SOVIET AND BULGARIAN LIVESTOCK

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200080042-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 83
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 7, 2012
• Sequence Number: 42
• Publication Date: July 18, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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Sov.et and Bul::arve tock
Govedovudstvo, Sofia, 190
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STAT
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'REST RUTEB
STAT
REGr IONAL APPORTIONMENT OF OATTLF BREEDS IN BULGARIA
.-
on 2$ and 29 June 1947, the Supreme Livestoek~Raising Count
cii was convened in Sofia in order to revise and introduce sub-
stantial changes in the prevailing regional apportionment of cat-
tie breeds in the country. After extensive investigation regard-
ing the regional apportionment of cattle breeds, the Supreme Ooun..
cli decided upon the following areas for the various cattle breeds
in Bulgaria.
A. BREEDING ARILAS
1. The breeding area for Bulgarian grey cattle is to ins
elude the following okoliyas : Pleven, Lovech, Sevliev, Troyan,
Teteven, Lukovit, Paviikeni, Oryakhovo, Byola Slatina, and Svish.-
toy Okoliya up to the Yantra River; Pleven is to be the center of
the area.
2. The breeding area for brown Swiss cattle is to in-
elude the following oko1iyas. Sofia, Breznitsa, Samokov, Godech,
Trun, Novo Selo, Pirdop, Panagyurishte, and KLisurskiya Manastir
(Berkovitsa area) ,with Sofia as the center of the area.
3. The breeding area for Simrnenthal cattle is to include
the following okoliyas: Vidin, Kula, Byalogradchik, Mikhaylov_
grad, and Lom, with Vidin the center of the area.
The breeding area of shorthorn Rhodope cattle is to
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include the following oko1iyas Smo1yan, Devi,n, Ardin, and he
mountain settlements only of Z1atograd, K'rdzhali, Momchigrad,
and Nevrokop okollyas,
5, The breeding area for xed Sadovo cattle is to include
the area around the torn of Sadovo and the Cooperative farms in
Plovdiv arxd Varna okollyas.
In the above-.named breeding areas, only the respectively
designated breeds of cattle will be raised in their purebred
state.
The import into a breeding area of bulls other than the
breed designated for the given area is prohibited, regardless of
whether they are destined for cooperative or other public 'stock--
raising enterprises
The cooperative and other stock-raising enterprises in
the breeding areas are to serve as centers for the raising of
breeding cattle of the breed designated for the area.
The distribution areas are to include those parts of the
country which are not included in the breeding areas. In these,
the breeds of cattle listed above are'to be distributed as fol-
lows:
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designated as a distribution area for Simmenthal and Bulgarian
grey cattle, where the cooperative and other public stock-raising
enterprises will raise, according to their preference, either Sim-
menthal or local grey cattle, and village communities will keep
for individual farms bulls of the Bulgarian grey breed only.
24 All of southern Bulgaria and Berkov Okoliya are desig-
nated as distribution areas for brown Swiss cattle and Bulgarian
grey cattle, where the cooperative and other public stock--raising
enterprises will raise either brown Swiss or local grey- cattle,
according to their preference, and village communities wi.l1. keep
bulls of only the Bulgarian grey breed for individual farms,
3. In the distribution areas, the town and village com-
munities, and the cooperative and other public stock-raising en-.
terprises located in the vicinity of important centers of con-
sumption - Plovdiv, Stara Zagora, Yambol, Svlen, Burgas, Khas-
kovo, Gabrovo, Turnovo, Gorna Oryakhovitsa, Ruse, Kolarovgrad,
Stalin, Tolbukhin, and Silistra are allowed to keep bulls of
both the Bulgarian grey and other breeds,
a;ki'x{vh+Ji;
In the distribution areas, bulls may be raised in accor-
dance with the requirements provided for by the regulations for
the organization of the raising of purebred bulls; and according
to the examination of their pedigrees in conformity with the regu-
lations relating to the 'general survey of male breeding animals
in the country, published in numbers 140 and 293 respectively of
the Official Gazette for 1946.
STRICT
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 RESTRICTD
Even the above regional distribution of the raising of
purebred catty: in the country is not definitive, and is expec~
ted to be fundamentally revised, corrected, and finally defined
at later dates.
HOLSTEIN CATTLE
Holstein Cattle in the USSR
The first import of Holstein cows and bulls into Russia
was effected toward the end of the sixteenth century upon the ex-
press order of Emperor Pter the Great. The first attempts at
y,
acclimatization in Czarist Russia failed, except for Arkhangelsk
Guberniya, because of the radical differences in living condi-
tions from the original breeding areas in Holland. Only in Ark-
hangel'sk Guberniya, where conditions are close to those pre-
vailing in Holland, was the crossing of local cattle with the
Holstein breed successful. From this cross, the Khol'mogorsk
breed, distinguished by high milk productivity, was developed.
Only later were Holstein cows and bulls often imported into land-
holders' estates in various parts of Russia. With few exceptions,
thanks to poor care and unsatisfactory feeding, Holstein. cows in
all parts of Russia underwent a considerable deterioration of
their desirable characteristics and showed signs of rapid degen-
eration. A large number, of Holstein cows and bulls became infec-
ted with tuberculosis and. other contagious diseases. At the same
time, in some. parts of to country with better pasture and, forage
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facilities, the crossing of local and Holstein cattle produced
crossbreeds that excelled by much higher live weight and milk
productivity the local cattle used as a base. The crossbreeds
of local and Holstein cattle are today found nob only in the con-
tral part of the USSR along the course of the Volga, but also in
Alius-Ata (now Dzhambul), the Kazakh SSR, the Kirghiz SSR, in
Siberia, etc. The Holstein breed has had a part in the creation
of many Russian breeds --- Khol'mogorsk cattle, red Steppe cattle,
Z3estuzhev cattle, white-headed colonists' cattle, and in all
probability Yaroslavl' cattle as well. And finally, the shorthorn
cattle, which is now common in the USSR, also has Holstein blood
in it. According to the investigations of Academy Member Liskun,
before the October revolution about 22 percent of the cattle in-
ventory of the landholders' estates were of the Holstein and Fri-
sian breeds. After the October revolution, Holstein and Frisian
cattle found even wider distribution in the USSR0 On the large
farms ---- State, Collective, Breeding, and Commodity farms --- the
necessary conditions such as comfortable and sanitary stables,
forage sufficient in quantity and variety, etc, were developed
for the successful raising of pure breeds of cattle such as Hol-
stein. Thus, the dairy herd of the Lesnay~a Polyana State Farm
consists of Holstein-Frisian cows and crossbreeds of local cows
with Holstein-Frisian bulls of good bloodlines. The average yearly
milk production of a herd cow on this state farm in 1932 was barely
2,127 kilograms ; six years later (1938), the average yearly milk
production was 5,O$9 kilograms, or an increase of approximately.
.
S
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ESTEIICTED
3,000 kilograms. This unusua1 increase it the average yearly
milk production of the cow herd on the Lesnaya Polyana State Farm
is due to the high level of' care and feeding.
With good care and feeding, Holstein and Frisian cattle
in the various areas of the USSR have demonstrated very good a-daptability and acclimatization characteristics.
According to 1940 census data from the State Breeding farms
of the USSR purebred and crossbred (from Holstein-Frisian bulls
and local cols) animals had the following lave weight and milk
productiv'ity':
11
'Pd?CTED?
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Pedigree
animals
purebred
eneratilon
First g
crossbreeds
Nuirlber of Cows
after 1
calf
after 3
calves
after 1
calf
Milk Pre
tion
duc
after 1
calf
after 3
calves
Butterfat
Percentage
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Molochnoye
Vrachevye Gortkiy
Torosovo
Omsk
throughout the lactation period (300 days) of purebred cows af- u
s
third calf was 6,O0 kilograms, and that of crossbred
ter their w
cows of the first generation was 4,56 kilograms. Even in these
e,
two groups of caws, the average milk production is admittedly
.
for live weight are likewise fairly high
very good? The figures
the State farms both purebred and crossbred
and show that an
cows are receiving very good care and feeding. On the
receiving Breeding farms, 121 cows showed an average milk production of
6 to 7,000 kilograms per lactation period (300 lactation days)
The beat known State Breeding farms in the USSR are now the "Mo-
overt and the faitms in Vrachevye Gorkiy, Torosovo, and Omsk.
lochn,.
Data on the average milk production of Holstein COWS on
these farms are shown in the following table.
Milk Production through-
State Number of Cows out lactation period
Breeding Far (300 days)
The above figures Show that the average milk production
kg.
51
6,384
17
6,207
26
6,773
21
4,383
The high average milk production figures of purebred Hol-
ossbreeds derived from them on the State farms
stein cows and cr
put tbem on the same level with the best known cow herds in the
.
capitalist countries.
t~ fir` 7 k ~~ k
oy n ~ t rv ~, n 1 y7 i t i ii ~ I N P iylkknu tv aP.1 p' i ~
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This as undoubtedly a great achievement of soaia1ist stock
raising. The following cows show the highest milk production:
Name of cow Number of calves Milk production Butterfat
(to date) (300 days) percentage
Dana II
Elena
Veronika
Selektsiya
Pampa
Luna
Pechka
Dol'da
Zabel'
9,029
3.35
9,597
3.05
9,022
2.90
9,042
3.42
9,9l .
3.37
9,165
3.13
10,204 ...
2.90
9,595
2.76
9,257
3.20
The Holstein-Frisian breed is widespread in the Lenin-
grad, Vologda, Moscow, Gor'kiy, Kirov, Sverdlovsk, Omsk, Novosi-
birsk, and Irkutsk oblasts, in the Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Pri-
mor'ye, and Alta krays, in the Uzbek SSR, and elsewhere.
A limited number of Holstein cows and bulls were imported
into our country as well as into Russia.
This breed has had a
part in the development,af red Sadovo cattle, with Angein cattle
as a base.
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The Purv:L, May Kr~itweax Plant in Stalin acquired a herd
composed primarily of Holstein cows, Since bulls of the Simmen-
thai and other breeds are admitted to this herd, the cows are
heavier and larger than purebred Holsteins.
Here and there, animals with black spotted coats are
found, showing that some infusion of I'Iolstein blood must have
been allowed in the past in other villages and areas of the coup-
try as well.
KHOL'MOGORSK CATTLE
Khol'mogorsk cattle have the highest milk production of
all the breeds in the USSR today. They are bred along the lower
course of the North Dvina River in the Khoi1mogorsk and Arkhangelsk
oblasts. Khol'mogorsk cattle are the result of a cross between
local cattle and the Holstein breed, and are well known to have
been in existence as far back as the eighteenth century. At that
time, on the large cattle market in Moscow, this cattle breed was
much sought after and appreciated. Crossbreeding of local cattle
with Holstein bias been attempted mother areas of the country
also, but because of the extremely favorable conditions, the Khol'-
mogorsk area was the only one to produce a breed of dairy cattle,
the Khol'mogorsk breed, The Khol'mogorsk cattle-breeding area ex--
eels by its coastal island pasture lands and meadows with rich
grass cover consisting mainly of sweet grasses and papilionaceous
plants. The grasslands cover 70 percent of the total utilized
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ESTRICTEE3
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land area. During the pasture season, cattle graze day and
night on the rich pasture lands. Two types of KhoL'mogorsk cat.
tie can be distinguished: one heavier and not too productive,
closer in its internal and external features to the local cattle
rr
(the base), arid the other a slighter and smaller type of high
productivity, which is closer in both internal and external feaw
Lures to the improving breed. A relatively sturdy and highly pro
ductive dairy breed has been developed in this area because of
the consistent crossbreeding of the local cattle with Holstein,.
favorable natural conditions, the systematic improvement of bree-
ding methods, and careful selection. The breed, now holds first
place among all the dairy cattle breeds of the USSR. It must
also be noted that the hholtmogorsk cattle are not yet complete.
ly balanced and consolidated as a breed.
De, s it ion
The Holstein type (slighter) cattle are distinguished by
a light build with well-developed body, deep and wade chest, and
well-developed rump. The neck is medium long and flat, The ex-
tremities are medium long, but well placed. The bones are thin,
but strong. The animals of the heavier type are distinguished
by heavier build which can be quite coarse. The head is coarse,
with the face parts quite elongated. The horns are massive and
the legs are long. The chest is shallow and narrow.
The Kholtmogorsk cattle .have .a round, bulky, but not swol-
len belly, long protruding ribs with sizeable spaces between, The
11 -
ifiedjin Part/ Sanitized Co
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RSTRIUTU
Later, the Yaroslavl' cow Vera broke Voltlnitsa's wor1d"3 record
by yielding, on 19 February 1941, a maximum milk production of
x2.15 kilograms.
Most famous is the use of the bloodlines of Sviren 1,
Kho1'rogorets 70, and Hercules, The daughters of the bull Sviren
I have shown a greater milk production than their dams. The aver
rage milk productivity of the daughters is 4,725 kilograms, that
of the mothers 2,9$0 kilograms, which is a difference of 1,745
kilograms in favor of the daughters. The bull Saturn X-102, who
belongs to the bloodline of Sviren I, has sired 16 daughters with
an average milk productivity of 7,039 kilograms throughout 300
lactation days. The cows of Khol'mogorets 70's line have had
average milk productions of 5,125 kilograms with 3.11 percent
butterfat content and average live weights of 577 kilograms. Her-
cules' line likewise gives good performance figures, but in com-
parison to the first two lines has lower milk productivity. The
cows of this line have an average milk production of 4,495 kilo-
grams with 3,25 percent butterfat content, and average live weights
of 556 kilograms,
TAGIL CATTLE
The breeding areas for Tagil cattle are the Orask, Chelya-
binsk, Sverdlovsk, and other oblasts,,
The origin of Tagil cattle
is closely linked to the development of metallurgy in the Urals du-
. ring the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, The industrial war-
13 -
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kers had a great need for meat, milk, and dairy products which
could be satisfied by a more highly productive breed of cattle.
Tagil cattle are derived from a crossing of local cattle -
first with Holstein, and then with Khol)rogorsk. Since the second
half of the nineteenth century, Tagil cattle have been inbred, but
since the beginning of the twentieth century have again been crossed
with Holstein.
The Tagil breed is balanced. Thanks to their high produc~
tivity these cattle have found wide distributioli not only in the
Ural area and the European parts of the USSR, but also in remote
sections of Siberia.
The coat color is black or black-spouted. Animals with red,
red-spotted, and other coat cobra. are found less often. Adult
cows have an average live weight of 500 to 600 kilograms and an.
average yearly milk production of 2,000 to 2,500 kilograms with
4.1 to 4.2 percent butterfat content. The cows registered in the
second volume of the General Herdbook (GFK) have an average live
weight of 600 to 670 kilograms, and the bulls average 1,000 ki1v-
grams. The average yearly milk production of cows eligible for
registration in the General Herdbook is 3,210 kilograms,?with 4.1
percent butterfat content. The record milk production of 51.5
kilograms for a single day was reached by the cow Sostrichka. Tap
gil cattle are distinguished by good acclimatization qualities,
great vitality, . and resist?ance.. This is an animal of medium ma-
turation and long life. For the improvement, of Tagil cattle, pure.
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.{,~ 1'rvs~NYl~~.p.{iR'. 1,.= uJ41A 1 ~lfr~::!'t'. `, ..I~'~1F~M{yfq?,f~,5",q~~lM I'r',;ir~" ~. ~r 1 ! ~,,Ip,x:+"r i.~l I .l.a"y~~~r1, 'I~r:~+~ -0lp..itl4e^1.9, P,',.
6,`t~.a,L
+r,,.'a :l ~;~ r~r S M1;I.+adUl i aliJ h'Fl'"(ail. ,
{~ ~ f~-~7., ~~ir ~ '~~~. ~r yy.t?~ .l~ {{ f, ~ $r~~l7~f.'d9q ~f,;;jj , , r lq~ II .' rb r I., r i N7~ "l r e { t1 . 1 r ),~ '
?rY'ly nlnh { ! ~~~g~, ~,... G .~ .I ?:r~~! : tl ~ ~, eft ,,~~ .I~ y+,~.',!~?y ~. ~a~~~lr I'4 i ~sia~rl~4f ~(f~lyF ~~rifl;~::, 1'118,{'t$11 y~'~;q? h(yR7t~,P~,:{~r },r }h,lrillr.
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positioxa and had to be reorganized by replacing their local,
oorl .~productive, and uneconomical breeds of cattle with jut-
P ~'
proved and more productive breeds.
The imported Simmenthal
cattle served for a mass cross-fertilization of the local cattle
on the landholders' estates. Thanks to its great adaptability
and all-around productivity, Simmenthal was widely accepted.
Thus, the breed formed 3 percent of the inventory at the All-
Russian Exhibit of 177-79, but 33 percent at that of 1914.
After the October Revolution, during the Cavil War and
Intervention periods, the breeding of Simmenthal cattle suffered
heavy reduction. A large number of priceless Sammenthal cows and
bulls perished despite the decisive steps taken by the Government
and by the All-Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks for the
safeguarding of breeding animals.
According to statistics of the stock-raising section of
the People's Commissariat for Agriculture, 27 breeding farms ac-
quired 12,971 breeding animals over the years 1925-26, of which
2,339 were Simmenthal ..cows and bulls. 9ver the. one . ten -year, per.,
iod of 1919-29, 1,200 Simmenthal cows an.d bulls were imported
into the Soviet Union from Western Europe for the formation of
11 State Breeding centers and 13 State Breeding farms. Now, doz-
ens of State and Collective farms and hundreds of Stakhanov.ite
h.
milkers can be found who have. achieved very high results with
Simmentlaals. Thus, the Vpered K. Sotsializmu Collective Farm in
Sychev Rayon, Smolensk Oblast, during 1937 obtained an average
0
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of 4,555 ilk per heDd eoW. The ?xo~,etaxskaYa Revc~
ka.logr~ma of m .aus ~.~~ ob~a~nec1
l,
Co~,~eGtave axm a.n ~'at Ob1.a$~ during
1,YU,ts~.Ya
3,574 ilograms milk per herd cow.
a
an average of
aterina Dimitxavna Nax
Deputy the Supreme ~ova.et ~k
of '
herd caw from
$$ kilogram per
rn 1.93' obtaa.ned an average of 5,"l the Selman Colec
breeds under her care. On
the ~j~~en~hal crass
l croasbrced codas gave
entha
~. e Oblast, s ? ~.x Cimri
five Farm, xnigov Ch studY ansk state Beet Farm,
kilograms. On the
an a~rerage of x,335 an average of 5,$53
menthal colds in 193$ gave of ri--
1~iev Oblast, Sim ~'eople ~ s a~n:~.strY ~
kilograms. On the Breeding farms of the
190 gave an average o
and the. G1.avsakhar, 4 7 covrs
sulfurs a
of milk. ;
6 to 7,000 kj ograms
fN
~
$00 pure and
furs/ exhibit' i' r
39~40 MOSCOW Agr~.cul
At the 1.9 ictures
ctualitY and by
ere shown in a
crossbred Sz.mmenthal cold's w their first lactat~On~
these had produced' during
on the average
.logr~s'
0 ka.lograms, during their second lactation 5,053
~ a 19 30 kilograms of milk ?
and dur3.ng their third lactation 5,5
ws are found among ire
r of reCazol~ ,ing CO t
A larg.e number
. Data. an some of them are presented Fn
and r'
scd ~(fo~.lowing page)
the table below. .. ~~
j:
511ou1d also Include ~~
_lda.ng ~~
rd
The number of reco ho COWS
ka t'9 a Collec-breed on the Leinn
ond..enera'tion . 1.ac
~ ~.mrnen~~hal sec cross
Obla In her ninth
st?
ochan$kiY Rayon, Kharkov
~ `th~.ve Farm or VOI - milk wi a butterfat
tion phis animal gave ,3O7 kjl ograms of
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content of 5.7 percent, j,e., 409.3 kilograms of butter.
Name of cow
Lactation
number
Milk production
(in kg)
Butterfat
percentage
Gagar
7
10,932
3.10
Rezeda
3
10,233
3,10
Annta
3
10,061
3.70
Ptichka
4
9,595
4.03
Mo ka
9
E,449
3.60
Mara
3
x,307
3.36
Man a
5
B,053
3.60
Ryzhka
9
9,1
.~.,...
Tsenna
9,36$
.~.~..
;n terms of butter production, Milka is in third place in
the world, after the cows Dama and Kastanie.
Up to the Great October Revolution, the breeding of Simmenthal
cows was conducted in a rule_of-thumb; haphazard manner. After
the Revolution a?series of regulations by Party and Government
brought systematic planning into the breeding of Simmenthal cat-
tie,
Under the influence of the Simmenthal breed, the nature of
local cattle is being. basically changed in Smoiensk Oblast, and es-
pecially in the Sychevskiy, Vyazemskiy, and other rayons where,
since the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth
?EST.R
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RESI iO1E9
century, more or less systematic crossbreeding has been taking
lace. Now the Sychevskiy Rayon const'f tutethe center of Sim-
me1.ithal breeding. The products of the consistent crossbreeding
of 1oca1 and Simmenthal cattle are known under the name of Sychev
Simmentha1s
Between 1930 and i93$, the Sychev? State Breeding Center
(GPR) sold 25,174 bull and heifer calves far breeding purposes.
Up to 1 January 193$, 273,242 head were entered in the
Regional Herdbook (RPK), of which 170,330 were cows. In the State
Herdboo?L (GPK) 13,579 animals are registered, of which $,93B
are cows 1,912 are bulJ.s, 2,729 are bull and heifer calves. In
the Central Pedigree Register 130 animals belonging to the best
bloodlines are entered. Best known are the bloodlines of the
bulls Franz 176, Lotus, Albert, Schach, Mal'chik, Naslednik I,.
Faust, Viktor, Nero, Bogatyr', Sirius, and others.
The most important roles in the development and spread of
??y5g5Simmenthal cattle in the USSR are now played by the State Breeding;
. .
;.;; !lei ,{. ~; ~rix 1.,! ~? ~ it
farms Trostyanets in Chernigov Oblast, Sychevskiy in Smolensk
Oblast Lenin in Voronezh Oblast, and XVTIth Party Congress in
Kursk Oblast. A dense network of Breeding centers and a Central
Pedigree Register are the important husbandry prerequisites for
the improvement and perfection of the Sychev Simnlenthal breed.
The pedigreed Smmenthal cattle now produced by Smolensk Oblast
completely correspond to the needs of the USSR and thereby save
millions of leva in foreign currency that would otherwise have to
ST.
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to be used for the import of Simmentha1S from abroad.
nthal cattle are found in Smolensk, Tambov, Ryazan,
Simme
Or1ov, Kursk, Veronezh, Chkalov, Kuybyshev, Sverdlovsk, Chelya-
binsk, and Novosibir:ak oblasts, and in a number of rayons of
other oblasts.
SINMENTHAL CATTLE IN BULGARIA
The first import of 4 cows and a bull of Simmenthal breed
into our country occurred in 1$96, from the Hungarian horse-
farm Babolna. The second import of 4 Simmenthal cows and
breeding
one bull took 1 place in 1903 from Russia, and the third import of
.
one bull in 1907. The imported Simmenthal cows and
9 cows and
bulls have been placed under the care of a model farm and their
offspring are transferred from there to the V. Kolarov (Kabiyk)
Enterprise and other State farms. The first attempts at acclima-
ting Simmenthals ended unfavorably. Large numbers of the Simmen-
that cows and bulls and their offspring placed under the care of
farms contracted tuberculosis, tick fever.. (pixop1asmosis,) ,
State
other diseases , and the herds had to be dissolved. The sad
and results
of the first attempts to acclimate Simmenthals in Bul-
an unavoidable consequence of the unfortunate selection
garia ia were
of breeding area, incorrect care, and poor feeding..
On the State farms which then still were in their period
of inception and organization, Simnlenthal were kept in dark, air-
~fiT~dGTE1
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L$T r%1fE
lEss, and unsanita stables, aVId were given scanty and improper.
; ~'
As a consequence, the a.neat:ton of
feeding and very poor care.
large numbers w.> ube^culosia, tick fever (piroplasmosis and
; with t ~
a othei diseases and radical decrease a.n their productivity and
fertility were inevitable . The fact that on the Collective farms
'.` of the USSR the ara. ~ga, ~nal Simmenthal cows and bulls and heir pro`"
itians of care and feeding, become accli' .
gent', under better coed
' mated rapidly and ea-~ ~ 'a.1y and maintain their fertility, and the
.
cows have greater milk production than in their native awitZer-
land, as w?l1 as the fact that they are being successfully raised
in neighboring Rumania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and
-
other countries, presenCs a.nd~.sputable proof of the good accli
mat ion ies of the Sim.menthal breed.
qualities
.,on
the Soviet Union, Hungary, Yugoslavia,
The experiences o.e
Germany, and other countries shows us that the Simmenthal breed
could successfully be raised in Bulgaria as well, provided the
cattle are placed under a regime of better and more regular care
..
and feeding. In the State and ..Coopexative farms: wi:bh better ee...
?
ing facil~. .t ies, herds of purebred Simmenthals can be founded which
,
can serve as breeders of bulls for the needs of northwestern Bul-
k~ ~ Grossbreoding
, garia, ..where large--scale with local cattle is to be
accomplished.
Figure 23. Simmenthal crossbreed bull, height at
the withers, 165 cm; live weight, 1,050 kg
45
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artialLY Bologradchitaa oko1i7a$
't1"' d:~n Kula, and p
n ~
6jfrom aexba,a during 1905 ~
mmentha~, were imported principally
at~.on. miring x,91$, retreat
of the '1oea , popu~.
at the init:~a {~
sidexab1e number of 5immentkaal `? 1 Bulgarian txoQps g {~,
brow ht a con
hies, A considerable number fl
ut~l
cows and bulls with them as trpp V
,f
m orted by people of dual al~.egiance.
~inunenthal cattle were i p
Py way ars in Kula Okoliya obtained Simmen?- `j
of co~1traband, faxm
thals and Simmenthal crossbreeds from Zak ' ecar Okoliya, farmers in
n Oko~.iya ? xn 'the same manner, many
Vidin Okoliya from. Negot~.
ti.
imrnenthals and Simrnenthal crossbreeds entered Be~ogradchi. sa
S ,
M1, tfi
{I
Okoliya from Pirot Okoliya. ~t
s~
'She breeding cattle broug h't in from Yugos1avia were not
r.
, k
mixture of several breeds in w11ic
,z
purebred, but consisted of a ,z
Purebred Simxnenthals were very rare.
Simmenthal predom~.na'ted? ~?n. of local cattle with Simmentha s
ku
The uncontrol7.ed crossbreeds g ;
nd Simmenthal crossbreeds has produced today's local. improved cat--
a
is cattle breed has un Lf orm roan
aria, Th ,
.
tle in northwestern Fulg
' tinrrui.shed b'y greater sturdi-,f{
~h
coats of various shades and is ~.s b
xoduct~.ty g hi her than the
live weight and milk p k
Hess, having,
local cattle.
? of the Supreme Zivestoc~' Rais-
S.n line with the decis~.on.s
7 in reg~xd to the large-scaly
ing Soviet adopted in April 194
e with Simmenthal on the Coopexative
erossbreeding of local caul u
. dinto northern B
oz's are importe
Farms , Simmen~haa- bulls and c ~.3
x , During i.9~.46 Si~enthal cows and
gaxa~a ahnost eveyea .
6':
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RESRICTEU
bulls were imported from Yugoslavia. Some of these animals are
highly pedigreed Simmentha1 eros,sbresds. During 194, 9 pure
Simmenthal bulls and 9 cows were imported from Switzerland, and
during 1949, 33 Si.mmenthal bulls and 10 heifers.
In addition to local cattle, Simmenthals are crosshred,
although less frequently, with Pinzgau, brown Swiss, and red
Sadovo cattle, or with several breeds at once. The resulting
crossbreeds of this complex process have a typical coat color.
Figure 24. Simmenthal crossbreed heifer
In order to evaluate the cumulative results of the eros-
sang of local cattle with Siinnenthal in northwestern Bulgaria,
a program which has been carried on for over 40 years, the Mini-
stry of Agriculture organized 3 livestock exhibitions during the
fall of 1947. The Simmenthal crossbreed cows of 3 years and over
shown at the exhibitions had an average height at the withers of
131.9 centimeters and an average girth at the windpipe of 15.2
centimeteru. If we compare the average figures for the external
features of the Simmenthal crossbreeds with those established for
the local grey cons in the breeding area by Professor Platikanov,
a considerable difference in favor of the former can be noted.
For instance, the average height at the withers of the local grey
co*s i centimeters, of Simmenthal crossbreeds 134.9 centi.-
meters $ which is a difference of 16.2 centimeters in favor caf the
-47-
i
'
CTE
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~E4
atter, etc?
m~..k pxoduc
~- ~~G
Simmenthal crossbreeds have an avsxs,ge ea~~.y, t ion kilograms, w?lth var~.at~.ons from 1,500
~.an of about 2,000 to ~,500
milk pxoduct~.pn~ of 25 to
to 5,000 kilograms, and a maximum daily' z
,Y
' t ercent butterfat content. Adult cows have an
30 kilograms with 4 p
to 6 00 kilograms with variations between
average live weight of 5 ,
ms, and bulls average $00 to 1,000 kilograms.
450 and 750 kilogxa
ggell..f attened steers reach weights of up to 1,200 kilograms.
fatten well, and the flesh is inter-
Simmenthal crossbreeds
akin the meat juicy, tender, and tasty.
larded with fatty tissue, m g
Simm. also have a good capacity for work. In
enthal crossbreeds a .
northwestern Bulgaria, cows are, in addition to heir milk and
? Ol1t exCep'~ion used for work as well. $im--
offspring, almost with
e sturdy with heal'~hy bone tc?~~~re
menthol crossbreed,::- oxenar ~
t for work. In our study of Simmenthal cross-
brands and great in Capac.~. J northwestern Bulgaria we measured oxen heights at the
trunk length up to 20E centimeters,
withers up to 165 centimeters,
centimeters, and girth at the wind-
girth at the heart up to 225
5 centimeters. Such oxen can easily pull loads up
pi
,pe up to 2 to 2,000 to 2,500 kilograms.
In the latest regional o~'t~.anment o~ cattle breeds in
livestock pajsing Soviet desig-
the country. (197) , the Supreme
Hated the f ol~.ow~,ng okol~.y
tie: Vidins Kula, as Belogradcha.as 'axeedin~' areas for Simrnenthal cat-
'lc, i~jkhaylovgrad, and Lom, with Vi-
din as the center of the area.
I
-4- -
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adda.tta~a, the Supxc~me Soviet determined the d~.~txabu~
In
t ion a~1 .. o~ nog?thsxn Bu~~ax~.a,
ea of Sa.mmes~tha~. cattle to the
~.an ax es nc~.udod in as well as the cooperativearms and all vj'~.1ag
consumpt~.on centers.
c, urban
a g
~~ su ~.~' be~.'~s around the 1r
milk pp
ensua of domestan~.ma~.s ac-
.~ccoxd~.n~ to the latest c the
out by the G~f a.ce o~ Stat:~stlcs on
ed
cording to breed carr. ~.au menthe/
the number o:f Simmenthal and i Sm
a.nitiatLVe o~ the B,AN, th
cros number
to 3.46 percent of the total sbreed cattle comes up
of cattle in the countrY.
OW1 SWISS CATTLE IN THE USA
BR
rued into Russia at nearly
These cattle were first a.mpo th
in the. beginn~.ng of the nineteen
the same time as Simmenthal ~ port of
conditions which prompted the imp
eenturY. The economic . ' buted also to
.
Holstein, S a.mmentha~., and shoxthox^n cattle contr.
wn Swiss cattle into Russian
the import of bro
. of this breed sere raised and ,.
The imparted cars and bulls ~
.. .,. dholderS0 ..~~~'he brown Swan, .
estates of 'the ~.an
bred an the large
so used to crossbreed with pximitive native
bulls produced were al out centers
re crossb~^eeda n waa carrie4 o ,
cattlep In areas whe raductiv~.tY~
cattle, di$tingui51 1ed by higher p
of local improved
to the development of one of
0r0ssbre0ding has also led
arose. Cross-
namely, the Kostram cattle.
the most dairy-rich breeds,
Swiss cat le carried out in Smolensk
~e has
breech.n ~ ,pith brawn Sw:~
v
- 4.9.
L?? RESTAVC`~EQ
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flT RIC TED
and Tula oblasts, in the Ukraine, end in other areas. After
the October Revolut;Lon, largescmle crossbreeding with brown
Swiss cattle was begun. During the last two decades, a consid~-
erable number of brown Swiss breeding animals have been imported
to be used for large-scale crossbreeding on Collective and State
farms with local cattle.
Figure 26. Brown Swiss (Montafone) bull
The results of the appraisal of crossbred and purebred
animals of the brown Swiss breed for 1940 on the State Breeding
farms are given in the table below,
Bloodline
Number of animals Average Average
appraised lave weight milk production
in kg
1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd
lactation lactation lactation
Purebred animals 367 316 553 6F34 3,464 5,074
Fourth generation 126 -132 535 5~3 4,012 5,044
Third generation 264 211 4O 544 2,905 4,902
Second generation 397 511 465.. 501. 29254 3,526
First generation 164 700 440 491 2,324 3,6'73
The above data show that the figures for lave weight and
milk productivity of purebred animals and crossbreeds of the
third and later generations are rather high. The lowest average
figures for live weight and mil productivity are for the cross-
50g...
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bred cows of the first generations Aa the generations progress,
the figures graduai1y go up, so that crossbreeds of the fourth
generation almost equal purebreds in regard to live weight and
milk productivity.
The State Breeding farms during 1940 had 169 cows with a
yearly milk productivity of 6-7,000 kilograms and 135 cows with
a yearly milk productivity of 7,000 k:lograms.
At the Moscow Agricultural Exhibit only 37 percent of the
brown Swiss cogs had a yearly milk productivity of below 5,000
k:lograms; 33 percent of the cows had a milk productivity of
more than 6,000 kilograms, and 19 cows (2.~ percent) more than
9,000 kilograms. In their record yearly milk production and masi-
mum daily yield, brown Swiss cows in the USSR exceed those in
Switzerland.
Thus, the record milk production per lactation per-
iod of 9,653 kilograms was achieved by the cow Maggi, and the
Soviet record is 12,623 kilograms. The cow Lina on the $8th day
of her sixth lactation developed a maximum daily milk production
of 67.2 kilograms with 4 percent butterfat content, and the mow
Vina on the Stalin Collective Farm, Lebedin State Breeding Cen-
ter (GPR), on the 59th day of her fourth lactation gave a maxi
mum day's yield of 69.5 kilograms. The cow Lenta of the same
collective farm 37 days after calving gave a mzximum daily yield
of 64.75 kilograms,
For the breeding of 'bhe valuable brown Swiss cattle many
breeding centers have been established, the most important of
- 51 w
srRicTcn
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which are Smolenska Lebedin (Kh.rkov Oblast), Laptev, Alma
~.n
Ata (Kazakh SSR), Kirghiz, Stepanovsk (Armenian SSR), Lap'bev,
Alma At a (Kaiaith SSR), Kirghiz, Stepanovslc (Armenian SSR), etc.
many State Breeding; Farms have likewise been
Parallel to these,
established different oblast$ and rayons of the USSR,
in the da.
serving produce valuable breeding cattle of the brown Swiss
to breed.
The fundamental task in the improvement of this breed is
the maintenance and ix1crease of live weight, milk productivity
and butterfat content, accelerated maturity, and the maintenance
and improvement of its local characteristics by means of pure
breeding and selection.
the most notable bloodlines are the bulls
The sires of
Dodona Frimus, Franz, Levko, etc.
BROWN SWISS
NIONTAFONE) CATTLE IN BULGARIA
.From liberation until today, 17 imparts of brown Swiss cat-
. .. as Montafone, have taken place. ,The,
tle, known in our ... country .. ..
7 ws and bulls which have been imported so far come740 Montaione co
from various breeding areas .~- Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Montafone, Swig
ezwald. This relatively large number of genuine
zerland, and Bregn
purebred animals , thane to unsystematic distribution, poor care and
s
feeding, and the want of permanent measures for insuring the im-
provement of breeding conditions has been lost to a large extent.
U'
ytrE?yN~ _ I i
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hen .114 ~Ic: ? .. .. ._.. ..._. ...
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Had the breeding and distribution areas for Montafone cattle been
selected more carefully and better eondtt?ons provided for their
care and feeding, the results would have been incomparably better.
Despite the random, unsystematic nature of the e ossings of local
cattle with brown Swiss, the character of livestock raising in
the dairy supply belt around greater Sofia and other great urban
consumption centers has been radically changed. One glance at the
cattle on the dairy farms in the Sofia, Stara Zagora, Burgas, and
other areas is enough to convince us that Montafone cattle has had
an enormous influence on livestock-raising on these farms. Many of
these farms own purebred Montafone cows or Montafone crossbreeds
of the third and fourth generation that do not differ from the
purebred animals by color of coat, sturdiness, body shapes or
productivity. Thus, the newly-formed cow herd of the Ministry of
the Interior in the village of Kazichane includes Montafone
crossbreeds that give up to 26 kilograms of milk daily, and in
the village of Dolna Banya, lkhtiman area, the cow Tsveta has
developed a maximum daily milk production approaching 37 kilo-
gram . The studies of Doctor Zdravko Gunchev show the average
milk production per lactation period of 191 curs imported from
Vorarlberg to be 4,04s~ kilograms, with fluctuations from 1,478
to 11,550 kilograms, and that of 105 cows imported from Switaer-
land to be 3,762.E kilograms, with variations from 1,045 to 7,50
kilograms, The milk productivity of the progeny of the original
cows averages (for; 223 animals) 4,006.7 kilograms.
Purebred Montafone herds now exist on the livestock farm
S
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RT RIGIIU
near the town of Samokov, the livestock depot near the town of
a, and the 'farm of the School of Animal Husbandry.4
Kaprovshta.ts
on the livestock farm near Samokov, the cattle-raising
section was founded in 1926. The inventory of Montafone cattle
before the war (1936) consisted of 82 head. Over a period of
9 years, the cow herd on the Samokov farm achieved an average
~
yearly milk production of 4,066 kilograms, with a butterfat eon
tent of 3.46 percent. Over the same time period, the match cows
averaged a live weight of 556 kilograms.
. The cattle raising section near the town of Koprivshtitsa
was established during 1942.
During the last 2 to 3 years, in many of the cooperative
farms throughout the country well developed herds of Montafone
Nfontaf one crossbreeds have been formed. Examples are the
and
herd at the Cooperative Farm of the village of Stalina, Lavech
OkoliYas and of the village of Lud?hene, Pirdop Okoliya. These
two herds likewise contain cows which gave up to 25 to 30 kilograms
of milk a day. During April 1947, the Supreme Livestock Raisin.
defined the distribution area of brown Swiss cattle to in-
Soviet
chide Sofia, Breznitsa, Samokov, Godech, Trun, Novo Selo, Pirdop,.
and Panag hte okollyas, and Klisurskaya Manastare (Berkovitsa
.~,~uris Okoliya), with Sofia the center of the area.
The distribution area for brown Swiss cattle is to include
also the Cooperative farms in all of southern Bulgaaia and the
54-
.'o
siattlED
t'y .'- ' E I
~~t
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fiESIR:crE,a
villages included in the dairy supply belts around the urban con
sumption centers.
According to the latest census of domestic animals by
breed, conducted by the Office of Statistics in 1949, the in-
ventory of Montafone and Montafone crossbreeds constitutes 2.49
percent of the total number of cattle in the country.
LOCAL GREY CATTLE
Grey Bulgarian cattle is an indigenous local breed. It is
numerically best represented of all the breeds of cattle found in
our country. Typical local grey cattle in vast numbers are found
along the Iskur, Vit, Osum, Skuta, and Rositsa rivers. In addiw
Lion, this breed is represented in other regions and areas of our
country, just as in some places it is more or less blended into
the improved breeds imported from abroad. The best cattle in the
Vit River vally are found in the viliages,of Dermantsi, Bezhanovo,
Beglezh, Sadovets, and Toros. In the Iskur Raver valley, the
breed is found in the towns and villages of Makhalata, Oryakho-
vitsa, Bregare, Stavertsi, Knezha, Turnak, and Byala Slatina; in
the Rositsa River valley it is found in the villages of Damyanovo,
Berievo, Rekhovtsite; in addition, very good and typical cattle
of the local breed is kept by the villages of Vrabevo and Debnevo
in the Troyan area, and the villages of Peternitsa and Burkach in
the Pleven area.
Grey Bulgarian cattle belong to the species Bos taurus
1
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px us . It belongs to the group of dual puxpose breeds,
~,migen~.
Systematic improvement of local grey cattle has been in progress
~.
was when the fi~:st livestock raising societies
since 1915. That
were founded. In 1930, the livestock )Breederst As5oci;3.tion was
founded, which united. 200 li,vestock_raisang societies wit}l 10,000
members.
Figure 2'7:
Group of Montafone crossbreed cows,
winners of first prize at the 1946
National Exhibit at Pleven
The Association, under the leadership and with the material
help of the Ministry of Agriculture, organizes spring livestock
and exhibits, cow and bull markets, cheeks the productivity
shows
of cows, etc. 400 to 500 bulls are sold yearly on the markets
of the Association to fall the needs of the communities of the en-
tire c ~.ata.
ountrY for the servicing of cows on individual farms.
Des cr~,,~.o
The coat color is grey of 'various shades. Some animals
of a pleasant greenish_greY color are also found, which the far-
mers prize highly and prefer. Some animals have very light, al-
cotton-colored) hair. The coat of the bulls is some-
most white
what darker. Usually, their forequarters are of a darker color.
Some of the bulls have dark rings around the eyes.
IES TffJ'C,TED
The tips of
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RE.S?(~ICTE.D
mucoU,s parts, brush of the tai hooves,
the horns, the muz~~.e9 b ac1co
of the scrotum of the bulls are ~.
eya~,~,da, and. the lower pax
The hoed Ls medium_Mized and bealfta.1. the ma.lah cows have 1ea11,
noble , and we1i~modoied heads The horns are white at the base
~.ful ~. e-$ k~,aped Form. An~.~
in both cows and oxen have a beaut. yx
an
'ke c~.amps, ha~,f~.moons, or (arks, etc ,
mays whose hams axe shaped ~.a.
U have shorter, ?~ha.o1horns poin-
axe found less often, The bud.,
ted toward the s:tde. The neck is medium~Ni~ed, muscular, and has
a
The back is straight, but anima1
a large, beaut11A dewJ.ap.
d .,. ~,c;sr often ~ convex, bac]s are a~.so
w .th s;l.x.ght~.y concave, an
~ pointed, and sloping. `~h~.s
found. The rump ~.s usually Harr. oti , p
is of the local grey, breed. Though less
is one o~ tae racx.a~. defects
? and straight rumps are found as weld... BY
often, an. ~.ma~.s wa.1~h Wide
f the oung animals, this raca.al de-
Select~,on and better feeding o y
the can be corrected. The legs are lean,,
feet o~ local grey ca
Figure 2E. Typical cow of the local grey breed
'orals with camel?l~.ke and knoc~~-
hea~.thy, and well placed, but animals
~, The dairy characteristics of most
kneed stance are also fours s .
' nt but in the more productive and.-
ma;].s the udder an.inlal.u are not vet prar~~.ne ,
vela ed and shaped. Like the udder., so
is well de ~'
ha e and size. The measurements made by
the teats have varya.ng $ p
Professor N. P1.atikanon on 1,039 caws in .the breeding; area gave
?~ tat the w~.the~?s ~::1.$.9 rer!t~.me~ter
the f o~.lowi1~g averages . he~.gh
- 57
H ESTRiEa
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G '
C)
0
.
0 p
n
U CJ r
C)
.D 0
0
0
0. C
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C,04 01
t? 0.
. ..
U
0
00 0
.0`
Op
1, p
0 ,
L
0 ` 0 0 0
o .
The local gry breed is stall quite unbalanced as to type,
size, body shape, coat colors and milk productivitYs The latter
varies W very wade bounds. The average milk productivity
`~.~-~~~Xl
\ lactation period of caws an the breeding area is 1,200 to
, peg
a. L 1, 300 kilograms, and that of controlled cows i 1,800 to 2,000
0
y
s k
:y{ n g}C,~
with variations from l03 to l3l oentimctexs; length o: t
4
' x.37 . :i. cent C. , 115 to U5.9 percent of the height at
imeters , i? .
girth at wind" w,athergirth at heart 163. L3 centirneteZ's; g ""
pipes On the V'as i1. Ko Larov Entexpra.s o the av.-
5
-.
ex?age L5.74 height Cpn at ~,~.m the 'withers of the her1 of local grey cows is
`thers o? the herd of local grey cove is
124 centimeters. The live weight of adult village cows averages
of bulls X00 to 600 kilograms. Calves at
320 to 350 kilograms,
p birth average a 1a '.va weight of 21 to 22 kilograms. A character
'.
ey breed is that calves are. born with a red
~.a?L? ~.c of the local gr
?
coat which gradually changes to grey.
kilograms, with a butterfat content of 4.1 to 4.2 percent. The
cows in the herds of the livestock raising enterprises have an
average milk productivity of 2,400 to 2,500 kilograms per lac-
tation period. Under village condat1ons, some cows gave 4,000 to
5,000 kilograms of milk. For instance, the cow Krayna 42 of the.
s Lukovit county, developed a milk production of
v'iz.gE, of Toroa
~.~.f
5 , 114 k,a.J. ?ogram,s throughout the year 1939. The cow Milka belong
0
? s Ito T r Nikoiov of the village of StavertS, 0ryakhov tsa
ogo
~.n~,
okol the control year 1946-4? during 335 days of lacta-
t ~.y~, in. t~
ers of . milk with a butterfat content of 4.6
~.on gave 6,~b9 la.~ p
percent, i.e., 2$x.3 kilograms of butter. This production of milk
alts
r~ r
r
i
WSUS V?
xrw ~ ~r
dam. r!S 4d,r~R~~l
1~19~ ~ ' ~~~?~IT4w 1 ~ I ti!~41S~i Pk114~i~~~`I115r j',n6 ~ ~ Vy i0~wt? ' Ip~~3 k
~ ~ fi{4 p i pal p ' va 1!r h / i V116~ G !~di,4
Ise F ~ ,~ a r hr
g`~YW~'~~~r~~'~~a
5
R
RESTRICTED
00 0
Y
h 0
. 0 U
;o 0
n y 0 o_.
0
0
?U?'
Ct,~o
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 IOTFU
and pure butter constitutes a record for grey Bulgarian cattle.
On the Vasil Kolarav Enterprise, the cow Nagrada gave 6,16$ kilo-
grams of milk, throughout one lactation period, and the cow Or-
bita gave x,900 kilograms. On the Georgi Dimitrov Enterprise
near the town of Pleven the breed cows Neda, Kuna, Drama, and Per-
ka have proved to be the most productive.
Figure 29. Local grey bull
On the Georgi Dimitrov Enterprise near the town of Pleven,
the cow Nedelya, who achieved an age o1 19 years, gave during her
lifetime a total of 42,$63 kilograms of milk with a butterfat con-
tent of 4.1 percent, i.e., 1,914 kilograms of pure butter. The
cow Nadya, Nedelya's offspring, by her $th year had given 32,210
kilograms of milk with a butterfat content of 4.75 percent,' i.e, f
M,
n1,425 kilograms of pure butter. Nanka l by her $th year had given
These high daily and yearly productions are an indication
of the fact that grey Bulgarian cattle is capable of achieving
medium milk productivity. Considering the small live weight,
i.e., 937 kilograms ofbutteretc.
C'.
21,041 kilograms of milk with a butterfat content of 4.5 percent, f
high butterfat content of the milk, and the hitherto scant' feed-
ing under conditions of smal:t farming, the milk productivity of
grey Bulgarian cattle may be considered satisfactory. .
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'By systematic. mating and selection and better care and feed-
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IZ$TLUCTD
i g, the live weight and milk prpductLV'ity of local grey cattle
can be raised coisiderab1y. Their fattening qualities are good.
111e11..fattened steers achieve live weights of $00 to 900 kilo'
grams. The meat is tasty, but is not interlarded with fatty tis~
sue. The local cattle during fattening deposit fat under the
skin and around the internal organs. For this reason, local grey
cattle do not have a good market in the West European countries.
Hence, local cattle in excess and destined for slaughter was ex-
ported before the war into Eastern marketst Palestine, Greece,
Egypt, Malta, etc.
Local grey cattle have excellent capacity for work, fatten
well and have satisfactory milk productivity. The breed is a
product of our conditions of soil and climate - it can stand ar
brupt temperature changes, is resistant to disease, and is not
poiled about food. On the Cooperative farms, it is to be used
s
as a base for crossing with improved breeds such as Simmenthal,
Nlontafone red Sadovo, etc, and on individual farms it is the
principal means of hauling power and therefore has its place.
Figure 30, The cow Milka, holder of the record for
grey Bulgarian cattle, over 335 days of
lactation gave 6,269 kilograms of milk
with a butterfat content of 4.6 percent
Thanks to its valuable economic characteristics, grey Bui-
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-- Pr
RESTh1GTED
garian has become known in the neighboring countries where be'
fore the war there was rather coniderab1e intereet in it. Be??
fore the war, more than 1,000 cows and bulls of the lsknzr breed
were exported to Greece and Turkey for breeding purposes. Dux''
ing 1947, 200 cows and 100 bu11s of the local grey breed were ex-
ported to Yugoslavia. The Supreme Livestock Raising Soviet in
1947 assigned the following okoliyas to the breeding area of
grey Bulgarian cattle: Pleven, Lovech, Sevliev, Troyan, Teteven,
Lukovit, Pavlikeniy Oryakhova, Byala Slatina, and Svishtove up
to the Yantra River, with Pleven as the center of the area.
cltiding the breeding areas assigned to Sirnmenth,al, Montafone, and
red Sadovo cattle, the rest of the country is designated as the
distribution area of local grey cattle. In the distribution area
of grey Bulgarian cattle, the communities may maintain bull$ of
this breed to service the cows of individual farmers.
According to the latest (1949) census of domestic animals
by breed, the inventory of grey Bulgarian cattle constitutes
6l.l percent of the total number of cattle in the country.
SHORTHORN RHODOPE CATTLE
The breeding area for this breed includes. almost all the
villages of the Rhodope Mountains. Shorthorn Rhodope cattle are.
typical representatives of the species Bos tauxus brachycerusa
According to the studies of Professor Khlebarov, this , cattle is
genetically closely related to Albanian, Montenegrin, and Mace-
RESZRIGT~
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BESTAICTEQ
' area ~,s m~.d and moa.~t ' A~'~
The c~.~,ma~e of the breeda.ng
unto
o
?tat?Ofl, a
C~~
re
l
a~n
,
ad
measured ti Momcha.lgx
.
y p
erase year
The papuletion of the bxead.~
to g06? 5 liters per square meter.
? e cattle is for the most part v'ery'
ing area of sho~~t~~arn Rhoc~op
own
little opex?ty ? The ma j o~5a.`~,r of the farmers
poor and has little pr e ots range
O() to 200 ares. The most extensi.~ pl
plots Of aboLtit ~.
number relatively fear. It is only
from 200 to 500 a:~es, but t11e,~ nunl Rho-
dope cattle farm conditions the feeding of
natural. that under such small
ran the pasture pera.od, all types is very scanty. ~ g
' mited to pasture, only, and during t 'he winter
of cattle are la.
they ke t in supply
rou hage. ConCen'tratcd fodder is p
eir receive g
very rarely.
Descr~.?
narrow and lean, and the, orbital pro-
The head is shoat, na p and
file is COnCdVe. The horns are dark_COlorde, thin, brittle9
nee they often fall off. ~.nimals
unstably placed on the head, he
often founds and some animals are
with broken horns are therefore the
polled altogether and show the horn bases only The color of
.. blackish brown, grey~groWn, yellovl,
coat is most var~.edra red, t black-
more rarely grey. With the predominan
yellowish grey, and
' ring around the snout and
?sh brown color appears also a light ~.
back. The mucous parts around the eyes,
a light stripe along the ~ thick,
black or lead grey. The. skin is medi
vulva, and anus are eck. The
and forms many fine creases at the n
but soft and loose, healthy, but
medium length and compact. The legs are 1
body.. is of
dstance occur as well. The
'mats with camel-like and knockknee
ana.
6
S C
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average height at the withers of adult animals in the breeding
area is 97 centimeters. The live weight of cows in the breeding
area varies within wade limits from $O to 1E0 kilograms, that of
bulls from 180 to 250 kilograms. Cows placed under better condi-
tions of care and feeding may achieve live weights of 200 to
250 kilograms, and bulls of 300 to 500 kilograms. On the farm
of the Department of Animal Husbandry, Rhodope cows have an avM
erage live weight of 25E.6 kilograms, with variations from 200
to 300 kilograms, and the bull Tunis has a live weight of 450
kilograms, The heavier live weight of the Rhodope cows and bull
at the Department of Animal Husbandry.Farm in comparison to the
animals of the breeding area is explained by their better care
and feeding.
The live weight of calves at birth .is $ to 12 kilograms,
and less frequently 15 kilograms. On the Department of Animal
Husbandry Farm, Rhodope calves have an average live weight at
birth of 15.5 kilograms, with a minimum of 13 kilograms and a
maximum of i~ kiogram. .. .. ...
Rhodope has good milk productivity in terms of its live
weight. It is true that their absolute milk productivity is
low, but their relative milk productivity is high. Cows in the
breeding area on the average give 3 to 4 kilograms milk a day,
more rarely 5 to 6 kilograms. Rhodope cows placed under better
conditions of care and feeding on the State farms give 6 to 10
kilograms ` of milk a day, i. e., they double their production. The
maximum daily milk production of 12 kilograms was `developed by
64 -
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one of the cows at the cattle depot near the town of Smo1en.
This year, the cow Zhilka on the Department of Animal Husbandry
Farm developed a maximum daily milk production of 12.E kilograms
and maintained her record. The average yearly milk production
in the breeding area i 500 to 600 kilograms The average year-
ly milk production of 5 cows of the Smolen cow herd was 932
liters with 4.6 to 5 percent butterfat content. The record year-
ly milk production of 1,171 kilograms with a butterfat content of
4.0E percent was shown by the cow Lora.
Figure 31: Shorthorn Rhodope cow
The cow Mina, a second generation crossbreed (Rhodope
dam and Montafone sire), has a live weight of 345 kilograms,
and after her second calf she gave 3,251.5 liters of milk with a
butterfat content of 3.54 percent, Because of its small live
weight Rhodope cattle have no great importance for the meat pro-
duction of the country. The fatty tissue, just as in the local
grey cattle, is. deposited under the skin and around the internal
organs, and therefore the meat does not have a very good taste,
The slaughter weight constitutes about 52.to 56 percent.
Rhodope has low capacity for work. The local population
uses predominantyl oxen for work, and very seldom harnesses cows.
b~vf5 Xwrsa,~ &~ !nu;~~7r?ivf ,." r r,:,,u art . `',~iv~~1 y ,.r ~, a eii ra,l rFY
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The improvement of Rhodope cattle is now being attempted
~r i ic~f i rS f"fir)}' ?A yy4~~llij Sa4r~`1): al~Mc i rrp , rl 9lclyufc ~l i~r rPt
{I~ ti}i if ~fr ~~'4~~Ta 0u 1~ h ~ . d ~ {Vhl~~a I~{ a~7iv~}1 ~r ~Y~i tf'('si~~ii}9 ,~ f~r~~h VII?Ya"~x I~~~ry, a ~ ~~C~l
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by means of selection and improved feeding. Under smai1~farm
conditions, the work of lmprovtg the breed and the selection.
process have so far not reached as good resulto as on the
State farms fox general reasons and because of poor forage facil-
ities. The heartening results achieved by pure breeding and
relatively good raising, care, and feeding on the State farms are
a guarantee for a notalbe increase of the live weight and milk
productivity of Rhodope cattle by mean of selection coupled with
good care and feeding.
On the Department of Animal Husbandry Farm, Rhodope cows
are being serviced by a Montafone bull. The resulting cross-
breeds are closer to Montafone cattle in size, body shape and ex-
ternal appearances
The above quoted figures show that the improvement by
crossbreeding has resulted in an increase of live weight and milk
productivity and a slight decrease of butterfat content.
The Supreme Livestock Raising Soviet has (in 1947) set
aside as the breeding area for shorthorn .Rhodope cattle the :fol-
lowing okoiiyas: Smolen, Devin, and the mountain settlements
only of Ziatograd, Kurdzhali, Momchilgrad, and 1levrokp okoliyas.
According to the latest census (1949) of domestic animals
by breed, the inventory of shorthorn Rhodope cattle constitutes
6,9 percent of the total number of cattle in the country.
66
r4~~n51~;
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1111
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The bre?ds.ng area for this breod ort ends along both s idol
of Isar Pass 'up to the 'line Dxagsman-Godeoh-urhesNiezdxaM
Lotev'grad. In stature, Stara Planata is between shoxthorf o
dope cattle and grey Bulgarian catt1e~ The studies of Professor
?
Khlebarov show that shorthorn Stara Planinacattle constitute
,
? .U 9
,an independent indigenous breed, and according to the opinion
of others of Ou.r SpeciaiistS this cattle constitutes a dwarfed
variant of local grey cattle
Descri tiara
The head is long and lean with a slightly concave orbital
profile. The horns are small and thin, but longer than those of
shorthorn P.hadope cattle and considerably shorter than those of
Tskur cattle. " The coat color is light grey, grey, or dark grsyo
Only a few animals show a darker coat color, and very rarely a
light stripe along the back and a light ring around, he snout can
be foundm. The mucous parts around the eyes, vulva, anus, and
muzz, e are alway blac1c. The eyelids, the hairs at the tip of the
ears, ? the brush. of the tail, tips of he horns and hooves are
black a:,so? The skin is medium thick, soft, and for1fls fine creases
about the neck. The aewiap is poorly developed. A.eharacteri$-
tic of this breed, is that despite its small `live weight and low
stature (io8 centimeters) it is ,dxsting~ished'by groat capacity
r
for works In broken 'mountainous terrain, on' e cbr, eme;ay poor; rocky
STARA PLANINA CATTLE
rta?
..
.y.-fl',.
ESTHICIEQ
Nor ~' y(tiTnti a1 ~k~~W~x ( N II ~"J+rt f"i , ~ k
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a.
n,:
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STOTEp~
a.ous Stara P1anin pastuxages. For these reasens
Woad on the spac
r this breed a, in good ph sa.cal condition by the fa11, and in
s ~'
the spring is very weak and hungry.
canditaon of care and feeding, Stara
Placed under better
to increase in growth, live weight,
Planina cattle can be expected
and milk productivity.
BREEDS OF WORK CATTLE
(STEPPE BREEDS)
To the Steppe breeds of work cattle belong grey Hungarian
S ainian Steppe cattle, and also the grey Steppe cattle, grey Ukrainian
r
cattle of Moldavia, Walachia, Galicia, Bukovina, and. SexDia, a"
.
well, as some Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese breeds, which Pro-
be in close genetic relationship to
fessor Freitag assumes to
grey Steppe cattle: The large group of Steppe cattle also in-
dudes English park cattle9 whic1:~ in the structure of its skull,
and color of to horns and of the exterior is
the slant, form,
very similar to Steppe work cattle.
Ukraa n Ste. ppe Cattle
area of this breed includes almost all of
The breeding
the Ukraine and part of the Northern Caucasus. Ukrainian Steppe
ative of the species Bos Taurus pximigen-
is a typical represent
ius.
- b9.
RCiEI'
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fl1!STRiCTEfl
The number of this breed before the Revolution was quite
largo, According to official data Russia, in 190E had 7. million
head of grey Steppe cattle, which constituted 50 perdent of the
entire cattle inventory in 50 guberniyas. After.the Revolution,
under the influence of changed economic conditions -- the mechan~
ization of agriculture and the great demand for milk and meat --
this breed has to a large extent been replaced by improved breeds
which have been developed as dual purpose cattle with the empha-
sis on either dairy or beef. The grey Ukrainian Steppe breed
has been maintained relatively untouched by improved breeds main-
ly in Poltava Oblast, partly also in Kiev Oblast, and some of the
neighboring oblasts, and likewise in Rostov Oblast in northern
Caucasia. This breed has a coarse build and external features
typical of work cattle.
Descri~t~.on
The coat colr is grey, silver, and dark steel grey, with
a dark stripe along the back and lighter color on the belly. The
head i.s long, followed by a well-developed hump. The horns are
large, white with black tips, and in some animals attain lengths
up to O centimeters. The neck is long and thin with medium-
sized dewlap. The back is long and wide and sometimes slightly
concave. The rump is sloping and pointed at the hips. The fore-
quarter, in general look better developed than the hindquarters,
because the shoulders are strong and the chest is deep. The bone
are well developed.
This breed has a height at the. withers of
70...
9r
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RES.i R iCT.ED
145 to 165 centimeters, The live weight of adult cows varies
from 400 to 700 kilograms, and of bulls from 650 to 900 kilograms.
Their slaughter weight averages 55 percent; well-fattened steers
reach 800 to 1,000 kilograms and slaughter weights of up to 65
percent. Ukrainian Steppe cattle mature late. The breed barely
ceases growth at 6 years of age. In addition to late maturity,
another defect of this breed is its low milk productivity, The
average yearly milk production of cows before the Revolution used
to be 750 kilograms.
Under better conditions of care and feeding on the Collec-
tive farms grey Ukrainian Steppe cows have developed better milk
productivity, ranging from 1,600 to 3,000 kilograms with a bunter..
fat content of 4.5 to 4.75 percent. Today, many State and Collec.-
Live, farms in the Ukraine own grey Stepped cows with yearly milk
productions of 3,500 to 4,000 kilograms and a butterfat content
of 4.2 to 4.6 percent. The cow Yalosya in her eighth lactation
over 300 days gave 5,122 kilograms of milk with a butterfat con-
tent of 4.1 percent; the cow Dobrodeyka in her seventh lactation
gave 4,902 kilograms of milk. During 1935,12 cows of this breed
gave from 3,324 to 5,122 kilograms of milk over a lactation period.
The high live weight, healthy constitution, good meat qual-.
ities, excellent health, modesty and unusual endurance and working
capacity are indeed very valuable qualities which have induced
the Soviet specialists to include this breed among those to be
bred according to plan, and to raise'it in its purebred state in
-71-
9EST RIG TCU
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ESTflICT[q
many areas of the Ukra?r Today, Ukrainian Steppe cattle is
being bred pure in the many okoliyas of the Poltava
, Dnepro-
petrovsk, Don, Kharkov, Nikolayev, and Kiev abla
sts,
The improvement of the breed and selection is now being
carried out under the direction of the Gradizh
State Breeding
Center and several State Breeding farms, The objective of the
Selection is to obtain large animals with accelerated maturation,
improved milk and butter productivity and good meat qualities.
The outstanding and more valuable animals are entered in the
General Herdbook (GPK) and the Regional Ferdbook RPK
). For.
sires, the progeny of those bulls that have sired weal-.known
bloodlines are preferred, Such are the bulls Lard9 Petushka,
Malyuk, Shamriya, and Zaporozhets. The
mast ha,ghly prized are
the progeny of the sires Lord and Petushka who serviced the Pol.-
ivanovka Breeding Farm, In the General Herdbook 14 sons, 61
grandsons, and 37 great~.grandsons of Lord are entered, as are
39 sons, 126 grandsons and 2g great_grandsons of Petu
shka.
. The Soviet specialists have succeeded
by the proper direc-tian of their work of improving the breed and correct feeding, to
change grey Ukrainian Steppe cattle from a work breed into a mu1..-
ti le..p,2rpose breed; work, beef, anal dai? .
J Hence, in the latest
classifications, grey Ukrainian Steppe cattle ~ are included among
the multiple.,purpose breeds,
72
RESTRiCTE
L!i
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REST RiCT EU
Grey Hunir~rn ?Stap,~p Cattle
.,,_., r_P_f__
These cattle were brought in dur:Lng the great migration by
the Huns and Avars from the areas along the course ,of the Volga.
The breed is raised in a vast steppe, the Hungarian Ptiszta. Two
types are known: the lowland type, represented in the lower
steppe regions, and the highland type, which is found in Transyl-
vania. In its external features, it is hardly distinguishable
from grey Ukrainian Steppe cattle. Grey Hungarian Steppe cattle
have excellent capacity for work, but are dairy--poor. Just like
grey Ukrainian Steppe cattle, the cows have small udders covered
with thick hair. The teats are small and than. Being a work
breed, the forequarters are better developed than the hindquarters.
The bone structure as very well developed. The bones are quite
coarse and convex, and the body is blocky. This breed is also
sturdy and tall. The height at the withers of cows varies from
130 to 150 centimeters , that of bulls averages 150 centimeters,
and that of oxen averages 160 centimeters. The horns are very
large, and in some animals reach a length of one meter. The live
weight of adult COWS under small-farm conditions is 350 to 400
kilograms, and of those in better-fed and better--maintained herds
400 to 600 kilograms.
Figure 37. Grey Steppe cow
Figure 3E.. Grey Steppe bull
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fr%? ?R ?? Y a- ' O4 `II 1T !. t x=4St-e .. ..&.. !`$_' f T'!1
.
RESTRICTEQ
The average, overall yearly milk production of this
breed is 600 to goo kilograms with a butterfat content of 4.5
to 5,0 percent, Soma cows achieve yearly milk productions of
up to 3,000 kilograms.
These cattle fatten well, and their meet is of medium
quality,
COMPUTATION OF THE AVERAGE MILK P.RODUCTiVITY of A HERD COW
(Hy herd cow is meant any cow that has been part of the
herd a greater or lesser part of the year, regardless of
the quantity of milk produced or of the number of caly-
ing
The milk productivity of a herd has to be computed on
the basis of all the cows in the herd, not only those that have
concluded their lactation, as has so far been the practice with
us.
. The average milk productivity of a herd cow is computed.
in the following manner
(l) Compute how many days each cow has been on the farm,
then compute the total of feed days for the entire herd?
(2) Determine how many pregnant heifers have entered the
herd, when each of these has calved, and how many days after cal-
ving she has remained on the farm.
REST RCTEfl
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tTtrwTEJ'
The number of feed days for cows and heifars so ob
tamed is now divided by 365, and thus the average yearly nurn-
ber of herd cows on the farm is deriveth
The average milk productivity per year or lactation
period of the head is obtained if the quantity of milk produced
~.
all the mulch cows is divided by the average number of herd
by
cows.
The average percentage butterfat content in the milk
is obtained if the milk produced is recomputed into percentage
figures and the quantity obtained is divided by the average milk
xoductio'n per year or lactation period.
p
Examle
A farm has 73 cows at the beginning of the year. At the
due to dowries, sales, and other reason,
end of the year,
COWS have left the herd and 6 first--calvers and 4 newly_purchased
Cows have been added. The 65 cows which have been part of the
herd during the entire year have been fed a total of 22,725 cow
days, the first-calver$ for 9$4 cow days, and the newiy_purchased
cows for 1,80 cow days. Hence, the entire herd had a total of
1.~
26,23 h is the equivalent of '7l, cows fed through--
~. feed days, which t
the entire year (i.e., herd cows).
The milk produced by the herd is 205,635 kilograms. This
gives an average yearly milk production of 2,64 kilograms.
~
U
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n y t..
All cows that have throughout all or part of the year
been with the herd have given a computed total of 24,6O3 ki1o?
grams l 'percent milk, If this quantity is divided by the avex?~
age yearly milk production, the result is a butterfat content of
4.1 percent for the entire herd.
MEAT PRODUCTION
Meat productivity must be considered from both the quan-
t-tative and the qualitative points of view.
The amount of meat depends on the body dimensions, live
weight, slaughter weight (which in turn depends on breed, age,
and condition), fattening capacity, and utilization of feed.
The quality of the meat depends on a number of factors:
breed, sex, age, maturity, care, constitutional type, endocrine
activity, and castration.
Best-.quality meat is obtained from castrated bull and
heifer calves, after which comes the meat of heifers, cows,
bulls, and oxen, Meat known as baby beef is obtained from fat-
tened 12 to i$ month old individuals of the beef breeds (short-
horn, Aberdeen Angus, etc). It is best to fatten young animals.
Castrated animals fatten better than those not castrated, since
castration calms the animals and gives them better appetites.
Condemned cows are serviced before they are allowed to fatten.
Fattening is measured by weighing animals periodically in the
ESTRFCTEo
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RESTRIQTEQ
morning before feeding and watering. Adult cattle are weighed
several times; growing aniiixals are weighed every ten days up to
the age, of 3? irionths, and then at the ages of i, 9, 12, 15, 1$,
Y and 24 months.
The capacity for growth tf young and adult' cattle of the
.ooa7. grey breed at the ?nimitrov Livestock Rais ng Enterprise and
?
U
.e
the br. ?wn, Swiss breed at the Samokov Livestock: Raising Enterprise
a.s shown by the`ollowing tablep :
a
A. YOUNG CATTLE
Age?
Local grey cattle ,
Brown Swiss cattle
male kg
female kg
male kg
female kg
Newborn
24.70
23.30
41.40
37.70
3 months
$6.10
O.60
100,3
109
6 months
170.O
145.O
205.70
19.20
12 months
292
236.40
324
278
1~ months
383 - 70
303.30
413
348 .
. 24 months
451.5
352.5
510
405.
G
. 0
The daily gain up to the age of 6 months ranges, for.the
local grey ,cattle, from 600 to 900 grams; for the Brown Swiss cater
tie, from X00 to 1,100 grams; between the ages of 6 and 12 months
the gain ranges from 500 to 700 grams and from 500 to 660 grams,
respectively.
..
... 7,7
E ST CT ED
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IIESTRIGTEU
Average 1ivv weight slaughter weight
off'
in kg in kg
live it
Steers 461 235 50.9E
Cows 32C 152 47.65
Oalyes 153 73 47.85
The quality of the meat of local cattle leaves much to
be desired.
FART ILITY
BY fertility is understood the capacity of an animal to
undergo fertilization, normal delivery, and the production of
viable young.
We distinguish between primary and secondary fertility.
1mary fertility means the capacity of the animal for ra-
pid reproduction, measured by the number of viable ova and sper-
matazoa produced.
Secondary fertility designates the number of offspring pro-
duced. Secondary fertility also has a qualitative aspect: in
cattle breeding, it is not only desired to obtain one normal calf
per cow per year, but also to utilize the maximum number of off-
spring produced for breeding purposes. This constitutes the so-
called breeding productivity.
79
iEST R&T E
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444
iESTR1CTED
Secondary fertility is measured in tsrms of the total nurn.
ber of calves born to a cow during her lifetime. A cow is said
to have good fertility if she calves every year,. Breeding pro.
duct ivity is measured in terms of the percentage of offspring
used for breeding purposes from among the total number of calves
born,
The figures for secondary fertility and breeding produc-
tivity so obtained are compared to the averages (norms) for the
herd, in order to determine the value of the cow under consider-~
ation in regard to this aspect of productivity.
An example of the figures for local grey cattle in this
respect at the Dimitrov Livestock Raising Enterprise appears in
the table belowA
Calving Number of Calves used for breed
Name of c w
regularity
calves born ing purposes
No
Kuna 6 100 10 10 100
Petkana 13 100 9 9 100
Neda 17 100 9 6 66.66
Nedelya 45 100 10 6 60,
Kunka 2~ 100 S 4 50.
Tota 10 100 9 3 33.33
Totka 10 100 5 1 20,
Alpi 12 100 E ..1 12.5
Byala 333 100 4 0 0.
Herd average 100 6.93 3.79 51.2
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RETniC TED
The above data show that all the cows calve xegu1rrly
but for various reason part off' them were removed from
every year,
the herdr hence the varying number of calves born per cow. The
d in breeding productivity is particularly striking. In
~,f'ference ~
that respect, the cows Kuna 6f Petkana 13, Nedelya 45, and Neda
?~
17 have performed best; they exceed the herd averages for fertili-
ty and breeding productivity.
The fertility and breeding productivity of the bulls is
computed in a lake manner.
In the USSR, Hereford cows and bulls were imported in 192E
and were placed into the station at Saisk and Orenburg and sev-
eral State farms in the Caucasus.
Hereford cattle as raised in
the USSR in its pure state and is used for crossbreeding with lo-
cal cattle in order to improve the beef qualities of the latter.
Since 1931, Kirgiz cattle have been crossbred with Hereford on a
large scale. For this purpose, in 1932 alone, 1,237 Hereford bulls
and 311 heifers and cows were imported.
At the Moscow All-Union Agricultural Exhibition of 193940 a
many Hereford crossbreeds were shown, among them also a very well-
fattened steer named Armak, which showed a slaughter weight of
71.4 percent,
Before the war (1939), there were 67,000 shorthorn COWS and
.. bulls and shorthorn crossbreeds in the USSSR, among which the pure
bred animals numbered 1,100,
ESTIBGTEU
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RESTRICTED
Aberdeen Angus were first imported into the USSR in 1932.
The resuits obtained so far in cxossin them
~ with local catt1e
axe quite promiSTg,
END
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