CONFERENCE ON PROBLEMS OF CONCENTRATING NONMETALLIC MINERALS BY FLOTATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200080018-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 28
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 7, 2012
• Sequence Number: 18
• Publication Date: July 15, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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Conf rence on Proble of at in
Nonmeta11~.c Minerals b Flotation
Tzvestiya kkadetnhi Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye
tekhnichesk" No p?466-172,
Russ inc per
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:STAT
STAT
STAT
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OONSULTATION ON THE PROBLEMS OF DRESSING
NoN OR. METHOD OF FLOTATION
A consultation devoted to the problems of concentration of
non-metallic ores by the flotation method took place from 10 to 13
October 1950 at the Mining Institute of the Academy of Sciences
USSR. participating in the proceedings of the conference were
170 scientific contributors from the Academy of Sciences USSR
and the branch research institutes; engineering and technical per-
sonnel from operating plants, as well as from the managing and
planning organizations of the mining industry (from 42 organi-
zations), also participated.
In his introduction, Academician A. A. Skochinskiy empha-
sized the exceptionally important value to the development of
Soviet science of the brilliant works of Comrade Stalin in the
field of language studies. He then proceeded to summarize the
progress and the problems of science and industry in the area of
flotation of mineral ores, and went on to outline the program of
work for the conference. The flotation of non--metallic ores at-
tamed a wade application in the USSR. The flotation processes
for graphite, apatite; nepheline, calcite-fluorite-scheelite,
baryto-flurrite, quartzitic kyanite, kaolino-diasporic ores, and
talcum from the magnesitic varieties of talc schists have been
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The f1otation of coals and the penta?*aam.
completely mastex ed,
po ore, arid other ores is being mastered,
'
nent kyani.to~~.angbe~.n~t~.c ox~
. been created in the area of
Thus a vast f~otata.on a.ndustxY has
~ uccesees attained in our ~,a~id in the
n,on.~meta~.,~.c ores. The s
the flotation type of ore dressing have
theory and practic? of
been generally' recogniz0d,
the research by A. N Frumkin and P.
He made mention of
chemists of flotation, and that of
A. Reba.nder in the physical
of the concentration processes, wet-
I. N. Plaksin in the theory
ting and interaction between reagents and mineral particles dur-
ocess and in the floto..gravitatianal proces~
ing the flotation pr ,
ses; he painted out that the studies of these workers now consti-
. for the correct underutanding of the
Mute the theoreta.ca~. basis
fundamental phenomena of flotation.
In conclusion, A. A. Skochinskiy called upon the partici--
pants of the conference to develop a comprehensive scientific die-
on the posed problems of flotation, in keeping with the
in, to the effect that no science can de.guidance of comrade Stal ,
ut a conflict of opinions, w3.thout freedom
velop and prosper wa.tho
of criticism.
Academician P. A. P.ebinder read a report on the subject
~.
of "The measurement of peripheral angle and their relation to
flotation."
He pointed out that the direct adhesion of mineral par-
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b e with the farma't~.on of a thxee-pk~ase
tides to the air bub ~
with the formation an the surface of
ma~.st?na.ng pera.meter, I.e.,
an end paxiphsral angle in the presanc
the mineral particle of
emaining beneath the air bubble is now
of the pella.cu~.ar water x
fact this fact has been ests,b~,~,shed p
a universa~.~.y recognized ~
of Russian scienta.sts? A. N. Fr'umka.n
maxily' through the labors
that the f armata.an of the peripheral
and B? P. Kabanov have shaven
etermina.ng the fundamental action of
angle is the sale factor d
~ -.~ the adhesion of the mineral particles
the f~.otata.on process
They have shorn the effect of the electro~
to the air bubble.
and chemical factors upon the momentary
capillary, adsaxpta.an9
al an les and upon the k~,netics of their eva-
lutvalue of the pex'ipher g
s of adhesa.an are linked to an abruptly-
~.an? The k~.net' ~.c
certain energetic barrier. The Soviet
occurring surmounting of a
and M. A. Eygeles established the fact
scientists L. V. Volkova
that very frequently the attainment of a negligible peripheral
x.cient for the inception of the flotation pro-
angle is fully Buff
nected with this is the work of V. I. Klassen,
cess? Closely con
who demonst?rabed the importance of the two dimensional gas em-
on the surface of the floatable par
bryo as a new phase forming
underscored the importance of the wetting
ticlcs? The reporter
which under the effect of the adsarp-
hysteresis, as a result of ~
' oil there is a sharp increase in the pen-
Lion of the cal~.ecta.ng ,
at which the strong adhesion of the
pheral angle to a magnitude
the air bubble becomes possible. The che--
mineral particles to
x.ca-sarpta.onal coy atings of the mineral surface and their sta-
bility are the material base which determines the carrespnndiflg
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degree of hydrophobia of the mineral surf aae, with its end pen -
hex'al angles and its area of contact with the air bubble pro'.
p
vding for the adhesion of the mineral partx.cle to the air bubw
ble.
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR T.
N. Plaksin read a report on "The theory of flotation as of today"
(the report is printed in this journal).
M. A. Eygeles (the All-Union Institute for Mineral Raw
Materials) read a report entitled t'The Principles of the De-'
ression of Non-Metta1ic Minerals in the Flotation of Ores."
p
The speaker indicated that the depression of the minerals, not
designated to be floated, is the most important factor in the
highest selectivity of the flotation process. In connection with
this, he studied the reciprocal action of a number of regulaw
Ling agents (depressants) upon the adsorption of oleinic acid by
the mineral particles and upon the floatability by the same col-
lecting reagent. As a result of this research, the absence was
established of a well-defined ratio between the density of the
layer of the collecting reagent upon the facets of the minerals
and the floatability of the minerals in an actual flotation cir-
cuit. The flotation of the mineral particles takes place in the
presence of an incomplete monomolecular layer of the collecting
reagent on their facets (a 30 to 40 percent covering of the fa-
cets by the collecting reagent is adequate for a high recovery).
Thus the concept is rejected that the depression reduces itself
to the reduction in the amount of the collecting reagent adhering
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f. 0
to the m,nera1 fac t. In reality, the action of the depressars
is more varied and complex. The adsorption of the depressor ions
he degree of h,ydratian of the mineral facets, result-
ing t
Ong in the retardation or the complete cessation of the adhesion
of the particles to the air bubble,
0. 6. Bogdanov (the Institute for the Mechanical Treat-
of Ores t1Mekhanobr") reported on the 'tPhyeico_Mechanical
ment
of the Flotation Pulp and of the Waste Rock
Effect of the l)ensa.ty
Content in Flotation." As a result of research it was established
that
1) The degree of mineralization of the air bubbles in
(
the presence of the ratio T : Zh 1:111, 1 t 55, 1 : 28.x,
is app-' roximately directly proportional to the
1 ~,$ (by weight) , ' ~.
concentration of the mineral being recovered in the pulp, for the
particle sizes investigated (60 -- 15 microns).
(2) The degree of mineralization of the air bubbles is
inversely proportional to the specific gravity of the particles
and inversely proportional to the diameter of the air bubble (which
did not exceed 2.E millimeters).
(3) The presence of ~astJ rock reduces the degree of
m a1ization of the air bubbles and,. consequently, the produc-
tivity of the flotation machinery.
To this same group of reports belongs the communication by
T. Kurenkov on the subject of the '-Gravity_Flatation Method of
.
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Concentration of Non..-Metallic Ores," in which the fundamentals
of this method were analyzed, and the design of the machinery inw
volved and some results of its hdustrial application were dis-
L. A. Grekulova (VIMS), in the discussions that followed
the above reports, cited additional experimental data characterw
azing the regularity of the flotation process in an actual pulp,
It was established by research that?each point in the flotation
machine, regardless of the operation and height of the cell, the
air bubbles carry on their surfaces considerable numbers of min-
eral particles. As the bubbles move upward, the number of the
mineral particles on them increases up to 1~6 grams per liter of
air, becoming, however, reduced in the sub-froth product to 143
grams per liter of air, The bubbles in the vertically central
part of the flotation cell carry the greatest number of large
mineral particles (74-147 macrons and above), as compared with
the lower part and the sub-froth layer. The number of fine min-.
eral particles (0-20 microns) is the same in all zones. The de-
gree of mineralization of the bubble surfaces in the first cell
of basic flotation is 40 percent; the amount of tailings in re--
flotation is 5 to 6 percent. In the lower crass section of the
cell (the zone of the impeller), the air bubbles are mineralized
selectively, following which their characteristics change very
little,
V. A. Mokx?isov (V iMS) pointed out that the time is here
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ses must be broken down into component elements,.
when all pracee
eives to atomicmolecular interaction. Had this
reducing thews
thesis been accepted, there would have been no dispute such a
that concex Wing the chemical reaction versus the physical inter
action, the contrasting of which with relation to the theory of
,
olutions was condemned first by D. I. Mendeleyev and later by
s ,
connection with this, V. A. Mokrausov told
N. C. Kurnakov. In
error he fell into; 't In 1947 and 194E, while
a story about the
analyzing the problem of the interaction of anthogenate with the
surface of a mineral, I considered the increase in the strength
late bonds to be a result of the resonance of va-
of the thtermed
lences. Such a viewpoint is fundamentally in error, in the light
~.
of the erstwhile discussion, which proved that, in reality, no
such condita. 'ons exist - conditions which, in accordance with
that thesis, should have predominated." He noted further that
tskiy, without any basis in fact, is utilizing the
V. A. Glemba
the study of the heterogeneity of the sur-
flotation procedure for
face of mineral particles. Furthermore, a number of the V. A.
Glembotska.y theses, which are being criticized, are characterises
tic of most of our theoretical research. V. A. Glembotskiy ie
continuing his active work pertaining to the theory of flotation,
promoting and defending new working theories, while at the same
time some scientists do not bring forth any theoretical general-
izations , obv' ousty hesitant to criticize the already-known and
~.
theses. In evaluating the book by NI. A.
previously-published
.~ a f the Flotation of Non_Sulfide
Eygeles, the Fundamentals
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(MetaUurgizdat, 1950), V. A, MokrousoV pointed out that
al.s
ems
he author "did not cope successfully with the synthesis," since,
in the analysis of the problems under study, he did not set forth
tomicw-nolecular concepts. As a result, there are two
the clear a
disconnected parts in the book (the interaction between the min.-
and the air bubbles, and the interaction between the min--
exals
erals and the flotation reagents).
0. S. Bogdanov (ttMekhanobr"), participating in the dis-
cussions touched upon the significance of the peripheral angles
and expressed a doubt toward the deductions made by Frenkel' and
Aron with relation to the same problem.
D. C. Yemel'yanov (Leningrad Mining Institute) took note
of the thesis on the flotation process originally presented by
K. F. Beloglazov; the general premises of this thesis can hardly
be disproved, since they are based on the energetic process of
adhesion of the particles to the air bubble. According to D. C.
Yemel'yanov, remarks without any basis in fact were admitted with
relation to the factor characterizing the adhesion of the mineral
particles to the air bubble , and with relation to the number
of air bubbles N, passing through the pulp. K. F. Beloglazov
dace not completely y deny the importance of the peripheral angles,
and his theory, according to D. C. Yemel'yanav, is the first at-
tempt to connect the elementary act of flotation with technolo-
gical conditions, which attempt must not be disregarded. How-
ever, some premises in Belaglazov's theory remain unclarified.
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V, I, Kiassen (Mining and Chemical Raw Material Insti'
Lute) reported on the grew importance of determining the peri-
pheral angles of moistening. He designated this method as the
indicator method of floatability determination. In quoting fror
the contents of the P. A. Rebinder report, he indicated that
the theses by Frenkel' and Aron, in this part, were linked with
a misunderstanding through considering the angle of moistening
as a function of the pull. Then, in dwelling on the book by
K. F, Beloglazov, V. I, Klassen asserted that some individual
ttflotat~ onal~-pha.,~.osopha aal" premises of Beloglazov t s are unac-
ceptable, and that the method of analyzing the elementary stages
must not be set off against the analysis of the process by the
final results of flotation. The methodological premises of K. F.
Beloglazov may result in the wrong orientation of other research-
ers 1
S. A. Kuzovlev (Tashkent) proposes to study the flotation
process on actual ores, utilizing the method of physicochemical
analysis of equiponderant systems, developed in the study of the
equipanderant salt systems by N. S. Kurnakov.
N. T. Leviush (VIMS) pointed out that the contradictory
views on the effect of the pulp density upon the indexes of the
flotation process was the reason for research on the effect of
the pulp density upon the rate of flotation of particles of vari-
ous sizes. In experimenting with pure minerals, it was discovered
that fine particles (approximately 52 microns) are better floated
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in ul s of higher density. In diluted pulps, the ~1~,~,s,~ta.on Of
a, p p
t ed sharply. With a ~urtllsr sub
coarser part1cles is acceJ.era
?~ o~ the pulp, the rate of ~;~a-
stantial Increase a,n the dens is retarded. This ~ ~s due t
a
tat~.on Of all s~.~es of particles take
heavily loaded, and do not
the fact that the air bubbles are mineral particles present in the pulp
an the entire smaunt a~ the the col-
this phenomenon by a surplus of
K. F. Belaglazov expo-a~n~$ the
u of high densitY~ which results ~ n ~.
/acting reagent in the p lp
This assertion N. T. Lev~.ush consa.derq
retardation of ~'l,otata.an. ~h ~
' that in the presence of a 50 per
~o be in error. She maintains ~
culations show an insignificant ca..
cent density of the. pulp, cal
veri ng (17 to 1 $ percent) of the mineral surfaces by the collet
ondit7.ans it is wrong to assume the
Ling reagent, under which c
the collector, but it is correct
resence of an excessive amount of ~
p
t$ neatest concentration, In this
to assume the presence of I g
case, the flotation of the coarser particles should predominate,
yet, the reverse is the case.
r mentation, N. T. Leviusla took issue
Continuing her a gu
ov to the effect that the density
with the statement by Belaglas
fact the rate of flotation. If his point
of the pulp does not of
maitaining that the principal role
of view is accepted, a view
the concentration of the caliec-
is played by the expenditure of
-?
in the presence of a diluted pulp, the fla
Ling reagent, then,
titles should be diminished. Whereas ex-
tation of the coarse par lative~-
al s ecifical):y that in diluted pulps the relative rave p
ly coarse pe,rt].cl~s show amaximum rate of flotation.
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V. tsky i (Mining lns'~itute of the Academy of
A. Glembo
Sciences USSR dwelt upon reports of Academician P..A. Re-
binder and a the CayespQndin,g Member of the ,Academy of Scienceof USSR T. N. He pointed out the grew value of these re-
ports, ~' their laksthQro,
ug'h and correct evaluation of the theory of
flotation as of today, In replying to some of the aritiCnl re-
marks relating theses on the theory of flatata.an, an the
to his
heterogeneity of the surface, and on the interaction between the
s V, A. Glembot$kiy disagreed with the
minerals and the reagent,
assertion of the cra. 'tics that his these do not touch upon actual
problems Qn the contrary, as a result of his research, in which
due consideration was given to the heterogeneity of the surface,
the following highly important results were derived.
A rational method for the collecting reagent charge, and
a corresponding sample device resulting in a higher recovery and
.~ n rate, with a simultaneous reduction she col
a
reagent consumption, were developed. The effect of in-
?xang with the reagent upon the rate and the results of flo-
erma.
tation Methods of deterrnin:i.ng the optimum charge
ta~ion were studied.
of the collecting reagent, for the purpose of intens1frtg the
process, were developed. AU these are essential and are of
great interest to the industry.
In reply to V. M. Mokrousov, he painted out that he did
not study the heterogeneity of the surface per se, but only the
effect of the heterogeneity of the surface of the minerals upon
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and the xesulta Of ts efect
the ~inet:tc~ of f1otat~,on,
pointed out that, in the
V A. ~,undkv('IMekhanobr~~) P
realm et science has overtaken 'the $
realm o~f ~`.otata.on theory, Soviet
As roof of this, he referred to a
ence of other countries . p
w
b Sutherland poxtaa.ning to the mm-
recently-publa.sl1ed article y
? in the pulp countQr~cu~'rent _ the
exa~.izat~.ot,~ of the air bubbles
a
? are the same as the ones arrived ~
deduct of which s,rt:LCle
by 0. S. Bogdanov.
G. P. Slavnin (The Irkutsk Mining and Meta11urg1cal Insti-
tute) touched upon the problem of f~.oto_grava.tational concentra--
txon, ascribing great importance to this process and praising the
nin Insti'bute of the Academy of
initiative displayed by the
~ry'? The
M? ~ g n the process into ~.ndusy
~.ntroduc? ~ g
Sciences USSR for
inventors and designers in deve~.op~
da.~f:ficu~.'ties encountered by
? provide for aexat~.an on the surface of
ing apparatus that w:~l-l p
be surmounted. Experiments conduc-the concentration table can
?es of the Institute with many ores of varip
ous ted in :~the laboratories
~ uartz~-apati`~e, gapha.e-?garnet
s~es and r ~pec_; ;fis gravities ( q re,-
the effect of concentration, in the p
ores, etc) revealed that
? surface of the concentrata.on table,
Bence of aerata.on near
the erabl as compared to the case when aeration
is increased cons a.d Y~
ahead of the concentrate-on apparatus.
is used
L. I. Stremovsk'y (Institute of Mining and Chemical. Raw
~.
.~h relation to the devel,apment of
Materials) ~.ndica'ted that, w~. for the
the fl.otation process, no methods f oz
an advanced theory of
IA l2-
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olut e;3 of prob1ems area as yet, available, However,
s~.a~~ off ' a sari
the V. A. G~,ernbotsktheses coastitute the least vulnerable tar-
get ~.y
~. The assertions that they do not contain any
for cra,t:~ciarn
elements of px actg. ~' call' applicable value are without foundation
in fact. On the contrary, the problems discussed in the Glam-
bvtskiy theses, particularly those relating to the flotation of
mineral particles of v ariaus sizes, are of grew practical in-
terest4
he~r (~1Mekhanobr") dwelt upon the importance of
I. N. Shox s
theoretical and experimental research in flotatiara and emphasized
the pare.cular importance of ever wider experimentation.
corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR I.
N. PZ.aks a,n called the attention of flotat~.o11--machine designers
to the necessity of designing machines that would provide mad-
mum recovery. A machine with a higher capacity is of less impor-
tance to bhe Peo la's economy than a machine providing for grea-
ter recovery.
The second group of reports was devoted to the flotation
of the Donbas coals.
h Donetsk Industrial institute) repor-
M. G. Yel yashevic
atian of the Donbas Coals." As a result of re-
ted an the p ~
;earth into { the lat floatab of coal tailings from a number of
~.l' ~.ty
dust and slimes from a number of central concentra-
shafts, coal
tion m that floatabiitY improves with the
~.~.1s , it was revealed
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increase in the clareni,c ingredient and drops with the predomiM
nance of the durain and fusain components. The effect of flow
tation is linked to the characteristics of the ore body. For
instance, 11mestons and eoarse.grained argillaceous shales are
not transformed into the frothy product; coal shale frequently
remains in the tailings; epigenetic concretions, imparting hy-
drophilic properties to the surface of the coal, are formed in
the process of flotation. It is rational to use as flotation
reagents the dephenolized products of the fractional distilla-
tion of coke tar and the dephenolized oils of the semicoke coal
shale, and brown coal tars (various distillation fractions). The
flotation of classifier fractions less than one millimeter in
size is effective. The flotation cycle has been clarified, and
other important problems studied.
V. A. Koybash (Donetsk Industrial Institute) reported on
"The Selection of the Most Advantageous Type of Flotation Ma-~
chine for the Flotation of Coal." This thesis was preceded by
two other theses relating to the selection of a most advantageous
flotation machine for the flotation of coal fines and to the ope-
rational tests of individual flotation machine designs. Three
types of machines were tested. the FM-2.5 flotation machine of
the mechanical type with bottom-feed of the pulp, aeration and
agitation of the pulp effected by a turbine-type aerator; the
FMM4- machine, designed at "Mekhanobr", with an improved type
of aerator; and the FM--DII machine, designed at the Donetsk In-
dustrial Institute. The primary tests revealed that for the flo-
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ts,t coal fines (dust and limes), the
~?r~ine
~,on off' the xun-?~ ~ha
mechanical (not the pneumatic) type, and particularly the impel
ter type, is the most suitable machine. These results were sub-
in a more thoroughgoing manner on the above-
sequently checked
enumerated three machine types. The results were as follows:
the first place was assigned to the FM-DII machine (however,
due to the chart testing period, it is premature to recommend
this machine a . to the industry); the second place, to the FM--30
machine, and the third place, to the FM---2.5 machine.
In the deliberations that followed these reports, repre-
Donbas coal industry, Z. S. Blagova and A. F.
sentatives of the
Zherdev, reported on the results of the flotation of coal fines,
an the shartcam' ngs, and on the current problems. They criti-
Research institutes for their lagging behind
cized the Central
in the development of the theory of flotation, particularly in
the concentration of coal and to the
the branch pertaining to
of low-cost, transportable, and effective
solution of the problem
collecting reagents. They called for an acceleration in the tem--
pos and for the design of improved equipment for the concen'tra~
t coals, also for the overcoming of the deficiencies
~.on of fine in the existing flotation machinery.
N. A. AIeynikov (Moscow Mining Institute) evaluated the
importance of the already_completed research in the field of the
flocculation phenomena in the process of concentration by the use
of the flotation and gave due credit to the work flotation method of M. G.
Yelyasheva.ch and V. A. Koybash. He took note of the fact. that a
?
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period of 15 year has elapsed since the study of flotation ma-
chinery began, but no valid theory has been developed as yet. In
order to accelerate progress in this field, it is necessary to
centralize these problems in the Mining Institute of the Academy
of Sciences USSR.
v. I. Kiassen criticized the local scientific personnel
of the coal industry for the gap created between the availabili-
ty of reagents at the flotation mills and the actual needs for
them, which gap could be closed by proper planning during the
period of the scientific development of the problem. He had high
praise for the labors of the Donetsk Industrial Institute direc-
ted toward the problem of flotation of coals and the improved de-
sign of flotation machinery,
G. P. Slavnin raised the problem of the necessity for the
selective concentration of coal, proceeding from the considera-
tion of coal as a poly-mineral raw product. He maintained that
a concentrate with a 7 to $ percent ash content is not good e-.
nough. The ash content, as revealed by the work of the Institute,
conducted with the minimum expenditure of collecting reagents and
with the utilization of collector--free flotation, can be reduced
to 3 to 4 percents
L. I. Stremovskiy recommended that the Mining Institute of.
the Academy of Sciences USSR take the leadership in guiding the
young flotation branch of the coal industry, and obligated him-
self to participate personally in the development of the problem
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of selective flotation of the finelydispersed coa1 particles.
V. I. Trushlevich (Moscow Mining institute) criticized the
efforts of certain comrades proclaiming the necessLty for^ the crea-
tion of a separate theory for the flotation of coal. The theory
of flotation should be a general one for all mineral ores. The
trouble with coal-concentration research and with the selection
of the most suitable flotation machinery for coal concentration
is the absence of a unified plan.
Corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences USSR I.
N. Plaksin supported the cricism of Z. S. Blagova and A. P.
Zherdev, who pointed to the lag in the flotation theory, particu-
larly with reference to the flotation of coal. He maintained that
there is a simultaneous lag in the technology of coal flotation.
Flotation losses, already mentioned before, cause considerable
I' 1
damage to the Peoplets economy, and they must be eliminated. A
the present time the mechanization of mining has come into its
own, rendering the value of coal flotation even more important.
In connection with this, T. N. Plaksin mentioned the available
possibility of converting part of the coals used for the produc-
tion of power to metallurgical use by the method of petrographic
concentration.
The third group of reports dealt with the problems of the
new technology of concentration of individual varieties of non--
metallic ores.
V. Z. Kiassen made two reports. "Concentration by Flo--
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Cation of Hydro~BoraeLtic Ores" and "Concentration of Vitreous
Sands," In the first report, he pointed to the fact that all at
tempts to separate by flotation gypsum from hydraboracite, both
of these having a high solubility, failed because of the close
floatability of these minerals by the conventional reagents and
because of the negative effect upon flotation of the finely-
dispersed argillaceous fractions, As a result of research, the
possibility of the selective flotation of gypsum and hydrobox'aw
cite was established. Simultaneously, it was clarified that the
negative effect of the argillaceous slimes is linked to their
solid phase, and methods for the elimination from the system of
the finely-dispersed clay were discovered. Thus, the complex
problem of the selective flotation of hydroboracitic ores was
brilliantly resolved by Soviet scientists.
The second report maintains that quartzit.ic sands in glass
manufacturing make up from 60 to 70 percent of the charge, and
that the quality of the glass depends primarily on the quality of
these sands. The needs of the industry manufacturing convention-
al and technical glass, particularly the automotive and other
branches of industry, are linked to a production of glass of
e higher transluce and thickness, which becomes possible only
through the availability of sands with an iron oxide content of
around 0.03 percent. In connection with this, the necessity arose
for the development of a rational procedure for the obtainment
of pure quartzitic sands. The characteristics of this procedure
consist in that, during the floto-abrasive concentration, the
~ `,
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grains of the extraneous materials are guided into the tailing,
with the simultaneous elimination of the iron hydroxides from
the quartzitic grains? Thus, a rather important problem was
successfully solved,
E. P. Sheblo (the Ministry for the Industry of Building
Materials USSR) reported on "The Results of Research and Indus-
trial Experimentation with the Flotation of Talcum from the Talcum-
Magnesite Varieties of Talc Schist," It must be pointed out
here that American business interests unscrup ously utilized
the attainments of Soviet scientists. In the State of Vermont,
United States of America, a flotation mill was built in which
the technological flow sheet for the concentration of low-grade
talc-magnesitic ores is a replica of the flow sheet developed in
the USSR.
L. M. Chernyy (Institute for Mining and Chemical Raw Ma-
terials) reported on the "Concentration of Carbonaceous Phos-
phorite Ores." These ores consist basically of phosphate, car-
bonaceous minerals, and chalcedony. The concentration of these
ores is made complex by the identity of the cations of the phos-
phate of calcite and dolomite, their floatability by anion re-
agents, and by the fine reciprocal penetration of the minerals.
The concentration problem for this ore was solved by a combina-
tion of the flotation and the chemical concentration processes.
L. I. Stremovskiy reported on the "Separation of Salt Mix-
tunes by Flotation," emphasizing thereby that the process of flo-
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tati.on passed on from the field of meta L1ur intO the field of
purely chemical Industries by promoting the succe,3sfu1 separation
of soluble To date, conditions have been established for
sa~,ts,
tion of alkaline chlorides, sodium and potas-
the mutual separa
nitrates. Conditions for the separation of
sium sulfates, and
tra.-salt mixtures and bisulfates from rock salt are being in'-
flotation of tetra- and penta- rcompaneni$ mix-
vestigated. The
Mures is rendered complex by the necessity for choosing selective
reagents for a considerable number of minerals and of the time
tablisen't of a state of equilibrium in the
jnterval for the es
An example of such a complex system is the
flotation medium.
' ore. In the case of this system, the speaker
kyanit e--ls,ngbe a.nst ~. c
established the fact that under conventional conditions of flo-
which is not completely saturated by some of
tation, in a medium
the minerals in the ore campo$itian, but is completely saturated
by others, there occurs a transfar1 ation of the first into the
result of these processes, a multi component sys--
second. As a
tem is ultately transformed into a new system with a lower num-
~.m
Thus, one of the possible solutions of this
ber of components,
.
problem is to conduct flotation in a medium which is not complete-
ly saturated by certain of the ore components. On the basis of
experiments already completed, a technological ore dressing flow
sheet, wha.ch produced positive results on a pilot scale at the
mine, has been developed.
deliberations, comrades V. A. Mokrausov, V. A.
During the
Rundl~r a high evaluation to the work, of V, I.
~.st , and others gave .
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I
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K1rassen and L. I, Stxemovskiy, assuming that the results Af their
experience will be applied in developing ore dressing methods to
other varieties o' mineral ores.
N, P. Shlayn (the Glass Institute) also dwelt in detail
upon the same reports, emphasizing in particular the importance
to the glass industry of the results obtained by L. I. Stremov-
skit', since the natural deposits of some mixed salts call for the
separation of their composition into separate components (which
can now be performed very simply). In referring to the second
report by L. I. Stremovskiy, N. P. Shlayn pointed to the fact
that the newly-recommended method of treatment for vitreous sand
excludes the previously proposed methods of treatment, which were
varying with ~ndividua1 natural ore deposits. The new method is
the same for all types of sand and is simple in its equipment pre-
requisites. The current problem confronting the scientist is to
discover a method for the complete elimination from the vitreous
sands of iron oxides and admixtures of manganese, nickel, cobalt,
chromium., which are present in the sand in negligible quantities.
P. P. Titov (Tomsk Polytechnical Institute) reported on
the experiment for the concentration by flotation of kyanite ores.
These ores are the raw materials for the manufacture of high-grade
ceramics and other products. Laboratory and pilot tests revealed
the rationality of substituting these raw materials for aluminum
and silicon derivatives, He also reported on the positive re-
suits of the flotation of graphitic ores.
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Corresponding Member of the Aoademy of Sciences USSR I. N.
Plaksin dwelt upon the works of L. T, Stremovskiy, which he con-
sidered to be of great importanee to the theory of the flotation
process, particularly regarding the effect of salt solubility up-
on the adhesion to the flotation froth and regarding the solubi-
lity of the collecting agent in a given medium, In analyzing these
ratios, I. N. Plaksin emphasized the fact that some scientists
attempt to construct the theory of flotation by proceeding from
some single regularity, which method is in error. The adhesion
of the solid particles to the flotation froth occurs in a selec-
tive manner, in conformity with a number of regularities. Hence,
the adhesion to the flotation froth is, in all cases, due not
only to changes on the surface, or to purely adsorptive, or purely
chemical, or, finally, chemico-sorptional interaction. This phe-
nomenon may occur as a result of various chemical, physico--chemi-
cal, or physical phenomena developing on the surface. Touching
upon the effect of the solubility of the collecting reagents in
a given medium, I. N. Plaksin makes the assumption that an im-
portant part is played in this case by reversible adsorption.
Seemingly, during the flotation of soluble salts, there is no
sorption tied in with the non-reversible process of reagent fix-
ation, a process which is characteristic for most cases of flota-
tion,
S. M. Yasyukevich (the Moscow Nonferrous Metals and Gold
Institute) delivered a communication on the "Terminology inthe
Field of Concentration of Mineral Ores," in which he emphasized
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that, while the concentration of mineral ores occupies an impor-
the national economy of the USSR, there is as 'yet
tent place in
no standardized term .nolO,, for this branch of science and tndu-
try. In addition, the field is partiallY handicapped by f orelgn
nanexpressive terms, while clear-cut fatherland terms are avail-
able Thus, the problem of a standardized terminology in the.
field of concentration of mineral ores must be faced. S. NI. Ya-
$ytitkev'h proposed, as a basis for this terminology, the use of
~.c
the technological index, characteristic for a given machine, ap-
paratus, process, or method.
V N. Kostrov, representative of the Committee on Tech-
.
Terminology of the Academy of Sciences USSR, suggested
nical
that he unquestionably valuable work of S. M. Yasyukevich in
~'~
the field of terminology be treated as a vocabulary. The re-
search begun this field requires methodological. rectification
in tha.
and polishing, since the final purpose of a practical terminology
is to establish a system of correct single meaning terms of stric-~
~.
fined concepts. This basic characteristic of a scientific
tly~def
terminology has not yet found its full expression in the work pre-
sented.
Others who took part in the discussion of all the above
communications were I. M. Verkhovskiy, M. G. Yel?-
reports and
A. Eygeles, and S.
yashevich, I. I. Kurenkov, I. M. Nesterov, M.
M. Yasyukevi& 1.
In summarizing, the consultation took note of the fact
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I.
1
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that the sucoessful development of the flotation methods of oro
dressing far the non metallic ores th our country is an
putable fact. The attainments and progress race Ln this field
by the toilers of the Soviet mining science and industry are due
primarily to the brilliant guidance of Comrade Stait, emphasi.-
zing the importance of theory and its close ties with empirical
methods, the necessity for the constant critical revision of out-
of-date concepts and traditions, and the development of sci.enti.-
fi.c criticism.
The work of the consultation took place against a back-
ground of mutual cooperation between the scientific and production
personnel, of the introduction of new techniques, as developed
by research, of assistance in the solution of production prob-
lems, and of coordination of further scientific research.
The deliberations that followed the reports, as well as
the reports themselves, establish the considerable attainments of
Soviet scientists in the theory of flotation, particularly in de-
veloping the fundamentals for the flotation of non-sulfide mine-
rals. However, the general state of the theoretical activities
in the field of flotation were pronounced by the consultation to
be unsatisfactory.
The consultation took note of the valuable initiative dis-
played by the Mining Institute of the Academy of Sciences USSR in
sponsoring the consultation and of the considerable organizational
work conducted by the Institute and by the Chairman of the Orga--
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din Mem1aex of the ,~ca,demy of
njzatiazaal Committee, the Cox~e-~pgxa f
~
? ansa.an of the work of ~-~
n- ~
Sciences USSR, I. N. P~.aks~. The e
? gnaOntrat~an of o~^es was a:lsa x~ca
permanent sema.nar An the c
mended.
adopted took f'uxther notice of
re re , a~,ut~.ans wh~.ch were ? ~ n Tnsta.t~.~te of the academy of
the fact that the work of the Ma.n,>. g ' en~
reported to the canau~,tat~.on, marks a new ore.
sciences USSR, as repor t~.an re-
S of gases and flota
ta't~.an in the study of the ~ ~'~.ak...
the mineral particles (the I. N.
agents w~.th the surface a eoncentra..
of artieular importance in h te
sin reports . This is p
horite5, arsenical ores, sulfur,
an of nanMmeta~.l~.c ores (phase
t~. the I. I.
etc) . The development of ga?avitY ~,'lotatian methods
interest in the caws of
nkov reports is also of considerable
Kure
wider a,ntraduct~-an accompana.Ed by
non-~me~,a~.~.ic ores and mer~.ts a aces
atus part~.cularly for cancentr
the applicatian of new appar ' ~. (apati,t~.c?-quartzitic~da.apsa.d~.c ores, gra-?
of a predetermined s.ze
phite, ilren?te concentrate, etc).eml~racing study by VTMS
M. A. ~geles and ethers)
The all
of the effect of reagents, primarily collectors and depressars,
ov of the ratios between the de-
and by ~~~
gree of 4 mineral. elihanobr" (~?tion S of S. Bogdan )
the air?~bubble surfaces and the concen-
~za
~ ~.mportance
~.n the flotation pulp are of teat
trat~.an of ~~. nerals to for Mining
Research by the Institute
to the national economy. trLLmental in
Materials (V. I. Klassen) was ins
and Chemical Raw
aca.te flotation. The study of the
solving the problem of hydrabax
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aratio a o h gh1y..sa1uble salt (L. I, Strew,
~~.atat~.an~~rath sep
ovs~ciy) attests to the great possibilities for the use of this,
method in tha Qncentrat' on of ores and precipitatian salts, also
in the concentration of the products of chemical technology (pro-
Research by L. M. Chernyy in the cancen~
cessing industra.e7?
tration by the use of lotation methods of carbonaceous phospha".
rite ores is important. With all the above, howev'ery the utili-
zation of research results in actual industrial production is in-
significant.
attain a rapid solutior) pertaining to the gen-
In order to
eral problems of the theory of and the improvement in the flo-
the research ac-
on of non-metallic ores, it is recommended
t~.vtatia,ties be developed in the directions ?ndicated belovr,
The study of the mechanics and regularities of the inter-
minerals and the reagents, gases, etc; the
action between the
study of the elementary actions of flotation; the expanse-an of the nomenclature of
the flotation reagents being manufactured. The
ntroduction into industry of the improved
necessity for a wider i
,~.nes is indicated. The coordination by
tlMekhanobr" flotation mach.,
the Academy of Sciences USSR of the scien-
the Mining Institute of
ta.v the critical problems, of the flotation the-
The termino10gY in the entire field of
ory is to be accelerated.
ore dressing is to be standardized.
called uPon all the leading research in-
stitutes tutes he to consult provide ation advice ? and guidance to the branch and pen-
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pheral laboratories a, well ai to individual scientists.
A number of misce11aneous decisions were also adopted by the
cansu1tation
Reported by I. I. Kurenkav
END
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