 'bct t iTS of the oblast (,8oxaliaya,
for 'was 300 40U
Chislovskaya, and other MTS)
tractors to ? 11 possible types of local :fuel is
Cor1vor~ton of
of grc~aL ~,mpor?bancQ, but no lesimportaxrb are the measures for 1owarp
ink direct costs of liquid fuel.
The experience of MTS in he IrloscoW Oblast shovrs what can be
?~ sk erfD tic utrue to to cut petroleum product c onsumPM
a s.r
d by
c~c,ha,c~ve
.ion. In 1942 M TS he oblt~st lowered fuel casts by 80 kopeks
b~.~ of t
wi.n7as compared with 1940, hile the First h~lik~
per hectare of pla ~,
hne v IV11~ ,? , Vi O c ow 0101as1,, saved 20 tons of petroleum products in
a
1943.
The potent1a1 exter1t of savinf; in petroleum products can be
judged :~ . that the ?bractar brigada headed by the
if only from the fact
. tractor operator in the country, Dar'ya Uarma,sh
most well-kn.awn woman
r S azan' Oblast), saved 10 tans of fuel in 1944.
(P~ybnovs.l~aya I~T`~ ,
The best tractor operator of the MOSCOW Oblast, V. N. Korolev
( Momsomol+sl~a FITS) saved 5.8 tons of fuel on his tractor durinf; the
r
.a,r
1944 season.
us trainin~of neW cadres of rnechanizers, primari].Y from
Ma ~
among warren ko1.~~ha7 workers, the adaptation of the repair system to
meet conditions, the struggle to save petrolet,rn products,
wartime
and the conversian at a part of the tractors to solid fuel ~- all
.
aimed at reaching the rnin oat; guaranteeing
these measures were
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the unbro1.cen operat~orr of the tractor pool so that 1 o1khoz a ricui
ture cou1ct fu1:~i11 its strcrcad duty to the I'ilothcati'1ald.
pe df(; about the roil of IVITS under war conditions, it is
necessary to keep in mind that the rni1ito,ry situation had an ossAr~t.a1.
in.?C1uance not only upon ?bhe balance sheet, but aluo upon 'bhe ,true
ture oi' traction in koikhoz a;ricul?burO. Liva traction was cut to a
;reaber degree than was rechunica1. In tho Ntructurc~ o(' the tractive
balance sheet of ~ ;rieuiturq there took place f;i disp1acemont in the
direction of raising 'bhc~ relative pZrticipatian of tractor traction.
This 1;o le,sor degree pertains bo regr area regions of the counbry
and has an especlly te11inc; effect in rejions wh:i?ch underwent ocou'
pation. Prior to thy; German invasion, 14,400 tractors were operating;
in sovkhozes and kolkhoze 3 of the Kuban'. After the Gerrn ns were
routed a:b was possible bo reestablish the number of tractors : 7, 800
by November 149:, or 50 percent of the previous pool. There were,
however, 9-i0 times fewer draft animals. Prior to the German invasion,
16,1800 wheelod 15-horsepovrer tractors were located in the Kura
0b1asb; a?b the moment when the usurpers viere routed, only 4,000 re-
xnainod, or only 24 percent; however, with regard to draft animals, of
380,000 horses less than 8 percent were left, while of 22,000 oxen
not one remained. This situation to an ever greater degree raised
the role of MTS, particularly in the liberated regions, and derr~Znded
more complete utilization of the draft animals in the kolkhozes
themselves. Corresponding reorganization of IVtTS and kolkhoz operations
was SUccessfu1J?y carried out. Ko1khoze3 used a large number of un-
productive cows for agricultural operations, sharply increased the
herd of work bulls, and many of the lighter operations started to be
carried out by hand. The tractor pool was first of all used for the
_14M
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.. hich ~laterrnir1e production success (p1,QVrix~~,
mcaat laborious op?reL~.ana w
to).
eathe1? cpnditio~~s in 194 in number of
Due to un!'avor able w
~~ 1V'S ?~oolc their entire e,'vail.af;~1.p pool. of YAM
re~a.ans of thc~ coLtnbxy, a
chnea into the field in the sprinGtt?ma, and thA plan for trctor
' r was fu~.f1.1.1.ad 96 pc~rcexit. This had t
operations in pr~n~ sowa,n
succoss of th.e agricultural year But
dcacis~.vo a.nf lue~~cc~ upan the
of tractors which had left for the fieldS ~.n the
the quality of z epaa.r
be poor, and in subsa9uex1t periods of a~,ri-
sprin; of ~,~~r ~ proved to p
' w harvesting, plo~~in), thQ pcrcenta~n of
CLlI'~ural operations (1~a11o ,
plan fu1fi11mex~t fell off,
~Yr an the plan
In the decree of the SNl USSR and the .Cas t VKP(b )
eratians in 1944, i?b was pointed out tk~at avernM
for agricultural op
r~rans of a number of oblasts, lcY'ays: and sew
rilet~t, party, and ].and o ~
d time/, hhrcluality repair of the tractor
publics had not provide y
pool, and thus had no?~ provided for ful:C .l.lment of the yearly plan
for tractor operations.
In 1944, M'fS did better than in preceding; years in preparing
tractors, overfulf'ilin~. plans for springy; field operations while obM
and successfully carrying.; out harts
serving agrotechnical deadlines,
ter cropa, and plowing of plowland. In 1944
vesting;, sowof w~.n
. ~ Carl?ied out tractor aperat~aln:; (excl~adirr~
on faxed territory, k~TS
ion hectares more than in 1943. However, as
?bhreshing) for 14 rnill
. Lakin-~ into consideration the regions liberty
a whole for the Unaan, ~
aced in 1944, the volume of tractor operati018 increased by 25 pillion
hectares.
In 199:3, M1'S of the advanced Moscow Oblast fulfilled the plan,
15
2, ? .
~K ii
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for traotoa' operations 152.6 perAent, and tn 1944, 133 poreant,
aisin; the avc~rago soasonal output of eaoh tractor 27 peroant as
x ~
compared with 1943 (converted to 15 horsepower). Thc~ best, tractor
br ada of the obit, lead by A, Reztsova (brwinitskaya MTS ),
'
ig
aohieved an output of 1,616 hectares for each 15-horsepo'~ver tractor.
The bast traotor operator in the obiast, V. N. Korolev (Kornsornol'skaya
1rrs) worked 1,620 hectaros with his tractor. In 1944, all 114 ma-
chine-'tractor stattons in 1'/ioscow Oblast fulfilled their yearly assign
ments.
A predominant number of regions of 'the country achieved great
irnfarovoment in NITS operations during 1944, and many ob1asts guaranteed
reterrn fulfillment of yearly plans, In addition to IVloscaw Oblast,
p
the following, obiasts `fulfilled their plans for tractor operations
ahead of schedule in SeptemberMOctober 1944: Gor'kiy, Kura, Leningrad,
Orlov Yaroslavl', Smolensk, Dnepropetrovsk, Chernigov, Stalin, and
a number of others. Fulfillment of plans for tractor operations were
successfully coped with not only by MTS of rear area regions, bu?t
by many MTS of liberated regions after they were reestablished. How-
over, MTS in certain regions of Siberia, the Volga area, the '(7rals,
and Kazakhstan, were lagging.
We have already introduced separate information about those
losses that were inflicted by the oecupy1ng forces upon the power
facilities of kolkhoz agriculture. In kollchozes, sovkhozes, and 1\TS,
as an Extraordinary State Commission has established, the occupying
forces destroyed, seized, or sent to Germany 137,000 tractors,
49,000 combines, about 4 million plows, harrows, and other soil'cul-
tivating agricultural implements, 265,000 sowing and planting machines,
and 866,000 harvesting and sorting machines. in 1\7ikolayev Oblast,
.w 16
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whero 'the occupying forces stayed more thus 2j years, it was possible
after liberation to co1iQc1 and repair only 270 tractors out of the
orig;int.i 3, 885, or 7 percent.
In the I(uban', from where the I'it1erites were driven quickly,
it was possible to recover 50 percent of the previous number of
tractors.
At the present time the 11TS network has been completely reM
established. In all regions where 1V1TS were previously located acid
operating, they collected and reestablished the entire machine..tractor
pool which they were able to find after liberation, they received
aid from MTS of eastern regions, and again entered the ranks of operat-
ing enterprises. The Soviet State is now concerned with the most
rapid supplementing of tractor and machine pools of TS, so that the
former level of agricultural development in liberated regions can be
completely reestablished more quickly, and so that the further growth
of agriculture can be assured, and the development of cultivation
raised.
It is well known that the occupying forces inflicted tremendous
damages to the development of cultivations plowable lands in regions
subjected to occupation turned out to a considerable degree to be
neglected, were not developed, became overgrown with weeds, and lost
their cultivable condition; correct crop rotations were disrupted,
and boundary marks were destroyed. The same can be said also about
that small part of the land which was cultivated during the occupa-
tion period. The technique of cultivation was so low that even this
part of the land lost its cultivable condition to a considerable de-
gree. Plowing was done on a small scale, on individual sectors, and
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r1 1? was wa od a aint~t woecls~ and a 'rieultur 'i pests And the
could not have bren dif fercnt under the system of enforced,
situation
slave labor which tha occupying foroes introducade
The MTS in 1iberatad regions hays been c ntrusted with the task,
~,
o aortc.nt to the national econo'my', of bringing plowable lands to
s .~mf
a cult .vab1e cor~ditian.
After industry has switched over 'to peacetime production, after
to remaining tractor plants novr under construction tyre put into
operat'a.ons other than the Altay Tractor Plant, and after the Stalin
1r d and Ithar'kov plants are rebuilt, our country will be able to
increase considerably the tractor pool of MTS and, on that basis,
to resolve successfully the task of reestablishing and further raising
agricultural production.
',lany L~1TS of liberated regions, experiencing insufficiency of
~
are utilizing the available pool of machines in combination
power,
with those draft animals which remain, and with the active laboring
participation of kolkhoz masses are fulfilling and overfulfilling state
assigranents for reestab1ish1r1g agriculture.
An example of rapid reestablishment could be TS of lvioscow
Oblast. All MTS of liberated regions of 1JJloscow Oblast are fulfilling
t?
for tractor operations and are outstripping MIS of other oblasts.
plans
pl'rs of the Kuban' are being reestablished well. In 1944 they
successfully I'u1fa.11ed their production plan, but 30 MTS considerably
.
ulfilled their yearly plans for tractor operations. MTS of
eve r.l'
Krasnodar Pray in 1944 fulfilled their plans for payment in kind 125
percent, As compared with 1943, they raised the average output of
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e1oh ~horaQ powQr traotor' by 140 heat~are$ of p1Awtnc; SITS o ~ number
of oblat in the U1,ra .ne (Dnr~proijetrQvr;1M, Stalin, and others) also
s s
Avaxfulfillvd the plan for tractor Aa~~rati.carts in 194'. But indivic1ual
.-tractor atatioria have shi 1n 'thense1VQS to ba fine models of
rt>m chln?
Aper ttionl. The atarA~i eahavskc ya ITS, Stalin Oblast, in one year t s
oporatiom3 returned to itself' its i'orrrter glory, ;tt fulfilled the
for tractor operatiOns 170 percent, yieldin an average output
plan
of ot~ ~ ' ~ hectares i'or 1 conditional traCtOr, anti savirr 20 tons of fuel.
sm ? brigade of this IViTS, a 'brigade member of which i.s P. An elina,
The best ~
who is wall-known to the entire country, worked more than 1,100
1octre4 for c.orldi.tional 15whorsepOWe1 tractor, and sated more
n 4,2 tone of fuo1. In the first year after the occupying forces
thcr
a rived out kolkhOZe,7 r~erv .ced by this TS collected an average
were
of 11 centners of rai.ri from. each hectare,
KolkhOZes of liberat,ect re ,ions are especially clearly aware
the im, ortant siF,n2ficanCC of machine-tractor stations in kolkhoz
of ~
production. In the process of reviving MTS, there arose a mass move-
to have kolkhozeS participate in construction work of MTV 'being;
mart L
i$hed. IniatorS of the movement for accelerated construction
reestabJ.
in Mr[~S by using kolkhoz forces were the kolkhoz worker; of Noginsk
iOSCOW Oblast, who transformed the construction of the 1`iogirtuk
kayos,
ITS into a national works project. At the sarre time the kollc:hoz
of i o, ifSl( decidCd. to raase their MTS to .a new, hi her level
worker ~
of production perfectian, and, a )lit from structure- for production
purposeS, t,o build for the i~1TS all the rtiecessary living and cul-
turalMeducabion buildings, In a short time were built: capital re-
pa r ss for storing agricultural machines and iirnplements,
~.r shop, sheds
motor garage, mechanized motor base, a drier for wood. blocks, and
,
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lso the eneral 1ivi~? ; aooonunod~t;'ons cif tho tractor operato1
c~lltural~evtryday, institUtions urlcl,crWent o@,pital Vepair'. All
all th~a
his waa rr~l:t'il1,eain the ardor off' rrati~a1 c~onstrue'an without ariy
atatc outlays v~>zttitsocver
Tha be inntn; of the No insk ;o1kho~ workers round a wide
I~
a)onsa. Accelcrrate(.i construction in IftJ$ is boin; carricGl out in
xa~
n~ak Oblast, in I3~t1orsand in other red;ions of the country.
~mo1e
The im rovemcnt of ors operations a.n rear a?ra ra~aions of the
in 1944 and the successfully conducted process of ree teblish"
country
? in liberated regions have laid a firm f oundation for the further
. r hTu
~
ir.tl,
raising; of JVITS activity.
Uuriri 9 months of 1945 machine kractor stations worked vrith
their tractor pool 20.8 million hectares utore than in 1944. By 1
October 1945, coribi.rras had collected 2,733,000 hectares more of grain
crops than in 1944. By 10 August, th.e yearly plan for tractor opera
had been fulfilled ahead of schedule by MTS of Leningrad Oblast;
tions
by 20 Jtu gus?t, by i!1TS of Gor tkiy Oblast; and by 25 August, by MTS
of 1'~IoscoV1 Oblast. In September, MTS of Srrtolensk, Yaroslavl, Tula,
and, IvaTaovo Oblasts, icarelo~Finnish SSR, Barad the Tatar and Udmurt
';;R had fulfilled, their yearly plans for tractor operations ahead
A5
of schedule.
For IVYTS the urar year of 194: was a year that was crucial not
in the sense) of raisin; the volume of completed operations, but
only
also in the sense of shortenin{ time limits for operations and aehiev-
in better quality in carrying them out. Precisely this last circum-
stance was the chief success of MTS. Raisin; the level of agrotech-'
nology guaranteed deriving better harvests; this in its turn was a
2O
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factor ir~ rat Qinr tho social econcimy ofeollehc~zo~s and t?ir fu1ft11w
onn1. * and overf'ulfal lznent of plans for e11: n their products to the
e
state and for pa ent in lend for work on MTS. In i4';, as compared
e
w c'.'3, tkre T~ a e output for 1 15whcrsePawar tractor in an. MT'with 1M~ a~ cr ~
ro 29 p percent for the country as a rho1e ; payment in lend for work
se
ors II[TS was alUrost twice amuch,
She first succ s realized by MTS in 1944 and 145 were first
es ~~s?
f all causecl by the increased ska.11 of ra.ew cadres of mechanizes
o.
in a friculture arid by assigniri ; 'bhem to ]?TS Now new meeht.nizers,
who had e,r own up during the war, are for the most part higher ~gtaality
cadres cadre which are more r3killed and experienced; since new
,
cadres undervrent training; ~lurinthe severe period oI' the war, they
ac for using rrchineMtractor pools, for repair acquired work patterns ~
warp, and for or~,an' zifl. tractor utilization under various production
~,
cox editions and they developed new methods of achieviriL hher labor
,
productivity.
In 1944 among tractor brigadeS of the country there arose a
competition for working no less than 1,000 hoetares (converted to
on each tractor in the brigade. This was a new phenomenon
plowing)
which had arisen during the war. Earlier, separate tractor operators
had undertaken such high obligations for themselves, but now whole
brigades did.
A study of the experience of advanced MTS of the country shows
the development of controlling the tractor park, a development which
had grown during the war.
Advanced MiTS understood that the decisive link in tractor
utilization is the tractor brigade, and therefore they expanded the
. 21
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rules and ob1i ations of the brigade rn?mber8, n c i ;it post i1. for
them to show initiative and to strere;then b'he brigade nnana ement in
all ways. In these MTS, the brigado was a complete economic organism
with cahcps, corresponding; to the field conditions, for oonducttn;
preventive repair of tractors; move bie sheds or perri~anexlt ooilarra
for storing petroleum products; permanently fixed pools of trailer
machines and impiernent$; depots of necessary parts for condution; field
repair within the time lirtt~a planned by the graph for technical
maintenance of tractors; and with all the necessary servicing equip-
ment and a cultural camp for the tractor operators.
Depencling upon local conditions, each tractor brigade was
aac;i;ned for a number of years to a definite tiliago brigade of the
koikhoz, to a separate koikhoz, or to a group of smaller lcolkhozes.
All the above enumerated systems of orgartizing tractor brigades makes
them in effect permanent brigades, when they cultivate the same fields
year after year, becoming excellently familiar with their condition
and, their predecessors and, bearing full responsibility for the results
of their labor.
But increasing the role of tractor brigades and the higher
love]. of their' materialtechnical supply lays new obligations upon
ZITS in the sphere of tractor utilization and training of mechanizer
cadres. To control a tractor pool consisting of several tens (and
sometimes even hundreds) of tractors, with its entire pool of trailer
tractor implements is a job that demands a high degree of perfection
in control. Tractor brigades, of which each MTS has 15-20 (large MTS
have considerably more), and the tractors assigned to them for the
period of field operations are concentrated by sectors and by types
of operations, and it is impossible to observe them all at any one
.. 22
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tim?- This determines three bao aspects of controlling 'breotor
paoi$ in the f io1d.
(1) The establishment of exact pl,annc~d assi nnier for the entire
agrieulturai seanon and by periods of cperatinn for eaeh tractor bri~
rada, by time limits and types of operations and plans for field re
pair of traetora in conformity with the volume of ,,Vorthcornin tractor
operations; (2) the drawing; up of workiri plans (rs phs) for each
tractor br i ado within the limits of each agr.cultural period. (3)
g
a syste]rt of active daily check of operations of the tractor pool for
taking urgent steps and a systematising of the inforzrtatiori derived
from this check for recording the experience and the efficacy of con"
trot.
Planning without cheek does not reach its aim. In advanced
;MTS, check of fulfillment is well set up, and this decides the succass
of 'the job. any PMTS introduce a dispatcher service, others limit
themselves to receiving; daily evet.ting; reports from each brigade with
irl'ornlation about the operations of each tractor by shifts. This
makes it possible immediately to act upon the slightest deviation
from. the 24-hour graph. Every day the MTS director or chief mechanic
analyzes the 14~hour operations of the tractor pool and takes the
necessary steps to eliminate any detected deficiencies, iimnediately.
It became legally binding; for advanced L'ITS to fulfill their daily
plan not as a whole for bhe MTS, not as a whole for tractor brigaclns;
but for each brigade individually, and within the brigade for each
tractor asserrthly.
The successes of FITS would have been impossible without the
colossal support which socialist industry gave them. During the course
23
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of the war, from 19'4, industry sharply ncr3d output Qf tpare
e aa,r nhAteriais and thus aided 11TS in brin;if their pool
part arrd rp
s
o: L?1 up to the beat oonclit Lon, As a resit of tha viotoriou$
completion of the war, the country was ablo again to undertcike the
wi.descale development of the production of a ;rioultua'al rrichines.
y th? fourLh 1c uarter of l95, accordin(; to the state plan, induErbry
~
wary to release 5 times more tractor plows than, in tho first quartor;
18 times more combines; aQ times morn tractor cultivators; 12 times
more tractor threshers; 13 times more tractor sowinta machines; and
5 times more reapers. All these in their basic mass go to rearm
machir>.e'-tractor stations and lead to a further increase in MTS opera
ti.ons
;Relying upon the experience of wartime and upon technically
more skilled cadres of tractor operators who have passed severe train
.ng und r wartime conditi.?ns, and having the mighty' support of socialist
a e
industry at their disposal, machine tractor stations are self-assuredly
. roceedinalong the paths of improving their activity, thus guarantee-
ing the further rise in socialist agricultural production.
E N I
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